HEADGEAR MOUNTED DISPLAY VISOR

Abstract: A visor for a head-up display in which the surfaces which, in use, are located immediately in front of the eyes of the user, are respectively first and second paraboloids having spaced axes. The invention also extends to a method of manufacture of such a visor, using numerically-controlled apparatus, and to a head-up display incorporating such a visor.

Description: The present invention relates in general to head mounted displays which produce images visible to the wearer of the display, and, for example, to a method for producing an improved visor or shield for use with a helmet mounted display that operates in conjunction with a partially reflective coating to superimpose the display on an exterior scene that is being viewed by the wearer. The invention also relates to the improved visor itself. Helmet mounted display apparatus finds utility in many areas, such as training, machine control or entertainment. In recent years, such devices have found particular utility in military applications where information must be supplied to vehicle operators and weapons controllers. Aircraft pilots find such devices useful to furnish information relating to aircraft operation, radar presentations, maps, weapons aiming and other things that would be useful or desirable in their mission. The images, which are superimposed on a surface in the wearer's line of sight, can be derived from a variety of sources including cathode ray tubes (CRTs) that can be mounted in a helmet. Prior art devices have utilized fibre optics displays, falt screen liquid crystal devices with image enhancers, and even photographic projectors operating with an appropriate optical relay system, all of which might supply the wearer with an informational image. Helmet mounted systems for displaying images are well known in the art. U.S.-A-3,059,519 shows a helmet mounted display in which a CRT display is directed through an optical system that included a plurality of reflecting mirrors which ultimately placed the image in the eyes of the observer, slightly above the normal line of sight. However, an alternative embodiment includes a partially reflective mirror in combination with a parabolic reflector. Another alternative embodiment replaces one of the mirrors with a semi-reflective mirror so that the pilot's view is not completely obstructed by the helmet and mirrors. U.S.-A-3,787,109 discloses a display where the helmet is provided with a paraboloidal visor with a partially reflective coating on the inner surface as the primary optical element in transmitting the image from the generating device to the eye of the observer. Such an innovation eliminates the need for separate combiner screens or beam splitters near the eyes. A more complex optical path that still utilizes a visor is disclosed in U.S.-A-3,923,370. In this patent, limited areas of the inner surface of the visor are coated to be partially or totally reflective. An image generating system mounted at the upper portion of the helmet projects an image to a first reflective area which is high on the visor. The image is relayed to a planar mirror mounted on the front of the helmet and from there to a second reflective area which is just above the normal line of sight of the observer. As a result, all of the reflective elements are deemed to be substantially out of the field of view of the helmet wearer. A similar optical arrangement is also shown in U.S.-A-4,465,347. However, the image, which is observed in the disclosed system, is derived from a telescopic optical system which projects the image on the inner surface of the visor. The image is reflected to a planar mirror on the helmet and then to the visor again where it is directed into the eye of the viewer and appears to be a part of the exterior scene. A substantially more complex helmet display system is disclosed in U.S.-A-4,361,384. That device combines a thin film flat panel display and a wafer diode image intensifier tube. A plurality of semi-transparent optical elements direct the image from the flat panel display into the eye of the observer. The image intensifier, using some of the same optics, also directs an image into the eye where it can be superimposed over the images received from the exterior scene. The wearer thus views the exterior scene through both the visor and the flat panel display images. The visor, for reflecting purposes, can be holographic, toric, aspherical or spheric. A toric combination is disclosed in U.S.-A-4,026,641. The toric reflector does not appear to be a part of a visor, but rather, appears to be adapted to be mounted on the helmet. A rather straightofrward, helmet mounted system is disclosed in U.S.-A-4,153,913 which utilizes a cathode ray tube in combination with a semi-transparent combiner screen. The patent suggests that the combiner plate be worn as goggles or spectacles. U.S.