Hybrid active silencer

Abstract: Acoustic attenuation apparatus (2) is provided for a duct (4) guiding an acoustic wave propagating (6) therethrough. A silencer (8) is provided for passively attenuating the acoustic wave in the duct, and a cancelling speaker (32) is provided within the silencer. The combination provides hybrid active/­ passive combined attenuation. Various rectangular and cir­ cular structures are disclosed, together with multi-path and multi-speaker arrangements.

Description: Background And Summary The invention relates to active acoustic attenuation systems. Active acoustic attenuation is accomplished by sound wave interference. Undesirable noise prop-agating down a duct is attenuated by the introduction of cancelling sound into the duct which ideally is a mirror image of the undesirable sound, to thus cancel same. For further background, reference is made to: Warnaka et al U.S. Patent 4,473,906; Davidson, Jr. et al U.S. Patent 4,025,724; "Active Noise Reduction Systems in Ducts", J. Tichy, G. E. Warnaka and L. A. Poole, ASME Journal, November 1984, pp.1-7; "Historical Review and Recent Development of Active Attenuators", H. G. Leventhall, Acoustical Society of America, 104th Meeting, Orlando, November 1982, "Active Adaptive Sound Control in a Duct: A Computer Simulation", J. C. Burgess, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 70(3), September 1981, pp. 715-726; and "Echo Cancellation Algorithms", Gritton and Lin, IEEE ASSP Magazine, April 1984, pp. 30-38. In prior systems, the cancelling speaker is typically mounted to the outside of the duct, or connected to the duct by a wave guide. However, in these configurations, the back of the cancelling speaker must be enclosed to prevent the acoustical noise radiated from the back of the speaker from generating additional undesirable noise outside the duct. In addition, the adaptive control process that is used to generate the cancelling signal can be adversely affected by acoustical reflections from distant elements in the overall duct system. Furthermore, active attenuation is most useful on low frequency noises and thus must be used in combination with separate passive silencers, upstream and/or downstream of the cancelling speaker, to obtain attenuation over a broad range of frequencies. Passive silencers are well known in the art, for example Sanders, "Silencers: Their Design and Application", Sound and Vibration , February 1968, pp. 6-13. Wanke U.S. Patent 3,936,606 shows a speaker in a duct, and mounting structure positioned to block the backward pressure wave. There is also shown a cone diffuser positioned axially oppositely the apex of the cone diaphragm. WO-A-8300580 discloses a speaker acting into a small enclosed volume including an exhaust gas duct extending therethrough, with sound absorbent material placed around the exhaust gas duct. The present invention addresses and solves the above noted and other problems. Aspects of the present invention are set out in accompanying claims 1, 10, 14 and 17. Thus the present invention provides a hybrid active silencer that incorporates active and passive silencing in a single unit. An advantage of the invention is that it acoustically isolates the active attenuation system from distant reflections in the duct system to simplify the adaptive control process. The invention also provides sound attenuation at the higher frequencies where active attenuation is more difficult. The cancelling speaker may be located within a silencer structure that has been designed to eliminate radiation from the back of the speaker outside the duct. The complete hybrid silencer provides effective silencing over a very broad range of frequencies. Various preferred and advantageous constructions and features are provided and set out in sub-claims 2-9, 11-13 and 15 and 16 appended hereto. The invention is particularly useful with the active attenuation system in US-A-4677677 (based on Application Serial No. 777,928, filed September 19, 1985) for "Active Sound Attenuation System With On-Line Adaptive Feedback". The invention enables the use of omni directional speakers and microphones, and is amenable to various types of complex sound structures and environments. This is desirable because unidirectional speaker or microphone arrays are more expensive. Also, simple time delay modeling has only limited application, particularly in view of the increasingly complex sound environments actually encountered in the field. Brief Description Of The Drawings FIG. 1 is an isometric schematic illustration of acoustic attenuation apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 is a view like FIG. 1 and shows an alternate embodiment FIG. 3 is a top sectional view showing another embodiment. FIG. 4 is an end sectional view showing another embodiment. FIG. 5 is a view like FIG. 1 and shows another embodiment. FIG. 6 is a view like FIG. 1 and shows another embodiment. FIG. 7 is a side view partially cut away of another