MONOCOQUE CONTAINERS AND THE USE THEREOF IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WASTE COMPACTORS

Abstract: A container of monocoque construction having a peripheral wall (1) comprised of concentric inner and outer walls (2, 3), the space (6) between them being filled with a plastics material. At least one of the inner and outer walls is a spirally-wound tube; preferably both are spirally-wound tubes with their raised seams (4, 5) projecting into the space (6) between them. The container is particularly adapted to form the body of a waste compactor or for use as a bulk container for both fluid and particulate materials. The preferred waste compactor vehicle comprises a monocoque container (1) substantially horizontally disposed along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle with inbuilt compaction (15, 21) means at one or both ends of the container.

Description: "MONOCOCQUE CONTAINERS AND THE USE THEREOF IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WASTE COMPACTORS" TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to monococque container construction and to the use thereof in waste compactors, and especially to waste compactors which are mountable upon a truck chassis and which are of low tare weight, low cost, and which have a high payload whilst only emmitting noise at an acceptably low level. The invention also has application to the collection of fluid waste and sludge in mobile tank-equipped rail or road vehicles and to the storage and transport of liquids and powdery or particulate bulk materials in tanks of monococque construction. BACKGROUND ART First trends to compact waste during transport appeared in 1880, when compaction was applied in horse driven waste carts. The first known truck-mounted waste collector transporter appeared in Germany in 1912 and in the U.S.A. in 1922. By the early 1930's there appeared in Sweden and Germany the first compacting waste trucks, using the principle of a packing screw. In 1938 the first plate type compactor appeared in Sweden (Trelleborg) . In the early 1950's there was in France the S.C. paddle type packer (C.I.T.A.). However, all compactors packing into a conical section proved to be unsuccessful and the plate packers took over the markets in Europe, the U.S.A., and the rest of the world. By the late 1950's to early 1960's, the Swiss development of carriage plate/swing plate packers, with a collection body built on frames in a square section, became trendsetting for the mobile corapacjors of today. The leading European mobile compactors, e.g. Ochsner, Haller, Norba, Faun, and the American Heil, Dempster, Peabody, etc. all follow this principle. The waste contractors asked for more economical compactors, which in Europe resulted in a trend for low wear, longer lifetime, and thus heavier machines, while in the U.S.A. the - trend was for larger units, cheaper components, and a restricted economical lifespan of five years. Both the low-wear, high-quality, costly European compactors and the large-volume, short-lifespan U.S. cσmTjacfcσrs became uneconomical in many countries when.scaled down in size, or illegal when used in their original dimensions; this situation is because of lower legally permitted axle loadings in such countries. Most waste collection devices presently in use are of box-like construction having a rectangular cross-section. A single-layer plate element is fitted inside a framework of channel-sectioned vertical and longitudinal members to provide a body interior having smooth-surfaced floor, sidewalls, and roof so enabling the inside travel of an ejection panel. Some known waste compactors, and waste and fluid collection bodies are built with circular-, or part-circular-, cross-sections reinforced by exterior annular frame elements, but their interiors are still of a smooth, single-layer skin construction so as to permit a discoid ejection blade or panel to travel inside the "tube". Furthermore, most waste compactors are rear loading and use a compacting unit which is rigidly mounted on a hinged tailgate and which may consist of a guided carriage plate moved substantially vertically by an hydraulic system. A swing plate is fitted to the bottom end of this carriage plate, sweeping the waste from the underlying hopper, then stopping at an angle normal to the carriage plate and ^travelling up with it so as to compress the waste upwardly and slightly forwardly, and into the body interior. This conventional kind of compactor has the disadvantage of being heavy and, if as is usual, tilted 45° forward, gives an unacceptable long rear overhang together with a high rear axle loading. Both of- the abovementioned types of collection bodies have a drawback in the homogeneous metal skin fabrication which is conducive to considerable environmental noise pollution as pottery, bottles, boxes, and the like crack, break or burst inside the waste collection body. As regards to complexity and weight problems of conventional compacting units, a construction has been proposed which has a strong blade oscillating through 180° and pushing waste from the hopper into the collection body; this proved vulnerable to jamming of the swinging blade and even to its destruction due to high inertia forces. Thererfore, it will,be clear that a need exists for a waste compactor incorporating a mobile body havin :- (i) better payload/vehicle total weight ratio - (this being a primary factor for improved economical performance) ; (ii) lower fuel consumption; (iii) lower servicing and maintenance cost; (iv) possible changeability of bodies; (v) less rear overhang - thus fully utilizing front axle load capacity; (vi) versatility of use; (vii) lower noise level - less noise pollution to the environment during night collection, this being safer due to decreased road traffic. