BIVALENT METAL-ALUMINATE CATALYST

Abstract: A catalyst suitable for reduction and oxidation reactions, in particular suitable for purifying exhaust gases, comprising a magnesium-aluminate spinel in combination with copper, cobalt, compounds of copper or cobalt or mixture thereof. A bivalent metal-aluminate spinel catalyst carrier is prepared by kneading a mixture of a compound of a bivalent metal and a partly peptized mixture of an aluminium oxide precursor.

Description: The present invention relates to a catalyst in particular suitable for catalysing oxidation and reduction reactions which catalyst has a prolongued service life at high temperatures (about 800 °C) in the presence of air and/or water, which catalyst further retains a high strength under these conditions. To this end the catalyst according to the invention com­ prises a spinel-based carrier in combination with copper, cobalt, compounds of copper or cobalt, or mixtures thereof, wherein the spinel-based carrier comprises magnesium-aluminate and optionally an oxide of a secondary bivalent metal. The general formula of a spinel is M(II)Al₂O₄ or M(II)O.Al₂O₃, wherein M(II) represents the bivalent metal. If an oxide of a secondary bivalent metal is present in the spinel-based carrier, the molar ratio of secondary bivalent metal to magnesium can be between 0.1 and 1.0. At least part of the oxide of the secondary bivalent metal will be included in the spinel-based carrier, therefore such a spinel is referred to as mixed spinel-based carrier. Carriers prepared with two bivalent metals are also referred to as mixed spinel carriers. The general formula of a mixed spinel is (M(II) - M s (II))Al₂O₄ or (M(II)O -­ M s (II)O).Al₂O₃, wherein M s (II) represents the secondary bivalent metal. Suitable secondary bivalent metals are selected from the group copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc and iron. The amount of copper in the catalyst can be up to 30% by weight of the catalyst, and the amount of cobalt can be up to 24% by weight of the catalyst. Suitably, to further increase the activity of the cata­ lysts, the catalysts can be treated at a temperature between 600 and 1100 °C in a reducing environment. The catalyst according to the invention is suitable for reducing nitrogen oxides, and for oxidizing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. Therefore such a catalyst can be used to purify exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine, which exhaust gas includes constituents, such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unreacted hydrocarbons, which are considered to be harmful to the environment, or which are capable of forming harmful products. In the specification the term "nitrogen oxides" will be used to denote compounds of nitrogen and oxygen, such as nitro­ gen oxide or nitrogen dioxide, or mixtures thereof. To improve the activity of the catalyst for catalyzing the oxidation of hydrocarbons, the pore size distribution of the spinel-based carrier is suitably such that at least 0.2 ml/g of the pore volume is due to pores having a diameter larger than 200 nm and at least 0.4 ml/g of the pore volume is due to pores having a diameter between 10 and 200 nm. The pore size distribution is determined using Hg-intrusion porosimetry. The invention further relates to a process of preparing a catalyst comprising impregnating a carrier comprising a magnesium-aluminate spinel-based carrier with at least one impregnating solution containing at least copper or cobalt, drying the impregnated carrier, and thermally treating the impregnated carrier at a temperature between 500 and 1000 °C for at least 1 hour to form a thermally treated catalyst. The carrier can be impregnated with an excess of impregnating solution, or with just a sufficient amount of impregnating solution to allow filling up of the entire pore volume of the carrier. The latter technique, also referred to as pore volume impregnation, dry impregnation or incipient wetting technique, is preferred to obtain a good dispersion of the metal. To obtain a homogeneous distribution of the metal an impregnating solution which is an ammoniacal solution of the metal can be used. The carrier used can further comprise an oxide of a secondary bivalent metal selected from the group copper, cobalt, nickel, iron and zinc. To increase the activity of the catalyst, the thermally treated catalyst comprising metal oxides can further be treated at a temperature between 600 and 1000 °C in a reducing environ­ ment. To obtained a satisfactory reduction of the metal oxides, a high temperature is required. It was surprisingly found that reducing the catalyst at such a high temperature did not deteriorate the activity of the catalyst. The invention further relates to preparing a bivalent metal-aluminate spinal catalyst carrier, the general formula of the bivalent metal-aluminate spinel being M(II) Al₂O₄ or M(II)O.Al₂O₃, wherein M(II) represents the bivalent metal. An example is magnesium-aluminate (MgAl₂O₄). It is known to prepare a MgAl₂O₄ spinel catalyst carrier, by precipitating from an aqueous solution of soluable aluminium compounds, for example NaAlO₂, and soluable magnesium compounds, for example Mg(NO₃)₂.6aq, a precipitate. The precipitate is subsequently filtered, washed and diluted with water to obtain an extrudable mixture. The mixture is subsequently extruded, dried and thermally treated. A disadvantage