METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF A HYDROPHOBIC ENZYME-CONTAINING COMPOSITION

Abstract: An enzyme-containing solid composition is prepared by a process comprising removing the solvent from a mixture of a water-soluble enzyme, a water-insoluble metal salt of a fatty acid and an organic solvent.

Description: Field of the Invention The invention relates to a method for the enzymatic modification of a hydrophobic substrate in an aqueous environment, which comprises a hydrophilic enzyme which is modified to impart hydrophobic characteristics thereto. Background of the Invention Enzymes are proteins which catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions, many of great commercial importance. Enzymes are generally classified according to the type of reaction which they catalyze, e.g., hydrolases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of the elements of water across the bond that is cleaved, e.g., an ester or peptide linkage. Commercially-important hydrolases include proteases which are employed in laundry detergents, polysaccharidases which control slime in industrial process waters, and lipases which are employed to transesterify fats and oils. Cellulases and ligninolases can be employed in wood fiber production and bleaching. The hydrophilicity, or high water-solubility, of many of these enzymes often reduces their utility in hydrophilic (lipophilic) media and their reactivity with hydrophobic substrates. The biocatalytic reaction is inefficient due to phase separation between the two reactants. Either the enzyme is introduced into an aqueous phase in which the hydrophobic substrate is insoluble, or neither the enzyme nor the hydrophilic substrate can dissolve or disperse in the hydrophobic medium. For example, the removal of oily or fatty soils from food processing equipment cannot be readily accomplished with aqueous lipase solutions due to the lack of affinity of the enzyme for the hydrophobic residues. Furthermore, even in the presence of stabilizers, the activity of free enzymes often decreases rapidly in aqueous media. One attempt to partly circumvent these problems involves contacting aqueous dispersions or solutions of the target substrate with enzymes which have been immobilized by physical adsorption or covalent bonding to water-insoluble carriers such as cellulose fibers or silica beads. Enzymes have also been immoblized by entrapping them in polymeric matrices. See K. Yokozeki et al., European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol ., 14 , 1, (1982). Circulation of a stream of the substrate or a dispersion thereof through a zone containing the immobilized enzyme can reduce losses due to the addition of free enzymes to a process water stream. However, immobilization or entrapment of enzymes can reduce their activity. Furthermore, the substrate matrix can further reduce the efficiency of enzyme-substrate contact. Therefore, a need exists for a method to selectively decrease the water-solubility of a hydrophilic enzymes such as hydrolases, and thereby to increase the efficiency of enzymatic interaction with hydrophobic substrates in aqueous media. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a method for increasing the lipophilicity of a water-soluble enzyme, such as a hydrolase, comprising mixing the enzyme with the metal salt of a water-insoluble fatty acid in the presence of an organic solvent and removing the solvent. A dry solid composition results which exhibits reduced hydrophilicity while retaining essentially all of its initial enzymatic activity. Although the hydrophile-lipophile balance number (HLB) exhibited by the present composition is a function of the type and relative amount of the fatty acid salt or salts which are combined with the enzyme, the compositions are immiscible in water. In the presence of an excess of water, the enzyme gradually dissociates from the composition, e.g., over about 0.25-3.0 hrs. Although the enzyme composition can be physically dispersed in aqueous systems to a limited extent, the dispersion of the composition and the release of the enzyme therefrom can be enhanced and controlled by incorporating suitable surfactants into the composition. Therefore, the composition resulted by the method of the present invention entrains the enzyme in an environment which can adjust its HLB so that it is compatible with a wide variety of hydrophobic media and/or substrates. The present invention provides a composition that will associate and enzymatically react with hydrophobic substrates