MUTAGENESIS AND SCREENING METHOD AND PRODUCT

Abstract: Cloned DNA is mutated by creating a single-stranded target region in a cloned DNA segment, and introducing a mutation into the single-stranded target region by treating the target region with a chemical or biological mutagenizing agent capable of introducing mutations into single-stranded DNA. The mutated target region then is rendered double-stranded and a microorganism is transformed with the mutated double-stranded DNA present in an expression vector. The transformed microorganism is cultivated under conditions wherein the mutated DNA is expressed to form an expression product, and the expression product is screened to identify a desired mutation in the DNA segment. Mutant subtilisins of enhanced thermal stability are also disclosed.

Description: MUTAGENESIS AND SCREENING METHOD AND PRODUCT BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION / Cross-Reference to Related Application This is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 828,545, filed in the U.S. on February 12, 1986, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for mutating genetic material and screening mutant genetic material for a desired mutation. The invention further relates to mutant genetic material produced according to the disclosed method, as well as to expression products of such mutant genetic material. Description of the Background Art The largest class of naturally occurring proteins is made up of enzymes. Each enzyme generally catalyzes a different kind of chemical reaction, and is usually highly specific in its function. An enzyme molecule contains an active site to which a specific substrate is bound during a catalytic cycle. Although there may be slight variations in a distinct type of naturally occurring enzyme within a given species of organism, enzyme molecules of a specific type produced by organisms of the same species generally are substantially identical with respect to substrate specificity, thermal stabil¬ ity, activity levels under various conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) , oxidation stability, and the like. Such characteristics of a naturally occurring or "wild-type" enzyme are not necessarily optimized for utilization outside of the natural environment of the enzyme. It may thus be desir¬ able to alter a natural characteristic of an enzyme to optimize a certain property of the enzyme for a specific use, or for use in a specific environment. The amino acid sequence of an enzyme deter¬ mines the characteristics of the enzyme, and the enzyme's amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for the enzyme. A change of the amino acid sequence of an enzyme may alter the enzyme's properties to varying degrees, or may even inactivate the enzyme, depending on the location, nature and/or magnitude of the change in the amino acid sequence. Methods for introducing specific amino acid changes into proteins, such as oligonucleotide- directed mutagenesis of DNA, are known in the art. However, the ability to predict the effects of a specific mutation is poor, making the process of creating and characterizing desired mutations laborious. Methods for random mutagenesis of genetic material are also known, but in the absence of a method for rapid and effective screening of a large number of mutants, identification of organisms having the desired mutation is tedious. There remains a need in the art for new and practical mutagenesis and screening methods and for the products thereof. Naturally occurring bacterial proteases are currently used for many purposes, among these is as an additive to washing preparations. Many stains on clothes are proteinaceous and wide-specificity proteases can substantially improve removal of such stains. Unfortunately, naturally-occurring proteases lQse activity when stored in solution with detergents. Typically this decay of activity is geometric in nature, that is, a certain percent¬ age of activity is lost in each time interval. The present invention provides a method to develop novel proteases with enhanced thermal stability and which survive prolonged storage in liquid deter¬ gents much longer than naturally-occurring pro¬ teases. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, a method for mutating cloned DNA and thereafter identifying mutants comprises creating a single- stranded target region in a cloned DNA segment, and introducing a mutation into the target region by treating the target region with a chemical mutagen- izing agent capable of introducing mutations into single-stranded DNA. The target region then is rendered double-stranded to form mutated double- stranded DNA, and a microorganism is transformed with an expression vector containing the mutated double-stranded DNA. The transformed microorganism is cultivated under conditions wherein the mutated DNA is expressed to form an expression product, and the expression product is screened to identify a desired mutation in the DNA segment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the subtilisin gene cloned in plasmid pGX4330 for mutagenesis and screening according to the inven¬ tion. ^ FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a gapped duplex DNA molecule for mutagenesis according to the invention. FIG. 3 is a portion of the variant subtilisin DNA sequence showing the single base substitution in the subtilisin gene which produces subtilisin of enhanced thermal stability according to the invention. FIG. 4 is a graphic illustration showing thermal inactivation of variant subtilisin accord¬ ing to the invention (7150) and subtilisin wild- type at 65°C in 10 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM KC1, 50 mM Tris- HC1, pH 8.0. FIG. 5 is a graphic illustration showing thermal inactivation of variant subtilisin accord¬ ing to the invention (7150) and subtilisin wild- type at 45°C in 1.0 mM EDTA, 50 mM KC1, 50 mM Tris- HC1, pH 8.0. FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration showing thermal inactivation of variant subtilisin accord¬ ing to the invention (7150) and subtilisin wild- type at 40°C, in 1.0 mM EDTA, 20 mM 3-(cyclohexyl- amino) propanesulphonic acid (CAPS), pH 10.5. FIG. 7 is a graphic illustration showing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles for variant subtilisin according to the invention (7150) and subtilisin wild-type at a protein concentration of 3.0 mg/ml (scan rate 60°C/hr.). Samples were scanned in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM KC1 with either lOmM EDTA or lO M CaCl 2 . FIG. 8 is a graphic illustration showing thermal stability of variant βubtilisins according to the nvention and subtilisin wild-type at 70°C in 10 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM Trie- HC1, 50 mM NaCl at pH 8.0. