MECHANICAL FACE SEALS

Abstract: A rotary mechanical face seal includes first and second seal face members (10, 14), the sealing face (13) of one seal face member (14) being urged into engagement with the sealing face (16) of the other seal face member (10), said seal face members (10, 14) being such that when subjected to temperature gradients due to the generation of heat at the sealing faces (13, 16) the sealing faces (13, 16) will remain substantially parallel in spite of any thermal distortion of the seal face members (10, 14).

Description: The present invention relates to mechanical face seals. It is known to design mechanical face seals to take account of distortion of the seal face members due to the pressure differential which will be applied across them during service. Such pressure distortion controlled seals are covered by British Patent No. 1,555,765. However, these seal face members are subject to significant temperature gradients due to heat generation at their interface and the resulting thermal distortion may be greater than pressure distortion, causing the sealing faces to rotate out of the plane in which they should be to provide acceptable sealing conditions. With conventional mechanical face seals deformation of the seal face members will cause the sealing faces of both seal face members to rotate towards the service that is the sealed fluid. Misalignment of the sealing faces is consequently the sum of rotation of the two sealing faces. In accordance with Russian Patent Abstract SU 1,129,442A, an attempt is made to control thermal rotation of one seal face member. In order to do this, chambers are formed within the seal face member, these chambers containing liquid metal which will transmit heat to minimise the axial temperature gradient across the seal face member and thus reduce thermal rotation. However, this system cannot totally eliminate thermal rotation since it requires some temperature gradient to drive the hot liquid metal to the back end of the seal. Furthermore, the seal disclosed in this specification takes no account of thermal distortion of the other seal face member. As illustrated in the drawing, the rotating element will exhibit positive rotation. Consequently, even if thermal distortion of the non-rotating seal face member is totally eliminated, the sealing faces will not remain parallel. It is not possible to obtain negative rotation of the non-rotating seal face member so as to keep the faces parallel, as this would require the end of the non-rotating seal face member remote from the sealing face to be hotter than the sealing face, which is not possible under steady state conditions. US Patent Specification No. 3,718,335 discloses a seal with seal face members of composite construction having a support portion and sealing portion. The invention disclosed in this specification deals with distortion due to differential expansion of the dissimilar materials. This specification does not address the problem of thermal distortion due to the axial temperature gradient across homogeneous seal face members. In the seals disclosed in Figures 1 to 3 and 5 of this specification a stabilizing portion of low coefficient of thermal expansion is provided around the end of the seal face member remote from the sealing face to impose a radial restraint on expansion of the back face of the seal face member. This will act to increase positive rotation of the sealing faces. In the seal disclosed in Figure 4 a stabilizing portion of high coefficient of friction is provided adjacent the sealing face, again increasing positive rotation. In order to produce a seal of negative rotation, so as to maintain the faces parallel, it would be necessary to provide a ring of material of low coefficient of expansion on the outer diameter of the seal face member adjacent the sealing face or a ring of high coefficient of expansion on the inner diameter adjacent the back face, both of these methods producing unacceptable stressing of the seal face member. The present invention provides means for matching the thermal rotation rates of the homogeneous seal face members of a seal, so that the sealing faces will remain parallel during operation. In this specification "rotation" signifies deformation of the sealing face out of the plane, usually perpendicular to the axis of rotation, in which the sealing faces are designed to engage when not subjected to temperature gradients. Positive rotations denote deformation towards the service and negative rotations denote deformations away from the service. According to one aspect of the present invention, a rotary mechanical face seal for producing a fluid tight seal between a pair of relatively rotatable components includes a first seal face member fixed rotationally with respect to one of said components and a second seal face member fixed rotationally with respect to the other component, means being provided to urge opposing sealing faces