in aqueous solution, or that will react with hydrophilic substrates (starches, celluloses and proteins) entrapped by or dispersed in hydrophobic substances in aqueous solution. The modified enzymes of the invention are stable, non-toxic and inexpensive to prepare. Furthermore, the changes in the molecular structure of enzymes which are necessarily involved in immobilization of enzymes by covalent bonding are avoided. In reference to the present invention, all percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise noted. The term "water insoluble" is defined herein to include materials which are essentially or practically water-insoluble, e.g., which exhibit only slight water-solubility. Detailed Description of the Invention The method of the present invention comprises mixing one or more hydrophilic enzymes with one or more water-insoluble fatty acid metal salts in the presence of an organic solvent. Although not intending to be bound by any theory of action, it is believed that the solvent causes the carbon chain of the fatty acid to unfold. When the solvent is removed from the mixture, the chain refolds and intertwines with the enzyme. This interaction may act to physically complex the enzyme and the fatty acid, so that the fatty acid acts as a hydrophobic carrier for the enzyme. As further described hereinbelow, the effective HLB of the resultant solid composition can be varied by changing the ratio of enzyme to the fatty acid salt, by varying the fatty acid salt carrier, or by optionally incorporating various amounts of surfactant into the composition. Enzyme Any hydrophilic, or water-soluble, enzymes can be employed in the composition and method of the present invention, including hydrolases, oxidoreductases (glucose oxidase, xanthic oxidase, amino acid oxidase), transferases (transglycosidases, transphosphorylases, phosphomutases, transaminases, transmethylases, transacetylases), desmolases (ligases, lyases) and isomerases (racemases, cis - trans isomerases) and the like. Of these enzymes, the hydrolases are preferred for use in the present compositions. Hydrolases catalyze a wide variety of hydrolytic reactions, including (a) the cleavage of ester linkages (esterases such as lipases, phosphoric mono- and di-esterhydrolases such as phosphatases, (b) the cleavage of glycosides (carbohydrases such as polysaccharidases, e.g., levan hydrolase, cellulase, amylase, ligninolase and the like), (c) the cleavage of peptide linkages (proteases such as alpha -aminopeptide amino acid hydrolases, alpha -carboxypeptide amino acid hydrolases) and the cleavage of nucleic acids (nucleases). The hydrolases catalyze the addition of water to the substrate, i.e., the soils with which they interact, and thus, generally, cause a breakdown or degradation of such a substrate. This is particularly valuable in cleaning procedures. Particularly preferred hydrolases are the proteases, esterases, carbohydrases and nucleases, with the proteases having the broadest range of soil degradation capability. Mixture of the enzymes may be used if desired. The proteases catalyzes the hydrolysis of the peptide linkage of proteins, polypeptides and related compounds to free amino and carboxyl groups and thus break down the protein structure in soil. Specific examples of proteases suitable for use in this invention are pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, collagenase, keratinase, elastase, subtilisin, BPN′ (a bacterial protease derived from Bacillus Subtilis N′ ), papalin, bromelin, carboxy peptidase A and B, amino peptidase, aspergillopeptidase A and aspergillopeptidase B. Preferred proteases are serine proteases which are active in the neutral to alkaline pH range and are produced from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or mold. The serine proteases which are procured by mammalian systems, e.g., pancreatin, are useful in acidic media. Esterases catalyze the hydrolysis of an ester, such as lipid soil, to an acid and an alcohol. Specific examples of the esterases are gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, plant lipases, phospholipases, cholinesterases and phosphatases. Esterases function primarily in acidic systems. Carbohydrases catalyze the breakdown of carbohydrate soil. Specific examples of this class of enzymes are maltase, saccharase, amylases such as alpha -amylase and amyloglucosidase, cellulase, pectinase, lysozyme, α-glycosidase and β-glycosidase. They function primarily in acidic to neutral systems. The commercially-available enzyme products are useful and are