TRACTOR AND FRONT END LOADER

Abstract: A front end loader (30) is detachably mounted on a tractor (10), and has a boom (60) which is swingable by a pair of cylinders (78) and which carries a loading bucket (74). The cylinders (78) need to be operated during mounting and dismounting and therefore have to be connected to the trac­ tor hydraulic output in this period as well as during work­ ing of the loader (30). In order to facilitate mounting and dismounting without stress to hydraulic hoses (86) running between the tractor (10) and loader (30), the hydraulic output from the tractor is located near the front thereof and the hoses (86) are routed alongside loader mast beams (44) and the boom (60) to the cylinders (78). The hoses (86) have a curved portion (216) adjacent the pivotal connection of the boom (60) and are supported by a swingable bracket (234) on the mast beams (44).

Description: This invention relates to a tractor and a front end loader for detachably mounting thereon in which the loader has: a loader support frame with transversely spaced fore-and-aft extending mast beams, upwardly extending mast posts rigid­ ly attached to the aft ends of the respective mast beams, and a forward assembly rigidly connecting the forward ends of the mast beams; a boom pivotally connected to the mast posts and extending forwardly therefrom to a ground work­ ing tool; a cylinder unit connected between the boom and the mast posts for swinging the boom; an hydraulic supply connector on the tractor; and an hydraulic hose arrange­ ment running between the connector and the cylinder unit. Such apparatus has been disclosed in US-A-4,051,962. Long hydraulic hoses, or extension hoses, are often re­ quired to maintain hydraulic connection of the loader with the tractor during dismounting. With some structures, the operator has to handle the hoses while moving the tractor during mounting and dismounting. When the loader is mount­ ed on the tractor, the longer hoses are often difficult to mount and maintain out of interfering relationship with the boom and frame during normal operation of the loader. The present invention facilitates mounting and dismounting without unduly stressing the hoses. According to the present invention the connector is locat­ ed at the forward end of the tractor adjacent the forward assembly (when mounted), and the hose arrangement is rout­ ed alongside a said mast beam and the boom, the hose ar­ rangement including a curved portion adjacent the pivotal connection of the boom and a hose support being pivotally connected to the mast beam adjacent the aft end thereof, so that the hose arrangement accomodates pivoting of the boom and fore-and-aft movement of the tractor relative to the loader. Preferably the hose arrangement is curved between the hose support and the hydraulic supply connector. Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a side perspective view of a tractor with a loader attached thereto; Fig. 2 is a side view showing the loader in the parked position; Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2 but showing the boom cylinder extended to position the mast post for engagement with the mounting bra­ ckets on the mounting frame of the tractor; Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3 but showing the boom cylinder retracted to raise the forward end of the mast beams; Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4 but showing the front portion of the loader mast in its ful­ ly raised position and the tractor moved forwardly to move the mast pins rearwardly in the corresponding bracket slots; Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of the mounting bracket with the mounting pin engaging the forward portion of the slot; Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 6 but showing the mounting pin moved rearwardly toward the second portion of the slot and the wedge moved rearwardly by the pin; Fig. 8 is a side perspective view of the mounting bracket showing the pin in the second por­ tion of the slot with the wedge in its latched position; Fig. 9 is an enlarged view of the mounting bracket with parts broken away to show the mechanism more clearly; Fig. 10 is an enlarged front perspective view of a portion of the tractor frame and the corre­ sponding front portion of one embodiment of the loader frame; Fig. 11 is a side perspective view of the inside portion of the aft end of the mast and boom structure with the hoses attached thereto by a hose bracket; Fig. 12 is a side view of the structure of Fig. 11 showing the hose bracket rotated to facili­ tate connection of the hoses to the tractor when the loader is in the parked condition; Fig. 13 is a view similar to Fig. 10 but showing an alternative embodiment of the front portion of the loader frame and front mounting structure; and Fig. 14 is a