INSTRUMENT FOR SENSING FERROMAGNETIC BODIES

Abstract: The present invention provides a magnetic flux sensing instrument for locating bodies generating a magnetic flux and/or distorting the earth's magnetic field. The instrument comprises first and second Hall effect devices (11), each of which generates an electrical signal proportional to any such anomalous flux to which each device is exposed with the devices themselves being spaced apart from one another, such that when approaching a body, the first Hall effect device is positioned for a different exposure to the anomalous flux and generates an electrical signal different from the second Hall effect device. The instrument further includes first and second field bucking members (21) for offsetting effects of the earth's magnetic field on the two Hall effect devices and controlled by a processor (57-67) receiving the electrical signals from the Hall effect devices to induce first and second bucking fields for opposing the anomalous flux at the first and second Hall effect devices, respectively. The processor, in turn, provides first and second flux related signals, representative of the level of bucking required at each of the first and second Hall effect devices and a means for comparing the magnitudes of the first and second flux related signals with an output for showing differences therebetween indicating presence of the body.

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION: The present invention relates to a portable magnetic flux sensing instrument, having particular application as a magnetometer for locating buried ferro-magnetic metallic bodies. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION: There are many different types of flux sensing instruments, including magnetometer-type devices, which are used to locate buried bodies. These bodies generated a magnetic flux and/or distort the earth's magnetic field, which is sensed by the flux sensing instrument. Flux sensing instruments have particular application for use in the construction industry where it is important to locate underground bodies such as water supply valve stems, and the like. There are presently available, a number of portable flux sensing instruments, designed for this particular application, but often lacking in required sensitivity. Hall effect devices are known to be, under optimal conditions, extremely reliable for the sensing of magnetic fields; however, to date they have not been used in portable sensing instruments of this type because they are also extremely temperature-sensitive in that the apparent signal from the device has a dependency not only on magnetic flux, but also on temperature. Accordingly, prior to the present invention the drawbacks of Hall effect devices have made them inappropriate for use in a portable sensing instrument, subject to a wide variety of outdoor temperatures. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION: The present invention provides a magnetic flux sensing instrument, which has been particularly designed to enable the use and take advantage of the sensitivity of Hall effect devices without being subject to the temperature related problems referred to above. More particularly, the present invention provides a magnetic flux sensing instrument for locating bodies generating a magnetic flux and/or distorting the earth's magnetic field. The instrument comprises first and second Hall effect devices, each of which generates an electrical signal, proportional to the level of any such distorting flux to which each device is exposed with the two Hall effect devices being spaced from one another, such that when approaching a body the first device is positioned for different exposure to such distorting flux and therefore generates an electrical signal, different from the second device. Also provided in accordance with the present invention are first and second field bucking means for offsetting effects of the earth's magnetic field on the instrument and controlled by processing means, receiving the electrical signals to induce first and second bucking fields for opposing the distorting flux at the first and second Hall effect devices respectively. The processing means in turn, provides first and second flux related signals, representative of the levels of bucking required at each of the first and second Hall effect devices. These signals are received by means for comparing magnitudes of the first and second flux related signals and having output means for showing differences therebetween, indicating the presence of the body. As described above, the field bucking means has a two-fold function, one of which is to cancel the effects of the earth's magnetic field on the instrument and the other of which is to oppose the distorting flux at each of the first and second Hall effect devices. Unlike any prior art arrangements, using a single Hall effect device, the present invention uses two Hall effect devices, which are equally affected by temperature variances, so that a comparative analysis of the level of bucking required at each of the devices provides meaningful results, regardless of the temperature. BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE DRAWINGS: The above, as well as other advantages and features of the present invention will be described in greater detail, according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view showing the use of a magnetic flux sensing instrument, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 is a side plan view of the sensing instrument of Figure 1; Figure 3 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view of the lower end of the instrument of Figure 1 when in a retracted, storage position; Figure 4 is a side plan view of the lower end of the instrument of Figure 1 when in the extended use position and showing; in phantom, the separated sensor arrangements, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 is an enlarged, exploded, perspective view of the mounting arrangements of the Hall effect device, of Figure 3; Figure 6 is a further exploded perspective view showing the mounting of the Hall effect device, as well as the field bucking member of the arrangement of Figure 3; Figure 7 is an enlarged, perspective