generally dry powdered products comprising 2% to 80% of active enzymes in combination with an inert powdered vehicle such as sodium, ammonium or calcium sulphate or sodium chloride, clay or starch as the remaining 98-20°C. Active enzyme content of a commercial product is a result of manufacturing methods employed and is not critical herein so long as the final complex has the desired enzymatic activity. For an extensive listing of commercially-available hydrolases, see, for example, Sigma Chemical Company Catalog of Biochemical and Organic Compounds, St. Louis, MO (February, 1986) at pages 33-34. Preferred enzymes for incorporation in the present compositions include esterases, carbohydrases or mixtures thereof. Fatty Acid Salt The water-insoluble fatty acid metal salts useful in the present invention can be represented by the general formula: (RCO₂⁻) y (⁻OH) x (M x+y ) wherein R is an about C₆-C₃₀ alkyl group, preferably a C₈-C₂₂ alkyl group, wherein about 0-3 double bonds are present in the alkyl group; x is 0 or a natural chamber, y is a natural number and x+y is the valency of the metal (M). Preferably, x is 0-2 and y is 1-3, most preferably x is 0-1. Therefore, a suitable fatty acid anion group (RCO₂⁻) is palmitate, strearate, oleate, myristate, cocoate, laurate, caprylate, undecylenate, myristolenate, palmitolenate, petroselate, erucate, grassidate, geranate, linoleate, linolenate and the like. For other useful monobasic aliphatic fatty acids, see, for example, Organic Chemistry , F. C. Whitmore, ed., Dover Pubs., Inc., NY, (2d ed., 1951). Any metal cation can be employed in the salt as long as the cation is chosen so that the metal salt of the fatty acid is water-soluble. Examples of the metal cations that may be employed are the alkaline earth metal cations such as Ca⁺² and Mo⁺² and Al⁺³. Of these three, Al⁺³ is preferred because its fatty acid salts are more hydrophobic than the fatty acid salts of Ca⁺² and Mg⁺². Commercially-available fatty acid salts of these metals include magnesium oleate and stearate, aluminum stearate, palmitate and oleate, and calcium stearate, palmitate and oleate, as well as the hydroxylated derivatives thereof. More particularly, it has been found that Al(OH) (stearate)₂, hereinafter referred to as aluminum distearate, and Al(OH)(oleate)₂, hereinafter referred to as aluminum dioleate, may be very advantageously employed in the method and composition of the present invention. Organic Solvent The organic solvent must be chosen so that (1) it will not appreciably denature the enzyme and (2) it will substantially dissolve the fatty acid salt. The enzyme compatibility with a given solvent can be readily determined by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation by adding a portion of solvent to the medium during an enzyme assay, such as the assays described hereinbelow, and measuring the decrease, if any, in enzymatic activity as compared to the activity determined by an assay performed without the addition of the solvent. More particularly, the organic solvent may be selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aromatics, alkyl halides and ethers. Useful alcohols include 3-methyl-3-hexanol, 2-octanol, tert-butanol, n-butanol, 2-methylcyclopentanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, geraniol, n-hexadecanol, n-decanol, or n-heptanol. Useful ketones include methyl ethyl ketone or acetone. Useful aromatic solvents include benzene, pyridine, aniline, or toluene, useful alkyl halides include carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or methylene chloride; and useful ethers include diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, diphenyl ether, or anisole. Surfactant A surfactant or wetting agent may be included in the composition of the present invention in a weight amount from 0% to about 10% based on the combined weight of the enzyme and fatty acid salt. The optional surfactant must be chosen so that it will not appreciably denature the enzyme. Whether or not it exhibits an inhibitory effect on the enzyme can be easily determined by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation. The surfactant counteracts the water repellency of the fatty acid salt. Thus, the degree of water dispersibility of the complex can be varied depending on the amount of surfactant which is incorporated therein. Furthermore, when a surfactant is incorporated in the composition, the dissociation rate of the complex is increased and thus the rate of solubility of the enzyme in the water increases. A complex without