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention relates to modification of one or more characteristics of a protein, such as an enzyme, by mutating a nucleotide sequence (gene) coding for the protein and screening for desired mutations. Such modification can include enhancing or diminishing an enzyme's thermal stabi¬ lity, substrate specificity, oxidation stability, activity profile under varying conditions of pH and/or temperature, and the like. Prior to mutation of a gene coding for an enzyme of interest, the gene generally is first isolated from its natural source and cloned in a cloning vector. Alternatively, mRNA which is transcribed from the gene of interest can be isolated from the source cell and converted into cDNA by reverse transcription for insertion into a cloning vector. A cloning vector can be a phage or plasmid, and generally includes a replicon for autonomous replication of the vector in a micro¬ organism independent of the genome of the micro¬ organism. A cloning vector advantageously includes one or more phenotypic markers, such as DNA coding for antibiotic resistance, to aid in selection of microorganisms transformed by the vector. Procedures for insertion of DNA or cDNA into a vector for cloning purposes are well known in the art. These procedures generally include insertion of the gene of interest into an opened restriction endonuclease -.site in the vector, and may involve addition of homopolymeric tails of deoxynucleotides to the ends of the gene and linking the gene to opened ends of a cloning vector having complemen¬ tary homopolymeric tails. A gene of interest present in a cloning vector can be mutated in accordance with the method of this invention. In one embodiment, a gene of interest to be treated according to the invention is present in an expression vector. An expression vector generally falls under the definition of a cloning vector since an expression vector usually includes the components of a typical cloning vector, namely, one or more replicons as defined above, and one or more phenotypic markers for selection purposes. Additionally, an expression vector includes control sequences encoding a promoter, operator, ribosome binding site and translation initiation signal. For expression under the direction of the control sequences, a target gene to be treated according to the invention is operably linked with the control sequences in the proper reading frame. An expression vector containing the DNA sequence to be targeted can be a phage or a plasmid, with plasmids being preferred. According to one aspect of the invention, a method for mutating a cloned DNA segment and thereafter identifying mutants includes the step of providing a single-stranded target region in the cloned DNA segment. The target region can include the entire DNA segment of interest, or a portion thereof. The targeted portion can be randomly or specifically selected. T target region of the DNA segment of interest is rendered single-stranded by any suitable method known in the art, such as the method disclosed in Shortle et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75:2170-2174 (1978). Another method involves providing a single-stranded copy of a plasmid containing the DNA segment of interest, and annealing to the single-stranded copy a DNA fragment containing plasmid sequences but not including a segment complementary to the target region. This procedure creates a gapped duplex molecule with a single-stranded target region. One or more mutations are introduced into the single-stranded target region by treating the target region with a chemical or biological mutagenizing agent (mutagen) capable of introducing mutations into single-stranded DNA. One such chemical mutagen is sodium bisulfite which causes G-C to A-T transitions only (wherein G, C, A or T refer respectively to guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine) . Other chemical or biological mutagens, such as hydroxyla ine, nitrous acid. formic acid and hydrazine are suitable and can be used according to this invention. Mutations are introduced at a controllable level, advantageously from one to about five changes per molecule, and a library of mutated plasmid-borne DNA is produced (e.g., by incubating DNA in 4M Na-bisulfite, pH 6.0 for 5 to 30 minutes) . Advantageously, the library is large enough to generate up to 10 5 -10 6 different variants upon transformation into a microorganism, since a desired mutation may occur infrequently. Alternatively, mutations are introduced into the cloned DNA by replication of the cloned DNA in a mutator strain of E. coli. such as a Mut D strain of E. coli which produces a range of mutations due to its error prone DNA polymerase. In this method Mut D E. coli containing plasmid are grown at 37°C in 250 ml culture in rich media containing 50 mg/ml thymine to an optical density at 650 n of 0.6. The plasmid is amplified by the addition of 175 ug/ml chloramphenicol and continued incubation for 16 hours at 37°C. After mutating the target region, the target region is rendered double-stranded by filling in the single-stranded region using DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) or reverse transcriptase, see, e.g., Shortle et al.. supra. A microorganism is transformed with the mutated double-stranded DNA present in an expres¬ sion vector, the mutated DNA being operably linked to control sequences capable of directing expres¬ sion of the mutated DNA in the transformed micro¬ organism. The transformed microorganism then is cultivated under protein-producing conditions including necessary nutrients and physiologically acceptable pH and temperature, such that the mutated DNA is expressed to form an expression product. The method according to this invention can be used to mutate serine proteases to enhance certain characteristics, particularly thermal stability. A protease is a catalyst for the cleavage of peptide bonds. A serine protease is an enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in which there is an essential serine residue at the active site. Serine proteases can be inhibited by phenylmethane- sulfonylfluoride and by diisopropylfluorophosphate. A subtilisin is a serine protease produced by Gram positive bacteria or fungi. The amino acid sequences of seven βubtilisins are known. These include five εubtilisins from Bacillus strains (subtilisin BPN', subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, subtilisin amylosacchariticus, and mesentico- peptidase) . (Vasantha et al., "Gene for alkaline protease and neutral protease from Bacillus a ylo- liquefaciens contain a large open-reading frame between the regions coding for signal sequence and mature protein," J. Bacteriol. 159:811-819 (1984); Jacobs et al., "Cloning sequencing and expression of subtiliβin Carlβberg from Bacillus licheniform- is," Nucleic Acids Res. 13:8913-8926 (1985); Nedkov et al., "Determination of the complete amino acid sequence of subtilisin DY and its comparison with the primary ^ structures of the subtilisin BPN', Carlsberg and amylosacchariticus," Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 3j66:421-430 (1985); Kurihara et al.. "Subtilisin amylosacchariticus," J. Biol. Chem. 147:5619-5631 (1972); and Svendsen et al., "Complete amino acid sequence of alkaline esenter- icopeptidase," FEBS Lett. 196:228-232 (1986)). The amino acid sequence of the subtilisin thermitase from Thermoactinomyces vulσaris is also known. (Meloun et al., "Complete primary structure of thermitase from thermoactinomyces vulgaris and its structural features related to the subtilisin- type proteanases," FEBS Lett. 183:195-200 (1985).) The amino acid sequences from two fungal proteases are known: proteinase K from Tritirach- ium album (Jany et al., "Proteinase K from Tritira- chium albam Limber," Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366:485-492 (1985)) and thermomycolase from the thermophilic fungus, Malbranchea pulchella (Gaucher et al.. "Endopeptidases: Thermomycolin," Methods Enzvmol. 