IMPROVEMENT TO SS-TDMA TECHNIQUE TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS

Abstract: Improvement to satellite telecommunication systems using SS-TDMA (Satellite Switched Time Domain Multiple Access) technique equipped with on board regenerative repeaters consisting of: 1. Transmitting from ground to the satellite a signal (CM) with high frequency stability and in harmonic relationship with digital data rate by modulating the carrier sent by a beacon station for fine tracking of on-board antennas. The signal (CM) being synchronised to the plesiochronous clock (CPL) common to all ground stations is used for: a. on board bit re-synchronization of the data stream after demodulation and re-generation on board of the asynchronous data arriving at the satellite; b. synchronization of reference words related to start of frames sent by the satellite. 2. Modulating the signal CM with digital signals, to be used as high speed telecommand which operate in a totally independent way of the telecommand system usually adopted for satellite control.

Description: "IMPROVEMENT TO SS-TDMA TECHNIQUE TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS" Within satellite telecommunication systems using simultaneou- sly • SS-TDMA and an board multiple beam antennas, incoming traffic switching of each of the communication receiving beams onto each of the communications trasmitting beams, is achieved through a switching matrix, whose task is to determine, in a cyclic manner, the origin-destination interconnections requi- red by the time plan, generally synthesized on ground starting from the traffic requirement and its evolution, and sent to the satellite via telecommand. In telecommunication systems which adopt SS-TDMA and multibeam antennas as well as demodulation, regeneration and demodula- tion techniques on board, together digital modulation of si¬ gnals, the switching matrix acts directly upon demodulated and on board regenerated binary data. In this case, switching must be such that the significant part of the transient message through the satellite is not di- sturbed: in particular, state transitions within the switching matrix must take place during "guard times" between ground station emission bursts. To optimize the frame filling efficiency it is convenient to keep guard times short; therefore there must be a mutual time synchronization between the on board clock, which sets the matrix switching operation, and burst emissions toward the satellite by the ground stations. If besides traffic switching operations on satellite, also processing of digital signals takes place, such as, as an example, decoding, reformatting, change of signalling or data rate change operations, it results almost indispensable to perform these .operations at the same speed, for all data streams arriving to the satellite, which is as close as pos¬ sible to the signalling speed (symbol speed) of the digital streams arriving to the satellite. Due to ground oscillator instability and Doppler effect induced frequency shifts in the ground to satellite path, due to satellite residual movement around its station point, data streams arriving to the satellite are asynchronous (in fre- quency and phase). It is therefore necessary to perform resynchronization of these streams before proceeding with further processing. In on board switching systems which also require a fest time plan reconfiguration, or origin to destination intercon- nections from frame to frame , to cope with demand assignment of satellite capacity, it is necessary to send to the satel¬ lite a quantity of commands for the dynamic reconfiguration of the switching matrix, at of the order of several thousands per second. Such signalling requirement largely exceeds the sa- tellite telecommand capability which, at the very best, is of the order of a few hundredth bits per second. Therefore it is necessary to dispose of alternative systems to effect this information data transfer between ground and satellite. In the following, mention well be made of the known solutions to bit and pattern synchronization. These two main issues, arising from differing operational requirements, may be solved simultaneously if we can find a way to deliver to the satellite a very stable signal which is close (or identical) to the digital stream symbol frequencies sent to the satellite, which simultaneously: a) synchronises all asynchronous data streams arriving at the satellite; b) acts as a reference frequency signal to be used in the switching matrix timing circuits through successive divi- sions. At least three techniques are known through which the above may be developed: however they all bear considerable incon¬ veniences. A short description of these known techniques follows, to eulighten the advantages which are offered by the method presented with this invention. 