view similar to Fig. 13 but showing an alternative front mounting structure utiliz­ ed when the parking features of the present invention are not required. Referring now to Fig. 1, there is shown a tractor 10 hav­ ing a main frame 12 supported for forward movement over the ground by rear drive wheels 14 and front steerable wheels 16. A plurality of forwardly projecting hydraulic lines 18 is connected to the forward end of the main frame 12 by a support bracket assembly 22. The hydraulic lines 18 are connected to a source of hydraulic fluid on the tractor through conventional hydraulic controls (not shown) in the cab 24 of the tractor 10. A materials handling implement in the form of a front end loader 30 is connected to the main frame 12 of the tractor 10 by transversely spaced rear mounting bracket structure 32 and forward connecting structure 34. The loader 30 in­ cludes a loader support frame indicated generally at 36 having a pair of transversely spaced upright rear mast posts 38, each having a lower end with a transversely pro­ jecting pivot member in the form of mounting pin 40 adapt­ ed for receipt by the corresponding rear mounting bracket structure 32. Left- and right-hand mast beams 44 include aft ends fixed to the central portion of the mast posts 38. The forward ends of the mast beams 44 are connected to a transversely extending connecting weldment assembly 48 (Fig. 10) which includes upright posts 52 connected to the respective mast beams 44 and a tie bar 54 extending between the posts 52 adjacent the connecting structure 34. Similar transversely extending tie bars are connected between the posts 52 generally between the forward ends of the mast beams 44 and between the upper ends of the posts 52. In the alternative embodiment of Fig. 13, the mast beams 44 include downwardly and forwardly projecting extensions 44a connected to an assembly 56 by bolts 57. The assembly 56 includes upright legs 58 connected by a crossbar pivot shaft 59 forming a portion of forward connecting structure designated generally at 34a and described in detail below. The loader 30 also includes a boom indicated at 60 having a first generally horizontally extending boom section 62 with an aft end pivotally connected to the upper end of the mast post 38. A second boom section 64 is connected to the forward end of the first boom section 62 by plate structure 66 and extends downwardly therefrom to a forward lower end connected to bucket structure 68 by linkages 72. As shown, the bucket structure 68 includes a conventional loader bucket 74, but it is to be understood that the pre­ sent invention may be utilized with other implements. A cylinder unit consisting of a pair of boom cylinders 78 each includes a cylinder end pivotally connected to the corresponding plate structure 66 and a rod end connected to the central portion of the corresponding mast post 38. A pair of bucket cylinders 82 is connected between the up­ per ends of the connecting plate 66 and the linkages 72. The boom and bucket cylinders 78 and 82 are connected through hydraulic lines 86 to the hydraulic lines 18 at the support bracket assembly 22. The boom 60 may be pivot­ ed upwardly and downwardly about its pivotal connections with the upper ends of the mast 38 by extending and re­ tracting the cylinders 78. Control of the bucket structure 68 is achieved through operation of the cylinders 82. The rear mounting bracket structure 32 and the forward con­ necting structure 34 or 34a permit the loader 30 to be mounted on or dismounted from the tractor without requir­ ing loose bolts, pins or tools by operating the cylinders 78 and moving the tractor 10 relative to the loader frame 36 as will be described in detail below. Rear Mounting Bracket Structure For a more detailed description of the rear mounting brack­ et structure 32, reference is now made to Figs. 6 - 9. The right-hand mounting structure 32 is substantially the mir­ ror image of the left-hand structure 32, and therefore only the left-hand structure will be described in detail. A rearward mount or anchor member in the form of forwardly opening slotted bracket structure 90 is supported forward­ ly of the cab 24 adjacent the tractor frame 12 by a trac­ tor loader frame 92. As shown in Fig. 8 the loader frame 92 includes a side mounting plate 94 bolted to the side of the main frame 12 and supporting an outwardly extending box frame 96 having a horizontally extending plate 98 con­ nected thereto. A second horizontally disposed plate 102 is offset above the first plate 98 by a series of spacers 104. Bolts 108 extend through the corners of the plates 102 and 98 and through the spacers 104 to secure the se­ cond plate to the box frame 96. The slotted bracket structure 90 includes a pair of upright plate members 112 supported on the second plate 102 in transversely spaced