45:415-433 (1976)). These enzymes have been shown to be related to subtilisin BPN', not only through their primary sequences and enzymological properties, but also by comparison of x-ray crystallographic data. (McPhalen et al., "Crystal and molecular structure of the inhibitor eglin from leeches in complex with subtiliβin Carlβberg," FEBS Lett. 1 :55-58 (1985) and Pahler et al., "Three-dimensional βtructure of fungal proteinase K reveals similarity to bacterial subtilisin," EMBO J. 3:1311-1314 (1984).) As used in this invention, the term "subtili¬ sin material" is a proteinaceous material which contains a subtilisin as its active ingredient. As used herein, and under the definition of subtilisin material, any serine protease is a subtilisin which has at least 30%, preferaby 50%, and more prefer¬ ably 80% amino acid sequence homology with the sequences referenced above for subtilisin BPN', subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, subtilisin amylosacchariticus, mesenticopeptidase, thermitase, proteinase K, and thermomycolase. These serine proteases are also described herein as "homologous serine proteases." According to one embodiment, B. subtilis is transformed by an expression vector carrying the mutated DNA. If expression is to take place in a secreting microorganism such as B. subtilis. a single sequence may follow the translation initia¬ tion signal and precede the DNA sequence of interest. The signal sequence acts to transport the expression product to the cell wall where it is cleaved from the product upon secretion. The term "control sequences" as defined above is intended to include a signal sequence, when it is present. For screening mutants, transformed B. subtilis is cultivated in the presence of a filter material (such as nitrocellulose) to which the secreted expression product (e.g., enzyme) binds. In order to screen for an expression product having a desired characteristic, filter bound expression product is subjected to conditions which distin¬ guish expression product of interest from wild-type expression product. For example, the filter-bound expression product can be subjected to conditions which would inactivate a wild-type expression product. The treated expression product can thereafter be contacted with a substrate of the enzyme,' and^enzyme activity with the substrate identifies an expression .product with enhanced stability and thereby a desired mutation. Although the invention will further be specifically described with respect to production of thermally stable variants of the Bacillus serine protease, subtilisin BPN', it is to be understood that the present invention is equally applicable to modification of the characteristics of other pro¬ teins. In particular, other homologous serine proteases from other microorganisms may be mutated and screened according to this invention. These homologous serine proteases may include, but are not limited to, those from other Bacillus strains such as subtilisin Carlsberg from Bacillus licheni- for is. subtilisin DY. subtilisin amylosacha- riticus, and mesentericopeptidase. Fungal pro¬ teases, such as protease K and thermomycolase may also be used, as well as mammalian proteases produced in a bacterial host. For mutating subtilisin genetic coding sequences and isolating variant subtilisin proteins of enhanced thermal stability, the subtilisin gene from a Bacillus species including the natural promoter and other control sequences is cloned into a plasmid vector containing replicons for both E. coli and B. subtilis. a selectable phenotypic marker, and the M13 origin of replication for production of single-stranded plasmid DNA upon superinfeσtion with helper phage IR1. Single- stranded plasmid DNA containing the cloned subtili¬ sin gene is isolated and annealed with a DNA fragment containing vector sequences but not the coding region of subtilisin, to create, a gapped duplex molec le. Mutations are introduced into the subtilisin gene either with sodium bisulfite, nitrous acid, or formic acid or by replication in a mutator strain of E. coli as described above. Since sodium bisulfite reacts exclusively with cytosine in single-stranded DNA, the mutations created with this mutagen are restricted only to the coding regions. Reaction time and bisulfite concentration are varied in different experiments such that from one to five mutations are created per subtilisin gene on average. Incubation of 10 ug of gapped duplex DNA in 4 M Na-bisulfite, pH 6.0, for 8 minutes at 37°C in a reaction volume of 400 ul, deaminates about 1% of cytosines in the single-stranded region. The coding region of mature subtilisin contains about 200 cytosines, depending on the DNA strand. Advantageously, the reaction time is varied from about 4 minutes (to produce a mutation frequency of about one in 200) to about 20 minutes (about 5 in 200). After mutagenesis, the gapped molecules are treated in vitro with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) to make fully double-stranded molecules and to fix the mutations. Competent E. coli are then transformed with the mutagenized DNA to produce an amplified library of mutant subtilisins. Amplified mutant libraries can also be made by growing the plasmid DNA in a Mut D strain of E. coli which increases the range of mutations due to its error prone DNA polymerase. The mutagens, nitrous acid and formic acid may also be used to produce mutant libraries. Because these chemicals are not as specific for single- stranded DNA as sodium bisulfite, the mutagenesis reactions are performed according to the following procedure. The coding portion of the subtilisin gene is cloned into M13 phage by standard methods and single-stranded phage DNA prepared. The single-stranded DNA is then reacted with 1M nitrous acid pH 4.3 for 15-60 minutes at 23°C or 2.4M formic acid for 1-5 minutes at 23°C. These ranges of reaction times produce a mutation frequency of from 1 in 1000 to 5 in 1000. After mutagenesis, a universal primer is annealed to the M13 DNA and duplex DNA is synthesized using the mutagenized single-stranded DNA as a template so that the coding portion of the subtilisin gene becomes fully double-stranded. As this point the coding region can be cut out of the M13 vector with restriction enzymes and ligated into an unmutagenized expres¬ sion vector so that mutations occur only in the restriction fragment. (Myers et al.. Science 229:242-247 (1985)). To screen for thermostability, a library of subtilisin variants should be produced which is large enough to generate approximately 5 x 10 4 random subtilisin variants or more upon transforma- tion into B. subtilis. since mutations resulting in enhanced thermal stability occur infrequently. After mutagenesis, the variant library is used to transform B. subtilis which will both express and secrete subtilisin. The subtilisin-bearing plasmid advantageously contains a high copy B. subtilis replicon and is capable of producing subtilisin at a high level in a Bacillus host. To screen for stable variants, a protease deficient B. subtilis strain is transformed with the variant plasmid library and plated out as follows: A nitrocellulose filter is placed on a nutrient base in a petri dish, and a cellulose acetate filter is placed on top of the nitrocellulose. Colonies are grown on the cellulose acetate, and subtilisin from individual colonies is secreted through the cellulose acetate onto the nitrocellulose filter where it is stably bound. Subtilisin from hundreds of colonies is bound to a single filter allowing subsequent screening of thousands of different variants by processing multiple filters. To identify colonies producing subtilisin of enhanced thermal stability, the. filters are incubated at 70°C for 30 minutes in buffer solution to inactivate substantially all wild-type subtili¬ sin activity. Variant subtilisins of enhanced stability retain activity after this heating step. When stable variants have been further mutagenized to screen for additional increases in stability, higher temperatures of longer incubation times must be used to