Pressure swing adsorption process

Abstract: In air separation and other gas separations employing pressure swing adsorption technology, reduced cycle times are achieved by an advantageous combination of simultaneous processing steps. The gas released upon cocurrent depressurization from gigher adsorption pressure is employed for provide purge purposes. Cocur­ rent depressurization is also carried out at an intermediate pressure level, while countercurrent depressurization is simultaneously carried out at the opposite end of the bed being depressurized to its lower desorption pressure level. An in­ creasing pressure adsorption step is carried out.

Description: The invention relates to the purification of gases in a pressure swing adsorption system. More particularly, it relates to improvements in the processing cycle enabling improved performance to be achieved. The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process provides a commercially desirable technique for separating and purifying at least one component of a feed gas mixture containing said component and at least one selectively adsorbable component. Adsorption occurs in an adsorbent bed at a higher adsorption pressure, with the selectively adsorbable component thereafter being desorbed by reducing the adsorbent bed pressure to a lower desorption pressure. The carrying out of the PSA process in multi-bed systems is illustrated by the Wagner patent, U.S.-A-3,430,418, relating to a system having at least four beds. As is generally known and described in this patent, the PSA process is commonly carried out, on a cyclic, in a processing sequence that includes, in each bed, (1) higher pressure adsorption with release of product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) cocurrent depressurization to intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end thereof, (3) countercurrent depressurization to a lower desorption pressure, (4) purge and (5) repressurization. The void space gas released during the cocurrent depressurization step is commonly employed for pressure equalization purposes and to provide purge gas to a bed at its lower desorption pressure. In a variation of said PSA processing described above with reference to systems having four or more adsorbent beds, a conventional three bed system was devised for use in the separation and recovery of air and other such separations. This system was based on the increasing pressure adsorption step described in the McCombs patent, U.S.-A-3,738,087. In one embodiment thereof, air is added to an adsorbent bed for the repressurization thereof, with nitrogen being selectively adsorbed and with oxygen being discharged from the product end of the bed at rates such that the bed pressure increases to upper adsorption pressure. A PSA cycle incorporating said increasing pressure adsorption step includes (1) said increasing pressure adsorption step, (2) cocurrent depressurization to intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end thereof, (3) countercurrent depressurization to a lower desorption pressure, (4) purge and (5) repressurization. The void space gas released during the cocurrent depressurization step is employed, in this embodiment, for passage to other beds in the system in a pressure equalization-provide purge-pressure equalization sequence. This latter cycle makes unnecessary a constant pressure adsorption step as employed in the Wagner cycle. This enables more time for bed regeneration, i.e. countercurrent depressurization and purge, within a given cycle time so as to enable greater productivity and recovery and/or purity to be obtained from a given system, particularly in systems designed for relatively short overall cycle time operation. US-A-3 738 087 also discloses an embodiment using four adsorbent beds, wherein each of the beds undergoes, on a cyclic basis a processing sequence including the successive steps of: countercurrent repressurization of the purged bed from a lowest pressure to a lower equalization pressure by pressure equalization with another bed, further countercurrent repressurization of the bed from the lower equalization pressure to a higher equalization pressure by pressure equalization with a further bed in the system, isolating the bed at the higher equalization pressure, further countercurrent repressurization of the bed from the higher equalization pressure to a higher intermediate pressure by the introduction of product gas, cocurrent repressurization of the bed with feed gas from the higher intermediate pressure to an upper adsorption pressure with simultaneous adsorption and simultaneous discharge of the less readily adsorbable component gas as product effluent from the product end of the bed, further adsorption at the upper adsorption pressure and discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent and for repressurization of another bed from the higher equalization level to the higher intermediate pressure, cocurrent depressurization of the bed to the higher equalization pressure by pressure equalization with another bed, further cocurrent depressurization to the lower intermediate pressure with release of gas for purging another