PROJECTION LENS SYSTEM

Abstract: A projection lens system is described for projecting a magnified image from an image source (3, 4, 5) on a projection screen (10), which lens system comprises from the image end successively a first, positive lens group (L₁) and at least a second, negative lens group (L₃) whose surface (S₆) facing the image end is concave. The first lens group consists of a single lens element (L₁) which in addition to a first refractive surface (S₁) facing the image end and a second refractive surface (S₂) facing the object end has a third radiation-reflecting surface (S₃) which is located between the first and the second surface.

Description: The invention relates to a projection lens system for projecting in an image space an image from an image source present in an object space, which lens system comprises from the image end successively a first, positive lens group and at least a second, negative lens group whose surface facing the image end is concave, the first lens group being a single lens element and having a first refractive surface facing the image end, a second refractive surface facing the object end, and the lens system comprises reflecting means for folding the optical path. The image source may be in the form of a cathode ray tube or a light source and an electronically controllable flat display device built up of a matrix of picture cells which, dependent on the control signal, reflect or absorb light and pass or absorb light, respectively. Instead of being absorbed, the light may also be dispersed. A projection lens system of this type is known from United States Patent No. 4,526,442 and is used for projecting a scene in one colour on a projection screen. By superimposition of three differently coloured scenes on the projection screen, a colour picture, for example a colour television picture can be obtained. In the known projection lens system a third lens group in the form of a positive lens is arranged between the first and second lens groups. The second lens group comprises a plano-concave lens element commonly referred to as field curvature correction lens or "field flattener" which ensures that the so-called Petzval curvature of the two other lens groups is compensated for. The third lens group supplies substantially the entire power of the lens system and is therefore referred to as the main group. The most important function of the first lens group is to correct aberrations. In an image projection system, notably a colour television projection system, it is desirable that the maximum possible amount of light supplied by the image source reaches the projection screen. To this end the projection lens system is required to receive the maximum possible amount of light from the image source, which means that this system must have a large numerical aperture and that it passes this light with a minimum attenuation. A projection television system further requires the overall length of this system to be as small as possible so that this system, possibly in a folded state, can be accommodated in a cabinet having dimensions acceptable for consumer uses. This means that the focal length of the projection lens system is to be as short as possible. Furthermore this lens system must illuminate a projection screen of maximum possible dimensions as uniformly as possible in order that a maximum possible picture of good quality is presented to the viewers. To achieve this the projection lens system trust have a large field angle at the image end, particularly for correctly displaying the edges of the picture. This field angle is understood to mean the angle between the optical axis of the projection lens system and the central axis of a light beam directed towards the edge of the projection screen, which beam passes through the projection lens system with a still acceptable vignetting. This field angle is proportional to the quotient The product in the denominator is also referred to as the image projection distance. This distance determines the required optical path length for the projection system. In the projection lens system described in U.S. Patent No. 4,526,442 a mirror bending the optical axis of the lens system over an angle of approximately 90° is arranged between the first lens group and the third lens group. It is true that the construction length of the projection lens system is thereby reduced, but the focal length of this system is still relatively large. The first and third lens groups must be at a sufficiently large distance from each other for the mirror to be placed so that the projection lens system has a considerable vignetting. It is true that the vignetting can be reduced by enlarging the diameter of the first lens element, but this is disadvantageous with a view to the required quantity of lens material and the weight of the lens element. The present invention has for its object to provide an improved projection lens system which is substantially free from aberrations and in which a short focal length is accompanied by a large field angle at the image end and which has a large numerical aperture, whilst not only the length of the system is reduced but also the diameter of the lens elements is reduced and the weight of the system is acceptable. The