inactivate the background activity. The heat-treated filter then is soaked in a solution containing Tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester (TAME) (Sigma) and the pH indicator phenol red (Kodak) . Because TAME is a substrate for subtilisin it is cleaved in zones on the filter containing variant εubtilisins which remain active after thermal treatment. As cleavage occurs, protons are released in the reaction and cause phenol red to change in color from red to yellow in areas retaining protease activity. This procedure can be used to screen for other classes of variants with only slight modifications. For example, the filters could be treated at high pH, with denaturants, oxidizing agents, or under other ,conditions which normally inactivate an enzyme such as subtilisin, to find resistant variants. Variants with altered substrate specifi¬ city could be screened by replacing TAME with other substrates which are normally not cleaved by wild- type subtilisin. Once a variant of enhanced stability is identified by screening, the colony from which the variant is derived is isolated and the altered subtilisin is purified. Experiments can be performed on the purified enzyme to determine conditions of thermal inactivation, denaturation temperature, kinetic parameters as well as other physical measurements. The altered gene can also be sequenced to determine the amino acid changes responsible for the enhanced stability. Using this procedure, variants showing a one-and-one-half to eight-fold improvement in resistance to thermal inactivation at 65°C have been isolated. Thermally stable subtilisin is useful in laundry cleaning compositions. It has surprisingly been found that substitut¬ ing another amino acid for asparagine at amino acid poβition 218 of subtilisin enhances the thermal stability of subtiliβin. Without being bound to. any particular theory, it is believed that substi¬ tution of serine for asparagine at position 218 stabilizes subtilisin by increasing the change in free energy for the unfolding reaction. According to one embodiment of this invention, the present invention relates to a cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a subtilisin material with βerine substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 of subtilisin. This variant, produced by strain 'GX715O, has been designated 7150s This invention also includes other amino acid substitu¬ tions at the amino acid position 218 of subtilisin, especially aspartic acid. In another embodiment of this invention, the gene coding for a subtilisin material contains serine or aspartic acid at amino acid position 218 and the subtilisin gene may also contain one or more additional amino acid substitions. Among the preferred additional amino acid svibstitutions in the cloned mutant 218-substituted subtilisin gene are the following random mutated subtilisin variants produced by the indicated strains: STRAIN AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONfS. VARIANT GX7169 ASN218 > SER 7169 GLY131 > ASP GX8301 ASN218 > SER 8301 THR254 > ALA GX8306 ASN218 > SER 8306 GLY166 > SER GX8315 ASN218 > SER 8315 GLY131 > ASP THR254 > ALA Other substitutions which increase the thermal stability of subtilisin are: STRAIN SUBSTITUTION(S) VARIANT GX7142 ALA116 > THR 7142 GLY131 > ASP GX7148 GLY131 —> ASP 7148 GX7178 SER188 —> PRO 7178 GX7188 ALA116 —> GLU 7188 GX7189 LEU126 —> ILE 7189 GX8305 SER53 > THR 8305 All of the amino acid substitutions given above were produced by random mutagenesis and screened according to this invention. Once the random mutations are made and identified, the mutation can be repeated and reproduced by oligo- nucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Furthermore, when more than one stabilizing mutation is introduced into the subtilisin molecule, the effects of those changes appear to be additive in free energy. In addition to the subtilisin gene, genes for other serine proteases or other types of enzymes may be mutagenized to produce products with enhanced characteristics. In addition to applying the method as described to other serine proteases, one can use the information obtained from one βerine protease, subtilisin BPN' for example, to improve other proteases which are closely related, subtilisin Carlεberg for example. Closeness of relation is measured by comparison of amino-acid sequences. There are many methods of aligning protein sequences, but the differences are only manifest when the degree of relatedness is quite small. The methods described in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure. Margaret 0. Dayhoff editor, Vol. 5 Supplement 2, 1976, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, p. 3 ff., entitled SEARCH and ALIGN, define relatedness. As is well known in the art, related proteins can differ in number of amino acids as well as identity of each amino acid along the chain. That is, there can be deletions or insertions when two structures are aligned for maximum identity. For example, subtilisin Carlsberg has only 274 amino acids, while subtili¬ sin BPN' has 275 amino acids. Aligning the two sequences shows that Carlsberg has no residue corresponding to ASN56 of subtilisin BPN'. Thus the amino acid sequence of Carlsberg would appear very different from BPN' unless a gap is recorded at location 56. Therefore, one can predict with high degree of confidence that substituting SER for ASN at location 218 of subtilisin Carlsberg will increase thermal stability, provided that the residues in Carlsberg are numbered by homology to BPN'. When one of the two homologous subtilisins has a gap, one must infer that the structures are different at that locality. Examples of βuch differenceβ are well known in the art. Because of these local differences, one should not transfer stabilizing mutations if either subtilisin has a gap at, or immediately adjacent, to the site of the mutation. Therefore, after aligning the amino acid sequences, those mutations at or next to gaps are deleted, from-, the list of desirable mutations and the mutation is not made. One can use this reasoning to transfer all of the randomly-obtained stabilizing mutations described herein to other homologous serine proteases. The stabilizing mutations found by the random mutagenesis method reveal that the structure of the enzyme being studied is not optimal at that location. The random method usually changes very few bases within the gene. Usually only one base is changed within a given codon; thus, one cannot go from any one amino acid to all other amino acids. For example, the codons for ASP (GAT and GAC) can be changed by single-base changes to (CAT, TAT, AAT, CAC, TAC, AAC, GGT, GTT, GCT, GGC, GTC, GCC, GAA, or GAG) which code for HIS, TYR, ASN, GLY, ALA, VAL, or GLU, but not to PHE, LEU, ILE, MET, THR, SER, CYS, LYS, ARG, GLN, TRP, or PRO. Once the random method has shown that a given site is not optimal, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis can be used to introduce each of the remaining 18 amino acids at that site. These mutants can then be tested for improved properties. The mutant subtilisin material of this invention can be used as an additive to washing preparations, such as detergents, which are used for cleaning, in particular for cleaning clothes. The mutant subtiliβin material of this invention is more thermally stable than wild-type subtilisin material and thus does not lose activity as rapidly as wild-type when stored in solution with deter¬ gents or when subjected to high heat during use in cleaning. By. use of the mutant subtilisin material of this invention as an additive in washing