bed, further cocurrent depressurization to the lower equalization pressure by pressure equalization with another bed, countercurrent depressurization to the lowest pressure with release of gas as waste gas, and purging of the bed at the lowest pressure with gas coming from another bed being depressurized from the higher equalization pressure to the lower intermediate pressure. A PSA process including the steps of adsorption, cocurrent and countercurrent depressurization, purge and repressurization likewise is known from FR-A-2 535 981. In this process cocurrent depressurization gas is passed from a depressurizing bed to an auxiliary column that separates undesirable and desirable components by longitudinal separation. Gas passes from the non-feed end of the auxiliary column for use in countercurrent repressurization of another bed. Such cocurrent depressurization and countercurrent repressurization between each succeeding pair of beds is accomplished by passage of gas through the auxiliary column in opposite flow directions. When using a three bed system of the type described in U.S.-A-3,738,087 with each bed containing commercial 13X, 8 x 12 beaded form, molecular sieve in air separation operations, an oxygen recovery of 48 % and a productivity (BSF) of 2000 kg (4,000 lb) 13 X molecular sieve per one ton (short ton) per day (TPD) of oxygen have been obtained. Said recovery is defined as the percent or volume fraction of the feed air oxygen removed from the feed stream and delivered as oxygen product. Productivity is defined as the kilograms (pounds) of molecular sieve required to generate 1 TPD of contained oxygen. The recovery and productivity values referred to above were obtained on the basis of a 180 second total cycle time for the 3-bed PSA system with feed air being introduced at a maximum pressure of 377 kPa (40 psig), with product being discharged at 239 kPa (20 psig). While such standard 3-bed system is desirable for various commercial applications, there is, nevertheless, a desire in the art to improve product recovery and productivity. Difficulties have been encountered, however, in achieving such objectives. Thus, the total cycle time had to be reduced to less than said 180 seconds to yield a significant BSF reduction (productivity increase) compared to said standard 3-bed operation. However, reductions in individual step times, i.e. the purge and pressure equalization steps, are limited by gas velocity and bed fluidization limits, or by applicable cycle performance standards. Such limitations prevent the achieving of substantial cycle time reductions only by means of reductions in the duration of the individual cycle steps. With respect to the standard 4-bed system, on the other hand, the addition of a fifth adsorbent bed to increase single bed capacity limits by means of standard cycling techniques applicable to said systems would necessarily result in an increase in total cycle times and in the BSF values for any given application. Such an increase in BSF value would compromise any potential increase in productive capacity derived from an increase in the number of vessels employed in the PSA system. In addition, size limitations on PSA-oxygen adsorbent beds limit the maximum capacity of a single PSA train, so that the development of means to reduce the BSF would be required to increase the maximum capacity limits of such a single PSA train. There remains in the art, therefore, a need to develop improvements in the PSA art enabling reductions in BSF and increased single train capacity to be achieved. Such improvements advantageously would enable the overall cycle time to be reduced, while enabling sufficient time to complete each individual cycle time without degradation of product purity or recovery. It is an object of the invention, therefore, to provide a PSA process which allows to achieve improved product recovery and/or improved productivity. It is another object of the invention to provide a PSA process enabling overall cycle times to be minimized while enabling sufficient time to complete each individual cycle step without degradation in product purity or recovery. The present invention provides for a pressure swing adsorption process for the separation and recovery of a less readily adsorbable component of a feed gas mixture in an adsorption system capable of selectively adsorbing a more readily adsorbable component from said gas mixture, the adsorption system containing at least four adsorbent beds, each of which undergoes, on a cyclic basis, a processing sequence that includes the successive steps of: (1) repressurization of the bed with feed gas from an upper intermediate pressure to an upper adsorption pressure with simultaneous adsorption and simultaneous discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) upon said upper adsorption pressure having been reached, cocurrent depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to said upper intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to another bed in the system which is thereby partially repressurized from a lower intermediate pressure to said upper intermediate pressure, (3) further cocurrent depressurization