Medical micro pipette tips for difficult to reach places and related methods

Abstract: A low cost medical micro pipette tip (60) for difficult to reach places is provided, in which the leading or distal portion (64) of the micro pipette tip is materially elongated and ultra thin. This flexible distal portion of the tip faciliates placement of the distal influent port, for receiving expensive biological extracts, in hard to reach places.

Description: THE PRESENT INVENTION relates generally to pipette tips and more particularly to low cost medical micro pipette tips for difficult to reach places. The known prior art is illustrated in Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings, and comprises low cost essentially rigid pipette tips formed of synthetic resinous material, which are of relatively large transverse dimensions and limited length. It is impossible to fully evacuate expensive liquid extract from test tubes, vials and the like using prior art pipette tips of the type illustrated in Figures 1 to 4. Unsuccessul attempts have been made by others to extend and narrow the leading end of low cost medical micro pipette tips to provide flexibility and substantial reduced size, to enhance extract pick-up in difficult to reach places without destroying the operability of such during attempted use, i.e. by crimping, kinking or otherwise occluding the small interior passageway. For example, heat stretching of the leading end of a low cost prior art tip, of the type illustrated in Figure 1, produced an inoperable and medically unacceptable elongated micro pipette tip. Complex and expensive apparatus has also been proposed, which is of general interest only. The present invention aims to provide low cost medical micro pipette tips for difficult to reach places, and related methods. In the present preferred configurations of the present invention, the leading or distal portion of the micro pipette tips are materially elongated and ultra thin when compared with the prior art and are flexible, but non-occluding. This accommodates placement of the distal influent/effluent port, for receiving and discharging biological extracts, in hard to reach places, such as between closely placed testing plates used in biological electrophoresis, or directly or arcuately, without occlusion, into the lowest normally inaccessible regions of test tubes and vials, which hold residual amounts of very costly biological extracts. One aspect of the present invention provides a micro volume pipette tip having the features defined in Claim 1. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of fabricating a micro volume pipette tip in accordance with Claim 12. In a further aspect of the present invention, a method of withdrawing liquid from a container is provided in accordance with Claim 15. In order that the invention may be readily understood, embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a perspective representation of a conventional prior art pipette tip used in the medical field; Figure 2 is a cross-section taken along lines 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an elevational view, shown partly in cross-section, illustrating the manner in which the prior art conventional pipette of Figure 1 is used to withdraw extract from a test tube; Figure 4 is an elevational view, shown partly in cross-section, illustrating the manner in which the conventional prior art pipette of Figure 1 is used to withdraw extract from a vial or beaker; Figure 5 is a perspective representation of a first medical micro pipette tip embodying the present invention and comprising an ultra thin elongated distal end portion; Figure 6 is a cross-section taken along lines 6-6 of Figure 5; Figure 7 is on elevational view, shown partly in cross-section, of the micro pipette tip of Figure 5 illustrated as being used to remove substantially all of the extract within a test tube; Figure 8 is an elevational view, shown partly in cross-section, of the micro pipette tip of Figure 5 illustrated as being used to remove substantially all of the extract in a vial or beaker; Figure 9 is a perspective representation of a second medical micro pipette tip embodying the present invention; Figure 10 is a longitudinal cross-section taken along the axial centre line of the medical micro pipette tip of Figure 9; Figure 11 illustrates in elevation the manner in which the micro pipette tip of Figure 9 is used in an electrophoresis process to dispose extract into a cup-shaped recess in a gel layer wherein the micro pipette tip of Figure 9 is required to enter the electrophoresis environment between the two narrowly spaced plates; Figure 12 is an elevational view, shown partly in cross-section, illustrating the manner in which the pipette tip of Figure 9 may be used to substantially fully evacuate extract from a vial or beaker; Figures 13 and 14 illustrate diagramatically the manner in which the medical micro pipette tip of Figure 5 can be further fabricated to create the micro pipette tip of Figure 9; and Figure 15 illustrates a preferred core used in fabricating