of the known method is that the precipitate should be carefully washed to remove sodium and nitrate ions therefrom. It is an object of the invention to overcome this disadvantage. To this end the process of preparing a bivalent metal-­ aluminate catalyst carrier according to the invention comprises the steps of (a) preparing a mixture comprising at least one compound of a bivalent metal and an at least partly peptized mixture of an aluminium oxide precursor; and (b) kneading the mixture to obtain a dough. In the specification and in the claims the expression "kneading" is used to refer to acts also referred to a "moulding" or "mulling". Suitable aluminium oxide precursors are aluminium hydro­ xides, for example, boehmite or pseudo boehmite. The dough as obtained in step (b) can be extrudated to obtain extrudates or a monolith. The dough can also be pelletized using a pelletizing device, for example a californian pellet mill, to obtain pellets. An advantage of the process of preparing a bivalent metal-­ aluminate catalyst carrier according to the invention is that in the at least partly peptized mixture the aluminium oxide pre­ cursor is so finely dispersed that an intimate mixture of the aluminium oxide precursor and the bivalent metal compound can be obtained. The at least partly peptized mixture of the aluminium oxide precursor can be prepared either in a basic environment or in an acidic environment. Therefore the at least partly peptized mixture can be prepared by adding to the aluminium oxide precursor either ammonia, or an organic acid, such as acetic acid, or a mineral acid, such as nitric acid. The bivalent metal used in step (a) can be selected from the group zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickle, copper, cadmium and magnesium. A suitable bivalent metal is magnesium. The compound of the bivalent metal can be an oxide, a hydroxide or a salt of said bivalent metal. In addition to the bivalent metal used in step (a), the mixture can comprise a different secondary bivalent metal selected from the group zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium or magnesium. Suitable secondary bivalent metals are zinc, cobalt, nickle and copper. The compound of the secondary bivalent metal can be an oxide, a hydroxide or a salt of said secondary bivalent metal. Carriers prepared with two bivalent metals are also referred to as mixed spinel carriers. The general formula of such a mixed spinel is (M(II) - M s (II))Al₂O₄ or (M(II)O -­ M s (II)O).Al₂O₃, wherein M s (II) represents the secondary bivalent metal. An advantage of the use of a secondary bivalent metal in the spinel catalyst carrier is that, although substantially all secondary bivalent metal is included in the spinel carrier, there is catalytic activity implemented in the carrier. Suitably the amount of bivalent metal compound present in the mixture of step (a) is such that the molar ratio of the bivalent metal oxide to aluminium oxide is about 1. When there is more than one bivalent metal compound present in the mixture, the ratio of the sum of the number of moles of the bivalent metal oxides to the number of moles of aluminium oxide is suitably about equal 1. The molar ratio of the secondary bivalent metal to the bivalent metal can be between 0.1 and 1.0. The dough can be extruded to obtain extrudates, which are dried at a temperature between 50 and 150 °C, and subsequently thermally treated at a temperature between 500 and 1100 °C for at least 1 hour. Which extrudates can be used as catalyst carriers. The invention will now be described by way of example in more detail with reference to the examples, wherein Examples 1-5 relate to preparing a bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier according to the invention; Example 6 relates to preparing a magnesium- and copper-­ aluminate spinel carrier prepared in an alternative manner; Example 7 and 8 relate to silicon oxide and aluminium oxide carriers respectively; Examples 9 and 10 relate to preparing a catalyst impregnating solution; Examples 11-21 relate to preparing a catalyst according to the invention; and Examples 22 and 23 relate to preparing a catalyst using the impregnating solution according to the invention to impregnate silicon oxide and aluminium oxide carriers. The following properties of the carriers in the form of extrudates have been included in Table 1: (a) the specific area (SA) determined by using the BET method; (b) the side crushing strength (SCS), being equal to the total force required to crush a plurality of extrudates, arranged axially one after the other in a row having a length of 30 cm, divided by 30 cm; (c) the strength per particle (SPP), being equal to the total force required to crush a plurality of extrudates, arranged axially one after the other in a now having a length of 30 cm, divided by the number of extrudates; and (d) the pore volume mercury (PVH g ) determined by mercury porosimmetry. In Table 2, the same properties of the catalysts have been included. In Table 3 have been included data relating to the catalytic activity of the catalysts. Please note that " - " denotes that no data is available. Example 1 A bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier comprising the bivalent metal magnesium was prepared as follows. At first a partly peptized mixture of 500 g of an aluminium oxide precursor, to wit alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaiser) containing