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome the above and other disadvantages of prior art waste compactors by the provision of a lightweight waste collector and compactor which is of relatively low cost and which has low noise emission when operating in compacting mode. Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a monococque container, preferably of tubular configuration, most preferably of substantially cylindrical configuration, having a peripheral wall comprised of- concentrically-disposed inner and outer walls; wherein at least one of the inner and outer walls is a tube of spirally-wound construction. Preferably, both the inner and outer walls are spirally-wound tubes. Ideally, the or each spirally-wound tube has a helical seam or stringer projecting inwardly towards the annular space defined between the inner and outer walls. Advantageously, the helical seam of the inner wall is positioned opposedly to that of the outer wall. The annular space defined between the inner and outer walls may well be filled with a suitable plastics material. 4 Preferably, a plurality of longitudinally- directed spacing stringers is affixed to the outside surface of the inner wall. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention the inventive monococque container, above, is mounted on, or incorporated as part of, a rail or road vehicle, such as a rail or road tanker for bulk liquid or particulate materials. In a preferred embodiment, the vehicle comprises a waste collection and compaction vehicle having a monococque container substantially horizontally disposed along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and having front and rear ends, the container having a horizontally-extending (preferably telescoping) compaction piston or ram for compaction of the waste material, and an openable rear end for ejection of the compacted waste material. Preferably the waste collection and compaction vehicle further comprises separate compaction means mounted at the rear end of the container, ideally pivotally mounted for adjustment of the load height for loading material into the compaction means. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS in order that the reader may gain a better understanding of the present invention, hereinafter will be described a preferred embodiment thereof, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 illustrates a cylindrical form of monococque container according to the present invention, partly broken away to show its construction; Figure 2 is a schematic side elevation of a mobile waste compactor incorporating the present invention; Figure 3 is a corresponding schematic rear elevation; Figure 4 illustrates schematically a side or top loading waste compactor; and Figure 5 is a schematic side elevation of a modular waste collection container. FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS. Figure 1 shows the construction of the inventive cylindrical monococque container. The term "monococque" container referring generally to a form of body construction (e.g. vehicular body construction) in which all or most of the stresses are carried by the skin or body of the container. The container has a peripheral wall, (- constituting the outer shell or "skin" as defined above -) generally referenced 1, comprised of an inner wall 2 and an outer wall 3, concentrically disposed with respect to each other. Inner wall 2 is a tube of spirally-wound strip material, ideally of wear-resistant galvanised steel strip while outer wall 3 may well be of a weatherproof strip material such as aluminium/manganese alloy strip. Both inner and outer walls or tubes may be products of a spiral pipe-making machine producing a tight, overlapping rolled seam. A suitable machine for producing such tubes is that produced by Nokia Metal Products of Finland. This method of construction allows for flexibility and versatility in the choice of the material for the inner spirally wound tube, e.g., in the choice of material for their desirable properties, such as resistance to chemical corrosion, and the use of materials which are otherwise difficult to utilize (such as certain stainless steels, which have excellent corrosion resistance, but are difficult to weld). The helical seam 4 of inner wall 2 is on the outside of it, while helical seam 5 of outer wall 3 is on the inside. Thus, both helical seams project inwardly toward an annular space, indicated at 6, defined between the inner and outer walls. It is advantageous to position the helical seams to "run" in opposite direction or senses, as is to be seen in Figure 1. Annular space 6 is filled with a plastics material 7 of suitable density, and mechanical and chemical properties; ideally this may be a pressure-injected expandable-in-situ foam plastic material. Affixed to the outside of inner wall 2 is a plurality of longitudinally-directed spacing stringers 8 to enable the inner tube to be inserted into the outer one with constant concentric spacing between the two, so eliminating