1) Stable autonomous source method, where frequency drifts may be controlled through telecommands. This method relies upon the use, on board, of a very stable frequency source usually based upon a temperature compensated quartz oscillator. To minimize frequency drifts due to temperature fluctuations on board, a very sophisticated proportional thermostatic con¬ trol of the oscillator is required, which implies considerable mass and power consumption: both of these factors are de- trimental on board a satellite. Moreover, even through the very best proportional thermostats, one cannot achieve the de¬ sirable limits for frequency drift, which must be less than —8 10~ as explained in the following. A further negative feature is crystal ageing, which may imply large frequency drifts, which are also little predictable. Consequently a fine frequency control system of the reference generator has to be adopted relying upon telecommand. Unfortunately, the fine frequency control telecommands of the reference generator must be sent to the satellite at a rate which is all the higher the "looser" the oscillator tempera¬ ture control system. Accordingly, if from a power consumption and weight vienpoint one would attempt to simplify the oscillator temperature control, on the other hand this would often imply to make re- course to frequent telecommands to maintain its frequency within the required limits around the nominal values. To make frequent recourse to telecommands is moreover a ne¬ gative factor from an operational viewpoint, as it amplies: a) a groundbased measurement and control system for the on board reference generator, of the direct or indirect type (satellite transmitted symbol frequency measurement); b) the use of operational procedures to process this informa¬ tion and the preparation.of telecommands to be sent to the satellite; c) the frequent use of the telecommand channel d) the on board use of additional circuitry for active control of oscillating frequency after telecommand reception and decoding, with negative impact on reliability. 2) Extraction of signalling frequency front the bursts deli- vered by one of the network stations. This method implies the adoption of one of the burst emissions sent to the satellite in TDMA as a reference for system syn¬ chronization. The system is locked onto the signalling (symbol) frequency of the data stream transmitted, i.e. by one of the ground sta¬ tions. As communications station emissions consist of burts, on board there is no time continuity of the reference signal. Therefore the reference signal on board recovery system is basically a time sampled phase locked device. In other words this circuit, for each useful burst reaching the satellite, must: - reacquire the reference signal frequency; - shift to the reference frequency track mode; - perform frequency measurement during the remaining part of the burst; - compare it with the measurement taken during the similar burst in the previous frame; - generate a correction signal, if required, to set the fre- quency of the reference oscillator. During the time between two successive bursts, we can adopt a memory device which will avoid sudden frequency shifts when the phase locked loop is opened without the input signal being present. The memory device time constant must be much longer than the time between bursts if we want to avoid that the oscillator drifts excessively from the desired lock frequency (the oscillator will attempt to work asympytotically around its natural frequency, which differs from the reference signal frequency, due to age or temperature effects). Unfortunately, a very long time constant which is required open loop, does not tally with the need for wide band during reacquisition and closed loop frequency track, i.e. in the presence of an input signal when the new burst arrives. Therefore the circuit must include a device which inserts or removes the memory circuit depending upon whether the input signal, onto which the phase locked circuit must lock, is present; or, in on equivalent manner, the phase locked circuit must switch bandwidth depending on the presence or absence of the signal. There are some substantial problems in the practical deve¬ lopment of such a system in an operational situation. The first is related to the detection of the presence of the signal to be locked before swiching bandwidth (excluding the memory). Unless there is a way, on board, to know a priori which time window containing the master station burst will appear at the circuit input, it will be necessary to add further circuitry to detect signal presence and to consequenly switch the loop bandwidth, with the consequent circuit com- plexities, reliability reduction, weight and power consumption increase. A second aspect is that related to input signal and digital demodulator threshold phenomena which act upon the signal before it reaches the circuit. To understand this aspect, we must remember that a system which has to lock onto the data stream symbol frequency of a station assumes that we are working upon the data stream output by a digital demodulator. Independently of the latter's specific build, we can state - without losing general applicability - that the demodulator works correctly only when the modulated carrier to thermal noise ratio (C/No) is greater than a preestablished threshold. Correct operation is when the demodulator provides a data flow from which we can still extract information tied to the input signal symbol frequency. Only at this condition the reference signal recovery circuit - which operates on the residue re¬ cognizable component, at the arriving signal symbol frequency - can operate correctly with a jitter which depends on the signal to noise ratio established at the demodulator output. Below the demodulator threshold, there is no assurance that the demodulator will provide a significant output to recover the reference signal. We can easily understand how in presence of large fading effects (i.e. as when carrier frequencies in the 20/30 GHz bands are used) due to atmospheric conditions, the demodulator may be working below threshold at the same time the bursts are delivered by the ground station. The system would lose synchronization, as master station si¬ gnalling frequency lock-on cannot be achieved. 