-A-4,081,209 utilizes a more complex optical system in combination with a spherical, semi-reflective combiner surface which may be part of a visor. A prism transmits the image from the source and directs it to the combiner surface which returns the image to the eye of the observer. A refractive interface at an inclined plane with respect to the image source compensates for distortion of the image due to different optical path lengths of different rays. As will be seen, most prior art helmet visors are surfaces of revolution, usually paraboloids which result in a rather bulky visor. Such a design was necessitated by the requirements of tooling for the moulding or forming of such visors. A modification to the design of the prior art paraboloidal visor is described in U.S.-A-3,870,405 which provides for a visor whose inner and outer surfaces are sections of confocal paraboloids of revolution. Because earlier paraboloidal visors were of substantially constant thickness, images reflected off of the inner and outer surfaces did not have the same focal point and would therefore result in "ghost" images. The improvement of this document results in both images being collimated with no angular difference in the pointing direction, and, as a result, the images appear to be superimposed on the exterior scene with no loss in sharpness or clarity to the viewer. A problem with each of the prior art references noted above and presently available helmet mounted display devices, has been their size and bulk. Because the helmet member of the helmet mounted display system must be worn by an individual having many complex tasks to perform, usually under great stress and with little spare time in which to accomplish the tasks, the helmet member of the display system should be as light and compact as possible, while still providing superior optical performance. Specifically, bulky, large or heavy helmets cause their wearers to tire rapidly, thus shortening the effectiveness of the wearer. Similarly, poor images cause miscalculation as well as hinder the wearer's decision and reaction capabilities. It would be desirable to produce a visor of smaller volume size, while still capable of mass production with available equipment, therefore keeping the production costs under control. Such a visor should also provide for good optical performance in either the binocular or monocular mode. These are the problems of the present prior art devices that the present invention addresses. The present invention aims to improve on the known parabolic surfaces of revolution of the prior art which result in bulky shapes, not suitable for compact, heat mounted displays systems. A known visor which displays the features set out in the pre-characterising portions of the independent claims is described in US-A-3833300. A problem with this visor is that, while it may be easy to manufacture, the resultant shape is not particularly ophthalmically neutral. In particular, the intermediate portion of the visor which connects the two paraboloidal regions in front of each eye has an inflection point (ie a change of sign) which causes a prismatic deviation as the eye is scanned across it, so generating ophthalmic disturbances. One of the objects of this invention, therefore, is to make possible a compact, head mounted display visor that provides good optical performance in either the binocular or monocular mode. According to the present invention, a visor is characterised by the features set out in Claim 1. Since the visor is not simply a parabolic surface of revolution, its volume and size can be substantially reduced with a corresponding reduction in weight and bulk. The provision of a concave intermediate region, smoothly blended with the paraboloidal regions, and having no inflection points minimises the ophthalmic effects due to prismatic deviations. Thus, in one arrangement, the visor contains two, offset, image-forming parabolic segments (one opposite each eye location) optically blending into a visor surface which has a synthesised optical form with no axis of revolution as in conventional optics. The compactness of the visor is the result of this visor shape, which is not defined as a surface of revolution. The said regions may respectively merge into first and second upper regions, above the said regions, which are generally circular in vertical cross section. These first and second upper regions may be generally parabolic in horizontal section. The visor thickness may be between 1.3 to 1.8mm (0.05 to 0.15 inches). According to a second aspect, a head-up display comprises the features set out in Claim 10. Preferably, a Cartesian coordinate system is used. However, this is not essential, and other coordinate systems, such as spherical could be used instead. In the specific description and claims, the preferred multi-variable function used in the present invention is given. However, it is to be understood that fairly substantial modifications can be made to the figures given while still producing a visor which will provide the advantages of the invention. The invention may be carried into practice in a number of ways and one specific visor embodying the invention, and a method of its construction, will now be described by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a top plan view of a visor embodying and