LARGE COMPACT ROTARY DRILL BIT UTILIZING DIRECTED HYDRAULICS FOR EACH CUTTER

Abstract: An improved rotating drag bit for cutting plastic, sticky, water reactive and shale formations is devised by providing a plurality of large diamond cutters having a circular cutting face in excess of three quater inch in diameter. Each large cutter is provided with at least one hydraulic nozzle which in turn provides a directed hydraulic flow at the corresponding cutter face. The directed hydraulic flow is positioned to apply a force to the chip which tends to peel the chip away from the cutter face. In addition, the hydraulic flow is positioned with respect to the chip so as to apply an off-center torque to the chip which is used to peel the chip away from the cutter face and toward the gage of the bit. In particular, the nozzle defines a jet which is characterized by a direction and velocity of hydraulic fluid determined by the jet characteristics. The core is generally symmetric about its longitudinal axis and has a length along the longitudinal axis and width perpendicular thereto. The point of the jet most distant from the nozzle defines an impact point of the jet against the chip and cutter face. The longitudinal axis of the jet is chosen so that at least a portion of the jet lies between the cutter face and the chip as it is being peeled from the cutter. Hydraulic removal of the chips is further facilitated by a plurality of junk slots having a contoured compound surface. The junk slot is characterized by having at least two distinct cross-sectional profiles, namely an asymmetric profile at its lower portion nearest the bit face and a symmetric profile along its upper portion. The asymmetric and symmetric profiles are connected by a surface providing a smooth hydrodynamic transition.

Description: The invention is related to a rotating bit as set forth in the pre-characterising portion of claim 1. One of the most significant problems encountered when drilling in shale, clay or other water reactive, sticky formations is the tendency of the bits to ball or become clogged during drilling. The typical approach of the prior art in dealing with such soft and sticky formations has been to provide large cutters with strong hydraulics in the proximity of the cutters and to attempt to remove the cuttings from the cutter faces with a high volume, high velocity hydraulic jet flow (US-A-4 116 289). The nozzle passages from which the flushing liquid emerges are normally disposed perpendicular to the formation, parallel to the axis of the drill bit or in intermediate positions between these two positions. It is further known (GB-A-2 085 945) to have the outlet region of at least some of the nozzle passages directed towards a row of cutters so directing flushing flow across said cutters and in the direction of the drillings flowing off along the outer face of the bit body. Typically, such prior art cutters include impregnated diamond blade cutters, sintered diamond compact cutters, such as manufactured by General Electric Co. under the trademark "Compax", are limited in size, typically being equal to or less than 13.3 mm in diameter. Therefore, in order to obtain the cutter sizes required or desirable for sticky drilling, impregnated diamond elements are used such as shown by US-A-3 153 458. Recently, however, large size diamond compact discs have become commercially available measuring between three quarters of an inch and two inches in diameter. However, these large diamond discs have been employed essentially as their smaller predecessors, such as diamond stud cutters sold under the trademark "Stratapax" by General Electric Company. As a result, the large diamond discs have been subject to the same drawbacks and detriments with respect to cutting sticky or plastic or water reactive formations as prior art blade bits. Therefore, what is needed is some means whereby the large diamond cutter may be employed to cut into clay, shale or plastic formations in such a manner that bit balling and other drawbacks of the prior art are substantially avoided. The invention provides a rotary drill bit as characterized by the features of claim 1. Further embodiments are included in claims 2 - 12. Figure 1 is a top plan view of an inside of a mold from which a matrix bit incorporating the invention is fabricated. Figure 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a bit manufactured from the mold plan shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a diagrammatic depiction of the direction of hydraulic flow with respect to the cutter face and chip of a single cutter as depicted in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 4 is a diagrammatic side sectional view of the depiction of Figure 3. Figure 5 is a perspective view of a single cutter as shown in Figures 1-4. The invention and its various embodiments may be better understood by now turning to the following detailed description. An improved rotating drag bit for cutting plastic, sticky, water reactive clays and shales is devised by providing a plurality of large diamond cutters having a circular cutting face equal to or in excess of 0.75 inch in diameter. In the preferred embodiment, the cutters are approximately one inch in diameter or larger. Each large cutter is provided with at least one hydraulic nozzle which in turn provides a directed hydraulic flow at the corresponding cutter face. The directed hydraulic flow is positioned to apply a force to the chip which tends to hydraulically separate the