3. Lock onto a signalling frequency corresponding to the ave¬ rage of the signalling frequencies of more burst emitting sta¬ tions, contained within one of the communication antenna beams. An improvement to the method above is to perform lock-on so as to use all bursts, sent by all stations within the area co¬ vered by one of the communication antenna beams, which are demodulated, in time sequence by one demodulator. The advantage of such method is in that it is extremely unlikely that all stations will be simultaneously affected by anomalous propagation effects, implying carrier to noise ra- tioes below the demodulator operational threshold. Therefore, in average, within the TDMA frame raster there will be many bursts having very good C/N ratios. These bursts will have differing signalling frequencies (due to the above men- tioned Doppler effects and to the inevitable digital flow signalling frequency differences) but, in a plesiochronous network, such differences are generally very small. Therefore we may define an average signalling frequency and an average C/No ratio greater than the demodulator threshold value. The phase locked loop circuit, under such conditions, will work better because the ratio between useful input signal presence to absence is almost unity. It follows that the phase locked circuit does not successarily need auxiliary circuits for frequency reacquisition and bandwidth switching, because it can be designed to track the average signalling frequency defined in presence of C/No goog ratios. Unfortunately, the major drawbacks of this solution are that: 1) it depends on the number of stations active and operating within the antenna beamwidth considered; 2) it depends on the degree of activation (burst emission) of- the communication stations. System effectiveness in fact increases with the number of active stations, while, in the extreme case, it may coincide with that of the system presented under para 2) when only one stations is present within the area covered by the beam. We can furthermore understand easily how the system may not provide adequate performance unless the number of stations is in excess of 3 to 5, - also considering that the TDMA frame filling factor cannot be unit: in other terms, traffic sta¬ tions may not trasmit bursts so as to fill the frame completely. Consequently this system may be interesting only when there are many stations per antenna beam or, in the case of few (3 to 5) stations per beam, when the average station activation factor implies a TDMA frame filling factor is close to unity. These two considerations are really much more important than what they seem at first sight: 1) the event that the ground terminal population within the area covered by the antenna beam is limited can often take place. To say the least, this is the situation during the first years of system in operation, when the number of stations put into service increases gradually from a small number of prototypes to a preseries batch. System operation must be demonstrated from the first phases of the exercize: therefore a system which to operate assumes that steady state will be reached asymptotically is neither optimum nor practical. 2) The station activating factor may vary considerably de¬ pending on the type of services offered, in particular in presence of telephone and non telephone mixed traffic. It may in fact happen that the greater part of stations usually adopted to sort telephone traffic, are muted to give way to a different type of communication via satellite (such as high definition TV programmes or teleconferences). Band occupancy, which is equivalent -in time- to the emission of very long bursts by part or by all stations affected by this type of communication, brings the system back to a situation ' with one or two stations per antenna beam, therefore equivalent to the situation described under point 2. KNOWN SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF HIGH SPEED TELECOMMAND TRANSMISSION. Regarding the problem of sending a high speed telecommand data stream to the satellite, a system which relies upon the transmission by the master station of one or more dedicated bursts - within the TDMA frame - to be decoded on board the satellite is known. This way we can achieve information rates of the order of many tens of Kbits/sec. The solution is rather an elegant one and does not imply appreciable drawbacks in terms of TDMA frame efficiency. However the system has at least two considerable drawbacks: 1) Circuit complexity As the telecommand flow is sent by bursts within the com¬ munication bandwidth and therefore at the communication data flow digital modulation speed, on board decoding of the bursts dedicated to telecommands implies the development of devices which at least in part, are based upon very fast logics and therefore with power consumption and reliability worse than when the circuits adopt digital components for operational speeds dimensioned on the effective information signalling speed. 