METHOD FOR REDUCING THE PISTON SPEED, ESPECIALLY IN THE PISTON AND CYLINDER ASSEMBLIES OF AN EXCAVATING MACHINE, AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD

Abstract: Method and device for reducing the piston speed in a piston and cylinder assembly (1), as the piston approaches the end position. The piston end position is sensed, and a signal is generated for starting the end position dampening. Dampening is effected in two steps. In the first step (14), a time delay is provided and in the next step (15), the actual braking (retardation) of the piston is effected. The invention also comprises an electronic braking device comprising a dampening activation unit (13) which is connected to transducers (6), a braking delay unit (14) connected to said unit (13) and also to the control lever (5) at issue and a reference signal source, as well as a braking unit (15) connected to said delay unit (14) and adapted, upon activation, to provide a signal (U) to a setting system (3) for controlling the supply of pressure fluid to said piston and cylinder assembly (1).

Description: METHOD FOR REDUCING THE PISTON SPEED, ESPECIALLY IN THE PISTON AND CYLINDER ASSEMBLIES OF AN EXCAVATING MACHINE, AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD. The present invention relates to a method of the type stated in the preamble of claim 1. An excavating machine usually comprises a number of pressure medium-operated cylinders (pneumatic/hy- draulic cylinders). Thus, an excavating machine has hydraulic cylinders for, inter alia, the boom and shovel stem movements of the excavating unit. If the cylinder end positions are not dampened, jolts occur which subject the cylinders, the boom and the shovel stem to sizable leads by which the working life of these parts is reduced materially, simultaneously as the actual excavating movement is adversely affected. In some cases, however, these jolts are put to good use, for example for emptying the shovel of an ex- cavating machine. Many different devices are known in the art for reducing the rate of motion of a piston. The commonest device is a transducer which mechanically senses the position of the piston in the end region and activates a means for throttling the supply of pressure medium. However, devices of this type are difficult to mount and are not fully reliable. It is also known to design the piston and/or the cylinder ends in a specific manner, for instance by mounting on the piston a pin which projects into the mouth of the pressure medium drainage channel to throttle the flow. Also solutions of this type are open to objections. It is obvious that a reduced piston movement is unneccesary when the piston moves away from the adjacent cylinder end. Prior art patented devices are described and shewn in the two French patents 2,125,982 and 2,178,549 and in the European patent 0,022,105. According to SUBSTITUTE SHEET these patents, the position of the piston is recorded continuously, i.e. also during the entire retardation period of the piston. According to French patent 2,125,982, the retardation of the piston movement at the end position is always initiated in the same cylinder position, irrespective of the piston speed, so that the speed reduction starts at an uncalled-for early mo¬ ment at low speeds. In addition, the electrical circuit employed causes the retardation to be the same in both end positions. According to French patent 2,178,549, on the other hand, the start of retardation is postponed at lower piston speeds. However, the actual speed reduction occurs regardless of how far the piston has travelled from the end position. Also in this case, the retarda¬ tion is the same in both end positions. Different retar¬ dations for the two end positions would be preferable because the pressure-actuated piston area frequently is larger at one piston end than at the other so that different speeds occur. The above-mentioned shortcomings are eliminated by means of the device according to European patent 0,022,105 in which, however, a continuous recording of the piston position is a prerequisite. Besides, this device cannot be used in an excavating machine where end position jolts are an object to be desired. It is the object of the present invention to eliminate the above-mentioned shortcomings, and this object is achieved by means of the method defined in the characterising clause of the appended claim 1. The invention also relates to a device of the type stated in the preamble of claim 1, for reducing the piston speed in, specifically, an excavating machine as the piston approaches the end positions. This device has the characteristic features stated in the cha¬ racterising clause of claim 6. The invention will be described in more detail below, reference being had to the accompanying drawings illustrating an embodiment. Fig. 1 is a lateral view of an excavating unit. Fig. 2 illustrates a device for end position dampening, and Fig. 3 illustrates a method of providing an electric signal suitable for the end position dampening. Fig. 1 shows the boom 21 and the shovel stem 22 with its associated cylinders 23 and 24 in an excavat¬ ing unit for an excavating machine 20. In order to indicate when the pistons of the respective cylinders 23, 24 are at a predetermined distance from the re¬ spective outer end positions, for example with the piston rod extended, there is mounted, in order to provide a signal to start an end position dampening, a transducer in such a manner that a signal is obtained independently of the piston speed when the piston is at a» predetermined distance from the cylinder end position. In this manner, there