preparations, the removal of proteinaceous stains on fabric is improved. The amount of mutant subtilisin material that may be used as an additive to washing preparations are well known in the art, or may readily be ascertained by routine experimen¬ tation. The optimal range of enzyme concentration will, of course, be related to the cost of the enzyme and the amount of cleaning needed. The invention iε illuεtrated by the following examples which are not intended to be limiting. EXAMPLE I Mutagenesis of Subtilisin For mutagenesis, the subtilisin gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens including the natural promoter sequences was isolated (Vasantha et al. (1984) J. Bacteriology 159:811-819) and cloned into a vector (pGX4330, Figure 1) containing the beta- lactamase gene and replicon from pBR322 for growth in E. coli; the kanamycin nucleotidyl transferase gene and replicon from pUBHO for growth in £*_ subtilis; and the M13 origin of replication for production of single-stranded plasmid DNA upon superinfection with helper phage IR1. Mutations were introduced into the subtilisin gene either with sodium bisulfite or by replication in a mutator strain of E. coli. Sodium bisulfite mutations were restricted to the subtilisin coding region using a variation of the method of Folk and Hofstetter (1985) Cell £2.585-593). Single- stranded plasmid DNA was annealed with a DNA fragment containing vector sequences but not the coding region of subtilisin to create a gapped duplex molecule (Figure 2). One ug of single- stranded pGX4330 was mixed with 1 ug of double- stranded pGX4330 cut with BamHI and Sail in 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl 2 in a volume of 15 ul. The DNA was heated to 90°C in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes and allowed to anneal at 60°C for 10 minutes. The gapped duplex was reacted with sodium bisulfite pH 6.0 in a volume of 400 ul at 37°C. Reaction time was varied from four to twenty minutes to produpe an average of one to five mutations per gene. Since sodium bisulfite reacts exclusively with cytoεine in single-stranded DNA, the mutations were restricted only to the subtilisin coding region. After mutagenesis, the gapped molecules were treated in vitro with DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) using well known techniques (see, e.g.. Folk and Hofstetter, supra) to make fully double-stranded molecules and to fix the mutations. Competent E. coli then were transformed with the mutagenized DNA using standard procedures (see, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1983) "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual," Cold Spring Harbor Press) to produce an amplified library of mutant βubtilisins. Libraries were also made by growing pGX4330 in a Mut D strain of E. coli which produces a wider range of muta¬ tions due to its error prone DNA polymerase. EXAMPLE II Expression and Secretion in B. subtilis and Screening for Altered Stability Thό variant library produced in Example I was used to transform B. subtilis strain GX4935, which will both express and secrete subtilisin. The subtiliεin bearing plasmid contains a high copy B. subtilis replicon and is capable of producing subtilisin at a high level in a Bacillus host. To screen for stable variants, apr". npr", B. subtilis strain GX 35 was transformed with the variant plaεmid library and plated out aε follows. Two filters were placed on Tryptose Blood Agar Base plus 10 ug/ml kanamycin plates. A nitrocellulose filter was laid directly on the agar and a cellu¬ lose acetate filter was placed on top of it. Colonies grown on the top filter secreted subtili¬ sin through the permeable cellulose acetate onto the nitrocellulose where it was stably bound. Subtilisin from hundreds of colonies was bound to a single filter allowing subsequent screening of thousands of different variants by procesεing multiple filters. Filters with subtilisin bound thereto were incubated at 70°C in 10 mM CaCl , 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 for 30 minutes which inactivates substantially all native or wild-type subtiliβin activity. Variant proteases of enhanced stability retain activity after the heating step. To detect filter-bound protease activity, the filters were soaked in a solution containing Tosyl- L-Arg methyl ester (TAME) (lOmM) and the pH indicator phenol red (ImM) titrated to pH 9.0. TAME is a good substrate for subtilisin and is cleaved in zones on the filter containing active subtilisin. During the procedure, as cleavage occurred, protons were released in the reaction, causing- phenol red to changs in color from red to yellow in areas of protease activity. This aεsay procedure distinguisheε thermally stable variants. EXAMPLE III Primary Characterization of Stable Variants Once candidates were identified by filter screening, the corresponding colonies from the cellulose acetate filter were grown in liquid culture (2% yeaεt extract, 10 ug/ml kanamycin) for 18 hours. Under these conditions, subtilisin was secreted into the culture broth at 0.5-1.0 mg/ml and repreεentε > 80% of the total extracellular protein detectable by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The variant εubtiliεinε were tested for resistance to thermal inactivation in solution. Culture supernatant was diluted 20-fold into either 10 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 or 5mM EDTA 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0. In the presence of calcium, which greatly stabilizes subtilisin, samples were incubated at 65°C and at time inter¬ vals up to 90 minutes, aliquots were removed and activity was measured at 37°C using Azocoll as a substrate. In the presence of EDTA timepoints were taken after incubation at 45°C. Variants whose half-time of thermal inactivations was greater than 150% of wild-type subtilisin were of interest and further characterized. To confirm that stable subtilisin phenotypes resulted from plasmid-borne mutations, plasmid from positive colonies was purified and used to retransform B. subtilis. In almost all cases, the retransformed B. subtilis behave as the original isolate. To sequence the stable variant genes, the plasmid was used to transform E. -coli and εingle-εtranded template was made by superinfecting with phage IR1 according to the procedures described in (Dente et al. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res.. }Λ:1645-1655) . One variant (GX7150, deposited with American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland as ATCC No. 53459) that produces a thermally stable subtilisin was shown to have a single base change in the cloned subtilisin gene resulting in a substitution of asparagine 218 with serine (see Fig. 3). To ensure that the enhanced stability reεulted solely from this change, the mutation was introduced into wild- type subtilisin by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using standard procedures (see, e.g., Zoller and Smith (1983), Methods in Enzymology, 100:468-500) . The resulting subtilisin variant was shown to behave exactly like random isolate variant subtilisin produced by GX7150. EXAMPLE IV Physical and Chemical Properties of Subtilisin Produced bv B. Subtilis Strain GX7150 Purification: Subtilisin produced by GX7150 as described above, where asparagine 218 has been changed to serine was purified from cell-free fermentation broths by means of the following three-step purification scheme: (1) DEAE chromatography of crude fermentation broth. The broth was adjusted to pH 7.0 by addit-Tbn of solid 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesul- fonic acid (Mes) and