A BABY CALMER

Abstract: A baby calmer comprises a source of sound adapted to calm a crying baby, with the sound taking the form of random noise or pseudo-random noise which extends over an audio frequency range preferably extending up to at least 10 kilohertz. The pseudo-random noise is generated for a short period at an initial level so that it is able to penetrate the baby's own crying and to attract its attention. The noise is subsequently switched to a lower level to lull the baby into sleep. After a few minutes the sound is switched off altogether.

Description: A baby calmer The present invention relates to a baby calmer comprising a source of sound adapted to calm a crying baby. Research has been carried out into the use of recordings of, simulations of and synthesis of intra-uterine sounds for calming babies and has led to the marketing of cassettes containing such recorded sounds and of synthesizers for generating such sounds. This form of sound has however generally only been found to be effective with babies of up to six weeks of age. The existing intra-uterine sound methods using cassettes are cumbersome as they involve a cassette player, heavy usage of batteries, and are dangerous to run on mains close to the baby or obtrusive to the environment if located far away from the baby and set at an appropriate sound level. Furthermore, the cassettes are relatively expensive and the synthesizer even more so. The object underlying the present invention is to produce a baby calmer which is at least as effective as and preferably more effective than the known intra-uterine sound devices, which can be used to calm babies which are substantially older than six weeks of age, which is easy to handle, which is unobtrusive, and which minimizes energy consumption so that it may readily be run on batteries. In order to satisfy this object the present invention is characterised by a generator for generating random noise or pseudo-random noise over an audio frequency range exten¬ ding up to at least several thousand hertz, preferably up to at least ten thousand hertz, and by means for automatically reducing the level of said noise from an initial level to a lower level and subsequently to an imperceptible level, preferably zero. The present invention is thus based on the concept that random noise or pseudo-random noise, typically referred to as white noise when extending over a wide range of fre¬ quencies or "pink noise" when extending over the range of audio-frequencies, has a calming effect on babies and young children. It has been noticed, for instance, that the most commonly pronounced sound used to calm or quiet people is "SHSHSH", an oral simulation of random noise. Moreover, it is believed that this is far superior to intra-uterine sound which contains the foetal heartbeat as a major compo¬ nent. This follows from observations that soft regular random sounds are more calming than regular beats, for example rain versus a dripping tap. Moreoever, it is postulated that intra- uterine sound may in fact be far from ideal so far as its calming effect on a baby is concerned. It is postulated that a baby hears the intra-uterine sound for many months during the development of the foetus in the womb and is separated from the sound at the moment of birth. It is quite conceivable that this dramatic change would be disturbing to a baby (possibly similar to the dis¬ turbing adult experience of being present in an anechoic chamber) were he not "programmed" in some way to dissociate himself from this sound. Thus the unnatural recall of this sound experience might not be so welcome. This might also be the explanation for the observation that the calming effect of intra-uterine sound lasts for six weeks only. However, the present invention does not rest with the recog¬ nition that white noise will exert a calming effect on a baby, instead it proposes the use of at least two different sound levels with the following aim. The initial higher sound level is intended to be a level comparable with that of a crying baby and sufficiently high that it is able to penetrate the babies own cry and, as it were, to attract the babies attention. Once this has been done, and obser- vations have shown that a relatively short period of time is sufficient, normally a period of time in a range from 15 seconds to 45 seconds, it is proposed, .in accordance with the invention, that the white noise generator be switched to a lower level which is sufficient to hold the babies attention and to lull it into sleep or at least a state of calmness. It is difficult to define the precise levels involved because the levels clearly depend on how close to the baby the device is positioned. Nevertheless, the initial level should be sufficient for the baby to hear it through its own crying and the lower level can be substan¬ tially lower, say approximately 20 % of the initial level. Finally, the device should preferably switch off automati¬ cally which saves battery power and prevents residual low level random noise disturbing others. It is believed that the baby calmer proposed herein is also sound from a psychological viewpoint. Babies cry because they want mothers attention; mothers want babies to