POWER AS REQUIRED BEAM DEFLECTION SYSTEM FOR CRT DISPLAYS WITH RASTER SUPPLY SWITCHING

Abstract: An electron beam magnetic deflection system capable of raster and stroke deflection and providing minimum power dissipation in raster mode. Automatic switching (36; 20, 24, 28, 30) of the voltage demanded in raster mode is obtained by continuously sampling the yoke (L) current (I), the power supply voltage being switched in magnitude and polarity corresponding to the direction of change and polarity of the yoke current. By returning energy stored in the yoke (L) to the power supply during portions of the raster cycle, power efficiency is substantially enhanced.

Description: The invention relates generally to cathode ray beam deflection systems and more particularly to display systems with electromagnetically deflected cathode ray tube random stroke and periodic raster displays. More particularly, the invention relates to systems of the type including dual mode deflection amplifiers providing increased deflection voltage for reducing slewing time in a stroke mode and for reducing power consumption during a raster mode. The invention has particular, but not exclusive, reference to such display systems for airborne navigation systems. The power efficiency of deflection systems which display both raster and stroke writing is relatively low due to the high yoke drive voltages required to assure adequate writing speed. There is a significant increase in power consumption as sophisticated airborne navigation displays, for example, require increased display area and more displayed information. Since the deflection yoke driver consumes a significant portion of the total display power, it is desirable to enhance the power efficiency of the deflection system. A primary requirement for deflection amplifiers for an electromagnetically deflected CRT is that of supplying accurately controlled currents to the deflection yokes to assure linear operation and to provide minimum power dissipation. A CRT deflection yoke is an inductor, hence the supply voltage required is determined by the desired deflection driver output voltage, L di/dt + iR. Since the rate of deflection for the raster display is generally much higher than for stroke deflection, the supply voltages for raster deflection are correspondingly higher. Further, the greater the amount of information to be presented by the display during the stroke period, the higher the slew rate required and the greater the peak power required. Power reduction in the prior art has been limited to switching the yoke drive supplied voltages to a lower level during the stroked deflection period than during the raster deflection period, and the use of a flyback raster during the retrace. Apparatus providing suitable circuitry for this purpose is shown in U.S.-A-3,965,390. With a flyback raster, a period of time is required for flyback and beam settling for each raster line. This time may be as much as ten percent of the total raster time. The power required for flyback is essentially wasted power. Furthermore, higher supply voltages are required to reduce the flyback time, resulting in increased power consumption. By utilising a bi-directional raster (i.e. writing alternate lines of raster in opposite directions), additional information may be displayed during the retrace period without increasing the supply voltages. In US-A-3,887,842 an electromagnetic deflection display is disclosed in which random stroke and raster mode are operable, and where a higher deflection voltage is applied during slew time than during raster time and system power is limited to a predetermined average value during the random stroke display. The present invention is defined in the appended claims and provides a system for reducing power during the raster display as well as during the stroke display. The present invention differs from the prior art by switching the power supplied to the yoke driver during the raster deflection period to the minimum power level required by the deflection waveform, as well as switching supply levels between the raster and stroke deflection periods. The disclosure in US-A-3,965,390 cited above switches power supplies during the stroke period, but does not augment efficiency during the raster deflection. The present invention is useful in both flyback raster systems and bidirectional raster systems. An electron beam magnetic deflection system of the present invention for a cathode ray tube provides linear deflection in a stroke mode and a raster mode, the stroke mode permitting random deflection of the beam and the raster mode providing periodic deflection of the beam. The system may comprise a preamplifier input stage responsive to a deflection signal, an output stage coupled to the output of the preamplifier for driving a deflection yoke and providing a current in the deflection coil proportional to the deflection signal, thereby deflecting the electron beam in a direction corresponding to the waveform of the