of the first and second seal face members into engagement, the first and second seal face members being of homogeneous construction at least one of said seal face members being of basically flanged shape, characterised in that the thermal distortion rates of said first and second seal face members are matched by adjustment of their shape and dimensions to vary the surface area adjacent the sealing face relative to that adjacent the face axially remote from the sealing face for one or both seal face members, so that the sealing faces of the seal face members remain substantially parallel over the operational range of heat transfer coefficients to which the seal is subjected. In accordance with the present invention both of the seal face members may be designed to exhibit substantially zero thermal rotation over the large range of heat transfer coefficients under which they are designed to operate, typically 1,000 to 10,000 W/m²K, as calculated in accordance with the definition specified in the paper "An experimental and theoretical study of pressure and thermal distortions in a mechanical seal" - ASLE Transactions, Volume 29, pages 151 to 159 by T. G. Doust and Dr. A. Parmar, 1986. However, more preferably, a pair of seal face members will be matched with regard to their thermal rotation, so as to give a substantially zero net rotation over the range of heat transfer coefficients. Embodiments of the invention are now described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: Figure 1 shows the axial cross section of a conventional face seal member and seat; Figure 2 illustrates typical thermal loading conditions of the conventional seat shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 shows the axial cross-section of a seat matched in accordance with the present invention with respect to the seal face member illustrated in Figure 1 and illustrating typical thermal loading conditions; Figure 4 illustrates the manner in which the seal face members and seat illustrated in Figure 1 will distort when subjected to a temperature gradient; and Figure 5 illustrates the manner in which the seal face member and seat illustrated in Figure 3 will distort when subjected to a temperature gradient. As illustrated in Figure 1, a seat 10 comprises a cylindrical portion 11 with outwardly directed flange portion 12 at the end defining the sealing face 13. Seal face member 14 made of carbon, has a body portion 15 of generally cylindrical configuration, with a recessed sealing face 16 and an end portion 17 with conical bore. The seat 10 would normally be located in a correspondingly recessed portion of a housing (not shown) and would be sealed thereto. The seal face member 14 would normally be mounted on a shaft 9, a sealing wedge (not shown) engaging the surface of the shaft 9 and the conical surface of portion 17 of the seal face member 14. The sealing wedge would be urged towards the seal face member 14, to force the wedge into sealing engagement with the seal face member 14 and the shaft 9, and to urge the sealing face 16 of the seal face member 14 into sealing engagement with the seal face 13 of seat 10. During operation of the seal, relative rotation of the seal face member 14 and seat 10 will cause heat generation across the sealing faces 13 and 16. The seal face member 14 and seat 10 will thus be subjected to a temperature gradient and will distort so that the sealing faces 13 and 16 rotate relative to a plane normal to the shaft. The degree and direction of rotation will depend on the various dimensions of the seal face member 14 and seat 10, as well as the heat transfer coefficient under which they operate. Typically, for a carbon seal face member 14 of the configuration shown in Figure 1 and of nominal diameter 95 mm, at a heat transfer coefficient of 2,000 W/m²K, the thermal rotation rate of the face 16 will be + 1.30 "/°C, the positive value indicating that rotation is towards the service that is away from the shaft 9, as indicated in Figure 4. The thermal rotation rate of the seat varies with the dimensions w,l,d and t. Figure 2 illustrates the thermal loading for a conventional seat 10, showing the isothermals when the area of face 13 which engages face 16 of the seal face member 14 is at 100°C and the heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m²K. As shown in figure 2 the average temperature of the bulk of material adjacent the sealing face 13 is higher than the average temperature of the bulk of material adjacent the axially opposite end of the seat 10. Consquently as a result of differential expansion axially across the seat 10, the sealing face 13 will rotate towards the service. A typical conventional seat 10, or nominal diameter 95 mm, for use with the seal face member 14 described above, would have dimensions W = 8.3 mm; l = 6.4 mm; d = 4.2 mm; and t = 9.3 mm. At a heat transfer coefficient of 2000 W/m²K the thermal rotation rate will be +0.8 "/°C. As