chip away from the cutter face. In addition, the hydraulic flow is positioned with respect to the chip so as to apply an off-center torque to the chip which is used to peel the chip away from the cutter face and toward the gage of the bit. In particular, the nozzle defines a jet which is characterized by a direction and velocity of hydraulic fluid determined by the jet characteristics. The core is generally symmetric about its longitudinal axis and has a length along the longitudinal axis and width perpendicular thereto. The point of the jet most distant from the nozzle defines an impact point of the jet against the formation, the chip and/or cutter face. The longitudinal axis of the jet is chosen so that at least a portion of the jet can lie between the cutter face and the chip as it is being peeled from the cutter. Hydraulic removal of the chips is further facilitated by a plurality of junk slots having a contoured compound surface. A rotating drill bit is provided with a large diamond compact slug, typically of one to two inches in diameter or greater, each of which is provided with at least one hydraulic nozzle. Hydraulic fluid is directed under pressure from the nozzle to a predetermined point with respect to the corresponding large diamond cutter and its corresponding chip. In particular, the fluid flow from the nozzle is focussed or has a point of maximum impulsive impact at a predetermined point positioned with respect to the rock chip cut by the corresponding cutter so that a force is applied to the chip to separate it from the diamond cutter by hydraulic differential unloading and/or applying an unbalanced torque to the chip. In essence, the focal point of the stream of hydraulic fluid from the nozzle is directed at a point at or near the base and to the inside of attachment or adhesion of the rock chip to the face of the diamond cutter. The manner in which this can be implemented can best be understood by first turning to the interior top plan view of a mold shown in Figure 1 by which a bit incorporating the invention is molded according to conventional matrix infiltration processes. What is shown in Figure 1 is a plan view of the settings of the large diamond compact cutters on the face of a bit as seen looking into a mold in which such a diamond bit would be made by matrix infiltration. Thus the bit, generally denoted by reference numeral 10, is characterized by an exterior cylindrical surface or gage 12 terminated on its lowermost portion by a bit face, generally denoted by reference numeral 14. Defined within gage 12 is a plurality of junk slots 16 and 18. Junk slots 16 are distinguishable from junk slots 18 in that junk slots 16 have a uniform contour as opposed to a contoured or compound surface within junk slots 18 as will be described below. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1, a 12 1/4 inch diameter bit is illustrated in which nine large cutters 21-29 will be formed. For the sake of clarity of illustration each cutter is shown in midline cross-sectional view with the diamond cutter in place. In actuality the diamond slugs may be fixed or brazed into the bit in a later step, and would not be seen in place in the mold as depicted in Figure 1. See generally, Rhode et. al., "Diamond Drilling Bit for Soft and Medium Hard Formations," US Patent 4,098,363 (1978) for background information concerning the casting of the bit body, cutter shapes and materials, and various methods of attachment of the cutters. However for ease of conceptualization, Figure 1 illustrates the diamond cutters in place as would be seen looking downward through the diamond bit toward the rock formation. In reality in a top plan view of a mold, only the pockets into which the diamond slugs were later brazed would be seen. Corresponding to each cutter is a nozzle 31-39 which provides a directed flow as also described more completely below. Nozzle 31 thus provides directed flow for cutter 21, nozzle 32 for cutter 22 and so forth through nozzle 39 and cutter 29. In addition to cutters 21-29, a plurality of gage cutters 40 are defined within the shoulder and gage of bit 10 as better depicted and described below in connection with Figure 2, but which are also illustrated in Figure 1 in a sometimes overlying relationship. The depiction in Figure 1 of gage cutters 40 appears to be overlying since the cutters, which may be vertically separated, are superimposed in the diagrammatic view of Figure 1. In addition to junk slots 16 and 18, a plurality of collectors 42 are similarly provided within gage 12. These are provided to enhance the cleaning and cooling of gage cutters 40. Gage defining cutters 40 are comprised of conventionally fabricated Stratapax or Compax cutters and can, by virtue of their relative scale to cutters 21-29, provide a relative feel for the sizes of cutters 21-29. In the prior art, gage defining cutters 40 usually represented the largest integral diamond compacts then available for cutting in shale or plastic formations. In the present application, what was previously the primary cutters in prior art polycrystalline diamond compact drill bits, now serve only a secondary cutting function as gage defining cutters. Before considering further details of the relationship between the directed hydraulic flow from nozzles 31-39 and their corresponding cutters 21-29, turn first to the perspective depiction of Figure 5 wherein a single one of the cutters is illustrated. Cutter 24 is chosen for the purposes of example. Cutter 24 comprises