ACTIVATED BACILLUS THURINGIENSES DELTA-ENDOTOXIN PRODUCED BY AN ENGINEERED HYBRID GENE

Abstract: A novel Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki δ-endotoxin has been prepared by use of a novel hybrid gene. This gene is cloned into a novel plasmid which is transformed into a pro­ karyotic host. The δ-endotoxin is active against Lepidotera larvae.

Description: Bacillus thuringiensis , a spore-forming bacterium of which there are more than 200 naturally-occurring variants, produces a rhombic crystal during sporulation. This crystal is toxic upon ingestion to a wide variety of lepidopteran larvae. Many of these susceptible larvae are economically important crop pests. The toxic factor in the crystal is derived from a protein protoxin of molecular weight 130,000 which has been termed the δ-endotoxin; the protoxin is not in itself toxic but requires proteolytic processing to yield an active toxin (activated δ-endotoxin), and processing normally occurs in the insect gut. Bacillus thuringiensis ( B . t .) toxin has provided a basis for commercial formulations of insecticide for at least ten years. The active ingredient in these products is dried preparations of sporulated B . t . cells. Included in this dried powder is the rhombic crystal and the viable spore which can regenerate to give rise to vegetative B . t . cells. The commercial formulations of B . t . have found use in markets ranging from vegetables to forest management. Limitations to the use of this product, however, include: 1. Instability of the toxin gene in the microorganism results in difficulties in quality control. 2. Problems in application arise, as the toxin is in particulate rather than soluble form. 3. Speed of action is slower than that of chemical pesticides, possibly because of the requisite protoxin to toxin activation step. 4. Manifestation of toxicity requires ingestion of the toxic crystal by a susceptible insect. 5. Commercial preparations contain viable spores. In spite of these limitations, use of B . t . preparations has been increasing, particularly in such areas as forest pest management. The reasons for this include: 1. The toxin is highly specific to target insect pests and is inactive against other life forms, including beneficial insects. 2. The active factor is a protein molecule and, as a consequence, is rapidly biodegradable and poses little risk of long term impact on the ecosystem. In 1981, a gene encoding the protoxin from a commercial strain of B . t . was cloned and expressed in E . coli by Schnepf and coworkers (Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. [1981] Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 78 : 2893-2897). A U.S. patent was granted on this construction (U.S. Patent No. 4,448,885). The recombinant plasmid encodes the entire protoxin molecule and the gene is under the control of its natural promoter. EP-A-0093062 discloses a recombinant protoxin gene from what is presumably a different strain ( B . thuringiensis 1715). In neither of these patents is the sequence of the gene or the protein product disclosed. It is clear that the toxin genes in both cases are bounded by undefined sequences of DNA. The subject invention concerns the engineering of a plasmid that encodes preactivated B . t . δ-endotoxin. No processing of the gene product is required for activity. This plasmid contains an engineered gene consisting of a fragment of the B . t . δ-endotoxin gene encoding a ∼70,000d protein which is identical or nearly identical to the activated δ-endotoxin produced by proteolysis of the protoxin molecule. Thus the activated toxin is a direct product of protein synthesis and does not require additional processing. The advantages of this genetic construction are as follows: 1. The gene is more stable than its counterpart in B . t . and may be more stable than the relatively undefined fragment of DNA cloned in accordance with US-A-4448885 or EP-A-0093062. The instability of the naturally-occurring gene may arise because it lies within a transposon-like structure (Lereclus, D., Ribier, J., Klier, A., Menou, G. and Lecadet, M.M. [1984] EMBO Journal 3 :2561-2567). Inverted repeat sequences that are characteristic of a transposon have been eliminated from the plasmid of the subject invention. 2. The activated δ-endotoxin produced directly from the hybrid gene is, in essence, a chemical product. The formulation in which it is applied for pest control will contain no viable microorganisms or spores. This constitutes a significant advantage over the commercial preparations presently in use that result in the application of viable spores into the environment. 