illustrated in Figure 4, with the seat 10 and seal face member 14 of the conventional configuration described, thermal distortion of the sealing member will cause the sealing faces 13 and 16 to go out of parallel with consequent effects on the sealing efficiency. As faces 13 and 16 both rotate towards the service the effective thermal rotation rate will be the sum of the two, that is 2.1 "/°C. By varying dimensions w, l, d and t the thermal rotation rate of the sealing face 13 of seat 10 may be made equal but opposite to the thermal rotation rate of the sealing face 16 of seal face member 14. If this is done, even though the faces 13 and 16 will rotate on thermal deformation of the seat 10 and seal face member 14, the faces will remain parallel to one another and the sealing efficiency will be unaffected. For example, seat 18 illustrated in Figure 3, has a nominal diameter of 95 mm and dimensions w = 9 mm; l = 13 mm; d = 14.5 mm and t = 6 mm. A recess 19 is provided round the periphery of flange portion 12 on the face thereof remote from the sealing face 13, the recess 19 being 4.5 mm wide and 6 mm deep. With this seat configuration, as illustrated by the isothermals, the average temperature of the bulk of material adjacent the sealing face 13 is lower than the average temperature of the bulk of material adjacent the axially opposite end of the seal 10. As a result of differential expansion axially across the seat 18, the sealing face 13 will rotate away from the service, that is in the opposite direction as face 16 of seal face member 14. With a seat 18 of the dimensions stated above, the thermal rotation rate at a heat transfer coefficient of 2,000 W/m²K will be - 1.30 "/°C. As this is equal but opposite to that of the seal face member 14 (ie + 1.30 "/°C ) the faces 13 and 16 will remain parallel in spite of thermal deformation of the seat 18 and seal face member 14, as illustrated in Figure 5. While the thermal rotation rate of the seal face member 14 and seat 18 may not remain constant over the operating range of heat transfer coefficients for which the seal is designed, rotation of faces 13 and 16 will be in opposite directions but substantially equal and the relative rotation between the faces will remain substantially zero. Various modifications may be made while keeping within the limits of the claims without departing from the invention. For example, while in the embodiment illustrated in figure 3, the dimensions of the seat have been selected so that the thermal rotation rate of the sealing face of the seat matches that of the seal face member, both the seal face member and seat may be designed to give substantially zero thermal rotation.

Claims: A rotary mechanical face seal for producing a fluid tight seal between a pair of relatively rotatable components (10,14) including a first seal face member (10) fixed rotationally with respect to one of said components and a second zeal face member (14) fixed rotationally with respect to the other component (9), means being provided to urge opposing sealing faces of the first and second seal face members (10,14) into engagement, in that the first and second seal face members (10,14) being of homogeneous construction at least one of the seal face members being of basically flanged shape, characterised in that the thermal distortion rates of said first and second seal face members (10,14) are matched by adjustment of their shape and dimensions to vary the surface area adjacent the sealing face (13,16) relative to that adjacent the face axially remote from the sealing face (13,16) for one or both seal face members (10,14), so that the sealing faces (13,16) of the seal face members (10,14) remain substantially parallel over the operational range of heat transfer coefficients to which the seal is subjected. A mechanical face zeal according to claim 1 characterised in that both the seal face members (10,14) exhibit substantially zero thermal rotation. A mechanical face seal according to claim 1 characterised in that the first and second seal face members (10,14) exhibit substantially equal but opposite thermal rotation. A mechanical face seal according to any one of the preceding claims characterised in that one seal face member (10) comprises a cylindrical portion (11) with outwardly directed flange portion (12) at its sealing face (13), the width and height of the flange portion (12) and length and thickness of the cylindrical portion (11) being selected to provide a seal face member (10) the thermal rotation rate of which is matched with respect to the thermal rotation rate of the other seal face member (14). A rotary mechanical face seal according to claim 4 characterised in that a recess (19) is provided around the periphery of the flange portion (12) in the face thereof remote from the sealing face (13).

Inventors: PARMAR, AMRAT
Applicants: JOHN CRANE UK LIMITED
Application year: 1987
Main classification: F16J15
IPC codes: F16J15