stop crying; the mother has to come to the baby to switch the calmer on (the calmer would, for instance, normally be located in or adjacent the baby's cot) and this initial contact is good for both parties. The device does not come into the way of mother's attention and it does alleviate the one and common cause for the mother's antagonism, the ex¬ cessive crying of the baby. Observations have shown that when the baby has a specific cause for crying - such as hunger or pain, which needs more than passing attention, the effect of the white noise generator will not override the baby's crying "call". Furthermore, it is believed that the harmlessness of low volume random noise is apparent, such random noise is, by definition, the most "unprogrammed" sound - it is that of a stream of water, wind through the trees, rain, etc.. The levels of random noise proposed herein are well within the safe and even pleasant limit. Thus, it will be apparent from the foregoing, that the random noise which is to be used for the present invention preferably has the spectrum of white noise in a audio-frequency range (amplitude generally an exponentially decreasing function of wavelength) with no particular frequency predominating. Preferably the means for reducing the level of noise from the initial level to the lower level is adapted to produce a step change in level. A timer circuit is conveniently provided for maintaining the initial level of noise at a substantially constant level for a short period of time, preferably in the range of 15 seconds to 1 minute and most preferably in the range from 30 seconds to 45 seconds. A second timer circuit, or the first timer circuit if suitably adapted, can be provided for maintaining the lower level of noise at a substantially constant level for a relatively ' longer period of time, preferably in the range from 2 to 7 minutes. As mentioned, the calmer is preferably switched on by a single switch and should switch off automatically at the end of the period of low level noise. The time periods and modes of operation described above enable maximum effective calming while minimizing power consumption. This thus effectively extends the working life of the batteries. In one specific form of the invention the noise generator is preferably packaged in a housing having the shape of a sea shell. This special shape of the housing is not only an attractive and compact design for placement into baby's cot it is also entirely consistent with the generation of white noise as can be recalled from the childhood experience of placing a sea shell to one's ear and listening to the "random noise" of the sea. A specific form of the baby calmer is characterised in that, the timer circuit comprises a first " timer circuit that pro¬ duces a first binary output having a high output for ' the duration of said initial noise level and a low output there¬ after, a second timer circuit adapted to produce a second binary output having a high output for the duration of the initial noise level and for the duration of the low noise level, and a low output thereafter; voltage generating means coupled to said first and second binary outputs and adapted to generate a voltage output having a first level when both said binary outputs are high, a second lower level when only said second binary output is high, and a zero output when both binary outputs are low; a random noise source comprising a zener diode connected to said output voltage; amplifier means connected to said random noise source; cut-off filter means adapted to filter out frequency components above said audio frequency range and a converter for conver¬ ting said amplified noise signal into audio noise. The heart of the baby calmer is thus a zener diode and the invention is based on the recognition that a zener diode is an excellent source of random noise, particularly if used without the normal bypass capacitor. The voltage generating means preferably comprises an emitter follower in the form of a transistor having a base connected to said first and second binary outputs via respective coup¬ ling resistors, a collector connected to a source of power, preferably a battery, and an emitter coupled to said zener diode noise source. The amplifier means expediently comprises first and second operational amplifiers connected in series with said cut¬ off filter disposed therebetween. The converter for converting said amplified noise signal into audio noise may conveniently comprise a transformer which drives a speaker and which is driven, in push-pull by two amplifiers. These two amplifiers together with the first and second operational amplifiers are usefully defined on a single chip, which is available at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, each of said first and second timer circuits is conveniently formed by a respective pair of NOR-gates coupled together via a respective R.C. timing circuit, and these two pairs of NOR-gates are defined on a C-MOS chip. A specific embodiment of the invention will now be described in further detail by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings which show: Figure 1 the preferred shape of a housing for the baby calmer. Figure 2 a circuit diagram of the