the pipette tip of Figure 5. It is commonplace in the medical field to engage in various forms of testing of solutions wherein a known amount of solution is removed from a container or confinement site, using a pipette tip, and therefore placed from the pipette tip in various types of testing equipment for medical processing. Such solutions or extracts are typically very expensive. It is, therefore, very important that such extracts not be wasted. By way of example, RNA extract and DNA extract, each of which contains genes, are obtained by withdrawing blood from a patient. These extracts are withdrawn from a container or confinement site, such as a beaker, vial or test tube, using a pipette tip and are procesed as indicated. Sometimes, but not always, the extract testing process includes electrophoresis techniques. In the past, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to reach and remove all or substantially all of such extracts from their containers or confinement using state-of-the-art pipette tips. The rigidity and limited length of the conventional prior art pipette tips have made it impossible for such tips to fully evacuate such extracts from their containment or confinement. Accordingly, a substantial economic waste has occurred due to this ineffiency. Prior attempts to extend the length of the distal end portion of such prior art pipette tips to provide better access to difficult to reach places where, for example, residual extract exists have failed. For example, heat stretching of the conventional pipette tips resulted in occlusion of the interior pipette flow path during use. The basic problem resides in the inability of the prior art to mould or otherwise fabricate a medical micro pipette tip having an elongated ultra thin distal end portion which accommodates curvilinear displacement while at the same time retaining the structural integrity of the distal pipette wall thereby preventing occlusion of the flow path within the pipette tip. The present invention has solved this long-standing problem by providing an ultra thin elongated distal end for a medical micro pipette tip wherein a high degree of flexibility is provided for reaching remote and heretofore inaccessible areas, where residual expensive extracts remain and which also has the structural integrity to prevent crimping, buckling, etc. when placed in a curvilinear position, wherein the liquid flow path along the hollow interior of the pipette at the distal end portion is not occluded. Specific reference is now made to the drawings wherein like numerals are used to designate the like parts throughout. Specifically, Figures 1 to 4 illustrate a conventional prior art pipette tip used to remove medical extract from a storage location to test apparatus. The pipette tip of Figure 1 is generally designated 20. Pipette tip 20 comprises a proximal end portion 22 and a distal end portion 24. The proximal end portion 22 comprises a proximal port 26 and adjacent sealing rings 28 by which the tip 20 is secured on to any one of several conventional support tools for use. Typically a plurality of pipette tips 20 are carried in spaced relation by the same support structure and simultaneously inserted respectively into independent containers, such as an array of test tubes, to remove extract. Thereafter the pipette-contained extract is discharged simultaneously from the array of pipette tips into closely spaced independent testing locations, in accordance with current medical testing techniques. The proximal end portion 22 of the tip 20 comprises a smooth circular interior barrel 30, which tapers essentially uniformly in a converging configuration from back to front (left to right as viewed in Figure 1). The normal wall thickness of the proximal end portion 22 is on the order of about 20 thousandths of an inch (0.051 cm). The proximal end portion 22 comprises several exposed longitudinally directed external ribs 32, which provide strength. The exterior surface of the pipette tip 20 is annularly stepped at shoulder 34. The smooth tapered interior 30 comprising the flow path within the pipette tip 20 at the proximal end portion 22 is interrupted by an internal annular groove 36. The material from which the pipette tip 20 is fabricated comprises a synthetic resinous material, such as polypropylene, and is transparent or substantially transparent in its preferred form. The groove 36 is, therefore, readily visually perceptible from the exterior of the tip 20 through the wall thereof. In the course of drawing extract into the pipette 20, the operator knows that the desired predetermined quantity of extract has been received within the hollow interior of the pipette tip 20 when the upper level of the extract is visually identified as having reached the groove 36. Note that the exterior surface along the surfaces 38 of the proximal end portion 22 is tapered at essentially the same rate as the interior surface 30. The pipette tip 20 also comprises a rigid distal end portion 24 extending from the shoulder 34 to the distal edge 40. The distal edge 40 is illustrated