SELECTIVE SHADING DEVICE AND OPTICAL DEVICE USING SAME

Abstract: There is disclosed a selective shading device comprising a number of shading plates or planes and a supporting body that holds the plates or planes in such a manner that they are arranged radially with respect to an optical axis. The device blocks sagittal bundles of rays. A preferred example of the supporting body is a cylindrical frame that holds the shading plates perpendicularly to the inner surface thereof. Alternatively, the shading planes are formed within a lens element along the edge thereof.

Description: Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a shading device, i.e. an optical device for blocking selected rays, for use in an optical system and also to a compound optical device equipped with the shading device. More specifically, the invention relates to a shading device for blocking only sagittal rays, i.e. rays not coplanar with an optical axis, and also to a compound optical device equipped with the shading device. Description of the Prior Art One means conventionally adopted to remedy aberrations of a lens is to place a stop having a circular or substantially circular hole in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, the center of the stop being located on the optical axis (for example, see "Introduction to Optics", Vol. 1, p. 123, published by Asakura-shoten, Japan). Many kinds of lenses including Gaussian lenses exhibit very large sagittal ray aberration. In order to reduce the aberration, a circular stop has been inserted in the optical axis to reduce the aperture, for blocking sagittal rays. However, this stop has the disadvantage that the reduction in the aperture results in a corresponding amount of axial and meridional rays to be blocked. It is an object of the present invention to provide a shading device capable of blocking only sagittal rays. It is another object of the invention to provide a compound optical device equipped with the shading device described just above. The shading device according to the invention has a plurality of shading planes, i.e. planar blocking members, arranged on meridional planes containing an optical axis. Generally, off-axis sagittal rays intersect the plane which is perpendicular to a meridional plane and contains the optical axis. Accordingly, any shading plane substantially perpendicular to the meridional plane stops sagittal rays, while meridional rays travel on the meridional plane. Therefore, any shading plane lying close to the meridional plane is substantially parallel to the meridional plane, and does not block meridional rays. Skew rays other than meridional and sagittal rays are blocked by a larger amount as they approximate more closely sagittal rays, and are allowed to pass by a larger amount as they approximate more closely meridional rays. In this way, only sagittal rays and the rays close to the sagittal rays can be blocked. The shading planes can be composed of a plurality of thin plates (shading plates) held to a supporting means. Alternatively, the shading planes can be formed within a transparent solid body. The shading plates or planes are formed integrally with a lens to form a compound optical device that can block only sagittal rays. The above and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of shading device according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing a relation of the shading device shown in Fig. 1 to sagittal rays; Fig. 3 shows various shapes that a shading plate can take; Figs. 4(a)-4(d) are perspective views of other embodiments of shading device according to the invention; Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of shading device according to the invention; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a projection lens for use in a projection television set, the lens incorporating the shading device shown in Fig. 1; Figs. 7(a)-7(c) illustrate the principle on which a shading device according to the invention operates in a projection television set, as well as the effects of the device; Fig. 8 is a perspective view of an optical element comprising a lens in which shading planes are formed; Fig. 9 is an exploded perspective view of a driving mechanism of still another embodiment of shading device equipped with movable means; Fig. 10 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of shading device according to the invention; Figs. 11(a) and 11(b) are fragmentary perspective views of the shading device shown in Fig. 10, for showing manners in which the device is fabricated. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a shading device embodying the concept of the present invention. This device has a plurality of thin opaque plates 1 (shading plates, hereafter). The shading plates 1 are held by a cylindrical supporting frame 2, and are angularly equally spaced from one another in a perpendicular relation to the cylindrical inner surface of the supporting frame 2. That is, the shading plates 1 are arranged on meridional planes containing an optical axis, or the center axis of the frame 2. The surfaces of the plates 1 and the inner surface of the frame 2 are colored black, for example, for absorbing light to prevent the incident light from being reflected therefrom. The shading device shown in Fig. 1 has 18 shading plates 1. The relation of the shading device shown in Fig. 1 to off-axis sagittal rays will next be described by referring to Fig. 2, where the meridional plane is indicated by plane YOO'. Plane ZOO' is perpendicular to the meridional plane and contains the optical axis OO'. Straight line 4 is the projection of a sagittal ray 3 onto the plane ZOO'. Consider the case in which one of the shading plates 1 lies on the plane ZOO'. The projected line 4 