view of the end of the arrangement from Figure 6, when assembled; Figure 8 is an enlarged, sectional view of the hand-held housing portion of the instrument of Figure 1; Figure 9 is an enlarged, perspective view of the display and control end of the housing portion of Figure 8; Figure 10 is a schematic, block diagram, of an electrical circuit used for the operation of the instrument of Figures 1 through 9, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION ACCORDING TO THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION: In Figure 1, a magnetic flux sensing instrument 1, is used for locating a body or anomaly B, buried beneath ground level and causing an anomalous flux, as shown in the drawing. The instrument senses the body's magnetic field to indicate the presence of the body. The instrument itself includes a housing section 37, having a handle 39, for holding the instrument, as shown in Figure 1. Extending outwardly from the housing portion is a first elongated probe-like body portion 3, telescopically engaged with a second, slightly larger diameter body section 33. In the Figures 1 and 2 arrangement, these two body sections are shown in an extended use position where they are secured by means of a threaded nut 35; however, by releasing the nut, body section 3 can be telescoped interiorly of body section 33 to provide compact storage of the instrument. The sensing instrument includes a pair of magnetic field sensing assemblies 5, provided in the probe-like body section 3 and spaced apart from one another, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. This arrangement provides a gradient or differential-type sensing, in that in the Figure 1 arrangement the first lower sensor assembly is much more heavily exposed to the flux from the body, than is the second upper assembly. From a very broad standpoint the operation of the instrument results from this type of gradient sensing. Gradient sensing, in itself, is not new; however, unique to the present invention is the specific sensing arrangement, as shown in Figures 3 through 10 of the drawings. More specifically, each of the first and second sensor assemblies includes a Hall effect device 11, as best shown in Figure 5. The Hall effect device is positioned between two ferrite core pieces 9, and attached to one end of one of the core pieces. Provided outwardly around the Hall effect device is a raised border 15, which blocks the other core piece from abutting and damaging the Hall effect device. The two core pieces and the Hall effect device are positioned internally of an enlarged hollow region 7 within an elongated non-magnetic inner support portion 25, covered externally by an outer casing 29, of extendable body or probe portion 3, of the sensing instrument. Wrapped externally around the support portion 25, directly over the Hall effect device and core pieces is a continuous coil of wire, 21, of substantially the same length as the two core pieces when placed end to end, internally of the helical coil, as shown in Figure 6. Each of the hollow regions in the probe portion is open at its outer end for fitting of the core pieces in position and of reduced diameter at its inner end, to act as an end stop for locating the core pieces in position. After the core pieces Hall effect devices and coil have been assembled, as shown in Figure 6, a capping member 15 is then fitted onto the support portion, to trap the sensor assembly in its assembled position. The capping member includes open slotted region 17, and a plurality of preset wires 19, for receiving the electrical wiring 13 and 23 from the Hall effect device and the covering coil, respectively. From here the sensor assembly is wired back to the control housing. Once the inner support 25 of the probe has been assembled, it is inserted within casing 3 protected on one end by means of a permanent end cap 31. Provided around the inner support portion 25 are a plurality of foam strips 27, which act as a shock absorber between the inner support and the outer casing portions of probe 3. It is to be appreciated that each of the sensor assemblies is, as shown in Figure 4, set up in an identical manner, with the Hall effect devices being separated from one another by a spacing of about 20 to 21 inches. This distance provides effective separation of the two sensor assemblies, for purposes of carrying out the sensing according to the present invention, while at the same time providing strength to the support portion, to maintain the core pieces in alignment with one another and enabling the coils to cancel the effects of the earth's magnetic field on the instrument, as is known in the art. The actual operation of the Hall effect tranducer assemblies is, as follows: As the instrument approaches an anomaly, causing a distortion in the earth's magnetic field, each of the Hall effect devices produces an electrical signal which is proportional to its excitation current, and the axial component of the magnetic flux it experiences. However, the first lower Hall effect device will produce a greater electrical signal than the second upper Hall effect device, because of its increased exposure to the magnetic field generated by body B. The electrical signals from the two Hall effect devices are fed back to the control region 55 of housing 37 and processed to produce a voltage to drive the two field bucking coils 21, associated with the first and second Hall effect devices. Each of these coils generates a magnetic flux, equal in amplitude, but opposite in polarity, to the magnetic flux sensed at the first and second Hall effect devices. The two drive voltages required at the first and second field bucking coils are then compared. If there is a difference in the amplitude of the two drive voltages at the first and second field bucking coils this indicates the presence of the body. Figure 10 shows a specific electrical circuit which is used to operate the instrument, as described above. In this particular circuit, each of the Hall effect devices 11, is excited by a driver oscillator 57. The outputs from the two Hall effect devices are processed by a pair of synchronous integrators 59, which produce the drive for the two field bucking coils. The drive voltages from