from said upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to a different bed in the system which is thereby purged at a lower desorption pressure, (4) further cocurrent and beginning of simultaneous countercurrent depressurization from said intermediate pressure to said lower intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed and with release of more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to another bed in the system which is thereby partially repressurized to said lower intermediate pressure, (5) further countercurrent depressurization from said lower intermediate pressure to a lower desorption pressure with release of said more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, (6) purge at said lower desorption pressure with void space gas coming from another bed being depressurized from the upper intermediate pressure to the intermediate pressure, (7) repressurization from lower desorption pressure to lower intermediate pressure with void space gas coming from another bed in the system being depressurized from intermediate pressure to lower intermediate pressure, (8) further repressurization from lower intermediate pressure to upper intermediate pressure with void space gas coming from another bed in the system being depressurized from upper adsorption pressure to upper intermediate pressure. The PSA process of the present invention particularly is suited for the enhanced separation and recovery of oxygen from air. The PSA process of the invention advantageously employs novel simultaneous cycle steps that enable the total cycle time to be reduced, product recovery to be enhanced, and BSF reductions to be achieved. The time required for the separate provide purge step is desirably shorter than the purge step, with the overall countercurrent depressurization and purge time enabling adequate bed regeneration to be accomplished with the overall shorter total cycle times permissible in the practice of the invention. The objects of the invention are accomplished by the incorporation into the PSA process as described above with reference to the Wagner patent of a simultaneous cycle step relating to the cocurrent depressurization and the countercurrent depressurization portions of the overall cycle. Such a simultaneous step enables the total cycle time to be reduced and BSF reductions, i.e. increased adsorbent productivity, to be obtained. Enhanced bed capacity can be achieved in the practice of the invention at minimized overall cycle times without degradation of product effluent purity or recovery. The invention has been found to actually result in significant improvements in product recovery as compared with the standard commercial processes and systems referred to above. Systems containing four beds are highly desirable for some applications. Five, six or seven adsorbent bed systems are also desirable in some instances. While the invention can be practiced in systems having 8 or more beds, it is commonly expedient to employ two 4-bed systems, or the like, as an alternative to such higher number of beds in a single system. It will be understood that, in such multi-bed systems, the feed gas may be passed to more than one bed at any particular stage of the processing cycle. Thus, the feed gas is often passed to at least two beds at any given time in the operation of such multi-bed systems. As with respect to conventional practice, the PSA process desirably employs two, three or more pressure equalization steps in which cocurrent depressurization gas released from one bed at an elevated pressure is used to partially repressurize another bed initially at lower pressure and to provide purge to a bed at lower desorption pressure. Thus, the invention can be used in a variety of processing cycles such as, for example, those involving five or more beds with two beds on adsorption at any given time, in overlapping sequence, during the overall PSA processing cycle. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various other PSA processes and systems can be adapted so as to take advantage of the desirable benefits of the invention in desirable PSA cycles. A process which is the subject matter of copending application 86 902 180.8 (the parent application of the present divisional application) and which has been modified by the present invention can be illustrated by Table I below with respect to a four bed embodiment thereof. In this Table with respect to each bed, A represents an adsorption step at an upper adsorption pressure with discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed; PP represents a cocurrent depressurization step in which void space gas is released from the product end of the bed for use in providing purge gas to another bed typically at its lower desorption pressure, said bed being depressurized from an upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate pressure level; P represents a purge step typically at lower desorption pressure in which void space gas released from another bed is passed directly to said bed undergoing its purge step, with said purge step being seen to be of longer duration than the provide purge step PP; R represents repressurization