on a dry base 370 g Al₂O₃, was prepared by mixing the alumina substrate Versal 250 for 5 minutes in 15.5 g glacial or pure acetic acid in a sigma blade mixer. Subsequently 211.7 g Mg(OH)₂ containing on a dry base 146.3 g MgO was added to the partly peptized mixture, and 402 g H₂O was added thereafter. The mixture contained 3.6 mole Al₂O₃ and 3.6 mole MgO. The mixture was kneaded for 1 hour, thereupon 60 g H₂O was added and kneading was extended for 5 minutes to obtain an extrudable dough. The extrudable dough was extruded to obtain strings having a diameter of 3.35 mm. The strings were dried at 120 °C for 12 hours, and broken into extrudates. The extrudates were thermally treated in six different ways to produce the spinal carrier samples 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 1F, of which the termal treatment and the properties after treatment have been included in Table 1. The X-ray patterns of the samples prepared according to the above process indicate that not all Mg(OH)₂ has reacted with the aluminium oxide precursor. It was observed, however, that when, instead of Mg(OH)₂, a concentrated aqueous solution of Mg(NO₃).6aq, containing on a dry base 211.7 g MgO, was added to the partly peptized mixture, the X-ray pattern indicated a better interaction of the magnesium compound and the aluminium oxide precursor not showing any MgO. Example 2 A mixed bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier, comprising the bivalent metal magnesium and copper as the secondary bivalent metal, was prepared as follows. At first 88.3 g of an aluminium oxide precursor, to wit alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaiser) containing on a dry base 66.2 g Al₂O₃, was mixed with 26.5 g Mg(OH)₂, containing on a dry base 18.3 g MgO, during 5 minutes in a sigma blade mixer. Subsequently 82.1 g of an ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, containing on a dry base 15.5 g CuO, was slowly added while mixing, to obtain a mixture comprising a partly peptized mixture of an aluminium oxide precursor and magnesium and copper compounds. The ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate is an solution containing 15% by weight of copper prepared according to Example 9. The mixture contained 0.65 mole Al₂O₃, 0.20 mole CuO and 0.45 mole MgO. To obtain an extrudable dough, about 37 g H₂O was added to the mixture and kneading was extended for 5 minutes. The dough was extruded to form strings having diameter 3,35 mm, which were dried at 120 °C for 12 hours and broken to form extrudates. The extrudates were thermally treated in four different ways to produce spinel carrier samples 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, of which the thermal treatment and the properties after treatment have been included in Table 1. Example 3 A mixed bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier, comprising the bivalent metal magnesium and copper as the secondary bivalent metal, was prepared as follows. At first a partly peptized mixture of 500 g of an aluminium oxide precursor, to wit alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaizer), containing on a dry base 370 g Al₂O₃, was prepared by mixing the aluminium oxide precursor for 5 minutes with 15.9 g glacial acetic acid in a sigma blade mixer. Subsequently 103.6 g of an aqueous solution of Cu(NO₃)₂.3aq, containing on a dry base 28.9 g CuO, was slowly added in 5 minutes to the partly peptized mixture, and thereupon 190.5 g Mg(OH)₂, containing on a dry base 132 g MgO, was added thereto. The mixture contained 3.6 mole Al₂O₃, 0.36 mole CuO and 3.3 mole MgO. The mixture was kneaded during 5 minutes after which 267 g H₂O was added, and kneading was extended for 45 minutes to form an extrudable dough. The extrudable dough was extruded to obtain strings having a diameter of 3.35 mm. The strings were dried at 120 °C for 48 hours, and broken into extrudates. The extrudates were thermally treated in two different ways to produce the spinel carrier samples 3A and 3B, of which the thermal treatment and the properties after treatment have been included in Table 1. Example 4 A mixed bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier, comprising the bivalent metal magnesium and cobalt as the secondary bivalent metal, was prepared as follows. At first a partly peptized mixture of 500 g of an aluminium oxide precursor, to wit alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaiser) containing on a dry base 370 g Al₂O₃, in 15.8 g glacial acetic acid was prepared, and mixed in a sigma blade mixer for 5 minutes. Subsequently an aqueous solution of 104.6 g Co(NO₃)₂.6aq, containing on a dry base 26.9 g CoO, in 136.0 g H₂O was added slowly to the partly peptized mixture and mixing was carried out for 5 minutes. Thereupon 190.5 g Mg(OH)₂, containing on a dry base 131.7 g MgO, and 258.0 g H₂O were added thereto and the mixture was kneaded for 45 minutes. The mixture contained 3.6 mole Al₂O₃, 0.36 mole CoO and 3.3 mole MgO. To obtain an extrudable dough 13.5 g H₂O was added and kneading was carried out for another 5 minutes. The mixture contained 3.6 mole Al₂O₃, 0.36 mole CoO and 3.3 mole MgO. The extrudable dough was extruded to obtain strings having a diameter of 3.35 mm. The strings were dried at 120 °C for 12 hours, and broken into extrudates. The extrudates were thermally treacted in three different ways to produce the spinel