deflection signal, and a switch control coupled to receive raster/stroke mode signals and further coupled to a plurality of switches for energising the driver stage from voltage sources of opposing polarities and predetermined magnitudes. In the stroke mode, voltages or relatively low magnitude and opposing polarities are applied through corresponding switches to energise the driver stage. In the raster mode, voltages of predetermined magnitudes greater than the stroke voltages are applied to energise the driver stage, voltages of positive and negative polarities being alternately and sequentially applied to the driver stage to provide outputs corresponding to the desired magnitude and predetermined direction of deflection of the electron beam. The switch control alternately and sequentially energises pairs of switches corresponding to the desired voltages to be applied in the stroke or raster operating mode in accordance with the raster/stroke control signal and the desired direction of deflection of the electron beam. An electron beam magnetic deflection system for a cathode ray tube and in accordance with the present invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a graphical representation showing the yoke current waveform of a flyback deflection system and resulting raster trace on the CRT screen, Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the deflection yoke current waveform and corresponding raster trace on the CRT screen for a bi-directional raster scan, Figure 3a, 3b, and 3c are graphical representations of control signals and deflection signals during the stroke and raster scan periods of the present invention, Figure 4 is a block diagram of an electromagnetic deflection driver system according to the present invention, and Figures 5a-5e are graphical representations showing waveforms at various points of the system of Figure 4. As shown in Figure 1, a conventional unidirectional raster deflection signal is comprised of a sawtooth waveform for energising a deflection yoke, having a portion 2 during which yoke current linearly decreases from positive to negative values, and a second portion 4 during which the yoke current is abruptly increased from a negative peak to a positive peak. As shown in the CRT pattern, a relatively long period of time corresponds to the forward deflection of the electron beam, and a relatively short period of time corresponds to the flyback signal, during which time the electron beam is caused to retrace its path to the opposing side of the CRT screen, whereupon it resumes its forward scan. The beam is normally blanked during the retrace period. Since no useful data is provided during the retrace period, which can amount to as much as ten percent or more of the total raster time, the retrace portion of the scan is unavailable for data presentation and results in additional power losses. Figure 2 shows a bi-directional raster system, in which data is written on alternate lines of the raster as it is deflected in opposing directions. Thus, the yoke current is seen to be in the form of a triangular waveform having substantially equal time periods for forward scan 6 and reverse scan 8. During the forward scan 6, yoke current is driven from positive to negative polarity, and during the reverse scan 8 the yoke current is driven from negative to positive polarity. The above examples are illustrative only, and can be adapted for driving the electron beam in any desired direction, including vertical or horizontal raster patterns. It is seen from the CRT pattern of Figure 2 that the forward scan 6 and reverse scan 8 occupy equal intervals of time and that only a small, essentially minimal, period of time is required for deflecting the electron beam at the end of the scan interval to the position required for scanning the next line. Consequently, only minimal power is lost during the blanked portion of the scan and both forward and reverse deflections can be used for presentation of data. Referring now to Figure 3A, it may be seen that a display frame consists of two sequential and interlaced fields, Field No. 1 and Field No. 2 which preferably may be repeated at an 80 Hz rate. Each field is divided into a stroke period, during which the deflection signal is aperiodic as noted by waveform segment 48, and a raster period comprised of 256 lines during which the deflection signal is repetitive as noted by waveform 50. The dashed portions of the waveform represent discontinuities, since only portions of the respective waveforms have been presented for clarity. Following completion of the raster period in Field No. 1, Field No. 2 is executed, which is comprised of a stroke period 52 and a raster period 53 as in Field No. 1. The sequential display of Fields Nos. 1 and 2 constitutes a frame, which is then repeated. Waveform 52 denoting the stroke signal in Field No. 2 may differ from waveform 48 in that the desired display symbology may change from field to field. While the yoke deflection signal is periodic