3. The activated δ-endotoxin produced by the hybrid gene is insoluble but is readily extracted into soluble form in aqueous solutions. This can present advantages for application. Insoluble toxin crystals derived from B . t . may present problems with regard to application and coverage. These problems are obviated with a soluble preparation. 4. The theoretical rate of expression is increased at least two-fold over the constructions of US-A-4448885 or EP-A-0093062, as the recombinant gene product of the hybrid gene is only half as large as the entire protoxin. The advantages may be greater than this as the C-terminal half of the molecule, which has been eliminated in the construction, may result in a growth/expression limitation in E . coli . 5. The specific activity of the activated molecule produced by the hybrid gene is effectively double that of the protoxin, as the half of the molecule that makes no contribution to toxicity has been eliminated. Thus, on a weight basis, the activity of the material is about twice that of the protoxin produced by the recombinant plasmid of either US-A-4448885 or EP-A-0093062. 6. The protein produced by the hybrid gene is a preactivated toxin and requires no further processing or alteration for full activity. In contrast, the δ-endotoxins derived from the natural source, as well as those expressed by the recombinant plasmid of US-A-4448885 or EP-A-0093062, are inactive molecules and require proteolytic processing for activity (Lecadet, M.M. and Dedonder, R. [1967] J. Invert . Pathol . 9 :322). Although processing of these protoxins can occur in the insect gut, this preactivation may provide an improvement in speed of kill, an important consideration in the commercial utilization of B . t . toxin. The nucleotide sequence of the engineered gene of the subject invention is shown in CHART A. Also shown in CHART A is the deduced amino acid sequence of the activated B . t . δ-endotoxin. The nucleotide sequence, and deduced amino acid sequence, of the essential B . t . δ-endotoxin fragment lying between codons 566 and 608 are shown in CHART B. The codons which are conserved between divergent genes are indicated within the blocked areas. Codons in which substitutions are allowed, while still maintaining the insecticidal property of the expressed protein, are Asn₅₇₆, Ser₅₇₈, Asn₅₇₉, Gly₅₈₀, Ser₅₈₁, Val₅₈₃, Leu₅₈₆, Ser₅₈₉, His₅₈₉, Val₅₉₀, Asn₅₉₂ and Ala₆₀₇. Thus, substitution with any amino-acid, i.e. alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine or valine, can be made in at least 12 positions of the sequence while still retaining the insecticidal activity of the δ-endotoxin. In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 is a construction scheme showing the preparation of plasmids pK7-3 and pK8-1 from plasmids pBR322 and pK15. Step (1) represents Bam/Pst digestion; (2) represents gel purification of A and B fragments of pBR322, and A' and B' fragments of pK15; and (3) represents ligation of A + A' and B + B' fragments. Figure 2 is a restriction map of plasmid pK8-1, the boxed section indicating the insert DNA within pBR322, all on a scale of 0-11 Kb (kilobases). In order to obtain embodiments of the invention, a δ-endotoxin gene was cloned from a 72 Md plasmid from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kursatki ( B . t . k .). Cloning is described in the Examples. The resulting recombinant plasmid, pK15, when transformed into E . coli , expressed a protein that reacted with antisera directed toward B . t . k . endotoxin and was toxic to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae. Subcloning of the gene was accomplished by first digesting pK15 with Bam HI and Pst I restriction endonucleases (double digest to generate two fragments). Recombination of these fragments with similarly digested pBR322 yielded two plasmids. One of these, pK8-1, was found to contain the complete δ-endotoxin gene present in pK15. This insert was sequenced by the technique of Maxam and Gilbert (Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. (1977, Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . 74:560). An open reading frame was identified and the amino acid sequence of the activated δ-endotoxin was determined from subclone pK8-1. Amino terminal analysis of activated toxic protein from B . t . kurstaki crystals was conducted and the sequence was found to be: Gly Glu X Ile Glu Thr corresponding to the hexapeptide at codons 26-31 of the B . t . k . gene: Gly Glu Arg Ile Glu Thr³¹. This permitted accurate location of the amino terminus of the processed and activated δ-endotoxin within the protoxin molecule. The carboxy terminus of the activated toxin molecule was determined by digestion with carboxypeptidase Y and the sequence of the predominant species was found to be Val-Thr. Consideration of the molecular weight of the protein and its predicted amino