carrier samples 4A, 4B and 4C of which the thermal treatment and the properties after treatment, have been included in Table 1. Example 5 A magnesium-aluminate spinel carrier having a suitable pore distribution was prepared as follows. At first 990 g of an aluminium oxide precursor, to wit alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaiser) containing on a dry base 750 g Al₂O₃ was mixed for 5 minutes with 22.5 g glacial acetic acid in a sigma blade mixer to obtain a partly peptized mixture. Subsequently 750 g alumina, calcined at 900 °C, was added thereto and 929 g Mg(OH)₂ containing 31.9 %w MgO on a dry base. Thereafter 148.5 g water was added thereto. The mixture was kneaded for 45 minutes to obtain an extrudable dough. The dough was extruded to obtain strings having a diameter of 3.35 mm. The strings were at 120 °C for 12 hours and treated for 1 hour at 800 °C. The pore size distribution, determined using Hg-intrusion porosimetry after the thermal treatment, is 0.25 ml/g of the pore volume is due to pores having a pore diameter larger than 200 nm and 0.46 ml/g is due to pores having a diameter between 10 and 200 nm, the total pore volume being 0.81 ml/g. Example 6 A mixed bivalent metal-aluminate spinel carrier comprising the bivalent metal magnesium and copper as the secondary bivalents metal, was prepared in an alternative manner as follows. At first 500 g alumina substrate Versal 250 (trade name, ex Kaiser), containing on a dry base 370 g Al₂O₃, was mixed in a sigma blade mixer with 150 g Mg(OH)₂, containing on a dry base 102.4 g MgO, for 5 minutes, after which 14.4 g glacial acetic acid was added thereto and 450 g H₂O. The mixture was kneaded for 1 hour and extrudated to obtain strings having a diameter of 3.35 mm. The strings were dried at 120 °C for 10 hours, and broken into extrudates, which were thermally heated for 1 hour at 500 °C in air. Subsequently 10 g of the extrudates were impregnated with 9.5 g of an ammoniacal solution of copper containing 11.6% by weight of copper and prepared along the lines as set out in Example 9. The impregnated extrudates were dried at 80 °C for 10 hours and thermally heated for 1 hour at 500 °C in air. Subsequently the extrudates were impregnated with 3.1 g of the above ammoniacal solution containing 11.6 % by weight of copper diluted with 3.63 g of a 3% by weight NH₃ solution. After impregnation the extrudates were dried at 80 °C for 10 hours and thermally heated in two ways to produce spinel carrier samples 6A and 6B, of which the thermal treatment and the properties have been included in Table 1. Example 7 Spherical carries comprising silicon oxide (HT16), trade name, ex Shell) were thermally heated so as to obtain carrier sample 7, of which the thermal treatment and the properties have been included in Table 1. Example 8 Extrudates containing aluminium oxide (AK 200, trade name, ex Shell) were thermally treated in five different ways to obtain carrier samples 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D and 8E, of which the thermal treatment and the properties have been included in Table 1. Example 9 An ammoniacal solution of copper containing 13.5% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. To a mixture of 20.0 g H₂O and 62.7 g NH₄OH (containing 25.4% by weight of NH₃) was added 12.0 g ammonium carbonate (containing 30-33% by weight of NH₃). The ammonium carbonate was dissolved while stirring and heating the solution slightly to a temperature of 25 °C to obtain a clear basic ammonium carbonate solution. To this basic ammonium carbonate solution was added 30.0 g copper carbonate (ex Pharmacie Centrale de France) containing 16.9 g copper. An exothermic reaction was observed and the temperature of the mixture was allowed to rise to about 45 to 50 °C. After 10 minutes a clear dark blue solution containing 13.5% by weight of copper was obtained. The impregnation solution can as well be prepared by dissolving a metal hydroxide in the ammonium carbonate solution. Example 10 An ammoniacal solution of cobalt containing 8.22% by weight of cobalt was prepared as follows. To a mixture of 6.2 g H₂O and 51.0 g NH₄OH (containing 25.4% by weight of NH₃) was added 40.0 g ammonium carbonate (containing 30-33% by weight of NH₃). The ammonium carbonate was dissolved while stirring and heating the solution slightly to a temperature of 25 °C to obtain a clear basic ammonium carbonate solution. To this basic ammonium carbonate solution was added 17.8 g cobalt carbonate (ex Pharmacie Centrale de France) containing 9.4 g cobalt. An exothermic reaction was observed, and the temperature was allowed to rise to about 45-50 °C. After 10 minutes a clear dark purple solution containing 8,22% by weight of cobalt was obtained. Example 11 A catalyst comprising a magnesium-aluminate spinel in combination with copper was prepared as follows. At first, 25.2 g of the magnesium-aluminate spinel carrier sample 1B was impregnated with 22.9 g of the ammoniacal solution of copper containing 13.5% by weight of copper of Example 9. After impregnation a part of the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated for 1 hour at 500 °C in air. An other part of the catalyst was thermally treated at 800 °C, the properties thereof have been included in Table 2. The amount of copper was 10.7% by weight of the catalyst. Example 12 A catalyst comprising a magnesium-aluminate spinel in combinations with copper and cobalt was prepared as follows. Subsequently 11.1 g of the catalyst of Example 11, thermally treated at 500 °C, was impregnated with 8.7 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours. The dried catalyst was thermally treated in two ways to produce samples 12A and 12B, of which the thermal treatment and the properties have been included in Table 2. The catalyst contained 9.9% by weight of copper and 5.9% by weight of cobalt. Example 13 A catalyst comprising a mixed copper- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 10.6% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. At first, 20 g of the mixed copper- and magnesium-aluminate spinel carrier sample 2B was impregnated with 17.9 g of an ammoniacal solution of copper containing 13.5% by weight of copper of Example 9. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours, and a part of the catalyst was thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour in air. An other part of the catalyst was thermally treated at 800 °C, the properties thereof have been included in Table 2. The amount of copper added to the catalyst equals to 10.6% by weight of the catalyst. Example 14 A catalyst comprising a mixed copper- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with copper and cobalt was prepared as follows. Subsequently 10.0 g of the catalyst of Example 13, thermally treated at 500 °C, was impregnated with 7.75 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10. After impregnation the sample was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours. The dried catalyst was thermally treated in two ways to produce samples 14A and 14B, of which the termal treatment and the properties have been included in Table 2. The amount of copper added to the catalyst equals 9.9% by weight of the catalyst, and the amount of cobalt equalts 5.9% by weight of catalyst. Example 15 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 6% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. At first 92.5 g of the mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel carrier sample 4A was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 66.7 g of an ammonical solution of copper containing 9% by weight of copper prepared along the lines as set out in Example 9 diluted with 4 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for an hour in air. The amount of copper added to the catalyst is 6% by weight of the catalyst. Example 16 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-aluminate spinel in combination with 12% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. At first 80 g of the catalyst of Example 15 was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 57.7 g of the ammoniacal solution of copper mentioned in Example 9 diluted with 1.2 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour in air. The amount of copper added to the catalyst is 12% by weight of the catalyst. Example 17 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-aluminate spinel in combination with 18% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. At first 60 g of the catalyst of Example 16 was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 43.22 g of the ammoniacal solution of copper mentioned in Example 9. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour in air. The amount of copper added to the catalyst is 18% by weight of the catalyst. Example 18 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 24% by weight of copper was prepared as follows. At first 40 g of the catalyst of Example 17 was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 27.8 g of the ammoniacal solution of copper mentioned in Example 9. After impregnating the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour in air. The amount of copper added to the catalyst is 24% by weight of the catalyst. Example 19 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 8% by weight of cobalt was prepared as follows. At first 94.9 g of the mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel carrier 4A was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 48.7 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt containing 8.22% by weight of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 27.5 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt added to the catalyst is 4% by weight of the catalyst. Subsequently 80 g of this catalyst was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 42.2 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 20 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt odded to the catalyst is 8% by weight of the catalyst. Example 20 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 16% by weight of cobalt was prepared as follows. At first 60 g of the catalyst of Example 19 containing 8% by weight of cobalt was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 31.5 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 13.8 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt added to the catalyst is 12% by weight of the catalyst. Subsequently 40 g of this catalyst was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 20.6 g of the ammonical solution of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 9.5 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt added to the catalyst is 16% by weight of the catalyst. Example 21 A catalyst comprising a mixed cobalt- and magnesium-­ aluminate spinel in combination