as being blunt, i.e. disposed entirely in a plane perpendicular to the axial center line of the tip 20. The distal end portion 24 of the pipette tip 20 is uniformly tapered inside and out at surfaces 42 and 44, respectively. The wall thickness remains constant throughout the length of the distal end portion 24 and is of such a nature that it may not be materially bent, flexed or curvilinearly displaced. Thus, the pipette tip 20 of Figure 1 is used to remove extract from test tubes and beakers as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, the pipette tip 20 being mounted to a suitable conventional apparatus 46. The constraints of the removal procedure using the pipette tip 20, in relation to a conventional extract test tube 50, are illustrated in Figure 3, wherein a residual amount of extract 52 in the lower length 54 of the test tube 50 will remain at the end of the procedure of withdrawing extract into the pipette tip 20. Likewise, a residual quantity of extract 52 will remain in the beaker or vial 56 (Figure 4) to a depth of 58 when the removal process has been completed using the pipette tip 20. This results in a costly waste of extract and constitutes a long-standing problem in the art, not solved by proposals of others. As a result of the problem mentioned immediately above, and the futile efforts of the prior art to successfully address the problem, it has long been thought impossible to provide a low cost, disposable ultra thin elongated medical micro pipette tip remove substantially all contained or confined extract to prevent inefficient waste thereof. The present invention, for the first time, provides a solution to the above-mentioned long-standing problem. One presently preferred pipette tip embodiment of the present invention, generally designated 60, is illustrated in Figure 5. Pipette tip 60, from left to right up to site or location 62, is identical to the pipette tip 20 illustrated in Figures 1 to 4 and described above, with the exception, that the distal barrel has been substantially lengthened to provide an elongated, ultra thin integral extension 64. Location 62 of the tip 60 is the same distance from shoulder 34 as is edge 40 of tip 20. With the exception of extension 64, the pipette tip 60 is illustrated as being identical to the pipette tip 20, identical numerals have been provided on Figures 5 to 8 and no further description thereof is believed to be necessary. The elongated extension 64 is formed as one piece with the remainder of the tip 60 using injection moulding techniques. This preferably comprises process steps identified in greater detail hereinafter. By way of contrast, the wall thickness of the portion 24 typically is within the range of 15 to 20 thousandths of an inch (0.038 to 0.051cm), thereby providing substantial rigidity, whereas the wall thickness of the extension 64, terminating in tapered edge 66 must be within the range of 4 to 10 thousandths of an inch (0.010 to 0.025cm), for proper flexibility coupled with sufficient wall integrity to prevent occlusion of the central passage 68. The use of a taper at edge 66 has been found to more readily release extract liquid which otherwise would be retained by surface friction. It has been found that the central passageway 68 should have a diameter within the range of 10 to 20 thousandths of an inch (0.025 to 0.051cm), 15 thousandths of an inch (0.038cm) being presently preferred. It has been found that extension 64 typically should comprise a length on the order of 1 to 1 ½ inches (2.54 to 3.81cm), while the length of the remainder of the tip 60 is typically on the order of 2 inches (5.08cm). In the normal course of events, the injection moulding of a pipette tip 60 involves utilisation of an elongated core. Conventional core forming techniques normally require grinding of the core to the required diameter. It has, however, been found that conventional core forming grinding techniques cannot produce a core having a distal core portion by which a pipette flow path of on the order of 15 thousandths of an inch (0.038cm) in diameter can be injection moulded. The present pipette tip invention has been accommodated by use of a novel core forming technique. Specific reference is now made to Figure 15, which illustrates the presently preferred core use in forming medical micro pipette tips 60 embodying the invention, the core being generally designated 80. Core 80 comprises a cylindrical base 82, and initial tapered section 84, the presently preferred angle of taper thereof being 2 degrees 08 minutes. An annular projection 86 is integral with the tapered portion 84 and further merges with a tapered section 88, the preferred angle of taper of which is 2 degrees 43 minutes. Tapered section 88 ends at site 90, which corresponds to site 62 of the pipette tip 60. Site 90 comprises a sanded and polished silver solder site at the end of the heretofore described portion of core 80. Silver solder site 90 merges integrally with and unites to a sewing needle 92, of conventional stock, the uniform diameter of which is illustrated as being 15 