relationship. A rear connecting plate 114 is welded between the aft edges of the plate members 112 to define a forwardly opening, U-shaped pocket indicat­ ed generally at 116. Slots 120 are formed in the members 112. The forward or entry portion of each slot 120 is ge­ nerally horizontal but has a slight (gentle) downward com­ ponent in the forward direction and opens upwardly at 122 adjacent the forward portion of the plate member 112. The aft or second portion (which is the operative portion) of the slot 120, indicated generally at 126, has a substantial vertical component and is angled upwardly in the rearward direction to define a pocket above the first portion of the slot. Thus the two portions subtend an obtuse angle therebetween. The upper, forward portion of each side plate member 112 is bent outwardly at 130 to help channel the mast post 38 into and centre the post with respect to the bracket structure 90 during mounting of the loader 30 on the tractor 10. Upward projections 132 at the lower, for­ ward end of the plate members 112 define a stop member for limiting the forward sliding of the pin 40 during dismount­ ing of the loader and for directing the pin 40 into the slot 120 during mounting. A sliding wedge block arrangement 140 is provided for au­ tomatically securing the mast post 38 in position as the mast pin 40 moves upwardly in the upper portion 126 of the slot 120, and for preventing play between the mast post and the mounting bracket structure 32. The wedge block ar­ rangement 140 includes a horizontally disposed shaft or pin 144 projecting forwardly from the rear plate 114 and slidably mounting a latch or block 146. A coil spring 148 encircles the aft end of the pin 144 and is compressed be­ tween the rear plate 114 and the aft face of the block 146 yieldingly to bias the block forwardly to a pin-retaining position as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. When the pin 40 is in the pocket or second portion 126 of the slot 120, the block 146, which includes a generally flat upper surface 152 which is sloped upwardly in the rearward direction, supports the bottom of the pin 40 and prevents the pin from sliding downwardly in the slots 126. Since the spring 148 biases the block 146 forwardly, the inclined upper sur­ face 152 automatically takes up any play between the pin 40 and the bracket. To release the pin 40 during dismounting of the loader 30 from the tractor 10, a sliding cam-operated handle arrange­ ment indicated generally at 156 is provided. The handle arrangement 156 includes a handle 158 which has a trans­ verse shaft portion 162 extending through a pair of fore-­ and-aft extending slots 166 located at the bottom of the plates 112. The shaft portion 162 is pivotally connected to the forward portion of the wedge block 146 by a pair of forwardly projecting ears 170 connected to the forward face of the block. A pair of cams 174 is fixed to the shaft 162 on either side of the plate members 112 and bears against a pair of contact members 176 secured to the opposite sides of the plate members 112 at the forward ends of the slots 166. Slots 177 are provided in the plate 102 to ac­ commodate rotation of the cam 174. With the handle 158 in the down position, the wedge block 146 is free to slide to its forwardmost locking position as shown in Fig. 9. To move the block 146 rearwardly and release the pin 40 from the upper portions 126 of the slot 120, the handle 158 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction (Fig. 8) to urge the cams 174 against the respective contact members 176 thereby to move the shaft portion 162 with the wedge block 146 rearwardly in the slots 166 to a release position wherein the upper surface 152 is offset rearwardly from the rear portion of the slot portion 126. The upper for­ ward portion of the block 146 includes an angled leading face portion 178 which generally conforms to the rear or trailing side of the slot portions 126 when the block is in the release position to facilitate movement of the pin 40 into and out of the portion 126. During mounting of the loader on the tractor, the handle is positioned as shown in Fig. 9 to permit the wedge block 146 to slide forwardly to the securing position. The pin 40 then is positioned adjacent the slot 120 and the trac­ tor is moved forwardly relative to the mast post 38. The pin 40 moves the wedge block 146 rearwardly as the pin 40 moves rearwardly and slightly upwardly in the forward por­ tion of the slot 120. When the pin 40 is located below the portion 126 of the slot 20, the mast post 38 is raised re­ lative to the tractor frame 12 so that the ends of the pin 40 move upwardly into the portion 126. Once the ends of the pin 40 have moved into the slot portions 126, the wedge block 146, operating under the influence of the bias of the spring 