Controllable oscillator

Abstract: An integrated voltage controllable oscillator having a transistor (Q1) for oscillation is further provided with a reson­ ance circuit externally connected to two electrodes of the transistor for oscillation without a reference level and includ­ ing a variable capacitance element (VC) adapted to vary a resonance frequency of the resonance circuit, and a high im­ pedance element (R1) connected between the variable cap­ acitance element (VC) and ground in a circuit adapted to supply a control voltage to the variable capacitance element VC.

Description: This invention relates generally to integrated voltage controllable oscillators, and more particularly to an integrated circuit (IC) oscillator suitable for use when a wide range of frequencies is required, for example, as a local oscillator for cable television (CATV) electronic tuners. With recent popularization of cable television, the receivable frequency band of electronic tuners has been widened, so as to accommodate this tendency. For example, in Europe, and specifically in West Germany, the allocated frequency band for CATV in the VHF band is as shown in Fig. 1. It will be apparent from Fig. 1, that a CATV tuner for Europe (West Germany) is required to receive frequencies in a band between 47 MHz and 470 MHz, and the circuit arrangement of a tuner therefor becomes extremely complicated. To permit such complicated circuit to be housed in a small package and to facilitate the production thereof, there has been a strong tendency to integrate a mixer, a local oscillator, and an IF amplifier of the CATV tuner in one chip (IC). For example, as shown on Fig. 2, a conventional electronic tuner using such an IC includes an input terminal 1 for receiving an RF signal from an antenna or cable terminal (not shown), input tuner circuits 2A and 2B, RF amplifiers 3A and 3B, interstage tuner circuits 4A and 4B, and diodes 5A and 5B for switching operation. Further, an IC is generally identified at 6 and has a mixer 7, a local oscillator 8 for the frequency band between 47 MHz and 470 MHz, and an IF amplifier 9. A local oscillating tuner circuit 10 is externally connected to IC 6 and provides an output signal which is varied by a selection signal supplied to a variable capacitance diode 10c included in circuit 10 to obtain a local oscillation frequency corresponding to a signal in the band been 47 MHz and 230 MHz. Another local oscillator 11 is used when a frequency in a band between 230 MHz and 470 MHz is received. The oscillation frequency generated by local oscillator 11 is varied by a selection signal supplied to a variable capacitance diode 12c in another local oscillating tuner circuit 12. In the circuit construction described above, when the RF signal provided to input terminal 1 has a frequency between 47 MHz and 230 MHz, diode 5A is turned ON while diode 5B is turned OFF. Then, the input RF signal is processed successively in input tuner circuit 2A, RF amplifier 3A, and interstage tuner circuit 4A, and finally supplied to mixer 7 in IC 6 through diode 5A to be multiplied by the local signal from local oscillator circuit 8, whereby a broadcast wave for a desired channel is converted into an IF signal which is delivered to an output terminal 13 through IF amplifier 9. On the other hand, when an RF signal in a band between 230 MHz and 470 MHz is received, diode 5A is turned OFF while diode 5B is turned ON. In that case, the received RF signal is processed successively by input tuner circuit 2B, RF amplifier 3B, and interstage tuner circuit 4B, prior to being supplied to mixer 7 in IC 6 through diode 5B. At this time, local oscillator 8 in IC 6 is inoperative, but an output signal from external local oscillator 11 is supplied to mixer 7 in IC 6 through diode 5B as a local oscillating signal. In other words, external oscillator 11 is employed in place of local oscillator 8 integrated in the IC 6 for the reception of RF signals in the band between 230 MHz and 470 MHz. In the above-described conventional electronic tuner, since the local oscillated signal from oscillator 11 is also applied to the input side of mixer 7, the latter has to be a mixer of the so-called single-ended type. In other words, a mixer of the balanced type cannot be employed for the kind of circuit shown on Fig. 2. Recently, since the regulations against interference affecting performance have been tightened by law, it has become necessary to use a mixer of the double-balanced type as the mixer in the IC of an electronic tuner. In such case, the local oscillator 8 integrated in the IC 6 must be used over the entire frequency band. Therefore, it is necessary to provide, as shown in Fig. 3, a local oscillator tuner circuit 14 connected to the local oscillator 8 in IC 6 and making possible use of local oscillator 8 as a three-band change-over oscillator. Fig. 4 shows an example of a circuit of a conventional electronic tuner wherein an integrated local oscillating circuit or IC 8' is used as a fixed frequency oscillator. This is