acid sequence resulted in the assignment of Val-Thr⁶¹⁰ as the likely C-terminus of the predominant species. The sequence disclosed in CHART A includes two amino-acid changes to Lys-His at positions 609 and 610 of the naturally occurring molecule. The major species present in the bromelain-activated endotoxin is therefore predicted to be 585 amino acids in length and has a calculated molecular weight of 65,406 daltons. The N-terminus lies at codon 26 and the C-terminus of the principal species of the activated molecule at codon 610. A plasmid, named pΔ649, was constructed in which sequences in the 3' half of the structural gene which encode nontoxic and possibly inhibitory regions were deleted while the region encoding the processed protein described above was retained. To produce this construction, advantage was taken of a KpnI site at codon 722/723 in the B . t . kurstaki δ-endotoxin gene. This unique restriction endonuclease site lies 81 codons downstream (i.e., within the protoxin sequences) from the codon that marks the principal end of the protease-activated toxin. The parent plasmid is opened at the KpnI site and digested with Bal31, a double-stranded exonuclease. Religation after a variable period of time gives rise to a series of plasmids containing δ-endotoxin genes with truncations at the 3' end. The shortest member of this series that showed full toxicity toward tobacco budworm larvae was designated pΔ649. This clone expressed a protein of MW 66,000d which reacted with antisera directed toward the B . t . kurstaki δ-endotoxin. Nucleotide sequencing of this construction revealed that the δ-endotoxin is terminated at codon 608. Two missense amino acids, lysine and histidine, are followed by a stop codon. An abrupt and dramatic decline in toxicity was found in other constructions which ended upstream from codon 608. The low level of toxicity seen with these truncated gene products was retained by considerably shorter proteins. These studies have allowed the identification of a sequence at the carboxy-terminus of the activated B . t . δ-endotoxin molecule which is essential to the biological activity of the toxin. This sequence is no more than 45 amino acids in length and is shown in CHART B. Amino acid substitutions are allowed at least at twelve codons. These are also shown in CHART B. This sequence is not by itself toxic but is an essential component of the active δ-endotoxin and defines the extreme carboxy-terminus of the functional molecule. Proteins that have lost this sequence or that terminate within it display markedly lowered activity toward lepidopteran larvae. The essential functional δ-endotoxin lies between codon 26 and codon 608 of the protoxin gene. A sequence at the carboxy terminus of the molecule lying between codons 566 and 608 (CHART B) is essential to the biological activity of the molecule. Toxicity is much less sensitive to alterations in amino acids lying at the N-terminus. Following are examples which illustrate procedures, including the best mode, for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted. Example 1-Construction of Recombinant Plasmid pK15. Preparation of plasmid DNA from B . t . kurstaki cells (NRRL B-15974) was initiated by growing cells on L-broth (1 liter) to A₆₀₀ = 0.6. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation (5 Krpm, 10 min, 4°C) resuspended in cold TES buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA) and repelleted. Lysis was carried out by resuspending the cells in 4 ml lysozyme buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 mM NaCl, 25% sucrose), followed by the addition of 0.2 ml 10 mg/ml lysozyme solution, and incubated at 37°C, 30 min. 16 ml of SDS buffer (1.25% SDS, 60 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris pH 8.0) and 5 ml 5M NaCl were then added and the cells allowed to stand on ice for 3 hr. Following pelleting of cell debris by centrifugation (15 Krpm, 30 min, 4°C), 5 ml of 50% PEG6000 was added, mixed gently and allowed to stand on ice for 1-3 hr. The resulting precipitate was pelleted by centrifugation (10 Krpm, 10 min, 4°C), redissolved in 2 ml TES buffer and treated with pancreatic ribonuclease (200 µg/ml, 65°C, 30 min). Ethidium bromide was then added (0.1 ml of 10 mg/ml stock) and the volume adjusted to 4 ml with TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA ). CsCl was then added (7.3 g/8 ml) and the plasmid DNA banded by centrifugation (48-72 hr, 42 Krpm, in Beckman Ti50 rotor). Localization, harvesting, and treatment of the resulting plasmid DNA was carried out using standard procedures. Routine yields of plasmid DNA were about 200 µg per liter cells. B . t . k . plasmid DNA was isolated, as described above, and partially digested with Sau 3A restriction