intersects the front and rear edges of the shading plate at points Q and R, respectively. The distance between the points Q and R is indicated by D. The midpoint S of the line segment QR lies on the projected line 4. The line segment normal to the optical axis OO' and intersecting the midpoint S has a length of L (hereinafter referred to as "average distance"). The projected line 4 makes an angle of β with the optical axis OO'. The principal ray 5 makes an angle of ω with the optical axis OO'. The number of the shading plates 1 is N. For every blocked sagittal ray, the values of D, β, ω, L, N are so determined as to satisfy the following relationship: D cos β tan ω ≧ L sin (2π/N) (1) The shading device designed as described above operates in the manner described below. An axial bundle of rays is blocked by the plate 1 by an amount corresponding to the area of the cross section of the plate 1, but the reduction in the amount of light is small because the plate 1 is thin. Similarly, a bundle of off-axis meridional rays is blocked by the plate 1 also by an amount corresponding to the area of the cross section of the plate 1. Also in this case, the reduction in the amount of light is small. Neighboring shading plates make an angle of 2π/N (in radians) with each other. The average interval between the neighboring shading plates which is taken at the positions where sagittal rays intersect the plates is approximately given by L sin (2π/N). The length of the projected image 4 which is taken along the optical axis is D cos β. The sagittal ray 3 travels a distance of D cos β tan ω in a radial direction while it passes across the shading device. Accordingly, if the distance travelled by the sagittal ray in a radial direction is equal to or greater than the average interval between the shading plates 1, i.e., D cos β tan ω ≧ L sin (2π/N), then the sagittal ray is blocked. The blocked sagittal bundle is a set of sagittal rays as mentioned above. Usually, sagittal bundles of various field angles are stopped. Thus, the above relation (1) is fulfilled for every blocked sagittal ray under the condition that β, ω, L are variables. It is not necessarily required to space the shading plates 1 from one another angularly equally. Let α be the angle that the neighboring shading plates make with each other. For the sagittal ray that satisfies the relations β = β₁, ω = ω₁, and L = L₁, the distance D and the angle α are so determined to satisfy the following relation: D cos β₁ tan ω₁ ≧ L₁ sin α (2) Then, the same effects will be produced as obtained where the shading plates 1 are spaced from one another regularly. That is, for a certain sagittal ray, if the value of D/sin α is the same, the same effects are produced. Any shape other than that shown in Fig. 1 can be employed for the shading plate as long as it can satisfy the aforementioned relation. For example, as shown in Fig. 3, the shape can be a quadrangle (a), trapezoid (b), parallelogram (c), or rectangle (d). However, as the difference between both sides of the above relational formula becomes larger, more rays which are not required to be blocked are stopped. The shape of the supporting means for holding the shading plates 1 is not limited to the shape shown in Fig. 1. For instance, it may be a truncated cone. Also, the supporting frame 2 may be replaced by a supporting ring 6 as shown in Fig. 4(a) or radial supporting spokes 7 as shown in Fig. 4(b). Further, the supporting means may be another optical element such as a lens 8 as shown in Fig. 4(c), where the optical axis is indicated by O-O'. Furthermore, the shading plates 1 may be held circumferentially on at least one transparent plate 50 perpendicular to the optical axis O-O' as shown in Fig. 4(d). As described above, the shading device according to the invention does not block off-axis meridional bundles of rays, but stops sagittal bundles of rays. By replacing the conventional stop arranged to block off-axis sagittal bundles of rays with the novel shading device, those meridional bundles of rays which would heretofore been blocked are allowed to pass through an optical element, such as a lens. This makes the optical element remarkably brighter. Referring next to Fig. 5, there is shown another embodiment of shading device according to the invention. This device comprises a plurality of shading plates 1 held by a cylindrical supporting frame 2 and a reinforcing ring 9 that supports inner ends of the plates 1. The parameters that determine the shape of each of the shading plates 1 are illustrated in Fig. 2 in the same manner as the shading device already described in conjunction with Fig. 1. For every blocked sagittal ray, the parameters D, β, ω, L, and N are so determined to satisfy the above-described relation (1). This shading device constructed in this way operates in the same manner as the shading device described above. It is desired to make the shading plates 1 as thin as possible so that less axial bundles of rays are blocked. However, if they are too thin, they would bend or twist, resulting in an equivalent increase in cross section area. Therefore, each shading plate is reinforced by at least one ring 9 to minimize the bend or twist. Hence, ideal shading plates can be achieved. A compound optical device incorporating a shading device according to the invention will next be described. Referring to Fig. 6, there is shown a projection lens for use in a projection television set, incorporating the shading device shown in Fig. 1. It is now assumed that the projection lens exhibits large aberrations for off-axis sagittal marginal rays. The shading device shown in Fig. 1 is indicated by numeral 10 in Fig. 6. The projection lens consists of lens elements 11, 12 and 13 which are held inside a