thousandths of an inch. The utilisation of the sewing needle 92 as an integral part of the core 80 accommodates, surprisingly, the formation of problem-solving pipette tips, in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The remainder of the core 80, apart from the needle 92, is preferably formed of stainless steel, capable of resisting corrosion when used within the interior of injection moulding apparatus. The flexible nature of the needle 92 does not provide for independent self-centering of the needle portion of the core 80. It has been found necessary to provide a centering abutment 95, having a tapered exposed wall surface 97 converging at a centre point, into which the tip 94 of the core 80 is inserted as the core is reciprocated into its injection moulding position, causing the entirety of the core 80 to be axially aligned with precision. Nevertheless, ample room exists through which air is evacuated at abutment 95 from around the core during the injection moulding process. It has been found that a resin having high melt and easy flow characteristics is essential for the formation of the ultra thin wall of the extension 64. It is also essential that once the injection moulded medical micro pipette tip 60 has been formed that the resin forming the same be durable during use. While there are other suitable resins available, it is presently preferred that the tip 60 be formed of polypropylene PD 701 N, available from Himont. Calcium styrate may be used as an additive to the resin to aid in improving the flow characteristics into the mould cavity during the injection moulding process. The pipette tip 60 is constructed to fit a variety of commonly used instruments available in chemical testing laboratories. The mouth of the tip is designed to enable small volume pipetting with good accuracy and to prevent the liquid extract from clinging to the outside of the tip. In use, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 8, the pipette tip 60, attached to an appropriate withdrawal instrument 46, is inserted into a test tube 50 or vial 56 until the flexible extension 64 forcibly engages the bottom of the test tube or vial and is curvilinearly deflected so that the opening at the distal end of passageway 68 is essentially horizontally oriented and can withdraw substantially all of the RNA, DNA or like extract disposed along the bottom of the container. Thus, the user is able to press the leading end of the pipette tip 60 to a generally horizontal position, through 90 o ; which enables the pipette to draw up substantially all of the extract from the bottom of the container, independent of whether or not the container is a relatively long small diameter test tube, such as test tube 50, or a beaker or a vial, such as a container 56. The zero draft inside diameter of the passageway 68 is helpful in its capillary characteristics, which aid in dispensing ultra micro volumes of the extract samples, as required for laboratory testing. These volumes are typically 0.5 to 50 micro litres. It is presently preferred that the second preferred medical micro pipette tip of the present invention, generally designated 80 and illustrated in Figure 9, be formed by further fabrication of the pipette tip 60, heretofore described and illustrated in Figure 5. With the exception of the duckbill distal end region 82, the micro pipette tip 80 is illustrated as being the same as the already described micro pipette tip 60 and is so identified by identical numerals in Figures 9 to 12, requiring no further description. However, since the flattened leading portion 82 of the extension 84 is modified in respect to the extension 64 of tip 60, further description in this regard is necessary. Approximately one half of the extension 84 is modified to form the duckbill end 82. Therefore, approximately one half of the extension 84, shown at the left of the duckbill end 82 in Figure 9 and identified by the numeral 86 is identical to the left one half of the extension 64 (as viewed in Figure 5) and, therefore no further description is believed to be needed. The duckbill section 82 comprises a flattened end comprising a passageway 88 which is rectangular in cross-section. Passage 88 is aligned with and extends the passage 68. The rectangular dimensions of passage 88 re preferably on the order of 5 thousandths by 15 thousandths of an inch (0.013 by 0.038cm), whereas the passageway 68 is preferably 15 thousandths of an inch (0.038cm) in diameter. The flattened end 82, accommodates pickup of extract, to substantially empty containers such as beakers, test tubes and vials (as shown in Figure 12), so that waste of expensive extract is avoided. At the same time, entry of the flattened portion 82 between electrophoresis glass plates into fluid pockets formed in gel, is accommodated, as illustrated in Figure 11. The glass plates 90, used conventionally in the electrophoresis process are closely spaced along slot 92, the rigid width of which is more than the transverse dimension of the extension 64 of the tip 60 but less than the out-to-out narrow dimension