during the raster scan, it is aperiodic in nature during the stroke duration because of the random nature of the commanded deflection of the CRT beam. In accordance with the present invention, as shown in Figure 4, a raster power-as-required beam deflection system includes an input stage deflection preamplifier 10, a push-pull output driver stage 12, a deflection yoke L mounted on the cathode ray tube (not shown), and a yoke current sampling resistor R. As noted above, the slew rate required during the stroke mode is generally significantly less than the rate required during the raster mode. This permits a lower voltage source to be applied to the driver 12 with consequential power savings during the stroke mode. Further savings are achieved by the present invention by also switching voltages applied to the driver 12 in the raster mode, in accordance with the direction of the beam deflection. Such switching is accomplished in synchronism with the deflection waveform in a manner to be described below. An input signal E IN representative of the desired beam deflection is applied at a terminal 14 to a conventional summing junction 16. The output signal from the junction 16 is amplified by the deflection preamplifier 10 which provides an amplified signal to the driver stage 12. The driver stage 12 is preferably of the push-pull type and operates in a conventional manner, having an output coupled to the deflection yoke L. The preamplifier 10 and the driver 12 are operated in a linear mode, so that current applied to the yoke L is representative of the deflection signal E IN . To assure linearity, a portion of the yoke current flowing through the series resistor R is used to provide a feedback voltage on a line 18 to the summing junction 16. The voltages applied to the junction 16 are of opposing polarities, so that any departure from linearity in the output signal of the yoke L is applied in such a direction as to linearise the resultant driving signal. The deflection amplifier 10 of Figure 4 has the capability of operating a raster mode or a stroke-writing mode. In the raster mode, the writing speeds required are typically several times greater than that required in the stroke-writing mode. This requires a greater rate of change of current to be developed through the yoke L, and thus requires a higher voltage supply. In the stroke mode a positive voltage +V S is applied to a switch 20 and thence from a node 22 to energise the driver 12. A corresponding voltage -V S of opposing polarity is applied to a switch 24 and thence through a node 26 to the driver 12. These supplies are typically ± 22 VDC. In the raster mode, a switch 28 couples a voltage of positive polarity from a voltage source V R to the node 22 from where it is applied to the driver 12. A switch 30 applies a negative voltage of magnitude -V R to a node 26 and thence to the driver 12. These supplies are typically ± 68 VDC. A unidirectional conducting element, such as a diode 32, has a cathode coupled to the node 22 and an anode coupled to the voltage source -V S . Similarly, a diode 34 has its anode coupled to the node 26 and the cathode coupled to the voltage source +V S . The diodes 32 and 34 are used to couple voltage sources -V S and + V S , respectively, to the driver 12, in a manner to be described, during the raster mode. A switch control 36 and an inverter 38 are energised by a signal R/S applied to a terminal 40 so as sequentially and alternately to energise pairs of switches 28 and 30 in the raster mode and switches 20 and 24 in the stroke mode. The switch control 36 also receives a signal, the function of which is to be described, on line 46 from the output of the driver 12. The inverter 38 receives its input from the signal at the terminal 40 and controls the switches 20 and 24. The switches 20, 24, 28, and 30 may comprise conventional semiconductor elements biased to operate in either the saturated or cut-off modes, as in U.S.-A-3,965,390 referred to above. The switch control 36 may comprise conventional logic gates. In operation, an input signal E IN representative of the desired beam deflection waveform is applied at the terminal 14. This signal is amplified by the deflection preamplifier 10 which provides an amplified signal to the output driver 12 via line 13. The preamplifier 10 is supplied with voltage sources +V R and -V R in a conventional manner. The output of the driver 12 is connected by line 15 to the yoke L with a positive current I indicated by the direction of the arrow in Figure 4. The yoke current I also passes through the resistor R connected at junction 17. The voltage drop across the resistor R is fed back in closed-loop fashion to the summing junction 16 where it is algebraically subtracted from the input signal E IN to provide an error signal E E to the preamplifier 10. The closed loop assures that the current in the yoke L is a linear representation of the deflection signal applied to the input 14 in a conventional manner. Referring now to Figure 