HEAT PUMP CHARGING

Abstract: A method of controllably charging a heat pump system with refrigerant until adequately charged for the cooling mode of operation, including checking the outdoor ambient temperature, injecting sufficient refrigerant to sustain safe compressor operation, operating the com­ pressor at higher or lower rates depending upon the de­ tected ambient temperature level and determining when to halt charging by monitoring indoor coil inlet and suction temperature differences in the heat pump system.

Description: The invention herein is directed toward the field of heat pump systems and particularly toward the field of charging techniques for the closed refrigerant loop of a heat pump system, especially one active in the cooling mode of operation. Heat pump systems of many kinds are well known. One kind in common use employs indoor and outdoor coils connected by reversible expansion valves which operate in one direction during the heating mode of the heat pump system, and in the other direction during the cooling mode of operation. The heat pump systems typi­ cally additionally include a compressor to drive refri­ gerant through the respective coils one way or the other. Often the compressor itself is not reversible, so a four-­ way valve is employed to switch the compressor output from one coil to the other. A typical system further in­ cludes an accumulator at the input of the compressor, which generally acts to collect excess liquid refrigerant from refrigerant gas just before entry to the compressor. As suggested, the compressor acts upon refrigerant gas. At the output of one of the coils, i.e. the conden­ ser coil, the refrigerant will be in liquid phase be­ cause of the loss of heat from the refrigerant in the condenser. During the cooling mode of operation, the outdoor coil acts as the condensing coil. It is thus addressed herein how best controllably to charge heat pump systems with refrigerant fluid du­ ring servicing in particular while the heat pump is in its cooling mode. More specifically, it si desired to prevent overcharging split system variable capacity heat pumps, in which one coil is outdoors and the other is indoors, during charging operation in the cooling opera­ tional mode of the heat pump system. Overcharging typi­ cally occurs in the field during charging operation by inexperienced field personnel conducting charging opera­ tion manually. Once a heat pump is overcharged, liquid refrigerant may be injected into the compressor possibly causing it to fail. Additionally, complicated temperature and pressure corrections may have to be made as a result of overcharging, which require specialized equipment and consume inordinate amounts of time and other resources to perform. According to the invention herein, charging of the heat pump system with refrigerant during the cooling rode is accomplished by performing the following steps. These include turning on both the indoor and the outdoor fans of the heat pump system, connecting an input refrigerant container which is brought to the site by service per­ sonnel, to a Schrader valve of the heat pump system, then introducing sufficient amounts of refrigerant to operate the compressor, checking the outdoor and indoor ambient temperatures, and monitoring temperature at the outlet of the indoor coil. If either of the ambient temperatures exceeds a predetermined ambient threshold level, such as for example 60° Fahrenheit, the compressor driving refrigerant through the closed refrigerant loop of the heat pump system is operated at full speed. Then, if the difference between the ambient temperature at the inlet of the outdoor coil and the refrigerant temperature at the output of the outdoor coil in successive time periods does not remain greater than a selected difference threshold such as for example two (2) degrees Fahrenheit, charging is discon­ tinued. If the outdoor coil inlet ambient temperature drops below the indicated ambient threshold, the com­ pressor is operated at a lower selected level, and char­ ging of the refrigerant loop continues until the tempera­ ture difference between outdoor ambient and coil output drops below a scheduled level. Figure 1 shows the schematic of a preferred version of the heat pump system, in particular a split system effective for permitting operation according to the in­ vention herein. Figure 2 shows a detail of a portion of the heat pump system in partial cross section, in particular showing a solenoid controlled charging valve employed during charging operation as discussed herein. Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating operation according to the invention herein. Figure 4 is a graph of ambient temperature as a function of temperature differences between ambient in­ let and refrigerant outlet sides of the outdoor coil. Figures 5 and 6 are additional flow charts illu­ strating operation of the invention according to first and second preferred versions thereof. Figure 1 in particular shows a heat pump arrange­ ment or system 13 which is operable according to the invention herein. In particular, system 13 includes a compressor 101 for compressing refrigerant gas and effec­ tively driving it through the closed loop refrigerant portion of heat pump system 13. More specifically, compressor 101 receives refri­ gerant from accumulator 102, which collects varying amounts of refrigerant, depending upon whether the heat pump system is operating in the cooling or heating mode of operation. New refrigerant is injected through charging so­ lenoid valve 103 and a Schrader valve 110 for example which in turn connects to a refrigerant supply tank 103′ which is brought to the scene of operations by ser­ vice personnel. Four-way valve 104, permits the heat pump arrange­ ment 13 to be operated in heating or cooling modes by directing refrigerant either to indoor or outdoor coil, respectively 105 and 106. In particular, during the cooling mode, which is of particular interest herein, refrigerant is transported to the valve 104 from indoor coil 105 and passes toward accumulator 102. During the heating mode, refrigerant passes from outdoor coil 106 toward valve 104 and then toward accumulator 102. Additionally, expansion devices 107 and 107′, a controller 108, indoor and outdoor temperature sensors 109(3), and 109(2) effective respectively for sensing temperature at the indoor coil inlet and at the outdoor coil inlet 105 are additionally included in heat pump system 13. Figure 2 shows in partial cross section details of the charging solenoid valve 103 and a portion of the tubing 224 