2) Presence of a threshold effect The presence of a demodulator for input digital modulation bursts demodulation implies that there is also a threshold effect. Which is to say that below a given C/No value, the demodulator will not provide significant output and therefore fast telecommand is not possible. But even above threshold the C/No ratio may take on such low values in realistic operational conditions, that correct detection of telecommand messages and minimization of false commands, implies the putting to work code-decoding systems which detect and correct errors having considerable comple¬ xity, which is anyway greater than in the case where the original information flow (which is characterized by speeds in the order of a few Kbit/sec) may be sent to satellite within a bandwidth compatible with the base band information rate. The Invention Communication systems having SS-TDMA access are generaly characterized by having multibeam antennas an board the satellite, having high directivity. Antenna beam pointing controls, which usually have a -3 dB gain beam width less than are degree - must take into account that RF sensors are used to detect and measure the instantaneous angle error between, beacon signal direction of arrival from a ground station and the sensor electrical boresight. To this end, there must be a beacon signal receiver on board to demodulate the ground station beacon signal dedicated to this specific function. Therefore, with a slight increase of groundbased and an board equipment, we can also "transport" to satellite a stable reference signal and a data stream for the high speed tele¬ command. The invention will now be described with reference to presently preferred implementations intended to illustrate but not limit the concept, based upon figures and drawings at¬ tached. Fig. 1 Block diagram of the whole on board and groundbased telecommunication system Fig. 2 Block diagram of the beacon station Fig. 3 Beacon station transmitted signal spectrum (Bl of Fig. 2). In figure 1: CPL is the groundbased plesiosychronous network clock distri¬ bution; SC communication stations and B , B beacon stations; CMO shows the reference signal frequency sent from ground; CM is the . reference signal frequency as received by the satellite; CM* is the CM reference signal frequency retransmitted by the satellite as received by the SC communication stations. 1 Shows the equipment to generate beacon carriers (fo, fo'), CMo signal modulation on beacon carrier; (optional) mo- dulation of HSCMD signals onto CMo subcarrier; 2 are the groundbased antennas (beacon & communication) ; 3 are the transceiver and modems of the digital streams sent to the satellite with uplink signalling speed (CU, CU') and received by the satellite at the downlink signalling speed CM 1 . SAT is the equipment on board the satellite; 4 are the on board demodulation equipment for carriers fo, fo' for CM signal recovery and optional HSCMD; 5 is a device for adaptive selection of the better of the two signals coming from the two demodulators 4, when included in the system and operating simultaneously; 6 shows the digital streams demodulation and regeneration equipment sent from stations SC at signalling speed CU, CU' ; 7 shows the device for all asynchronous flows bit resynchro- nization, present at demodulator 6 outputs with common clock CM; shows the processing equipment usually present within SS- TDMA systems; such as digital flow switching matrixes. are the SS-TDMA system timing circuits which provide: a) synchronization of data streams entering block 1; b) on board generation of frame reference word common to alia data streams; c) generation of switching timing within the TDMA frame in block 8; d) synchronization of bits in block 11 which remodulates digital data streams output by block 8. 10 shows the device meant to check block 8 operation, which requires commands sent from ground for its reconfiguration; 11 Shows the block which carries out remodulation of the _ digital data streams coming from the satellite, demodulated and regenerated in block 6, resynchronized in 7, switched in 8 - before being sent to communication stations SC by means of transceiver antennas 12. Within Figure 2: 13 shows the interface circuits within the communication station SC, between satellite transmitted (DT,CU) and re¬ ceived (DR, CM) data streams and those sorted on ground (D, CPL). DT stands for data transmitted to the satellite at local signalling rate CU; DR stands for data received by the satellite at signalling rate CM • ; D stands for on ground sorted data at signalling rate CPL. 17 is the beacon carrier generator fo. The shaded area re- levant to blocks to be added to achieve the function of reference signal and high speed telecommand transport from ground to satellite, includes; 14 which shows the circuits which generate an ultrastable reference frequency f , locked to the plesiochronous clock frequency CPL, such that it results to operate in harmonic ratio with the nominal signalling frequency of the data streams sent to the satellite; 15 shows the coder of HSCMD commands which we want to send to the satellite. The base band signal output from block 15 is fm; 16 shows the subcarrier f modulator,by signal fm. In one of the preferred forms of the invention, the modulation is BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) without loss of general application; 18 shows the carrier fo modulation by subcarrier f , modu¬ lated in turn by signal fm. The type of modulation prefer¬ red in this invention, is phase modulation with modulation index such as to cause carrier fo attenuation not greater than 4 to 6 dB w.r.t. the unmodulated case. The spectrum transmitted by beacon station B , is shown in figure 3, which shows only the two modulation sidebands at distance F from carrier frequency fo. Subcarrier modulation bands f - Bm wide - may be present or SI not according to whether they transmit HSCMD telecommands or not. The difference A between carrier fo residue and modu¬ lation sidebands f levels depends on the modulation index SI adopted within block 18. Within Figure 4, relevant to equipment on board the satellite: 19 shows amplification and