to upper adsorption pressure; E1/PP represents a cocurrent depressurization step in which void space gas-released during cocurrent depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to an upper intermediate pressure is passed simultaneously to one other bed in the system being partially repressurized to said upper intermediate pressure and to a second other bed as purge gas for said bed at its lower desorption pressure level; and E2/BD represents a novel step likewise used in the process of the present invention wherein further cocurrent depressurization from said intermediate pressure level to a lower intermediate pressure is carried out with release of additional void space gas from the product end of the bed, said void space gas being passed to another bed in the system for pressure equalization therebetween at said lower intermediate pressure, while the bed is being simultaneously depressurized countercurrently by the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed. The countercurrent, or BD, portion of said E2-BD step is continued after completion of said pressure equalization down to the lower desorption pressure of the bed. In the process of the embodiment illustrated in said Table I, it will be seen that only one of the four beds in the system is on the adsorption step, on a cyclic basis, at any given time in the cycle. As two pressure equalization steps are employed, i.e. said E1/PP and E2/BD and their counterparts E2 and E1, the overall cycle is referred to in the heading of the Table as a (412) E1/PP - E2/BD cycle, the 4 representing the number of beds, the 1 representing the number of beds on adsorption at any given time, and the 2 representing the number of direct pressure equalization steps, and E1/PP - E2/BD denoting the steps wherein the two simultaneous processing features described above are employed in the PSA processing cycle to obtain the benefits referred to herein. In the processing cycle illustrated in Table I, the E1/PP step is carried out, e.g. in bed 1, by the cocurrent depressurization of said bed with the void space gas released from the product end of the bed being simultaneously passed to bed 3 for pressure equalization at upper intermediate pressure and to bed 4 for the initial portion of the purge step in said bed. Following the continuing cocurrent depressurization wherein void space gas from bed 1 is passed to said bed 4 as purge gas, with bed 1 being depressurized further to an intermediate pressure level, the E2/BD step is carried out with additional void space gas being released from the product end of bed 1, which is cocurrently depressurized to a lower intermediate pressure, said gas being passed to bed 4 for pressure equalization at said lower intermediate pressure. Bed 1 is simultaneously depressurized countercurrently by the discharge of gas from the feed end thereof. The BD portion of the step is continued after completion of the E2 portion upon pressure equalization of depressurizing bed 1 and repressurizing bed 4 at said lower intermediate pressure. It will be seen from this example that the E2 step represents partial repressurization of a bed from its lower desorption pressure to lower intermediate pressure by the passage of void space gas thereto, typically directly, from a bed being cocurrently depressurized in its E2/BD step from intermediate pressure to said lower intermediate pressure by pressure equalization with said bed being partially repressurized from its lower desorption pressure to said lower intermediate pressure. Similarly, E1 represents further partial repressurization to upper intermediate pressure by the passage of void space gas thereto, typically directly, from a bed being cocurrently depresurized in its E1/PP step from upper adsorption pressure to upper intermediate pressure by pressure equalization with said bed being partially repressurized from its lower to its upper intermediate pressure. When the process as represented by the processing cycle of Table I is employed in a practical commercial air separation operation, each bed being operated at an upper adsorption pressure of 377 kPa (40 psig), a 160 second total or overall cycle time can be effectively utilized. The BSF of commercial 13X, 8 x 12 beaded, molecular sieve adsorbent, has 1500 kg (3,000 lb.) of said 13X/TPD of oxygen product at 90 % product purity. Revocery of oxygen product was 53 %. By contrast at the same 377 kPa (40 psig) adsorption pressure, using commercial 5A, 8 x 12 beads and producing product oxygen at said 90 % purity, a 4-bed Wagner cycle system required a 240 second total cycle time, with a higher BSF, i.e. lower productivity, of 3000 kg (6,000 lb.) of said 5A /TPD of oxygen product. In another embodiment of the process of the parent application, five adsorbent beds are employed with two beds on adsorption at all times. As in the previous illustrated embodiment, two pressure equalization steps are employed, together with the E1/PP and E2/BD steps. Hence, the cycle is designated as a (522) E1/PP - E2/BD cycle in the heading of Table II below. In the cycle of Table II, A, E1/PP, PP, E2/BD, P, E2, E1 and R all have the same meanings as were indicated above