endonuclease (100 µg/ml DNA, 17 u/ml Sau 3A, 2.5 min, 37°C). The resulting B . t . k . DNA fragments (5 µg) were ligated with T4 ligase. The 130,000 dalton B . t . k . δ-endotoxin should be coded for by a DNA fragment 3.5-4.0 kilobases (Kb) in length. To insure a greater chance of cloning the entire protoxin gene, including promoter, ribosome binding site, and termination signal, an enrichment scheme was carried out in order to obtain recombinant plasmids with insert B . t . k . DNA of greater size than the predicted gene length. Restriction endonuclease data reported by Schnepf and Whiteley (Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. [1981] Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . USA 78 :2893-2897) indicated that Sal I does not cut the B . t . k . δ-endotoxin gene or its immediately adjacent flanking sequences. Utilizing this information, the ligated B . t . k . recombinant plasmids were linearized by Sal I digestion and fractionated by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Recombinant plasmid DNAs of greater than 10 Kb length (putative insert DNA greater than 6 Kb) were extracted from the gel, circularized with T4 ligase, and used to transform E . coli MS371 cells. Of the first 53 Amp r /Tet s recombinant colonies, 24 were picked for minilysate preparation and restriction enzyme analysis. The size of the insert B . t . k . DNA ranged from 3.9 and 14.7 Kb length with a mean insert length of 6.7 Kb. Cell extracts from one recombinant plasmid, designated pK15, were found to react positively with antisera prepared against B . t . k . 130,000 protoxin, and were toxic to Heliothis virescens larvae in the insect toxicity assay. Since no significant reaction with the antisera or larval toxicity was observed with cell extracts from E . coli carrying either pBR322 or recombinant plasmids carrying other B . t . k . plasmid DNA inserted, it was concluded that the B . t . k . insert DNA of pK15 contains at least a portion of the δ-endotoxin gene. The isolated DNA was then digested with Sau 3A restriction endonuclease (100 µg/ml DNA, 17 u/ml Sau 3A, 2.5 min, 37°C). The resulting B . t . k . DNA fragments (5 µg) were mixed with Bam HI digested pBR322 plasmid DNA (1.25 µg) and ligated with T4 ligase. The 130,000 B . t . k . δ-endotoxin should be coded for by a DNA fragment 3.5-4.0 kilobases (Kb) in length. In order to insure a greater chance of cloning the entire protoxin gene, including promoter, ribosome binding site, and termination signal, an enrichment scheme was carried out in order to obtain recombinant plasmids with insert B . t . k . DNA of greater size than the predicted gene length. The ligated B . t . k . recombinant plasmids were linearized by Sal I digestion and fractionated by standard preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. Recombinant plasmid DNAs of greater than 10Kb length (putative insert DNA greater than 6Kb) were extracted from the gel, circularized with T4 ligase, and used to transform E . coli MS371 cells. Of the first 53 Amp r /Tet s recombinant colonies, 24 were picked for mini-lysate preparation and restriction enzyme analysis. The size of the insert B . t . k . DNA ranged between 3.9 and 14.7Kb length with a mean insert length of 6.7Kb. Cell extracts from one recombinant plasmid, designated pK15, were found to react positively with antisera prepared against B . t . k . 130,000 protoxin, and were toxic to Heliothis virescens larvae in an insect toxicity assay. Since no significant reaction with the antisera or larval toxicity was observed with cell extracts from E . coli carrying either pBR322 or recombinant plasmids carrying other B . t . k . plasmid DNA inserted, it was concluded that the B . t . k . insert DNA of pK15 contains at least a portion of the δ-endotoxin gene. Example 2--Preparation of Recombinant Plasmids pK7-3 and pK8-1 . Plasmid pK15, prepared as described in Example 1, was digested with Bam Hi and Pst I restriction endonucleases. This double digest yielded two fragments. The fragments were isolated by standard gel electrophoresis. Plasmid pBR322 was similarly digested to yield two fragments that were isolated in a similar manner. The two fragments from plasmid pK15 were then ligated with the two fragments obtained from digestion of pBR322. The ligation was conducted under standard conditions using T4 ligase. The result of this ligation was two plasmids designated pK7-3 and pK8-1. See FIGURE 1 of the drawing. Plasmid pK8-1 was found to contain the complete δ-endotoxin gene present in plasmid pK15. Example 3--Preparation of B.t.k. δ-Endotoxin Mutant 649 of Recombinant Plasmid pΔ649 . Mutation 649 can be constructed by opening at the unique KpnI site in the B . t . k . gene and bilaterally digesting with Bal31. The digestion with this exonuclease is terminated after ∼350 nucleotides are removed upstream from the KpnI site. The necessary incubation time for this reaction will vary with preparations of Bal31 and must be monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis of religated and HindIII digested samples taken at various time points. The HindIII fragment of pK8-1 is 1050 bp while that of pΔ649 is 285 bp. Sequencing by the technique of Maxam and Gilbert (Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. [1977] Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . 74 :560) revealed that pΔ649 terminated at Glu608 of the δ-endotoxin sequence and was fused with an unrelated dipeptide, Lys-His. These two amino-acids arise as a result of a frame-shift and a missense read-through and are followed in the construction by a termination codon. The full length gene product is thus 610 amino-acids long, 608 amino-acids of which are derived from the δ-endotoxin sequences. The gene product is fully active in a bioassay utilising tobacco budworm larvae. Gene products expressed by shorter constructions are markedly decreased in activity. Plasmids pK8-1 and pΔ649 have been transformed into E . coli hosts by standard procedures. Subcultures of these plasmid-containing hosts have been deposited in the permanent collection of the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois, USA. These and other cultures have been assigned the following accession numbers by the repository: E . coli MS371(pK8-1), NRRL B-15967 (deposited 24.04.85) E . coli SG4044(pΔ649), NRRL B-15968 (deposited 24.04.85) E . coli SG4044, NRRL B-15969 (deposited 24.04.85) E . coli MS371, NRRL, B-15129 (deposited 18.08.82) B . t . k . HD1R, NRRL B-15974 (deposited 06.06.85) Plasmid pBR322 is a well-known and available plasmid. It is maintained in the E . coli host ATCC 37017. Purified pBR322 DNA can be obtained as described in Bolivar, F., Rodriquez, R.L., Greene, P.J., Betlach, M.C., Heyneker, H.L., Boyer, H.W., Crosa, J.H., and Falkow, S. (1977) Gene 2 :95-113; and Sutcliffe, J.G. (1978) Nucleic Acids Res . 5 : 2721-2728. Example 4--Preparation of Recombinant Plasmid pKΔH . Plasmid pKΔH can be made by digesting plasmid pK8-1 with HindIII endonuclease and religating by standard procedures. This results in the deletion of a 1750 bp fragment that stretches between the right-hand HindIII site shown in the map of plasmid pK8-1, and the unique HindIII site of plasmid pBR322. The gene product encoded by this construction terminates at or about codon 565 and has a ∼MW of 62,000. The activity of this gene product in a biological assay using tobacco budworm larvae is very low when compared to pΔ649. This plasmid can be recombined with a fragment derived from the construction described in Example 5 to regenerate a gene encoding a fully active protein toxin. Example 5--Preparation of Recombinant Plasmid pDW1 . Plasmid pDW1, which contains the essential domain of toxicity, can be prepared by digestion of plasmid pΔ649 with HindIII and standard electrophoresis gel isolation of a 285 bp fragment. This fragment can be cloned into the unique HindIII site of the multiple cloning site of any pUC plasmid, pUC8 ( Supplied by Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) for example, to give plasmid pDW1. This vector can then be used as a vehicle to produce quantities of this 285 bp HindIII fragment. Excision of this fragment from pDW1 and cloning into the HindIII site of pKΔH results in the reconstruction of a gene which encodes an active δ-endotoxin in one out of two transformants. Selection can be done by standard antibody or toxicity screening. As is well known in the art, the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence of the DNA. Because of the redundancy of the genetic code, i.e., more than one coding nucleotide triplet (codon) can be used for most of the amino acids used to make proteins, different nucleotide sequences can code for a particular amino acid. Thus, the genetic code can be depicted as follows: The above shows that the novel amino acid sequence of a protein can be prepared by equivalent nucleotide sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence of the proteins. Accordingly, the subject invention includes equivalent nucleotide sequences encoding the B . t . k . δ-endotoxin of the subject invention. In addition it has been shown that proteins of identified structure and function may be constructed by changing the amino acid sequence if such changes do not alter the protein secondary or tertiary structure (Kaiser, E.T. and Kézdy, F.J. [1984] Science 223 :249-255). The work described herein was all done in conformity with physical and biological containment requirements specified in the NIH Guidelines.