any surfactant incorporated therein may take up to an hour or more for about half of the enzyme to leach therefrom when the complex is quiescent in water. On the other hand, incorporation of as little as about 1-2% by weight of a surfactant based on the combined weight of enzyme and fatty acid salt may cause essentially all of the enzyme to leach from the complex into the water in about one hour or less. Of the various classes of surfactants, nonionic and anionic surfactants or mixtures thereof are preferred for use in the present invention. Preferred nonionic surfactants include the condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic polyoxyalkylene base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The hydrophobic portion of these compounds has a molecular weight sufficiently high so as to render it water-insoluble. The addition of polyoxyethylene moieties to this hydrophobic portion increases the water-solubility of the molecule as a whole, and the liquid character of the product is retained up to the point where the polyoxyethylene content is about 50% of the total weight of the condensation product. Examples of compounds of this type include certain of the commercially-available Pluronic™ surfactants (BASF Wyandbotte Corp., Parsippany, NJ), especially those in which the polyoxypropylene ether has a molecular weight of about 1500-3000 and the polyoxyethylene content is about 35-55% of the molecule by weight, i.e., Pluronic™ L-62. Other preferred nonionic surfactants include the condensation products of C₈-C₂₂ alkyl alcohols with 2-50 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Examples of compounds of this type include the condensation products of C₁₁-C₁₅ fatty alkyl alcohols with about 3-45 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol which are commercially-available as the Poly-Tergent™ SLF series from Olin Chemicals or the Tergitol™ series from Union Carbide, i.e., Tergitol™ 15-S-20, 15-S-12, and 15-S-15, which are formed by condensing a C₁₁-C₁₅-fatty alcohol mixture with an average of 20, 12 and 15 moles of ethylene oxide, respectively. These compounds are also available from Shell Chemical Co. as Neodol™ 25-3, 25-7 and 25-9, which are the condensation products of C₁₂-C₁₅ fatty alkyl alcohols with about 3, 7 and 9 moles of ethylene oxide, respectively. Other nonionic surfactants which may be employed include the ethylene oxide esters of C₆-C₁₂ alkyl phenols such as (nonylphenoxy)polyoxyethylene ether. Particularly useful are the esters prepared by condensing about 8-12 moles of ethylene oxide with nonylphenol, i.e. the Igepal™ CO series (GAF Corp., New York, NY). Another useful class of nonionic surfactant is the silicone-glycol copolymers. These surfactants are prepared by adding poly(lower)alkylenoxy chains to the free hydroxyl groups of dimethylpolysilioxanols and are available from the Dow Corning Corp. as Dow Corning 190 and 193 surfactants (CTFA name: dimethicone copolyol). Other useful nonionics include the ethylene oxide esters of alkyl mercaptans such as dodecyl mercaptan polyoxyethylene thioether, the ethylene oxide esters of fatty acids such as the lauric ester of polyethylene glycol and the lauric ester of methoxypolyethylene glycol, the ethylene oxide ethers of fatty acid amides, the condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial fatty acid esters of sorbitol such as the lauric ester of sorbitan polyethylene glycol ether, and other similar materials, wherein the mole ratio of ethylene oxide to the acid, phenol, amide or alcohol is about 5-50:1. Useful anionic surfactants include the ammonium and alkali metal salts of sulfated ethylenoxy fatty alcohols (the sodium or ammonium sulfates of the condensation products of about 1-4 moles of ethylene oxide with a C₈-C₂₂ fatty alcohol, such as a C₁₂-C₁₅ n-alkanol, i.e., the Neodol™ ethoxysulfates, such as Neodol™ 25-3S, Shell Chemical Co.; n-C₁₂-C₁₅-alkyl(OEt)₃OSO₃Na; and Neodol™ 25-3A, the corresponding ammonium salt. Another useful class of anionic surfactants encompasses the water-soluble sulfated and sulfonated anionic ammonium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal detergent salts containing a hydrophobic higher alkyl moiety (typically containing from about 1 to 22 carbon atoms) such as salts of alkyl mono or polynuclear aryl sulfonates having from about 1 to 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl group (e.g., sodium toluene sulfonate, sodium xylene sulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, magnesium tridecylbenzensulfonate, lithium