ELECTROMAGNETICALLY COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS HAVING FEEDING PATCHES CAPACITIVELY COUPLED TO FEEDLINES

Abstract: A microstrip antenna array having broadband linear polarization, and circular polarization with high polariza­ tion purity, feedlines (2) of the array being capacitively coupled to feeding patches (3) at a single feedpoint or at multiple feedpoints, the feeding patches in turn being elec­ tromagnetically coupled to corresponding radiating patches (4). The contactless coupling enables simple, inexpensive multilayer manufacture.

Description: BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an electromagnetically coupled microstrip patch (EMCP) antenna element whose feeding patch is capacitively coupled to a feedline. The feeding patch is electromagnetically coupled to a radiating patch. A plurality of such antennas may be combined to make an antenna array. Microstrip antennas have been used for years as compact radiators. However, they have suffered from a number of deficiencies. For example, they are generally inefficient radiators of electromagnetic radiation; they operate over a narrow bandwidth; and they have required complicated connection techniques to achieve linear and circular polarization, so that fabrication has been difficult. Some of the above-mentioned problems have been solved. U.S. Patent No. 3,803,623 discloses a means for making microstrip antennas more efficient radiators of electromagnetic radiation. U.S. Patent No. 3,987,455 discloses a multiple-element microstrip antenna array having a broad operational bandwidth. U.S. Patent No. 4,067,016 discloses a circularly polarized microstrip antenna. The antennas described in the above-mentioned patents still suffer from several deficiencies. They all teach feeding patches directly connected to a feedline. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,125,837, 4,125,838, 4,125,839, and 4,316,194 show microstrip antennas in which two feedpoints are employed to achieve circular polarization. Each element of the array has a discontinuity, so that the element has an irregular shape. Consequently, circular polarization at a low axial ratio is achieved. Each element is individually directly coupled via a coaxial feedline. While the patents mentioned so far have solved a number of problems inherent in microstrip antenna technology, other difficulties have been encountered. For example, while circular polarization has been achieved, two feedpoints are required, and the antenna elements must be directly connected to a feedline. U.S. Patent No. 4,477,813 discloses a microstrip antenna system with a nonconductively coupled feedline. However, circular polarization is not achieved. Copending U.S. application Serial No. 623,877, filed June 25, 1984 and commonly assigned with the present application, discloses a broadband circular polarization technique for a microstrip array antenna. While the invention disclosed in this copending application achieves broadband circular polarization, the use of capacitive coupling between the feedline and feeding patch and the use of electromagnetic coupling between the feeding patch and radiating patch is not disclosed. AP-S INTERNATIONAL SYMPSOIUM, Symposium Digest, Vancouver, 17th-21st June 1985, vol. 1, pages 405-408, IEEE, New York, US; P.B. KATEHI et al.: "A bandwidth enhancement method for microstrip antennas". This paper teaches a technique for improving bandwith of a printed dipole by embedding parasitic strip dipoles between the feedline and the printed dipole. The use of parasitic dipoles which by their nature are elextromagnetically coupled to the excited dipole is common knowledge in dipole arrays. The dipoles and the feeding line have the same width and the coupling is adjusted through the offset distance. AP-S-INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, Boston, 1984, vol. 1, pages 251-254, IEEE, New York, US; C.H. CHEN et al.: "Broadband two-layer microstrip antenna". This paper presents a method of achieving circular polarization through two-point probe feeding of four patches simultaneously. The patch element in this reference is an electromagnetically coupled structure generally corresponding to what is found in the copending U.S. application mentioned above. There is not disclosed in any of the two above mentioned papers either the use of capacitive coupling between a feedline and feeding patches and the use of electromagnetic coupling between a feeding patch and a radiating patch. GB-A-2 046 530 shows a structure in Figure 3 wherein the resonator 19 partially overlaps a radiator 15. In Figure 5, the resonator 31 partially overlaps a radiator 27. While the structure of the resonator 19 correspondens to the structure of a feeding patch 3 the resontator 19, 31 in Figures 3 and 5 is directly connected to the feedline 18. Thus the elements 18, 19 and 20 all are part of the same piece of material. As a result, the resonator 19 inherently is in the same plane as the feeding portion 18. In contrast, in the subject invention, the feeding patch 3 is capacitively coupled to the feedline, and so lies in a different plane from the feedline. This means that it is not possible to implement the structure of Figures 3 and 5 of the GB patent in stripline because it is not possible to cover the element 18 without covering the element 19 as well, since the two elements are located in the same plane. With the advent of certain technologies, e.g. microwave integrated circuits (MIC), monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC,) and direct broadcast satellites (DBS,) a need for inexpensive, easily-fabricated antennas operating over a wide bandwidth has arisen. This need also exists for antenna designs capable of operating in different frequency bands. While all of the patents discussed have solved some of the technical problems individually, none has yet provided a microstrip antenna having all of the features necessary for practical applications in certain technologies. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a microstrip antenna which is capable of operating over a wide bandwidth, in either linear or circular polarization mode, yet which is simple and inexpensive to manufacture. It is another object of this invention to provide a microstrip antenna and its feed network made of multiple layers of printed boards which do not electrically contact each other directly, wherein electromagnetic coupling between the boards is provided. It is another object of the invention to provide a microstrip antenna having a plurality of radiating elements, each radiating patch being electromagnetically coupled to a feeding patch which is capacitively coupled at a single feedpoint, or at multiple feedpoints, to a feedline. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a microstrip antenna having circularly polarized elements, and having a low axial ratio. Still another object of the invention is to provide a microstrip antenna having linearly polarized elements, and having a high axial ratio. To achieve these and other objects, the present invention has a plurality of radiating and feeding patches, each having perturbation segments, the feeding patches being electromagnetically coupled to the radiating patches, the feedline being capacitively coupled to the feeding patch. (To achieve linear polarization, the perturbation segments are not required.) The features of a microstrip antenna and of a method of fabricating such an antenna according to the invention are disclosed in the claims 4 and 1, respectively. The feed network also can comprise active circuit components implemented using MIC or MMIC techniques, such as amplifiers and phase shifters to control the power distribution, the sidelobe levels, and the beam direction of the antenna. The design described in this application can be scaled to operate in any frequency band, such as L-band, S-band, X-band, K u -band, or K a -band. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) show cross-sectional views of a capacitively fed electromagnetically coupled linearlypolarized patch antenna element for a microstrip feedline and a stripline feedline, respectively, and Fig. 1(c) shows a top view of the patch antenna element of Fig. 1(a), with feedline 2' shown as a possible way of achieving circular polarization when feedlines 2 and 2' are in phase quadrature; Fig. 2 is a graph of the return loss of the optimized linearly polarized capacitively fed electromagnetically coupled patch element of Fig. 1(a); Figs. 3(a) and 3(b) are schematic diagrams showing the configuration of a circularly polarized capacitively fed electromagnetically coupled patch element, both layers of patches containing perturbation segments; Fig. 4 is a graph of the return loss of the element shown in Fig. 3(b); Fig. 5 is a plan view of a four-element microstrip antenna array having a wide bandwidth and circularly polarized elements; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the return loss of the array shown in Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is a graph showing the on-axis axial ratio of the array shown in Fig. 5; and Fig. 8 is a plan view of a microstrip antenna array in which a plurality of subarrays configured in a manner similar to the configuration shown in Fig. 5 are used. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to Figs. 1(a), 1(b), and 1(c), a 50-ohm feedline 2 is truncated, tapered, or changed in shape in order to match the feedline to the mcirostrip antenna, and is capacitively coupled to a feeding patch 3, the feedline being disposed between the feeding patch and a ground plane 1. The feedline is implemented with microstrip, suspended substrate, stripline, finline, or coplanar waveguide technologies. The feedline and the feeding patch do not come into contact with each other. They are separated by a dielectric material, or by air. The feeding patch in turn is electromagnetically coupled to a radiating patch 4, the feeding patch and the radiating patch being separated by a distance S. Again, a dielectric material or air may separate the feeding patch and the radiating patch. The feedline must be spaced an appropriate fraction of a wavelength λ of electromagnetic radiation from the feeding patch. Similarly, the distance S between the feeding patch and the radiating patch must be determined in accordance with the wavelength λ. While the feeding patches and radiating patches in the Figures are circular, they may have any arbitrary but predefined shape. Fig. 2 shows the return loss of an optimized linearly polarized, capacitively fed, electromagnetically coupled patch antenna of the type shown in Fig. 1(a). It should be noted that a return loss of more then 20 dB is present on either side of a center frequency of 4.1 GHz. Fig. 3(a) shows the feedline