with 24% by weight of cobalt was prepared as follows. At first 30 g of the catalyst containing 16% by weight of cobalt of Example 20 was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 15.45 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 6.5 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt added to the catalyst is 20% by weight of the catalyst. Subsequently 20 g of this catalyst was impregnated with an impregnating solution comprising 10.2 g of the ammoniacal solution of cobalt of Example 10 diluted with 3.8 g H₂O. After impregnation the catalyst was dried at 80 °C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 500 °C for 1 hour. The amount of cobalt odded to the catalyst is 24% by weight of the catalyst. Example 22 A sample of a catalyst comprising a silicon dioxide (HT16, trade name, ex Shell) and 13.8% by weight of copper was prepared by impregnating 21 g silicon dioxide with 27.2 g of an ammoniacal solution of copper containing 13.0% by weight of copper and prepared along the lines as set out in Example 9. After impregnation, the catalyst sample was dried at 80 °C for 10 hours and thermally treated. The properties of the sample and the thermal treatment have been included in Table 2. Example 23 A catalyst sample comprising aluminium oxide (AK 200, trade name, ex Shell) and 9.3% by weight of copper was prepared by impregnating 22.5 g aluminium oxide with 15.5 g of an ammoniacal solution of copper containing 15.1% by weight of copper and prepared along the lines set out in Example 9. After impregna­ tion the sample was dried at 80 °C for 10 hours and thermally treated in two ways resulting in samples 23A and 23B. The properties of the samples and the thermal treatment are included in Table 2. The catalysts as prepared in Examples 11 to 23 were tested to determine the activity of the catalysts to reduce nitrogen oxide, to oxidize carbon monoxide and to oxidize propane. The tests were carried out in a vertical tubular quartz reactor having length of 5.6 cm and an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. In order to allow temperature measurements in the quartz reactor, an internal cylindrical thermowell, having an outer diameter of 0.5 cm, was arranged coaxially in the reactor. An annular reactor space was defined between the inner surface of the wall of the quartz reactor and the outer surface of the wall of the thermowell, having a cross sectional area of 1.3 cm. In the tests a catalyst bed, having a volume of about 5.2 ml was used comprising 0.100 g of catalyst, crushed to a size smaller than 80 mesh, and subsequently mixed with 5 ml silicon oxide fines to obtain during testing a good distribution of the gas mixture over the annular reactor space. The catalyst bed was supported on a glass filter, and on the top of the catalyst a layer of silicon oxide particles (10-30 mesh) was arranged to improve heat exchange between a gas mixture passing through the reactor and the reactor wall. In the thermowell, a thermocouple was arranged at about ¼ of the height of the bed. During the tests a gas mixture was passed downwards through the reactor with a velocity between 100 and 120 ml/min, the volume of the gas mixture being determined at room temperature and at ambients pressure. This velocity range corresponds to a gas hourly space velocity of about 36 000 l/l/hour. The compo­ sition of the effluents was contineously monitored by on-line mass-spectroscopy. The activity of the catalysts were determined for three reactions: (a) reduction of nitroge oxide in the presence of carbon monoxide according to the reaction 2NO + 2CO → N₂ + 2CO₂, wherein the gaseous mixture comprised 1 vol.% NO and 2 vol.% CO in He; (b) oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of oxygen according to the reactio 2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂, wherein the gaseous mixture comprised 2 vol.% CO and 2 vol.% O₂ in He; and (c) oxidation of propane in the presenve of oxygen according to the reaction C₃H₈ + O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O, wherein the gaseous mixture comprised 2 vol.% C₃H₈ and 3 vol.% O₂ in He. The conversion has been determined as a function of the temperature of the catalyst bed, which temperature was raised during the tests from room temperature with 5 °C/min. To allow a comparison of the tests, the activity of a catalyst is expressed as the light-off temperature of a reactant, which is the temperature required to convert 50% of the reactants, thus T 50% NO is the temperature to reduce 50% of NO, T 50% CO is the temperature required to oxidize 50% of CO, and T 50% C₃H₈ is the temperature to oxidize 50% of C₃H₈. In Table 3 the light-off temperatures for the catalysts of Examples 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 have been included. The catalyst samples tested are either fresh products as obtained directly after preparation, or the catalysts were thermally treated prior to the test. The thermal treatment comprises either treatment a primary reduction for 16 hours at elevated temperature, or a treatment of 100 hours in air at 1000 °C, or a secondary reduction for 16 hours at elevated temperature, or combinations thereof. More over in Table 3, the light-off temperatures of the carrier of Example 6 as such have been included. The lower the light-off temperature (T 50%) for a con­ version is, the higher is the activity of the catalyst for that conversion.