with respect to the Table I embodiment. In the practice of said (522) E1/PP-E2/BD Cycle for oxygen recovery at said 90 % purity by air separation, employing an upper adsorption pressure of 377 kPa (40 psig) and using the same commercial 13 X molecular sieve adsorbent, in 8 x 12 beaded form, a total cycle time of 200 seconds is employed, with an BSF of about 1900 (3,800 lb.) of said 13X/TPD of oxygen product. Recovery of product oxygen is 54 %. By contrast at the same 377 kPa (40 psig) adsorption pressure, using the same commercial 13X, 8 x 12 beads and producing product oxygen at said 90 % purity, a standard 3-bed cycle as described above involves the use of a 180 second total cycle time, with a BSF of 2000 kg (4,000 lb.) of said 13X/TPD of oxygen product. The recovery of oxygen product was only 49 %. The process of the present invention uses an increasing pressure adsorption step as the repressurization step, i.e. step R of Tables I and II, following partial repressurization of a bed by pressure equalization, i.e. steps E2 and E1 of said Tables. In the process of the invention, therefore, the repressurization to upper adsorption pressure is carried out with product effluent being simultaneously discharged from the product end of the bed. In such circumstance, it will be appreciated that increased amounts of product gas can be recovered in any given cycle time without sacrifice of the time available for regeneration of the bed. The constant pressure adsorption step is omitted to allow for more time for bed regeneration purposes, thereby enabling product purity and/or recovery to be enhanced. It will be appreciated that PSA systems necessarily incorporate various conduits, valves and other control features to accomplish the necessary switching of the adsorbent beds from one processing step to the next in appropriate sequence. The invention can readily be employed using conventional conduits and control features well known in the art. For purposes of the invention, the PSA system will comprise conduit means for passing void space gas released from the product end of a bed during cocurrent depressurization from said upper intermediate pressure to another bed for providing purge gas to said bed. Conduit means are also provided for passing additional void space gas released from the product end of the bed, during further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said intermediate pressure to a lower intermediate pressure, to another bed in the system for pressure equalization therebetween at lower intermediate pressure and for simultaneously discharging gas from the feed end of the bed. Control means can be provided for precluding the passage of gas from the bed to which gas had been passed during pressure equalization at lower intermediate pressure upon continuance of the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed, i.e. the continued BD portion of the E2/BD step, down to said lower desorption pressure upon completion of the pressure equalization at lower intermediate pressure. It is convenient to employ an in-line check valve as said latter control means, with said check valve being adapted to prevent back-flow of gas at lower intermediate pressure into said bed being further depressurized from said lower intermediate pressure to lower desorption pressure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such variations or modifications of the PSA process and system of the invention can include in appropriate circumstances, the inclusion of additional pressure equalization steps or the providing of additional adsorbent beds on the adsorption step at any given time in overlapping processing sequence. The pressure swing adsorption process herein disclosed and claimed can be advantageously employed to selectively adsorb at least one component of a feed gas mixture, thereby separating and purifying a desired product effluent gas. While the invention is particularly advantageous for separating and recovering oxygen as the less readily adsorbable component of air from nitrogen as the more readily adsorbable component thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various other separations, including the recovery of hydrogen from feed gas mixtures or even the separation and recovery of nitrogen as the product effluent from feed air is feasible depending upon the performance characteristics of the particular adsorbent employed in the PSA system and its ability to selectively adsorb one component from a feed gas mixture in preference to another, less readily adsorbable component. Suitable adsorbent materials may include zeolitic molecular sieves, activated carbon, silica gel, activated alumina and the like. Zeolitic molecular sieve adsorbents are generally desirable for said oxygen separation and recovery from air, with said 13 X adsorbent or 5A molecular sieve being standard materials that can readily be employed in the commercial practice of the prior art approaches improved as herein disclosed and claimed. It will be understood that various operating conditions can be employed in the practice of the invention, depending upon the particular separation being carried out, the purity level