lens barrel 14. Preferably, the shading device 10 is located in the position at which the principal ray of the blocked sagittal bundle of rays intersects the optical axis O-O'. The operation of the optical device incorporating the shading device as shown in Fig. 6 will now be described. First, the principle of operation of the projection television set will be described by referring to Fig. 7(a), where a cathode-ray tube (CRT) 15, a screen 16, and a projection lens 17 are shown. A point light source P' on the CRT 15 is projected on the screen 16, forming an image P. The projected image P which is obtained when the shading device is not present is shown in Fig. 7(b). Because of off-axis sagittal marginal rays and skew rays near these sagittal marginal rays, both of which are indicated by the dotted areas, the projected image P is tailed in the sagittal directions. The projected image P which is obtained when the shading device is employed is shown in Fig. 7(c), in which the off-axis sagittal marginal rays and the skew rays near these sagittal marginal rays are blocked. The projected image P forms a point image in which the sagittal and meridional aberrations are well balanced. Axial bundles of rays and off-axis meridional bundles of rays are not blocked substantially. As described thus far, in the present invention, the image quality can be remarkably enhanced without impairing the brightness of the lens greatly. While the projection lens for use in the projection television set is constituted by the present invention, the invention is also applicable to all optical systems, including a camera, where the lens gives rise to large sagittal ray aberration. A compound optical device comprising a lens in which shading planes according to the invention are formed will be described below. Referring to Fig. 8, there is shown a lens 19 which is similar in shape to the projection lens 11 shown in Fig. 6. The shading device 10 shown in Fig. 6 is unnecessary in this example. A plurality of shading planes 18 are formed in the lens 19. The shading planes are arranged on meridional planes, and are angularly equally spaced from one another about the optical axis O-O' of the lens 19, the edge of which is indicated by numeral 20. The shading planes 18 are blacked or otherwise colored to absorb light, for preventing the reflection of the incident light therefrom. As an example, the lens 19 is made from a plastic, and is notched at the edge 20. Then, a black paint is injected into the produced notches. In the example shown in Fig. 8, the number of the shading planes 18 is eighteen. The parameters that determine the shape of the shading planes 18 are illustrated in Fig. 2 in the same manner as in the case of the first-mentioned embodiment. For every blocked sagittal ray, the parameters D, β, ω, L, N are so determined as to satisfy the previously described relation (1). The shading planes 18 designed as described above operate in the same manner as the shading plates 1 shown in Fig. 1. It is not required that the shading planes 18 be angularly equally spaced from one another. Let α be the angle that neighboring shading planes 18 make with each other. For the sagittal ray that gives the relations β = β₁, ω = ω₁, and L = L₁, the values of D and α are so determined as to satisfy the previously described relation (2). Thus, the same effects will be produced as obtained when the shading planes are angularly equally spaced from one another. The shading planes 18 may take any other shape than the one shown in Fig. 8, as long as it satisfy the aforementioned relationship. For example, as shown in Fig. 3, it may be a quadrangle (a), trapezoid (b), parallelogram (c), or rectangle (d), in the same fashion as the first embodiment. Note that if the difference between both sides of the formula becomes larger, then more rays which need not be blocked are stopped. As described thus far, the Fig. 8 embodiment constitutes a compound optical device comprising a lens in which shading planes for blocking sagittal rays and passing meridional rays are formed. Axial bundles of rays and meridional bundles of rays which would heretofore been blocked are permitted to pass through the optical device. Consequently, the optical device is rendered remarkably brighter than the prior art device. A shading device having movable means and fabricated in accordance with the invention will next be described. Referring to Fig. 9, there is shown a structure of a driving mechanism according to the invention. The mechanism has a guide 21 that is integral with a shading plate 1. The mechanism further has a fixed supporting frame 22, an inner movable supporting frame 23, and an outer movable supporting frame 24. The supporting frames 23 and 24 are fixed to each other. The fixed supporting frame 22 is provided with a groove 25 for guiding the shading plate 1. The supporting frames 23 and 24 are provided with grooves 26 and 27, respectively, which are surrounded by vertical flat walls, to guide the shading plate 1. The movable frames 23 and 24 are held in a movable ring 28. The fixed frame 22 has threaded portions 29. The movable ring 28 has tapped portions 30. The supporting frames 22, 23, 24 and the movable ring 28 are all cylindrical in shape, but only the portions which correspond to one shading plate are shown in Fig. 9 for simplifying illustration. The outer surface of the inner movable supporting frame 23 and the inner surface of the outer movable supporting frame 24 form a guide groove that is at an angle to the center axis, or the optical axis O-O'. When the ring 28 is rotated, it moves to and fro, insomuch as its tapped portions 30 are in mesh with the screwed portions 29. At this time, the movable supporting frames 23 and 24 move to and fro