loaded onto a bed (13 x 5 cm) of DE-52 celluloεe (Whatman) which was previously equilibrated with 20 mM Mes buffer (pH 7.0). Subtilisin washes through unretarded under these conditions. (2) Acetone fractionation of DEAE eluate. Acetone (-20°C) was stirred with the DEAE eluate at 4°C. The subtilisin precipitates between 50 and 70% acetone. The fraction the precipitates between 0 and 50% acetone was discarded. (3) SE-53 (Whatman) chromatography of acetone precipitate. The acetone precipitated subtilisin was dissolved in 20 mM Mes buffer (pH 6.0) and loaded onto a column (2.5 x 16 cm) of SE- 53 cellulose equilibrated with the same buffer. A linear salt gradient (0 to 0.2 M NaCl) was used to elute the subtilisin. Fractions containing the highest specific activities were pooled and stored at -20°C either as 70% isopropanol or 50% ammonium sulfate precipi- tants. Enzyme Assay: Subtilisin activity was assayed by monitoring the hydrolysis of 1.0 mM solutions of the sub¬ strate, succinyl(L)-Ala-(L)-Ala-(L)-Pro-(L)-Phe-p- nitroanilide (SAAPF-pNA (Calbiochem)) , in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM KCl at 25.0°C. One unit of activity corresponds to the amount to enzyme that hydrolyzeβ 1 umole of substrate per min. under these conditions. One of the products of hydroly¬ sis, p-nitroanilide, has an extinction coefficient of 88O0 M" 1 cro~ 1 at 410 nm, thus allowing easy monitoring of the enzymatic reaction (Delmar et al. (1979) Anal. Biochem.. £9:316-320). Subtilisin concentrations were estimated at 280 nm using E 0 (.l%) - 1.17 (Otteεen & Svendεon (1976) Methods in Enzymology. p. 207) . Kineticε of Thermal Inactivation: Thermal inactivation εtudies were performed by incubating a subtilisin solution (0.05 mg/ml) dissolved in a buffer of choice (usually 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM KCl) at some particular temperature. The sample was placed in a glass Durham tube which waε immersed in a thermostated circulated water bath equilibrated at the tempera¬ ture of choice. Evaporation from the sample tube was prevented by sealing with Parafilm. Aliquots (10 ul) were removed at various time points and assayed by dilution into 1.0 ml of assay solution at 25°C. The time zero measurement was the rate of hydrolysis of SAAPF-pNA before the sample is immersed in the temperature bath. All subsequent rateβ of hydrolysis of substrate were measured after immersion in the bath. Differential Scanning Calorimetrv: Differential scanning calori etry data was obtained with a Hart Scientific instrument inter¬ faced with an IBM personal computer (model XT) and controlled with DSC Software (Hart Scientific) and the Xenix operating system (Microsoft-Santa Cruz Operations) . The temperature was increased from the starting point of 20°C to 90°C at a rate of 60°C/hr. Th£ protein concentration was 3.0 mg/ml. Isoelectric Focuεing; Analytical electrofocusing of subtilisin in thin layers of polyacrylamide was performed using known techniques, see, e.g. Winter et al. (1977) LKB Application Note 250. Ready-made acrylamide gels, Ampholine PAG plates (pH 3.0 - 9.5) were purchased from LKB, and the calibration standardε (pH 5.0 - 10.5) were purchased from Pharmacia. The subtilisin samples were inactivated with phenyl- methylεulfonylfluoride (PMSF) before. loading onto the gels in order to prevent autolysis during electrofocusing. Results: The purified subtilisin 7150 was found to have an isoelectric point of 8.8, essentially indistin¬ guishable from that of the wild-type enzyme. Only a minor contaminant with an isoelectric point of 8.3 was detected. This level of homogeneity is comparable to that of the wild type. The specific activity of subtilisin 7150 towards a peptide substrate was observed to be 120 ± 5 Units/mg. This is 50% higher than that observed for the wild type: 80 + 5 Units/mg, an average for more than two dozen separate isolates. This difference is due to small changes in the kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of the substrate rather than a more highly purified preparation. Thermal Inactivation: Plots of the logarithm of the remaining activity versus time were found, for the most part, to be linear over the course of three half-lives. Thus, a first order rate law is applicable. This is illustrated in Figure 4 which showβ the rate of loss of activity for subtilisin 7150 and the wild- type enzyme at 65°C in the presence of 10 mM CaCl , 50 mM KCl, and 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. Under these conditions, the wild-type enzyme was found to have a half-life of 59 + 3 minutes which agrees well with that reported in the literature for similar conditions (Voordouw et al. (1976) Biochemistry. 15:3716-3724). The resultε for εubtilisin 7150 reveal that this enzyme has a half-life of 223 + 16 minutes, almost four times that of the wild type. This is a clear demonstration that the εingle amino acid change of asparagine 218 to εerine dramati¬ cally increaεeε the kinetic thermal εtability of εubtilisin. The enhanced stability of subtilisin 7150 was further demonstrated for a variety of other conditions. For example, the thermal inactivation of subtilisin 7150 and wild type in the presence of 50 mM KCl and 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, is shown in Figure 5. It was necessary to do these experiments at 5°C due to the fact that EDTA negates the known effect of calcium ions in stabilizing subtilisin. Under these conditions, subtilisin 7150 was found to have a half-life almost three times that of the wild-type enzyme. The apparent greater stability of subtilisin 7150 was also found at high pH (10.5) at 40°C in the presence of 1.0 mM EDTA and protein concentra¬ tion of 50 ug/ml as shown in Figure 6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry: The thermodynamic parameters for the unfolding reaction of βubtilisin were obtained through the uεe of differential scanning calorimetry. The resultε obtained for εubtilisin 7150 and the wild- type enzyme are shown in Figure 7. The unfolding transition for subtiliεin 7150 was found to occur at 80.7 ± 0.1°C in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, and 10 mM CaCl some 2.4° higher than that observed for wild-type under identical conditions. In the presence of 10 M EDTA, the denaturation temperature of subtilisin 7150 was 62.8°C, about 4°C higher than wild-type subtiliεin. Theεe unfolding parameterε were obtained by increaεing the temperature 60°C/hr. εtarting at 20°C and finiεhing at 90°C. The presence of the competitive inhibitor, N-danεyl-3-aminobenzeneboronic acid at a concentration of 2 mM (K^ « 2 urn at pH 8.0), greatly reduces the amount of autolysiε that accom¬ panies the denaturation process for βubtilisin. The increaβed temperature of denaturation indicateβ that the substitution of serine for asparagine at position 218 stabilizes subtiliεin by increaεing the change in free energy for the unfolding reaction. Stability Studieε in Liouid Detergent: For stability studieβ under alkaline condi¬ tions, the subtiliβin from B. subtilis strain GX7150 was recovered from a fermentation broth by centrifugation at 7,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 4°C. The subtilisin was then concentrated at 4°C by the addition of ammonium sulfate (495 g/1) and the precipitate collected by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm-for 30 minutes at 4°C. The pelleted protein was diluted in deionized water to give a concentra¬ tion of 40,000 Alkaline Delft Unite (ADU)/gm. For comparative purposes, a commercial proteaεe, Enzeco (Enzyme Development, New York, N.Y.) was diluted in deionized water