ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPOSITIONS

Abstract: Compounds having anti-inflammatory and other activities. The compounds are derived from diterpenes, indol alkaloids, polyacetates, diaminobenzyl alcohols, diacylglycerol and bryostatins.

Description: <U>ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPOSITIONS</U> <U>Related Applications</U> This application is a continuation-in-part of Application Serial No.<B>872,812,</B> filed June<B>11, 1986.</B> <U>Background</U> Protein kinase <B>C</B> is an enzyme found in nearly all animal tissues and animal cells that have been examined. Its identity is generally established<B>by</B> its ability to phosphorylate proteins when adenosine triphosphate, calcium ions and phospholipid co- factors are present, with greatly reduced activity when these cofactors are absent. Protein kinase <B>C</B> activity is substantially stimulated<B>by</B> certain 1,2-sn-diacylglycerols that bind specifically and stoichiometrically to a recognition site on the enzyme. Stimulation<B>of</B> protein kinase <B>C by</B> these diacylglycerols has been shown to be an important physiological event that mediates the actions of a wide variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and other biological control factors such ashistamine, vasopressin, alpha-adrenergic agonists, dopamine agonists, muscarinic cholinergic agonists, platelet activating factor, etc. [see Y. Nishizuka, <B>'</B><U>Nature</U> <B><U>308</U> 693-698</B> (1984) and<U>Science<B>225</B></U><B> 1365-1370</B> (1984) for reviews]. The biological role of protein kinase <B>C</B> is also of great interest because of the discovery that- certain very powerful tumor promoting substances activate this enzyme<B>by</B> binding specifically and with very high affinity to the diacylglycerol binding site on the enzyme. In addition to diacyl- glycerols, there are at present five other known classes of compounds that bind to this site, including diterpenes such as the phorbol esters, indole alkaloids (indolactams) such as the teleocidins, lyngbyatoxin, and indolactam V, poly- acetates such as the aplysiatoxins and oscilla- toxins, certain derivatives of diaminobenzyl al cohol, and the macrocyclic lactones of the bryo- statin class. The phorbol esters have long been known as powerful tumor promoters, the teleocidins and aplysiatoxins are now known to have this activ ity, and it appears likely that additional classes of compounds will be found to have the toxic and tumor promoting activities associated with the capability to bind to the diacylglycerol site of protein kinase <B>C</B> and thus activate the enzyme. Other toxicities of these agents when administered to animals include lung injury and profound changes in blood elements, such as leukopenia and neuropenia. In addition to potent tumor promoting activity, these six classes of compounds, collectively refer red to as the "phorboids", display a vast range of biological activities, as would be expected from the widespread distribution of their target enzyme. Some of these activities, like tumor promotion, indicate the involvement of protein kinase <B>C</B> in important normal or pathological processes in animals. Thus, the phorboids are potent skin inflammatory agents, cause smooth muscle contraction in several tissues, alter immune system function and can be used to cause a variety of other normal or patho logical responses. Related disease states such as the development of cancer, the onset and/or main tenance of inflammatory disease, the role of vaso- constriction in hypertension, the role of broncho- constriction in asthma, the role of cholinergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic synapses in diseases of the central/peripheral nervous systems, may be mediated<U>in</U> vivo <B>by</B> the stimulation of protein kinase <B>C by</B> diacylglycerols, the latter being generated in the cell<B>by</B> pathological agents or conditions. In analyzing the activity of a pharmaceutical or other bioactive compound, it is useful to con sider two properties: the<U>efficacy,</U> defined as the capability to elicit a full or partial biological result, such as complete displacement of a ligand from its receptor site or the complete inhibition of inflammation or edema caused<B>by</B> a standard stimulus; and the<U>potency,</U> defined as that amount or concentration of drug that causes<B>50%</B> of the full response (often abbreviated as the<B>ED 50</B> It is frequently the case within a given class of pharmaceutical agents that individual members of the class all have equal efficacy, i.e. they each can generate a full biological effect, but they show differening potencies. Thus, the structural modifications within such a class affect only the amount necessary to achieve a given result, and the modified compounds otherwise have generally the same central biological characteristic. There may also be differences between members of such a class as regards proper- ties other than the central biological charac teristic; for example, members of the class might differ in side effects or toxicity. Well-known.pharmaceuticals that have been in extensive use for years or decades show a wide range of optimal therapueutic potencies. Aspirin, for example, is often taken in multi-gram amounts per day for treatment of inflammation or arthritis, and detailed analyses of its mechanism of action<U>in</U> <U>vitro</U> show that a concentration in the millimolar range is required. In contrast, steroid-based topical anti-inflammatory compounds such as fluocinolone acetonide are many thousand-fold more potent, and, beyond this, some oral contraceptive agents are prescribed in daily doses in the micro- gram range. Thus, although high potency is generally advantageous for a pharmaceutical, it is not an absolute requirement. Several thousand of the high skin-inflammatory and tumor7promoting phorboids have been reported in the literature, including numerous examples on which minor chemical modifications have been made [see Evans and Soper, Lloydia <U>41</U><B>193-233 (1978)</B> and references cited therein]. The structures of these phorboids can be compared, and their activities for inflammation and tumor promotion can be analyzed from the perspective of efficacy and potency. The structures of the different classes of phorboids vary quite markedly from one to the other class (see <U>Summary of the Invention</U> for structural comparisons), yet widespread testing of their biological activities has shown that these classes have generally very similar biological properties. In particular, the thousands of known phorboids of the<B>highly</B> potent diterpene, indolactam, and polyacetate classes appear to have, with very minor exceptions, vir tually identical efficacies as skin irritants and tumor promoters [T. Sugimura, Gann <B><U>73</U> 499-507</B> <B>(1982)].</B> The exceptions involve a few compounds that have a short duration of irritant activity and/or manifest diminished tumor promoting activity, perhaps due to toxicity or secondary parameters such as differing metabolic destruction rates. In contrast to the essentially equal efficacies among the vast majority of phorboids, their relative <U>potencies</U> cover a wide range, as measured in inflam mation and promotion tests and as measured in numerous other<U>in</U> vivo and<U>in vitro</U> systems. Example compo#Lnds can be found in the diterpene, indolactam, and polyacetate classes that have nearly equal, very high potencies. At the same time there are compounds in each of these classes which embody significant structural changes that do not diminish efficacy but do result in potency decreases of 10-fold to 100,000-fold or more [see, for example, Driedger and Blumberg, <U>Cancer</U> Res. <B>37 3257-3265</B> <B>(1977),</B><U>Cancer</U> Res. <B>39 714-719 (1979)].</B> Thus, all these compounds appear to be capable of achieving generally the same biological results, and merely differ in the amount which must be used to obtain a given result. <U>In vitro</U> measurements of biochemical properties provide an even more sensitive method for comparing the properties of the various phorboids. For example, using a radioactively labeled phorboid such as<B>[ 3</B> HIphorbol 12,13-dibutyrate or<B>1 3</B> HIlyngbyatoxin, one can measure the potency of a test compound as a competitive ligand for the diacylglcerol binding site on protein kinase <B>C.</B> Alternatively, one can measure the ability of a given phorboid to stimulate the protein kinase C-mediated incorporation of radioactive phosphate from<B>[ 32</B> Pladenosine triphos- phate into a standard acceptor substrate such as histone Hl. Tests of this nature reveal a dif ference in potency between given phorboid agonists of as much as 10,000,000-fold or more [Dunn and Blumberg, <U>Cancer</U> Res. 43 4632-4637<B>(1983),</B> Table<B>11.</B> These basic data regarding the phorboid agonists are an important consideration because they underscore the concept that the structural dif ferences among these previously known phorboids, especially the diterpenes, indolactams, poly- acetates, and bryostatins, generally do not affect their efficacies as toxic agonists, and indeed a wide variety of structural changes are tolerated in this regard. Such changes generally alter potency only and do not provide agents with therapeutic utility, since they retain their toxicity. Some minor changes in phorboid structure are known to result in inactive compounds, such as a stereochemical change from 4-beta to 4-alpha in the phorbol series, and indeed some of the diterpene skeleton structures carry hydroxy groups that must be esterified in order for inflammatory activity to be observed. However, these inactive compounds are quite few in number among the known phorboids, and no therapeutic utility has been demonstrated for them. The phorbol esters, indolactams, polyacetates, diaminobenzyl alcohols, and bryostatins are gene rally found in plants, molds, and algae, or are synthetic in origin. Although they are found in many parts of the world, normal human contact with them is thought to be low. In contrast, the dia- cylglycerols are part of the functioning of vir tually every type of animal cell except erythrocytes of some species, and thus the undesirable activation of protein kinase <B>C by</B> the diacylglycerols may have a very widespread role in human diseases. Thus, new compounds, capable of blocking the activation of protein kinase <B>C by</B> acting as specific pharmacological antagonists of the diacylglycerols, would be valuable agents in the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of diseases in animals and humans. There may be several different forms of protein kinase <B>C</B> each having different biological roles. The stimulation of one form can lead to undesirable results such as inflammation or the development of cancer, while stimulation of another form of the enzyme might produce beneficial effects, such as the abrogation of inflammation or the secretion of useful bioregulatory factors such as hormones and interferons. Moreover, the exact correspondence between diacylglycerol binding sites and protein kinase <B>C</B> has not been fully explored, .and there may be several different such binding sites with dif ferential affinities for diacylglycerols and other phorboids. Indeed there is published evidence for several distinct classes of phorboid binding sites in various tissues and cell types (Dunn and Blumberg, op. cit.). However, in this study, even the ligands showing the clearest differences in affinity for these distinct classes are only selective<B>by</B> a factor of<B>10-100</B> dissociation constant. Thus, other new compounds, capable of selectively activating one useful, but not another, deleterious, diacylglycerol target site, would also be valuable agents for the prevention or treatment of inflammation. Earlier efforts to use the previously known phorboids themselves or to modifiy of the structures of the known phorboids, have not been successful in producing useful compounds. It has been known for some time that several of the toxic, inflammatory and tumor-promoting com pounds such as phorbol 12-tigliate 13-decanoate, mezerein, lyngbyatoxin and aplysiatoxin have anti- leukemic activity in mouse model tests. However, these compounds are all extremely toxic and are cancer suspect agents, thus eliminating them from consideration as human therapeutic agents. <B>.</B> Ganong <U>et al.</U> [Proc. <U>Nat.</U> Acad. Sci. <B>*<U>83</U></B> <B>1184-1188 (1986)]</B> tested a series of diacylglycerols and found no antagonistic activity in that series against the standard agonist 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol. It is of particular note that several compounds tested in this work were modified in the hydroxy- methyl portion of the diacylglycerol molecule, and these modifications produced only a loss of activity or a weakened activity that was not distinguishable from the agonist activity of 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol itself. These hydroxymethyl-modified compounds were not antagonists in these tests and no utility was found. Similarly, Thielmann and Hecker [Forsch. Krebsforsch. Vol. VII,<B>pp. 171-179 (1969),</B> New York: Schattauer] found only a complete loss of biological activity in their stuay when the hydroxy group of the hydroxymethyl on phorbol <B>12,13</B> didecanoate was replaced with hydrogen or chlorine. Schmidt and Hecker [H. Lettre and<B>G.</B> Wagner (eds.), Aktuelle Probleme aus dem Gebiet der Cancerologie, Vol. III, 3rd Heidelberg Symposium,<B>pp.</B> 98-108. Berlin: Springer Verlag, <B>1971.1</B> also found that oxidation of the hydroxymethyl of phorbol <B>12,13</B> didecanoate to a carboxylic acid caused complete loss of activity in the assays used. The hydroxymethyl group of the known phorboids (discussed in more detail in<U>Summary of the Inven-</U> <U>tion)</U> has been thought to be required for biological activity, as detailed<B>by</B> Hecker (Carcinogenesis, Vol. 2, eds. Slaga, Sivak and Boutwell, Raven Press, New York,<B>1978, pp.</B> 11-48 and references cited therein). Indeed, it is stated therein that the replacement of the 20-hydroxyl in a phorbol ester "results in complete loss of biological activity". In another study, replacement of the hydroxy group of the hydroxymethyl (located at carbon 14)<B>by</B> chlorine or hydrogen in indolactam. V gave rise to compounds with agonist activity weaker than but otherwise not distinguished from the agonist ac tivity of the very toxic teleocidin class of tumor promoters [Irie <U>et al.,</U> Int. <B><U>J.</U></B><U> Cancer<B>36</B></U><B> 485-488</B> <B>(1985)].</B> Thus no utility was found. Schmidt and Hecker (Carcinogenesis, Vol. <B>7,</B> ed. <B>by E.</B> Hecker et<U>al.,</U> Raven Press, New York,<B>1982,</B> <B>pp. 57-63)</B> studied the abilities of a series of diterpene phorboids to inhibit tumor promotion<B>by</B> the standard phorboid agonist tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). They found that, at low doses, some short-chain ester derivatives of phorbol were able to block the tumor promotion<B>by</B> PMA. However, all of the compounds that were active as antagonists at low doses are also very effica cious skin irritants themselves at higher doses and most of them are also known to have tumor promoting activity. Thus, these short-chain esters still have toxic inflammatory and tumor promoting activity and thus have no therapeutic value. In this publication it was also noted that a phorbol 12-ester, namely phorbol 12-myristate, was without activity as an antagonist of PMA-induced tumor promotion. Theilmann and Hecker (op. cit.) also found phorbol 12-decanoate and phorbol 12-myristate to be inactive in the functional tests used, and stated that the 13-OH must be esterified to obtain active compounds. Suinmary ofthe <U>Invention</U> This invention pertains to'phorboid derivatives which block the toxic effects of the hydroxymethyl- containing phorboids and lack the toxic properties <B>of</B> previously available phorboids. These phorboid derivatives of very diverse structures have utility as anti-inflammatory agents, anti-cancer and anti- leukemic agents, anti-asthmatic and anti-hyperten- sive agents, as modulators of<U>in</U> vivo immune func tion, as stimulators of the production of lympho- kines such as interferon and the interleukins, as stimulants of hair growth on bald or partially bald scalp, as central nervous system pharmaceuticals for several pathological conditions, and as xenobiotics for achieving the control of parasites. The struct ural features associated with the non-toxicity and protein kinase <B>C</B> antagonism of these compounds relate primarily to the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl group found in each<B>of</B> the toxic parents. specific modification of the latter chemical groupings yields non-toxic anti-inflammatory com pounds, whereas any of a very wide variety of changes in other parts of the parent structures, including but not limited to diterpenes, indole alkaloids, polyacetates, diaminobenzyl alcohol derivatives, aplysiatoxins, and bryostatinoids, have very markedly less effect on the overall biological properties of the derivatives, other than changes in potency. This invention also provides new compounds that discriminate between phorboid receptor subtypes-, with relative binding activities differing <B>by</B> 10,000-fold or more. <B>A</B> comparison of the structures of the pre- viously known phorboids reveals the features that are critical for this invention, as shown below. TYPICAL DITERPENE-TYPE PHORBOID AGONISTS EMI0012.0006 EMI0012.0007 EMI0012.0008 TYPICAL DITERPENE-TYPE PHORIBOID AGONISTS (cont.) EMI0013.0005 EMI0013.0006 EMI0013.0007 TYPICAL INDOLACTAM-TYPE PHORBOID AGONISTS EMI0014.0004 EMI0014.0005 Typical Diaminobenzyl Alcohol-type Phorboid Agonists EMI0015.0005 EMI0015.0006 Typical Diacylglycerol-type Phorboid Agonists EMI0016.0004 Typical Polyacetate-type Phorboid Agonists EMI0016.0008 (Aplysiatoxin and its debromo, bromo, and dibromo derivatives) TYPICAL BRYOSTATIN-TYPE PHORBOID AGONISTS EMI0017.0004 EMI0017.0005 It can be seen that the phorboids depicted have exceeding diverse structural elements, with one prominent exception, namely that each contains a hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group (indicated<B>by</B> the dashed-line boxes in each structure). In each case the phorboid depicted is among the most potent of its particular structural class, and among the classes the diterpenes, indolactams and polyacetates have members of especially high potency. The hydroxymethyl and 1-hydroxyethyl feature common to all the classes of phorboids is the primary focus of this invention. Generally the phorboid derivatives of this invention can be- represented <B>by</B> the formula: P<B>G</B> wherein P represents a radical, formally derived from a parent compound, which compound: a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a dia- cylglycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form<B>of</B> the enzyme protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group bonded to a carbon atom; and wherein<B>G</B> is any group either i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place<B>of</B> the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound; and wherein the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group of the parent compound is absent or has been replaced<B>by G.