A METHOD AND PROBE FOR THE DETECTION OF ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS

Abstract: A probe for the detection, in a sample obtained from the mouth of a human patient, of a microbial or human cell associated with a human oral medical disorder, consists essentially of a segment of DNA or RNA capable of selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions to single-stranded DNA of the cell.

Description: This invention relates to the diagnosis of human dental diseases and conditions by detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Dental diseases are quite prevalent in the United States and elsewhere. Perhaps 45 million adults suffer from destructive periodontal disease in the U.S., and perhaps 1 million children suffer from juvenile periodontitis. It can be estimated that 95% of the U.S. population suffers from dental caries at some point in life. There is a considerable need for diagnostic tools to allow a dentist to quickly and effectively detect the presence of these diseases and conditions, to aid and monitor treatment. This is especially true for juvenile periodontitis and dental caries, for which more specialized treatments exist. Recent evidence suggests that different forms of periodontal disease have specific microbial etiologies. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been well established to be a causative agent for juvenile periodontitis (J. Slots et al., Infect. Immun. 29 : 1013-1020, 1980; Mandell and Socransky, J. Periodont. 52 : 593-598, 1981). Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and other organisms are associated with, and implicated in the cause of, adult periodontal disease (Tanner et al., J. Clin. Periodont. 6 : 278-307, 1979; Dzink et al., J. Clin. Periodont. 9 : in press 1985). One approach in diagnosing these medical disorders is to identify causative microorganisms by culturing and taxonomic identification of bacteria from samples from periodontal pockets. This approach is labour-intensive, and samples must be quickly and correctly handled to preserve their viability. Alternatively, assays for enzyme activities thought to be associated with causative organisms may be used. Various assays involving polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies have also been used. For example, Ebersole, U.S. Patent No 4,458,014, discloses a method for the serological identification of certain microorganisms from the oral cavity, in particular, black-pigmented Bacteroides . This method involves the preparation of polyclonal antibodies directed at these organisms by injection of killed cells into a mammal such as a rabbit, and recovery of antibodies from the mammal's serum. The polyclonal antibodies are used in a diagnostic protocol to detect organisms. Tanner et al (J. Periodontal Res 17 (1982) 585-596) have classified and identified A. actinomycetemcomitans and H. aphrophilus, by cluster analysis and DNA hybridization (using whole genome DNA), isolated from advanced periodontal pockets. US-A-4358535 Falkow et al proposes a method for detecting the presence of pathogens in clinical samples. The sample is spotted onto an inert support and treated in a manner which the authors suggest will affix genetic material of any of the pathogens present in the sample to the support in substantially single stranded form at substantially the same site on the support where the sample was deposited. The fixed single stranded genetic material is contacted with a labelled probe having a nucleotide sequence of at least 25 bases at least substantially complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a structural gene characteristic of the pathogen. Contact takes place under hybridizing conditions at a predetermined stringency. Duplex formation on the support is detected by means of the label. It is suggested that the method may be applied to virtually any pathogens, whether bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, moulds, etc and to virtually any clinical sample, but the only fully worked example set out in US-A-4358535 is the detection of E. coli in stools though there is also a suggestion that the method may also have been carried out by the authors to detect Chlamydia Trachomatis in puss or vaginal secretions, but no data are given. There is no reference in US-A-4358535 to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or of the detection of any organism likely to be present with other closely similar organisms. According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a probe for the detection in a sample obtained from the mouth of a human patient, of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , characterised in that said probe consists essentially of an isolated