to give a concentration of 40,000 A DU/gm. The enzymes were incubated at a concentration of 4,000 ADU/gm in the non-phosphate based, U.S. heavy duty liquid detergent Wis ^ (a registered trademark of Lever Bros. Co., Inc., N.Y., N.Y.) adjuεted to pH 10.0. The εolutionε were incubated at 25°C for 56 dayε under these conditions. Waεhing teεtε were performed in a Tergoto eter uεing EMPA-116 (Enzyme Manufacturerε Performance Assay from Teεt Fabrics, Inc., N.Y., N.Y.) as a test fabric. Two grams of Wisk detergent with enzyme was added to 1 liter of pH 9.0 deionized wash water. Subsequently, three 6" by 6" pieces of EMPA-116 along with three 6" by 6" pieces of EMPA- 221 (unsoiled cloth) were added to the wash water. The wash was performed for 15 minutes at 75 RPM agitation at 55°C. After decanting the wash water. the fabricβ were rinsed twice with 1-liter each of cold tap water, dried and lightly ironed. Reflect¬ ances of swatcheβ were determined with a Gardner Colorimeter (giving ΔL values) . Reflectance was read on both sides of each cloth (a total of 10 readings per cloth) . The results are expressed as the mean of 30 AL (3 EMPA-116 fabrics) readings for each test. Reflectances were compared to EMPA-116 swatches that were washed, using unmodified subtiliεin BPN' and using detergent alone, under identical conditions. _ The performance results in the Wisk (__ detergent as given in Table I. ΑBLE I Day 1 Day 35 Day 56 % Tmprcve- % Σ_prOve- % Bπprσve- Sample in in in Tested ΔL Cleaning ΔL deaning Δ Cleaning Wisk® 26.57 — 28.51 — 26.49 — Wisk®+ GX7150 Modified 39.05 47 37.60 32 32.99 25 Subtilisin BEN' ^ Wisk®+ Subtilisin 37.29 40 34.17 20 26.44 0 BEN' EXAMPLE V A mutant deεignated GX8315 waε constructed using three single-point mutations. The three point mutations were all found by screening randomly mutagenized subtilisin as described above in Example II. The three mutations were Asn218 >Ser; Glyl31 >Asp; and Thr254-—>Ala. Oligo- nucleotide mutagenesis (ODM) was used to make these three changes in wild-type subtilisin. Figure 8 shows the effect on thermal stability of some combinations of these mutations. The various proteins were incubated at 70°C in 10 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl at pH 8.0. Aliquots were removed at various times and tested for residual enzymatic activity. Under these conditionε, wild-type εubtilisin loseε half itε activity every 19.7 minuteε. GX7160 iε the same as GX7150 but made by ODM. Mutant GX7160 (Asn218—>Ser constructed by mutagenesiε) loεeε half itε activity every 71.1 minuteε, which iε 3.59 times aε long aε the half- time of wild-type. Mutant GX7169 (Aεn218 >Ser and Glyl31 >Aεp) loses half its activity every 127.7 minuteε, which is 6.45 times aε long aε the half-time of wild-type. Mutant GX8315 (Aεn218 >Ser, Glyl31 >Aεp, and Thr254 >Ala) loseβ half itε activity every 230.3 minuteε, which iε 11.64 times as long as the half-time of wild-type. EXAMPLE VI Differential scanning calorimetry and rate of thermal inactivation, as described in Example IV, were performed on three variants: 7150 ASN 218 > SER 7142 GLY 131 > ASP 7169 ASN 218 > SER GLY 131 > ASP The results are shown in Table II. TABLE II Variants of Subtilisin BPN' That Have Enhanced Stability Rate of Variant &T n (°C) a Thermal Inactivation 0 10 mM EDTA 10 mM CaCl 2 1 mM EDTA 10 mM CaCl 2 7150 3.9 2.4 2.6 3.8+0.4 7142 0.6 1.0 1.5 7169 3.4 2.9 2.2 6.2 a Δ m is the increase in the T m as meaεured in a differential εcanning calorimetry experiment. The results for two extremes of free calcium concentration, 10 mM EDTA and 10 mM CaCl 2 , are εhown. b The rateε of thermal inactivation are given as multiples of that for the wild type enzyme. The reεultε in 1 mM EDTA were obtained at 45°C, while thoεe in 10 mM CaCl 2 were obtained at 65°C. These data demonstrate that the effect of single mutations on the free energy of unfolding (as measured by T m ) is approximately additive when different single mutations are combined in a single molecule whereas the effect on the rate of inacti¬ vation is multiplicative. EXAMPLE VII A mutant designated GX7164 was made by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis with aspartic acid at location 218. This was done because substitution of serine for asparagine at location 218 had been shown to stabilize subtilisin BPN'. Subtilisin 7164 has a half-life for thermal inactivation which is 1.9 times as large as wild- type subtilisin. -33- PCT Applicant's Gu'de - Volume I - Annex H3 ANNEX H3 International A 2pBplication N : PCT/oα3*a

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method for mutating cloned DNA and thereafter identifying mutants comprising: (a) creating a single-stranded target region in a cloned DNA segment; (b) introducing a mutation into the single-stranded target region by treating the target region with a chemical or biological mutagenizing agent capable of introducing mutations into single-stranded DNA; (c rendering the target region double- stranded to form mutated double-stranded DNA; (d) transforming a microorganism with the mutated double-stranded DNA preεent in an expreεsion vector; (e) cultivating the transformed micro¬ organism under conditions wherein the mutated DNA is expressed to form an expression products; and (f) screening the expression products to identify a desired mutation in the DNA εegment. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said cloned DNA codes for an enzyme and the expresεion product is a variant of said enzyme. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the enzyme is subtilisin. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the enzyme is a serine protease homologous to subtiliεin. 5. The method of claim 3 or 4 wherein said deεired mutation provides a subtilisin material of enhanced thermal stability. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the chemical mutagenizing agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium bisulfite, nitrous acid and formic acid. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the microorganism iβ B. εubtilis. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the transformed microorganism is cultivated in the presence of a filter material to which said expression product binds under conditions of cultivation wherein the expresεion product is transferred to and bound to the filter material; and wherein the εcreening step includes treating the filter material with expresεion product bound thereto by subjecting the filter-bound expresεion product to conditionε which would inactivate a wild-type expression product and thereafter contacting the treated expresεion product with a substrate of εaid enzyme to identify an expression product of enhanced stability and thereby identify εaid desired mutation. 9. A cloned DNA segment mutated and identi¬ fied according to the method of claim 1. 10. A cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a subtilisin material which is capable of retaining subtilisin activity at a temperature at which a wild-type subtiliβin is inactivated. 11. A cloned mutant subtiliεin gene coding for a subtiliεin material having another amino acid εubεtituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 of βubtilisin. 12. The gene of claim 11 coding for subtili¬ sin material having serine or asparatic acid substituted for asparagine at amino acid poεition 218 of subtilisin. 13. The_ . gene of claim 11 having at least one additional amino acid substitution. 14. A cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a mutant subtilisin material having serine substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and aspartic acid substituted for glycine at amino acid position 131 of subtilisin. 