the most basic circuit for relatively easily obtaining stable oscillations. In Fig. 4, there are provided inside the IC 8' a transistor Q₁ for oscillation and a transistor Q₂ for feedback amplification. The base and collector of transistor Q₁ are connected to pins 2 and 3, respectively, of IC 8'. The base and collector of transistor Q₂ are respectively connected to a pin 4 of IC 8' and to a common line to which is connected a pin 1 of IC 8'. The pin 1 is supplied with a power source voltage +B The emitters of transistors Q₁ and Q₂ are connected with each other, and the junction point therebetween is connected, through a current source I, to a common line to which is connected a grounded pin 5 of IC 8'. An output circuit comprised of transistors Q₃,Q₄,Q₅ and Q₆, a voltage source V s and a current source I' connected as shown is provided in IC 8', to derive an output oscillation at a pin 6 which may be connected to mixer 7 in Fig. 2. Additional electronic parts are externally connected to IC 8', as will be described below, so as to provide a Colpitts-type oscillator. More particularly, as shown on Fig. 4, a bypass-capacitor C₁ connects the power source line +B to ground, and a ground capacitor C₂ is connected between ground and the pin 2 of IC 8' to which is connected the base of the transistor Q₁. A choke winding L₁ for the power source voltage +B is connected between the power source output terminal (not shown) and pin 3 of the IC 8', that is, the collector of oscillation transistor Q₁. Between pin 3, that is, the collector of transistor Q₁ and pin 4, that is, the base of transistor Q₂, there is connected a series circuit of a capacitor C₃ for blocking direct current components and a capacitor C₅ for feedback so as to constitute a feedback loop. A parallel resonance circuit 30 constituted by a resonance capacitor C₄ and a resonance winding L₂ is connected between the junction point between the capacitors C₃ and C₅ and the ground. It will be seen that the oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 4 constitutes a base-grounded Colpitts-type oscillator in which the base of transistor Q₁ for oscillation is grounded, the collector thereof is connected with the tuner circuit, and the oscillating power therefrom is supplied through feedback capacitor C₅ to the base of transistor Q₂ which has its emitter-follower output fed back to transistor Q₁. Fig. 5 shows a variable frequency oscillator which is generally similar to the circuit of Fig. 4, but wherein a series circuit composed of a capacitor C₆ and a variable capacitance diode VC for adjusting the range of the oscillation frequency is provided in a parallel resonance circuit 30' in place of resonance capacitor C₄ in resonance circuit 30 of the fixed frequency oscillator of Fig. 4. In this case, that is, in the circuit of Fig. 5, a voltage supplied to variable capacitance diode VC is a selection voltage for the tuner which is fed to the junction point between capacitor C₆ and variable capacitance diode VC through a terminal 31. The selection voltage changes the capacitance of variable capacitance diode VC, to thereby vary the oscillation frequency. Referring now to Fig. 6, it will be seen that, in a known example of a practical three-band change-over local oscillator circuit of a tuner, resonance winding L₂ in Fig. 5 is replaced by a series connection of three windings L₂₁, L₂₂, and L₂₃, and band selection signals are supplied through terminals 32 and 33 to diodes D₁ and D₂, respectively, to switch the same and thereby select a band from among a VHF low channel, a VHF high channel, and a CATV channel (230-470 MHz). Incidentally, it is usual for the above-mentioned oscillation feedback loop comprised of capacitors C₃ and C₅ to be grounded through the resonance circuit 30 or 30' in the local oscillator circuit of a tuner, as shown, for example, in Fig. 5. It will be appreciated that the transistors in an IC which is used to provide such a high frequency oscillation are formed with very fine patterns due to the smallness of such electronic parts, so that they are easily destroys by electrical noise, for example, by static electricity which enters the IC through one of the terminals thereof. In order to prevent damage or destruction of the transistors or other elements of the IC 8', the latter is further provided internally with protective diodes for each of the electrodes in the IC, as shown in Fig. 4. To be specific, as shown in Fig. 4, a series circuit of diodes D₃ and D₄ and a series circuit of diodes D₅ and D₆ are connected between the power source line to which is connected pin 1 of IC 8' and the grounded line to which is connected pin 5. The junction point between diodes D₃ and D₄ and the junction point between diodes D₅ and D₆ are respectively connected to the base of oscillation transistor Q₁ and the base of feedback transistor Q₂. Further, a protective diode D₇ is also connected between the collector of transistor Q₁ and the grounded line. It is mainly due to these protective diodes D₃-D₇ that an integrated