segment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans DNA or an RNA complement thereof capable of stably and selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions, to single-stranded DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , but essentially not to DNA of organisms other Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in said sample. The invention also provides a method of detecting, in a sample obtained from the mouth of a human patient, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , said method being characterised in comprising the steps of: denaturing the DNA of said sample; contacting said denatured DNA, under hydribizing conditions, with a probe as defined above; and detecting hybrid complexes as an indication of the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in said sample. The invention provides, in a second and alternative aspect thereof, a composition a composition comprising a probe consisting essentially of a segment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans DNA or an RNA complement thereof capable of stably and selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions, to single-stranded DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans but essentially not to DNA of organisms other than Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , for use in the diagnosis of human oral medical disorders. The invention is concerned with the detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (which recently has been proposed to be reclassified as Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans comb. nov. [Potts et al., J. System. Bact. 35 : 337, 1985]), a causative agent of juvenile periodontitis. The method described is highly sensitive, permitting the detection of only 10³ cells in a sample, and is also highly specific; cross-hybridization to DNA of other cells in the sample is less than 0.1% of hybridization to the cell being detected. In addition, detection is rapid, giving results in one to two days. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof. Preparation of Probes Probe DNA or RNA can be prepared by any of several techniques, including the isolation of specific sequence probes from a library of the DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans or the preparation of specific sequence RNA probes Obtaining Cells A. actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC Nos. 29522, 29523, 29524) are publically available. We also obtained from Dr. Anne Tanner and Ms. JoAnn Dzink of the Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Massachusetts: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4. These microorganisms were cultured according to published procedures (Dzink et al., J. Clin. Micro. 19 : 599, 1984), harvested and centrifuged to form a cell pellet, and lyophilized. Total cellular DNA was extracted from 0.1 gm of lyophilized cells by the following method. The cells were resuspended in 20 ml of TES buffer (10mM Tris-HCl; 100mM NaCl; 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0), centrifuged for 10 minutes at 8000 rpm (5000 x g), and the supernatant was discarded. The pellet was then resuspended in 10 ml of TES buffer containing 25% sucrose, for cell lysis. 5 mg of lysozyme (Sigma) was added to the 10 ml of the lysis mixture. Treatment with enzyme was done for 30 minutes at 37°C. Following this incubation, 0.8 ml of 25% w/v sodium lauryl sulphate and 0.5 ml pronase (Sigma) were added, and the mixture was incubated for 30 minutes at 70° C. The mixture was then cooled on ice, 2.8 ml of 5 M sodium perchlorate was added, mixed well and incubated on ice for 15 minutes. 15 ml of cold chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (24:1 v/v) was added. After mixing, the mixture was left on ice for 15 minutes. The mixture was centrifuged at 6000 rpm (2800 x g) for 10 minutes. The aqueous phase was removed with a wide-mouthed Pipette, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 12,000 rpm (11,200 x g). The supernatant was collected, chilled on ice for 15 minutes, and 2 volumes of 95% ethanol were added. After 30 minutes on ice, the mixture was centrifuged at 8000 rpm (5000 x g) for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded. After drying, the pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of TE buffer (10mM Tris HCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0). 50 microlitres of 10 mg/ml RNase was added (RNase, obtained from Sigma, dissolved in 10mM Tris pH 7.5, 15mM NaCl, was prepared in advance by heating at 100° C for fifteen minutes, slow cooling, dispensing into aliquots for storage at -20° C). The RNase reaction was carried out at 37° C for one hour. Following RNase treatment, 2-3 extractions were done with phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (49:49:1), and the aqueous phase was collected. 