projection lens system according to the invention is characterized in that the reflecting means are integrated in the first single lens element and constitute a third surface between the first and second surface, in that the entrance pupil of the projection lens system, viewed from the projection screen is located within the first single lens element, in that the second refractive surface of the first single lens element provides the major part of its optical power and in that the first refractive surface of the first lens element is an aspherical surface. The condition that the pupil is located within the first lens element also provides the possibility of locating the pupil in the first surface of this element. For certain uses a still acceptable result can be obtained if the pupil is located even slightly outside the first lens surface. The first lens element may be referred to as a folded lens. The optical path length in this lens is equal to that in a normal lens which is twice as thick, but the volume and hence the weight is only half that of the normal thick lens. The reflecting surface of the first lens element fulfils the same function as the mirror in the projection lens system according to the above-cited United States Patent No. 4,526,442, namely changing the direction of the imaging beam in such a way that, possibly with the aid of extra mirrors, the volume of the projection system can be reduced. Since the reflector in the first lens element is built in, it is not necessary to reserve space for such a reflector between the first and the second lens group so that the optical path length in the projection lens system is reduced and the vignetting of oblique beams due to limitations in the system is reduced and the diameter of the lens elements can remain limited. The first folded lens element, viewed from the image end, may form an intermediate image which has substantially no coma and astigmatism while in addition, with the field angle at the image end remaining equal, it reduces the field angle at the object end by a factor which is equal to the refractive index of the lens material. With the reduced field angle the further imaging towards the image source end with the beam, already rendered converging by the first lens element, can be established by means of a simple additional lens element or a plurality of such elements. It has been found that satisfactory results are obtained if the first lens element is further characterized in that the aspherical surface, viewed from the image end, is convex in a zone around the optical axis and is concave outside said zone. An embodiment of the projection lens system according to the invention is further characterized in that the second refractice surface of the first lens element is aspherical. The remaining aberration in the image formed can be reduced thereby. A preferred embodiment of the projection lens system according to the invention is characterized in that a third lens group comprising a single bi-convex lens element is arranged between the first and the second lens group and in that this lens element supplies a part of the overall optical power of the projection lens system. Preferably the optical power of the third lens element is approximately equal to that of the first lens element. By transferring a part of the power from the first lens element to the third lens element the design is improved as far as aberrations are concerned. The shape of the first lens element is then adapted, but the basic shape is maintained. The pupil of the projection lens system is then shifted slightly towards the object end but is still located in the first half of the first lens element, thus achieving a still considerable field angle reduction. A first embodiment of this projection lens system is further characterized in that the refractive surface of the third lens element facing the image end is aspherical. This contributes to a reduction of the aberrations of the oblique beams in the projection lens system. A second embodiment of this projection lens system is characterized in that the surfaces of the first and third lens elements facing the object ends are aspherical. This projection lens system thus has four aspherical surfaces. The first lens element preferably consists of a glass lens substrate and an aspherical surface of this lens element is constituted by an aspherical outer profile of a layer of a transparent synthetic material which is provided on the glass lens substrate. The advantage of this embodiment of the first lens element is that this element is relatively insensitive to variations in ambient parameters such as temperature and humidity on the one hand, while on the other hand the aspherical surface can be provided on the lens element in a relatively simple way. For the same reasons the third lens element preferably also consists of a glass lens substrate and an aspherical surface of this lens element is constituted by an aspherical outer profile of a layer of a transparent synthetic material which is provided on the glass lens substrate. The second lens group preferably consists of a synthetic material lens element having a concave surface which is aspherical. The invention also relates to a colour television projection