desired, the adsorbent material employed, and the like. It has been found, however, particularly with respect to the separation and recovery of oxygen from air, that an upper adsorption pressure of from about 377 to about 515 kPa (about 40 to about 60 psig), preferably about 412 to about 481 kPa (about 45 to about 55 psig), is desirable. Desorption is conventionally at about atmospheric pressure, but other, higher or lower desorption pressures can also be employed in particular applications. The invention enables the overall cycle time to be desirably minimized, with cycle times of from about 140 to about 180 seconds being feasible in various embodiments, particularly in 4-bed systems, while somewhat longer times may be required in embodiments wherein a 5-bed system is employed with two beds in adsorption at any given time and in which an increase in recovery is obtainable as compared with a 4-bed system. In general, oxygen product recovery in air separation applications of the invention are readily obtainable within the range of from about 50 % to about 60 %, typically from about 53 % to about 55 %. The invention will thus be seen to satisfy the desire in the art for improvements in the PSA technology as applied to various gas separation operations, such as the separation and recovery of oxygen from air. The simultaneous cycle step of the invention thus enables increased adsorbent productivity to be achieved, providing increased bed capacity, while product recovery improvements averaging about 5 to 6 % can be obtained as compared with the commercial 3-bed PSA process. The processing cycles of the invention advantageously employ provide purge steps shorter in time than the time provided for the actual purge of the bed, with the overall cycle times being minimized without degradation of product effluent purity. The invention thus enhances the feasibility of applying PSA technology in practical, commercial gas separation operations in a more efficient, effective manner than was heretofore possible utilizing the PSA technology as developed heretofore in the art.

Claims: A pressure swing adsorption process for the separation and recovery of a less readily adsorbable component of a feed gas mixture in an adsorption system capable of selectively adsorbing a more readily adsorbable component from said gas mixture, the adsorption system containing at least four adsorbent beds, each of which undergoes, on a cyclic basis, a processing sequence that includes the successive steps of: (1) repressurization of the bed with feed gas from an upper intermediate pressure to an upper adsorption pressure with simultaneous adsorption and simultaneous discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) upon said upper adsorption pressure having been reached, cocurrent depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to said upper intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to another bed in the system which is thereby partially repressurized from a lower intermediate pressure to said upper intermediate pressure, (3) further cocurrent depressurization from said upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to a different bed in the system which is thereby purged at a lower desorption pressure, (4) further cocurrent and beginning of simultaneous countercurrent depressurization from said intermediate pressure to said lower intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed and with release of more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, the void space gas being passed to another bed in the system which is thereby partially repressurized to said lower intermediate pressure, (5) further countercurrent depressurization from said lower intermediate pressure to a lower desorption pressure with release of said more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, (6) purge at said lower desorption pressure with void space gas coming from another bed being depressurized from the upper intermediate pressure to the intermediate pressure, (7) repressurization from lower desorption pressure to lower intermediate pressure with void space gas coming from another bed in the system being depressurized from intermediate pressure to lower intermediate pressure, (8) further repressurization from lower intermediate pressure to upper intermediate pressure with void space gas coming from another bed in the system being depressurized from upper adsorption pressure to upper intermediate pressure. The process of claim 1 in which said system comprises from five to seven beds. The process of any one of the preceding claims in which said feed gas mixture comprises air, said less readily adsorbable component comprises oxygen and said more readily adsorbable component comprises nitrogen. The process of claim 3 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 377 to about 515 kPa (about 40 to about 60 psig).

Inventors: CASSIDY ROBERT THOMAS, HISCOCK WILLIS EDWARD, WERNER ROBERT GARY, CASSIDY, ROBERT THOMAS, HISCOCK, WILLIS EDWARD, WERNER, ROBERT GARY
Applicants: PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY INC, PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: B01D53
IPC codes: B01D53