2 1/2 volumes of 100% ethanol were added, with 1/10 volume of 3M sodium acetate (pH 5.5). After 30 minutes on ice, the mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 8000 rpm (5000 x g). The pellet was washed twice with 70% ethanol, dried and resuspended in 1 ml of TE buffer. The concentration of DNA was measured by OD₂₆₀. DNA Libraries for Specific Sequence Probes We have prepared nucleic acid probes by constructing cloned DNA libraries representing all the DNA sequences of A. actinomycetemcomitans . Procedures to prepare DNA libraries and label the nucleic acid sequences are described below. Any individual nucleic acid sequence having homology to A. actinomycetemcomitans and lacking homology to other oral microorganisms or cells, may be a suitable probe for the target cell. Many such sequences are presumed to be present in the libraries prepared as described below, or in other libraries that may be similarly prepared. Any such sequence may be identified and isolated from within a DNA library, e.g., through differential hybridization assays such as the one described below. Such sequences may be used singly or in combination, and it is also possible to use the entire library as a probe. Specific Sequence Probes: DNA Probes Single-stranded libraries of DNA from A. actinomycetemcomitans can be prepared using M13 phage as a vector. DNA from the replicating form or phage M13 (M13 RF mp 7; Messing et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 9 :309, 1981; obtained from P-L Biochemicals) was digested with Bam H1 to give a linear double-stranded DNA molecule with GATC cohesive ends. Purified A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA, prepared as described above, was digested with Sau3A, yielding fragments with cohesive ends complementary to the M13 sticky ends. The restricted A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA was mixed with the M13 DNA, the mixture ligated and used to transfect competent E. coli strain JM107 at 10:1 molar ratio, and ampicillin resistant colonies were selected for. The DNA inserts at the Bam H1 site will disrupt normal expression of the lac Z gene carried by this strain of the phage. M13 molecules carrying inserts at this site will be unable to express beta-galactosidase from the lac Z gene, and thus will give colourless plaques when grown on plates containing 5-bromo, 4-chloro, 3-indoyl, beta-D-galactoside (X-gal). This allows clones carrying inserts to be dlstinguished from those that do not, which produce blue plaques on X-gal plates. M13 single-stranded DNA molecules carrying A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA inserts are purified from E . coli cells by the method described in Methods in Enzymology 101 :20; 1983. The ³²P-labelled M13 probes were prepared as follows. The M13 single-stranded DNA was annealed to a synthetic DNA primer of the sequence 3'CAACACACCTTAACAC 5', in a reaction mix consisting of 20 µl of M13 single-stranded DNA (50 gm/µl), 12 µl of primer (20ng/µl), 5 µl of 10x annealing buffer (10mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 500 mM NaCl, 100mM DTT, 100mM MgCl₂) and 8 µl of distilled H₂O. The mixture was heated to 100° C and slowly cooled to room temperature in a one hour period. After annealing, the mixture was added to 25 µl of α-³²P-dATP (3200 Ci/mmol) 20 µl of 10 µM dATP, 100 µM each of dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, 5 µl of 10x annealing buffer, 2 µl of DNA polymerase (large fragment) (4 unit/µl). The mixture was incubated at room temperature for two hours. The reaction was stopped by adding 10 µl of 0.25M EDTA, and the ³²P-labelled M13 probe was then separated from unincorporated ³²P-dATP by centrifugation through G50 Sephadex in a 1-ml syringe. Specific Sequence Probes: RNA Probes DNA libraries from A. actinomycetemcomitans can be prepared using pSP64 as a vector. The plasmid pSP64, obtained from Promega Biotec, was digested with BamH1 to give a linear double-stranded DNA molecule with GATC cohesive ends. Purified bacterial DNAs, prepared as described above, were digested with Sau3A, yielding fragments with cohesive ends complementary to the pSP64 cohesive ends. The restricted bacterial DNA was mixed with the pSP64 (10:1 molar ratio), the mixture ligated and used to transform competent E . coli HB101 and select for ampicillin resistant colonies. In order to verify that the A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA had inserted into pSP64. 