the need for a moulding jig, and facilitating the injection of the plastics material into the annular space between the inner and outer tubes. In addition, when the plastic is injected and foamed, the stringers serve to "key" the two tubes together. Thus is formed a cylindrical monococque container, of up to perhaps 2.6 metres in diameter in the case of mobile applications (larger diameters are possible for static and/or alternative applications), of a very low tare weight; moreover, the metal-to-foam-to-metal sandwich construction is eminently suitable to constitute the body of a waste compactor, as it is highly efficient in the suppression of noise engendered by the compaction of waste material. It also results in a radially and longitudinally stiff "cocoon" distributing evenly waste compaction forces at all points over the inner surface of inner wall 2. In Figures 2 to 5 the monococque container of each embodiment is of the same construction as described with reference to Figure 1, and will be referenced generally 1 in those Figures. Referring now to Figures 2 and 3, on a conventional truck chassis 10 is mounted a waste collection monococque container, generally referenced 1. The forward end 11 of container 1 is suitably reinforced with a strip metal collar connected to a number of radially-oriented struts 12 centring on a tube 13 holding a front-end bearing for the ejector plate hydraulic cylinder 14. This conically-configured ring of struts 12 transfers the longitudinal forces created by ejector plate hydraulic cylinder 14 to the front of monococque container 1. The thereby resulting radial compression forces are carried by a planar set of radial struts inboard of strut ring 12, these planar struts being disposed within forward end collar 11 and centrally connected to the tube 13 holding the ejector plate cylinder bearing and cylinder 14. The ejector plate per se includes a conical member 15, concentric with monococque container 1 and reinforced on its forward side (i.e., non-compacting side) by a tubular framework fitted with sheets 16 running on longitudinal rails 17 (see Figure 3) attached to the interior surface of inner wall 2. These internal rails 17 are aligned with spacing stringers 8 and the lower two also with subframes 18 of truck chassis 10. The ejector plate further comprises an hydraulic telescoping ram or column to move the conical member fore and aft through the container. After the fitting together of rails 17, spacing stringer 8 and subframes 18 to monococque container 1, the result is substantially a geodesic cylinder, being formed from a plurality of slightly concavely bent triangles created by the crossing helical seams, spacing stringers, internal rails and subframes. The end-product is an extremely light, wear- and weather-proof, rigid container body with quite substantial longitudinal stress capacity, making it eminently suitable for numerous storage and/or transport applications, e.g. for the collection and 'transport of municipal waste, liquids, and powdery or particulate bulk materials. A suitably contoured rear frame 19 mates with a compactor unit tailgate frame 20, with a gasket interposed there between. Tailgate frame 20 is of simple design and construction, and acts as a housing for a compactor unit, generally referenced 21, which feeds waste material into container 1. Compactor unit 21 is also of simple design and construction; briefly, a piston firstly compacts the waste against the retracting ejector plate 15, which provides a concommitant counter-pressure during its retracting movement, and then compacts 'fresh' waste against waste already compacted. This bare principle has been employed in certain static waste compactors, usually sans ejector plate counter-pressure. However, the pistons of these static compactors are over-long and retract behind the hopper opening to avoid waste collected behind the piston from being moved in the wrong direction. Such a piston-hopper combination would result in a much too long rear overhang for a mobile rear-loading waste compactor. In the compactor unit of the present invention, therefore, the piston has been kept as short as is possible by means of arranging it to move telescopically in three or more stages. Thus the piston is comprised of several telescoping 'boxes' and 'coverplates' , the forward 'box' including a piston head 22, driven by hydraulic means, which pushes out, or pulls in, two or more guided, telescoping 'coverplates' 23, 24 - as indicated by arrow 25. The thus-constituted 'box-shutter' prevents waste matter ending up on the wrong side of the piston head. The lower part of the hopper is fully open only when piston head 22 has been retracted into its rearmost position, so not permitting waste to enter the hopper in other than in front of the compacting piston. The compacting piston may well be, say, 2 metres wide to permit a full width rear loading from standard 1.8 metres wide waste bins, and may be constructed of spirally-wound tube. In order to better meet the requirements of low rear loading height, the compactor cover 26 with the associated compaction mechanism is arranged so as to hinge about a transverse axle or spindle 27 the height of which, above ground level, substantially equals that of the floor of container 1. This arrangement enables the compactor mechanism to be tilted within the tailgate/compactor unit with it rear hopper end down, making