A SEMICONDUCTOR LASER

Abstract: A semiconductor laser comprises a middle-positioned ac­ tive layer sandwiched between a lower-positioned active layer and an upper-positioned active layer, the refractivity of each of said lower- and upper-positioned active layers being slightly different from that of the middle-positioned active layer.

Description: This invention relates to a semiconductor laser which achieves expansion of the oscillation spectrum width, resulting in the reduction of coherency of the oscillation spectrum. Semiconductor lasers have been used as light sources such as for the regeneration of optical discs, for optical-measuring systems, and for optical communication systems. However, noise is produced with these semiconductor lasers due to reflected light from the optical systems, which makes it difficult to establish precise optical systems incorporating the semiconductor lasers. There has recently been developed a semiconductor laser which comprises a striped structure achieving self-excited oscillation due to relaxation fluctuation of carriers in semiconductor materials to thereby attain oscillation with a great spectrum width, resulting in a semiconductor laser in which noise due to reflected light can be suppressed (Appl. Phys. Letter., vol. 43, No. 3, 1983, pp 219). However, in this semiconductor laser, the oscillation wavelength is modulated by a specific frequency, resulting in an oscillation spectrum with dual peaks, as shown in Figure 3(a) , each of which is steep. Therefore, this semiconductor laser cannot attain the reduction of coherency of the oscillation spectrum. The document US-A-4016505 discloses a semiconductor laser with a multi - layered active region, wherein the central layer has a higher carrier concentration than the outer layers, the refractive index being substantially constant throughout the active region. This structure ensures effective confinement of light in the active region, resulting in a considerable lowering of the threshold current. According to the present invention, there is provided a semiconductor laser which comprises a middle-positioned active layer sandwiched between a lower-positioned active layer and an upper-positioned active layer, the refractivity of of said middle-positioned active layer being higher than that of each of said lower - and upper - positioned active layers by the order of 10⁻³. The refractivity of each of said three active layers is, in a preferred embodiment, regulated by the concentration of p-impurities. Alternatively, the refractivity of each of said three active layers is, in a preferred embodiment, regulated by the regulation of the AlAs mole fraction (i.e., x) of a Ga 1-x Al x As mixed crystal to be used as the active layer. Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the object of providing a semiconductor laser which achieves the expansion of the oscillation spectrum width, resulting in the sufficient reduction of coherency of the oscillation spectrum, so that noise due to reflected light can be suppressed. For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view showing the structure of a semiconductor laser of this invention; Figures 2(a) and 2(b) , respectively, show the distribution of optical intensity at the resonant facet; Figure 3(a) is a graph showing the oscillation spectrum achieved by a conventional semiconductor laser; and Figure 3(b) is a graph showing the oscillation spectrum achieved by a semiconductor laser of this invention. In order to achieve an oscillation spectrum with an expanded width, as shown in Figure 3(b) , notwithstanding the oscillation wavelength being modulated by a specific frequency, the optical output P(t) of semiconductor lasers must be as follows: P(t) = 4/πt (sin bt - sin at) (1) wherein a is the saturation time of carriers in the direction at right angles to the junction, b is the saturation time of carriers in the direction horizontal to the junction, and t is the time. In order to achieve such an optical output, the semiconductor laser of this invention is designed in a manner to comprise an active layer sandwiched between the outer active layers with a refractivity which is slightly different from that of said middle-positioned active layer. Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a VSIS (V-channeled substrate inner stripe) semiconductor laser of this invention, which comprises a p-GaAs substrate 1 , an n-GaAs current blocking layer 2 , a p-GaAlAs first cladding layer 3 , a p-GaAs lower-positioned active layer 4 with a refractivity which is slightly different from that of a middle-positioned active layer 5 mentioned below, the p-GaAs middle-positioned active layer 5 , a p-GaAs upper-positioned active layer 6 with a refractivity which is slightly different from that of the middle-positioned active layer 5 , an n-GaAlAs second cladding layer 7 , and an n-GaAs cap layer 8 , in sequence. Reference numeral 9 indicates an area to be irradiated by protons. As mentioned above, the active layers 4 , 5 and 6 form a triple-layered structure, and the refractivity of each of the active layers is regulated by the concentration of p-impurities such that the middle-positioned active layer 5 creates a refractivity which is higher than that of each of the outer-positioned active layers 4 and 6 by the order of 10⁻³ . In the semiconductor laser with a VSIS structure having the above-mentioned active layers 4 , 5 and 6 , it was found by spectroscopical measurement of the optical intensity that the distribution of optical intensity at the resonant facet fluctuates between the light emitting regions R1 (shown in Figure 2(a) ) and R2 (shown in Figure 2(b) ). That is, at a time t₁ when laser light is confined within the active layer 5 having a high refractivity, the laser light attains a weak optical-coupling with the n-GaAs current blocking layer 2 , and accordingly the difference in the refractivity anywhere in the active layer 5 cannot be created in the direction horizontal to the junction so that the laser light exhibits the distribution which spreads transversely as shown in Figure 2(a) . Since the laser light is confined within the active layer 5 having a high refractivity, the carrier density of the active layer 5 is maintained at a low level, and carriers flow from each of the active layers 4 and 6 to the active layer 5 so as to balance the carrier densities between these active layers, which causes the reduction of the refractivity of the active layer 5 so that the laser light spreads into the outer-positioned active layers 4 and 6 , thereby attaining a strong optical coupling between the laser light and the current blocking layer 2 and creating a difference in the refractivity of the active layer 5 in the direction horizontal to the junction. As a result, the laser light exhibits a distribution which spreads vertically, as shown in Figure 2(b) . The movement of carriers arises transversely, as well, resulting in the interference between the movements of carriers in the vertical direction and in the transverse direction. The relaxation time of carriers in the direction vertical to the junction is different from that of carriers in the transverse direction. The relaxation time in the vertical direction is 1/a , and the relaxation time in the transverse direction is 1/b which is longer than 1/a , resulting in the fluctuation of the optical output such as that represented by equation (1) , wherein the term 1/t is determined by the time constant of the area 9 to be irradiated by protons, which is positioned in the resonance direction and which functions as a saturable absorber with a long time constant. In this example, the area 9 is designed in a manner to inject protons into the semiconductor laser therethrough over the region with a length of 10 µm in the resonance direction. The semiconductor laser obtained in the above-mentioned manner has an oscillation spectrum width of as large as 100 GHz, as shown in Figure 3(b) , and thus the reduction of coherency of the oscillation spectrum can be attained to a great extent and the semiconductor laser can be extremely stabilized despite reflected light. In the above-mentioned example, the regulation of the refractivities of the active layers 4 , 5 and 6 was carried out by the concentration of p-impurities, but it is not limited thereto. It can be carried out by the regulation of the AlAs mole fraction (i.e., x) of a Ga 1-x Al x As mixed crystal to be used as the active layer. The present invention is, of course, applicable not only to GaAs-GaAlAs semiconductor lasers but also to other semiconductor lasers such as InP-InGaAsP semiconductor lasers.

Claims: A semiconductor laser comprising a middle-positioned active layer sandwiched between a lower-positioned active layer and an upper-positioned active layer, characterised in that the refractivity of said middle-positioned active layer is higher than that of each of said lower- and upper- positioned active layers by the order of 10⁻³. A semiconductor laser according to Claim 1, characterized in that the refractivity of each of said three active layers is regulated by the concentration of p-impurities. A semiconductor laser according to Claim 1, characterized in that the refractivity of each of said three active layers is regulated by the regulation of the AlAs mole fraction (i.e., x) of a Ga 1-x Al x As mixed crystal to be used as the active layer.

Inventors: HAYASHI, HIROSHI, MATSUI, SADAYOSHI, YAMAMOTO, SABURO, YANO, SEIKI
Applicants: SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1986
Main classification: H01S3
IPC codes: H01S5