AC INPUT FREE POWER SOURCE

Abstract: There is disclosed an AC input free power source comprising a power transformer to receive an AC input, a rectifier connected to said power transformer to convert the AC input into a DC output, and a switching transistor so driven as to produce a stable current by the switching action thereof. In addition to the above, the present invention further includes a primary voltage detection circuit with the said switching transistor used as a first switching transistor, wherein the voltage to be applied thereto is obtained substantially from the center of the secondary winding of the power transformer, while the AC input voltage is detected and a control signal is outputted in accordance with the value of the detected voltage; and a switching input voltage changeover circuit having a second switching transistor and, in response to the control signal, changing the first and second switch­ ing transistors selectively for execution of switching action.

Description: The present invention relates to an AC input free power source suitable for use with, for example, an electronic apparatus. An AC input free power source is one which can be used with AC inputs of different voltage levels. A conventional AC input free power source generally comprises, as shown in Fig. 5, a power transformer PT3, a rectifier BD2, a transistor Q6 for protecting an IC (integrated circuit), a switching transistor Q7, a zener diode ZD3 for protecting the switching transistor Q7, a smoothing capacitor C3, a resistor R12 for protecting the transistor Q6, a resistor R13 for limiting the start current of the transistor Q6, and another resistor R14 for controlling the drive current of the transistor Q6. A switching control signal (TRE) for the switching transistor Q7 is fed from the IC to a terminal 7, while a base potential control signal (R) for the transistor Q6 is fed from the IC to a terminal 9. There are obtained a reference potential (GND) from a terminal 8 and a switching output voltage (VNG) from a terminal l0 respectively, and a dummy load Rl5 is connected to terminals 8a and l0a which correspond respectively to the aforesaid terminals 8 and l0. In the known AC input free power source of such circuit configuration, the secondary output voltage of the power transformer PT3 naturally rises in accordance with increase of the AC input voltage applied thereto. The input voltage to the AC input free power source ranges from rated ll0 volts minus l5% to rated 240 volts plus l5%. The power transformer PT3 is so designed that a required minimum switching output voltage is obtained across the dummy load Rl5 when the AC input voltage is minimum. In case the AC input voltage is maximum, the output voltage becomes about three times the minimum value. The number of on-off actions or switching frequency of the switching transistor Q7 is determined substantially by the aforementioned power transformer PT3, smoothing capacitor C3 and dummy load Rl5. It follows, therefore, that the switching frequency of the switching transistor Q7 varies in accordance with the AC input voltage applied to the power transformer PT3. The waveform of the rectified secondary voltage has a low peak value as shown in Fig. 6 (a) when the AC input voltage is low, or has a high peak value as shown in Fig. 6 (b) when the AC input voltage is high. Accordingly, if the AC input voltage is high, the switching output voltage reaches a switching-off detection level before the capacitor C3 can become fully charged. Therefore the capacitor C3 is discharged in a short period of time, and the switching output voltage becomes a switching-on detection level. Thus, as shown in Fig. 6 (d), the number of on-off switching actions repeated per unit time increases to be more than that obtained in Fig. 6 (c) where the AC input voltage is low. Denoted by A and B in Fig. 6 (c) and (d) are the charge and discharge voltages of the capacitor C3. Since the switching action is accompanied with an output loss, it is natural that the power loss increases in accordance with rise of the switching frequency. And further due to the high AC input voltage, there occurs an increase in the peak current from the power transformer PT3, so that the power transformer PT3, the switching transistor Q7 and so forth are heated. For averting such a state, a larger capacitor is required but this brings about other problems including larger dimensions of the apparatus and higher cost of production. The present invention is directed to alleviating the above problems observed in the prior art. Our published European patent application EP-A-0168183 discloses a power transfer circuit in which a full wave rectifier is connected across the secondary winding of a power transformer and in which the connections between the rectifier and secondary are arranged to be switched so as to reduce the voltage to be rectified when the AC input voltage is high. In one arrangement of this prior art, the switching happens automatically in accordance with a detected rectified voltage as applied to the load. This prior art does not include a controlled switching transistor for stabilising the output, and is therefore not concerned with the problems discussed earlier in relation to the circuit of Fig. 5. According to the present invention, there is provided an AC input free power source comprising a power transformer (PT1) arranged to receive an AC input on its primary side, a rectifier (BDl) connected to a secondary winding of said power transformer to convert an AC output from said secondary winding into a DC output, and a switching device (Q5) coupled to receive said DC output and to provide an output, and a primary voltage detection means (1) for producing a changeover signal in accordance with the magnitude of the AC input voltage, characterised in that said switching device (Q5) is a switching transistor arranged to be controlled so as to perform a switching action for the production of a stabilised output current, and in that there is provided: a further switching transistor (Q2) coupled to receive a reduced voltage obtained from a point substantially at the centre of said secondary winding, and also arranged to be controlled so as to perform a switching action for the production of a stabilised output current, and switching control means (Q4) operable in response to said changeover signal to selectively switch between said first-mentioned (Q5) and further (Q2) switching transistors for the production of a stabilised output selectively from said DC output from said rectifier, or said reduced voltage. In this arrangement, therefore, a stepped-down voltage can be used by the second switching transistor when the AC input voltage is high thereby averting increase of the switching frequency to consequently minimise power loss and generation of heat. The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention and wherein: Fig. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 (a) graphically illustrates the relationship between a voltage waveform at point C in Fig. 1 and that in a conventional example; Fig. 2 (b) shows the waveform of a VNG ripple voltage; Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram showing a second embodiment of the invention; Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram showing a third embodiment of the invention; Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of a conventional power source; Fig. 6 (a) graphically shows the waveform of the rectified secondary voltage of a power transformer obtained when an AC input voltage is minimum; Fig. 6 (b) shows the waveform of the rectified secondary voltage of the power transformer obtained when the AC input voltage is maximum; Fig. 6 (c) shows the waveform of a VNG ripple voltage produced when the AC input voltage in Fig. 5 is minimum; and Fig. 6 (d) shows the waveform of a VNG ripple voltage produced when the AC input voltage in Fig. 5 is maximum. Hereinafter a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. The AC input free power source according to the first embodiment comprises, as shown in Fig. 1, a power transformer PT1, a rectifier BD1, a primary voltage detection means 1, a switching input voltage changeover means 2, an IC (integrated circuit) protection transistor Q1, a first switching transistor Q2 for a high AC input, a smoothing capacitor C1, a resistor R1 for limiting the base current of the first switching transistor Q2 and also ensuring the base current of a second switching transistor Q5 in the switching input voltage changeover means 2, a resistor R2 for limiting the start current of the transistor Q1, a resistor R3 for limiting the drive current of the transistor Q1, a diode D3 for protecting the first switching transistor Q2, and a diode D4 through which the emitter of the first switching transistor Q2 is connected substantially to the centre of the secondary winding of the power transformer PT1. The primary voltage detection means 1 comprises a rectifying diode D1, a smoothing capacitor C2, a charge limiting resistor R5 and a potential stabilising resistor R6 for the smoothing capacitor C2, a primary voltage detecting zener diode ZD2, a primary voltage detection output transistor Q3, a base current limiting resistor R7 and a base potential control resistor R8 for the primary voltage detection output transistor Q3, and a collector potential clamping resistor R9 for the transistor Q3. And the output power of the detection means 1 is obtained from the centre of the secondary winding of the power transformer PT1 and the rectifier BD1. Meanwhile, the switching input voltage changeover means 2 comprises a second switching transistor Q5 for a low AC input, a zener diode ZD1 for protecting both the first switching transistor Q2 and the second switching transistor Q5, a diode D2 for protecting a transistor Q4 which controls selective changeover of the first and second switching transistors Q2 and Q5, a resistor R10 for starting the transistor Q4, and a resistor R11 for stabilising the on-off changeover operation. A switching control signal (hereinafter referred to as TRE) for the first and second switching transistors Q2 and Q5 is fed from the IC to a terminal 3, and a base potential control signal (R) for the transistor Q1 is fed from the IC to a terminal 5. A reference potential (hereinafter referred to as GND) is outputted from a terminal 4, and a switching output voltage (hereinafter referred to as VNG) is outputted from a terminal 6. And a dummy load R4 is connected to terminals 4a and 6a which correspond respectively to the aforesaid terminals 4 and 6. In the above circuit, the first and second switching transistors correspond with the further and first-mentioned switching transistors, respectively, in the claims. In the above constitution, the primary voltage detection means 1 detects the AC input voltage and feeds a control signal to the switching input voltage changeover means 2 in accordance with the value of the detected voltage. The capability of the primary voltage detection means 1 to discriminate between high and low values of the input voltage despite its connection to the secondary winding rather than the primary winding of the power transformer is based on the fact that the secondary voltage is proportional to a variation in the primary voltage. And the AC input voltage is judged to be high or low by comparison with the total of the zener voltage of the zener diode ZD2, the emitter base voltage of the transistor Q3 and the voltage across the resistor R7. For example, when the AC input voltage is low, the potential at point A shown in Fig. 1 is shallower than the above-mentioned total voltage. Accordingly, the base potential of the transistor Q3 is clamped by the resistor R8 to become approximately equal to the GND level. Then the transistor Q3 is turned off, so that the potential at point D is clamped to the VNG and the potential at point B by the resistor R9 and the resistor R10 in the switching input voltage changeover means 2, whereby the base potential of the transistor Q4 is changed to its on-level and consequently an on-current is fed to the second switching transistor Q5 during a high-level period of the TRE signal. In this stage the TRE signal is fed also to the first transistor Q2 via the diode D3 and the resistor Rl, but the first transistor Q2 is not turned on since the potential at point C is about half the value at point B and the emitter voltage of the first switching transistor Q2 at point C is shallower than the VNG corresponding to the collector voltage. Therefore, when the AC input voltage is low, the second switching