Claims: 1. Catalyst in particular suitable for catalysing oxidation and reduction reactions comprising a spinel-based carrier in combination with copper, cobalt, compounds of copper or cobalt, or mixtures thereof, wherein the spinel-based carrier comprises magnesium-aluminate and optionally an oxide of a secondary bivalent metal. 2. Catalyst as claimed in claim 1, wherein the secondary bivalent metal is selected from the group copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc and iron. 3. Catalyst as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the molar ratio of secondary bivalent metal to magnesium is between 0.1 and 1.0. 4. Catalyst as claimed in anyone of the claims 1-13, wherein the amount of copper is up to 30% by weight of the catalyst. 5. Catalyst as claimed in any one of the claims 1-4, wherein the amount of cobalt is up to 24% by weight of the catalyst. 6. Catalyst as claimed in any one of the claims 1-5, wherein at least 0.2 ml/g of the pore volume of the spinel-based carrier is due to pores having a diameter larger than 200 nm and at least 0.4 ml/g of the pore volume is due to pores having a diameter between 10 and 200 nm. 7. Process of preparing a catalyst comprising impregnating a carrier comprising a magnesium-aluminate spinel-based carrier with at least one impregnating solution containing at least copper or cobalt, drying the impregnated carrier, and thermally treating the impregnated carrier at a temperature between 500 and 1100 °C for at least 1 hour to form a thermally treated catalyst. 8. Process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the impregnating solution used is an ammoniacal solution of the metal. 9. Process as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein the carrier used further comprises an oxide of a secondary bivalent metal selected from the group copper, cobalt, nickel and iron. 10. Process as claimed in any one of the claims 7-9, further comprising treating the thermally treated catalyst at a temperature between 600 and 1100 °C in a reducing environment. 11. Use of the catalyst as claimed in any one of the claims 1-6 for purifying exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine containing nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and unreacted hydrocarbons. 12. Process of preparing a bivalent metal-aluminate spinel catalyst carrier comprising the steps of (a) preparing a mixture comprising at least one compound of a bivalent metal and an at least partly peptized mixture of an aluminium oxide precursor; and (b) kneading the mixture to obtain a dough. 13. Process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the at least partly peptized mixture of the aluminium precursor is prepared by adding to the aluminium oxide precursor either ammonia, or an organic acid, such as acetic acid, or a mineral acid, such as nitric acid. 14. Process as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein the bivalent metal used in step (a) is selected from the group zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickle, copper, cadmium and magnesium. 15. Process as claimed in any one of the claims 12-14, wherein mixture used in step (a) further comprises a secondary bivalent metal, selected from the group zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickle, copper, cadmium and magnesium. 16. Process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the molar ratio of secondary bivalent metal to bivalent metal is between 0.1 and 1.0. 17. Process as claimed in anyone of the claims 12-16, further comprising extruding the dough to obtain extrudates, drying the extrudates at a temperature between 50 and 150 °C, and thermally treating the dried extrudates at a temperature between 500 and 1100 °C for at least 1 hour.

Inventors: JOUSTRA, ANNIE HENDRIKA, MESTERS, CAROLUS MATTHIAS ANNA MARIA
Applicants: SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: B01J23
IPC codes: B01J23, B01D53