a tungsten carbide slug 44 1.50 inches in diameter and approximately 0.3 inch thick. Mounted in the face of the slug 44 is an integral diamond compact table 46. Diamond table 46 and slug 44 are manufactured and bonded together within a diamond press and are sold as such a unit by De Beers of South Africa. See generally, Peschel, "Cutter Head, Drill Bit and Similar Drilling Tools," US Patent 4,200,159 (1980) for background relating to brazing of slug cutters into an infiltration bit, and in particular refer to Figure 7 and the associated text of Peschel. Diamond table 46 has a diameter substantially equal to that of slug 44. Substrate or carrier 45 is brazed into pocket 48. Slug 44 is then brazed into pocket 48 in front of substrate 45. Pocket 48 is formed in an island 50 which is a grooved projection of the basic body 14. At the present time, De Beers supplies slug 44 and table 46 as an integral unit. This unit has a longitudinal thickness of approximately 8 mm (0.315 inch) and lacks sufficient thickness for adequate shock protection and load resistance. Hence, carrier 45 , which is made of tungsten carbide and is approximately 14 mm thick is bonded or brazed thereto. Generally, cutters 21-29 of the embodiment of Figure 1 have a predetermined rake angle of diamond table 46 as determined by a milled-in rake angle of island 50. In the illustration of Figure 1, however, each cutter 21-29 has been shown only in a midline section for the sake of clarity. Therefore it must be kept in mind that portions of the face of diamond table 46 actually extend both in front of and behind the midsection line shown in Figure 1 for each cutter 21-29 by an amount depending on the rake angle of each cutter. The preferred embodiment is a diamond compact disc brazed into a pocket with a support or carrier. The cutter can have different shapes, e.g. triangular, hexagonal, square, or octagonal. The cutter can be composed of thermally stable diamond or some other material such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, or boron carbide. During manufacture of the bit, the cutter can be furnaced with the bit body in order to attach it to the bit. What is disclosed here is a large cutter with at least one directed nozzle providing cleaning and cooling of the cutter. Consider now the relationship between the direction of hydraulic flow from each nozzle 31-39 and its corresponding cutter 21-29. In particular, consider cutter 24 and nozzle 34 depicted in Figure 1. Listed below in Table 1 is a summary of cutter locations. The locations listed above are the locations which are machined in the graphite mold from which the bit is made. After furnacing, these locations are reduced a small amount due to shrinkage upon cooling. Cutter 24 has the center of its midline section of diamond table 46 at a radial distance of 3.75 inch from the center of bit 10 prior to shrinkage. Taking the center of cutter 21 as an arbitrary reference point of 0 degrees, the azimuthal position of the center of cutter 24 appears at an angular position of 28 degrees. Face 46 of cutter 24 is not parallel to a radius, but has a side rake of 5 degrees. In other words, as viewed in Figure 1, cutter 24 has been rotated so that face 46 is not aligned with the radius but is rotated or canted counterclockwise by 5 degrees in a plane parallel to the bit profile. Similarly, the back rake of cutter 24 is 10 degrees, although not shown in the figures. In other words, if the diamond face 46 of cutter 24 were shown in three dimensions, a rotation perpendicular to the bit profile as shown in Figure 1 of 10 degrees would be observed. Turn now to the nozzle placement, in particular for nozzle 34, as summarized in Table 2 below. NOZZLE LOCATION No. Rad. Azimut Tilt Offset 31 0.77 248 20 172 32 1.60 103 20 69 33 2.30 225 35 67 34 3.20 14 35 61 35 3.89 138 35 57 36 4.55 259 35 50 37 4.79 59 40 48 38 4.79 179 40 48 39 4.79 299 40 48 Nozzle 34 has its center at a radial displacement of 3.20 inch from the center of bit 10. Arrow 68 diagrammatically represents the direction of hydraulic flow of nozzle 34. The azimuthal position of the center of nozzle 34 is at an azimuthal angle of 14 degrees, as denoted by angle alpha in Table 2, again from a reference line of the face of cutter 1. The angular offset of the direction of hydraulic flow denoted by arrow 68 is then 61 degrees offset from the reference direction. Furthermore, nozzle 34 is tilted from the vertical axis, the longitudinal axis of bit 10, by 35 degrees in a direction which is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of Figure 1 . These two angular orientations combined with the 61 degree offset therefore specify that the point, denoted by reference numeral 66, at which arrow 68 impacts the formation. Point 66 is at the base of and in front of diamond surface 46 of cutter 24. The physical significance of arrow 68 and its corresponding point 66 is understood as follows. The directed hydraulic nozzle flow with respect to diamond face 46 may better be understood by turning now to the diagrammatic depictions of Figure 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a plan diagrammatic view of a cutter, such as cutter 24. Substrate 44 behind and bonded to diamond table 46 is shown in diagrammatic top plan view and immediately behind a chip 56 being cut from the rock formation. As better seen in side diagrammatic view in Figure 4, chip 56 is sheared from the rock formation, generally denoted by reference numeral 58. Since formation 58 is sticky or