Claims: A δ-endotoxin protein from B. thuringiensis kurstaki or an analogue thereof being functionally equivalent comprising amino acid sequence consisting of a total of 608 to 610 amino acids, in which sequence: a) the amino acids from amino acid position number 1 extending through amino acid position number 565 are sequentially b) the amino acids from amino acid position number 566 extending through amino acid position 608 conform to the sequence: wherein X can be any amino acid coded for by the genetic code c) any amino acid at amino acid position number 609 is either Val or Lys; and, d) any amino acid at amino acid position number 610 is Thr or His. A protein of claim 1 having a total of 610 amino acids in which the terminating amino acids at amino acid position numbers 609 and 610 are respectively LYS and HIS. A protein of claim 1 having a total of 610 amino acids in which the terminating amino acids at amino acid position numbers 609 and 610 are respectively VAL and THR. The protein of claim 2 in which the amino acid sequence extending from amino acid position number 566 through amino acid Position 608 is: The protein of claim 3 in which the amino acid sequence extending from amino acid position number 566 through amino acid position 608 is: A protein of claim 5 having a total of 610 amino acids in which the terminating amino acids at amino acid position numbers 609 and 610 are respectively LYS and HIS. A protein of claim 5 having a total of 610 amino acids in which the terminating amino acids at amino acid position numbers 609 and 610 are respectively VAL and THR. A recombinant DNA transfer vector comprising DNA having a nucleotide sequence containing bases whose translated region codes for the δ-endotoxin protein of claim 1 whereby the amino acids in position numbers 566 to 608 are coded for by the nucleotide sequence or an equivalent thereof wherein NNN is any codon coding for the desired amino acid. A recombinant DNA transfer vector according to claim 8 comprising DNA having the following nucleotide sequence or equivalent nucleotide sequence containing bases whose translated region codes for the same amino acid sequence: A prokaryotic microorganism into which the DNA transfer vector of claim 8 or claim 9 has been transferred, and can be replicated. A microorganism according to claim 10 which is an E . coli K-12 derivative. Plasmid pK8-1 (NRRL B-15967) or plasmid pΔ649 (NRRL B-15968). A microorganism, transformed by the transfer vector of claim 8 or claim 9. E . coli MS371 (pK 8-1) (NRRL B-15967) or E . coli SG4044 (pΔ649) (NRRL B-15968). A process for preparing a δ-endotoxin protein product having the amino acid sequence defined in claim 1, which comprises culturing a prokaryotic microbe hosting a recombinant DNA transfer vector comprising DNA having a certain nucleotide sequence or an equivalent nucleotide sequence containing bases whose translated region codes for the same amino acid sequence, in which the certain sequence is that defined in claim 9 and preceded by A process according to claim 15, wherein the prokaryotic microbe is an E . coli K-12 derivative and the recombinant DNA transfer vector is plasmid pK8-1 (NRRL B-15967) or plasmid pΔ-649 (NRRL B-15968). A process according to claim 16, wherein the E . coli K-12 derivative is E . coli M5371 or E . coli SC4044. A process according to claim 15, wherein the recombinant DNA transfer vector is as claimed in claim 9.

Inventors: ANILIONIS, ALGIS, COLBERT, DONALD A., WITT, DANIEL P.
Applicants: REPLIGEN CORPORATION
Application year: 1986
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12P21, C12R1, C07K14, C12N1, C12N15