148, slides forwardly under the bottom of the pin 40 to secure the pin in the slot portions 126 and thus lock the mast post 38 against fore-and-aft and vertical movement with respect to the bracket 90. The pin 40 there­ fore is secured within the bracket structure 90 automati­ cally without need for the operator to leave his tractor seat and without need for additional mounting pins or bolts. Manufacturing tolerances may be increased while still providing a good fit between the pin 40 and the bracket 90 since the wedge block 146 automatically takes up any play between the members. When the wedge block 146 is moved to the release position away from under the pin 40, the slight forward incline of the slot portion 126 in the downward direction helps to break the loader 30 away from the tractor as the pin 40 moves downwardly in the slot portion 126. Once the pin 40 moves downwardly into the for­ ward portion of the slot 120, the tractor may be moved rearwardly with respect to the loader to cause forward movement of the pin 40 relative to the slot 120 until the pin 40 reaches the forwardmost portion of the slot and stops against the upward projections 132. Thereafter, the boom cylinder 78 may be operated to lift the pin 40 upward­ ly at 122 clear of the bracket 90. Forward Connecting structure For a more detailed description of the forward connecting structure 34, reference is made to Fig. 10. A front mount­ ing frame 182 is connected to the forward portion of the tractor main frame 12 by bolts 184. The frame 182 supports a pair of forward mounts in the form of outwardly project­ ing mounting pins 186 having enlarged outermost end por­ tions 188. Mating slotted brackets 192 are connected to the outermost faces of the upright posts 52 adjacent the tie bar 54 and include horizontally disposed slots 186 opening upwardly and rearwardly in an area indicated ge­ nerally at 198 just forwardly of rearward upwardly pro­ jecting members 202. The slotted brackets 192 define ge­ nerally hooked-shaped members which are adapted to be cap­ tured by the corresponding pins 186 as the mast beams 44 are rotated upwardly during mounting of the loader (Fig. 4). In the alternative embodiment of Fig. 13, the forward con­ necting structure 34a includes mounts in the form of slott­ ed brackets 252 spaced outwardly from each side of the front of the tractor frame 12 by spacers 254 and attached by bolts 256. Fore-and-aft extending slots 258 open down­ wardly at their forward ends generally at 282. The brack­ ets 252 include downwardly projecting members or ears 264. Preferably, the mast pins 40 are first positioned in the slotted bracket structure 90 (Fig. 4) and thereafter the boom cylinders 78 are extended to rotate the loader frame 36 upwardly about the pins 40 until the front mounting pins 186 engage the lower portion of the slot 196 adjacent the projections 202. Thereafter, the tractor is moved forward­ ly with respect to the loader frame 36 to cause the pins 186 to move forwardly in the slots 196 to prevent vertical movement of the front portion of the loader frame 36 with respect to the forward portion of the tractor frame 12. At the same time the mounting pin 40 moves rearwardly in the slots 120 of the slotted bracket structure 90 (Fig. 5). Thereafter, the cylinder 78 is extended to move the pin 40 upwardly into the slot portions 126. Once the wedge block 146 moves under the pin 40, the entire loader is firmly secured to the tractor frame 12. In the alternative embodiment of Fig. 13, the front of the loader 30 is rotated upwardly until the crossbar pivot shaft 59, which acts as the mating pin structure, enters the openings at 262 of the brackets 252 and contacts the top of the slots 258. The tractor 10 is then driven for­ wardly so that the crossbar pivot 50 seats in the back of the slots 258. To facilitate parking of the loader, the upright posts 52 of the connecting weldment 48 (Fig. 10) extend downwardly a short distance below the slotted mounting brackets 192. Foot members 206 are pivotally connected by bolts 208 to the bottom of the posts 52. In the parked position of the loader (Fig. 2), the foot members 206 rest on the ground with the posts being generally vertical but with a slight rearward tilt. The cylinders 78 and 82 are in their re­ tracted positions and the mast posts 38 rest on the ground. In the embodiment of Fig. 13, the legs 58 of the assembly 56 extend downwardly from the crossbar pivot 59 to fixed foot portions 211 which rest on the ground during storage. If the loader 30 is to be permanently mounted on a vehicle, the assembly 56 is eliminated (Fig. 14) and the lower front portions of the mast beam extensions 44a are secured di­ rectly to spacers 254a by bolts 256a. Hydraulic Hose Structure To facilitate loader mounting and dismounting and to pro­ vide advantageous