plastic, chip 56 remains substantially intact and will generally move upward across diamond face 46 of cutter 24 and normally tends to adhere to face 46. Nozzle 34, corresponding to cutter 24, provides a directed flow of hydraulic fluid to form a jet 60 shown in Figure 4. Jet 60 is characterized by a region of hydraulic flow which has a direction and velocity principally determined by nozzle 34. Generally, core 61 has a length denoted by dimension 62 in Figure 4 of four to seven times the outer diameter of the orifice of nozzle 34 and a pressure cone associated with the jet with a width, denoted by reference numeral 64 approximately two times the outer diameter of the orifice of nozzle 34. Like the flame tip of a torch, core 61 has a tip 66 which defines an impact point of jet 60. Furthermore, core 61 is generally symmetric about a longitudinal axis 68 from the center of nozzle 34 to impact point 66. Impact point 66 can be characterized as the point of primary or maximized force furtherest away from the orifice of the corresponding nozzle. As best depicted in Figure 3, axis 68 of jet 60 is directed to the base of chip 56 so that the impact point will lie near the base of chip 56, typically within the lower half of diamond face 46 and offset from the center of chip 56 or face 46. Ideally, impact point 66 will lie at a distance of 0.4 to 0.7 inches away from the center of gravity 70 of chip 56 as depicted in Figure 4. This imparts or tends to impart a force which pries off chip 56 from diamond face 46 as depicted in Figures 3 and 4. Otherwise, chip 56 would generally be tightly adhered to diamond face 46. In addition, a torque also tends to be applied to chip 56 by virtue of the moment arm between impact point 66 and center of gravity 70. Therefore, chip 56 also tends to be twisted off or peeled off face 46. In the preferred embodiment, torque applied to each chip 56 on each cutter and chip is directed to peel chips 56 toward gage 12 of bit 10. This feature is better illustrated in Figure 2. Turn to Figure 2 which is a diagrammatic cross-sectional depiction of half of the profile of bit 10 showing each of the circular diamond faces 46 of cutters 21-29 superimposed on the profile as would be obtained after a full revolution of bit 10. Firstly, it is immediately apparent that cutters 21-29 provide overlapping coverage from center line 72 of bit 10 to gage 12. In fact, the outermost cutters 27-29 provide triple redundancy at gage 12 where cutting rates and impact shocks are generally highest. Further, the density of cutter overlap can be seen to increase toward gage 12. In other words, a greater fraction of the cutting face of cutter 26 overlaps with the cutting faces of cutters 27-29 than does the degree of overlap between the cutting faces of cutters 21 and 22. Figure 2 also illustrates the vertical dispersion of gage protection cutters 40. Each of the full cutters 40 is provided with triple redundancy on bit 10 with the exception of fractional cutters 40a, which have been cut by laser cutting or EDM to comprise a portion of the full disc with a flat edge 74 directed outwardly to define gage 12. A sixfold redundancy of cutters 40a is provided on bit 10. Cutters 40 and 40a do not actively cut the formation. They insure the hole size is maintained. They do not cut the bottomhole, and do not require direct cleaning. Consider now the relationship between the directed flow of nozzles 31-34 in connection with the cutting faces of cutters 21-29 as depicted in Figure 2. Again consider for example cutter 24. Cutter 24, as is each cutter, is associated with an imaginary line 76 along which the center of gravity of chip 56 will be positioned. The exact point of the center of gravity of chip 56 along line 76 will depend upon the depth of cut as well as upon the amount of cutter remaining after wear. Thus line 76 represents the locus of the center of gravity of chip 56 over time. Similarly, the projection of axis 68 of hydraulic jet 60 onto the cutting face of cutter 24 defines an imaginary line 78. As shown in Figure 2, line 78, which is indicative of the center of effort of jet 60, lies inboard of line 76 representing the position on the center of gravity of chip 56. Thus, a peeling torque is provided for cutter 24 regardless of the amount of wear or the degree of embedment of cutter 24 into formation 58. It may be verified with each of the cutters that line 78 representative of the center force of jet 60 lies inboard of its corresponding line 76. Returning to Figure 1, it can now be illustrated that the point of impact 66 does not in each case lie at the same distance away from cutter face 46 of its corresponding cutter. This is largely an artifact of manufacture arising from the limited space within bit 10 in which nozzles 31-39 may be angled. Such displacements can in any case be manipulated as a design feature of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment nozzles 31-39 are replaceable from the exterior of bit face 14. Therefore, sufficient space must be provided between each nozzle 31-39 and it corresponding cutter 21-29 to allow insertion and removal of the nozzle and to allow the use of appropriate tools. In the case where the nozzles are permanently fixed or are removable from the interior of bit 10, it may be possible that the variation of the distance between impact point 66 and corresponding cutter faces 46 as shown in Figure 1 would not occur. The fluid can actually impact cutter face 46 between the cutter and chip 56 if so desired.