capacitively coupled to a feeding patch having diametrically opposed notches 5 cut out, the notches being at a 45 degree angle relative to the capacitive feedline coupling. Because the feedline may be tapered, i.e. it becomes wider as it approaches the feeding patch to minimize resistance, sufficient space for only one feedpoint per feeding patch may be available. Consequently, in order to achieve circular polarization, the perturbation segments -- either the notches shown in Fig. 3(a), or the tabs 6 shown in Fig. 3(b), the tabs being positioned in the same manner as the notches relative to the feedline -- are necessary. Two diametrically opposed perturbation segments are provided for each patch. Other shapes and locations of perturbation segments are possible. For the case where two feedpoints are possible, i.e. where sufficient space exists, perturbation segments may not be required. Such a configuration is shown in Fig. 1(c), in which feedlines 2 and 2' are placed orthogonal to each other with 90 degree phase shift in order to achieve circular polarization. Fig. 4 shows the return loss of an optimized circularly polarized, capacitively fed, electromagnetically coupled patch antenna of the type shown in Fig. 3(b). Note that a return loss of more than 20 dB is present on either side of a center frequency of 4.1 GHz. In Fig. 5, a plurality of elements making up an array are shown. The perturbation segments on each element are oriented differently with respect to the segment positionings on the other elements, though each feedline is positioned at the above-mentioned 45 degree orientation with respect to each diametrically-opposed pair of segments on each feeding patch. The line 7 feeds to a ring hybrid 8 which feeds two branch-line couplers 9 on a feed network board. This results in the feedlines 2 being at progressive 90 degree phase shifts from each other. Other feed networks producing the proper power division and phase progression can be used. The feeding patches are disposed such that they are in alignment with radiating patches (not numbered). That is, for any given pair comprising a feeding patch and a radiating patch, the tabs (or notches) are in register. The pairs are arranged such that the polarization of any two adjacent pairs is orthogonal. In other words, the perturbation segments of a feeding patch will be orthogonal with respect to the feeding patches adjacent thereto. Individual feedlines radiate to the feeding patches. As a result, the overall array may comprise three boards which do not contact each other: a feed network board; a feeding patch board; and a radiating patch board. In addition, while Fig. 5 shows a four-element array, any number of elements may be used to make an array, in order to obtain performance over a wider bandwidth. Of course, the perturbation segments must be positioned appropriately with respect to each other; for the four-element configuration, these segments are positioned orthogonally. Further, a plurality of arrays having configuration similar to that shown in Fig. 5 may be combined to form an array as shown in Fig. 8. (In this case, the Fig. 5 arrays may be thought of as subarrays.) Each subarray may have a different number of elements. If circular polarization is desired, of course, the perturbation segments on the elements in each subarray must be positioned appropriately within the subarray, as described above with respect to Fig. 5. In particular, the perturbation segments should be positioned at regular angular intervals within each subarray, such that the sum of the angular increments (phase shifts) between elements in each subarray is 360 degrees. In other words, the angular increment between the respective adjacent elements is 360/N, where N is the number of elements in a given subarray. Another parameter which may be varied is the size of the tabs or notches used as perturbation segments in relation to the length and width of the feeding and radiating patches. The size of the segments affects the extent and quality of circular polarization achieved. Fig. 6 shows the return loss for a four-element microstrip antenna array fabricated according to the invention, and similar to the antenna array shown in Fig. 5. As can be seen, the overall return loss is close to 20 dB over 750 MHz, or about 18% bandwidth. Fig. 7 shows the axial ratio, which is the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of polarization, for an optimal perturbation segment size. The axial ratio is less than 1 dB over 475 MHz, or about 12% bandwidth. The size of the perturbation segments may be varied to obtain different axial ratios. The overall technique described above enables inexpensive, simple manufacture of microstrip antenna arrays whose elements are linearly polarized or circularly polarized, which have high polarization purity, and which perform well over a wide bandwidth. All these features make a microstrip antenna manufactured according to the present invention attractive for use in MIC, MMIC, DBS, and other applications, as well as in other applications employing different frequency bands. Although the invention has been described in terms of employing two layers of patches for wideband applciations, a multiplicity of layers can be used. All the layers are electromagnetically coupled, and can be designed with different sets of dimension to produce either wideband operation or multiple frequency operation.