system comprising three image sources each for one of the primary colours red, green and blue, a projection screen and three projection lens systems which are each arranged between one of the image sources and the projection screen. This system is characterized in that each projection lens system is a projection lens system as described above. The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of an embodiment of a colour television projection system having three projection lens systems according to the invention. Figure 2 shows an embodiment of such a projection lens system in a cross-section, Figures 3, 4 and 5 show the basic shape and further forms of development of the projection lens system according to the invention as well as the radiation paths through these systems and Figure 6 shows a further embodiment of the projection lens system. The colour television projection system of Figure 1 includes a colour television receiver 1. An input of this receiver which is coupled to, for example an antenna 2, receives a colour television signal which is split up into a red, a green and a blue signal. These signals are applied to three separate picture display devices, in this example three cathode ray tubes 3, 4 and 5 whose picture screens show a red, a green and a blue picture. These pictures are projected on a projection screen 10 by the projection lens system 6, 7 and 8 shown diagrammtically and associated with the separate tubes. For the sake of clarity only the chief rays of beams imaging a point of a display window on a point of the projection screen are shown. The radiation emitted by each display tube and passing through the associated projection lens system covers the entire projection screen 10. A mirror 9 reflecting the beams emerging from the projection lens systems to the projection screen is arranged between the projection lens systems and the projection screen. This mirror folds the radiation path so that the projection system can be accommodated in a cabinet having a relatively small depth without having to shorten the radiation path. The three single-colour pictures must be superimposed on the projection screen. To this end the aligned display tubes are slightly bent towards each other, that is to say the normals on the screens of the tubes 3 and 5 extend at a small angle to the normal on the screen of the tube 4. In the projection screen 10 the radiation of the three beams is dispersed over a relatively large angle in the Y-direction, that is to say in the horizontal direction for the viewer W, while in the Z-direction, the vertical direction for the viewer W, the radiation is dispersed through a smaller angle. The viewer W sees a picture which is the superimposition of the magnified pictures of the display tubes. The monochrome pictures need not be supplied by cathode ray tubes but may alternatively be supplied by other picture display devices such as an electronically controlled flat display device built up from a matrix of picture cells, for example a liquid crystal display device or LCD which is irradiated by a broad light beam. Each of the projection lens systems 3, 4 and 5 must image the scene of the picture screen of the associated tube on the projection screen with a high imaging quality, also at the edge of the picture. Such a projection lens system must have a high numerical aperture and the image distance associated with a given magnification must be preferably minimum. Furthermore the field angle at the image end must be as large as possible. The lens elements of the system must not be too large and too heavy and the number of elements must be as small as possible and yet the system should be corrected sufficiently for aberrations. The focal length of the overall system must be as small as possible and should not be dependent on variations in ambient parameters. The present invention provides a novel class of projection lens systems in which the above-mentioned partly contradictory requirements are met in an optimum way. Figure 2 shows a preferred embodiment of a projection lens system according to the invention drawn to scale. From the image end this system comprises a first lens group in the form of a folded lens element L₁, a third lens group comprising a biconvex lens element L₂ and a second lens group comprising a concave-convex lens element L₃, the field curvature correction lens or field flattener. The concave surface of the lens element L₃ is denoted by S₆. The curvature of the second surface S₇ of the lens element L₃ is adapted to that of the display window FP of the display tube which is not further shown. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2 this display window and hence the surface S₇ is concave as viewed from the image end. The advantage of a curved display window is that the edges of the projection screen are better exposed because the angle between the chief ray of a beam originating from the edge of the display window and obliquely passing through the projection lens system and the normal on the display window is reduced by the curvature. A plate-shaped holder CP may be arranged between the display window FP and the surface S₇ of the lens element L₃. A coolant comprising, for example water and glycol flows through this holder. Such a cooling is desired in view of the fact that the display tube must have a high brightness, so that without cooling the temperature of the luminescent material which is provided in the display screen behind the display window could increase considerably so that the brightness of the tube could decrease. The first lens element L₁ shown in Figure 2 is the result of a novel concept in the design of projection lens systems. In this design the starting point is from a thick plano-convex lens L₁′ shown in Figure 3 in which the centre of curvature M of the convex lens surface S₃′ is located on the flat surface S₁′. Although in the projection system the rays extend from right to left, the ray path in Figure 3 is shown from left to right. This inversion is permitted in this type of optical systems and is used here because it simplifies the insight into the operation of the system. The beam b₁ shown in Figure 3 is an imaginary beam which originates from the centre of the projection screen. Due to the relatively large distance between the lens element L₁′ and the projection screen the beam b₁ is only slightly diverging. This beam whose chief ray coincides with the optical axis OO′ of the lens element L₁′ is converged in the point F₁ on the optical axis. The reference symbol b₂ denotes a likewise imaginary, slightly diverging beam which originates form the edge of the projection screen and passes through the lens element L₁′ with a still acceptable vignetting. The chief ray of this beam intersects the optical axis in the point M. For this lens element the pupil PP', the entrance pupil viewed from the projection screen, and the exit pupil viewed from the image source, is therefore located at the position of the first refractive surface S₁′ of the lens element L₁′. The chief ray of the beam b₂ is perpendicularly incident on the convex surface S₃′ and passes this surface without refraction. The peripheral rays of the beam b₂ are refracted towards the chief ray by the surface S₃′ so that the beam b₂ is focussed in the point F₂. By using a lens element L₁′ in accordance with Figure 3 in a projection system, it is achieved that the field angle at which the edge of the projection screen is viewed by the elements of the projection lens system located between the image source and this lens element is reduced. The field angle is the angle α at which the chief ray of the beam b₂ incident on the surface S₁′ intersects the optical axis. After refraction by this surface this chief ray extends at an angle β to the optical axis. The field angle reduction is given by wherein n₂ is the refractive index of the lens material and n₁ is that of the surrounding medium. If this medium is air for which n₁ = 1, the field angle is reduced by a factor which is approximately equal to n₂. For this reduced field angle and the convergence of the beams brought about by the lens element L₁′ the further imaging may be realized with only several simple additional lens elements. In certain uses it would be sufficient to use only the concave lens L₃ of Figure 2. Figure 4 shows an embodiment of a projection lens system having only the thick lens L₁′ and the concave lens L₃. The lens L₁′ may form an intermediate image which is diagrammatically shown in Figure 3 by the points F₁ and F₂, which image has substantially no coma and astigmatism but is still beset with spherical aberration. This aberration may be reduced by giving the first surface S₁ of the lens element L₁′ an aspherical shape. Preferably this surface is convex in a zone around the optical axis and concave outside this zone, as is shown in Figure 4. In order to realize a further reduction of aberrations, the second surface S₃″ of the lens element L₁′ may also be aspherical. Since also the concave surface S₆ of the lens element L₃ is aspherical, the projection lens system of Figure 4 totals three aspherical surfaces. This system may have a focal length of 78 mm and a numerical aperture of the object end of 0.30 to 0.35. A considerable increase of the numerical aperture and a reduction of aberrations at the same focal length can be obtained by adding a third biconvex lens element. Such a projection lens system, which is not only extremely suitable for projecting present-day television images but also for projecting future high-definition television images, is shown in Figure 5. The optical power of the projection lens system is now distributed over the first thick lens element L₁ an the third lens element L₂ These lens elements preferably have approximately the same optical powers. To this end the lens element L₁ is slightly adapted but its basic shape has been maintained. The pupil PP′ of the system is shifted slightly to the object end but is still located fairly close to the first refractive surface S₁ so that the field angle reduction is comparable to that which is obtained in the systems according to Figures 3 and 4. If the surfaces S₁, S₄ and S₆ are aspherical surfaces, a numerical aperture of more than 0.40 at a focal length of 78 mm can be realized. The lens element L₁′ in Figures 3 and 4 is a thick glass lens element and is thus relatively costly and heavy. As already shown in Figure 5, the projection lens system is designed in such a way that this lens element becomes