constructed in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a front plan view of the visor of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a side perspective view of the visor of Figures 1 and 2; Figure 4 is a side view of the visor of Figures 1 and 2; Figure 5 is a view taken along the line 5-5 of Figure 2 in the direction of the appended arrows; Figure 6 is a view taken along the line 6-6 of Figure 2 in the direction of the appended arrows; Figure 7 is a view similar to Figure 6 showing in cross-section how a sun visor and reflective coatings are associated with the visor of Figures 1 and 2; Figure 8 illustrates the CRT/Optics system output plotted as a function of intensity (in percent) against wavelength; Figure 9 illustrates the coating reflectance of an optical visor embodying the invention herein plotted as a function of reflectance (in percent) against wavelength; and Figure 10 illustrates the coating transmittance of an optical visor embodying the invention herein plotted as a function of transmittance (in percent) against wavelength. A helmet mounted display visor embodying the present invention is made up of two decentered off-axis paraboloidal surfaces located on a visor surface, each approximately 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in front of each eye of the helmet wearer. In order to minimize see-through distortions and to provide a pleasing visor shape, each paraboloidal surface is blended on all of its sides into a complex, but smoothly varying form as detailed herein. This form, although continuous and defined, has no simple closed form of mathematical expression, and therefore necessitates the following description in terms of bounded regions and segments. Before continuing to describe the preferred embodiment of the visor below, it must be clearly understood that the only essential surfaces generated by the method for fabricating the visor and on the visor itself are the two decentered off-axis paraboloidal surfaces. The surface segments bounding these two paraboloidal surfaces can be any other curved surface that fits the goals of the overall visor design. Accordingly, while a method for generating a preferred visor and the preferred visor itself are described below as having certain explicit tangentially connected surface shapes, i.e. circular-parabolic-elliptical in the x-z plane of reference and circular-circular-parabolic in the y-z plane of reference, the surfaces forming tangentially connected boundary surfaces to the paraboloidal surfaces may be replaced by any other curved surface that fits the immediate goals of the individual designer. Figures 1 to 4 illustrate the general appearance of a preferred visor. The visor 10 is adapted to be mounted onto a helmet (not illustrated) by any known mechanical means, so that the geometrical relationship between the wearer of the helmet and the visor is maintained substantially constant. For reference purposes in simplifying the description and discussion of the embodiment and the invention, the invention and description will be described with regard to a standard orthogonal, right-handed xyz Cartesian coordinate system of spatial reference 12, having its origin 14 centrally located on the inner concave surface 16 of the visor 10 and its z-axis 18 parallel to the line of sight of the helmet wearer. The y-axis 20 is vertical and the x-axis 22 is horizontal and to the left of an observer sighting along the z-axis 18. Accordingly, the x-z plane of reference defines the horizontal, and the y-z plane of reference defines the left-right plane of human bilateral symmetry. While this description is made in accordance with this described system of spatial reference, it will of course be clear that other systems of spatial reference, such as a polar coordinate system, are just as valid, and that the following mathematical description may similarly be made in those other reference systems by the use of an appropriate transformation function. As the shape of a preferred visor is not defined as a surface of revolution, the following description of the preferred embodiment will describe the visor shape in various cross-sectional cuts in both the x-z and y-z planes of reference. Figure 5 illustrates a first cross-sectional cut forming the visor in the horizontal or x-z plane of reference. Regions A, B and C are symmetric about the y-z plane of reference and the origin 14, and comprise arc segments of various geometric figures tangentially connected at their extrema. Specifically, for variations along the x-axis 22 (assume y=0 for simplification purposes only), the inner concave surface 16 of the visor 10 in Region A is substantially in accordance with the relationship: [z(x,O) + (c)]² + (x)² = (r)² Eqn. 1 which is a circular arc segment having its centre at (x, O, z(x,O)-c) and a radius of r, with c being a constant value. In Region B, the surface of the visor is best described as being in substantial accordance with the relationship: (where a, b, and c are constant values), which is a parabolic arc segment. Finally, in Region C, the surface of the visor is