ALKALINE TOLERANT SULFOBETAINE AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANTS

Abstract: Disclosed is an aqueous basic solution of a sulfobetaine which is soluble and stable for extended periods of storage. The sulfobetaine also is soluble and stable in aqueous basic solutions of high concentration, e.g. up to 30%-50% sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Description: Background of the Invention The present invention relates to amphoteric surfactants and more particularly to a novel class of amphoteric surfactants which are compatible with high levels of caustic. In a variety of cleaning and other chemical uses, use of strong basic aqueous solutions is required. Since many of these cleaning and other chemical uses also require the basic solution to exhibit surfactancy, a need exists for surface active agents or surfactants which exhibit their surfact active properties when contained in strongly basic aqueous solutions. As an additional property, such surfactants in a strongly basic alkaline solution should display very low to moderate foaming characteristics. Thus, an unusual combination of constraints are placed upon a surfactant in order to satisfy such criteria. Broad Statement of the Invention The present invention is directed to a class of surfactants which are soluble in strongly basic alkaline solutions, are storage stable for extended time periods of storage in strongly basic alkaline solutions, and which are very low to moderate foamers. Moreover, such surfactants retain their surfactant properties when incorporated into strongly basic aqueous solutions. The novel surfactants which possess such unique combination of properties are alkyl sulfobetaines wherein the alkyl group ranges from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms in chain length. Another aspect of the present invention is an aqueous solution of the alkyl sulfobetaine and a base, such as, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in concentrations ranging up to 30%-50% in concentration. Advantages of the present invention include an amphoteric surfactant which is soluble in water. Another advantage is an amphoteric surfactant which is soluble and storage stable in an aqueous basic solution. A further advantage is an amphoteric surfactant which retains its surfactant properties in an aqueous basic solution. Yet another advantage is an amphoteric surfactant which is stable in strongly basic aqueous solutions. These and other advantages will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art based upon the disclosure contained herein. Detailed Description of the Invention The amphoteric sulfobetaine surfactants of the present invention are unique in their ability to meet diverse criteria required of them in formulating aqueous basic surfactant solutions. The sulfobetaines of the present invention can be represented conventionally by the following general structure: where R is a C₆-C₁₂ alkyl group; R₂ and ₃ are a methyl group, a 2-hydroxy ethyl group, or a 2-hydroxy propyl group; and R₄ is H or OH. Within the alkyl group range of about C₆-C₁₂the sulfobetaine possesses the requisite degree of water solubility and surfactancy required of it. While various reaction schemes may be envisioned for synthesis of the alkyl sulfobetaines of the present invention, the following two-step reaction scheme currently is favored where R₄ is OH. The initial step involves the formation of an epichlorhydrin/­ bisulfite intermediate. This reaction conveniently is conducted in water in the presence of a base (for example, sodium hydroxide) at relatively moderate reaction temperatures (e.g. 120°-200°F) and preferably under inert atmosphere. Following the formation of the epichlorhydrin/bisulfite intermediate, such intermediate is reacted with the appropriate amine for forming the product sulfobetaine. This second reaction step is conducted at reaction temperatures ranging from about 100° to 200°F. Unreacted material then can be neutralized and/or removed and the pH and percent non-volatile solids of the reaction product adjusted as is necessary, desirable, or convenient in conventional fashion. For sulfobetaine where R 4 is H, a propyl sultone, , is reacted with the appropriate amine. The resulting alkyl sulfobetaine is soluble in caustic solution at concentrations ranging up to 10% by weight and greater. Moreover, such solubility is present even at elevated levels of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or like bases ranging in concentrations of greater than 30%, advantageously 30%-50%, and preferably 40%-50%. A variety of bases may be used in conjunction with the sulfobetaines of the present invention. Such bases include, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, sodium metasilicate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, potassium silicate, and the like, and even mixtures thereof. As the Example will demonstrate, the alkyl dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaines of the present invention are stable in potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions ranging up to about 40-50 percent concentration. The aqueous basic solutions of sulfobetaines of the present invention find use in a variety of applications. Such applications include, for example, bottle washing compounds, hot vat cleaning compounds, paper pulping, paint strippers, railroad and aircraft cleaners, dairy and food plant cleaners, detergent sanitizers, polymer-based wax strippers, and the like. The excellent stability, surfactancy, and low foaming characteristics of the alkyl dimethyl sulfobetaine caustic solutions make them useful in these and a variety of additional applications. The following Example shows how the present invention can be practiced but should not be construed as limiting. All percentages and proportions are by weight in this application unless otherwise expressly indicated. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 Lauryldimethyl sulfobetaine (R₄ = OH) was made by a two-step process described herein. The first step involved the charging of a small Parr reactor with sodium bisulfite (242 g), epichlorohydrin (228 g), deionized water (910 g), and solid sodium hydroxide (2 g). The water and base were mixed and nitrogen sparged to remove dissolved oxygen prior to charging the reactor. The reactor was pressurized to 20 psi with nitrogen and heated to 125°F at which point the reaction exothermed to a reaction temperature of 140°-150°F. The reaction was conducted for one hour and then sampled for determination of free sodium bisulfite. After the one hour reaction time, this analysis showed that the percent free sodium bisulfite was 0.2 percent. The reactor was cooled to 100°F and the product removed as the reaction was judged to be complete. 1310 g of the thus-formed intermediate then was added to a three liter-four necked flask along with 416 g of lauryldimethyl amine. The flask was heated to 150°-160°F and maintained at this temperature while the contents in the flask were stirred. After six hours reaction time, the contents in the flask changed from a milky liquid to a clear liquid. The reaction was continued for a total of 18 hours at which point the reaction was judged to be essentially complete. Sodium hydroxide (18 g, 50% concentration) was added to the flask and the temperature increased to 180°F to hydrolyze unreacted epichlorohydrin/bisulfite intermediate. After two hours reaction time, the flask again was sampled and analyzed for percent free in NaCl which proved to be 8.0 percent. The contents of the flask then were cooled to 100°F and sufficient sulfuric acid (25% concentration) was added to adjust the pH to about 8-8.5. The final analysis of the lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine is set forth below: The lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine was tested for solubility in aqueous potassium hydroxide solution. Concentrations of potassium hydroxide at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% solutions were formulated at percent solids content of lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. The lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine was judged to be soluble at all concentrations of sulfobetaine at all concentrations of potassium hydroxide. The lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfo-­ betaine then was subjected to Ross-Miles foam test at 1.0% by weight actives in 72°F distilled water. The following foam heights were measured: initial, 205mm; and +5 minutes, 26mm. In 150 ppm hard (Ca) water at 1% concentration, Ross-Miles foam heights were: initial, 200 mm; and +5 minutes, 29mm. Thus, it will be seen that the lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine is low foaming as well as soluble in high concentrations of potassium hydroxide. Next, the stability of the lauryldimethyl sulfobetaine to alkaline solutions was evaluated. Initial samples of the lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine at 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of a 50% solids solution of the sulfobetaine was established for 40% sodium hydroxide solutions. Surface tension and interfacial tension (against refined mineral oil, Nujol oil) were recorded initially, after one month storage in polyethylene bottles, and after 6 months of storage in polyethylene bottles. Samples for the tension evaluation were prepared by diluting the concentrate to 3% sodium hydroxide in deionized water for taking the measurements. The following results were recorded: The above-tabulated results clearly demonstrate that the lauryldimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine remains virtually unaffected when stored for time periods of up to six months in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions. Thus, the lauryl­ dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine has been demonstrated to be soluble in concentrated alkaline solutions, storage stable in concentrated alkaline solutions, and low foaming. EXAMPLE 2 An octyl dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine was made in a manner like that described in Example 1. At %5 by weight sulfobetaine, Ross-Miles foam heights in deionized water were: initial, 47mm; and +5 minutes, 40mm. In 150 ppm (Ca) hard water, Ross-Miles foam heights were: initial, 43mm; and +5 minutes, 36mm. The low foaming properties of this betaine is demonstrated. Samples of the octyl dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine were compounded at 1%, 0.1%, 0.025%, and 0.01% solids in DI Water for tension measurements. The following results were recorded. These results clearly demonstrate the excellent surfactancy of the octyl dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine Solubility of the octyl dimethyl hydroxy sulfobetaine to the alkaline solutions was evaluated by dissolving the surfactant into a 50% NaOH solution at active levels of 1, 3 and 5%. The following results were obtained:

Claims: 1. An aqueous basic solution having a calculated pH of greater than 13 of a betaine having the following general structure: where R₁ is a C₆-C₁₂ alkyl group; R₂ and R₃ are a methyl group, a 2-hydroxy ethyl group, or a 2-hydroxy propyl group; and R₄ is H or OH. 2. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium metasilicate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phospate, potas­ sium silicate, and mixtures thereof. 3. The basic solution of claim 2 wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof. 4. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein said base is at a concentration of greater than 30% by weight. 5. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein R₁ is a C₆-C₁₀ alkyl group. 6. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein R₁ is a C₈ alkyl group. 7. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein said sulfobetaine ranges in concentration from between about .05% and 10% by weight. 8. The basic solution of claim 4 wherein said base ranges in concentration from between about 30% and 50% by weight. 9. The basic solution of claim 1 wherein R₁ and R₂ are Me. 10. The basic solution of claim 9 wherein R₄ is OH. 11. A method for making a storage stable aqueous basic solution having a calculated pH of greater than 13 of a sulfobetaine of the following general structure: where R₁ is a C₆-C₁₂ alkyl group, R₂ and R₃ are CH₃, 2-hydroxy ethyl or 2-hydroxy propyl, (a) forming an aqueous epichlorohydrin/bisulfite intermediate; (b) reacting said intermediate and a C₆-C₁₂ alkyl, R₂, R₃ amine in an aqueous reaction mixture; and (c) adding a base to the thus-formed aqueous solution of said sulfo­ betaine if not already present therein to achieve said calculated pH of greater than 13. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein R₁ is a C₆-C₁₀ alkyl group. 13. The method of claim 11 wherein R₁ is a C₈ alkyl group. 14. The method of claim 11 wherein said base is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium metasilicate, tetra­ potassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium phosphate, potassium silicate, and mixtures thereof. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or mixtures thereof. 16. The method of claim 11 wherein the proportion of said sulfobetaine and said aqueous basic solution ranges from between about 0.05 and 10 percent by weight. 17. The method of claim 11 wherein said intermediate is formed at a reaction temperature of between about 120° and 200 °F. 18. The method of claim 11 wherein said amine/intermediate reaction is conducted at a temperature of between about 100° and 200°F. 19. The method of claim 11 wherein sufficient base is added to result in at least 30% base concentration by weight. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said base concentration is between about 30% and 50% by weight.

Inventors: ZEMAN, WILLIAM J.
Applicants: SHEREX CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: C07C309
IPC codes: C07C67, C07C301, C11D1, B01F17, C07C309, C07C303