Claims: A method of fabricating a microstrip antenna, said antenna comprising at least one array of antenna elements, said method comprising: providing a feed network board having a plurality of feed-lines (2); providing a feeding patch board having a plurality of feeding patches (3); and providing a radiating patch board having a plurality of radiating patches (4); each of said antenna elements comprising one of said feeding patches and one of said radiating patches: said method being characterized by: coupling in a contactless manner each of said feedlines (2) on said feed network board to a respective one of said feeding patches (3) on said feeding patch board; coupling each of said radiating patches (4) on said radiating patch board in a contactless manner to a respective one of said feeding patches (3) on said feeding patch board; providing each of said feeding patches (3) and said radiating patches (4) with perturbation segments (5; 6), such that said antenna achieves circular polarization while each of said feedlines (2) feeds a respective one of said feeding patches (3) at a single point. A method according to claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of feedlines (2), said plurality of feeding patches (3), and said radiating patches (4) is separated into at least two groups, each group of feedlines (2), feeding patches (3), and radiating patches (4) forming a subarray, whereby at least two subarrays are formed, the subarrays being connected to a common feedline (7). A method according to claim 1, wherein each of said plurality of feeding patches (3) has a plurality of first perturbation segments (5, 6), and each of said plurality of radiating patches (4) has a plurality of second perturbation segments (5, 6), said method further comprising the step of coupling each of said feeding patches (3) and a respective one of said radiating patches (4) such that said first and second perturbation segments (5, 6) on each of said feeding patches (3) and a respective one of said radiating patches (4) are in register. A microstrip antenna comprising at least one array of antenna elements, said array comprising: a feed network board containing a plurality of feedlines (2); a feeding patch board containing a plurality of feeding patches (3); and a radiating patch board containing a plurality of radiating patches (4); each of said antenna elements comprising one of said feeding patches and one of said radiating patches; said antenna characterized in that: each of said feedlines (2) is coupled in a contactless manner to a respective one of said feeding patches (3); each of said feeding patches (3) is coupled in a contact-less manner to a respective one of said radiating patches (4); and each of said feeding patches (3) and said radiating patches (4) have perturbation segments (5; 6) provided thereon, such that said antenna achieves circular polarization while each of said feedlines (2) feeds a respective one of said feeding patches (3) at a single point. A microstrip antenna according to claim 4, wherein said plurality of feeding patches (3) has a plurality of first perturbation segments (5, 6) and said plurality of radiating patches (4) has a plurality of second perturbation segments said first and second perturbation segments (5, 6) comprising tabs (6) or notches (5) extending from or cut out from said feeding patches and said radiating patches (4) respectively. A microstrip antenna according to claim 4, wherein said feeding patches (3) and said radiating patches (9) are of an arbitrary but predefined shape. A microstrip antenna according to claim 4, wherein each of said plurality of feedlines (2), said plurality of feeding patches (3), and said radiating patches (4) is separated into at least two groups, each group of feedlines (2), feeding patches (3), and radiating patches (4) forming a subarray, whereby at least two subarrays are formed, the subarrays being connected to a common feedline (7). A microstrip antenna according to claim 7, wherein the number of elements in a first one of said at least two groups is N₁ and the number of elements in a second one of said at least two groups is N₂, where N₁ and N₂ are integers greater than 1, and wherein a first angular displacement of the perturbation segments (5, 6) of one radiation patch (4) relative to the perturbation segments (5, 6) on adjacent radiation patches (4) whithin said first one of said at least two groups is equal to 360 degrees divided by N₁, and a second angular displacement of the perturbation segments (5, 6) of one radiation patch (4) relative to the perturbation segments (5, 6) on adjacent radiation patches (4) within said second one of said at least two groups is equal to 360 degrees divided by N₂. A microstrip antenna according to claim 5, wherein the number of said first and second perturbation segments (5, 6) is two, said first perturbation segments (5, 6) being diametrically opposed with respect to each other on each of said feeding patches, each of said feedlines (2) being coupled to a corresponding one of said feeding patches (3) at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to one of said first perturbation segments (5, 6). A microstrip antenna according to claim 9, wherein the number of said second perturbation segments (5, 6) is two, and wherein said first and second perturbation segments (5, 6) on each of said feeding patches (3) and a respective one of said radiating patches (4) are in register. A microstrip antenna according to claim 4, wherein each of said feedlines (2) is separated from a corresponding one of said feeding patches (3) by air or a dielectric material, and each of said feeding patches (3) is separated from a corresponding one of said radiating patches (4) by air or a dielectric material. A microstrip antenna according to claim 4, wherein each of said feedlines (2) being coupled to a corresponding one of said feeding patches (3) in accordance with a parameter substantially related to a wavelength of electromag-netic radiation, each of said feedig patches (3) being coupled to a-corresponding one of said radiating patches (4) in accordance with a parameter substantially related to a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation.

Inventors: ZAGHLOUL, AMIR IBRAHIM
Applicants: COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE CORPORATION
Application year: 1986
Main classification: H01Q9
IPC codes: H01Q13, H01P11, H01Q21, H01Q9