</B> More specifically, the compounds of this invention are represented<B>by</B> the formula: P<B><I>S</I> -E</B> <B>0 0 0</B> which depicts a phorboid "parent" compound radical P<B>0</B> modified<B>by</B> a moiety<B>S o E 0,</B> In general, a parent compound is a compound which: a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacylglycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form of the enzyme protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl group bonded to a carbon atom. For example, a parent compound can be a diterpenoid activator of protein kinase <B>C;</B> an aromatic hetero- cyclic activator of protein kinase of the indole, indene, benzofuranl or benzothiophene class; a polyacetate-derived activator of protein kinase <B>C;</B> an activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diacylgly- cerol or diacyloxybutanol class; an activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diaminobenzyl alcohol class; or a protein kinase <B>C</B> activator of the bryostatin class. <B><I>S</I> 0 -E 0</B> represents a modifying moiety which is either: i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound P<B>0</B> in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl is bonded. In the<B>S</B> O-E <B>0</B> moiety,<B>S 0</B> can be a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain of atoms which separates P<B>0</B> and<B>E 0 by</B> a linear count of at least two but not more than<B>6</B> atoms and contains one to six heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, a phosphorus atom, or up to 12 halogen atoms; provided that the total number of atoms does not exceed about<B>35,</B> and in some cases<B>S 0</B> may be a single or double bond; and<B>E 0</B> can be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated group containing<B>1</B> to <B>8</B> carbon atoms and optionally containing<B>1</B> to 12 halogen atoms,<B>1</B> to 4 heteroatoms selected independ ently from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and one phosphorus atom.<B>S 0 E 0</B> taken together may also be a hydrogen, halogen, or ketonic oxygen atom or a hydroxy, amino, or thiol group singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound P<B>0</B> in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group. <U>Detailed Description of the Invention</U> <B>All</B> six classes of the phorboids have one structural element in common. Each prototypical member of these classes has either a hydroxymethyl group or a 1-hydroxyethyl group. The design of-the phorboid derivatives of this invention is based on the finding that the hydroxymethyl and 1-hydroxy- ethyl groups which previously were thought to be required for biological activity of phorboids containing these groups can be replaced<B>by</B> other substituents of very diverse nature, and the re sulting compounds both block the toxic effects of the hydroxymethyl-containing phorboids and lack the toxic properties associated with the previously available phorboids. These new compounds thus have utility as anti-inflammatory agents, for example. Although the replacement of the hydroxymethyl group or 1-hydroxyethyl group is very specific and leads to an extreme and profound change in biological properties-, a very wide range ofstructural al terations in the remainder of the novel compounds can be tolerated without material loss of their anti-inflammatory activity.. The phorboid derivatives of this invention are generally represented<B>by</B> the formula: P<B>- G</B> The formula depicts a radical, P, derived from a parent compound, which compound: a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacyl- glycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form of the enzyme protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group bonded to a carbon atom; and whs;#ein <B>G</B> is any group either i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place of the hydroxymethyl of 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound; and wherein the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group of the parent compound is absent or has been replaced<B>by G.</B> More specifically, the phorboid derivatives of this invention are represented<B>by</B> the formula: <B>P 0 - S</B> O-E <B>0</B> The formula depicts a radical P<B>0 ,</B> formally derived from a parent hydroxymethyl-containing phorboid compound, bonded to an<B>S</B> O-E <B>0</B> moiety. <B>P 0</B> represents a radical formally derived from a compound which contains an hydroxymethyl (or the equivalent 1-hydroxyethyl) group and which binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacylglycerol-type receptor and/or activates any form of the enzyme protein kinase <B>C.</B> P<B>0</B> may be formally derived from phorboids from any of the six classes listed below: i) a diterpenoid activator of protein kinase <B>C;</B> ii) an aromatic heterocyclic activator of protein kinase of the indole, indene, benzofuran, or benzo- thiophene class; iii) a polyacetate-derived activator of protein kinase <B>C;</B> iv) an activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diacyl- glycerol or diacyloxybutanol class; V) an activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diamino- benzyl alcohol class; and vi) a protein kinase <B>C</B> activator of the bryostatin class. <B>All</B> of these phorboids contain an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group which is known to be required for their toxic biological activity, such as inflam matory activity measured on the mouse ear. <B>S</B> O-E <B>0</B> represents a moiety which is either: i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound. In this<B>S</B> O-E <B>0</B> moiety,<B>S 0</B> can be a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain of atoms which separates P<B>0</B> and<B>E 0 by</B> a linear count of at least two but not more than<B>6</B> atoms and contains one to six heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfurf a phosphorus atom, or up to 12 halogen atoms; provided that the total number of atoms does not exceed about<B>35,</B> and in some cases<B>S 0</B> may be a single or double bond; and<B>E 0</B> can be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated group containing<B>1</B> to <B>8</B> carbon atoms and optionally containing<B>1</B> to 12 halogen atoms,<B>1</B> to 4 heteroatoms selected independ ently from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and one phosphorus atom.<B>S 0 E 0</B> taken together may also be a hyarogen, halogen, or ketonic oxygen atom or a hydroxy, amino, or thiol group singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound P<B>0</B> in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group. In a preferred embodiment, the phorboid deriva tives of this invention are represented as follows: <B>P</B> x <B>- S</B> X-E <B>1</B> wherein P can be selected from six different x classes of compounds designated P 1-P <B>6</B> and defined below, wherein<B>S</B> x is selected from six different structural types as defined below and<B>E 1</B> is as defined below. <I><U>A</U></I> <B>P<I>1f</I></B> P2f P31 P41 <B>P.,</B> and P6 represent compoun of each of the six classes of known phorboids and are defined<B>by</B> the formulae below. <B>P I</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0024.0020 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein<B>Al</B> and<B>A2</B> may be individually selected from hydrogen and a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing substituent having not more than 34 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; <B>A 1</B> and<B>A</B> 2 taken together complete a<B>5-</B> or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, op tionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing groups,,which groups taken together contain a total of not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <B>A 3</B> is a three atom chain which completes a 7-membered carbocyclic ring optionally substituted <B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups, which groups taken together, excluding SoEo, contain not more than<B>7</B> carbon atoms,.not more than 4 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; provided that, including<B>S 0 E 0 ,</B> the middle carbon atom of<B>A 3</B> is not substituted<B>by</B> hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl or 2-hydroxy-2propyl; <B>A</B> 4 completes a<B>6-</B> or 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring (connected in the beta configura tion to either carbon atom<B>9</B> or<B>10),</B> optionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or<B>-</B> branched chain cyclic or acyclic, saturated, un saturated and/or aromatic carbon and/or hetero- atom-containing groups, the group or groups op tionally completing one or two additional rings<B>by</B> themselves and/or one to five additional rings when taken together with<B>Al, A2,</B> a ring formed<B>by Al</B> and <B>A2</B> together, and/or a bond to carbon atom<B>9,</B> which groups taken together, include not more than 40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>10</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <B>J 1</B> is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, hydroxy, amino, mono- or d-lower- alkylamino, methyl, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, pro- pargyl, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, acetyl, propanoyl, hydroxy- acetyl, 2-hydroxypropanoyloxy, 3-hydroxypropanoyl, acetamido, propanamido, hydroxyacetamido, 2-hydroxy- propanamido, or 3-hydroxypropanamido, (each of which must be situated in the beta position), or<B>J 1</B> taken together with<B>Al, A2, </B> or a ring formed<B>by Al</B> to gether with<B>A2</B> completes a<B>3-</B> to7-membered sub stituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or hetero- cyclic ring;<B>J2</B> is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, allyl, propargyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl; provided that if P<B>1</B> is a phorbol-12,13-dialkanoyl moiety then <B><I>S</I> 0 E .</B> may not be carboxy, carbaldehyde, car- baldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, or alkanoyloxy- methylene, and provided that if P<B>1</B> is a phorbol 12,13-di-O-acetyl moiety then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be cyano or aldoxime. <B>P</B> 2 is a radical of the formula: EMI0027.0011 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate. or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically*acceptable salt thereof, wherein B<B>1</B> completes a 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring, optionally substituted <B>by</B> a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups which, taken together, contain n6t more than 40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>9</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, the groups being optionally connected to form<B>1-3</B> additional rings; B 2 is selected from oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfone, and a carbon or nitrogen atom optionally substituted<B>by</B> a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, satu rated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups having not more than<B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and B2 may be linked to Bi to form an additional carbc:yclic or heterocyclic ring; B<B>3</B> is a 2-carbon chain optionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups, which groups taken together but excluding SoEo, contain not more than<B>8</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>6</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; provided that, in cluding<B>S 0 E 0 ,</B> the carbon atom of B<B>3</B> bonded to K 2 as defined below does not carry<B>--- CH</B> 2 OH<B>----</B> CHCH <B>3</B> OH or --C(CH <B>3 )</B> 2 )OH; K is hydrogen or is a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing group containing, not more than<B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>18</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and K<B>1</B> may be linked to B 2 or B<B>3</B> or to both B 2 and B<B>3</B> to form one or more ad- 2 ditional carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic rings; K is selected from oxygen, sulfur --NK <B>6__</B> or <B>---</B> CK <B>6</B><I>K</I><B>7__</B> wherein K<B>6</B> is hydrogen, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, fluoro, n-propyl, allyl, or propargyl, and K<B>7</B> is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl or cyano; K<B>3</B> and K 4 may be the same or may differ and may each be hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing group, such that K<B>3</B> and K 4 taken together contain not more than<B>18</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; K<B>5</B> is selected from oxygen, sulfur, sul- foxide, sulfone or --NK 8-- <B><I>,</I></B> --NOK <B>8__</B> or <B>----</B> CK <B>8</B><I>K</I><B>9----</B> wherein K<B>8</B> is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining group containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and K<B>9</B> is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, hydroxy, halogen, allyl, propargyl, cyano, or trifluoromethyl; provided that if B<B>1</B> completes an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring, and B 2 is<B>--- NH---,</B> and K<B>1</B> is hydrogen, and K 2 is <B>--- NH---,</B> and K<B>3</B> is ---CH(CH <B>3)2</B> in the alpha posi tion, and K 4 is hydrogen, and K<B>5</B> is<B>---</B> N(CH <B>3</B> then B<B>3</B> and SoEo taken together are not<B>'</B> EMI0029.0042 wherein K<B>10</B> is alkyl or alkanoyl. <B>P 3</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0030.0002 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L<B>1 ,</B> L 2 and L<B>3</B> are individually selected from nitro gen or substituted or unsubstituted carbon; <B>D 1</B> and<B>D</B> 2 each may be a bond or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom;<B>D 1</B> may be linked to L L 2 or both L<B>1</B> and L 2 to form additional fused carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic substituted or unsubstituted rings; and<B>D</B> 2 may be linked to L 2<B>,</B> L<B>3</B> or both L 2 and L<B>3</B> to form additional fused carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic substituted or unsubstituted rings;<B>D3</B> and D4 each are heteroatom- containing functional groups, the heteroatoms being selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur;<B>D3</B> may be linked to L<B>1 ,</B> L 2 or both L<B>1</B> and L 2 to form additional fused substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic rings; and D4 may be linked to L 2<B>,</B> L<B>3</B> or both L 2 and L<B>3</B> to form additional fused substituted or unsubstituted carbacyclic and/or heterocyclic rings; provided that <B>D 1</B> and<B>D3</B> taken together and<B>D</B> 2 and D4 taken to gether both embody at least one oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom separated from the aromatic nucleus<B>by</B> zero or one intervening carbon atom; and L4 and<B>L5</B> are straight chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining groups which, taken to gether, contains about 2-40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more tharf <B>6</B> hetero- atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; provided that<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl. <B>P</B> 4 is a radical of the formula: EMI0031.0022 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein V<B>1</B> is a bond or is a carbon atom carrying substituents individually selected from hydrogen, methyl, and halogen; V 2 and V<B>3</B> are individually selected from oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, and <B>--- NV</B> 4<B>...</B> in which V 4 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms; <B>1</B> 2 F and F are a staight chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining groups which, taken together, contain 10-40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> hetero- atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; F<B>3</B> is hydrogen or a substituent selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, cyano, vinyl, ethynyl, allyl, and propargyl; F 4 and F<B>5</B> each may be hydrogen-or may be hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon radicals which, taken together, contain not more than 40 carbon atoms and not more than 24 halogen atoms; provided that V 4<B><I>,</I></B><I> F</I><B>1<I>,</I></B><I> F</I> 2<B><I>,</I></B><I> F</I> 4 and F<B>5</B> taken together contain not more than<B>50</B> carbon atoms and provided that SoEo may not be hydrogen, methyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, unsub- stituted carboxamido, 1-hydroxyethyl or alkanoyloxy- methylene. <B>P 5</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0033.0001 <B>I</B> in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein<B>U</B> and<B>U</B> 2<B>,</B> independently, are selected from hydrogen, azide, halogen, hydroxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkenoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkynoxy, thiol, <B>C 1-7</B> alkanoyl, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and cyano; or<B>U 1</B> and<B>U</B> 2 taken together may be an oxygen atom forming an epoxy group or may be an additional bond forming an unsat- 3 urated linkage;<B>U</B> is selected from hydrogen, halo gen,<B>C</B> 1-12 alkyl,<B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkenyl, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkynyl, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkoxy, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkenoxy, <B>C</B> I-C 12 alkynoxy, and aryl or<B>C</B> 7-C .12 aralkyl wherein the aryl group may be substituted<B>by</B> nitro, halogen, cyano, and/or- diloweralkylamino groups; <B>U</B> 4_U <B>6 ,</B> independently, are selected from hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, amino, diloweralkylamino, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsat urated alkyl, hydroxy, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkoxy, CI_-7 <B>7</B> carboalkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkanoyloxy, and azide; and<B>U</B> is selected from hydrogen,<B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and<B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkanoyl; provided that if<B>S 0 E 0</B> is hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl or acetoxymethylene, then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be bonded to<B>C29.</B> <B>P 6</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0034.0017 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein W<B>1</B> is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, <B>C 1-5</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-5</B> alkanoyloxy and cyano; <B>W</B> 2 is selected from oxo, hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, <B>C 1-7</B> alkylf <B>C</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkanoyloxy, and <B>3</B> halogen; W<B>-W</B> each ma# be hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, satu rated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing group, containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and W4 and W<B>5</B> taken together may form an additional carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and W<B>6</B> is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, satu rated, unsaturatedl and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining group, containing not more than <B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than 12 halogen atoms and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and W<B>6 .</B> taken together with W 4 and W<B>5</B> may complete an additional carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; provided that if<B>S 0 E 0</B> is hydroxy- methyl or hydroxyethyl then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be bonded to<B>C25.