is obtained, also at maximum piston speed, a smooth braking without any undesired upsetting jolt. One known way of indirectly obtaining the piston positions in the cylinders 23, 24 is to mount angle transducers at the pivot points 25 and 26 -between the stem 22 and the boom 21 and between the boom 21 and the excavating machine, the angle signal subse¬ quently being converted into a piston position signal. Fig. 2 illustrates the manner in which the dampening device of a single working cylinder has been integrated with the conventional pressure medium system of the excavating machine. For setting the piston rod position in a working cylinder 1, for example one of the cylinders 23, 24 in Fig. 1, under the action of a load corresponding to the forces Fl and F2, the working cylinder 1 is connected to a pressure medium system 2 which is con¬ trolled via an electromagnet 9 by means of an electrical setting system 3 which is actuated by a signal from the control lever 5 of the operator, transducers 6, and an end position dampening system 4. The pressure medium system 2 comprises a main valve 7 for setting the working cylinder 1, a servo unit 8 controlled by the electromagnet 9, a pump 10 for the servo pressure medium, a pump 11 for the operating pressure medium, and a pressure medium tank 12. The end position dampening system 4 which is electrically connected to the elec¬ trical setting system 3, comprises a dampening acti- vation unit 13, a braking delay unit 14, and a braking unit 15. In the following, the essential components of the electrical end position dampening system 4 will be described which actuates the working cylinder 1 via the electrical setting system 3 for the pressure medium servo unit 8 by means of the electromagnet 9. The piston rod end position of the working cylinder 1 is controlled by the machine operator by means of a lever signal Sa provided by the control lever 5. With the control lever in neutral position, a zero signal is obtained. By means of the control lever, there is provided, for example, a positive lever signal Sa for outward piston rod_movement and a negative lever signal Sa for inward piston rod movement. By suitable positioning of the transducer 6, a transducer signal G is obtained indirectly which corresponds to the position of the piston, by measuring the angle in a suitable pivot point on the excavating unit of the machine. The signal G is subsequently converted in the dampening activation unit 13 into a signal corresponding to the cylinder piston position. Alternatively, an end position signal is obtained directly by means of a transducer which is mounted on or in the cylinder. A constant reference lever signal |Sa| max is applied to the braking delay unit 14 and the control lever 5. When the piston is not in any of the end positions A-C and B-D, respectively, shown in Fig. 2, the dampening activation unit 13 provides the output signals Xl=0 and X2=0. When the piston is moving towards any of the end positions A and B, and a signal G from the trans- ducer 6 is obtained, optionally after conversion, corresponding to a piston position at a given distance d from the piston end position, the dampening activa¬ tion unit 13 provides a remaining output signal Xl=l (X2=0) at the piston position A-C, alternatively X2=l (Xl=0) at the piston position B-D for initiating the end position dampening. The braking delay unit 14 now causes a delay of the piston retardation start by starting a ramp function rl(t) linearly decreasing in time, the starting value of said ramp function being equal to a constant maximal reference lever signal |Sa| max. See also Fig. 3. When rl(t)<|Sa|, the braking delay unit 14 supplies the signal Z=l to the braking unit 15 for starting a ramp signal r2(t) linearly decreasing in time (see Fig. 3), the starting value of said ramp signal being equal to the lever signal |Sa| at issue (as long as Z=0, however, 0=|Sa[ is set). At Z=l, the braking unit 15 also compares the two signals |Sa| and r2(t) and provides an output signal U=min( |saI ,rt(t) ) to the electrical setting system 3. Since the signal U here is an absolute value and does indicate if the control lever 5 is actuated for outward or inward movement of the cylinder piston rod, the electrical setting system 3 also obtains an input signal which represents the sign "+" or "-" of the lever signal Sa at issue. However, it is also possible to impart to the signal U a "+" or "-" sign, in which case the connection, shown in Fig. 2, between the control lever 5 and the setting system 3 is excluded. If, during the above-mentioned braking operation, the control lever 5 is actuated such that the lever signal Sa at issue becomes 0 or changes sign, the output signal Z of the braking delay unit 14 is given the value 0, and the output signal U of the braking unit 15 will be equal to |Sa| and the piston movement is again directly actuated by the lever signal Sa. In order to produce end position jolts, the braking delay unit 14 can be actuated to provide a pre-delay for Λt seconds (Δt normally about 1 second) prior to start of the ramp function rl(t) as soon as the lever signal Sa at issue ≠O (i.e. the lever is moved from neutral position). For adaptation to the specific conditions that apply to the respective end position, for example different piston speeds because of different piston end areas, the ramp signals rl(t) and r2(t) may have different values; see the curve slope in Fig. 3. In addition, the ramp signal r2(t) has a given minimum value delta ISa|max to ensure that the p c iston always reaches the end position.