20 clones were randomly selected. The plasmids were purified and digested with EcoRI and PstI, to detect the presence of inserts by restriction mapping. ³²P-labeled RNA probes were prepared by linearizing plasmids containing inserts with EcoRI, and transcribing this DNA according to the following method, provided by Promega Biotec. Transcription took place in a 50 µl reaction consisting of: 10 µl 5 x buffer (200mM Tris-HCl; 30 mM MgCl₂; 10mM spermidine); 9 µl distilled H₂O that had been treated with diethylpyrocarbonate; 0.5 µl 1 M dithiotreitol; 2 µl RNasin™ ribonuclease inhibitor (30 U/µl); 5 µl 5mM each GTP, CTP, ATP; 2.5 µl 0.125mM UTP; 10 µl DNA from pSP64 clones (5µg/50µl); 10 µlα-³²P-UTP (3000 Ci/mmol); 1 µl Riboprobe™ RNA polymerase (15 U/µl). Incubation was for one hour at 40° C. After this reaction, 1 µl of DNase (1 mg/ml) and 1.8 µl of RNasin™ (30 U/µl) were added, and the mixture was incubated 10 minutes at 37° C. 100 µl of distilled H₂O was added, the solution was phenol-extracted twice, and the aqueous phase was centrifuged through G50 Sephadex that had been equilibrated in 10 mM Tris, pH 7.0; 1 mM EDTA; 0.1% SDS. The biotin-labelled analogs of UTP described by Langer et al., id may be used as an alternate label. Selection of Specific Probes from DNA Libraries Specific nucleic acid sequences may be selected from the cloned DNA libraries for use as probes. Selection is made for sequences that show strong hybridization to the target A. actinomycetemcomitans while showing little or no non-specific reactivity to non-target cells by any differential hybridization assay. The below-described procedures, in which probe candidates are selected from the DNA library and from the RNA library of A. actinomycetemcomitans are illustrative of procedures that may be used to select probe candidates. The M13 library of A. actinomycetemcomitans , was screened to identify clones showing no cross-reactivity to Selenomonas sputigena and Streptococus mutans . 50 E. coli clones harbouring insert-containing M13 were grown separately in 1-ml Eppendorf tubes, and several microlitres of whole E. coli cells from each clone were spotted and fixed on to duplicate nitrocellulose filters, so that each filter contained 50 spots. Spotting is done by applying one to two microlitres of cell suspension to the filters with a micropipette and air-drying for approximately 30 minutes. Two preparations of total cellular DNA were prepared: (a) A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA; (b) pooled DNA from the two other, "non-target" cells, namely S.sputigena and S. mutans. These preparations were nick-translated with a ³²p label as described above, and each incubated for hybridization to one of the duplicate filters, by any standard hybridization procedure, including the one described below. Any clone showing hybridization to the pooled "non-target" DNA is not a suitable probe. Any clone showing little or no hybridization to the "non-target" DNA while hybridizing well to the A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA, is a suitable candidate for a probe. Using this procedure, approximately 20 individual M13 clones were identified as probe candidates from the libraries of A. actinomycetemcomitans . A. actinomycetemcomitans shares some biochemical and genetic similarities with Haemophilus aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus (Tanner et al. J. Periodont. Res. 17 :585, 1982; Potts et al ., id .), which are sometimes present in the dental flora. We have found that whole-genome probes to A. actinomycetemcomitans show significant cross-reactivity to cells of these Haemophilus species, a result in agreement with DNA-DNA hybridization studies reported in Potts et al., id . We therefore choose to select specific A. actinomycetemcomitans pSP64 clones which exhibit minimal cross-reactivity to H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus . One hundred individual E. coli clones from the A. actinomycetemcomitans pSP64 library were screened by the method described above. These clones were grown separately in 1-ml Eppendorf tubes, and several microlitres of whole E. coli cells from each clone were spotted and fixed in duplicate on to nitrocellulose filters. Spotting was done by applying one to two microlitres of cell suspension to the filters with a micropipette and air-drying for approximately 30 minutes. Two separate preparations of total cellular DNA were prepared: (a) A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA; (b) pooled DNA from H. aphrophilus and H. paraphrophilus . These preparations were nick-translated with a ³²P label as described above, and each incubated for hybridization to one set of filters, by the hybridization procedure described below. Several pSP64 clones were selected which hybridized to A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA but not to H. aphrophilus or H. paraphrophilus DNA. Of these, five clones (numbers 154, 157, 198, 200 and 207) were chosen as those