</B> <B>S</B> x may represent any of a broad range of connecting chains of atoms, designated<B>S</B> 1J' S2J' SV <B>S</B> 41<B>S5</B> and S6' Surprisingly, these chains may be hydrophobic in nature, with few if any polar or heteroatoms present, may be halogen-substituted, or may contain one or several polar atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, and/or sulfur in any of numerous chemical groupings, and the resultant compounds then display the antagonistic properties described in this invention. <B>S 1</B> is a single or a double bond or is a chain of atoms of the formula: EMI0036.0001 wherein a,<B>b, d,</B> e, and<B>g</B> may independently be from <B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> c and<B>f</B> may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (a+b+c+d+e+f+g) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than <B>6;</B> and if c and<B>f</B> are both<B>1,</B> then the sum of (d+e) must be at least<B>1; EMI0036.0004 </B> through may be the same EMI0036.0005 or different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms, selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms are situated in functional groups selected.from hydroxy, amino, hydroxylamine, ter tiary amine oxide, Schiff's base, hydrazine, thiol, nitro, nitroso, oxime, azide, ether, acetal, ketal, thioether, aldehyde, keto, hydrazone, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, hydrazide, carbonate, car- bamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, imidate, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, thiourea, isothiourea, thioimidate, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; R<B>1</B> or R 2 may optionally be an additional bond <B>1 1 1</B> completing an unsaturated linkage to the diter- penold moiety; one of the substituents R 1-R 12 <B>1 1 1</B> may be<B>G ,</B> as defined below, provided that the substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; R<B>11</B> or R 12 may optionally <B>1 1</B> be an additonal bond to<B>E 1 ,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0037.0045 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 1</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different ring hetero members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 2'<B>CO'</B> <B>=N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members, <B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, 'COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carbox- amido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; X and XI are defined below; provided that, for all substituents R<B>1</B> through R 12 and all constituents <B>1 1</B> and all constituents X and XI, taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less. <B>S</B> 2 is a chain of atoms of the formula: EMI0038.0035 wherein h, i, <B>k,</B> m,<B>p,</B> and<B>q</B> may be independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3; j</B> and n may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> if<B>j</B> and n are both<B>1</B> and<B>1</B> is<B>0,</B> then the sum of<B>(k</B> <B>+</B> m) must be at least<B>1;</B> if n is<B>1</B> and o is<B>0,</B> then the sum of<B>(p + q)</B> must be at least<B>1;</B> the sum of<B>(1 +</B> o) is<B>1-3;</B> and the sum of (h+i+j+k+21+m+n+2o+p+q) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>7; </B> R<B>1</B> through R 12 may be the same or 2 2 different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, hydroxylamine, ter tiary amine oxidef Schiff's base, hydrazine, thiol, nitro, nitroso, oxime, azide, ether, acetal, ketal, thioether, aldehyde, keto, hydrazone, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, hydrazide, carbonate, car- bamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, imidate, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, thiourea, isothiourea, thioimidate, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0039.0042 or EMI0039.0043 may optionally be an additional bond completing an unsaturated linkage to <B>1</B> 12 the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents R 2-R 2 may be<B>G 1</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent. is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; or EMI0040.0006 may optionally be an additional bond to EMI0040.0007 <B>El,</B> thereny completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0040.0010 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S</B> 2 chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 2' <B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substi tuted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 iden tical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido,, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alky- lated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive,, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; X and XI and Y and Y' are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents EMI0040.0047 through EMI0040.0048 and all substituents embodied in X, X1, Y, and Y' taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or*less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total<B>of</B> --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less. <B>S 3</B> is a chain of atoms of the formula: EMI0041.0006 wherein r, s, u,<B>y,</B> a, and bI may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> the sum of (t<B>+</B> z) is<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (v<B>+</B> w<B>+</B> x) is<B>1;</B> the sum of<B>(y +</B> z<B>+</B> a'<B>+</B> bl) is at least<B>1;</B> and the sum of (r<B>+</B> s<B>+</B> 2t<B>+</B> u<B>+</B> 2v<B>+</B> 3w <B>+</B> 4x<B>+ y +</B> 2z<B>+</B> a'<B>+</B> bl) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>7; </B> R<B>1</B> through R 12 may be the same or different <B>3 3</B> and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent, containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thio- ether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester,-amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, cyano- guanidine, and xanthate EMI0042.0029 or EMI0042.0030 may optionally be an additional bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0042.0033 may optionally be<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0042.0036 or EMI0042.0037 may optionally be an additional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0042.0039 may be link ed to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 3</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, un saturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or dif ferent hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO,</I></B> <B>so</B> 2' Cor <B>=N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF3I SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alky- lated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; Y, Y" <B>Z 1 ,</B> z 2<B>,</B> and Z<B>3</B> are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents R<B>1</B> through R 12 <B>3 3</B> and all substituents embodied in Y, YI, Z<B>1 ,</B> z 2<B>,</B> and z <B>3</B> taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is <B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or lessf the total of --OH- groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is or less. <B>S</B> 4 is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0045.0001 wherein cl, d', el, h, and il may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3; V</B> and<B>g'</B> may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> and the sum of (cl <B>+</B> d' <B>+</B> el <B>+ V + g' +</B> h'<B>+</B> il) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>5; </B> R<B>1</B> through R 12 may 4 4 be the same or different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated,-straight or branched, acyclic sub- stituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0046.0021 or may optionally be an additional EMI0046.0022 bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0046.0025 may optionally be<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0046.0028 or EMI0046.0029 may optionally be an additional bond to<B>E</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0046.0031 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries that<B>S</B> 4 chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsatu rated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>so, so</B> 2'<B>CO,</B> =N-, and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF3' COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alky- lated carboxamido, containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; M, MI, and<B>Q</B> are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents are EMI0047.0017 through and all constituents EMI0047.0018 M, MI, and<B>Q</B> taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of <B><I>--NH</I></B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less. <B>S 5</B> is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0047.0025 wherein jI, kI, ml, qI, and s' may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3; 11</B> or r' may each be<B>0</B> or<B>1,</B> but the sum of<B>(11 +</B> r') must be<B>1</B> or 2; n' and pI may each be<B>0</B> or<B>1,</B> but the sum of (nI <B>+</B> pl) must be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the value of ol may be 0-2; if the sum of (n' <B>+</B> pl) is<B>1</B> and<B>11</B> is<B>0,</B> then qI must be at least<B>1;</B> if the sum of (nI <B>+ p')</B> is<B>1</B> and r' is<B>0,</B> then ml must be at least<B>1;</B> and the sum of (jI <B>+</B> k' <B>+ 11 +</B> ml <B>+</B> n' <B>+</B> ol <B>+ pi +</B> qI <B>+</B> r' <B>+</B> s') is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>5; EMI0048.0025 </B> through may be the same or EMI0048.0026 different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, car- boxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocar- bonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0048.0053 or may EMI0048.0054 optionally comprise an additional bond completing an unsaturated linkage the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0048.0057 may optionally represent<B>G</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0049.0003 or may optionally comprise an addi- tional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0049.0007 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S</B> chain or to an atoms in adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>so, so</B> 21<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from the halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF.,</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxy- acetoxy; <B>Q,</B> Q1, X, XI, and Y are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents R<B>1</B> through R 12 <B>5 5</B> and all constituents<B>Q,</B> Q1, X, X1, and Y taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total if nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of --NH2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less. <B>S 6</B> is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0050.0006 wherein t'. ul, vl,, wt. xl, yl, z' and all may each be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (t'<B>+</B> ul <B>+</B> vl <B>+</B> 2wl <B>+</B> X<B>1 +</B> 2y' <B>+</B> ZI <B>+</B> all) must be 0-2; b'', d'', elf, f'', h'', <B>ill</B> and kll may each independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> c''J. gll, ill, and 111 may each independently be 0'-3; if d'' and ill are both<B>1,</B> then the sum of (gll <B>+</B> ill) must be at least<B>1;</B> if either ill or kll is<B>1,</B> then 111 must be at least<B>1; </B> if bl' is<B>1,</B> then the sum of (C'' <B>+</B> 911 <B>+</B> hit <B>+</B> ill<B>+ 111)</B> must be at least<B>1;</B> if d'' is<B>1,</B> then the sum of (g'' <B>+</B> hit <B>+</B> ill<B>+</B> 111) must be at least<B>1; </B> and the sum of (tl <B>+</B> ul <B>+</B> vl <B>+</B> 2wl <B>+</B> xl <B>+ 2y' +</B> z' <B>+</B> all<B>+ bit +</B> cll <B>+</B> d'' <B>+</B> ell<B>+</B> 2f'' <B>+</B> gll <B>+</B> 2h'' <B>+</B> ill<B>+ ill +</B> kll <B>+ 111)</B> must be <B>1</B> 12 <B>0-5; </B> R<B>6</B> through R<B>6</B> may be the same or different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched., acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen,, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy..'amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, aster, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0051.0044 or EMI0051.0045 may optionally be an additional bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; EMI0051.0047 <B>03: EMI0051.0048 </B> may optionally comprise an additional bond to<B>G</B> 2 as defined below, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; R<B>5</B> or R<B>6</B> may <B>6 6</B> op tionally comprise an additional bond to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage if all is<B>0;</B> one of the substituents EMI0052.0002 may optionally be<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below; EMI0052.0003 or EMI0052.0004 may optionally comprise an additional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsat urated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0052.0006 may be' linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 6</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic. 4-6 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 2'<B>CO,<I>=N-,</I></B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or dif ferent substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated car- boxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>Q, Q1,</B> Q11, QIII, X, XI, XII, Y, YI, and Z 4<B>,</B> are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents R<B>1</B> through R 12 and all constituents<B>Q,</B> <B>6 6</B> Q1, Q11, QIII, X, X1, XII, Y, YI, <B>Z</B> 4<B>,</B> and<B>G</B> 2 taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is 12 or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is<B>5</B> or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less, the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and.sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less. X, XI, XII may be the same or different and are selected from: EMI0053.0007 wherein EMI0053.0008 and may independently be hydrogen; EMI0053.0009 EMI0054.0001 through may be the same or different and EMI0054.0002 each may be a saturated or singly or multiple unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic sub- stituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than <B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamatel urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thio- ester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0054.0027 may EMI0054.0028 may optionally represent an additional bond to the diterpenoid moiety, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0054.0031 may optionally represent<B>G ,</B> as defined below, provided that the substituent is bonded to an atom that is separated from the parent IIPII <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; and one of the sub- stitents EMI0054.0036 may be linked to either the atom in <B>P</B> x that carries the chain containing X, XI, and/or X'' or to another atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, hetero- cyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing <B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, So, So</I></B> 2'<B>CO,</B> =N-., and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxy- methyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino total ling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy. Y and Y' may be the same or different and are selected from: EMI0055.0035 wherein EMI0056.0001 and EMI0056.0002 (cis or trans) may be the same or different and each may be hydrogen or may com prise a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branced acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thio- ester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea,* nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0056.0029 and EMI0056.0030 (cis or trans) may be the same or different and each may be hydrogen or may be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamate,-urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine, with the exception that neither EMI0057.0007 nor EMI0057.0008 may be a halogen atom alone; one of the substituents EMI0057.0010 may optionally represent<B>G</B> as defined below, provided that the substituent. is bonded to an atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; and one of the substituents EMI0057.0014 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the chain containing Y and/or Y' or to an atom in adjacent thereto., to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 iden tical or different hetero ring members selected from <B>0,</B> S, <B>so, so</B> 21<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> memebers <B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=01 acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacet- amido, carboxamidof N-alkylated carboxamido con taining 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy. z <B>1</B> is selected from: EMI0058.0002 wherein EMI0058.0003 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent. selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halo- genated alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl,. <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, cyclo- hexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoro- methyl, and/or halogen, or, EMI0058.0020 may comprise an additional bond to Px, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0058.0022 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C</B> 1-6 monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substi tuted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, tri- fluoromethyl, and/or halogen; R<B>3</B> independently may have the values specified z above for EMI0059.0017 independently may have the values EMI0059.0018 specified above for EMI0059.0019 may be hydrogen or a EMI0059.0020 saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from <B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-6</B> hydroxyalkoxy, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or <B>6</B> halogen; R z independently may have the values specified above for EMI0059.0032 one of the substituents EMI0059.0034 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the chain containing Z<B>1</B> or to atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsatu rated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero, ring me*ers selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/o r<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF31 COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alky- lated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; pro vided that only one of the substituents EMI0060.0016 may be substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl. z 2 is selected from: EMI0060.0020 wherein EMI0060.0021 independently may have the values specified for EMI0060.0022 is hydrogen, a saturated .or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl,<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl in which the hydroxy group may be esterified to the acetyl or propionyl ester, and cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0061.0012 independently may have the values specified above above for EMI0061.0013 EMI0061.0014 independently may have the values specified above for<B>' EMI0061.0015 </B> EMI0061.0016 may be hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from <B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, and cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0061.0024 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0061.0025 EMI0061.0026 inde pendently may have the values specified above for EMI0061.0027 and individually may be hydrogen or EMI0061.0028 EMI0061.0029 a substituent selected from<B>C</B> 1-4 alkyl;<B>C</B> 1-4' alkoxy; <B>C</B> 1-4 alkylthio, phenoxy or thiophenoxy optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, halogen, and/or nitro; or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted <B>by C</B> 1-4 alkyl or monosubstituted <B>by</B> cyano, nitro, or phenyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> halogen and/or nitro; EMI0061.0041 and EMI0061.0042 individually may be --0--, <B>--S--,</B> or EMI0061.0044 <B>,</B> wherein EMI0061.0045 may be hydrogen,<B>C</B> 1-4 alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-#I-propyl, 2-acetoxyethyl, or 2-acetoxy-11-propyl; one of the substituents EMI0062.0006 <B>I</B> or optionally may be linked to EMI0062.0007 EMI0062.0008 either the atom in P x that carries'the chain con taining Z 2 to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbo- cyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxy- methyl, 1-hydrokyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy,.amino, mono- or dialkylamino total ling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methy.1- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; provided that only one of the substitutents EMI0062.0049 may comprise or carry a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl. z 31 is selected from: EMI0062.0054 EMI0062.0055 wherein EMI0063.0001 and independently may have the EMI0063.0002 values specified above for EMI0063.0003 and inde- EMI0063.0006 pendently may have the values specified above for EMI0063.0007 or EMI0063.0008 optionally may be linked to either EMI0063.0009 the atom in P x that carries the chain containing z 2 or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing <B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, ace- toxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxy- acetoxy; provided that at most one of the substituents EMI0063.0048 may comprise or carry a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl moiety. z 4 and Z 41 independently may be: EMI0063.0052 wherein EMI0064.0001 may be hydrogen or may be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, in which substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the hetero- atoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0064.0025 may optionally comprise one additional bond either to the parent P x or to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus comple ting an unsaturated linkage; EMI0064.0027 may be linked to either the atom in P that carries the<B>S</B> chain or <B>.X 6</B> to an atom in P<B>X</B> adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-6 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> identi cal or different ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>.so, so</B> 2'<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substitutents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCHV SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylaceta- mido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido con taining 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy. z <B>5</B> and Z<B>51</B> independently may be: wherein EMI0065.0019 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C</B> 1-6 alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halo- genated alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, cyclo- hexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or EMI0065.0035 halogen, or may comprise an additional bond to the parent P EMI0066.0001 x or to<B>G</B> 2<B>IF</B> thus completing an un saturated linkage; EMI0066.0003 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl,<B>C 1_6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl either of which may optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen, or EMI0066.0016 may comprise an additional bond to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0066.0017 independ ently may have the values specified above for EMI0066.0018 <B>;</B> and independently may have the values EMI0066.0019 specified above for EMI0066.0020 M and MI independently may be: EMI0066.0022 wherein EMI0067.0001 and may be the same or different and EMI0067.0002 each may be hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multip ly unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 hetero- atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, in which the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in func tional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0067.0021 may optionally comprise an additional bond to the parent P x group, thus com pleting an unsaturated linkage; EMI0067.0023 or EMI0067.0024 may optionally represent<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to an atom that is separated from the parent P x be either zero or one intervening atoms; or EMI0067.0027 may be linked to either the atom in P x that EMI0067.0029 carries the chain containing M and/or MI or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic <B>5-8</B> membered ring option ally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling.1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated car- boxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy. Q-QIII independently may be: EMI0068.0025 wherein EMI0068.0026 and EMI0068.0027 may be the same or different and each may be hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 hetero- atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total <B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, ether, thioether, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0069.0011 may optionally represent<B>G 1 1</B> as defined below, provided that EMI0069.0012 is bonded to an atom that is separated from the parent P x <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0069.0014 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the chain con taining<B>Q</B> and/or Q1 or to an atom in P x adajcent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatics, carbocyclic <B>5-8</B> memebered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring memebers selected from<B>0,<I>S, CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <I>CF</I><B>3'</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH31 SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>G 1</B> comprises a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or hetero- cyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH 30' COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated car- boxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>G</B> 2 completes a saturatedl unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 2'<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH 31' COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamidol carboxamido, N-alkylated carbox- amido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy, and the ring may be connected directly<B>by</B> single or double bonds to adjacent atoms. The capping group<B>E 0</B> that terminates the connecting chain also may be selected from any of a surprisingly broad array<B>of</B> chemical groupings. These may include, without limitation, hydrophobic entities such as alkyl, hydrogen, and halogenated alkyl, or may include, without limitation, quite hydrophilic moieties, such as hydroxy, thiol, carboxy and carboxy esters, amines, etc. Indeed, the single restriction appears to be that<B>S 0 E 0</B> taken together should not be hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl bonded in the usual position in the parent compounds, since such compounds correspond to the toxic parent natural products. Thus,<B>E 0</B> may be a moiety<B>El,</B> wherein<B>E 1 is</B> selected from<B>=O,<I>=S, =NH,</I></B> =NOH, =N--NH 2<B>,</B> hydrogen, halogen, --OH, --SH, <B>--NH</B> 21' --NH--NH 2)' __N <B>V<I>--NO,</I></B> --N02' --NHOH, --ONH2' or is selected from<B>:</B> EMI0071.0020 wherein T<B>1</B> is selected from --0--, <B>--S--,</B> and <B>--NH--; </B> T 2 is selected from<B>=O, =S,</B> and =N--R <B>6 ,</B> in <B>E</B> which R<B>6</B> may be hydrogen, cyano, or nitro; T<B>3</B> is <B>E</B> selected from hydrogen, --OH, <B><I>--NH</I></B> 21 --SH, <B><I>N</I> 31</B> 7-NH--NH <B>,</B> and --NH--OR <B>7 ,</B> in which R<B>7</B> may be 2<B>E E</B> hydrogen<B>C 1-3 ,</B> alkyl, or C1-3 acyl; R<B>E</B> is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, <B>--NH</B> 21 --NH--OH, --SH, --O--NH 21 --NH--NH 21 --T 1--C=T 2__T<B>3 ,</B> and<B>--C=T</B> 2__T<B>3 ;</B> R 2 and R<B>3</B> are individually selected from hydrogen, <B>E =</B> 2<B>- E 3</B> __C T _T<B>,</B> cyano, nitro, azide, and halogen; and R 4 and R<B>5</B> are individually selected from hydrogen, <B>E E</B> halogen, cyano, nitro, <B>--C=T</B> 2__T<B>3 ,</B> --T 1--C=T 2__T<B>3</B> and EMI0072.0020 In addition to the compounds described above, we have also found that compounds of the diterpene class, with the usual hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl group intact and having at least on sub- stituent other than hydrogen at<B>C</B> 12 and a hydroxy, amino, thiol, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, amino- methyl, 2-hydrokyethyl, carboxy, unsubstituted carboxamido, or unsubstituted aminocarbonyloxy group in the alpha configuration at<B>C 13 ,</B> display useful properties as anti-inflammatory agents. Thus, in this very unusual case a minor change in the diterpene moiety at a location other than the hydroxymethyl leads to a very substantial and useful change in biological properties. This is in con trast to the belief that diterpenes such as phorbol 12-decanoate, 12-dodecanoate and 12-myristate are biologically inactive, and it is especially in contrast to the usual association<B>of</B> the hydroxy- methyl or 1-hydroxyethyl groups with pro-inflam- matory activity. The compounds of this invention have been found to possess valuable pharmacological properties. They block inflammation, block proliferation of cancer cells, and induce production of thrombolytic activity in human and veterinary medicine. These effects can be demonstrated, for example,<B>by</B> use of standard mouse ear inflammation tests<B>by</B> established agonists such as PHA and the ionophore <B>A23187, by</B> the inhibition of proliferation of human cancer cells in culture<B>by</B> induction of differentiation, and<B>by</B> measurement of fibrinolytic activity in cultured cells. *These compounds also show selective effects as antagonists or protein kinase <B>C</B> in some cases, as noninflammatory agonists for protein kinase <B>C</B> in other cases, and-as selective ligands for protein kinase <B>C</B> and/or for phorboid receptors. Thus, these compounds can be used as agents for the abrogation of pathophysiological conditions and disease states in applications such as anti-inflam matory, anti-psoriatic, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertensive, anti-asthma, anti-arthritic, anti-autoimmune, anti-nociceptive, anti-secretory, anti-parasitic, anti-amoebic, anti-HTLV-III/LAV viral replication, and any other application in which pathological involvement of protein kinase <B>C</B> is found. Furthermore, the non-toxic agonists among the compounds of this invention may be used to achieve desired physiological results such as interferon release, interleukin induction, tumor necrosis factor production, immune system stimulation and/or reconstitution, insulin secretion, insulinomimetic activity, acceleration of wound healing, improvement in central nervous system functions such as memory and learning and abrogation of the symptoms or progress of Alzheimer's disease, and any other application for which desirable actions of protein kinase <B>C</B> are found. As receptor subtype- and/or protein kinase <B>C</B> substype-selective ligands, the compounds of this invention also have very valuable application as experimental agents for research into the role of protein kinase <B>C</B> and/or phorboid receptors in important biological processes and in human and veterinary diseases. Thus, their value extends to their use as pharmacological tools for<U>in</U> vitro and <U>in</U> vivo research, in a manner similar to the impor tant roles that selection agonists and antagonists have played in the studies of the mechanism of action of adrenergic, dopaminergic, opiate, benzo- diaepine, cholinergic, and serotoninergic receptor systems, among others. In addition, the compounds can be used in<U>in</U> <U>vitro</U> diagnostics (e.g., in an assay for protein kinase <B>C).</B> They are also useful as intermediates in the production of other drugs, e.g., as described.in the present invention. The compounds of this invention are generally administered to animals, including but not limited to fish, avians, and mammals including humans. The pharmacologically active compounds of this invention can be processed in accordance with ,conventional methods of galenic pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients, e.g., mammals including humans. The compounds of this invention can be employed in admixture with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for parenteral, enteral (e.g., oral) or topical application which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include but are not limited to water, salt solu tions, alcoholcs, gum arabic, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatine, car bohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, perfume oil, fatty acid esters, hydroxy methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc. The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubri cants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic sub stances and the like which do not deleteriously react with the active compounds. They can also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., enzyme inhibitors, to reduce metabolic degradation. For parenteral application, particularly suitable are injectable, sterile solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, as well as suspensions, emulsions, or implants, including suppositories. Ampoules are convenient unit dosages. For enteral application, pairticularly suitable are tablets, dragees, liquids, drops, suppositories, or capsules.<B>A</B> syrup, elixir, or the like can be used wherein a sweetened vehicle is employed. Sustained or directed release compositions can be formulated, e.g., liposomes or those wherein the active compound is protected with differentially degradable coatings, e.g., <B>by</B> microencapsulation, multiple coatings, etc. It is also possible to freeze-dry the new compounds and use the lyophili- zates obtained, for example, for the preparation of products for injection. For topical application, there are employed as nonsprayable forms, viscuous to semi-solid or solid forms comprising a carrier compatible with topical application and having a dynamic compatible with topical application and having a dynamic viscosity preferably greater than water. Suitable formula tions include but are not limited to solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, liniments, salves, aerosols, etc., which are, if desired, sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers or salts for influencing osmotic pressure, etc. For topical application, also suitable are sprayable aerosol preparations wherein the active ingredient, preferably in combination with a solid or liquid inert carrier material, is packaged in a squeeze bottle or in admixture with a pressurizied volatile, normally gaseous propellant, e.g., a freon. Generally, the compounds of this invention are dispensed in unit dosage form comprising<B>0.01</B> to <B>1000</B> mg in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier per unit dosage. They are incorporated in topical formulations in concentrations of about<B>0.01</B> to<B>10</B> weight percent. It will be appreciated that the actual prefer red amounts of active compound in a specific case will vary according to the specific compound being utilized, the particular compositions forr#ulated, the mode of application, and the particular situs and organism being treated. Dosages for a given host can be determined using conventional considera tions, e.g., <B>by</B> customary comparison of the dif ferential activities of the subject compounds and of a known agent, e.g., <B>by</B> means of an appropriate, conventional pharmcological protocol. Starting materials for the synthesis of the compounds of this invention may be obtained from any of a wide variety of natural sources, as described in the literature for the diterpenes (R. Schmidt and <B>E.</B> Hecker,- Fortschritte <B><U>D.</U></B> Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe <B>31 377-467</B> (1974) and-F. <B>J.</B> Evans and<B>C.</B> <B>J.</B> Soper, Lloydia <U>41</U><B>193-233 (1978),</B> and references cited therein), and indole alkaloids and aplysia- toxins (T. Sugimura, Gann <B><U>73</U> 499-507 (1982),</B> and references cited therein). Furthermore, the diter- pene, indole alkaloid, diacylglycerol, and diamino- benzyl alcohol compounds are available<B>by</B> synthesis <U>de</U> novo (See Y. Endo <U>et al.,</U> Chem. Pharm. <U>Bull.</U><B>32</B> <B>358-361</B> (1984),<U>Tetrahedron 42,</U><B>5905-5924 (1986),</B> and references cited therein; P.<B>A.</B> Wender, Am. Chem. Soc. National Meeting, Chicago, IL,<B>9</B> Sep- t-ember <B>1985,</B> Abstract #7, and P.A. Wender <U>et al.</U> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. <B><U>83,</U></B> 4214-4218, <B>1986).</B> Given starting phorboids containing hydroxy- methyl or 1-hydroxy-ethyl groups, the means for modifying the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group to produce the compounds of this invention will be obvious to workers with ordinary skill in synthetic organic chemistry. The hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl groups may be modified once other regions of the molecule have been suitably protected, using certain favorable methodologies. once the phorboid nucleus is protected, the hydroxymethyl/1-hydroxy- ethyl may for example be conveniently capped under very mild conditions<B>by</B> reaction with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl isocyanate in the presence of a catalyst such as dibutyltin dilaurate. The resulting compounds lack the toxic inflammatory activity of the phorboid from which they were derived, and have themselves anti-inflam matory utility. Conversion of the hydroxy group to a halogen or pseudohalogen not only in itself provides a(;,tive anti-inflammatory compounds, but also permits displacement of the resultant electrophile <B>by</B> a very wide range of nucleophiles. Particular examples, with limitation, would be reaction with ammonia, .methylamine, sodium cyanide, N-methyl-2-hydroxy- ethylamine, l[HI-tetrazole, or with the sodium salt of 2-mercaptoethanol, 3-mercaptopropanol, or of 2-hydroxymethylphenol. Many variations may be executed, as described in standard textbooks of synthetic organic chemistry, such as<B>J.</B> March, <U>Advanced Organic Chemistry,</U> Third Edition, Wiley- Interscience New York,<B>1985.