3B, with continued reference to Figure 4, a raster/stroke mode control signal R/S applied to the input terminal 40 comprises a rectangular waveform. During the stroke period 54, the signal R/S is seen to be a logic low. During the raster period 56 the signal is seen to be a logic high. This signal is coupled on line 37 to the inverter 38 so that a logic high, denoting a raster command at input 40, results in a logic low at node 47, and the switches 20 and 24, coupled to the inverter at node 47, are not enabled. However, during the raster mode, the signal at the input 40 is also applied to the switch control 36, which thereby enables the energisation of switches 28a and 30 upon the satisfaction of a required input signal on a line 46 from the output of driver 12. In consequence, only one pair of switches, providing positive and negatively polarised voltage sources, is applied at one time, commensurate with the scan mode of operation. As shown in Figure 3c, during the raster period a periodic switch signal (derived from the driver 12) is applied on the line 46 in synchronism with the raster scan. The function of the switch signal is to control the application of power sources of varying amplitude and polarity to the deflection amplifier for obtaining increased slew speed and power efficiency. Referring now to Figure 5A, there is shown the yoke current waveform required for bi-directional raster deflection. When the raster is to be deflected in a first predetermined direction, the yoke current ascends in a positive direction 60 and when the raster is to be deflected in a second predetermined direction, as to return substantially to its initial position, the yoke current has a negative or descending slope 64. The voltage required to provide the desired yoke current is determined by the well-known formula:- V= L di/dt + IR (1) where L = inductance of the yoke I = current through the yoke R = resistance of the yoke Since di/dt for this current waveform changes from positive to negative for a bidirectional raster, the voltage output of the yoke driver 12 must also change correspondingly from positive to negative. The required driver output voltage is shown in Figure 5B. When the slope of the yoke current 60 is positive, a positive driver output voltage is required. When the slope of the yoke current 64 is negative, a negative driver output voltage is required. Thus, corresponding voltages may be applied to the yoke driver 12 without adversely affecting yoke driver operation, while providing economy in power consumption. The driver output voltage is used to actuate the switch control 36 to change the voltages applied during raster operation. Referring again to Figure 3b, with continued reference to Figure 4 and 5a, the stroke period is initiated by the raster/stroke signal R/S during the negative-going pulse 54. Switch 20 is enabled by inverter 38 thereby coupling power supply +V S to node 22 and to driver 12 at terminal 58. Simultaneously, the switch 24 is also enabled by inverter 38 and voltage source -V S is coupled through the switch 24 to the node 26 and a terminal 60 of the driver 12. Since the driver 12 is typically a push-pull amplfier, the voltages at points 58 and 60 would typically be applied to the collectors of NPN and PNP transistors, as in the emitter-follower amplifier 10 of U.S.-A-3,965,390 referred to above. In the stroke mode, since the input to the switch control 36 is a logic low, the switches 28 and 30 are inactive, and therefore voltage sources +V R and -V R are inhibited from being applied to the driver 12. At the same time, diodes 32 and 34 are back-biased by the voltage sources -V S and +V S , respectively, so that the only voltages applied to the driver 12 are those heretofore described. In the raster mode, the signal R/S applies a logic high 56 to the inverter 38 and the switches 20 and 24 are thereby deactivated, removing voltage sources +V S and -V S from application to the driver 12. The signal R/S is also applied to the switch control 36, closing the switches 28 and 30 sequentially and alternately as triggered by the driver output signal on the line 46. This operation may be more clearly understood by the following analysis of the current flow through the yoke. Consider now the waveform at segment 62 of Figure 5a, denoting yoke current flowing in a positive direction (down to ground) and decreasing in amplitude. At the positive peak of the yoke triangular waveform, denoted by point 61, the switch 30 is turned on by the switch control 36 when triggered by the drive voltage on the line 46 at the transition from an increasing yoke current to a decreasing yoke current. Simultaneously, the switch 28 is turned off. Figure 3C shows the condition of switches 28 and 30 corresponding to the raster/stroke signal Figure 3B and yoke deflection signal of Figure 3a. Thus, it may be seen that during the negative slope 51 of the raster, the switch 30 is closed while the switch 28 is open. Power supply -V R is applied through the switch 