or potassium pentapropylenebenzenesulfonate). These compounds are available as Nacconol™ 35 SL (Stephan Chemical Co., Northfield, IL, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) or as Stephanate™ X (sodium xylene sulfonate) or Stephanate™ AM (ammonium xylene sulfonate, Stephan Chemical Co.). The alkali metal salts of alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acids (methyl naphthalene sulfonates) are available as Petro™ AA, Petrochemical Corporation. Also useful are the sulfated higher fatty acid monoglycerides such as the sodium salt of the sulfated monoglyceride of coconut oil fatty acids and the potassium salt of the sulfated monoglyceride of tallow fatty acids; alkali metal salts of sulfated fatty alcohols containing from about 10 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium stearyl sulfate); sodium C₁₄-C₁₆- alpha -olefin sulfonates such as the Bio-Terge™ series (Stephan Chemical Co.); alkali metal salts of higher fatty esters of low molecular weight alkyl sulfonic acids, e.g., fatty acid esters of the sodium salt of isethionic acid, the fatty ethanolamide sulfates; the fatty acid amides of amino alkyl sulfonic acids, e.g., lauric acid amide of taurine, and the alkali metal salts of sulfosuccinic acid esters, e.g., dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Monawet™ series, Mona Industries, Inc., Patterson, NJ). Preparation The method of the present invention may be accomplished by mixing, in any order, the enzyme, the fatty acid salt, the solvent, and the surfactant if any, followed by the removal of the solvent. In the preferred method of the present invention, in order to ensure homogeneous mixing, one or more enzymes are first dry blended with the fatty acid salt, and then the dry blend is dispersed in the solvent. The dry blending may be achieved using commercially-available equipment. An example of such an apparatus is the P-K Twin Shell™ laboratory shaker manufactured by Patterson-Kelley Co., Inc., East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. There is no particular length of time required for conducting the mixing so long as the enzyme and the fatty acid salt components are thoroughly blended. Typically, the mixing is conducted from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes, and preferably from about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes. Preferably the weight ratio of enzyme component to fatty acid salt in the mixture is about 10-0.1,1, most preferably about 2.0.5:1. For example, an enzyme:fatty acid salt ratio of a 1.0-0.5:1.0 is preferred when aluminum dioleate is employed as the fatty acid salt, and a ratio of 1.5-1.0:1 is preferred when aluminum distearate is employed. The volume of solvent is determined on a v/w (volume/weight) ratio based on the combined weight of the enzyme and the fatty acid salt. Sufficient solvent must be employed to wet the enzyme and fatty acid salt. This can require a solvent volume/weight ratio of at least about 1:1 v/w, or more, e.g., about 10-1:1, preferably about 5-1:1. For example, when the solvent is acetone and the fatty acid salt is aluminum dioleate, an about 2-1:1 v/w ratio of solvent to enzyme and salt can be employed. On the other hand, when aluminum distearate is employed with acetone, an about 2.5-1.5:1 v/w ratio of solvent to enzyme and salt can be employed. In order to ensure homogeneous distribution of the optional surfactant throughout the complex, the surfactant may be premixed in the solvent so that the solvent contains surfactant in an amount of up to about 10% by weight based on the combined weight of enzyme and fatty acid salt components. The surfactant may also be added during or after the mixing of the enzyme, the fatty acid salt, and the solvent. Preferably, the surfactant is employed in an amount from about 0.1-5% by weight of the enzyme-fatty acid salt mixture, most preferably about 0.5-5%. For example, it has been found that when aluminum dioleate is employed, about 1% to 2% surfactant is preferably employed, whereas when the fatty acid salt is aluminum distearate, about 1% to 4% surfactant is preferably employed. Following admixture of the enzyme, fatty acid salt, solvent and any surfactants, the solvent is removed. For example, solvent can be evaporated via a rotary vacuum dryer equipped with an internal scraper. Preferably, the solvent removal step is accomplished at ambient temperatures, in order to avoid thermal deactivation of the enzyme. Removal of the solvent yields a solid which may be ground in a general purpose mill to