exhibiting the best specificity. ³²P-labeled RNA from these five clones was prepared as described above. Whole cells from A. actinomycetemcomitans (strains Y4, 511, 652, ATCC 29522, ATCC 29523, ATCC 29524, 650, 651, 652, 2043, 2097, 2112, N27, NCTC 9710); H. aphrophilus (strains 621, 626, 654, 655, H77, H80, H81, ATCC 13252, ATCC 19415, NCTC 5906); H. paraphrophilus (strains H76, H78, ATCC 29241) and H. influenza (strains H9, H104) were each spotted onto five nitrocellulose filters as described above. ³²P-labelled RNA from the five clones were separately hybridized to the filters by the method described below. Each of the five specific A. actinomycetemcomitans RNA probes hybridized strongly to cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans , and showed no significant hybridization above background to any of the Haemophilus cells. Representative specific clone number 198 in E. coli (designated E . coli K12/pSP64-Aa198) has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, and has been given ATCC Accession No. 53219. Preparation of Probes for Diagnostic Use Probes, whether representing single sequences, combinations of sequences, or whole libraries, can be synthesized on a large scale by the recombinant DNA methods described above. Single-sequence DNA probes or combinations thereof can instead be synthesized chemically, using conventional methods and/or automated equipment, providing the nucleotide sequence has been determined by any of the conventional sequencing methods. Probes, in sufficient amounts for practical diagnostic use, may be prepared and labelled as described herein. Alternatively, either nucleic acid may be labelled after synthesis by attaching the label by chemical or biochemical methods. If ³²P is the label, probes should be used within about two weeks of synthesis, due to the short half-life of the isotope. Detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans in Clinical Samples In diagnostic procedures to detect periodontal diseases, plaque samples must be obtained from the patient's mouth. Plaque samples from periodontal pockets may be obtained using any of the standard plaque retrieval methods, using periodontal curettes or other dental instruments. Alternatively, specialized sampling instruments, such as the modified barbed broach described by Newman et al. (J. Periodont. 47 : 373,1976), may be used. We have also found paper points to be useful in removing plaque samples from periodontal pockets. In any case, the plaque sample is removed from the mouth and placed into a solution such as Ringer's solution for dispersal of trapped bacteria. Dispersal is done under aseptic conditions, by sonic oscillation for no more than 10 seconds, or by vortexing. The sample can then be diluted and a portion of the sample is used for the hybridization reaction. Plaque samples are first treated with N-acetylmuramidase as described above, or other enzymes which promote cell lysis, and then are spotted and fixed on to nitrocellulose filters by applying one to two microlitres of cell suspension on to the filters with a micropipette and air-drying for approximately 10 minutes. Hybridization to the labelled probes is conducted according to standard procedures e.g., as described in Falkow et al. U.S Pat. No 4,358,535, and Roberts et al. (1984) J. Clin. Micro. 20 , 826, the disclosures of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference , and hybrid complexes detected by autoradiography or by other assay methods (e.g. fluorescence). A positive test for A. actinomycetemcomitans occurs when significant bound radioactivity or other label is detectable on the filter. One hybridization method is carried out as follows. In DNA-DNA hybridizations, the DNA in the filter-bound samples is denatured by soaking in 0.5M NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl for 5 minutes, followed by neutralization with 1.5 M NaCl 0.5 M Tris-HCl pH8.0 for 5 minutes. Hybridizations are done according to Denhardt (Biochem. Biophys. Resp Comm. 23 :641; 1966). except that washes after 16 hours of hybridization are performed at 65°C with 1 x SSC plus 0.1% SDS, followed by three washes with 0.1 x SSC + 0.1% SDS. DNA-RNA hybridizations are carried out as follows: After blotting, the nitrocellulose filters are baked in a vacuum for two hours at 80°C, and then prehybridized at 42°C for 4 hours in the following buffer: 50% formamide; 50 mM Na phosphate (pH 6.5); 0.8M NaCl; 1 mM EDTA; 0.1% SDS; 0.05% BSA; 0.05% Ficoll; 0.05% PVP; 250 µg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA; 500 µg/ml yeast RNA; +/- poly A at 10 µg/ml. The hybridizations are done in fresh buffer (as above) with the addition of probe, at 42°C with 50 mM NaCl; 20mM Na phosphate (pH 6.5);1mM EDTA; 0.1% SDS. The exposure