embodiment of the invention including a cylindrical bullet-like split silencer. FIG. 8 is an end view of FIG. 7. FIG. 9 shows an alternative to FIG. 7. Detailed Description FIG. 1 shows acoustic attenuation apparatus 2 for a rectangular duct 4 guiding an acoustic wave propagating axially rightwardly therethrough as shown at 6. A silencer 8 is provided in the duct for passively attenuating the acoustic wave. This silencer comprises an acoustically absorptive wall structure extending parallel to the acoustic propagation path through the duct and defining an axial flow path therethrough as shown at 10 between the wall sections such as 12 and 14 laterally spaced on opposite sides of path 10. Wall section 14 is provided by a solid outer wall 16, a perforated inner wall 18, and acoustically absorptive material 20 packed therebetween. Wall section 12 includes outer solid wall 22, inner perforated wall 24 and acoustically absorptive material 26 packed therebetween. Top and bottom walls 28 and 30 may or may not include acoustically absorptive material. For further background regarding duct silencers, reference is made to: the above noted Sanders article; Gale Co. Models HP, MP, LP, DS, DS-LP, SS and SS-LP; Industrial Acoustics Company, Duct Silencers, Application Manual Bulletin 1.0301.2; and Universal Silencer, Division of Nelson Industries, Models U2 and SU5. A sound source or cancelling speaker 32 is provided within silencer 8 for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave into axial flow path 10 for cancelling the undesirable noise within duct 4 from path 6. Speaker 32 is between and preferably equally spaced from the axial ends 34 and 36 of the silencer to isolate speaker 32 from duct reflections, to provide hybrid active/passive combined attenuation. An input microphone 38 senses the input noise from the duct, and an output error microphone 40 senses the combined output noise. These signals are fed to a controller 42 which then outputs a correction signal to speaker 32 to control the cancelling sound until the output sound at 40 is null, or otherwise reduced as desired. In FIG. 1, cancelling speaker 32 is disposed in wall section 12. Wall 12 has a T-shaped space formed therein as shown at 44, with the cross-bar 46 of the T extending axially, and the central stem 48 of the T extending laterally inwardly toward the axial flow path 10. The acoustically absorptive packing material 26 is between the cross-bar 46 of the T and axial flow path 10. Speaker 32 is disposed in the lateral stem portion 48 of the T space and faces axial flow path 10. The face 50 of the speaker is mounted in a receiving aperture 52 in inner sidewall 24. The right outer sidewall 54 of the duct closes the T space. The open volume behind speaker 32 provided by T space 44 has been found to provide desirable loading of the speaker for better acoustic performance. FIG. 2 is a view like FIG. 1 and shows another embodiment, with the top, bottom and right side walls removed. First, second and third laterally spaced acoustically absorptive wall sections 56, 58 and 60 define respective first and second axial flow paths 62 and 64 through the silencer. Second wall section 58 has an intermediate axial gap 66 therein defining axially forward and rearward segments 68 and 70. Forward segment 68 is a splitter section laterally spaced between wall sections 56 and 60. The first and second axial flow paths 62 and 64 communicate through gap 66. Speaker 72 is in first wall section 56 and injects a cancelling acoustic wave into the first axial flow path 62. Gap 66 is laterally opposite speaker 72 such that the injected cancelling acoustic wave propagates through gap 66 and is also injected into the second axial flow path 64. FIG. 3 shows a top sectional view of another embodiment. First, second and third laterally spaced acoustically absorptive wall sections 74, 76 and 78 define respective first and second axial flow paths 80 and 82. Second wall section 76 is a splitter section laterally spaced between the first and third wall sections 74 and 78. A first cancelling speaker 84 is in the central wall section 76 and injects a first cancelling acoustic wave into first axial flow path 80. A second cancelling speaker 86 is also in central wall section 76 and injects a second cancelling acoustic wave into the second axial flow path 82. Each of the speakers 84 and 86 has its respective T space 88 and 90. Speakers 84 and 86 are colaterally aligned back-to-back and face oppositely. T spaces 88 and 90 are likewise back-to-back and face oppositely, and share the same space for the cross-bar of the T at 92. FIG. 4 is a sectional end view of an alternative to FIG. 3, and like reference numerals are used where appropriate to facilitate clarity. First and second cancelling speakers 94 and 96 are in the central wall section and face oppositely, as in FIG. 3. However, speakers 94 and 96 are laterally overlapped, with speaker 96 above speaker 94. This reduces the lateral thickness