manual loading of 45-litre waste bins more convenient and ergonometrically satisfactory. This lowered position of the compactor mechanism also facilitates power-assisted emptying of standard 1.8 metres wide large waste bins and the discharging of "MGB" bin carts with lower-level lifters (not shown) which can be fitted, if required, to the rear end of the compaction unit 21. This lowered position is indicated in the drawing in dotted line, while high rear end position is shown in solid line, the latter configuration reduces the drop height of waste - e.g., from DIN "MGB" 240 litre bin carts, or the like, raised by bin lifters (not shown) - by 75% and accordingly reduces considerably the noise of waste falling into the hopper. To further reduce noise levels, the walls of tailgate frame 20 are insulated with such as a suitable plastic foam material. As will be realised, it is most important that the telescoping 'boxes and coverplates' 23, 24, slide smoothly one within another, thus it is also important that they be made quite rigid and torque-resistant, since a slight degree of buckling will effectively jam movement of ire CΩmpaicting piston assembly. In order to prevent such buckling, thick metal sheet would seem to be an immediately obvious solution, however, such construction would be cumbersome and unacceptably heavy. So, it is envisaged that these telescoping 'boxes and coverplates' will be fabricated as laminated structures comprising a core of honeycomb carbon fibre clad with low-friction, wear resistant steel faces. The tailgate frame/compaction unit 20, 21 is able to p v.αt upwardly, about transverse axle or spindle 28 so as to clear impedimentia 22, 20, 23, 24 and 26 out of the way, to thus enable garnered waste material in container 1 to be linearly discharged under the impetus of ejector plate 15. In some embodiments, e.g. for collection and transport of household waste, it is not necessary for the waste collection vehicle to include a separate compaction unit 21, since in the case of side- or front-loaders adequate compaction of such waste material can be achieved simply by use of the ejector plate 15, compacting the waste against the tail door. It is contemplated that hydraulic lines may well be accommodated outside container 1, in the position referenced 29, and a hydraulic fluid tank at 30. Figure 4 schematically illustrates a top or side loading embodiment; in this drawing, components and/or integers equivalent to those depicted in Figures 2 and 3 are referenced by the same numeral. All these rear-loader embodiment components are quite easily re-arranged as shown. In this arrangement, loading openings - as that referenced 31 - at each side or on the top of container 1; there is a hinged door 32 in the ejector plate 15. Also on ejector plate 15 is a depending grille to prevent waste moving reverse towards the compactor. The monococque container or collection body 1 has a reinforcing collar 33 at the rear end thereof, which carries a convex rear door 34 hinged at 28. Figure 5 shows, in schematic manner, another embodiment incorporating the inventive cylindrical monococque container 1. Here again, the components and/or integers equivalent to those depicted in Figures 2, 3 and 4 are referenced by the same numeral. Figure 5 illustrates a static compactor embodiment in which an inventive container, generally referenced 1 accommodates those components referenced 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 18 as have been previously described with reference to Figures 1 to 4. In this emboidment, container 1 is fitted with a sliding rear door 35; it is provided with a mechanism 36 adapted to lock container 1 to an existing or otherwise conventional static compactor device 37. Subframe 18 is provided with a standardised grip 38 for a truck-mounted loadchanger arrangement. The ejector plate hydraulics are readily connectable to a motor vehicle hydraulic system when container 1 is mobilised. Thus the invention provides for convenient modular and interchangeable container loads for vehicles e.g., to interchange a side or top loading waste compactor for a rear loading compactor. It will be appreciated that the embodiment of Figure 5 will permit the use of maximum length semi-trailers for the transport of such long containers; these are not tipped, but emptied by the ejector plate, thus it remains in the horizontal position at, say, a garbage dumping site. Although the present invention as described above has been couched in terms of waste compactors and waste collection vehicles, the inventive monococque containers are equally applicable to static waste compactors and, importantly, to bulk transport or storage containers for both fluid and particulate materials. In such applications, the monococque container 1, cut to a suitable length, is fitted on a subframe 18 and the container ends, reinforced with collars, are fitted with convex dome end plates, which results in a lightweight, very strong and burst-resistant 'cocoon' suitable for carrying inflammable liquids by rail or road vehicles safer and more economically than in a 5 conventional butt-joint welded, stiff single-skin steel or aluminium tank. From the abovegoing, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous variations and modifications may be made to the invention ID. without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as set out- in the following claims.

