METHOD OF DRILLING A BOREHOLE

Abstract: A method of drilling a borehole is provided using a drill bit coupled to the lower end of a pair of concentric drill pipes. During drilling a first low-viscosity fluid, such as oil or water, is circulated through the pipes while a second fluid, such as a weighted viscosified mud, is kept stationary in the pipe-formation annulus.

Description: The invention relates to a method of drilling a borehole into subsurface earth formations using a rotary drill bit. In conventional drilling operations the drill bit is usually coupled to the lower end of a single-bore drill string. During drilling a drilling mud is circulated down through the drill string and up through the pipe-formation annulus between the pipe string and the borehole wall. The circulated drilling mud has three basic functions: to cool the bit, to carry cuttings to surface and to keep the wellbore under control. A drilling mud with sufficient viscosity, fluid-loss control and density to fulfil these functions is inherently a poor fluid for achieving a high penetration rate of the bit. In practice, compromise fluid formulations are used and penetration rate is usually the parameter which has to compromise the most. The invention aims to provide a method of drilling a borehole which enables a high drilling penetration rate to be achieved without making concessions to the degree of control of the wellbore. In accordance with the invention there is provided a method of drilling a borehole using a drill bit coupled to a drill pipe which is concentrically surrounded by an outer pipe with an annular space therebetween, the method comprising drilling a borehole section while circulating a first low-viscosity drilling fluid through the interior of the drill pipe, the drill bit and the annular space between the pipes and keeping a volume of a second fluid substantially stationary in a pipe-formation annulus between the outer pipe and the borehole wall, characterized in that the borehole section is drilled using a pipe string comprising a pair of concentric drill pipes formed by said drill pipe and said outer pipe, which drill pipes are assembled to form a single section of pipe, and that upon terminating drilling a borehole section said first fluid is displaced from the interior of the inner pipe and from the annular space between the pipes by circulating said second fluid therethrough until said interior and annular space are completely filled with said second fluid, whereby upon filling said interior and annular space with said second fluid the second fluid is circulated down through the pipe string and up through the pipe-formation annulus. U.S. patent No. 2 716 018 discloses a method of drilling a borehole using a drill bit coupled to a rotating drill pipe which is concentrically surrounded by a non-rotating outer pipe. The drill pipe and the outer pipe are supported at surface by separate supporting means which are controlled independently from each other, and bearings are provided between the two pipes to accommodate rotation of the pipes relative to each other. It is inherent to the known method that a complicated control system is required to control said supporting means in a manner that during drilling the drill pipe and the outer pipe are lowered simultaneously and at a controlled weight on the drill bit, and that the bearings are subjected to wear. It is preferred to use a high viscosity, high density mud as said second fluid while e.g. water is used as said first low-viscosity fluid. The invention may be carried into practice in various ways but one preferred embodiment will now be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing in which Figures 1-3 illustrate diagrammatically a borehole which is being drilled using the method according to the invention. Referring to the Figures 1-3 there is shown a borehole penetrating a subsurface earth formation 1. The borehole contains a drilling assembly comprising a rotary drill bit 2 which is coupled to the lower end of a drill string. The drill string consists of a pair of concentric strings of inner and outer drill pipes 4 and 5, respectively. As illustrated the lowermost sections 6 of the outer drill pipe 5 have an increased wall thickness, and thus an increased weight, to stabilize the bit 2 during drilling. These sections are further provided with stabilizers (not shown) which centralize the bit 2 in the wellbore. The stabilizers furthermore restrict flow of fluids from the drill bit 2 into the pipe-formation annulus 7 between the outer pipe string 5 and the borehole wall 8. As illustrated in Figure 2 a first low-viscosity fluid, such as water, is circulated during drilling down (see arrow I) through the interior 10 of the inner drill pipe and up (see arrows II) through the annular space 21 between the inner- and outer pipe. The first low-viscosity fluid is represented in the drawing by means of crossed shadow lines. During drilling a volume of a second fluid, such as a high density, high viscosity, mud is kept stationary in the pipe-formation annulus 7. In the drawing the second fluid is represented by diagonal shadow lines. As can be seen in Figure 2 the thick sections of the outer drill pipe 5 and the stabilizers mounted thereon form a barrier which separates the first fluid surrounding the bit face from the second fluid filling the annulus 7. During drilling the pipe-formation annulus 7 may be closed at the upper end thereof so that the second fluid is kept substantially stationary. However during drilling a small volume of said second fluid may be injected at the upper end of said annulus 7 to compensate the increased volume of the annulus 7 due to deepening of the borehole and to compensate the entrainment of the second fluid with the first fluid in the region of the lower sections 6. If the density of the second stationary fluid is higher than that of the first circulating fluid, then the bottom hole circulation pressure of the first fluid should be sufficient to support the weight of the heavier second fluid in the pipe-formation annulus 7. Calculations on bottom hole pressures of circulating drilling fluids have shown that for commercially available concentric drill string assemblies the bottom hole circulation pressure is generally sufficient to support the weight of the stationary second fluid if a predetermined amount of fluid is circulated. For example in a 300 m deep borehole a water circulation rate of 0.16 m³ per minute is generally sufficient to support a mud column having the same density. In a 3000 m deep borehole a water circulation rate of 0.24 m³ per minute is generally sufficient to support a mud column having the same density. These circulation rates are an order of magnitude less than mud drilling fluid circulation rates in boreholes, therefore, supporting of a high density mud column in the pipe-formation annulus 7 is generally not problematic. As illustrated in Figure 3, when drilling is completed or a pipe connection is to be made, the first fluid inside the pipe strings is displaced by injecting the second, heavy and viscosified, fluid into the inner pipe string (see arrow III) until the entire borehole is filled with said second fluid as illustrated in Figure 1. This ensures that the well is kept under control and that all drill cuttings are removed therefrom. Displacement of the first fluid in the interior of the pipe string will generally take only a few minutes since the second fluid in the annulus is not involved in this process. It may be necessary to refresh the second fluid in the pipe-formation annulus 7 from time to time, for example to keep the so called "mud cake" at the borehole wall in good condition. If replacement is desired the first fluid in the pipe strings 4 and 5 is first replaced by the second fluid in the manner described with reference to Figure 3. Then the annulus 7 is opened at the upper end thereof and as illustrated in Figure 1 the second fluid is circulated down through both the inner pipe 4 and the annular space between the inner and outer pipe string 4 and 5 (see arrows IV) and displaces the fluid present in the pipe-formation annulus 7 (see arrows V) by fresh fluid. Since the second fluid is not circulated during drilling this fluid will hardly be contaminated and, therefore, is likely to be reusable at the end of operations. In recent years it has become practical to add expensive additives to drilling fluids used in a borehole to make the fluid chemically compatible with the formation surrounding the hole and to provide an uniform plastering of the wellbore. Reusability of such fluids provides a significant reduction of drilling costs. The first fluid which is circulated during drilling through the drill string is usually a comparatively cheap, low density low viscosity fluid, such as water, oil or brine, which can be circulated at high speed through the drill string so that optimum cooling of the drill bit can be achieved and drill cuttings are quickly removed from the borehole. In most formations a high viscosity, high density drilling mud will be used as said second annular fluid. In some formations, for example in formations with a high permeability where lost circulation problems are likely to occur, the density of the second fluid may be selected equal or even lower than that of the first, circulating fluid. It will be understood that in accordance with the present invention various types of fluids may be circulated through the drill string as said first fluid and that various types of fluids may be injected into the pipe-formation annulus as said second fluid, but that it is essential that during drilling a dual-fluid system is present in the borehole and that the second fluid is kept stationary in the pipe-formation annulus and is not circulated via the drill string and drill bit as is the first fluid. It will further be understood that in addition to or instead of the flow restriction provided by stabilizers and/or drill string sections with increased wall thickness other flow restrictors may be mounted at the lower end of the annulus, such as a sealing skirt which opens if the circulation pressure exceeds a pre-set value. Finally it will be understood that the drilling assembly may be provided with additional downhole equipment such as a down-hole drilling motor and monitoring instruments which may be combined with mud pulse telemetering devices.