requirement of the central wall section. In FIG. 5, first, second and third laterally spaced acoustically absorptive wall sections 98, 100 and 102 define first and second axial flow paths 104 and 106 through the silencer. Central section 100 is a splitter section. Cancelling speaker 108 straddles central section 100 and injects cancelling acoustic waves into both axial flow paths 104 and 106. Each path may have an input microphone 110 and 112, and an error output microphone 114 and 116. In FIG. 6, first, second and third laterally spaced acoustically absorptive wall sections 118, 120 and 122 define first and second axial flow paths 124 and 126 through the silencer. The central wall section 120 is a splitter section and has an intermediate axial gap 128 defining axially forward and rearward seqments 130 and 132. The axial flow paths 124 and 126 communicate through gap 128. cancelling speaker 134 is in the axially rearward segment 132. As shown in FIG. 6, a plurality of additional cancelling speakers such as 136 and 138 may be colinearly aligned one above another in rear segment 132. In further alternatives, a pair of cancelling speakers may face each other within the silencer and inject sound toward each other, for example as shown in FIG. 1 at speaker 32 and at speaker 140 shown in dashed line. Opposing speakers 32 and 140 may alternatively be disposed in the upper and lower sidewalls 28 and 30, respectively, of the silencer. The speakers may also be axially offset from one another. In another alternative in FIG. 5, a pair of speakers may be provided, as shown in dashed line at 142 and 144, one speaker on each side of central splitter section 100. FIG. 7 shows acoustic attenuation apparatus for a round duct 146 guiding an acoustic wave propagating axially rightwardly therethrough as shown at 148. It is known to provide a cylindrical bullet-like silencer 150 of acoustically absorptive material within the duct supported by radial spokes or the like 152, for example as provided by the above noted commercial models. In the present invention, the bullet-like cylindrical silencer is split into two segments, an axially forward segment 154 and an axially rearward segment 156 separated by a small axial gap 158 therebetween. Cancelling speaker 160 is in rearward segment 156 and faces axially rightwardly downstream toward forward segment 154 across axial gap 158 for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave toward the acoustically absorptive forward segment 154 and laterally therearound and into the axial flow path. Cancelling speaker 160 is between and spaced from the axial ends 162 and 164 of the bullet-like silencer to isolate cancelling speaker 160 from duct reflections, to provide hybrid active/passive combined attenuation. Rearward segment 156 has a smooth non-perforated cylindrical sidewall 151, and a non-perforated rear wall 164. Forward segment 154 has a perforated cylindrical sidewall 153, a non-perforated front wall 162, and a non-perforated rear wall 155. In an alternative, an aperture is provided in wall 155 and a second cancelling speaker 157 is provided thereat facing axially rearwardly toward speaker 160. In FIG. 7, a thin protective layer of acoustically transmissive material 166, such as a polymeric rubber-like material, e.g., silicone rubber, is wrapped cylindrically around and seals axial gap 158 between forward and rearward segments 154 and 156 to protect speaker 160, and speaker 157, from corrosive elements, particle-laden gas, and the like. The transmission loss of thin sheets of rubber is very low at frequencies less than about 500 Hz, and hence does not significantly impair the active acoustic attenuation in such frequency range, which is within the typical range of interest for duct silencing applications. Each of the previous embodiments may be provided with a thin layer of material covering the cancelling speaker, for example as shown at 168 and 170 in FIG. 3, resisting corrosion and transmitting low frequency acoustic waves less than about 500 Hz. Further in FIG. 7, a fluid conduit cooling coil 172 is wrapped cylindrically around cancelling speaker 160 and rearward segment 156 to enable cooling when used in implementations involving hot gases or the like, for example an exhaust system. This feature may also be part of a waste heat recovery system. The cooling coil may also be provided in the above embodiments. FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative to FIG. 7 and like reference numerals are used where appropriate to facilitate clarity. Round duct 180 guides an acoustic wave propagating axially rightwardly therethrough as shown at 182. Cylindrical bullet-like silencer 184 is interposed in series in the duct at mounting flanges 186 and 188. The silencer includes central bullet-like member 150 as in FIG. 7, and an outer concentric cylindrical acoustically absorptive wall structure 190 including outer solid wall 192 and inner perforated wall 194 with acoustically absorptive