</B> For those phorboids wherein the hydroxy of the hydroxymethyl group is allylic, such as phorbol, ingenol, and resiniferonol esters, the replacement of the hydroxy <B>by</B> chloro or preferably<B>by</B> bromo or iodo yields compounds that can be conveniently homologated<B>by</B> reaction with activated zinc in the presence of an electrophile such as, without limita tion, an aldehyde, ketone, epoxide, or oxetane; the resultant compounds have one or more methylenes in serted between the origina.1 hydroxy group and the methylene to which it was attached. An illustration of this would be the reaction of 20-deoxy-20- chlorophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate with an excess of formaldehyde and an excess of zinc in the presence of tetrahydrofuran and saturated ammonium chloride solution with vigorous stirring for 24 hours. The resultant 20-homophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate carries a 2-hydroxyethyl group attached to<B>C6</B> instead of the usual hydroxymethyl group, and has good anti-inflammatory activity. Alternatively, the hydroxy group in question may be oxidized to an aldehyde or keto group and then reacted via Wittig chemistry to obtain chain- extended compounds terminated<B>by</B> many different capping groups. In particular, a phorbol 12,13-di- ester may be selectively protected at the 4 and<B>9</B> hydroxy groups using trimethylsilyl trifluoro- methanesulfonate, followed<B>by</B> reaction with man ganese dioxide to obtain a protected aldehyde. The latter compound may be successfully treated with strong wittig reagents such as the lithium salt of 2-hydroxyethylidenetriphenylphosphorane, followed<B>by</B> deprotection with tetrabutylammonium. fluoride to obtain the corresponding chain-extended, 20,21- didehydro-21,22-dihomophorbol diester. The hydroxymethyl group of suitable phorboids may be oxidized to the carboxylic acid level<B>by</B> methods well-known in the art, and this carboxylic group may be activated for condefisation reactions<B>by</B> any of a number of well-known methods, e.g. <B>by</B> conversion to an acyl halide or to an active ester such as the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The resul tant activated carboxyl may then be easily converted to simple or multifuntional ester, amide, or thio- ester derivatives<B>by</B> reaction with alcohols, amines, or thiols respectively, alone or in the presence of condensation catalysts. For example, 4-carboxy- 6-(N-decanoylamino)indole may be converted to its N-hydroxysuccinimide ester<B>by</B> reaction with one equivalent of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and Qne equivalent of N-hydroxysuccinir#ide in acetonitrile/ tetrahydrofuran/methylene chloride suspension. The product N-hydroxysuccinimide ester is purified and then reacted with 3-amino-1,2-propanediol in tetra- hydrofuran to obtain 4-(N-2,3-dihydroxypropyl- carboxamido)-6-(N-decanoylamino)indole. The use of the methods of total synthesis as described in the literature cited above, with obvious adaptations, permits specific modifications of the parent structures in the diterpene, indolac- tam, diacyglycerol, and diaminobenzyl alcohol groups,<B>by</B> established techniques in the art of synthetic chemistry, to obtain modified parent structures emboying alterations at the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl groups and having anti-inflam matory activity. To further illustrate the synthesis of the compounds of this invention, the modified indolac- tam, 1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-2-(l-methyl- ethyl)-3H-pyrrolo(4,3,2-gh)-1,4-benzodiazonin-3-one, may be prepared from N-BOC-4-nitrotryptophanol [Y. Endo <U>et al.,</U> Tetrahendron, <U>42,</U><B>5905-5924 (1986)] by</B> the application of several routes obvious to workers ;aith ordinary skill in synthetic chemistry. For example, preparation of N-BOC-4-nitrodeoxytryp- tophanol may be accomplished<B>by</B> reduction of the phenylselenium derivative with triphenyltinhydride <B>[D.</B> Clive <U>et al., Chemical Communications,</U> 41-42 <B>(1978)]</B> or<B>by</B> reduction of the mesylate derivative with lithium triethylborohydride [R.W. Holder and M.G. Matturro, <B><U>J.</U></B> Org. Chem., <U>42,</U><B>2166-2168 (1977)]</B> or<B>by</B> several other routes. From the deoxy deriva tive the synthesis could proceed in the manner described<B>by</B> Y. Endo <U>et al.,</U> loc cit., for the hydroxy derivative. Specifically, the resulting substituted indolylvaline methyl ester is hydrolysed and the resulting acid is converted to the N- -succimidyl ester. Upon cleavage of the BOC group under acidic conditions cyclization to the lactam occurs directly to provide all four stereoisomers, i.e., 2R,5R-, 2R,5S-, 2S,5S-, and 2S,5R-l,2,4,5,6,8- hexahydro-5-methyl-2-(l-methylethyr)-3H-pyrrolo (4,3,2-gh)-1, 4-benzodiazonin-3-one. These stereo- isomers may be obtained separately either<B>by</B> begin ning the synthesis with optically active N-BOC-4- nitrotrytophanol or<B>by</B> separation from the mixture <B>by</B> chromatography on an enantioselective column packing<B>[D.</B> Armstrong,<U>Analytical</U> Chem., <B><U>59,</U> 84-91A</B> <B>(1987)].</B> Similarly, the further modified indolac- tam, 1-(l-oxobutyl)-1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-5-methyl- 3H-pyrrolo(4,3,2-gh)-1,4-benzodiazonin-3-one, may be prepared. Specifically, hydrogenation of N-BOC-4- nitrodeoxytrytophanol over palladium on carbon will provide N(2l)-BOC-4-aminodeoxytrytophanol. Alkyla- tion of this compound with methyl bromoacetate affords N-[3-(N-BOC-2-aminopropyl)-4-indolyll- glycine methyl ester [Y. Endo, <U>et al.,</U> Chem. Pharm. <U>Bull,<B>30,</B></U> 3457-3460<B>(1982)].</B> Acylation of this material with butanoyl chloride in the presence of potassium carbonate or pyridine will provide<B>N-</B> butanoyl-N-[3-(N-BOC-2-aminopropyl)-4-indolyl]gly- cine methyl ester. This latter material may be converted to 1-(l-oxobutyl)-1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro 5-methyl-3H-pyrrolo(4,3,2-gh)-1,4-benzodiazonin- 3-one <B>by</B> application of the methods of Y. Endo, <U>et</U> <U>al.,</U> loc cit. <B>(1986).</B> The enantiomers, 5R- and<B>5S-,</B> may be obtained separately<B>by</B> beginning with optical <B>ly</B> active materials as described above or<B>by</B> separa tion at the final stage<B>by</B> chromatography also as described above. This invention is illustrated further<B>by</B> the following examples. <U>EXAMPLE<B>1</B></U> one gram of sodium metal was dissolved in<B>50</B> ml methanol, and 0.044 ml of this solution was placed in a test tube. Then<B>2.63</B> grams distilled 2-mercap- toethanol was dissolved in<B>50</B> ml acetonitrile, and 0.044 ml of this solution was added to the test tube. Then 20 mg 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12,13- dibutyrate were dissolved in<B>0.25</B> ml acetonitrile in a capped, nitrogen-flushed test tube. This latter solution was then rapidly treated with the methoxide/mercaptoethanol solution. An immediate precipitate formed. After<B>7</B> minutes, the reaction was freed of solvent and treated with<B>1</B> ml water and <B>1</B> drop acetic acid. This residue was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, followed<B>by</B> drying of the organic phase over sodium sulfate. Silica gel preparative liquid chromatography using hexane- ethyl acetate mixtures yielded<B>9.5</B> mg of 20-deoxy- 20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, which. could not be crystallized. <U>EXAMPLE 2</U> Further preparative liquid chromatography of the reaction mixture from Example<B>1</B> using hexane- ethyl acetate on siliza gel yielded<B>5.7</B> mg 20-deoxy- 20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12-butyrate, the latter being the more polar compound. This compound could not be crystallized. <U>EXAMPLE<B>3</B></U> To<B>0.1</B> gram 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12-myri- state 13-acetate in<B>1</B> ml acetonitrile was added<B>0.5</B> ml of a solution of 246 mg 2-mercaptoethanol and 436 mg 2,4,6-collidine in<B>10</B> ml acetonitrile, followed <B>by 50</B> mg diisopropylethylamine in 0.2 ml acetoni- trile and<B>0.1</B> ml t-butyl methyl ether. Ten minutes later the reaction was treated with<B>0.107</B> mmoles sodium methoxide and<B>0.225</B> mmoles 2-mercaptoethanol in<B>0.25</B> ml methanol. Five minutes later the pro portion of sodium methoxide/mercaptoethanol was doubled. After<B>10</B> minutes the reaction was stopped <B>by</B> addition of 2 drops acetic acid and<B>0.5</B> ml water. The organics were extracted into ethyl acetate, washed once with water, and dried over sodium sulfate. After solvent removal, the crude residue was purified<B>by</B> preparative liquid chromatograhpy on silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate 60/40. The product was<B>87</B> mg 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)- phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in high purity. The compound did not crystallize. <U>EXAMPLE 4</U> Twenty-five mg of 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was dissolved in 0.2 ml ethylene glycol and 0.2 ml acetonitrile. This solution was treated with<B>0.13</B> ml of a solution of 200 mg sodium metal in 20 ml ethylene glycol over a period of 40 minutes. The reaction was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate, and the separated organics were dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the ethyl acetate, the crude 20-deoxy- 20-chlorophorbol 12-myristate was dissolved.in <B>0.8</B> ml acetonitrile and treated with<B>0.18</B> ml of a solution of<B>0.31</B> ml 2-mercaptoethanol, <B>0.5</B> ml acetonitrile, and<B>0.5</B> ml of<B>1%</B> sodium in methanol. After 40 minutes, an additional 0.04 ml of<B>1%</B> sodium in methanol was added. Ten minuted later the reaction was stopped with<B>1</B> drop of acetic acid. After removal of the solvents in a stream of nitro gen, the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and<B>pH 8</B> potassium phosphate. The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and freed of solvent prior to preparative liquid chromatographic purifi cation using silica gel and hexane/ethyl acetate <B>45/55.</B> The product,<B>37</B> mg of 20-deoxy-20-(2hydroxy- ethylthio)phorbol 12-myristate, could not be crystal- ;Iized. <U>EXAMPLE<B>5</B></U> <B>25</B> mg 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was dissolved in 0.4 ml acetonitrile. To this was added<B>0.1</B> ml of a solution of<B>29.6</B> mg 2-(methylamino)ethanol in<B>1</B> ml acetonitrile. After <B>70</B> minutes and additional<B>0.1</B> ml of the same amine solution was added. After an additional<B>70</B> minutes, 0.2 ml more amine solution was added. After<B>6.6</B> hours of total reaction time, the reaction was diluted with 4 ml methylene chloride and subjected t6 preparative liquid chromatography on silica gel using methylene chloride/methanol <B>92/8</B> followed<B>by</B> re-purification on silica gel using methylene chloride/methanol 96/4. The product, 20-deoxy-20- [(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamino]phorbo1 12-myristate 13-acetate, 14 mg, could not be crystallized. <U>EXAMPLE<B>6, 7,</B> and<B>8</B></U> <B>100</B> mg of phorbol 12,13-bis(2,4-difluorophenyl- acetate) were dissolved in<B>1.5</B> ml methylene chloride and the solution was set at OOC. Then<B>26.2</B> mg diethylaminosulfur trifluoride in<B>0.5</B> ml methylene chloride were added dropwise during<B>1</B> minute. After 40 minutes, 0.2 ml more diethylaminosulfur tri- fluoride was added. After<B>10</B> more more minutes, the reaction was shaken with 2 ml<B>pH 8</B> potassium phos-. phate buffer, after which the organics were sepa rated and dried over sodium-sulfate. The reaction was repeated twice more, and the combined reaction products were freed of solvent, taken up in<B>10</B> ml ethyl acetate, and sucked through a funnel con taining a layer of silica at the bottom, a layer of sodium sulfate in the middle and sodium chloride at the top. After washing the funnel contents with<B>50</B> ml ethyl acetate the combined eluants were freed of solvent and repeatedly chromatographed on silica preparative liquid chromatography columns using hexane/ethyl acetate<B>85/15</B> solvent mixtures. The products were 20-deoxy-20-fluorophorbol 124,13- bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetate), 40 mg; 12-beta,13- bis-(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy)-4,9-dihydroxy-1, 6(20),7-tigliatrien-3-one, <B>25</B> mg; and 12-beta,13 bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy)-4,9-dihydroxy-7- fluoro-1,6(20)-tigliaden-3-one, 40 mg; none of which could be crystallized. <U>EXAMPLE<B>9</B></U> Five hundred-fifteen mg of 4-carbomethoxy- 6-(N-decanoylamino)indole [prepared<B>by</B> the method of Wender <U>et al.,</U> PNAS, <B><U>83,</U></B> 4214-4218<B>(1986)]</B> was dissolved in<B>60</B> mL of tetrahydrofuran. This solu tion was treated with<B>3</B> mL of a<B><I>1N</I></B> KOH solution in water and also with<B>5</B> mL of methanol. The mixture was heated at 80*C for<B>32</B> h. During this period another<B>2.5</B> mL of 1N KOH was added in two portions. After cooling the mixture was concentrated<U>in</U> vacuo. The mixture was then diluted with water and acidi fied with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to afford<B>300</B> mg of 4-carboxy-6- (N-decanoylamino) indole <B>(60%</B> yield). mp <B>248-500C.</B> <U>EXAMPLE<B>10</B></U> <B>A</B> suspension of 470 mg of 4-carboxy-6-(N- decanoylamino)indole and 427 mg<B>of</B> N-hydroxysuc- cinimide in<B>100</B> mL of acetonitrile, <B>10</B> mL of methylene chloride and<B>10</B> mL of tetrahydrofuran was prepared. This suspension was stirred vigorously<B>by</B> a magnetic stirring bar as a solution of 540 mg of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in 20 mL of acetonitrile was slowly added over a period of<B>1</B> h. The mixture was stirred vigorously for<B>72</B> h. It was then concentrated<U>in</U> vacuo and diluted with ethyl ace tate. The resulting mixture was filtered to remove the copious precipitate. The filtrate was washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and con centrated. Treatment of the resulting mixture with hexane/ethyl acetate<B>50:50</B> followed<B>by</B> filtration afforded<B>600</B> mg of 4-carboxy-6-(N-decanoylamino)- indole N-succinimidyl ester, mp 154-5*C. <U>EXAMPLE<B>11</B></U> To a solution of<B>89</B> mg of 3-amino-1,2-propane- diol in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added<B>136</B> mg of 4-carboxy-6-(N-decanoylamino)indole N-succinimidyl ester. The solution was stirred for 48 h. After concentration<U>in</U> vacuo the mixture was purified<B>by</B> preparative liquid chromatography using silica gel and methylene chloride/methanol <B>92:8.</B> The product, <B>135</B> mg of 4-(N-2,3-dihydroxypropylcarboxamido)-6- (N-decanoylamino)indole, was recrystalized from methanol-methylene chloride, mp 139-410C. <U>EXAMPLE 12</U> To a solution of<B>113</B> mg of triethylamine in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added, first,<B>86</B> mg of 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride and, then,<B>139</B> mg of 4-carboxy-6-(N-decanoylamino)indole N-suc- cinimidyl ester. The solution was stirred for 48 h and then concentrated<U>in</U> vacuo. Purification<B>by</B> liquid chromatography using silica gel and methylene chloride/methanol 96:4 afforded two products. The earlier eluting product,<B>23</B> mg of 4-(N-2-mercaptoethyl- carboxamido)-6-(N-decanoylamino)indole, decomposed at 200-50C. The later eluting product, 22 mg of 4-(S-2-aminoethylthiolcarboxy)-6-(N-decanoylamino)- indole, was recrystalized from methanol, mp 192-30C. <U>EXAMPLE<B>13</B></U> To a solution of 145 mg of 4-carboxy-6-(N-decylamino) - indole N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran was added<B>103</B> mg or piperidinemethanol. The solution was heated at reflux for<B>5</B> days, at which time another<B>100</B> mg of piperidinemethanol was added and heating continued for another day. The solution was then concentrated<U>in</U> vacuo and purified <B>by</B> liquid chromatography using silica gel and methylene chloride/iso-propyl alcohol<B>(93:7).</B> In this manner 21 mg of 4-(2-hydroxymethylpiperidinocar- bonyl)-6-(N-decanoylamino)indole was obtained, M.-P. 126-1290C. <U>EXAMPLE 14</U> One hundred milligrams of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was dissolved in<B>1</B> ml tetrahydrofuran. To this solution was added<B>11.5</B> microliters of methyl isocyanate, followed immediately<B>by</B> 20 microliters of a<B>10% by</B> weight solution of di- butyltin dilaurate in tetrahydrofuran. After three hours an additional<B>11.5</B> microliters of methyl isocyanate was added. Sixteen hours later<B>30</B> microliters of the reaction solution was applied to a silica gel<B>TLC</B> plate and developed with hexanes/ ethyl acetate 46/54. The band at Rf 0.4 was scraped off and the product was eluted from the silica with acetone. Removal of the solvent in a stream of nitrogen gave<B>2.8</B> mg of phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate 20-methylcarbamate as a glassy solid for spectroscopic analysis and bioassay. <U>EXAMPLE<B>15</B></U> Ninety-eight mg of 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was dissolved in<B>0.5</B> ml tetrahydrofuran. To this was added<B>0.15</B> ml saturated aqueous ammonium chloride,<B>0.15</B> ml<B>37%</B> foramlin solution, and<B>50</B> mg zinc dust (less than<B>325</B> mesh). The reaction was capped and shaken vigorously for 24 hours. At the end of this time the reaction was partitioned between pH8 phosphate buffer and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate phase was reduced to a volume of 2 ml under a stream of nitrogen and<B>0.125</B> ml was applied to a silica gel<B>TLC</B> plate and de veloped with hexanes/ethyl acetate 46/54. The band at Rf 0.45 was scraped off and the product was eluted from the silica powder with acetone. Removal of the acetone yielded<B>3.0</B> mg of 20-homophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate as a glassy solid for spectroscopid analysis and bioassay. <U>EXAMPLE<B>16</B></U> <B>A</B> stock solution of<B>300</B> pmoles of the standard inflammatory compound phorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate per<B>0.005</B> ml acetone was prepared. This solution was used to prepare four-fold dilutions of 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-phorbol 12- mvristate 13-acetate, prepared as in Example<B>3,</B> covering concentrations of the latter ranging from 4 to 64,000 pmoles per<B>0.005</B> ml. These solutions were used to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of the latter compound<B>by</B> application of<B>0.005</B> ml to the insides of the right ears of mice, followed<B>by</B> the observation of ear inflammation/erythema during a 1-48 hour period. Inhibition of the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced inflammation was observed at the medium and higher concentrations of the inhibitor. In a like manner, the anti-inflammatory ac tivities of the following other compounds were demonstrated: phorbol 12-myristate phorbol 12,13-diacetate 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-deoxy-20-[(2-hydroxyethyl) methylamino]phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-deoxy-20-fluorophorbol 12,13-bis(2,4-difluoro- phenylacetate 12-beta,13-bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy)-4,9-dihy- droxy-1,6(20),7-tigliatrien-3-one 12-beta,13-bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy)-4,9-dihy- droxy-7-fluoro-1,6(2o) -tigliadien-3-one 20-deoxy-20-hydroxymethylphorbol 12-myristate <B>13</B> acetate phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-methylcarbamate <U>Equivalents</U> Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine ex- perimen.tation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed<B>by</B> the following claims.