substantially in accordance with the relationship: which is an elliptic arc segment. Any horizontal or x-z plane cross-sectional cut through the visor 10 will conform to the above described composite curve, but shifted in the y-z plane of reference. Figure 6 illustrates a second cross-sectional cut forming the visor in the vertical or y-z plane of reference. Regions D, E, and F are symmetric about the x-z plane of reference, and comprise arc segments of various geometric figures tangentially connected at their extrema. Specifically, for variations along the y-axis 20 (assume x = 0 for simplification purposes only), the inner concave surface 16 of the visor 10 in Region D is substantially in accordance with the relationship: [z(O,y) + (c)]² + (y)² = (r)² Eqn. 4 which is a circular arc segment having its centre at (O, y, z(O,y)-c) and a radius of r, with c being a constant value. In Region E, the surface of the visor is best described as being in substantial accordance with the relationship: [z(O,y) + (c)]² + (y)² = (r)² Eqn. 5 which is another circular arc segment, having its centre at: (O, y, z(O,y)-c) and its radius equal to r. Finally, in Region F, the surface of the visor is substantially in accordance with the relationship: which is a parabolic arc segment. Any vertical or y-z plane cross-sectional cut through the visor will conform to the above described composite curve, but shifted along the x-axis of reference. The surface is then defined by the equation z(x,y) = z(x,o) + z(o,y) where z(x,o), z(o,y) are defined as above. An example of a preferred embodiment of a visor constructed in accordance with the present invention for a helmet wearer having a left eye location of: x = 32.376958702 y = -49.62262979 z = -68.611847849 and a right eye location of: x = -32.376958702 y = -49.62262979 z = -68.611847849 would be substantially in accordance with the following relationships in each of the regions discussed above. The above generalized description of the visor 10 cross-sectional cut in the horizontal or x-z plane of reference, is best illustrated in Figure 5, and has, in its preferred form, the following dimensions (in millimetres): For Region A, defined for O ≦|x| ≦11.720329103 z(x,O) = √ (320.88080003)² - (x)² - (320.88080003) Eqn. 1A where the centre 24 of the circle is at (x, O, -320.88080003) and for the radius r, r = 320.88080003. Region A has a tangency point 29 to Region B at (x,y,z) = (±11.720329103, O, ±.21411683138). For Region B, defined for 11.720329103 ≦|x| ≦56.928795878 where the vertex 26, 28 of the parabola is at: (x, O, z(x,O)) = (±8.1925345917, O, -O.14964659663) and the focus 30, 32 of the parabola is at: (x, O, z(x,O)) = (±8.1925345917, O, -48.40101). Region B has a tangency point 33 at (x,y,z) = (±56.928795878, O, +12.453952254). For Region C, defined for |x| ≧56.928795878, the following values are used in Equation 3: A = 14 729.01761; B = 8 248.033634; C = 3 980.622389; D = -1 183 664.396; E = 403 214.7075; F = 29 201 474.86; where the ellipse centre 34, 36 is at (x, O, z(x,O)) = (±76.575011396, O, -129.98067588) and the ellipse tilt is equal to ±18.750838606 degrees, and the semi major/minor axes are equal to 127.0000 and 50.8000 respectively. The above generalized description of the visor 10 cross-sectional cut in the vertical or y-z plane of reference, is best illustrated in Figure 6, and has, in its preferred form, the following dimensions (in millimetres): For Region D, defined for y ≧44.920846709 z(O,y) = √ (139.7)² - (y + 44.920846709)² - (123.3396255) Eqn. 4A where the centre 38 of the circle is at (x, y, z(O,y)) = (O, -44.920846709, -123.3396255) and for the radius r, r = 139.7. Region D has a tangency point 46 to Region E at (x,y,z) = (O, 44.920846709, -16.36037455). For Region E, defined for -27.58643266 ≦ y ≦ 44.920846709 z(O,y) = √ (69.85)² = (y)² - (69.85) Eqn. 5A where the centre 40 of the circle is at: (x, y, z(x,y)) = (O, O, -69.85) and the radius of the circle r, r = 69.85. Region E has a tangency point 48 to Region F at (x,y,z) = (O, -27.58643266, -5.678267649). For Region F, defined for y ≦-27.58643266 where the vertex 42 of the parabola is at (x, y, z) = (O, 13.96018656, 3.2402130619) and the focus 44 of the parabola is at (x, y, z) = (O, 13.96018656, -45.01978694). Part of the motivation in selecting the x and y boundary values noted above, was to accommodate variations in the right and left eye loci from that assumed above in the example, by providing a somewhat oversized parabolic region in the visor. With these chosen x and y boundary values, the visor 10, as illustrated in Figure 2, will provide centralized optical surface areas 48 corresponding to the locus of each of the wearer's eyes, and a large critical area of vision area 50 to further accommodate the wearer. Finally, the non-critical area of vision 52 and the area outside of vision 54 are lessened by this choice of boundary values to produce a visor 10 well adapted to a wearer's vision requirements. Nevertheless, were the loci of the right and left eyes to vary significantly from the positions assumed above in the example, the generalized mathematical