Claims: In a rotating bit (10) for cutting a plastic formation (58) and comprising a plurality of polycrystalline diamond cutters (21-29, 40, 42), each cutter cutting a chip (56) from said formation (58), characterized in that said bit includes at least one large cutter (21-29) having a diamond cutting face (46) at least as large as a 19 mm [.75 inch] diameter circle and at least one nozzle (31-39) for defining a directed hydraulic flow to said large cutter (21-29), said flow arranged and configured to apply a force to said chip (56) cut by said large cutter (21-29), said force tending to peel said chip (56) away from said cutting face (46) of said large cutter (21-29). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 1 wherein said bit (10) comprises a plurality of said large cutters (21-29) and a plurality of said nozzles (31-39), at least one nozzle (31-39) being provided for each large cutter (21-29) and providing said directed hydraulic flow to the cutting face (46) of each of said large cutters (21-29). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 1 wherein said at least one nozzle (31-39) directs said hydraulic flow to said cutting face (46) of said at least one large cutter (21-29) at a position proximate the center of gravity (70) of said chip (56). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 2 wherein said nozzles direct said hydraulic flow to said cutting faces (46) of each of said large cutters (21-29) at positions proximate the centers of gravity (70) of said chips (56). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 3 wherein said bit (10) has a center (72) and a gage (12),and wherein said at least one nozzle (31-39) directs said hydraulic flow proximate the center of gravity (70) of said chip (56) and radially inward of said center of gravity (70) of said chip (56) with respect to the center (72) of said bit (10), a torque thus being applied to said chip (56) tending to peel said chip (56) off said cutting face (46) of said at least one large cutter (21-29) toward said gage (12) of said bit (10). The rotating bit of Claim 4 wherein said bit (10) has a center (72) and a gage (12), and wherein said nozzles (31-39) direct said hydraulic flow proximate the centers of gravity (70) of said chips (56) and radially inward of said centers of gravity (70) of said chips (56) with respect to the center (72) of said bit (10), a torque thus being applied to said chips (56) tending to peel said chips (56) off said cutting faces (46) of said large cutters (21-29) toward said gage (12) of said bit (10). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 1 or 2 wherein said directed flow of a said nozzle is characterized by a jet (60), said jet (60) defined by flow of hydraulic fluid in a direction and velocity primarily determined by said nozzle (31-39), said jet (60) having a longitudinal axis (68), a width (64) perpendicular to said longitudinal axis (68) and a length (62) along said longitudinal axis (68), that point on said longitudinal axis (68) of said jet (60) most distant from said nozzle (31-39) being defined as an impact point (66) of said jet (60), said impact point (66) of said jet (60) being directed toward a location proximate the attachment of said chip to said rock formation (58). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 1 or 2 wherein said directed flow of a said nozzle (31-39) is characterized by a jet (60), said jet (60) defined by flows of hydraulic fluid in a direction and velocity primarily determined by said nozzle (31-39), said jet (60) including a core (61) having a length (62) and being substantially symmetric about a longitudinal axis (68) and a pressure cone having a width (64) perpendicular to said longitudinal axis, that point on said longitudinal axis of said jet (60) most distant from said nozzle (31-39) being defined as an impact point (66) of said jet (60), said impact point (66) of said jet (60) being directed toward a location proximate the attachment of said chip (56) to said rock formation. The rotating bit (10) of Claim 7 or 8 wherein said impact point of a said jet (60) is within 100 mm to 178 mm [0.4 to 0.7 inch] of the center of gravity (70) of a said chip (56). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 7 or 8 wherein said length (62) is 4 to 7 times the outer diameter of the orifice of a said nozzle (31-39). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 7 or 8 wherein said width (64) is approximately two times the outer diameter of the orifice of a said nozzle (31-39). The rotating bit (10) of Claim 7 or 8 wherein said longitudinal axis (68) of a said jet is disposed at least at one point between a said chip (56) and the cutting face (46) of its corresponding cutter (21-29).

Inventors: TRUJILLO, WILLIAM R.
Applicants: EASTMAN CHRISTENSEN COMPANY
Application year: 1987
Main classification: E21B10
IPC codes: E21B10