Claims: <U>CLAIMS</U> <B>A</B> compound of the formula: P<B>- G</B> wherein P represents a radical, formally derived from a parent compound, which compound: a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacylglycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form of the enzyme protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl group bonded to a carbon atom; and wherein<B>G</B> is any group either i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound; and wherein the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group of the parent compound is absent or has been replaced<B>by G.</B> 2.<B>A</B> compound<B>of</B> the formula: <B>P S -E</B> <B>0 0 0</B> wherein P<B>0</B> represents a radical, formally derived from a parent compound, which compound; a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacylglycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form of the enzyme protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxy- ethyl group bonded to a carbon atom; and wherein<B>S</B> O-E <B>0</B> represents a moiety which is either i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound; and wherein<B>S 0</B> is a saturated or unsaturatedf straight or branched chain of atoms which separates P<B>0</B> and<B>E 0 by</B> a linear count of at least two but not more than<B>6</B> atoms and con tains one to six heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, a phosphorus atom, or up to 12 halogen atoms; provided that the total number of atoms does not exceed about<B>35;</B> and wherein<B>E 0</B> comprises a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated group containing up to<B>8</B> carbon atoms and optionally containing<B>1</B> to 12 halogen atoms,<B>1</B> to 4 heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and one phosphorus atom, or wherein<B>S 0 E 0</B> taken together may be a hydrogen, halogen, or ketonic oxygen atom or a hydroxy, amine, or thiol group singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound P in place of the hydroxy- 0 methyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group. <B>3. A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0</B> is derived from a diterpenoid activator of protein kinase <B>C.</B> 4.<B>A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0</B> is derived from an aromatic heterocyclic activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the indole, indene, benzo- furan, or benzothiophene class. <B>5. A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0.</B> is derived from a activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diaminobenzyl alcohol class. <B>6. A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0</B> is derived from an activator of protein kinase <B>C</B> of the diacylglycerol or diacyloxybutanol class. <B>7. A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0</B> is derived from a polyacetate-derived activator of protein kinase <B>C.</B> <B>8. A</B> compound of Claim 2 wherein P<B>0</B> is derived from a protein kinase <B>C</B> activator of the bryostatin class. <B>9. A</B> compound<B>of</B> the formula: <B>. P</B> x <B>- S</B> x <B>- E 1</B> wherein P x is selected from the group consis ting of Pi.<B>P</B> 2' P31 P4' P5 <B>,</B> and P6; wherein P<B>1</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0096.0010 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein <B>Al</B> and<B>A2</B> may be individually selected from hydrogen and a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsa turated and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing substituent having not more than 34 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; or, <B>A 1</B> and<B>A</B> 2 taken together complete a<B>5-</B> or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally subttituted <B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining groups, which groups taken together contain a total of not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <B>A 3</B> is a three atom chain which completes a 7-membered carbocyclic ring optionally substi tuted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsatu rated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing groups, which groups taken together, excluding SoEo, contain not more than <B>7</B> carbon atoms, not more than 4 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; provided that, including SOEO, the middle carbon atom of<B>A 3</B> is not substituted<B>by</B> hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl or 2-hydroxy-2propyl; <B>A</B> 4 completes a<B>6-</B> or 7-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring (connected in the beta configuration to either carbon atom<B>9</B> or<B>10),</B> optionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups, the group or.groups optionally completing one or two additional rings<B>by</B> themselves and/or one to five additional rings when taken together with <B>Al, A2,</B> a ring formed<B>by Al</B> and<B>A2</B> together, and/or a bond to carbon atom<B>9,</B> which groups taken together, include not more than 40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>10</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <B>1 1</B> is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, hydroxy, amino, mono- or d-loweralkylamino, methyl, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, propargyl, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy- propyl, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, acetyl, propanoyl, hydroxyacetyl, 2-hydroxypro- panoyloxy, 3-hydroxypropanoyl, acetamido, propanamido, hydtoxyacetamido, 2-hydroxy- propanamido, or 3-hydroxypropanamido, (each of which must be situated in the beta position), or<B>J 1</B> taken together with<B>Al, A2, </B> or a ring formed<B>by Al</B> together with<B>A2</B> completes a 3- to7-membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; <B>J2</B> is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, allyl, propargyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl; provided that if P<B>1</B> is a phorbol 12,13-dial- kanoyl moiety then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be carboxy, carbaldehyde, carbaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenyl- hydrazone, or alkanoyloxy-methylene, and provided that if P<B>1</B> is a phorbol 12,13-di- 0-acetyl moiety then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be cyano or aldoxime; wherein P 2 is a radical of the formula: EMI0099.0037 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein B<B>1</B> completes a 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring, optionally substi tuted<B>by</B> a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom.- containing groups which, taken together, contain not more than 40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>9</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, the groups being optionally connected to form<B>1-3</B> additional rings; B 2 is selected from oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfone, and a carbon or nitrogen atom option ally substituted<B>by</B> a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups having not more than<B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and B2 may be linked to B1 to form an additional carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; B<B>3</B> is a 2-carbon chain optionally substituted <B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsatu rated, and/or carbon- and/or heteroatom-con- taining groups, which groups taken together but excluding SoEo,'contain not more than<B>8</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>6</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; provided that, including <B>3</B> 2 <B><I>S</I> E</B> the carbon atom of B bonded to K as defined below does not carry<B>--- CH</B> 2 OH <B>---</B> CHCH <B>3</B> OH or --C(CH <B>3)2)</B> OH; K<B>1</B> is hydrogen or is a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing group containing not more than<B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>18</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and K<B>I</B> may be linked to B 2 or B<B>3</B> or to both B 2 and B<B>3</B> to form one or more additional carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic rings; K 2 is selected from oxygen, sulfur --NK <B>6__</B> or <B>---</B> CK <B>6</B> K<B>7__</B> wherein K<B>6</B> is hydrogen, hydroxy, methyl, ethyl, fluoro, n-propyl, allyl, or propargyl, and K<B>7</B> is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl or cyano; <I>K</I><B>3</B> and K 4 may be the same or may differ and may each be hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining group, such that K<B>3</B> and K 4 taken together contain not more than<B>18</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; <I>K</I><B>5</B> is selected from oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, sulfone or --NK 8-- <B><I>,</I></B> --NOK 8-- or<B>----</B> CK <B>8</B><I>K</I> 9---- wherein K<B>8</B> is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining group containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and K<B>9</B> is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, hydroxy, halogen, allyl, propargyl, cyano, or trifluoro- methyl; provided that if B<B>1</B> completes an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring, and EMI0102.0024 B <SEP> 2 <SEP> is <SEP> <B>--- <SEP> NH---,</B> <SEP> and <tb> <I>*</I> <SEP> <B>1</B> <SEP> is <SEP> hydrogen, <SEP> and <tb> <I>*</I> <SEP> 2 <SEP> is <SEP> <B>--- <SEP> NH---,</B> <SEP> and <tb> * <SEP> <B>3</B> <SEP> is <SEP> <B>--- <SEP> CH(CH <SEP> 3)2</B> <SEP> in <SEP> the <SEP> alpha <SEP> position, <SEP> and EMI0103.0001 <I>K</I> <SEP> 4 <SEP> is <SEP> hydrogen, <SEP> and <tb> K <SEP> <B>5</B> <SEP> is <SEP> <B>--- <SEP> <I>N(CH</I> <SEP> 3) <SEP> --- <SEP> I</B> then B<B>3</B> and SoEo taken together are not EMI0103.0003 wherein K<B>10</B> is alkyl or alkanoyl; wherein P<B>3</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0103.0005 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L<B>1 ,</B> L 2 and L<B>3</B> are individually selected from nitrogen or substituted or unsubstituted carbon; <B>D 1</B> and<B>D</B> 2 each may be a bond or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom;<B>D 1</B> may be linked to L<B>1 ,</B> L 2 or both L<B>I</B> and L 2 to form additional fused carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic sub stituted or unsubstituted rings; and<B>D</B> 2 may be linked to L 2<B>,</B> L<B>3</B> or both L 2 and L<B>3</B> to form additional fused carbocyclic and/or hetero- cyclic substituted or unsubstituted rings; <B>D3</B> and D4 each are heteroatom-containing functional groups, the heteroatoms being selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur;<B>D3</B> may be linked to L<B>1 ,</B> L 2 or both L<B>1</B> and L 2 to form additional fused-substituted or unsub- stituted carbocyclic and/or heterocyclic rings; and D4 may be linked to L 2<B>,</B> L<B>3</B> or both L 2 and L<B>3</B> to form additional fused substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic and/or hetero- cyclic rings; provided that<B>D 1</B> and<B>D3</B> taken together and<B>D</B> 2 and D4 taken together both embody at least one oxygen, nitrogen,.or sulfur atom separated from the aromatic nucleus<B>by</B> zero or one intervening carbon atom; and L4 and LS are straight chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom- containing groups which, taken together, contains about 2-40 carbon atoms, not more than 2.4 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> hetero- atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; provided that SOEO may not be hydroxy- methyl or 1-hydroxyethyl; wherein P 4 is a radical of the formula: EMI0105.0011 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein <B>V 1</B> is a bond or is a carbon atom carrying substituents individually selected from hydro gen, methyl, and halogen; <B>V</B> 2 and V<B>3</B> are individually selected from oxygen, sulfur, sulfoxide, and<B>---<I>NV</I></B> 4<B>...</B> in which V 4 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms; <I>F</I><B>1</B> and F 2 are a staight. chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom- containing groups which, taken together, contain 10-40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <I>F</I><B>3</B> is hydrogen or a substituent selected from methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2- trifluoroethyl, cyano, vinyl, ethynyl, allyl, and propargyl; <I>F</I> 4 and F<B>5</B> each may be hydrogen or-may be hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon radicals which, taken together, contain not more than 40 carbon atoms and not more than 24 halogen atoms; provided that V 4<B>F F 1 , F</B> 2<B><I>,</I></B><I> F</I> 4 and F<B>5</B> taken together contain not more than<B>50</B> carbon atoms and provided that SoEo may not be hydrogen, methyl, chloromethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercap- tomethyl, unsubstituted carboxamido, 1-hydroxy- ethyl or alkanoyloxymethylene; wherein P<B>5</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0107.0011 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein <B>U I</B> and<B>U</B> 2<B>,</B> independently, are selected from hydrogen, azide, halogen, hydroxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkoxy, <B>C</B> alkenoxy, <B>C</B> alkynoxy, thioJO, <B>C</B> <B>1-7 1-7 1-7</B> alkanoyl, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl, and cyano; or<B>U 1</B> and<B>U</B> 2 taken together may be an oxygen atom forming an epoxy group or may be an additional bond forming an unsaturated linkage; <B>U 3</B> is selected from hydrogen, halogen,<B>C</B> 1-12 alkyl,<B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkenyl, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkynyl, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkoxy, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkenoxy, <B>C</B> 1-C 12 alkynoxy, and aryl or<B>C</B> 7-C 12 aralkyl wherein the aryl group may be substituted<B>by</B> nitro, halogen, cyano, and/or diloweralkylamino groups; <B>U</B> 4_U <B>6 ,</B> independently, are selected from hydro gen, halogen, cyano, nitro, amino, dilower- alkylamino, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl, hydroxy, <B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> carboalkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkanoyloxy, and azide; and <B>U 7</B> is selected from hydrogen,<B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, and<B>C 1-7</B> saturated or unsaturated alkanoyl; provided that if<B>S 0 E 0</B> is hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl or acetoxy- methylene, then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be bonded to<B>C29;</B> and wherein P<B>6</B> is a radical of the formula: EMI0109.0001 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein <B>W 1</B> is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, <B>C 1-5</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-5</B> alkanoyloxy and cyano; <B>W</B> 2 is selected from oxo, hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, <B>C 1-7</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-7</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-7</B> alkanoy- loxy, and halogen; <B>W</B> 3_W5 each may be hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, satu rated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatomcontaining group, containing not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>8</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and <B>W</B> 4 and W<B>5</B> taken together may form an additional carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and <B>W 6</B> is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsatu rated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom- containing group, containing not more than<B>15</B> carbon atoms, not more than 12 halogen atoms and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and W<B>6 ,</B> taken together with W 4 and W<B>5</B> may complete an addi tional carbacyclic or heterocyclic ring; provided that if<B><I>S</I> 0 E 0</B> is hydroxymethyl or hydroxyethyl then<B>S 0 E 0</B> may not be bonded to <B>C25;</B> wherein<B>S</B> x is selected from the group con sisting of S1, <B>S</B> 2r<B>S 31 S</B> 4'<B>S.</B> and<B>S6;</B> wherein<B>S 1</B> is a single or a double bond or is a chain' of atoms of the formula: EMI0110.0018 wherein a,<B>b, d,</B> e, and<B>g</B> may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> c and<B>f</B> may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (a+b+c+d+e+f+g) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>6;</B> and if c and<B>f</B> are both<B>1,</B> then the sum of (d+e) must be at least<B>1; </B> R<B>1</B> through R 12 may be the same or different <B>1 1</B> and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms are situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, hydroxylamine, tertiary amine oxide, Schiff's base, hydrazine, thiol, nitro, nitroso, oxime, azide, ether, acetal, ketal, thioether, alde- hyde, keto, hydrazone, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, hydrazide, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, imidate, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiccarbonate, dithio- carbonate, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, thiourea, isothiourea, thioimidate, nitro- guanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0112.0008 or may optionally be an additional EMI0112.0009 bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0112.0012 may be<B>G</B> as defined below, provided that the substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0112.0015 or may optionally be an additonal EMI0112.0017 bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0112.0019 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 1</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or dif ferent ring hetero members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>so, so</B> 21<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members,<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substi- tuents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2- propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclu sive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carbox- amido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; X and XI are defined below; provided that, for all substituents EMI0113.0029 through EMI0113.0030 and all constituents X and XI, taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of --NH2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; <B>S</B> 2 is a chain of atoms of the formula: EMI0113.0038 wherein h, il kj, m,<B>p,</B> and<B>q</B> may be independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> <B>j</B> and n may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> if<B>j</B> and n are both<B>1</B> and<B>1</B> is<B>0,</B> then the sum of<B>(k +</B> m) must be at least<B>1;</B> if n is<B>1</B> and o, is<B>0,</B> then the sum of<B>(p + q)</B> must be at least<B>1;</B> the sum of<B>(1 +</B> o) is<B>1-3;</B> and the sum of (h+i+j+k+21+m+n+2o+p+q) is at least <B>1</B> but not more than<B>7; </B> EMI0114.0004 through may be the same or different EMI0114.0005 and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent. containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, hydroxylamine, tertiary amine oxide, Schiff's base, hydrazine, thiol, nitro, nitroso, oxime, azide, ether, acetal, ketal, thioether, alde- hyde, keto, hydrazone, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, hydrazide, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, imidate, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, dithio- carbonate, thiocarbamate, dithiocarbamate, thiourea, isothiourea, thioimidate, nitro- guanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0115.0021 or may optionally be an additional EMI0115.0022 bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0115.0025 may be<B>G</B> as defined below, provided that said substi- tuent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0115.0029 or EMI0115.0030 may optionally be an additional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0115.0032 may be linked to either the atom in P that carries the<B>S</B> 2 chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or dif ferent hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>so, so</B> 21<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substi- tuents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2- propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCHV COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclu sive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carbox- amido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; X and XI and Y and Y' are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents EMI0116.0034 through EMI0116.0035 and all substituents embodied in X, XI, Y, and Y' taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; <B>S</B> is a chain of atoms of the formula: <B>3</B> EMI0117.0003 wherein r, 9, ur <B>y,</B> a', and bI may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> the sum of (t<B>+</B> z) is<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (v<B>+</B> w<B>+</B> x) is<B><I>1;</I></B> the sum of<B>(y +</B> z<B>+</B> a'<B>+</B> bl) is at least<B>1;</B> and the sum of (r<B>+</B><I>s</I><B>+</B> 2t<B>+</B> u<B>+</B> 2v<B>+</B> 3w<B>+</B> 4x<B>+ y +</B> 2z<B>+</B> a'<B>+</B> bl) is at least<B>I</B> but not more