yield a finer granulation. No particular particle size is necessary for the finished composition, as it is only desirable to provide a substantially uniform particle size. The invention will be further described by reference to the following detailed examples, wherein the enzyme mixture used in Examples I-IV was a 1:1 mixture of New Sumyzyme™ and Lipase-MY™. New Sumyzyme™ (Shin Nihon Chemical Company, Japan) is a dry granulation of amyloglucosidase (AG) produced by Rhizopus species . Lipase-MY™, (Meito Sangyo Company, Japan) is a dry granulation of lipase produced by Candida cylindracea . Equal amounts by weight of the two enzymes were mixed for 30 minutes using a P-K Twin Shell™ Laboratory shaker apparatus (manufactured by Patterson-Kelley Co., Inc., East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania). The aluminum dioleate (Alumagel™) and aluminum distearate (Aluminum Stearate #22™) used in the Examples hereinbelow were supplied by Witco Chemical Corporation Organics Division, Chicago, Illinois. In the Examples hereinbelow, the activity of the amyloglucosidase (AG) was measured using the Diazyme™ Assay Method, Miles Laboratories, Inc. Technical Bulletin No. L-1042. This assay is based on the Schoorl method, a copper reduction method employing Fehling solution. One Diazyme™ Unit (DU) is that amount of amyloglucosidase that will liberate 1 g of reducing sugar as glucose per hour under the conditions of the assay. The activity was calculated as DU/g of amyloglucosidase unless otherwise indicated. The activity of the lipase was measured using the Esterase Assay Method, Miles Laboratories, Inc., Technical Bulletin No. MM-800.17, which is based on the method described in Food Chemicals Codex, 3rd ed., National Academic Press, Washington, D.C. (1981). One Esterase Unit (EU) is defined, as the activity that releases 1.25 micromoles of butyric acid per minute under the conditions of the assay. The activity was calculated as EU/g of lipase unless otherwise indicated. EXAMPLE I Amyloglucosidase/Lipase Mixture Modified With Aluminum Dioleate A mixture of 75g of New Sumyzyme™ amyloglucosidase (AG) and Lipase-MY™ lipase in a weight ratio of 1:1 was dry blended with 100g of aluminum dioleate employing a P-K Twin Shell shaker for 30 minutes. Acetone (263 ml) was added to the resultant dry blend with stirring. The resultant slurry was then dried in a rotary vacuum dryer equipped with an internal scraper at room temperature for 60 minutes. The acetone solvent evaporated and was recovered by a condenser that had been attached to the vacuum line of the dryer. The dried enzyme-aluminum dioleate complex was then ground in a general purpose mill to a particle size of about 20 mesh on the U.S. mesh series (about 850 micrometers) to rid the product of lumps and provide a fine granulation. About 175 g of the finished composition were recovered. The resultant granules exhibited an activity of: Amyloglucosidase -- 55 DU/g of granules, Lipase -- 320 EU/g of granules. EXAMPLE II Amyloglucosidase/Lipase Mixture Modified With Aluminum Dioleate and Surfactant Example I was repeated except that Neodol™ 25-3, an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant supplied by Shell Chemical Company, was added to the acetone by thoroughly mixing 1.75 g of the surfactant and 263 ml of acetone. The amount of the surfactant used was 1% of the 175 g weight of dry blend of enzymes and aluminum dioleate. The surfactant-containing acetone was used for slurrying the dry blend. Evaporation of the acetone provided a dry composition including the enzymes, aluminum dioleate and surfactant. After grinding the composition on the general purpose mill to rid it of lumps, about 175 g of fine dry granules were recovered. The resultant granules exhibited an activity of: Amyloglucosidase -- 55 DU/g of granules, Lipase -- 320 EU/g of granules. EXAMPLE III Amyloglucosidase/Lipase Mixture Modified With Aluminum Distearate The procedure of Example I was repeated, wherein the enzyme mixture of New Sumyzyme™ and Lipase-MY™ was dry blended on the P-K Twin Shell shaker with aluminum distearate on a 1.0:0.75 dry weight/weight ratio for 30 minutes. Thus, 100 g of enzyme mixture and 75 g aluminum distearate were combined to yield 175 g of dry blend which was then slurried in 350 ml of acetone. After slurrying, the acetone was evaporated. After grinding the composition on the general purpose mill to rid it of lumps, fine dry granules of product were recovered. The resultant granules had an activity of: Amyloglucosidase -- 74 DU/g of granules, Lipase -- 425 EU/g of granules. EXAMPLE IV Amyloglucosidase/Lipase Mixture Modified With Aluminum Distearate and Surfactant The procedure of Example III was repeated except that the 175 g dry blend of enzymes-aluminum distearate was slurried in 350 ml of a solution of 3.5 g of Neodol™ 25-3 in 350 ml of acetone. The amount of surfactant used was 2% of the 175 g weight of the dry blend of aluminum distearate and enzymes. After slurrying, the acetone was evaporated to provide a dry solid which was milled to afford about 175 g of fine granules of product. The resultant granules had an activity of: Amyloglucosidase -- 74 DU/g of granules, Lipase -- 425 EU-g of granules. EXAMPLE V Comparative Enzyme Release A. Amyloglucosidase Modified with Aluminum Dioleate and 0 to 2% Surfactant Five portions of a dry blend of 175 g of New Sumyzyme™ (AG) and aluminum dioleate, on a 1.0:1.75 w/w ratio basis of enzyme to fatty acid salt were each slurried in 263 ml portions of acetone. The amount of Neodol™ surfactant pre-mixed into the five 263 ml aliquots of acetone was 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of the weight of the dry blend. The enzymatic activity of samples of each of the resultant granular products was measured by adding eight 0.4 g samples of product to 9.6 ml portions of water. Samples 1-4 were left quiescent for 10, 20, 40 and 60 minutes, respectively, and samples 5-8 were mixed by shaking for 10 minutes on a Vortex-Genie™ apparatus (Scientific Industries, Inc., Bohemia, NY) at increasing speeds represented by settings No. 2, No. 4, No. 6 and No. 8 of the apparatus, respectively. After the specified contact time, each of the eight samples was then filtered using Sharkskin™ analytical filter paper (Schleicher and Schuell, Inc., Keene, NH). The variance among the samples in the rate of extraction or leaching of the enzyme from the complex into the water was ascertained by measuring the activity of each filtrate, using the Diazyme Assay Method. The results are summarized on Table A, below. The data summarized on Table A establish that the aluminum dioleate substantially retards the rate of solubilization of the AG enzyme into an aqueous medium. For example, a sample of complex which did not include surfactant yielded an aqueous phase having only about 27% of the enzymatic activity of a solution of the same amount of the free enzyme. Furthermore, the rate of enzyme solubilization increased if either the mixing speed or the percentage of Neodol™ surfactant is increased. For instance, the activity of the sample with no Neodol™ mixed at a fast speed (setting No. 8) was about the same as the activity of the sample with 1% Neodol™ which was exposed to water with no agitation for 20 minutes. Although the enzymatic activity of the aqueous phase could be increased by stirring the complex, 10 minutes of stirring at setting No. 8 was required to increase the activity of the aqueous phase to 90% of the activity exhibited by the control solution. Addition of the surfactant substantially increased the rate of release of enzyme from the complex. For example, the addition of about 0.25-2.0% of Neodol™ 25-3 resulted in release of a major proportion of the activity after 10 minutes, whether or not the samples were agitated. Even static contact resulted in the substantially complete release of the enzymatic activity after 0.6-1.0 hour in the case of samples containing 1-2% of surfactant. Thus, on a large industrial scale where physical mixing to increase the rate of dispersion of the enzyme may not be feasible, employing a surfactant in the present compositions with no mixing can achieve substantially the same result as employing the surfactant-free composition in an agitated aqueous medium. B. Amyloglucosidase Modified with Aluminum Distearate and 0 to 4% Surfactant The procedure of Example V(A) was repeated employing New Sumyzyme™ (AG) and aluminum distearate in a 1.0:0.75 w/w ratio basis of enzyme to fatty acid salt. Thus, to prepare each sample, 175 g of the amyloglucosidase-aluminum distearate mixture were slurried in 350 ml aliquots of acetone. Also, the amount of Neodol™ 25-3 surfactant premixed into the acetone was varied incrementally from 0% to 4% of the weight of dry blend of AG and aluminum stearate. As in Example V, the activity of each filtrate was measured by the Diazyme Assay Method. The results are summarized in Table B below. The data summarized in Table B also demonstrate that the rate of enzymatic release increased as the percentage of surfactant increased and/or the ten minute