30 and the node 26 to the terminal 60 of the driver 12. The diode 34 is back biased by -68V applied to the anode from the supply -V R and by +22V applied to the cathode by the power supply +V S . Since current through the yoke is flowing in a positive direction, although decreasing in amplitude, it must flow from the push-pull driver 12 to ground through the yoke L. The diode 32 is forward biased. Thus, the current path is from -V S through the diode 32 to the terminal 58 and from the driver output on line 15 through the yoke L and the resistor R to ground. Since the switches 20 and 24 are turned off by the signal from the inverter 38, no current flows from supply +V S to terminal 58, nor from supply -V S to terminal 60 of the driver 12. Referring now to segment 64 of waveform 5a, where the yoke current is increasing in a negative direction, the flow of current through the yoke L is reversed. Since the switch 30 is on and the switch 28 is off, the current must flow upwards from ground through the yoke L along line 15 to the driver 12 and out through the lower terminal 60 to the power supply -V R . The diode 34 remains back biased while no current flows through the diode 32, since no current flows through the upper section of the driver 12. When the yoke deflection signal reverses direction, as in Figure 3a at slope 55 of the raster signal, the switch 30 is opened and switch 28 is closed. The corresponding waveforms applied to driver 12 are shown in Figure 5c and 5d, with the resultant driver output voltage, Figure 5b. This occurs at point 65 where the yoke current reverses in slope, thus triggering the switch control 36 to close the switch 28 and open the switch 30 in accordance with Figure 3c. At point 66, while the slope is positive, the current remains negative and therefore continues flowing upward, diminishing in amplitude through yoke L. The supply +68V is applied through the switch 28 to the node 22 and terminal 58 of the driver 12. The negative -22V potential from -V S at the anode and +68V at the cathode results in back biasing of the diode 32. Figure 5b shows that a positive potential of approximately 50-60V is applied to the yoke L by the yoke driver 12. Since the current through the yoke L is in a negative direction, it must flow through line 15 to the driver 12 and out through terminal 60 in the node 26. Since the switches 24 and 30 are turned off, the current path continues through the diode 34 to the power supply +V S . The diode 34 is forward biased by +60 V at the anode and +22 V at the cathode. The current cycle is completed at segment 68 of Figure 5a. Here the yoke current has again reversed direction and is now positive, while the switch 28 remains on and the switch 30 remains off. Since the current is flowing in a positive direction it must flow through the upper section of the driver 12. The diode 32 remains back biased and therefore no current flows therethrough. Furthermore, since the switches 24 and 30 are off, and no current may flow in a positive direction through the lower section of the driver 12, no current flows through the diode 34. The current path is therefore seen to be from supply +V R through the switch 28 to the node 22. It then follows the path to terminal 58 of the driver 12 and through line 15 to the yoke L and the resistor R to ground. It may seem from the Figures that to achieve the required driver output voltage, power supplies +V R and +V S are applied to the nodes 22 and 26, respectively, during the positive slope yoke current and that power supplies -V S and -V R are applied during the negative slope of yoke current. Thus, to achieve the desired driver voltage, the supply +V R must be greater in magnitude in a positive polarity sense than the supply +V S , and the supply -V R must be greater in magnitude in a negative polarity sense than the supply -V S . Note that the driver voltage departs from a rectangular waveform. The slope of the required driver output voltage as shown in Figure 5b is required to linearise the drive current in view of the voltage loss in the feedback resistor R and the internal resistance of the yoke L with increase or decreasing yoke current. It may also be seen that in the raster mode during portions of each cycle of yoke current the energy stored in the yoke L is returned to the -V S or +V S power supplies. This occurs from the time the switch 30 is turned off until the yoke current changes from minus to plus as in the shaded segment 70 of Figure 5e, and when the switch 28 is turned off at point 61 of Figure 5a until the current changes from plus to minus, as in segment 72 of Figure 5e. The shaded segments of Figure 5e represent energy returned to the power supplies. Assuming values of ± 68V and ± 22V for the power supplies, and a peak yoke current of 3 amp, a conventional beam deflection system without raster voltage switching would consume 102 watts, while the present invention consumes only 34.5 watts, assuming no losses due to circuit components or switching time.