than <B>7; </B> R<B>1</B> through R 12 may be the same or different <B>3 3</B> and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent, containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, alde- hyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carbox- amidine, guanidine, thioesterf thioamide, thiocarbonatef thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitro- guanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0118.0029 or may optionally be an additional EMI0118.0030 bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0118.0033 may option ally be<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0119.0002 or EMI0119.0003 may optionally be an additional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents R 1-R 12 may be linked <B>3 3</B> to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 3</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B>CO'</B> <B>=N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally sub stituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>V</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF31 COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms in clusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; Y, Y" <B>Z 1 ,</B> Z 2<B>,</B> and Z<B>3</B> are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents EMI0120.0002 through EMI0120.0003 and all substituents embodied in Y, YI, z <B>1 1</B> z 2<B>,</B> and Z<B>3</B> taken together,'but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total<B>of</B> oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitro gen is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is <B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total <B>of</B> --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groupp is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and <B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; 4 is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0120.0015 wherein cl, d', el, h', and il may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> fl and<B>g'</B> may independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> and the sum of (cl <B>+</B> d' <B>+</B> el <B>+</B> fl <B>+ g' +</B> h'<B>+</B> il) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than<B>5; </B> EMI0121.0011 through EMI0121.0012 may be the same or different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent. containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, alde- hyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carbox- amidine, guanidine, thioesterl thioamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitro- guanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0121.0040 or may optionally be an additional EMI0121.0041 bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0122.0002 may option ally be<B>G</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0122.0005 or EMI0122.0006 may optionally be an additional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0122.0008 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries that<B>S</B> 4 chain or to an atom in P x adajcent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or dif ferent hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S,</I></B> <B>so, so</B> 2'<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substi- tuents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2- propyl, <B>CF</B> OCF SH, SCH SOCH SCF COOH, <B>3' 3' 3' 31 31</B> COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido, containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; M, MI, and<B>Q</B> are as defined below; provided that,.for all substituents EMI0123.0007 through EMI0123.0008 and all constituents M, MI and <B>Q</B> taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; <B>5</B> is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0123.0015 wherein i <B>1,</B> kI, ml, qI, and s' may independently be from<B>0</B> to<B>3;</B> <B>11</B> or r' may each be<B>0</B> or<B>1,</B> but the sum of<B>(11</B> <B>+</B> r) must be<B>1</B> or 2; n' and pI may each be<B>0</B> or<B>1,</B> but the sum of (nI <B>+ p')</B> must be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the value of ol may be 0-2; if the sum of (nI <B>+</B> pl) is<B>1</B> and<B>11</B> is<B>0,</B> then qI must be at least<B>1;</B> if the sum of (nI <B>+</B> pl) is<B>1</B> and r' is<B>0,</B> then ml must be at least<B>1; </B> and the sum of (jI <B>+</B> k' <B>+ 11 +</B> ml <B>+</B> n' <B>+</B> ol <B>+</B> pI <B>+</B> qI <B>+</B> r' <B>+</B> st) is at least<B>1</B> but not more than <B>5; </B> EMI0124.0026 through EMI0124.0027 may be the same or different and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thloamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0125.0021 or may optionally comprise an additional EMI0125.0022 bond completing an unsaturated linkage the diterpenoid moiety; one of the substituents EMI0125.0025 may optionally represent<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to a carbon atom that is separated from the diterpenoid moiety <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0125.0028 or may optionally comprise an addi- tional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0125.0032 may be linked to either the atom in P that carries the<B>S</B> X_ <B>5</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B>CO'</B> <B>=N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally sub stituted on any carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from the halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxy- methyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkyl- amino containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>Q,</B> Q1, X, X1, and Y are as defined below; provided that! for all substituent Ri through <B>5</B> R 12 and all constituents<B>Q,</B> QIj X, <B>5</B> XV, and Y taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is<B>10</B> or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is 4 or less; the total if nitro gen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less; the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is<B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B>--NH</B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or-less; the total ol --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; <B>S 6</B> is a chain of atoms defined<B>by:</B> EMI0127.0001 wherein tit Ulf vil <B>wit</B> xi, yi, z' and all may each be <B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> the sum of (tl <B>+</B> ul <B>+</B> VI <B>+</B> 2wl <B>+</B> X<B>+</B> 2y' <B>+</B> ZI <B>+</B> all) must be 0-2; <B>big,</B> d', elf,<B>fit,</B> hll, jll and kll may each independently be<B>0</B> or<B>1;</B> c1l <B>,</B> g'', ill, and 111 may each independe ntly be<B>0-3;</B> if d'' and jll are both<B>1,</B> then the sum of (g'' <B>+</B> ill) must be at least<B>1;</B> -Ir if either jll or kll is<B>1,</B> then<B>111</B> must be at least<B>1; </B> if bl' is<B>1,</B> then the sum of (cll <B>+</B> gll <B>+</B> hll <B>+</B> ill<B>+</B> 111) must be at least<B>1;</B> if d'' is<B>1,</B> then the sum of (gll <B>+</B> hll <B>+</B> ill<B>+</B> 111) must be at least<B>1; </B> and the sum of (t'<B>+</B> ul <B>+</B> vl <B>+</B> 2wl <B>+</B> xl <B>+</B> 2y' <B>+</B> z' <B>+</B> all<B>+</B> bl' <B>+</B> cll <B>+</B> d'' <B>+</B> ell<B>+</B> 2fll <B>+</B> g1l <B>+</B> 2h'' <B>+</B> if'<B>+ if' + kit +</B> 111) must be<B>0-5; </B> EMI0128.0029 through may be the same or different EMI0128.0030 and each may be either hydrogen or a saturated or or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms must be situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde,-keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbonate, carbamate, urea, isourea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitro- guanidine, cyanoguanidine, and xanthate; EMI0129.0008 or EMI0129.0009 may optionally be an additional bond completing an unsaturated linkage to the diterpenoid moiety; EMI0129.0011 or EMI0129.0012 may optionally comprise an additional bond to<B>G</B> 2 as defined below, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0129.0013 or EMI0129.0014 may optionally comprise an additional bond to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage if all is<B>0;</B> one of the substituents may optionally be<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined below; EMI0129.0016 EMI0129.0017 or may optionally comprise an addi- tional bond to<B>El,</B> thereby completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents EMI0129.0021 may be linked to either the atom in P that carries the<B>S 6 5</B> chain or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-6 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, So</I></B> 2'<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on any carbon #Lnd/or <B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy- 2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF3' SH, SCH <B>31</B> -SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>Q,</B> Q1, Q11, QIII, X, XI, X'', Y, YI, and Z 4 are as defined below; provided that, for all substituents R<B>1</B> through <B>6</B> R 12 and all constituents<B>Q, Q1,</B> Q11, QIII, X, <B>6</B> Xf, X'', Y, Y" <B>Z</B> 4<B>,</B> and<B>G</B> 2 taken together, but excluding any atoms of the diterpenoid moiety: the total of carbon atoms is 12 or less; the total of halogen atoms is 12 or less; the total of oxygen atoms is<B>5</B> or less; the total of nitrogen atoms is 4 or less; the total of sulfur atoms is<B>3</B> or less, the total of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms together is <B>8</B> or less; the total of --OH groups is<B>3</B> or less; the total of<B><I>--NH</I></B> 2 groups is 2 or less; the total of --SH groups is 2 or less; the total of --OH, --SH, and<B>--NH</B> 2 groups together is 4 or less; X, XI, XII may be the same or different and are selected from: EMI0131.0005 wherein EMI0131.0006 and EMI0131.0007 may independently be hydrogen; EMI0131.0008 through EMI0131.0009 may be the same or different and each may be a saturated or singly or multiple <B>I</B> unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyanol, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0132.0020 may optionally represent an additional bond to the diterpenoid moiety, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; one of the substituents may optionally represent<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined EMI0132.0023 below, provided that the substituent is bonded to an atom that is separated from the parent P<B>X by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; and one of the substitents EMI0132.0026 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the chain containing X, XI, and/or XII or to an atom in <B>P</B> x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, So, SO</I></B> 21<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; Y and Y' may be the same or diffe'rent and are selected from: EMI0133.0033 wherein EMI0134.0001 and (cis or trans) may be the same or EMI0134.0004 different and each may be hydrogen or may comprise a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branced acyclic substituent containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen., nitrogen, and sulfur I such that for any sub- stituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, lamide, cyano, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioesterf thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0134.0030 and (cis or trans) may be the same or different EMI0134.0033 and each may be hydrogen or may be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched acyclic substituent. containing not more than<B>6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>9</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substituent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine, with the exception that neither EMI0135.0018 nor EMI0135.0019 may be a halogen atom alone; one of the substituents may optionally represent<B>G 1 ,</B> as defined EMI0135.0021 below, provided that the substituent is bonded to an atom that is separated from.the diterpenoid moiety<B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; and one of the substituents may be linked to either the atom in P x that EMI0135.0027 carries the chain containing Y and/or Y' or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, un saturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic 4-8 mem- bered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different'hetero ring members selected from <B>0,</B> S, <B>so, so</B> 21<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> memebers <B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2- hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF3' SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH31 SCF COOH, COOCH COCH CH=O, acetoxy, <B>31 3' . 3'</B> amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy. z <B>1</B> is selected from EMI0136.0018 wherein EMI0136.0019 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxy- alkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen, or, EMI0137.0005 may comprise an additional bond to the parent P x <B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0137.0007 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, Cl-6 acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxy- alkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl option ally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0137.0023 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0137.0024 EMI0137.0025 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0137.0026 EMI0137.0027 may be hydrogen or a saturated or unsatu rated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> hydroxyalkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> alkoxy, <B>C 1-6</B> hydroxy- alkoxy, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0138.0001 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0138.0002 one of the substituents EMI0138.0004 may be linked to either the atom in P x tha't carries the chain containing Z<B>1</B> or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy- -2propyl, <B>CF 31</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; provided that only one of the substituents EMI0138.0043 may be substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl. z 2 is selected from EMI0139.0002 wherein<B>I</B> EMI0139.0003 independently may have the values specified for EMI0139.0004 R<B>8</B> is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated z substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl, <B>C 2-6</B> hydroxyalkyl in which the hydroxy group may be esterified to the acetyl or propionyl ester, and cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0139.0017 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0140.0001 EMI0140.0002 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0140.0003 f* EMI0140.0005 may be hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkylf <B>C</B> 1-6 halogenated alkyl, and cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen; EMI0140.0015 and independently may have the values EMI0140.0016 specified above for EMI0140.0017 EMI0140.0018 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0140.0019 EMI0140.0020 and individually may be hydrogen or a EMI0140.0021 substituent selected from<B>C</B> 1-4 alkyl;<B>C</B> 1-4 alkoxy; <B>C</B> 1-4 alkylthio, phenoxy or thiophenoxy optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, halogen, and/or nitro; or amino optionally mono- or disubstituted <B>by C</B> 1-4 alkyl or monosubstituted <B>by</B> cyano, nitro, or phenyl-optionally sub stituted<B>by</B> halogen and/or nitro; EMI0141.0001 and individually may be --0--, <I>--s--,</I> EMI0141.0003 or<B>-- EMI0141.0004 </B> wherein may be hydrogen,<B>C</B> 1-4 EMI0141.0005 alkyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-n-propyl, 2-acetoxyethyl, or 2-acetoxy-11-propyl; one of the substituents EMI0141.0011 <B>I</B> or EMI0141.0012 EMI0141.0013 optionally may be linked to either the atom in <B>P</B> x that carries the chain containing Z 2 to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identic.al or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH, </B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members by.1-4 identi cal or different substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 31'</B> OCF 30' SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH., COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms in clusive hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; provided that only one of the substituents EMI0141.0052 may comprise or carry-a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl; Z<B>3</B> is selected from EMI0142.0001 wherein EMI0142.0002 and independently may have the values EMI0142.0003 specified above for EMI0142.0004 EMI0142.0005 and EMI0142.0006 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0142.0007 EMI0142.0008 or optionally may be linked to either EMI0142.0009 the atom in P that carries the chain con taining Z 2 or to an atom in P x adjacent there to, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing<B>1-3</B> other identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, =N-,</I></B> and<B>NH,</B> the ringrbeing optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different sub- stituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2- hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; provided that at most one of the substituents EMI0143.0037 may comprise or carry a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or benzyl moiety; z 4 and Z 41 independently may be: EMI0143.0041 wherein EMI0144.0001 may be hydrogen or may be a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, in which substi- tuent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether, aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, carbamate, urea, carboxamidine, guanidine, thioester, thioamide, thiocarbamate, thiourea, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; EMI0144.0025 may optionally comprise one additional bond either to the parent P x or to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0144.0027 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the<B>S 6</B> chain or to an atom in P adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, un saturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or hetero- cyclic 4-6 membered ring optionally containing <B>1-3</B> identical or different ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substitutents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy- 2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF3' SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> COCH <B>3'</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; z <B>5</B> and Z<B>51</B> independently may be: EMI0145.0031 wherein EMI0146.0001 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> halogenated alkyl,<B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and.C <B>2-6</B> hydroxy- alkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl option ally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen, or EMI0146.0016 may comprise an additional bond to the parent P x or to<B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an un saturated linkage; EMI0146.0018 is hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated substituent selected from<B>C 1-6</B> a-1kyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated afkyl, <B>C 1-6</B> acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> halogenated acyl, <B>C 1-6</B> monohydroxyacyl, and<B>C 2-6</B> hydroxy- alkyl, cyclohexyl, or phenyl or benzyl either of which may optionally substituted<B>by</B> methyl, ethyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and/or halogen, or EMI0146.0034 may comprise an additional bond tp <B>G</B> 2<B>,</B> thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0146.0036 independently may have the values specified above for<B>. EMI0146.0037 </B><B>;</B> and EMI0146.0038 independently may have the values specified above for EMI0146.0039 M and MI. independently may be: EMI0147.0002 wherein EMI0147.0003 and may be the same or different and each EMI0147.0004 may be hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen? nitrogen, and sulfur, in which the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>I</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, azide, ether, thioether," aldehyde, keto, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, nitroguanidine and cyanoguanidine; EMI0148.0005 may optionally comprise an additional bond to the parent P x group, thus completing an unsaturated linkage; EMI0148.0007 or may optionally represent<B>G</B> as EMI0148.0008 defined below, provided that said substituent is bonded to an atom that is separated from the parent P x be either zero or one intervening atoms; EMI0148.0011 or may be linked to either the atom in EMI0148.0012 <B>P</B> x that carries the chain containing M and/or MI or to an atom in P x adajcent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic <B>5-8</B> membered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, CO,</I> =N-,</B> and <B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halo gen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide,-nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy- ethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF.,</B> OCF <B>31</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF., COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido,. N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxy- acetoxy; Q-QIII