Claims: [received by the International Bureau on 28 September 1987 (28.09.87); original claims 1-15 replaced by amended claims 1-16 (3 pages)] 1. A monococque structural container having a peripheral wall (1) comprised of an inner wall (2) and an outer wall (3) substantially concentrically disposed with respect to each other, and separated by means of a plurality of circumferentiaHy-spaced longitudinally-directed stringer members (8) in the annular space (6) defined between the inner and outer walls, wherein the inner and outer walls (2, 3) are spirally-wound tubes formed from strip metal and in which adjacent edges of the strip metal overlap and are formed into resilient rolled helical seams (4, 5), and wherein the direction of the helical seam (4) of the inner wall (2) runs opposedly to the direction of the helical seam (5) of the outer wall (3), characterised in that the combination of the opposed rolled helical seams (4, 5) on the walls (2, 3) and the longitudinally directed stringer members (8) between the walls provide a geodesic structure forming a grid of polygons which serve to distribute any impact or pressure loads throughout the structure of the container. 2. A monococque container as claimed in Claim 1, wherein both helical seams (4, 5) project inwardly towards the annular space (6) between the inner and outer walls (2, 3). 3. The monococque container as claimed in Claims 1 and 2, wherein said annular space (6) is filled with a plastics material (7). 4. The monococque container as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said inner wall (2) is a tube of spirally-wound wear-resistant galvanised steel strip material. 5. The monococque container as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein said outer wall (3) is a tube of spirally-wound strip material manufactured from weather proof aluminium/manganese alloy. 6. A vehicle (10) comprising a monococque container (1) as defined in any one of the preceding claims mounted on or incorporated as part of said vehicle. 7. A vehicle as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the monococque container is adapted for containing either fluid or particulate materials. 8. A vehicle (10) as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the monococque container (1) is adapted for waste collection, compaction and transport. 9. A waste compaction vehicle (10) as claimed in Claim 8, having a monococque container (1) substantially horizontally disposed along the longitudinal axis of said veiicle and having front and rear ends, said container having a horizontally-extending compaction piston (15) or ram for compaction of waste material contained therein and an openable rear end (19, 20) whereby compacted waste material may be ejected from said container. 10. A waste compaction vehicle (10) as claimed in Claim 9, wherein said horizontally-extending compaction piston or ram (15) comprises a telescoping piston arm (14) for advance and retreat of the- compaction piston (15) within said container and for compact containment thereof adjacent the front end of said container when the compaction piston (15) is not in use. 11. A waste compaction vehicle (10) as claimed in Claim 9 or Claim 10, wherein the compaction piston or ram (15) is slidably mounted on a plurality of guide rails (17) extending longitudinally along the inner wall (2) of the monococque container (1) aligned with the spacing stringers (8) in the annular space (6) between the inner and outer walls (2, 3) of the container. 12. A waste compaction vehicle (10) as claimed in any one of Claims 8 to 11, further comprising separate compaction means (21) mounted at the rear end of said container (1). 13. A waste compaction vehicle (10) according to Claim 12, wherein said compaction means (21) is pivotally mounted (27) at the rear end of said container, and is thereby adjustable for variable load height for loading waste material into said compaction means. 14. A waste compaction vehicle (10) as claimed in Claim 12 or 13, wherein the compactor means (21) further comprises cover means (23, 24) which are adapted to prevent waste material entering to the rear of the compaction means piston (22) . 15. A waste compactor comprising a monococque container (1) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 5, said container (1) having an openable end and an opposite closed end, and being adapted to be operatively coupled at the openable end to static compaction means (37) having an opening for receiving waste material for compaction and a piston or ram for compaction of the waste material against an ejector plate (15) adapted to slidably recede into said container towards said closed end as waste material is compacted in the container, means (14) to move the ejector plate (15) back towards the said openable end of the container to eject compacted waste therefrom", and cover means (35) to close the openable end of the container when uncoupled from the static compaction means. 16. A waste compactor according to Claim 15, wherein said container comprises a sub-frame (18) for vehicle mounting when the container (1) is uncoupled from the static compaction means (37) for transport.

Inventors: LANDSDORFF STIG-RAGNAR JOHANN, LANDSDORFF, STIG-RAGNAR, JOHANN
Applicants: LANDSDORFF STIG RAGNAR JOHANN, LANDSDORFF, STIG-RAGNAR, JOHANN
Application year: 1987
Main classification: B65F3
IPC codes: B30B9, B65D90, B65F3