oscillator circuit can more easily fall into an unstable condition as compared with a discrete oscillator circuit. More specifically, even when the diodes are in their off-state, the junction capacitance thereof is so large that a great deal of electrical power is consumed by the diodes in a high frequency range, and the junction capacitance of each diode substantially varies with changes in temperature so that the IC parameters also vary. These characteristics of the diodes can cause the oscillation to stop and can increase drift at starting and drift caused by changes in temperature. In order to stably operate the integrated oscillator circuit 8' even at a high frequency, it is necessary to remove the bad influence of the protective diodes on the oscillator circuit. The integrated oscillator circuit of Fig. 4 is redrawn in Fig. 7 to show the operational principle thereof particularly with respect to the protective diode D₇. As is clear from Fig. 7, protective diode D₇ is connected in parallel to the oscillator or resonance circuit 30 formed of capacitor C₄ and winding L₂, both of which are selected to determine the oscillation frequency. Therefore, the resonance circuit is directly and substantially affected by diode D7. The diode D₇ can be equivalently replaced by a series circuit of a capacitor C₇₁ and a resistor R₇₁, as shown in broken lines in Fig. 7. The resistor R₇₁ largely damps the high frequency components and thereby impedes the oscillation. Further, in addition to the diode D₇, it can be supposed that there is connected, in parallel to the resonance circuit 30, a series circuit of a stray capacitor C₀₁ and a stray resistor R₀₁ of the IC 8', also shown in broken lines in Fig. 7, and which also impedes the oscillation. If an IC having a double-balanced mixer, a local oscillator, and an IF amplifier integrated therein can be stably operated with a received frequency of 470 MHz and a local oscillation frequency above 510 MHz, the following advantages could be obtained; 1. The double-balanced mixer can provide its advantages over the entire CATV band; and 2. Since the local oscillator circuit is in the form of an IC, the number of necessary electronic parts is decreased to thereby reduce the production cost. To provide an integrated local oscillator circuit stably generating an oscillation frequency above 510 MHz requires the following: 1. The oscillation frequency is not varied much by heat generated in the IC after the power source switch is turned on; 2. The oscillation frequency is not varied much by variations in the ambient temperature around the IC; and 3. Oscillation of the local oscillator circuit is not easily stopped by a drop in the power source voltage. However, with the prior art circuits it has been difficult to even oscillate the local oscillator at frequencies above 510 MHz. Accordingly, it is an aim of the invention to provide, in a simple manner, a three-band change-over integrated local oscillator circuit which is capable of stably oscillating at frequencies above 510 MHz. In accordance with the invention, there is provided an integrated voltage controllable oscillator comprising an integrated circuit including a transistor for oscillation having an emitter, a collector and a base connected to respective pins on the integrated circuit, a resonance circuit having two terminals which are externally connected to said collector and said base by way of the respective pins for oscillation, neither terminal being directly connected to ground; a variable capacitance element for varying a resonance frequency of the resonance circuit, a high impedance element connecting said resonance circuit means and said variable capacitance element (VC) to ground in a circuit for supplying a control voltage to said variable capacitance element; and a protective diode connected between said collector and ground. The above, and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, throughout which the same reference numerals designate corresponding elements and parts. Fig. 1 shows the allocation of frequencies in the VHF band in West Germany; Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of a prior art electronic tuner; Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing another example of a prior art electronic tuner; Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a conventional integrated fixed frequency oscillator circuit; Figs. 5 and 6 are circuit diagrams respectively showing examples of conventional integrated variable frequency oscillator circuits; Fig. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram to which reference will be made in explaining a problem encountered with the oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 4; Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram showing an integrated variable frequency oscillator circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram to which reference will be made in explaining an operational advantage of the oscillator circuit according to the invention; and Figs. 10 and 11 are circuit diagrams showing oscillator circuits according to second and third embodiments of the invention, respectively. A first embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to Fig. 8 which shows a variable frequency oscillator circuit without band change-over function, and in which parts corresponding to those described with reference to Figs. 4 and 5 are identified by the same reference numerals. In the example shown in Fig. 8, there is provided a parallel resonance circuit 30 comprising a variable capacitance diode VC, a capacitor C₆, and a winding L₂. The junction point between capacitor C₆ and winding L₂ is connected, through a capacitor C₃ for blocking direct current components, to pin3 of IC 8', that is, to the collector of transistor Q₁ for oscillation, and the junction point between variable capacitance diode VC and winding L₂ is connected, through a capacitor C₂ for blocking direct current components, to pin 2 of IC 8', that is, to the base of transistor Q₁ for oscillation. A control signal is supplied from terminal 31 to the cathode side of variable capacitance diode VC, while the anode side of the latter is grounded through a resistor R₁. The resistor R₁ thus included in a circuit adapted to supply the variable capacitance diode VC with the control signal has a large resistance value, for example, about 10 KΩ. This resistor R₁ may be replaced by a choke winding having a high impedance. Fig. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to a fixed frequency oscillator circuit according to the invention, and to which reference will be made in explaining how the invention prevents the oscillator circuit from being badly influenced by protective diodes integrated in the IC 8'. In other words, Fig. 9 corresponds to the application of the invention to a fixed frequency oscillator comprised of the IC 8' and the external elements shown on Fig. 4. In such case, the parallel resonance circuit, which is formed of capacitor C₄ and winding L₂ is not grounded, but rather is directly connected between the base (pin 2 of IC 8') and the collector (pin 3 of IC 8') of transistor Q₁ through the capacitors C₂ and C₃ (which serve to block direct current components on this occasion). With such arrangement, the protective diode D₇ is separated from resonance circuit 30 to thereby largely reduce the bad influence of the diode D₇ on the resonance circuit. Although in the case illustrated by Fig. 9, the diode D₇ is connected in parallel to the resonance circuit 30 through diode D₃ or D₄, the efficiency of diode D₇ is diminished by the fact that diodes D₃ and D₄ are connected in series and the resonance circuit 30 is directly connected between the base and collector of transistor Q₁. Accordingly, the bad influence of diode D₇ on the oscillator circuit is again largely reduced. Thus, in the above described manner, an oscillator circuit according to the invention can stably oscillate even at high frequencies. Fig. 10 is a circuit diagram showing a second embodiment of the invention wherein a three-band change-over function is effected. In Fig. 10, the single winding L₂ of the resonance circuit in Fig. 8 is replaced by three windings L₃,L₄ and L₅. The junction point P₁ between capacitors C₃ and C₆ is grounded through a series connection of the windings L₃,L₄ and L₅ and a resistor R₂. A series circuit of a capacitor C₈ and a diode D₈ is connected between the junction point P₂ between windings L₃ and L₄ and a junction point P₄ between capacitor C₂ and pin 2. Also, in the same manner, a series circuit of a capacitor C₉ and a diode D₉ is connected between junction point P₄ and a junction point P₃ between windings L₄ and L₅. Further, a capacitor C₁₀ is connected between junction point P₄ and a junction point P₅ between winding L₅ and resistor R₂. A band selection signal SW₃ for turning ON and OFF diode D₈ is supplied from a terminal 34 to a junction point P₆ between diode D₈ and capacitor C₈. Another band selection signal SW₄ for turning ON and OFF diode D₉ is supplied from a terminal 35 to a junction point P₇ between diode D₉ and capacitor C₉. The resistor R₂ is required to have a large resistance, for example, of at least 3 KΩ. The manner in which one of the three bands is selected by the use of the band selection signals SW₃ and SW₄ will now be described. The connection condition of the three windings L₃,L₄ and L₅ between the junction point P₁ of the capacitor C₆ with the capacitor C₃ and the junction point P₄ of the capacitor C₂ with the pin 2, is changed in response to the band selection signals. To be specific, let it be assumed first that the band selection signals SW₃ and SW₄ are both at a low level or "0". In that case, diodes D₈ and D₉ are both in the OFF-state, and, therefore, the three windings L₃,L₄ and L₅ are connected in series between junction points P₁ and P₄ so that the lowest of the three bands is selected. If the band selection signals SW₃ and SW₄ are both at a high level or "1", diodes D₈ and D₉ are changed-over to their ON-state so that the three