even slightly thicker so that a diagonal plane d can be provided through the lens element. By leaving out the lens material under this plane, rendering the surface at the location of this plane reflective and providing the surface S₁ on the upper side of the lens element, a folded lens element (L₁ in Figure 2) is obtained which exhibits the same behaviour as the lens element L₁′ of Figure 5. The folded lens element has the advantage that it requires half the quantity of optically high-grade lens material needed for the lens element L₁′ of Figure 5 so that the folded lens element is considerably lighter and less costly. Besides the surface S₂ reflects the projection beam in a direction which is optimum for further folding the radiation path in the projection sytem. The surface S₂ of the lens element L₁ may be rendered reflective by providing a silver layer, for example by means of vapour deposition. Also in the projection lens system of Figure 4, having only two lens elements, the first lens element may be replaced by a folded lens element. This projection lens system preferably comprises three aspherical surfaces S₁′, S₃′ and S₆. In the embodiments of Figures 2 and 5 the lens surfaces S₁, S₄ and S₆ may be aspherical. The optical behaviour of the lens elements L₁ and L₂, which determine the optical power and the focal length of the projection lens system, must be independent of variations in temperature or humidity of the surrounding medium. On the other hand these lens elements must have aspherical surfaces which are difficult to realize in glass. Therefore these lens elements preferably consist of glass substrates L 1,s and L 2,s on the aspherical sides of which thin layers L 1,a and L 2,a of a transparent synthetic material with aspherical outer profiles S₁ and S₄, respectively are provided. S 1,a and S 2,a are the inner surfaces of the thin layers L 1,a and L 2,a , respectively. Since the layers are only thin, a variation of the refractive index or of the shape of these layers as a result of variations in the ambient parameters has only a slight effect on the behaviour of the lens elements as a whole. Figure 6 shows a further embodiment of the projection lens system according to the invention. This system has four instead of three aspherical surfaces, namely the surfaces S₁, S₃, S₅ and S₆. As in the system of Figure 2, the lens elements L₁ and L₂ may consist of glass lens substrates L 1,s and L 2,s on the aspherical sides of which thin layers L 1,a1 , L 1,a3 and L 2,a5 of a transparent synthetic material with aspherical outer profiles S₁, S₃ and S₅ are provided. By providing the projection lens system with four aspherical surfaces, a glass of lower cost and having a lower refractive index can be used for the lens elements L₁ and L₂. The aspherical layers may be provided on the lens substrates by means of a so-called replica process. In this process use is made of moulds having inner profiles which are the reverse of the desired outer profiles of the layers to be formed. A transparent synthetic material brought to a sufficiently soft condition, for example, a synthetic material which can be polymerized by ultraviolet radiation is provided on a lens substrate whereafter a mould is pressed into it. Subsequently the synthetic material is cured, for example by irradiation by ultraviolet light and the mould is removed the lens becoming available without any further processing operations being required. The correcting lens element L₃ may entirely consist of a synthetic material, for example, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polycarbonate (PC). The aspherical profile on the surface S₆ may already be provided during moulding of the lens element by making use of a mould having an aspherical profile. It is alternatively possible to provide the aspherical profile after forming the lens element L₃ by means of the replica process. The aspherical surfaces, for example, S₁, S₄ and S₆ of Figures 2 and 5 may be characterized by wherein Y is the distance between a point on the aspherical surface and the optical axis of the lens element and Z is the distance between the projection of this point on the optical axis and the point of intersection of the optical axis with the aspherical surface. The following values apply, from the image end, to the axial surface curvatures C, the axial distances di between these surfaces and the refractive indices n for an embodiment of the projection lens system according to Figure 2 in which the lens element L₁ consists of glass of the type number SF₂ from Schott and the lens element L₂ as well as the lens element L₃ consists of polycarbonate, whose focal lenth is 78 mm and the numerical aperture is 0.425. whilst the aspherical coefficients a 2i of the surfaces S₁, S₄ and S₆ are equal to S₁ a₂ = 0.283935 x 10⁻² a₄ = -0.390136 x 10⁻⁶ a₆ = -0.750233 x 10⁻⁹ a₈ = 0.839881 x 10⁻¹² a₁₀ = -0.564121 x 10⁻¹⁵ a₁₂ = 0.142924 x 10⁻¹⁸ S₄ a₂ = 0.377615 x 10⁻² a₄ = 0.301339 x 10⁻⁶ a₆ = 0.243433 x 10⁻⁹ a₈ = -0.190848 x 10⁻¹² a₁₀= 0.873343 x 10⁻¹⁶ a₁₂= -0.138625 x 10⁻¹⁹ S₆ a₂ = -0.788596 x 10⁻² a₄ = -0.486486 x 10⁻⁵ a₆ = 0.201054 x 10⁻⁸ a₈ = -0.821263 x 10⁻¹² a₁₀ = 0.192444 x 10⁻¹⁵ a₁₂ = -0.140404 x 10⁻¹⁹ The following values apply, from the image end, to the axial surface