internal components of a baby calmer. As seen in Figure 1 the baby calmer has the shape of a shell 10 with the speaker diaphragm (not shown) located behind a perforated cover 11 at the opening of the shell. As seen in Figure 2 the baby calmer is preferably powered by a battery 13 (although it could also be powered from a mains power supply (not shown)) and has a two stage timing circuit 14 which can be initiated by closing the push button switch 15. The first stage of the timing circuit is adapted to run for approximately 30 seconds and comprises two inter¬ connected NOR-gates 16 and 17 which are connected together with a timing element comprising the resistor 19 and the capacitor 18' isposed therebetween. On pressing the button the output of the second flip-flop 17 goes high, the capacitor 18 is charged and holds the output high as the button is released. After a period of time determined by the R.C. circuit 18, 19 the capacitor 18 has discharged via the resistor 19 and the output of this timing stage is switched to a lower level (typically zero) . The second timing stage comprises two further NOR-gates 20 and 21 with a second timing element comprising the capacitor 22 and the resistor 23 disposed therebetween. The second stage of the timing circuit functions in the same way as the first stage and produces a time delay of 4 minutes. In other words, on depressing the button 15 the output of the NOR-gate 21 goes high and the capacitor 22 is charged. The output of the NOR-gate 21 remains high for 4 minutes due to the R.C. circuit 22, 23 until the capacitor 22 has discharged via the resistor 23 and the NOR-gate 21 passes into its low state. The outputs of the NOR-gates 17 and 21 (which are formed together with the NOR-gates 16 and 20 on a single C-MOS chip (type 4001)) are coupled via respective coupling resistors 24, 25 to the base 26 of an emitter follower in the form of a transistor 27. The collector 28 of the transistor 27 'is connected to the battery potential and the emitter 29, which is connected to earth via a capacitor 30 so as to isolate any AC components delivers a voltage Vcc which can have three levels, namely a high level, an intermediate level and a zero level. These three levels are determined by the current applied to the base of the transistor which is in turn determined by the three different possibilities for the states of the two outputs of the NOR-gates 17 and 21. These outputs can be either both high, or only one of them can be high and the other can be low, or both of them can be low. The base of the transistor is also connected to earth via a capaci- tor 31 to provide a leakage path for a.c. components. The voltage Vcc at the emitter is applied to a zener diode 32 via two resistors 33, 34 which are connected in series with the connection point between the two resistors being connected to earth via a capacitor 35. The function of this capaci¬ tor/resistor arrangement is to prevent instability of the circuit. The zener diode is connected via a coupling capacitor 36 and a resistor 37 to one input of an operational amplifier 38. The output of the operational amplifier is connected via a filter formed by a resistor 41 and a capacitor 42 to the input of a second operational, amplifier 43. The function of the filter is to cut off all frequencies above 10 kilohertz which helps save the battery power that is required. In the usual manner a small part of the output of the amplifier 38 is fed back to its input via a further resistor 44. Another resistor 45 is used in the same way with the second operational amplifier 43. The output of the second operational amplifier 43 is coupled via a capacitor 46 for D.C. isolation and a potentiometer 47 to a push pull driver circuit consisting of two further operational ampli¬ fiers 48 and 49 with the usual resistors 51, 52 and 53 which are connected to the primary winding of a transformer 54, the secondary winding of which is connected to a load speaker. The operational amplifiers 38, 43, 48 and 49 are also formed on a single chip (LM 432) and the arrangement of resistors 55, 56, 57, 58 and of the stabilizing capacitor 59 is provided to enable the chip to operate mid-rail as designed. The above described circuit operates as follows: On pressing the button switch 15 both timer stages are simul¬ taneously started so that the outputs of the two NOR-gates 17 and 21 are both high. The output of the emitter follower stage is also high and thus the zener diode produces random noise which is amplified, filtered to cut out components above 10 kilohertz and amplified again before being supplied via the push-pull driver stage to the transformer which feeds the speaker for converting the electrical noise signa.1 into an acoustic noise signal. After 30 seconds the output of the NOR-gate 17 goes low and the output, level from the emitter follower is halved thus correspondingly reducing the level of noise generated by the speaker (the output of the emitter follower stage controls the gain of the amplifiers). After 4 minutes the output of the NOR-gate 21 also goes low, the output of the emitter follower is zero (the transistor is cut off) and noise generation ceases. I.e. the device has switched off automatically.