of about 10 thousandths of an inch (0.025cm) of the flexible duckbill end portion 82. The plates 90 rest upon a layer of liquid 94, superimposed upon a body of gel 96 into which pockets or gel wells 98 were earlier formed by a spiked tool. The flexible end 82 of the pipette tip 80 is, therefore, desirable in dispensing the extract from pipette tip 80 into well 98 for use in the electrophoresis testing process. Because of the indicated flexibility of the extension 84, including duckbill portion 82, the surface of the associated gel well or pocket 98 is not damaged during the extract injection process, as illustrated in Figure 11. Reference is now made to Figures 13 and 14 which illustrate the preferred manner, presently contemplated for further fabricating a pipette tip 60 into pipette tip 80. Specifically, a stainless steel mandrel 100, which is rectangular in configuration and has a length slightly in excess of the length of the desired duckbill portion 82 is inserted into the hollow interior passage 68 of a pipette tip 60. The preferred cross-sectional dimensions of the mandrel 100 are 5 thousandths by 15 thousandths of an inch (0.013 to 0.038cm), and the preferred inside diameter of the extension 64 is 15 thousandths of an inch (0.038cm). Conventional heat press jaws 102 and 104, diagramatically illustrated in Figures 13 and 14, are also provided. The jaws 102 and 104 are closed and a sufficient amount of heat and pressure are used to heat soften and redistribute the synthetic resinous material comprising the distal end of the extension 64 of the tip 60, covering approximately one half the length thereof, as illustrated in Figure 14. This permanently alters the leading end portion of the extension 64 to form the duckbill section 82 (Figure 9). Upon opening of the heat pressed jaws 102 and 104 and removal of the pipette tip 80 from the rectangular mandrel 100, the duckbill portion 82 of the tip 80 is allowed to cool, after which it is ready for use upon sterilization as required. While the foregoing description has been directed to the formation of a single pipette tip 60 or the fabrication of a pipette 80 from a pre-existing tip 60, it is to be appreciated that in the normal course of commercial manufacturing, multiple cavity moulds are provided and a series of mandrels 100 used to simultaneously form a plurality of tips 60 and 80, respectively, as described. The use of a duckbill end such as duckbill end 82 is sometimes desirable for use in conjunction with the conventional tip 20, illustrated in Figure 1. This duckbill modification of a conventional tip 20 is accomplished as described above and provides a great deal of flexibility at the distal end portion of the pipette tip. This accommodates entry of the distal end of the resulting pipette tip into electrophoresis wells 98 through narrow slot 92 between plates 90.

Claims: A micro volume pipette tip (60) formed of one piece construction from synthetic resinous material comprising: a proximal end portion (22) configured for attachment to a pipette body and having a surrounding wall structure defining an interior flow path (30); retention means (28) for securing the proximal end (22) in an attached condition to the pipette body; and a stiff conical section (24) extending convergently from the proximal end portion (22) and defining a continuation of the flow path (30) of the proximal end portion, said pipette tip being characterised by: an elongate thin distal end (64) forming a flexible tapering extension of the stiff conical section (24) and having a surrounding wall structure defining a central non-occluding passageway (68) forming a continuation of the flow path (30) of the proximal end portion (22) and the conical section (24) and having a distal opening and a diameter which provides the passageway (68) with capillary characteristics, said wall structure of the distal end being curvilinearly deflectable against a bottom of an upright liquid container into a curvilinear configuration through approximately 90 degrees without occluding the central passageway (68), thereby enabling at least a portion of the central passageway (68) communicating with the distal opening to displace to a generally horizontal position within the container. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claim 1, wherein said surrounding wall structure of the distal end has a radial thickness which is within the range of 0.10 to 0.25 mm; said central passageway has a diameter within the range of 0.25 to 0.51mm; and the thickness of the surrounding wall structure of the distal end and the diameter of the central passageway having capillary characteristics are in a ratio within the range of 1/5 to 1/2. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the central passageway is formed as a zero draft, axial capillary bore. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in any preceding claim, wherein the terminal structure of the distal end at the distal opening is minutely, externally tapered. A micro volume pipette tip according to Claim 1 for use with electrophoresis applications of liquid transfer, wherein: said central passageway of the distal end is at least partially configured in rectangular form (82) and has a short axis and a long axis, with a narrow dimension along the short axis of no greater than 0.13 mm and having opposing walls along the long axis which are curvilinearly deflectable through substantially 90 degrees without occluding the passageway when forcibly deflected against a bottom of a liquid container, thereby enabling at least a portion of the central passageway communicating with the distal opening to displace to a generally horizontal position within the container; and said surrounding wall structure of the distal end has an opposing thin wall structure along the short axis with a radial thickness which is no greater than 0.10 mm. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claim 5, wherein the rectangular dimensions of the central passageway are approximately 0.13 by 0.38 mm. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claims 5 or 6, wherein the thickness of the short axis of the central passageway and the opposing thin wall structure of the distal end is collectively no greater than 0.25 mm in total dimension. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claim 5, wherein the distance along the long axis of the central passageway is within the range of approximately 0.38 to 0.51 mm. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in any preceding claim, wherein the pipette tip is formed by an injection molding process. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in Claim 9, wherein the injection molding process uses a polymer having high melt and easy flow characteristics. A micro volume pipette tip as defined in any preceding claim, wherein the distal end is substantially straight, except when forcibly deflected into the curvilinear configuration. A method of fabricating a micro volume pipette tip capable of general use with a vial, test tube or beaker and specific use with electrophoresis plates, said method comprising the steps of: a) selecting a micro pipette tip constructed in accordance with the features defined in Claim 1; b) inserting a rectangular mandrel within the central passageway of the distal end such that a portion of the mandrel extends beyond the distal opening, said mandrel having a thickness dimension of less than 0.25 mm; c) pressing heated jaws against opposing sides of the distal end to melt and flatten the surrounding wall structure around the mandrel to form a rectangular central passageway upon removal of the mandrel; and d) removing the mandrel from the pipette tip. A method as defined in Claim 12, comprising the more specific step of pressing the heated jaws against the opposing sides of the distal end to melt and flatten the surrounding wall structure around the mandrel to form a rectangular central passageway upon removal of the mandrel having a short dimension of approximately 0.13 mm. A method as defined in Claim 12 or 13, comprising the more specific step of pressing the heated jaws against the opposing sides of the distal end to melt and flatten the surrounding wall structure around the mandrel to form a rectangular central passageway upon removal of the mandrel having a long dimension of approximately 0.38 mm. A method of withdrawing liquid to be tested from a container, such as a vial or test tube, comprising the steps of: providing a micro volume pipette tip having a flexible distal end portion and distal opening with a central passageway therein and having a diameter which provides the passageway with capillary characteristics; positioning a selected container and enclosed liquid in upright orientation with the liquid resting at a bottom portion of the container; inserting the distal end portion of the micro pipette tip into the container and below a top surface level of the contained liquid; forcibly deflecting the distal end portion including said central passageway of the micro pipette tip against a bottom of the container into a curvilinear configuration wherein at least a portion of the central passageway communicating with the distal opening is in a generally horizontal position with respect to the top surface level of the liquid and wherein the central passageway is non-occluded; and withdrawing substantially all of the liquid from the container into the micro pipette tip through the distal opening and non-occluded central passageway. A method as defined in Claim 15, comprising the more specific step of forcibly deflecting the distal end portion including said central passageway against the bottom of the container into a curvilinear configuration through 90 degrees of deflection wherein at least a portion of the central passageway communicating with the distal opening is in a generally horizontal position with respect to the top surface level of the liquid.

Inventors: JEFFS DAVID H, JESSOP PAUL M, JEFFS, DAVID H., JESSOP, PAUL M.
Applicants: MULTI TECHNOLOGY INC, MULTI-TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1987
Main classification: B01L3
IPC codes: G01N35, G01N27, B01L3