the synchronous integrators provide flux-related signals, which are in opposite electrical polarity for the first and second field bucking coils. These two flux-related signals, are then added in a variable gain summing amplifier 61, having a zero output provided that both sensors are experiencing the same flux. However, a gradient or difference in the flux levels at the two Hall effect devices, results in an output signal from the amplifier which is increased either positively or negatively by the amplifier, depending upon the gradient. This output signal is then rectified in a precision rectifier 63, to a voltage to frequency convertor 67, which then sees a positive voltage and produces an increase in frequency at its output. This frequency is heard through an audio annunciator 71, audible to the operator's ear. In addition, the output from the rectifier is visually displayed through a liquid crystal display 69 driven by LCD drivers 68. Figures 8 and 9 show preferred features of the control housing for the unit. The display and control region 43 includes a switch 45, controlling the on/off operation of batteries 41. These batteries provide power to the Figure 10 circuit, to operate the instrument. Controls 47 and 49 are provided to respectively adjust sensitivity of the circuit the output of which is visually displayed at display region 53 and volume as audibly displayed through an electrostatic audio transducer, or from an earpiece of similar design through a headset, connected to the circuit through panel jack 51. In the visual mode, a bargraph will move across the display region, while in the audio mode the presence of the body will be indicated by a change in frequencies heard from the instrument. Although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: 1. A magnetic flux sensing instrument for locating bodies causing a distortion of the earth's magnetic field, characterized in that first and second Hall effect devices each of which generates an electrical signal proportionate to level of any such distorting flux to which each Hall effect device is exposed are spaced from one another on said instrument such that when approaching a body, said first Hall effect device is positioned for different exposure to such distorting flux and generates an electrical signal different from said second Hall effect device, first and second field bucking means for offsetting effects of the earth's magnetic field on said instrument and controlled by processing means receiving the electrical signals to induce first and second bucking fields for bucking the distorting flux at said first and second Hall effect devices respectively, said processing means in turn providing first and second flux related signals representative of the level of bucking required at each of said first and second Hall effect devices, means for comparing magnitudes of said first and second flux related signals and having output means for showing differences therebetween indicating presence of the body. 2. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said instrument includes a first non-magnetic elongated straight centrally hollowed body member comprising an inner support and an outer casing portion, said inner support portion having first and second spaced apart co-axially aligned enlarged hollow regions in which said first and second Hall effect devices are located and said first and second field bucking means comprising first and second helical coils wrapped outwardly around each of said first and second enlarged hollow regions and covered by said outer casing portion. 3. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that axially aligned core pieces are provided in said first and second hollow regions for directing flux between said coils. 4. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 3, characterized in that each of said first and second Hall effect devices is trapped by a pair of ferrite core pieces within its respective enlarged hollow region, one of the ferrite core pieces within each pair having a projection means bordering and preventing damage to the Hall effect device between the core pieces. 5. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that shock absorbing means is provided between said inner support and said outer casing portions of said first body member. 6. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that end cap members are provided at each of said enlarged hollow regions, both said Hall effect devices and said coils being wired to said end cap members which are in turn electrically connected to controls for said instrument including said processing and signal comparison means. 7. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that a handle control portion and a second elongated hollow body member extending from said handle control portion are provided with said first body member being telescopically supported by said second body member with locking means for locking said first body member in either one of an extended sensing and a retracted storage position relation to said second body member. 8. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that means are provided for amplifying and highlighting differences between said first and second flux related signals. 9. An instrument, as claimed in Claim, including a control housing for said processing means characterized in that said processing means comprises a synchronous integrator providing opposing drive voltages for said first and second helical coils and variable gain amplifier for adding said opposing drive voltages and for amplifying differences therebetween. 10. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 9, characterized by a rectifier for providing a positive voltage output from said amplifier. 11. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 10, characterized by a liquid crystal display for visually displaying the output from said amplifier. 12. An instrument, as claimed in Claim 11, characterized by a voltage to frequency convertor and audio means for audibly indicating output from said convertor.

Inventors: ALEXANDER, GEORGE, GEE, GEORGE
Applicants: NUMEC INSTRUMENTS INC.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: G01V3
IPC codes: G01V3, G01R33