independently may be: EMI0149.0010 wherein EMI0149.0011 and may be the same or different and each EMI0149.0012 may be hydrogen or a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated, straight or branched, acyclic substituent containing<B>1-6</B> carbon atoms, not more than<B>8</B> halogen atoms, and not more than 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, such that for any substi- tuent the oxygen atoms total<B>3</B> or less, the nitrogen atoms total 2 or less, and the sulfur atoms total<B>1</B> or zero, the heteroatoms being situated in functional groups selected from hydroxy, amino, thiol, nitro, ether, thioether, carboxy, ester, amide, cyano, nitroguanidine, and cyanoguanidine; below, provided that R<B>1</B> is bonded to an atom EMI0150.0010 may optionally represent<B>G</B> as defined <B>Q</B> that is separated from the parent P x <B>by</B> either zero or one intervening atom; EMI0150.0012 may be linked to either the atom in P x that carries the chain containing<B>Q</B> and/or<B>Q,</B> or to an atom in P x adjacent thereto, to form a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic <B>5-8</B> memebered ring optionally containing 1-4 identical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, CO,</I> =N-,</B> and <B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical or different substituents selected from halo gen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxy- ethyi, 2-hydroxy2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>3'</B> SOCH <B>3'</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>31</B> CH--O, acetoxy, amino mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methylacetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxyacetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B><I>G</I> 1</B> comprises a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 iden tical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B>CO, =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF3I SH, SCH., SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>3'</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive! hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy; <B>G</B> 2 completes a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic 4-8 membered ring optionally containing 1-4 iden tical or different hetero ring members selected from<B>0,<I>S, SO, SO</I></B> 21<B><I>CO,</I> =N-,</B> and<B>NH,</B> the ring being optionally substituted on its carbon and/or<B>NH</B> members<B>by</B> 1-4 identical substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, cyano, azide, nitro, hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-propyl, <B>CF 3'</B> OCF <B>3'</B> SH, SCH <B>31</B> SOCH <B>31</B> SCF <B>31</B> COOH, COOCH <B>3'</B> COCH <B>31</B> CH=O, acetoxy, amino, mono- or dialkylamino totalling 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, acetamido, N-methyl- acetamido, carboxamido, N-alkylated carboxamido containing 1-4 carbon atoms inclusive, hydroxy- acetyl and hydroxyacetoxy, and the ring may be connected directly<B>by</B> single or double bonds to adjacent atoms; and wherein<B>E 1</B> is selected from<B>=O,<I>=S, =NH,</I></B> =NOH, =N--NH 2<B>,</B> hydrogen, halogen, --OH, --SH, <B>--NH</B> 2' --NH--NH 21' <B><I>--N</I> 3'<I>--NO,</I></B> --N021 --NHOH, --ONH 2' or is selected from<B>:</B> EMI0152.0031 wherein T<B>1</B> is selected from --0--, --S--, and<B>--NH--; </B> T 2 is selected from<B>=0, =S,</B> and =N--R6 <B>,</B> in <B>E</B> which R<B>6</B> may be hydrogen, cyano, or nitro; <B>E</B> T<B>3</B> is selected from hydrogen, --OH, <B>--NH</B> 2' <B>7</B> --SH, <B>--N 31</B> --NH--NH2, and --NH-OR# <B>,</B> in which R<B>7</B> may be hydrogen<B>C</B> alkyl, or<B>C</B> acyl; <B>E 1-3' 1-3</B> <B>1</B> is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ri nitro, nitroso, cyano, azide, <B>--NH</B> 2' --NH--OH, --SH, --O--NH 2F --NH--NH 2' __T <B>1 --C=T</B> 2 -_T<B>3 ,</B> and <B>--C=T</B> 2__T<B>3</B> R 2 and<B>3</B> <B>E</B> Ri are individually selected from hydro gen,<B>--C</B> =T 2<B>__</B> T<B>3 ,</B> cyano, nitro, azide, and halogen; and R 4 and R<B>5</B> are individually selected from hydro- E <B>E</B> 2<B>3</B> gen, halogen, cyano, nitro, <B>--C=T</B> --T 1-- 2__<B>3 1</B> 2<B>3</B> --T<B>C=T</B> T<B>,</B> and --CR <B>E</B> R#R <B>E</B> <B>10. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po is P and So is a single or double bond. <B>11. A</B> compound of Claim<B>10</B> selected from the group consisting of: 12,20-dideoxy-20-chlorophorbol 13-angelate; 20-deoxy-20-bromophorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate; 20-deoxy-20-iodophorbol 12-myristate 13-- acetate; 20-deoxy-20-chlorophorbol 12,13-bis(2,4- difluorophenylacetate); 20-deoxy-20-fluorophorbol 12,13-bis(2,4- difluorophenylacetate); 12-beta,13-bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy)- 4,9-dihydroxy-1,6(20),7-tigliatrien-3-one; 12-beta,13-bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetoxy) 4,9-dihydroxy-7-fluoro-1,6(20)-tigliadien- 3-one; and 20-deoxy-20-cyanophorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate. 12.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po is P<B>1</B> and So is<B>S</B> I* <B>13. A</B> compound of Claim 12 selected from the group consisting of: 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12- butyrate; 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbol 12,13- dibutyrate; 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxethylthio)p'horbol 12- myristate 13-acetate; 20-deoxy-20-1(2-hydroxethyl)methyl- aminolphorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; 20-deoxy-20-(3-hydroxypropylthio)phorbol 12,13- bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetate); 20-deoxy-20-aminophorbol 12-myristate 13- acetate and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; 20-deoxy-20-N-methylaminophorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 14.<B>A</B> compound of Claim 12 wherein<B>S I E 0</B> taken together comprise a saturated normal or branched<B>C</B> 2-C <B>10</B> alkyl group containing one hydroxy moiety separated from P<B>1 by</B> not more than four carbon atoms. <B>15. A</B> compound of Claim 14 selected from the group consisting of: 20-deoxy-20-hydroxymethylphorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; 20-deoxy-20-(l-hydroxyethyl)phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate; 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethyl)phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate; 20-deoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethyl)phorbol 12,13- bis(2,4-difluorophenylacetate) 12,20-dideoxy-20-(2-hydroxyethylthio)phorbo1 13-angelate. <B>16. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po is P<B>1</B> and So Is<B>S</B> 2' <B>17. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po is P and So Is<B>S</B> 3* <B>18. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po Is P and So is<B>S</B> 4* <B>19. -A</B> compound of Claim<B>19</B> wherein<B>S</B> 4<B>E 0</B> taken together comprise an aminocarbonyloxymethylene group or a<B>C</B> 1-C <B>10</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, aralkyl- or arylaminocarbonyloxy- methylene group. 20.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>19</B> selected -from the group consisting of: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-methyl- carbamate; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-ethyl- carbamate; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-n- propylcarbamate; and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-n- butylcarbamate. 21.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein Po is P and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 5* 22.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 6' <B>23. A</B> compound of Claim 22 selected from: i) phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate 20-(2- hydroxymethylphenyl) ether; and ii) 20-deoxy-20-(l-tetrazolyl)phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate. 24.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is a single or double bond. <B>25. A</B> compound of Claim 24 selected from the group consisting of: i) 1-(l-oxobutyl)-1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-5-me thyl-3H-pyrrolo(4,3,2-gh)-1,4-benzodiazon- in-3-one; and ii) 1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-5-methyl-2-(l-methy lethyl)-3H-pyrrolo(4,3,2-gh)-1,4-benzodia- zonin-3-one. <B>26. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 1* <B>27. A</B> compound of<B>C</B> laim <B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> .is<B>S</B> 2* 28.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 3'</B> <B>29. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 4" <B>30. A</B> compound of Claim<B>29</B> wherein<B>S</B> 4<B>E 0</B> taken together comprise an aminocarbonyloxymethylene group or a<B>C</B> 1-C <B>10</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, aralkyl-, or arylaminocarbonyloxy- methylene group. <B>31. A</B> compound of Claim<B>30</B> selected from the group consisting of:. i) teleocidin 20-methylcarbamate; ii) teleocidin 20-n-butylcarbamate; iii) lyngbyatoxin <B>A</B> 20-methylcarbamate; iv) lyngbyatoxin <B>A</B> 24-n-butylcarbamate. <B>32. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 5* <B>33. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 2 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 6' 34.<B>A</B> compound<B>of</B> Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is a single or double bond. <B>35. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> <B>36. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 2* <B>37. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>got</B> is<B>S</B> 3* <B>38. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 4 <B>39. A</B> compound of Claim<B>38</B> selected from the group consisting of: i) 4-(N-2,3-dihydroxypropylcarboxamido)-6-(N- decanoylamino)indole; ii) 4-(N-2-mercaptoethylcarboxamido)-6-(N-dec- anoylamino)indole; iii) 4-(S-2-aminoethylthiolcarboxy)-6- decanoylamino)indole. 40.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 5'</B> 41.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>3</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 6'</B> 42.<B>A</B> compound of Claim 41 selected from the group consisting of: i) R,S-4-(2-hydroxymethylpiperidinocarbonyl)- 6-(N-decanoylamino)indole; ii) R-4-(2-hydroxymethylpiperidinocarbonyl)-6- (N-decanoylamino)indole; and iii) S-4-(2-hydroxymethylpiperidinocarbonyl)-6- (N-decanoylamino)indole. 43.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is a single or double bond. 44.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P is<B>P</B> and<B>S</B> <B>0</B> 4<B>0</B> is<B>S</B> 45.<B>A</B> compound of Claim 44 selected from the group consisting of: i) 3-(2-hydroxyethylthio)-1,2-propylene bis-n-hexyl carbamate; and ii) 3-(3-hydroxypropylthio)-1,2-propylene bis-n-hexyl carbamate. 46.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 2' 47.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S V</B> 48.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 4' 49.<B>A</B> compound of Claim 48 wherein<B>S</B> 4<B>E 0</B> taken together comprise an aminocarbonyloxymethylene group or a<B>C</B> 1-C <B>10</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, aralkyl-, or arylaminocarbonyloxy- methylene group. <B>50. A</B> compound of Claim 49 selected from the group consisting of: i) glycerol 1-oleate 2-acetate 3-methyl- carbamate); ii) glycerol 1-oleate 2-acetate 3-n- butylcarbamate; iii) glycerol 1,2-dioctanoate 3-methyl- carbamate; and iv) glycerol 1,2-dioctanoate 3-n-butyl- carbamate. <B>51. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 5"</B> <B>52. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P 4 and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 6* <B>53. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>5</B> and<B>S 0</B> is a single or double bond. 54.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>5</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> lF <B>S2</B> or SV <B>55. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>5</B> and<B>S</B> is<B>S</B> V <B>56. A</B> compound of Claim<B>55</B> wherein<B>S</B> 4<B>E 0</B> taken together comprise an aminocarbonyloxymethylene group or a<B>C</B> 2-C <B>10</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, aralkyl-, or arylaminocarbonyloxy- methylene group. <B>57. A</B> compound of Claim<B>56</B> selected from the group consisting of: i) aplysiatoxin 20-methyl ether 30-methyl- carbamate; <B>-</B> ii) aplysiatoxin 20-acetate 30-methyl- carbamate; and iii) aplysiatoxin 20,30-bis(methylcarbamate). <B>58. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>5</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 5</B> or<B>S</B> 6* <B>59. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>6</B> and<B>S 0</B> is a single or double bond. <B>60. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>6</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>Sir S</B> 2 or<B>S</B> 3* <B>61. A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>6</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S</B> 4' <B>62. A</B> compound of Claim<B>61</B> wherein<B>S</B> 4<B>E 0</B> taken together comprise an aminocarbonyloxymethylene group or a<B>C</B> 1-C <B>10</B> saturated or unsaturated alkyl-, aralkyl-, or arylaminocarbonyloxy- methylene group. <B>63. A</B> compound of Claim<B>62</B> selected from the group consisting of: i) the 26-methylcarbamate of bryostatin <B>1:</B> and ii) the 26-n-butylcarbamate of bryostatin <B>1.</B> 64.<B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>9</B> wherein P<B>0</B> is P<B>6</B> and<B>S 0</B> is<B>S 5</B> or<B>S 6'</B> <B>65.</B> An antagonist of protein kinase <B>C,</B> a nontoxic agonist of protein kinase <B>C,</B> an antagonist for toxic phorboids or a nontoxic, non-inflammatory phorboid-type agonist, excluding: a) phorbol-12-n-alkanoylesters; and <B>b)</B> diterpene, and diacylglycerol compounds having carboxyl, carbaldehyde, carbaldehyde- 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, cyano, alkanoyloxymethylene, alkyoxymethlene chloromethyl oY methyl in place of the hydroxymethyl group; c) indole compounds having chloromethyl, methyl, alkanoyloxymethylene or alkoxy- methylene in place of the hydroxymethyl group. <B>66. A</B> method of blocking inflammation<U>in</U> vivo, comprising administering an anti-inflammatory amount of an antagonist of protein kinase <B>C,</B> a nontoxic agonist of protein kinase <B>C,</B> an antagonist for toxic phorboids or a nontoxic, non-inflammatory phorboid-type agonist. <B>67. A</B> compound of the formula: EMI0163.0022 in the form of an individual isomer, an isomer mixture, a racemate or optical antipode, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein <B>Al</B> and<B>A2</B> may be individually selected from hydrogen and a straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsa turated and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing substituent having not more than 34 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; or, <B>A 1</B> and<B>A</B> 2 taken together complete a<B>5-</B> or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups, which groups taken together contain a total of not more than<B>30</B> carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen Atoms and not more than<B>6</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; <B>A 3</B> is a three atom chain which completes a 7-membered carbocyclic ring optionally substi tuted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain, cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsatu rated, and/or aromatic carbon- and/or hetero- atom-containing groups, which groups taken together, excluding SoEo, contain not more than <B>7</B> carbon atoms, not more than 4 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>5</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; provided that, <B>3</B> excluding<B>S 0 E of</B> the middle carbon atom of<B>A</B> is not substituted<B>by</B> hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl. or 2-hydroxy-2propyl; <B>A</B> 4 completes a<B>6-</B> membered carbocyclic ring (connected in the beta configuration to carbon atom<B>9),</B> optionally substituted<B>by</B> one or more straight chain or branched chain cyclic or acyclic, saturated, unsaturated and/or aromatic carbon- and/or heteroatom-containing groups, linked to<B>A</B> 4<B>by</B> single or double bonds, the group or groups optionally compl eting one or two additional rings<B>by</B> themselved and/or one or two additional rings<B>by</B> themselves and/or one to three additional rings when taken together with<B>Al, A2,</B> a ring formed<B>by Al</B> and <B>A2</B> together, and/or a bond to carbon atom<B>9,</B> which groups taken together include not more than 40 carbon atoms, not more than 24 halogen atoms, and not more than<B>10</B> heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; and wherein <B>A</B> 4 carries at least on substituent other than hydrogen at<B>C</B> 12 and a hydroxy, amino, thiol, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, aminomethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, carboxy, unsubstituted carboxamido, or unsubstituted aminocarbonyloxy group in the alpha configuration at<B>C 13; </B> <B>1 1</B> is selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, hydroxy, amino, mono- or d-loweralkylamino, methyl, ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, propargyl, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy- propyl, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, acetyl, pro- panoyl, hydroxyacetyl, 2-hydroxypropanoyloxy, 3-hydroxypropanoyl, acetamido, propanamido, hydroxyacetamido, 2-hydroxypropanamida, or 3-hydroxypropanamido, (each of which must be situated in the beta position), or J <B>1</B> taken together with<B>Al, A2, </B> or a ring formed<B>by Al</B> together with<B>A2</B> completes a<B>3-</B> to 7-membered substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; - J2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxymetqyl, hydroxyethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, allyl, propargyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl; <B><I>S</I> 0 E 0</B> taken together comprise hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl or 2-hydroxy-2-propyl; provided that if said compound is a phorbol 12-ester, it is not an phorbol 12-n-alkanoyl ester. <B>A</B> compound of Claim<B>67</B> wherein the middle carbon atom of<B>A 3</B> is substituted<B>by S o E 011</B> provided that if said compound is a phorbol 12-ester, it is not a phorbol 12-n-alkyanoyl ester. <B>69. A</B> compound of Claim<B>68</B> which is a phorbol 12-ester, provided that said ester group is not an n-alkanoyl ester. <B>70. A</B> compound of Claim<B>69</B> selected from the group consisting of: i) phorbol 12-[4-(9,10-dihydrophenanthrene- 2) -butyrate]<B>;</B> ii) phorbol 12-(2,4-difluorophenylacetate); iii) phorbol 12-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzoate]: iv) phorbol 12-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)- phenylacetate; V) phorbol 12-(4-n-hexylbenzoate); vi) phorbol 12-(3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetate); and vii) phorbol 12-(4-phenylbenzoate). <B>71. A</B> method of producing a phorboid antagonist, a non-inflammatory agonist, ligand selective from one or more phorboid receptors or protein kinase <B>C</B> subtypes, comprising the steps of: replacing a hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group of a parent compound, which compound: a. binds reversibly or irreversibly to a diacylglycerol-type receptor; and/or <B>b.</B> activates any form of the enzume protein kinase <B>C;</B> and <B>C.</B> contains an hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group bonded to a carbon atom; with a group<B>S</B> O-Eo, which is either i) singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group; or ii) singly or doubly bonded to a carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carbon atom to which the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group is bound in the parent compound; and wherein<B>S 0</B> is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain of atoms which separates P<B>0</B> and<B>E 0 by</B> a lineai: count of at least two but not more than<B>6</B> atoms and contains one or six heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, a phosphorus atom, or up to 12 halogen atoms; provided that the total number of atoms does not exceed about<B>35;</B> and wherein<B>E 0</B> comprises a saturated or singly or multiply unsaturated group containing up to<B>8</B> carbon atoms and optionally containing<B>1</B> to 12 halogen atoms,<B>1</B> to 4 heteroatoms selected independently from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur and one phosphorus atom, or wherein<B>S</B> oEo taken together may be a hydrogen, halogen, or ketonic oxygen atom or a hydroxy, amine, or thiol group singly or doubly bonded to the carbon atom of the parent compound P<B>0</B> in place of the hydroxymethyl or 1-hydroxyethyl group.

Inventors: DRIEDGER PAUL E, DRIEDGER, PAUL, E.
Applicants: ALDER RES CENTER CORP, ALDER RESEARCH CENTER CORPORATION
Application year: 1987
Main classification: C07C
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P29, A61P43, C07C67, C07C69, C07C229, C07C231, C07C233, C07C235, C07C271, C07C323, C07C401, C07D209, C07D213, C07D257, C07D401, C07D403, C07D487, C07D493, C07D521, C07F7, C07F9, C07H13