frequency downconversion of the received signal; 20 is a passband filter, for blocking sidebands f of spec- trum in figure 3, 21,23,27,29 and 31 show the phase comparators; 22 and 30 show the hard limiters; 28,24,32 show bandpass filters; 25 is a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) ; 33 is a Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator (VCXO); 26 is a reference crystal oscillator. DI shows the circuits which are anyway required within the receiver - demodulator RMF (Multi Function Receiver) to implement the functions required by the fine tracking on board antenna system; while D2 shows the circuits which must be added to RMF to recover reference signal f and base band ui signal fm, related to the high speed telecommands HSCMD. The invention reaches its purpose by: 1) Modulating the beacon carrier, of station Bl, at frequency fo, with a subcarrier (e.g. sinusoidal) at frequency f equal to a suitable sub multiple of the symbol frequency CM of the digital data streams sent to the satellite in the SS TDMA telecommunication system; 2) synchronising, during transmission, subcarrier frequency f , modulated onto beacon carrier fo, with the plesio- Sl chronous ground network clock, which has a stability and frequency accuracy in the order of 1 x 10 3) demodulating, on board, the complex signal shown by the spectrum in figure 3 by means of a receiver/demodulator of the phase locked type by separately recovering: 1) amplitude modulations of carrier fo relevant to the tracking error of the receiving antenna (output ERR of block DI) ; 2) subcarrier f or reference CM; Ox 3) baseband signal fm which carries telecommands HSCMD in coded fashion. In figure 4, sections DI and D2 show the conventional circuit configurations for phase locked demodulation of the complex signal having spectrum as per figure 3. In block DI, filter 20 lets through only carrier fo, whose phase is compared with that of signal I of the VCO (25) in phase detector 21. The signal at beating frequency is limited in 22 and sent to a second phase detector 23 where it * is compared with the frequency of the signal generated by crystal oscillator 26. The error signal at comparator 23 output is sent through low pass filter 24 and there to the VCO closing the phase loop. Output Q of VCO 25 may be sent to another phase detector 27 to achieve coherent detection of the amplitude variations of carrier fo, which after low pass filter 28 is sent to output ERR. Block D2 exploits the whole spectrum present at RMF input before filter 20 - i.e. inclusive of the modulation sidebands; and also exploits the fact that carrier lock is already achieved in block DI. Phase comparator 29 performs the beating between signal I of VCO 25 and input signal; the output of comparator 29 contains all the signal demodulated in the sidebands of the spectrum shown in figure 3. The VCX0 33 oscillates freely at a fre- quency close to f or to one of its multiples. Comparator 31 compares the VCX0 33 signal with the output of limiter 30. Low pass filter 32, having a very narrow bandwidth, lets through only those low frequency components of the error signal re¬ quired for closing of the phase loop, transferring to VCX0 33 the reference signal stability f characteristics while it X blocks modulations f due to signals such as HSCMD. SI Modulation spectrum Bm of figure 3 is therefore directly available at the output of comparator 31 for further proces¬ sing on board the satellite. With reference to figure 1, signal CM which contains the clock reference transported from ground to satellite, is sent to block 9, which has the task of timing synchronization fun¬ ctions of the SST DMA system - which is therefore slaved to clock CM recovered on board the satellite; while signal HSCMD is sent to block 10 which carries out decoding and inter¬ pretation of the telecommands required to operate and recon¬ figure on board processor 8. The stability with which reference tone f is received on SI board, CM, is shifted from the ground station emission fre- quency (CMO). by the Doppler component within the ground to -8 satellite path, which is of the order of 10 . Compared to such frequency shift, initial CPL frequency accuracy ( ,10-11•). is negligible. Using this frequency reference (CU) as an board master clock, to relock data streams retronsmitted by the satellite, (11 in figure 1) the symbol frequency of streams received on ground (CM 1 ) is affected by a frequency shift which differs from the local clock of the plesiochronous network (CPL) equal to twice the Doppler effect as the satel¬ lite to Earth relative movement affects both connections simultaneously: but it is important to note that such frequency shift due to Doppler effect, changes direction twice a day due to satellite movement around its station point referred to ground. This fact is more important from a practical and cost viewpoint of the ground stations than what it first seems. In fact, the effect of frequency shift of CM' frequency (at which the digital streams are received on ground) from the nominal plesiochronous network clock frequency CPL, has an impact on the dimensioning of the buffers in the digital ground interfaces (13 of figure 2), as these must recover the difference between bits written into the memories at the input data clock frequency (CM 1 in figure 2) and of bits read from the memory at the ground clock frequency (CPL). An important cost factor for ground terminals is to keep dimensions of such buffers within acceptable limits. If there is a constant difference between wite and read clock frequencies, ground