curvatures C, the axial distances di between these surfaces and the refractive indices n for an embodiment of the projection lens system according to Figure 6 in which the lens elements L₁ and L₂ consist of a glass having a refractive index n = 1.523 and the lens element L₃ consists of polycarbonate, whose focal length is 78 mm and the numerical aperture is 0.425. whilst the aspherical coefficients a 2i of the surfaces S₁, S₃, S₅ and S₆ are equal to S₁ a₂ = 0.310383 x 10⁻² a₄ = -0.105215 x 10⁻⁵ a₆ = 0.400580 x 10⁻⁹ a₈ = -0.490024 x 10⁻¹² a₁₀ = 0.175177 x 10⁻¹⁵ a₁₂ = -0.128466 x 10⁻¹⁹ S₃ a₂ = -0.541266 x 10⁻² a₄ = 0.226953 x 10⁻⁶ a₆ = -0.920401 x 10⁻⁹ a₈ = 0.947392 x 10⁻¹² a₁₀ = -0.453133 x 10⁻¹⁵ a₁₂ = 0.893888 x 10⁻¹⁹ S₅ a₂ = -0.184919 x 10⁻² a₄ = -0.272621 x 10⁻⁶ a₆ = -0.944855 x 10⁻¹⁰ a₈ = -0.267133 x 10⁻¹⁴ a₁₀ = -0.402639 x 10⁻¹⁷ a₁₂ = 0.249263 x 10⁻²⁰ S₆ a₂ = -0.804603 x 10⁻² a₄ = -0605556 x 10⁻⁵ a₆ = 0.327394 x 10⁻⁸ a₈ = -0.157108 x 10⁻¹¹ a₁₀ = 0.438393 x 10⁻¹⁵ a₁₂ = -0.341239 x 10⁻¹⁹ Using the inventive idea, a similar projection lens system may be alternatively designed for a cathode ray tube having a flat display window or for image sources other than cathode ray tubes, such as a liquid crystal display device. Besides, the invention may also be used in projectors others than colour television projectors, such as a projector for projecting, for example a black-green image in which a reduction of the volume is aimed at.

Claims: A projection lens system for projecting in an image space an image from an image source in an object space, which lens system comprises from the projected image end successively a first positive lens group and at least a second negative lens group whose surface facing the image end is concave, the first lens group being a single lens element and having a first refractive surface facing the image end, a second refractive surface facing the object end, and the lens system comprises reflecting means for folding the optical path, characterized in that the reflecting means are integrated in the first single lens element (L₁) and constitute a third surface (S₂) between the first (S₁) and second surface (S₃), in that the entrance pupil (PP') of the projection lens system, viewed from the projection screen (10) is located within the first single lens element (L₁), in that the second refractive surface (S₃) of the first single lens element (L₁) provides the major part of its optical power and in that the first refractive surface (S₁) of the first lens element (L₁) is an aspherical surface. A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the aspherical surface (S₁) of the first lens element (L₁), viewed from the image end, is convex in a zone around the optical axis and is concave outside said zone. A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the second refractive surface (S₃) of the first lens element (L₁) is aspherical. A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that a third lens group comprising a single bi-convex lens element (L₂) is arranged between the first (L₁) and the second lens group (L₃) and in that said lens element (L₂) supplies a part of the overall optical power of the projection lens system. A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 4, characterized in that the optical power of the third lens element (L₂) is approximately equal to that of the first lens element (L₁). A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the refractive surface (S₄) of the third lens element (L₂) facing the image end is aspherical. A projection lens system as claimed in Claim 5, characterized in that the surfaces (S₃, S₅) of the first (L₁) and third lens element (L₂) facing the object ends are aspherical. A projection lens system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the first lens element (L₁) consists of a glass lens substrate (L 1,s ) and in that an aspherical surface (S₁; S₃) of said lens element is constituted by an aspherical outer profile of a layer (L 1,a,1 ; L 1,a,3 ) of a transparent synthetic material which is provided on the glass lens substrate. A projection lens system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the third lens element (L₂) consists of a glass lens substrate (L 2,s ) and in that an aspherical surface of said lens element is constituted by an aspherical outer profile (S₅) of a layer (L 2,a,5 ) of a transparent synthetic material which is provided on the glass lens substrate. A projection lens system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the second lens group (L₃) consists of a synthetic material lens element having a concave surface (S₆) which is aspherical. A colour television projection system comprising three image sources (3, 4, 5) each for one of the primary colours red, green and blue, a projection screen (10) and three projection lens systems (6, 7, 8) which are each arranged between one of the image sources and the projection screen characterized in that each projection lens system (6, 7, 8) is a projection lens system as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims.

Inventors: BRAAT, JOSEPHUS JOHANNES MARIA
Applicants: N.V. PHILIPS' GLOEILAMPENFABRIEKEN
Application year: 1987
Main classification: G02B13
IPC codes: G02B27, G02B13, H04N9, G02B9, H04N5