Claims: 1 0 P a t e n t C l a i m s 1. A baby calmer comprising a source of sound adapted to calm a crying baby, characterised by a generator (Fig.2) for generating random noise or pseudo-random noise over an audio frequency range extending up to at least several thousand hertz, preferably up to at least ten thousand hertz; and by means (14, 27) for automatically reducing the level of said noise from an initial level to a lower level and subsequently to an imperceptible level, prefer¬ ably zero. 2. A baby calmer in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that said means (14, 27) for reducing the level of said noise from an initial level to a lower level is adapted to produce a step change in said level. 3. A baby calmer in accordance with either claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that a timer circuit (14) is provided for maintaining said initial level of noise at a sub¬ stantially constant level for a short period of time preferably in the range from 15 seconds to 1 minute and most preferably in the range from 30 seconds to 45 seconds. 4. A baby calmer in accordance with claim 3, characterised in that a timer circuit or said timer circuit (14) is provided for maintaining said lower level of noise at a substantially constant level for a relatively longer period of time, preferably in the range from 2 to 7 minutes. 5. A baby calmer in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the calmer is switched on by a single switch (15) and switches off automatically at the end of the period of low level noise. 6. A baby calmer in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it is packaged in a housing (10) having the shape of a sea shell. 7. A baby calmer in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that said timer circuit (14) comprises a first timing circuit (16, 17, 18, 19) adapted to produce a first binary output having a high output for the duration of said initial noise level and a low output thereafter, a second timing circuit (20, 21, 22, 23) adapted to produce a second binary output having a high output for the duration of said initial noise level and for the duration of said low noise level and a low output thereafter, voltage generating means (27) coupled to said first and second binary outputs and adapted to generate a voltage output (Vcc) having a first level when both said binary outputs are high, a second lower level when only said second binary output is high and a zero output when both binary outputs are low; a random noise source comprising a zener diode (32) connected to said output voltage (Vcc); amplifier means (38,43) connected to said random noise source (32); cut-off filter means (41, 42) adapted to filter out frequency components above said audio frequency range; and a converter (54) for converting said amplified noise signal into audio noise. 8. A baby calmer in accordance with claim 7, characterised in that said voltage generating means comprises a tran¬ sistor (27) having a base (26) connected to said first and second binary outputs via respective coupling resistors (24, 25), a collector (28) connected to a source of power, preferably a battery (13), and an emitter (29) coupled to said zener diode noise source (32). 9. A baby calmer in accordance with claim 7 or claim 8, characterised in that said amplifier means comprises first and second operational amplifiers (38, 43) connected in series with said cut-off filter (41, 42) disposed therebetween. 10. A baby calmer in accordance with any one of claims 7, 8 or 9, characterised in that said converter for con¬ verting said amplified noise signal into audio noise comprises a transformer (54) driven in push-pull by two amplifiers (48, 49). 11. A baby calmer in accordance with claims 9 and 10, charac¬ terised in that said first and second operational ampli¬ fiers (38, 43) and said two push-pull amplifiers (48, 49) are defined on a single chip (LM 432) . 12. A baby calmer in accordance with any one of claims 7 to 11, characterised in that each of said first and second timer circuits (16, 17; 20, 21) is formed by a respective pair of NOR-gates coupled together via a respective R.C. timing circuit (18, 19; 22, 23); and in that the two pairs of NOR-gates (16, 17; 20, 21) are defined on a C- OS chip (4001).

Inventors: SAMSON ILAN, SAMSON, ILAN
Applicants: SAMSON ILAN, SAMSON, ILAN
Application year: 1986
Main classification: A61M21
IPC codes: A61M21