between accumulator 102 and four-way valve 104. As can be seen, valve 103 includes solenoid 103′ for controlling the flow from Schrader valve 110 through a narrowed passage 333 and into suction tube 224 during charging operation performed according to the scheme set forth in the flow chart of Figure 3. As suggested, Figure 3 shows the steps involved in performing operation in accordance with the invention herein. In particular, block 401 indicates the first step of operation, namely turning on the indoor and outdoor fans respectively 105′ and 106′ to enable heat transfer with air through respective coils 105 and 106. Next, both indoor and outdoor ambient temperatures are checked, i.e. detected and signalled electrically to controller 108, by respective thermistor elements 109(3) and 109(2) respectively at indoor and outdoor coils 105 and 106, as suggested at block 410. Controller 108 (which is preferably a microprocessor of suitable type) is effective for storing the respective values of indoor and outdoor ambient temperatures which have been checked. Concurrently, or at least temporally proximate thereto, a selected bottle tank or container 103′ filled with refrigerant and brought by service personnel is attached to the Schrader valve 10, according to block 420, and a predetermined amount of refrigerant is introduced into system 13, which is sufficient to permit safe com­ pressor operation, as suggested at block 431. Once compressor 101 begins operation, the heat pump system 13 is started and a predetermined period of time is marked by controller 108, permitting conditions in system 13 to stabilize. Concurrently therewith, the inlet temperature at outlet coil 106 is monitored with thermistor 109(2) and a signal indicative thereof is sent along line 109′(2) to controller 108. The system 13 operates with compressor 101 at full speed, as suggested by block 440, if the outdoor ambient temperature exceeds a predetermined threshold such as 60°F for example. On the other hand, if the outdoor ambient temperature is below 60°F, or another selected value, threshold or set point, compressor operation is set to less than full speed as suggested in block 440′. Next, the indoor coil inlet and suction temperatures respectively at sensors 109 (3) and 109(1), between accumulator 102 and are monitored as suggested at block 451. Further, the difference between these values is determined, once or twice at least. In the event that the monitored temperature differences diminish by more than a predetermined amount in successive microprocessor cycles of operation, as by 3°F for example as suggested at block 460′, according to one version of the invention (e.g. in the case of ambient temperature exceeding 60°F for another selected value), charging events are conducted and continue.Char­ ging can be considered to involve repeated charging pulses or events, each producing a discrete quantity of charging refrigerant. According to another version of the invention, if, for instance, the monitored temperature difference falls below a predetermined functional value represented by the curve of Figure 4 for a given ambient operating temperature (all these being below 60°F), charging stops as well. Thus, the chart of Figure 4 suggests a schedule of acceptable temperature differences at the input and output of outdoor coil 106 as a function of outdoor am­ bient temperature. However, as suggested at block 460 of Figure 3, if the temperature difference is greater than a predetermined functional value, charging con­ tinues. To further illustrate these two versions of the invention, see Figures 5 and 6. In particular, Figure 5 shows the case in which the outdoor (OD) ambient tem­ perature is greater than sixty (60) degrees, as repre­ sented by block 412. As already noted, block 440 urges starting the compressor 101 and operating it at full speed. Next, block 451 extablishes the subsequent step of monitoring respective indoor inlet and suction tem­ peratures, respectively "T₁ " and "T₂" at respective sensors 109(3) and 109(1). Then, the difference between T₂ and T₁ is taken, as suggested at block 460 and then charging is conducted as per block 465. Thereafter, the procedure of block 451 is repeated and a new temperature difference delta T i is established as shown. Then, as per block 460′, a difference of differences is taken to determine whether charging continues or stops. Figure 6 shows at block 412 and thereafter the charging procedure if the outdoor (OD) ambient temperature is between thirty (30) and sixty (60) degrees, that is less than sixty (60) and greater than (30) degrees, in which case per block 440′, the compressor is run at some speed other than full speed, followed by charging as per block 465 and establishment of a temperature difference as per block 451′. Charging continues, if the temperature difference remains above tabulated values, indicated for example at Figure 4. Otherwise, charging stops as indi­ cated at oval 471. While this invention has been described with re­ ference to a particular embodiment disclosed herein, it is not confined to the details set forth herein and this application is intended to cover any modifications or changes as may come within the scope of the invention.

Claims: 1. The method of charging a heat pump system inclu­ ding a compressor for circulating refrigerant between indoor and outdoor coils, comprising the steps of attaching a source of refrigerant to the heat pump system at a charging port, monitoring indoor coil inlet and suction temperatures, comparing the temperatures re­ peatedly to establish temperature differences therebet­ ween, and halting charging operation when said compari­ son attains a predetermined threshold. 2. The method of claim 1, including the additional step of continuing to charge the heat pump system with refrigerant until said temperature differences diminish below a predetermined functional threshold. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said heat pump system is turned on after sufficient refrigerant is in­ troduced to permit operation of the compressor. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein additionally successive ones of said temperature differences are compared. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein charging is halted when successive ones of said temperature differences cease diminishing at greater than a predetermined amount.

Inventors: D'AGOSTINO, JAMES, MARRIS, DERRICK A., PALMER, JOHN M., VOORHIS, ROGER J.
Applicants: CARRIER CORPORATION
Application year: 1987
Main classification: F25B45
IPC codes: F25B45