packing material therebetween. It is recognized that various alternatives and modifications are possible within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: Acoustic attenuation apparatus for providing hybrid active/passive combined attenuation, the apparatus comprising a duct (4) for guiding an acoustic wave propagating therethrough, a silencer for passively attenuating an acoustic wave in the duct, said silencer comprising an acoustically absorptive wall structure (56, 58, 60; 74, 76, 78; 98, 100, 102; 118, 120, 122) extending parallel to the acoustic propagation flow path through the duct, and a sound source (72; 84, 86; 94, 96; 108; 134; 142, 144) for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave into said flow path to actively attenuate said acoustic wave, characterised in that said sound source is disposed in said silencer wall structure and is spaced from the ends of said wall structure (56, 58, 60; 74, 76, 78; 98, 100, 102; 118, 120, 122) in substantial isolation from duct reflections, and in that said silencer wall structure includes an acoustically absorptive central splitter wall (68, 70; 76; 100; 130, 132) section defining first and second said flow paths (62,64; 80,82; 104, 106; 124, 126) on laterally opposite sides thereof. The invention according to claim 1 characterised in that said silencer wall structure comprises first, second and third laterally spaced wall sections (56, 58 & 60) defining said first and second flow paths, said second wall section (58) being said central splitter wall section laterally spaced between said first and third wall sections (56 & 60), wherein said sound source (72) is in said first wall section (56) and injects said cancelling acoustic wave into said first flow path (62), and wherein said second wall section (58) has a gap (66) defining forward and rearward segments (68 & 70), said first and second flow paths communicating laterally through said gap, said gap being laterally opposite said sound source such that said injected cancelling acoustic wave propagates through said gap and is also injected into said second flow path (64). The invention according to claim 1 characterised by comprising a first said sound source (84;94) in said central wall section (76) and injecting a first said cancelling acoustic wave into said first flow path (80), and a second said sound source (86;96) also in said central wall section and injecting a second said cancelling wave into said second flow path (82). The invention according to claim 3 characterised in that said first and second sound sources (84,86) are colaterally aligned back-to-back and face oppositely. The invention according to claim 3 characterised in that said first and second sound sources (94 & 96) face oppositely and are laterally overlapped with one said sound source (94) above the other said sound source (96). The invention according to claim 1 characterised in that said sound source (108) straddles said central wall section (100) and injects cancelling acoustic waves into each of said first and second flow paths (104 & 106). The invention according to claim 1 characterised in that said central wall section (120) has a gap (128) defining forward (130) and rearward (132) segments, said first and second flow paths (124 & 126) communicating through said gap, wherein said sound source (134) is in said rearward segment (132) of said central wall section. The invention according to claim 7 characterised by comprising a plurality of said sound sources (134, 136 & 138) colinearly aligned one above another in said axially rearward segment (132) of said central wall section. The invention according to claim 1 characterised by comprising a thin protective layer of acoustically transmissive material (168, 170) covering said sound source (84 & 86) and resisting corrosion and transmitting low frequency acoustic waves less than about 500 Hz. Acoustic attenuation apparatus for providing hybrid active/passive combined attenuation, the apparatus comprising a duct (146; 180) for guiding an acoustic wave propagating therethrough, a silencer for passively attenuating an acoustic wave (148; 182) in the duct, said silencer comprising an acoustically absorptive wall structure (150; 184) extending parallel to the acoustic propagation flow path through the duct, and a sound source (160) for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave into said flow path to actively attenuate said acoustic wave, characterised in that said duct (146; 180) has a circular cross-section, said sound source is disposed in said silencer wall structure and is spaced from the ends of said wall structure (150; 184) in substantial isolation from duct reflections, and in that said silencer wall structure comprises a splitter wall provided by a cylindrical bullet-like silencer (150; 184) of acoustically absorptive material, for passively attenuating the acoustic wave in the duct, said silencer being split into two segments, a forward segment (154) and a rearward segment (156) separated by a gap (158) therebetween, said sound source (160) being in said rearward segment of said acoustically absorptive bullet-like silencer and facing toward said forward segment of said acoustically absorptive bullet-like silencer, across said gap, for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave toward said acoustically absorptive forward segment and laterally therearound, said sound source being between and, spaced from the ends of said bullet-like silencer, to isolate said sound source from duct reflections. The invention according to claim 10 characterised in that said rearward segment of said cylindrical bullet-like silencer has a non-perforated rear wall (164) and a cylindrical non-perforated sidewall (151); and said forward segment of said cylindrical bullet-like silencer has a non-perforated front wall (162), a perforated cylindrical sidewall (153), and a non-perforated rear wall (155). The invention according to claim 10 characterised by comprising a second sound source (157) in said forward segment of said cylindrical bullet-like silencer, facing rearwardly toward said rearward segment. The invention according to claim 10 characterised by comprising a thin protective layer (166) of acoustically transmissive material wrapped cylindrically around and sealing the gap (158) between said forward and rearward segments of said bullet-like silencer, to protect said sound source from corrosive elements and passing low frequency sound less than about 500 Hz. Acoustic attenuation apparatus for providing hybrid active/passive combined attenuation, the apparatus comprising a duct (146; 180) for guiding an acoustic wave propagating therethrough, a silencer for passively attenuating an acoustic wave (148; 182) in the duct, said silencer comprising an acoustically absorptive wall structure (150; 184) extending parallel to the acoustic propagation flow path through the duct, and a sound source (160) for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave into said flow path to actively attenuate said acoustic wave, characterised in that said duct (146; 180) has a circular cross-section, said sound source is disposed in said silencer wall structure and is spaced from the ends of said wall structure (150; 184) in substantial isolation from duct reflections, and in that said silencer wall structure comprises a splitter wall provided by a cylindrical bullet-like silencer (150; 184) of acoustically absorptive material, for passively attenuating the acoustic wave in the duct, said silencer being split into two segments, a forward segment (154) and a rearward segment (156), separated by a gap (158) therebetween, said sound source (157) being in said forward segment of said acoustically absorptive bullet-like silencer and facing toward said rearward segment of said acoustically absorptive bullet-like silencer, across said gap, for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave toward said rearward segment and laterally therearound, said sound source being between and spaced from the ends of said bullet-like silencer, to isolate said sound source from duct reflections. The invention according to claim 14 characterised by comprising a thin protective layer (166) of acoustically transmissive material wrapped cylindrically around and sealing the gap (158) between said forward and rearward segments of said bullet-like silencer, to protect said sound source from corrosive elements and passing low frequency sound less than about 500 Hz. The invention according to claim 10 or claim 14 characterised by comprising a fluid conduit cooling coil (172) wrapped around said sound source. Acoustic attenuation apparatus for providing hybrid active/passive combined attenuation, the apparatus comprising a duct (4; 146; 180) for guiding an acoustic wave propagating therethrough, a silencer for passively attenuating an acoustic wave in the duct, said silencer comprising an acoustically absorptive wall structure (8; 56,58,60; 74,76,78; 98,100,102; 118,120,122; 150; 184) extending parallel to the acoustic propagation flow path through the duct, and a sound source (32; 72; 84,86; 94,96; 108; 134; 142,144; 160; 157) for injecting a cancelling acoustic wave into said flow path to actively attenuate said acoustic wave, characterised in that said sound source is disposed in said silencer wall structure and is spaced from the ends of said wall structure in substantial isolation from duct reflections, and in that a thin protective layer of material (166; 168,170), which allows the transmission of low frequency acoustic signals of less than 500 Hz, covers said sound source, the material being such that it can seal the sound source and protect it from corrosion.

Inventors: ALLIE MARK C, ERIKSSON LARRY J, HOOPS RICHARD H, ALLIE, MARK C., ERIKSSON, LARRY J., HOOPS, RICHARD H.
Applicants: NELSON IND INC, NELSON INDUSTRIES, INC.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: G10K11
IPC codes: G10K11