interface buffer dimensioning should be rather • generous due to progressing and indefinite filling or depleting " of the buffers in time. The effect of periodic inversion of the Doppler effect men¬ tioned above is, on the contrary, a positive fact, because bit filling phases (write clock faster than read clock) or CM' CPL, are followed by depletion phases of the buffers (wite clock shower than the read clock) or CM 1 .CPL. Over 24 hours, the average value of the frequency shift due to the Doppler effect is nil and such is the buffer content in interface 13. This shows that buffer dimensioning may be made on the sole basis of maximum fill/deplete over 6 hours, which is 1/4 of the Doppler component variation period. With typical values of orbit eccentricity, for geostationary telecommunication satellites, buffer dimensioning requires few hundred bits, fer data streams at PCM 2 M bit/sec supergroup level. The invention also gives the following advantages: 1) Independence of synchronization signal f , transport sy- stem from number and activation status of communication stations, as signal f , is connected to beacon carrier for the antenna tracking system, which also results in the beacon station being indipendent of the communication stations from the functional viewpoint. 2) Greater insensitivity to path attenuation: as the reference signal to be carried to the satellite is almost monochrome, or is at least narrowband, and the S/N ratio achievable at the satellite, with moderate Effective Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) from the ground station which emits the beacon signal, keeps high values also in presence of additional attenuations which, in the 30 GHz band, can take on 30 to 35 dB values. This dynamic range is much greater (by at least 10 to 15 dB) than achievable with synchro¬ nization signal carrier systems known till now. 3) An improvement to performance can be achieved when two or more beacon stations are present in the system as shown in figure 1. As beacon site stations are not co-located, reception and on board demodulation of subcarriers associated with beacon station emissions enables us to implement a system which exploits space diversity characteristics. In a nutshell, we can draw advantage from the fact that simultaneous failure probability of the two beacon stations and/or the probability of simultaneous additional atte¬ nuation due to rainfall at the two sites is very low or even negligible. Under these conditions the availability at the satellite of the reference signal used for bit and frame synchronization increases considerably with equal ground station EIRP; and it also reduces EIRP requirements for the spectral line connected to the subcarrier at the same required service availability. Also the reliability with which such function is performed on board the satellite increases as two reference signals are simultaneously available between which the on board equipment may choose: in other words the two reference signals may be considered to provide operational redundancy. The above also applies to the high speed telecommand function which in this configuration exploits the same operational redundancy cha¬ racteristics of the two independent sub carrier receiver - demodulation chains.

Claims: CLAIMS 1) Improvement to Satellite Communication Systems adopting SSTDMA technique, with regenerative repeaters on board satellite, where bit and frame synchronization is achieved by carrying from ground to satellite of an ultrastable reference frequency f , which modulates a RF carrier fo SI sent by a beacon station used for fine tracking of on board antennae. 2) Improvement to Satellite Communication systems as per Claim 1, where the subcarrier modulating the carrier fo sent by the beacon station, has a frequency which is a submultiple of the symbol frequency of the digital streams which modulate the carriers arriving in TDMA to the satellite and is synchronized on ground to the plesiochronous network clock frequency CPL. 3) Improvement to Satellite Telecommunication Systems as per claims 1 & 2, where subcarrier f , is in turn modulated by SI a data stream of one telecommand channel which can deliver throusands of bits/sec. 4) Improvement to satellite telecommunication Systems as per claim 2, where subcarrier f , demodulated on board satel- Sl lite is used to phase lock a free running oscillator to a frequency close to f , transferring accuracy, medium and long term stability characteristics of the plesiochronous network clock signal, except for the Doppler effect. 5) Improvement to satellite telecommunication Systems as per Claims 2 and 4, where the number of buffer bits in the Ground Synchronous Interfaces (13) has been reduced because through the system presented, there is a daily periodic variation, having nil average, of the clock frequency of the digital streams received on ground due to the satellite daily movements around its station point with respect to Earth. 6) Improvement to Satellite Telecommunication Systems as per claims above, characterized by the fact that it consists of the simultaneous use of one or more beacon carriers, fo, fo 1 etc, sent by two or more non co-located beacon sta¬ tions, each carrier being modulated by a subcarrier having frequency f , which has the characteristics claimed under point 2 above, each of which may have a telecommand channel as shown in claim 3.

Inventors: PERROTTA GIORGIO, PERROTTA, GIORGIO
Applicants: SELENIA SPAZIO SPA, SELENIA SPAZIO, S.P.A.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: H04B7
IPC codes: H04B7