time of the autoradiography is determined by the amount of radioactive label present. Longer exposure times, while enhancing the signal for the cell to be detected, also increase the amount of signal for non-specific background hybridization. Therefore, exposure times should be chosen with this in mind. Times of 2-6 hours are typical. Other Embodiments Other embodiments are feasible. Cloned DNA libraries of A.actinomycetemcomitans may be prepared by alternate methods. Libraries may be prepared using other restriction enzymes, particularly those that cut the target genome to an average size of 100 to 500 nucleotides. Other single-stranded DNA phages are potential cloning vectors, including ⊘x174 and Fd. Any of the common double-stranded DNA vectors (e.g. pBR322) may also be used to prepare libraries. RNA probes may also be prepared using pT7 vectors. Other host organisms may be used for DNA libraries, but E . coli is preferred due to the ease of cloning in this organism. Different unique sequence molecules may be combined to form probes, the number of such sequences combined dependent upon needed specificity or sensitivity. Hybridization conditions may vary from those specifically described above. In particular, probe nucleic acid may be contacted with sample DNA in any of several different ways, including the "sandwich" method of Ranki U.S Patent No. 4,486,539. Finally, other detection methods are possible, including incorporated labels (e.g. nucleotide analogs attached to biotin or fluorescent labels) or labels that are added to the nucleic acid after synthesis (e.g. fluorescent labels; enzyme-activity-based labels, etc).

Claims: A probe for the detection in a sample obtained from the mouth of a human patient, of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , characterised in that said probe consists essentially of an isolated segment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans DNA or an RNA complement thereof capable of stably and selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions, to single-stranded DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , but essentially not to DNA of organisms other than Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in said sample. A probe according to Claim 1, further characterised in that said probe is capable of detecting 10³ of said cells in said sample. A probe according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, further characterised in that said probe DNA or RNA complement comprises a cloned DNA fragment or an RNA complement thereof. A probe according to Claim 3, further characterised in that said fragments which are cloned are the product of enzymatic cleavage of chromosomal DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , and in that the cloned fragments are labelled. A method of detecting, in a sample obtained from the mouth of a human patient, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , said method being characterised in comprising the steps of: denaturing the DNA of said sample; contacting said denatured DNA, under hybridizing conditions, with a probe according to any preceding claim; and detecting hybrid complexes as an indication of the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in said sample. A method according to Claim 5, further characterised in that said sample comprises a subgingival plaque sample obtained from a periodontal pocket of said mouth, a supragingival plaque sample, or saliva. A method according to Claims 5 or 6, further characterised in that said denatured DNA is filter-bound. A composition comprising a probe consisting essentially of a segment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans DNA or an RNA complement thereof capable of stably and selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions, to single-stranded DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans but essentially not to DNA of organisms other than Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , for use in the diagnosis of human oral medical disorders. A composition comprising a probe consisting essentially of labelled fragments of DNA obtained by enzymatic cleavage of chromosomal DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , capable of stably and selectively hybridizing, under hybridizing conditions to filter bound single-stranded DNA of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , but essentially not to DNA of organisms other than Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , for use in the diagnosis of human oral medical disorders from oral isolates.

Inventors: CHEN, MICHAEL C., CHEN, PEARL M., KLOTZ, LYNN C.
Applicants: OMNIGENE INC
Application year: 1986
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C12N15, C07K14, C12Q1