expressions established for each region would remain substantially unchanged, and only the constant values in the above example would have to be recalculated in accordance therewith. It will be realized, of course, that the boundaries of the areas in Figure 2 are illustrative only, and do not relate in any obvious way to the junctions of the variously curved areas over the surface of the visor. In the embodiment described, the surface is in fact made up of 15 separate areas (5 horizontal × 3 vertical), each a quadric, joined along 4 horizontal and two vertical junctions. There are two separate areas which are parabolic both in horizontal and vertical cross-section (i.e. are paraboloidal), these two areas corresponding generally to the regions of the visor immediately in front of the eyes of the wearer. When referred to Figure 2, these paraboloidal areas comprise rectangles encompassing the regions 48, and extending downwardly therefrom to the lower edge of the visor. While the visor device of the invention may be constructed of any transparent material which has an inner surface with significant reflectivity and has sufficient transmissivity to allow the visor to function as a "combining glass" within the limits of light source and ambient light intensities, a preferred reflective coating scheme will now be described. With reference being made to Figure 7, an optical visor 100 constructed in accordance with the previously described embodiment, may be used either by itself or associated with a sun visor 102. The sun visor 102 may be mounted on the same helmet as the visor 100 and may be manually added or removed as required or desired by the helmet wearer for such situations as night flight or sun glare. The visor 100 is preferably constructed of a clear material such as an acrylic or polycarbonate plastic. The sun visor 102 may be constructed of a material similar to that of the visor 100, but having a tint that provides a transmissivity of about 15 percent of ambient light. Broad band anti-reflection coatings 104 are deposited on the inner and outer surfaces 106, 108 of the sun visor 102 and on the outer surface 110 of the visor 100. A narrow-band reflective coating 112, that has about 30 percent reflectivity at the projection wavelength of the optics and CRT system employed with optical visor 100, is deposited on the inner surface 114 of the visor 100. Specifically, as best seen in the graphs illustrated in Figures 8, 9, and 10, the optical or clear visor 100 has a tuned reflective coating 112 deposited on its inner surface 114 that is designed to maximize reflectance of a projected CRT/Optics system 116 phosphor colour while at the same time minimizing colour subtracted from the outside world. Using this reflective coating scheme, the anti-reflective coatings are effective to minimize ghost-images of all kinds, such as, CRT symbology, "sun balls", instrument panel lighting, etc. Likewise, the thickness of the optical visor 100 is determined not by reflectivity or transmissivity considerations, but by the impact protection requirements of the wearer. See-through distortion correction of the optical visor 100 is preferably accomplished by forming the outer surface 110 of the optical visor 100 into a shape that is substantially a replica of the inner surface 114 of optical visor 100 as described above. In addition to discovering the improved visor construction described above, the applicants have developed a highly effective method of constructing visors with substantially confocal inner and outer surfaces in accordance with the improved visor construction described above. The preferred method for fabricating a visor for mounting on a helmet adapted to be worn by an individual, includes the steps of first establishing an orthogonal coordinate system of spatial reference having its origin located on an inner concave surface of the desired visor and its z-axis parallel to the line of sight of the individual intended to be wearing the helmet. Next, one must generate a solution set of values for the multi-variable function defined by the following system with respect to the orthogonal coordinate system of spatial reference previously established: Once the above series of equations has been solved for the particular solution set desired for a chosen set of variables, the solution set of values is preferably stored in a form and a medium adapted for use in a numerically controlled manufacturing system. It is now preferable to use a numerically controlled manufacturing system apparatus controlled by the stored solution set of values to form a sheet of material to conform on at least one of its surfaces to a spatial representation of the solution set of values with respect to the orthogonal coordinate system of spatial reference. More specifically, the numerically controlled manufacturing system can be utilized to produce a mould useful in injection moulding. Injection moulding includes forming a generally flat acrylic or polycarbonate plastic sheet into the visor by such known processes as heat forming and vacuum forming of the sheet in the mould.