hydraulic hose routing with a minimum of hose length, a hydraulic system as best seen in Figs. 1, 11 and 12 is utilized. Forwardly directed quick couplers are located on the support bracket assembly 22 at the for­ ward ends of the hydraulic lines 18. The lines 18 are con­ nected to conventional hydraulic ports (not shown) at the rear of the tractor. The flexible hoses 86 are connected to the quick couplers on the bracket 22, and when the loa­ der is mounted as shown in Fig. 1, the hoses 86 are bent rearwardly at location 212 and include a central portion 214 (Fig. 11) which extends generally parallel to the mast beam 44. At the aft end of the mast beam 44, the flexible hoses 86 are curved upwardly and forwardly at location 216 adjacent the pivotal connection of the first boom section 62 with the mast post 38. The hoses include output ends 218 supported by an upright bracket 220 on the boom section 62 forwardly of the pivotal connection. Rigid lines 224 are connected to the output ends 218 at the bracket 220 and extend forwardly therefrom along the boom section 62 to various locations on the boom 60 for connection to the cylinders 78 and 82. Hose support structure indicated ge­ nerally at 230 is pivotally connected to the aft end of the mast beam 44 for supporting the hoses 86 and permit­ ting the hoses to flex with pivoting of the boom and with fore-and-aft movement of the tractor with respect to the loader frame during mounting and dismounting of the loader. The support structure 230 includes a mounting bracket 234, preferably fabricated from durable plastic material, with upper and lower plates 236 and 238 connected by bolts 242 to sandwich the hoses 86 between the plates. Side members 244 extend between the plates to secure the hoses 86 with­ in the bracket 234. A pivot block 246 extends upwardly from the upper plate 236 and is rockably connected to a trans­ versely extending pivot pin 248 which is fixed to the in­ side of the mast beam 44. The bracket 234 is therefore freely rockable about the axis of the pin 248 closely ad­ jacent the inside surface of the mast beam 44. The hoses 86, therefore, can rock up and down with pivoting of the boom section 62. As the boom section 62 is rocked upward­ ly, the bracket 234 rocks in the clockwise direction (Fig. 11), and as the boom section 62 is lowered, the bracket can again assume the position shown in Fig. 11. When the tractor 10 is being backed from the loader during dismount­ ing, the bracket 234 rotates in the clockwise direction (Fig. 12) up to approximately 180 degrees so that the cen­ tral portion 214 of the hoses 86 extends rearwardly to fa­ cilitate dismounting with the hoses 86 still attached to the couplers on the bracket 22 at the forward end of the tractor 10. The forwardly projecting connectors at the bracket 22 increase the distance the tractor 10 may be backed from the loader 30 with the hoses 86 connected and also permit the hoses 86 to be reconnected with the trac­ tor spaced farther away from the loader during mounting. Once the hoses 86 are connected during mounting of the loader, the tractor 10 may be driven forwardly at which time the bracket 234 will rotate in the counterclockwise direction from the position shown in Fig. 12 toward the position shown in Fig. 11. The above-described hydraulic structure minimizes hose length while optimizing hose rout­ ing to reduce the possibility of hose kinking and hose da­ mage during both mounting and dismounting of the loader and while the boom 60 is being raised and lowered during normal operation of the loader. Mounting of the Loader With the loader 30 in the parked position as shown in Fig. 2, the tractor 10 is driven forwardly until the forward portion of the frame 12 is located rearwardly adjacent the mast posts 38. The hydraulic hoses 86 are connected to the couplers on the support bracket assembly 22. The hydraulic controls in the tractor cab 24 are operated to extend the cylinders 78 and rock the loader frame upwardly about the foot members 206 until the pins 40 at the lower ends of the masts 38 are approximately level with the slotted bra­ cket structure 90. The handles 158 are located in their downward position so that the wedge blocks 146 are in the forwardmost positions. The tractor is driven forwardly (Fig. 3) until the pins 40 are above the upwardly opening areas 122 of the slots 120. The cylinders 78 are then re­ tracted to rock the mast posts 38 downwardly until the pins 40 bottom on the forward portions of the slots 120 (just rearwardly of the upward projections 132). At this point, the weight of the loader 30 is shifted generally from the ground to the tractor through the rear bracket structure 32. The boom cylinders 78 then are retracted further to rotate the forward end of the loader frame upwardly (Fig. 4) about the mounting pins 40. The