mixing speed increased. However, the aluminum distearate-containing samples prepared in accordance with this Example required more Neodol™ surfactant than did the aluminum dioleate-containing samples assayed in Example V(A) (2% Neodol™ surfactant for aluminum distearate modified AG versus 1% Neodol™ surfactant for aluminum dioleate modified AG) to obtain an equivalent degree of solubility. EXAMPLE VII Properties of AG/Lipase Modified With Aluminum Dioleate The compositions of Example I are evaluated with respect to their ability to degrade greasy soil as follows. First, 20 grams of greasy material from a grease trap is placed in 100 ml of 30°C water in a 200 ml beaker. Then, 0.25 g of the composition of Example I are added thereto with stirring. For comparison, a sample containing 20 grams of the greasy substance and 0.11 g of unmodified AG/lipase (0.11 g is used since the 0.25 g of modified AG/lipase comprises about 0.11 g of enzymes and about 0.14 g of salt) in 100 ml of 30°C water is also prepared. The test mixtures and the control mixture (no enzyme) are maintained at 30°C. In the sample beakers, the modified enzyme-containing granules immediately associate with the layer of the oil, while the free enzymes dissolved in the water. A lipolytic reaction in the sample beakers is noticeable in about 24 hours and thus both beakers (modified and free enzyme) are visually evaluated after 1 day and 2 days. The results of this study are summarized in Table C, below. Comparative Degradation of Oil Sample 24 Hours Two Days Control a. All the greasy substance is settled on bottom of beaker. a. Same b. Supernatant is clear. b. Same Free Enzyme-Containing Sample a. Some sediment is on bottom of beaker. a. Less sediment is on bottom of beaker. b. There is a loosely packed surface layer of greasy substance having small gas bubbles. b. There is some packing of upper layer with more gas bubbles. c. Supernatant is slightly turbid. c. Supernatant is turbid. Lipophilic Enzyme-Containing Composition a. Some sediment is on bottom of beaker. a. Less sediment is on bottom of beaker. b. There is a packed surface layer of greasy substance having gas bubbles. b. There is more packing of upper layer with more gas bubbles. c. Supernatant is turbid. c. Supernatant is more turbid. The data summarized on Table C indicate that the lipase-containing composition of the present invention can substantially degrade soil comprising fat and grease in aqueous media under static conditions, and can do so more effectively than an equivalent amount of enzymes which are simply dissolved in the medium. It is believed that this result is due both to the enhanced association between the hydrophobic fatty-acid enzyme complex and the gradual release of the enzyme therefrom, which effectively enhances its stability. While certain representative embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications therein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: A method for the enzymatic modification of a hydrophobic substrate in an aqueous environment which comprises adding to said aqueous environment a composition comprising a water-soluble enzyme and a water-insoluble metal salt of a fatty acid. The method of Claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of enzyme to fatty acid is about 10-0.1:1. The method of Claims 1-2 wherein the composition further comprises a nonionic surfactant, an ionic surfactant or a mixture thereof. The method of Claims 1-3 wherein the surfactant is present in the composition in an amount of from about 0.5 to 5% by weight of the enzyme and fatty acid salt. The method of Claims 1-4 wherein the cation in the water insoluble metal salt is Al⁺³, Mg⁺² or Ca⁺². The method of Claims 1-5 wherein the fatty acid has a chain length of C₈-C₂₂. The method of Claims 1-6 wherein the fatty acid salt is an oleate, stearate or palmitate. The method of Claims 1-7 wherein the enzyme is a hydrolase, an oxidoreductase, a transferase or a mixture thereof. A method for the enzymatic degradation of fat and grease in an aqueous environment where the fat and grease have accumulated which method comprises adding to said environment a composition comprising amyloglucosidase and lipase, which enzymes have been modified with aluminum dioleate. The method of Claim 9 wherein the amyloglucosidase/lipase and aluminum dioleate composition is in the form of dry granules.

Inventors: CHUNG, KOO-HEUNG, VERHOFF, FRANCIS HENRY
Applicants: HAARMANN & REIMER CORP.
Application year: 1987
Main classification: C12N9
IPC codes: C12N9, C12P7