transistor Q5 in the switching input voltage changeover means 2 is driven to execute its switching action. Meanwhile, when the AC input voltage is high, the potential at point A is deeper than the aforesaid total voltage. Accordingly, a current comes to flow in the base of the transistor Q3 via the zener diode ZD2 and the resistor R7. Then the transistor Q3 is turned on, so that the potential at point D is changed to the GND level. Consequently, the base potential of the transistor Q4 is changed to its off-level and therefore the TRE signal is fed entirely to the first switching transistor Q2 without being introduced to the second switching transistor Q5. It follows that when the AC input voltage is high, the first switching transistor Q2 is driven to execute its switching action. Since the emitter of the first switching transistor Q2 is connected substantially to the center of the secondary winding of the power transformer PTl, about half the voltage at point B is applied to the emitter of the first switching transistor Q2. That is, a voltage of the waveform represented by a solid line in Fig. 2 (a) is applied. Consequently, it becomes possible to avert an undesired phenomenon that the VNG reaches a switching-off detection level with the capacitor Cl being not fully charged. Thus, as shown in Fig. 2 (b), the switching frequency is not increased so much in comparison with that in another case of a low AC input voltage, hence minimizing power loss and generation of heat in the switching transistors Q2, Q5 and the power transformer PTl. Denoted by C in Fig. 2 (b) is the charge-discharge voltage of the capacitor Cl. Now a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Fig. 3, wherein component members functionally equal to those employed in the first embodiment are represented by the same reference numerals and symbols. In this embodiment, a power transformer PT2 is equipped with two secondary windings, and a rectifier BD1 is connected to one of such windings. The emitter of a first switching transistor Q2 is connected substantially to the centre of one secondary winding, while a primary voltage detection means 1 is connected to the other secondary winding. The constitution mentioned above maintains the same function as that of the first embodiment and enables free selection of the detection voltage in the primary voltage detection means 1. Next a third embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to Fig. 4, wherein component members functionally equal to those employed in the first embodiment are represented by the same reference numerals and symbols. In this embodiment, a primary voltage detection means 1 is connected to a rectifier BD1. This constitution has the same function as that of the first embodiment and is capable of narrowing the changeover voltage width in the switching input voltage changeover means 2 since the detection voltage in the primary voltage detection means 1 is high. As described hereinabove, the AC input free power source of the described embodiments is equipped with a primary voltage detection means, a first switching transistor connected substantially to the centre of the secondary winding of a power transformer, and a switching input voltage changeover means with a second switching transistor, wherein the first or second switching transistor is selectively actuated in accordance with the high or low value of the AC input voltage. Therefore, when the AC input voltage is high, the first switching transistor is driven to execute its switching action to avert increase of the switching frequency, hence minimising the power loss and generation of heat in the switching transistor while realising both dimensional and capacity reductions of the switching transistors, power transformer and so forth to consequently achieve low production cost. While only certain embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made therein within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: An AC input free power source comprising a power transformer (PT1) arranged to receive an AC input on its primary side, a rectifier (BD1) connected to a secondary winding of said power transformer to convert an AC output from said secondary winding into a DC output, and a switching device (Q5) coupled to receive said DC output and to provide an output, and a primary voltage detection means (1) for producing a changeover signal in accordance with the magnitude of the AC input voltage, characterised in that said switching device (Q5) is a switching transistor arranged to be controlled so as to perform a switching action for the production of a stabilised output current, and in that there is provided: a further switching transistor (Q2) coupled to receive a reduced voltage obtained from a point substantially at the centre of said secondary winding, and also arranged to be controlled so as to perform a switching action for the production of a stabilised output current, and switching control means (Q4) operable in response to said changeover signal to selectively switch between said first-mentioned (Q5) and further (Q2) switching transistors for the production of a stabilised output selectively from said DC output from said rectifier, or said reduced voltage. An AC input free power source according to claim 1 wherein said primary voltage detection means (1) is connected to said point on said secondary winding. An AC input free power source according to claim 1 wherein said primary voltage detection means (1) is connected to a further secondary winding of said power transformer (PT1). An AC input free power source according to claim 1 wherein said primary voltage detection means (1) is connected to the output of said rectifier (BD1). An AC input free power source according to any preceding claim wherein said switching control means is operable to cause said first switching transistor (Q5) to produce said stabilised output current through its switching action when the AC input voltage is relatively low, and to cause said second switching transistor (Q2) to produce said stabilised output current through its switching action when the AC input voltage is relatively high.

Inventors: WATANABE, KENJI
Applicants: SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1987
Main classification: H02M3
IPC codes: H02M7, H02M1, H02M3