Claims: A visor (10) for a head-up display in which those regions of the inner visor surface (16) adapted to be positioned immediately in front of the eyes of a wearer of the visor define respective first and second paraboloids, the two paraboloids having spaced axes; the visor being characterized in that the two said regions merge into a concave intermediate region of said surface (16) as seen from the wearer's side. A visor as claimed in Claim 1 in which the said two regions merge into an intermediate region which is generally circular in horizontal section. A visor as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the two said regions respectively merge into first and second side regions, on opposite sides of the visor, which are generally elliptical in horizontal cross section. A visor as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 or Claim 3 in which the two said regions are located at the lower edge of the visor. A visor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the said regions respectively merge into first and second upper regions, above the said regions, which are generally circular in vertical cross section. A visor as claimed in Claim 5 in which the first and second upper regions are generally parabolic in horizontal section. A visor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the outer visor surface has a shape that is substantially a replica of the inner surface (16). A visor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the inner surface (16) of the visor has a narrow band reflective coating deposited thereon having about 30 percent reflectivity at an imaging wavelength, and a broad band anti-reflection coating deposited on its outer surface. A visor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the visor thickness lies substantially within the range of 1.3 to 3.8 mm (0.05 to 0.15 inches). A head-up display comprising headgear adapted to be worn by a person, image-projecting means, and an imaging visor comprising a visor (10) as claimed in any one of the preceding claims. A head-up display as claimed in Claim 10 further including a sun visor mounted on the headgear and arranged to selectively cover the visor (10). A head-up display as claimed in Claim 11 in which the sun visor has a broad band anti-reflection coating deposited on its inner and outer surfaces. A head-up display as claimed in Claim 11 or Claim 12 in which the sun visor is constructed of a material having a transmissivity of substantially 15 percent to ambient light. A head-up display as claimed in any one of Claims 10 to 13 in which the image projecting means is a cathode ray tube. A method of fabricating a visor for a head-up display comprising the steps of (a) defining the desired visor surface shape by means of a multi-variable function; (b) generating a solution set of values for the said function; (c) storing the solution set of values in a form and a medium adapted for use in a numerically controlled manufacturing system; (d) using a numerically controlled manufacturing system apparatus controlled by the stored solution set of values to manufacture a mould from a blank of material conforming, on at least one of its surfaces, to a spatial representation of the solution set of values, the said spatial representation defining first and second generally paraboloidal regions, having spaced axes, which are adapted for location immediately in front of the eyes of a wearer of the visor, the two said regions merging into a concave intermediate region as seen from the wearer's side; and (e) shaping a sheet of flexible material in the said mould to produce the visor. A method of fabricating a visor as claimed in Claim 15 in which the shaping of the sheet into the visor includes heat-forming the sheet in the mould. A method of fabricating a visor as claimed in Claim 15 in which the shaping of the sheet into the visor includes vacuum moulding the sheet in the mould. A method of fabricating a visor as claimed in Claim 15 in which the shaping of the sheet into the visor includes injection moulding the sheet between a male and a female die of the mould. A method of fabricating a visor as claimed in any one of Claims 15 to 18 in which the said function is substantially as follows, or its equivalent in another coordinate system:

Inventors: EVANS, CHARLES DEWAYNE, LARKIN, ERIC WALTER, TIRUMS, ANDREW THEODORE
Applicants: KAISER AEROSPACE & ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
Application year: 1987
Main classification: G02B27
IPC codes: A42B3, G02C9, G02B27, G02C7, B64D45