windings L₃,L₄ and L₅ are connected in such a manner that the highest band is selected. If the band selection signal SW₃ is at low level or "0" while signal SW₄ is at high level or "1", the diode D₈ is in its OFF-state while the diode D₉ is in its ON-state. As a result, the windings L₃, L₄ and L₅ are connected in such a manner that an intermediate band is selected. With the embodiment shown in Fig. 10, it is possible to obtain an integrated oscillator circuit which can stably oscillate at frequencies over a wide frequency band. For example, a CATV tuner for use in West Germany requires a range of the local oscillation frequency from 87 MHz to 510 MHz, and that range is easily available with the embodiment of Fig. 10. Moreover, integrated oscillator circuits according to the present invention can largely reduce the drift due to changes in ambient temperature and drift due to the rise in temperature at starting after the power source switch is turned on, so that they can be put to practical use in CATV tuners. Fig. 11 shows an embodiment of the invention in which the integrated oscillator circuit is employed to generate variable frequencies in a UHF band. In Fig. 11, a resistor R₃, connected between the anode side of the variable capacitance diode VC and the ground, and which serves to supply electric power to the variable capacitance diode VC, should have a large resistance value, for example, about 10 KΩ. However, it has been determined experimentally that good characteristics can be obtained when the resistance value of resistor R₃ is at least 3 KΩ. It has also been determined experimentally that the oscillator circuit shown in Fig. 11 can generate frequencies over a frequency band from 500 MHz to 850 MHz. As set forth above, integrated oscillator circuits according to the invention can stably generate high frequencies, so that the maximum oscillating frequency thereof is substantially increased. Further, drift due to changes in ambient temperature and drift at starting can be greatly reduced. Therefore, when an integrated oscillator circuit according to the invention is applied to a CATV tuner, it is not necessary to separately provide a discrete local oscillator circuit just for a high frequency band, for example, as in the prior art shown in Fig. 2, so that the number of electronic parts necessary for constructing an oscillator circuit capable of generating high frequencies is thereby reduced.

Claims: An integrated voltage controllable oscillator comprising an integrated circuit including a transistor (Q1) for oscillation having an emitter, a collector and a base connected to respective pins on the integrated circuit, a resonance circuit (30, C6, L2) having two terminals which are externally connected to said collector and said base by way of the respective pins for oscillation neither terminal being directly connected to ground; a variable capacitance element (VC) for varying a resonance frequency of the resonance circuit, a high impedance element (R₁, R₃) connecting said resonance circuit means and said variable capacitance element (VC) to ground in a circuit for supplying a control voltage to said variable capacitance element; and a protective diode (D₇) connected between said collector and ground. An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to claim 1; in which said high impedance element (R₁, R₃) includes a resistor. An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to claim 1; in which said high impedance element includes a choke winding. An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 3; in which said resonance circuit includes at least one resonance winding (L₂; L₃, L₄, L₅) connected in a parallel circuit (30) with a resonance capacitance element (C₆) which is connected in series with said variable capacitance element (VC). An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to claim 4; further comprising respective capacitors (C₂, C₃) connecting said parallel circuit to said collector and said base for blocking direct current components. An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to any one of claims 1 through 5; in which said variable capacitance element includes a variable capacitance diode (VC) having a cathode side to which said control voltage is applied and an anode side, and said high impedance element (R₁, R₂) is connected between said anode side and ground. An integrated voltage controllable oscillator according to claim 4 alone or claim 4 and claims 5 or 6; in which said at least one resonance winding includes a plurality of windings (L₃, L₄, L₅), and a circuit arrangement responsive to band selection signals (SW₃, SW₄) for connecting said plurality of windings (L₃, L₄, L₅), in different configurations for selecting different respective frequency bands for the controllable oscillator.

Inventors: KUMAMOTO KENICHIRO, OHYA KOICHI, ONO JUN, SATO AKIRA, KUMAMOTO, KENICHIRO, OHYA, KOICHI, ONO, JUN, SATO, AKIRA
Applicants: SONY CORP, SONY CORPORATION
Application year: 1986
Main classification: H03B5
IPC codes: H03B5