15. A cloned mutant subtiliεin gene coding for a mutant εubtilisin material having serine εubεtituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and alanine subεtituted for threonine at amino acid poεition 254 of subtilisin. 16. A cloned mutant βubtilisin gene coding for a mutant εubtilisin material having serine εubεtituted for aεparagine at amino acid position 218 and serine substituted for glycine at amino acid position 166. 17. A cloned mutant βubtilisin gene coding for a mutant βubtiliβin material having serine substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and aspartic acid substituted for glycine at amino acid position 131 and alanine subεtituted for threonine at amino acid position 254 of subtilisin. 18. A cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a mutant subtilisin material -having aspartic acid substituted for glycine at amino acid position 131 of subtilisin. 19. A cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a mutant subtiliεin material having prolin substituted for serine at amino acid position 188 of subtilisin. 20. A cloned mutant subtilisin gene coding for a mutant subtilisin material having glutamic acid subεtituted for alanine at amino acid position 116. 21. A cloned mutant subtiliεin gene coding for a mutant subtilisin material having isoleucine substituted for leucine at amino acid position 126 of subtilisin. 22. A cloned mutant subtiliεin gene coding for a mutant εubtiliεin material having threonine substituted for serine at amino acid position 53 of subtilisin. 23. The cloned mutant subtiliεin gene of claim 10 preεent in B. eubtilis strain GX7150 (ATCC No. 53459). 24. A method for producing and identifying a subtilisin material of enhanced thermal stability comprising: (a) treating a cloned subtilisin gene, at least a portion of which is in single-stranded form, with a mutagenizing agent selected from the group consisting of sodium bisulfite, nitrous acid, and formic acid to introduce at least one mutation into said gene; (b) rendering the treated gene double- stranded; (c)" ~ transforming B. subtilis with the treated double-stranded gene preεent in an expres¬ sion vector; (d) cultivating the transformed B. subtilis in the presence of a filter material to which subtilisin is capable of binding, under conditions wherein the treated gene iε expressed to form an expression product and the expreεsion product is transferred to and bound to the filter material; (e) incubating the filter material to which the expreεsion product is bound at a tempera¬ ture at or above a temperature at which wild-type subtilisin is inactivated; and (f) contacting the incubated expresεion product with a εubtiliεin εubstrate material to identify a subtilisin material of enhanced thermal stability, and thereby identify a mutant subtilisin gene coding for a εubtilisin material of enhanced thermal stability. 25. A mutant subtilisin material which is capable of retaining subtilisin activity at a temperature at which wild-type subtilisin is inactivated. 26. The mutant subtilisin material of claim 25 wherein βaid material is mutated subtilisin. 27. The mutant subtilisin material of claim 25 wherein said material is a mutated homologous serine protease to εubtilisin. ' 28. The mutant subtilisin material of claim 25 produced according to the method of claim 1. 29. A mutant subtiliεin material containing an amino acid substitution or any combination of amino acid substitutionε which renderε εaid mutant εubtiliεin material capable of retaining subtilisin activity at a temperature at which wild-type subtiliεin is inactivated, produced according to the method of claim 1. 30. A mutant subtilisin material having any amino acid substitution which corresponds to the position of an amino acid subεtitution in a first mutant subtilisin material which renders εaid firεt mutant εubtiliεin material capable of retaining subtilisin activity at a temperature at which wild- type βubtilisin is inactivated. 31. A mutant εubtiliεin material having another amino acid substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 of subtilisin. 32. The mutant βubtilisin material of claim 31 having serine or asparatic acid substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 of subtili¬ sin. 33. The mutant subtilisin material of claim 31 having at least one additional amino acid substitution. 34. A mutant subtilisin material having serine substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 21& and aspartic acid substituted for glycine at amino acid position 131 of subtilisin. 35. A mutant subtilisin material having serine subεtituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and alanine substituted for threonine at amino acid position 254 of subtilisin. 36. A mutant subtilisin material having serine εubstituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and serine substituted for glycine at amino acid position 166. 37. A mutant subtilisin material having serine substituted for asparagine at amino acid position 218 and aspartic acid εubεtituted for glycine at amino acid poεition 131 and alanine εubstituted for threonine at amino acid poεition 254 of subtilisin. 38. A mutant βubtilisin material having aspartic acid substituted for glycine at amino acid position 131 of subtilisin. 39. A mutant subtilisin material having proline substituted for serine at amino acid position 188 of subtiliεin. 40. A mutant subtiliεin material having glutamic acid subεtituted for alanine at amino acid position 116. 41. A mutant βubtilisin material having isoleucine subεtituted for leucine at amino acid position 126 Of subtilisin. 42. A mutatnt subtilisin material having threonine substituted for eerine at amino acid position 53 of subtiliεin. 43. The mutant εubtilisin material of claim 15 produced by cultivating B. subtilis strain GX7150 (ATCC No. 53459) . 44. A method for producing the mutant subtilisin material of claim 43, comprising cultivating B. subtiliε εtrain GX7150 (ATCC No. 53459) under protein-producing conditions. 45. A B. subtiliε strain carrying the mutant gene of claim 10. 46. A B. subtilis strain carrying the mutant gene of claim 11. 47. B. subtilis strain GX7150 (ATCC No. 53459). 48. A thermally stable mutant subtilisin βerine protease material obtained by the following steps: (a) mutating a first subtiliβin by the method of claim 1 and identifying any thermally stabilizing amino acid mutations; (b) obtaining the amino acid sequence of a second naturally-occurring εubtilisin; (c) aligning the amino acid sequences of said first mutated subtiliεin with the amino acid sequence of εecond naturally-occurring εubtiliεin; (d) deleting those amino acid mutationε of the firεt mutated εubtiliεin which fall at or next to gaps in the amino acid sequences of said first and second subtiliεinε; (e) mutating said second subtilisin by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to match the mutations of εaid firεt mutated εubtiliεin; and (f) producing a thermally etable mutant subtiliεin material. 49. A method for improving the removal of proteinaceouε εtainε on fabric comprising adding a mutant εubtiliεin material of any of claims 30-43 or 48 to a waεhing preparation and cleaning said stained fabric with said washing preparation.

Inventors: BRYAN PHILIP N, PANTOLIANO MICHAEL W, ROLLENCE MICHELE L, BRYAN, PHILIP, N., PANTOLIANO, MICHAEL, W., ROLLENCE, MICHELE, L.
Applicants: GENEX CORP, GENEX CORPORATION
Application year: 1987
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C07K14, C11D3, C12N1, C12N9, C12N15, C12P21, C12Q1, C12R1, G01N33