Claims: An electron beam magnetic deflection system for a cathode ray tube controllably operable to provide linear deflection in a stroke mode for random deflection of the beam and a raster mode for periodic deflection of the beam in a sequential pattern of raster lines, the system comprising: input means (16,10) for receiving an input signal indicative of a desired deflection of the beam and for providing an output signal responsive to the input signal, output means (12) coupled to receive the output signal and operable to provide a further output signal for controlling current in a deflection coil (L) operatively coupled to the electron beam, and to cause a desired beam deflection in a predetermined direction in accordance with the polarity of the further output signal, first and second raster mode switches (28, 30) the outputs of which are connected as inputs to the output means (12) and first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) the outputs of which are also connected as inputs to the output means, stroke voltage sources of a predetermined magnitude and of a first polarity (+V S ) and an opposing polarity (-V S ) being applied to the first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) respectively, in the stroke mode, and raster voltage sources of a further predetermined magnitude greater than said predetermined magnitude and of a first polarity (+V R ) and an opposing polarity (-V R ), respectively, being applied to the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) in the raster mode, and switch control means (36); characterised in that: the switch control means (36) is responsive to a raster/stroke signal for sequentially commanding the stroke mode or the raster mode of operation and further responsive to the further output signal from the output means (12) for alternately enabling and disabling the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) in the raster operating mode when generating the raster lines in accordance with the polarity of the further output signal, and for enabling the first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) in the stroke mode, and in that the system further comprises first coupling means (32) for coupling an input of the output means (12) to one of the stroke voltage sources (-V S ), when one of the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) is disabled in the raster mode of operation when generating the raster lines. A system according to claim 1, characterised in that the switch control means (36) comprises logic gate means for sequentially and alternately energising the first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) in the stroke mode and the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) in the raster mode, and in that the switch control means is further responsive to the further output signal from the output means (12) indicative of a predetermined direction of beam deflection, the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) and the first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) being coupled to provide raster voltages of magnitudes greater than voltages of corresponding polarities when energised in the stroke mode. A system according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the raster mode is operable in a unidirectional flyback mode. A system according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the raster mode is operable in a bidirectional scan mode. A system according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that one of the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) is coupled to a source of positive voltage polarity. A system according to claim 5, characterised in that the other of the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) is coupled to a source of negative voltage polarity. A system according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the first raster mode switch (28) has first and second terminals, the first terminal being coupled to receive a raster voltage source of positive polarity (+V R ) and the second terminal being coupled to energise the output means (12) and to deflect the electron beam in a first predetermined direction when the first raster mode switch (28) is activated by the switch control means (36) in the raster mode, the first stroke mode switch (20) has first and second terminals, the first terminal being coupled to receive a stroke voltage source of positive polarity (+V S ), and the second terminal being coupled to the second terminal of the first raster mode switch (28), the first stroke mode switch being responsive to the raster/stroke signal to energise the output means (12) in the stroke mode, the second raster mode switch (30) has first and second terminals, the first terminal thereof being coupled to receive a raster voltage source of negative polarity (-V R ) and the second terminal thereof being coupled to energise the output means (12) and deflect the electron beam in a second predetermined direction when the second raster mode switch (30) is activated by the switch control means (36) in the raster mode, the second stroke mode switch (24) has first and second terminals, the first terminal thereof being coupled to receive a stroke voltage source of negative polarity (-V S ) and the second terminal being coupled to the second terminal of the second raster mode switch (30), the second stroke mode switch (24) being responsive to the raster/stroke signal to energise the output means (12) in the stroke mode, the first coupling means comprise first unidirectional conducting means (32) having a cathode terminal coupled to the second terminals of the first raster mode switch (28) and the first stroke mode switches (20) and an anode terminal coupled to the stroke voltage source of negative polarity (-V S ) and to the first terminal of the second stroke mode switch (24), for coupling the output means (12) to the source of stroke voltage of opposing polarity when the first raster mode switch (28) is de-energised by the switch control means (36), the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) are alternately energised when in the raster mode, and the first and second stroke mode switches (20,24) are simultaneously energised in the stroke mode, further characterised in that the system comprises second coupling means comprising second unidirectional conducting means (34) having an anode terminal coupled to the second terminals of the second raster mode switch (30) and the second stroke mode switch (24) and a cathode terminal coupled to the stroke voltage source of positive polarity (+V S ) and to the first terminal of the first stroke mode switch (20), for coupling the output means (12) to the source of stroke voltage of a first polarity when the second raster mode switch (30) is de-energised by the switch control means (36). A system according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that it further comprises second coupling means (34) for coupling the output means (12) to the other stroke voltage source when the other of the first and second raster mode switches (28,30) is disabled in the raster mode of operation when generating the raster lines. A system according to claim 8, characterised in that the first and second coupling means comprise first and second diodes (32,34).

Inventors: GOLDMAN, WINSTON WIRT
Applicants: HONEYWELL INC.
Application year: 1987
Main classification: H03K4
IPC codes: H03K4, H04N3, G09G1, H01J29