along the optical axis while guided by the fixed supporting frame 22. As the result, the shading plate 1 is moved up and down. A guide hole 25 formed in the fixed supporting frame 22 acts to restrict the movement of the shading plate to vertical movement. The hole 25 also serves to retain the plate 1 in such a way to be placed radially with respect to the center. Referring to Fig. 10, there is shown a still another shading device according to the invention. This device comprises a transparent body 41 in which a plurality of shading planes 40 are formed. The transparent body 41 is made of glass or plastic. The shading planes 40 are arranged in the same manner as the shading planes already described. The shading device shown in Fig. 10 has the advantage that the shading planes 40 can be made quite thin. As shown in Fig. 11(a), slits 42 are formed at the periphery of the transparent body 41, and then a light-blocking paint is injected into the slits to form the shading planes 40. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 11(b), transparent elements 43 (only one is shown) each having a light-blocking coating 44 at least on a part of its one side surface are stuck on each other in a side-by-side relation. Obviously, by shaping the transparent body 41 shown in Fig. 10 into a lenticular form, the optical device shown in Fig. 8 can be derived. Although some embodiments have been described, various other changes and modifications can be made within the scope of the invention which is solely defined in the appended claims.

Claims: An optical device for blocking selected rays, said device having an optical axis (O-O') and a plurality of planar blocking members (1) which extend in different radial directions with respect to said optical axis in respective meridional planes containing said optical axis, said planar blocking members being designed to satisfy, for each unwanted sagittal ray, i.e. each ray not coplanar with the optical axis and to be blocked, the relation: D cos β tan ω ≧ L sin α where D is the length (Q-R) of a planar blocking member as measured along the orthogonal projection (4), on a plane (ZOO') perpendicular to a predetermined meridional plane (YOO') and containing the optical axis, of a sagittal ray (3) to be blocked, said planar blocking member being contained in said perpendicular plane; β is the angle that said orthogonal projection makes with the optical axis; ω is the angle that a principal ray (5), i.e. a ray contained in said predetermined meridional plane and passing through the orthogonal projection (O) of the intersection point of said sagittal ray with said perpendicular plane on said predetermined meridional plane, makes with the optical axis; L is the shortest distance between the mid-point (S) of said line of intersection and the optical axis; and α is the angle between neighbouring meridional planes each containing a planar blocking member. A device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the planar blocking members are angularly equally spaced from one another around the optical axis and satisfy the following angular relation: a = 2π/N where N is the number of the planar blocking members. A device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the inner edge of each of the planar blocking members, i.e. the edge facing the optical axis, is so shaped as to conform to the closest orthogonal projection, with respect to the optical axis, of the sagittal rays to be blocked on said perpendicular plane. A device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the shape of each of the planar blocking members is a quadrangle (a) or a rectangle (d) or a trapezoid (b) or a parallelogram (c). A device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the planar blocking members are so coloured as to absorb light. A device as set forth in claim 1, wherein the planar blocking members comprise a plurality of blocking plates, said device further including a supporting means that holds the blocking plates. A device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the supporting means comprises a supporting frame (2) having a cylindrical inner surface on which one edge of each of the blocking plates is held in a perpendicular relation to the inner surface. A device as set forth in claim 7, further comprising a reinforcing ring (9) that fixes the opposite edge of each of the blocking plates. A device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the supporting means comprises at least one transparent plate (50) perpendicular to the optical axis. A device as set forth in claim 6, further comprising a means (21-30) that moves the blocking plates. A device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the blocking plates are combined with an optical element to form a compound optical device. A device as set forth in claim 1 including a base body that transmits light. A device as set forth in claim 12, wherein the base body (41) is cylindrical in shape. A device as set forth in claim 12, wherein the base body forms a lens (8;19). A device as set forth in claim 12, wherein the base body has slits (42) lying on their respective meridional planes and filled by a medium that absorbs light to form the planar blocking members. An optical device as set forth in claim 14, wherein the planar blocking members are formed within the lens. An optical device as set forth in claim 6, wherein the planar blocking members are a multiplicity of blocking planes which are held radially, with respect to the optical axis of the lens, by a radial supporting means (7).

Inventors: IKEDA, KENICHI, MURAO, TSUGIO, NAGAOKA, YOSHITOMI, NAKAJIMA, YASUO, YAMAMOTO, YOSHIHARU
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: G02B5
IPC codes: G02B5, G02B26, G02B27