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Method for reducing the piston speed, espe¬ cially in the piston and cylinder assembly (1) of an excavating machine, as the piston approaches the end positions (A, B), in which method the moment when the piston passes a predetermined position (C, D) adjacent the cylinder ends is directly or indirectly detected, a signal (G) being generated which is supplied to a signal processing system (4), the output signal (U) of which is applied to a setting system (3) for controlling the supply of pressure medium to the piston and cylinder assembly, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the said signal (G) which indicates the piston position, is applied, together with a reference signal (Samax) and a control lever sig 3 nal (Sa), to a delay-* • unit (14) comparing the control lever signal (Sa) to the reference signal (Samax) and, after a period of time depending on the comparison, generates a signal Z which in turn, together with the control lever signal (Sa), is applied to a braking unit (15) which processes these signals to generate a signal (U) which is applied to the setting system (3) together with a signal indi¬ cating the direction of piston travel. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i s e d in that the delay unit (14) has a ramp function (rl(t)) decreasing linearly in time, with a starting value corresponding to the reference signal (|Sa| ) and a minimum value equalling the absolute value of the applied control signal ( |Sa| ) at issue. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c - t e r i s e d in that the braking unit (15) has a ramp function (r2(t)) decreasing linearly in time, with a starting value equalling the absolute value of the control signal (|Sa|) at issue and a predeter¬ mined minimum value (delta S). 4. A method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i s e d in that detection of the piston position (C, D) for starting the braking of the boom and stem cylinders of the excavating machine occurs indirectly by angle measurement of the rotation of the boom about its horizontal suspension axis and the angle between the common pivot point of the boom and the stem, said angles being converted into the corresponding piston positions. 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, c a r a c ¬ t e r i s e d in that detection of the piston end position (C, D) for braking the boom and stem cylinders of the excavating machine occurs indirectly by discrete detection of two separate positions of the rotation of the boom about its horizontal suspension axis, and two separate angles between the common pivot point of the boom and the stem, said angles corresponding to the piston position (C, D). 6. Device for reducing the piston speed, especially in the piston and cylinder assembly (1) of an excavating machine, as the piston approaches the end positions (A, B), comprising a signal transducer (6) adapted to sense the moment when the piston passes a predeter¬ mined position (C, D) adjacent the cylinder ends, a control means (5) adapted to generate .a positive or negative signal (Sa) for extending and retracting, respectively, the piston and cylinder assembly, and a pressure medium system (2) controllable by means of a setting system (3) and adapted to control the supply of pressure medium to said piston and cylinder assembly ( 1 ) , c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a delay unit (14) to which a signal (G), generated when the piston passes the said position (C, D), is applicable tog 3 ether with a reference sig 3 nal (Samax) and a control lever signal (Sa), said unit being adapted, upon activa¬ tion by means of said position signal (G), to compare said control lever signal (Sa) with said reference signal (Sa ) and to generate a signal (Z) after a period of time depending upon said comparison, a braking unit (15) to which said signal (Z) from said delay unit and said control signal (Sa) are supplied and which is adapted to process these signals and to gene¬ rate a signal (U) which, together with a signal indi¬ cating the direction of piston travel, is applicable to said setting system (3) for controlling the supply of pressure medium to said piston and cylinder assembly. 7. A device as claimed in claim 6, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i s e d by a dampening activation unit (13) to which said position signals (G) are applicable and which is adapted to provide an output signal (X) when the piston is within the end position (A-C, B-D) . 8. A device as claimed in claim 7, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i s e d in that said delay unit (14) has func¬ tion design generating means which, upon application of a signal (X) from said activation unit (13), determine the delay time by starting a ramp function Crl(t)] decreasing linearly in time, with a starting value eq^ual to the fixed reference sig_>nal ( I<SaI>max) and a minimum value equal to the absolute value ( |Sa| ) of the applied control signal at issue. 9. A device as claimed in claim 6, c h a r a c - t e r i s e d in that said braking unit (15) has means for providing, upon application of an input signal (Z), the output signal (U) as a function de¬ creasing in time, such as a ramp function. 10. A device as claimed in any one of claims 6-9, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that said delay unit (14) has means for constant delay (Δt) of the start of the delaying function (rl(t)).

Inventors: BRUHN INGVAR, TORDENMALM LARS OESTEN, BRUHN, INGVAR, TORDENMALM, LARS, OESTEN
Applicants: AKERMANS VERKSTAD AB, AOKERMANS VERKSTAD AB
Application year: 1986
Main classification: F15B15
IPC codes: E02F9, F15B11