upward projections or ears 132 on the bracket structure 90 prevent the pins 40 from sliding forwardly out from their respective slots 120. Continued retraction of the cylinders 78 causes the forward end of the loader frame 36 to rotate upwardly about the axis of the pins 40 until the slotted bracket 192 engages the pins 186 adjacent the projecting members or ears 202 (or, alternatively, the crossbar pivot 59 of Fig. 13 con­ tacts the slotted brackets 252). The tractor 10 is then driven forwardly (Fig. 5) until the pins 186 bottom in the forward end of the slots 196 (or the crossbar pivot 59 seats in the aft ends of the slots 258). At the same time the rear mounting pins 40 move rearwardly in their respec­ tive slots 120 to a position below the upwardly directed aft portions 126 of the slots 120. This movement also pushes the wedge blocks 146 and the corresponding handle arrangements 156 rearwardly in the bracket 90. Thereafter, the boom cylinders 78 are extended to rotate the mast posts 38 upwardly about the pins 186 (or the pivot 59) thereby causing the pins 40 to move upwardly into the slot portions 126. As the pins 40 reach the top of the slot portions 126, the wedge blocks 146 are biased under the corresponding pins 40 by the springs 148 to automatically secure the loa­ der 30 on the tractor frame 12 without need for additional pins or bolts. Dismounting of the Loader To dismount the loader, the handle 158 is moved about 270 degrees in the counterclockwise direction from the normal six o'clock position as shown in Fig. 9 to a nine o'clock position. As the handle is rotated, the cams 174 force the shaft portion 162 with the wedge block 146 rearwardly to open the upper portions of the slots 126 in the downward direction. A flat on each of the cams 174 locks the wedge block in the open position upon rotation of the handle to the nine o'clock position. The cylinders 78 are retracted as necessary to force the pins 40 down the upper portions 126 of the slots to the position shown in Fig. 5. The trac­ tor 10 is driven rearwardly until the pins 40 come into abutment with the ears 132, and the pins 186 with the ears 202. The ears 132 prevent the loader frame 36 from being dropped before the forward end of the loader frame con­ tacts the ground. The cylinders 78 are extended to cause the slotted brackets 192 to rotate downwardly about the axes of the pins 40 until the foot members 206 contact the ground. Slight further extension of the cylinders 78 lifts the pins 40 over the ears 132 of the bracket 90. There­ after, the operator backs the tractor 10 from the loader 30, and the cylinders 78 are then further retracted until the loader reaches its final parked position as shown in Fig. 2. In the parked position, all the cylinders 78 and 82 are in their fully retracted position and relieved from pressure. The hoses 86 are then disconnected from the quick couplers at the bracket 22, and the tractor is en­ tirely freed from the loader 30 for other operations.

Claims: 1. A tractor and a front end loader for detachably mount­ ing thereon in which the loader (30) has: a loader support frame (36) with transversely spaced fore-and-­ aft extending mast beams (44), upwardly extending mast posts (38) rigidly attached to the aft ends of the respective mast beams (44), and a forward assembly (48, 56) rigidly connecting the forward ends of the mast beams (44); a boom (60) pivotally connected to the mast posts (38) and extending forwardly therefrom to a ground working tool (74); a cylinder unit (78) connected between the boom (60) and the mast posts (38) for swinging the boom; an hydraulic supply con­ nector on the tractor; and an hydraulic hose arrange­ ment (86) running between the connector and the cy­ linder unit (78) characterised in that the connector is located at the forward end of the tractor adjacent the forward assembly (48, 56) (when mounted), and the hose arrangement (86) is routed alongside a said mast beam (44) and the boom (60), the hose arrangement (86) including a curved portion (216) adjacent the pivotal connection of the boom (60) and a hose support (230) being pivotally connected to the mast beam (44) ad­ jacent the aft end thereof, so that the hose arrange­ ment (86) accomodates pivoting of the boom (60) and fore-and-aft movement of the tractor relative to the loader. 2. A tractor and front end loader combination according to claim 1 characterised in that the hose arrangement (86) is curved between the hose support (230) and the hydraulic supply connector. 3. A tractor and front end loader combination according to claim 1 or 2 characterised in that the hose sup­ port (230) can pivot through 180°.

Inventors: KACZMARCZYK, EDWARD TED, NOYES, ROGER ALBERT, RAE, RORY
Applicants: DEERE & COMPANY
Application year: 1987
Main classification: E02F3
IPC codes: E02F9, E02F3