Claims: Method of drilling a borehole using a drill bit coupled to a drill pipe which is concentrically surrounded by an outer pipe with an annular space therebetween, the method comprising drilling a borehole section while circulating a first low-viscosity drilling fluid through the interior of the drill pipe, the drill bit and the annular space between the pipes and keeping a volume of a second fluid substantially stationary in a pipe-formation annulus between the outer pipe and the borehole wall, characterized in that the borehole section is drilled using a pipe string comprising a pair of concentric drill pipes formed by said drill pipe and said outer pipe, which drill pipes are assembled to form a single section of pipe, and that upon terminating drilling a borehole section said first fluid is displaced from the interior of the inner pipe and from the annular space between the pipes by circulating said second fluid therethrough until said interior and annular space are completely filled with said second fluid, whereby upon filling said interior and annular space with said second fluid the second fluid is circulated down through the pipe string and up through the pipe-formation annulus. The method of claim 1, wherein during drilling a selected amount of said second fluid is added on top of the substantially stationary volume of said second fluid in the pipe-formation annulus. The method of claim 1, wherein said first low-viscosity drilling fluid is water. The method of claim 1, wherein said second fluid is a weighted mud. The method of claim 1, wherein during drilling the first low viscosity drilling fluid is circulated down through the interior of the inner drill pipe and up through said annular space. The method of claim 1, wherein flow restrictor means are mounted on the outer drill pipe for restricting flow of fluid from the bottom of the borehole into said annulus and vice versa.

Inventors: STEWART, ROBERT BRUCE
Applicants: SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: E21B21
IPC codes: E21B21