FLUID FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM AND CONNECTING FITTING

Abstract: A fluid flow control apparatus specially adapted for use with an ultrasonic surgical tool (52) which provides for irrigation of a surgical site and for aspirating fluid from the site comprises a source of irrigation fluid (102), an irrigation fluid conduit (104) for conducting the irrigation fluid to a surgical site, an aspiration fluid conduit (54) for conducting fluid away from the surgical site, a suction pump (112) connected to the aspiration site, a pressure-sensitive control system (120) for removing the source of suction from the aspiration conduit when a predetermined value of suction is exceeded, and a valve (132) for controllably admitting irrigation fluid into the aspiration fluid conduit. A check valve (109) in the irrigation conduit prevents a reverse surge when the irrigation fluid is admitted to the aspiration conduit. A modified T connector (400) with a first fluid conduit (402) having a male connector end (406) and a female connector end (404). A second rigid tubular member (408) in fluid communication with the first conduit (402) has a third rigid member (414) a right first angles to the second rigid member (408) and is parallel to the first fluid conduit (402).

Description: TITLE: FLUID FLOW CONTROL SYSTEM AND CONNECTING FITTING BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention; This invention relates to fluid control systems for surgical irrigation and aspiration and more par¬ ticularly to fluid control systems for use with an ultrasonic surgical tool which includes means for irri- gation of a surgical site and means for aspiration of fluid from the surgical site. Description of the Prior Art: Intraocular surgery, and removal of cataracts in particular, has been greatly aided by the development of surgical instruments which include cutting or frag¬ menting means combined with means for irrigating the intraocular surgical site and aspirating therefrom the irrigating fluid together with any tissue fragments produced by the surgical procedure. One instrument of this type is disclosed in U. S. Patent 3,589,363, to Banko et al. The surgical instrument therein disclosed comprises a handpiece which holds an elongated ultra¬ sonic surgical tool and contains means for exciting longitudinal ultrasonic vibrations in the tool. The vibrating tool when applied to a tissue such as the crystalline lens of the eye which has developed a cata¬ ract is capable of breaking the tissue into small pieces. The tool is provided with means for supplying an irrigating fluid to the surgical site and aspiration means for removing irrigation fluid and fragmented tissue from the surgical site. The aspiration means includes an axial bore through the ultrasonic tool which is connected to a source of suction whereby the tissue fragments are aspirated from the surgical site, together with the irrigation fluid. Because the ultra¬ sonic surgical tool of this patent fragments the excised tissue into very small particles, which are removed with the spent irrigation fluid, the incision in the eyeball need be only large enough to insert the tool and is substantially smaller than the incision required for removing the lens in one piece. However, since the surgical wound in the eyeball is only large enough to insert the ultrasonic surgical tool and irri¬ gation means, the surgical field is practically entirely enclosed, and controlling the flow of irriga- tion fluid and aspiration fluid is very important. In particular, the suction applied to the aspiration means must be limited to a safe value, to avoid the danger of collapsing the eyeball. The fluid control system dis¬ closed by Banko et al. is operated by the surgeon and comprises an aspiration pump and electrically operated valve means for connecting and disconnecting the suc¬ tion inlet of the pump to the aspiration tubing which conveys fluid away from the surgical field. The valve is controlled by the surgeon by means of a foot switch. An improved fluid control system is disclosed by Kelman, U. S. Patent 3,693,313. This apparatus addresses the problem of maintaining the proper pres¬ sure in the enclosed surgical field even with the occurrance of blockages in the aspiration conduit. A blockage or occlusion may occur, for example, when a piece of fragmented tissue which is larger than the axial bore of the surgical tool is drawn against the entrance to the axial bore in the tool. When such a blockage occurs in the aspiration line, the negative pressure or suction in the aspiration conduit between the surgical site and the vacuum pump increases. If the blockage is then suddenly released either by the mechanical action of the ultrasonic tool or by the increased value of the suction force, there is a ten- dency for the fluid within the surgical site to rush suddenly into the aspiration conduit with perhaps dis- astrous consequences. This is an especially important problem in ocular surgery because the total volume of the fluid in the surgical site is smaller than the volume of fluid in the irrigation and aspiration lines. Accordingly, the flow control system of Kelman, U. S. Patent 3,693,613 provides for automatic rapid equaliza¬ tion of the pressure in the aspiration conduit when occlusion is removed. This is accomplished by provid¬ ing a flow-sensitive transducer in the aspiration con- duit which senses the rate of fluid flow and generates an electrical signal which is sent to a controller. Whenever the flow rate increases suddenly, indicating that a blockage has just been cleared, the controller causes a vent valve in the aspiration conduit to open at once, thus relieving the suction and preventing excessive withdrawal of fluid from the surgical site. The flow control system of Kelman, U. S. Patent 3,693,613 is effective but somewhat complicated. Accordingly, another flow control system for surgical devices of this type was developed by Weiss, et al., U. S. Patent 3,902,495. In this system irrigation fluid is supplied to the surgical site from a source of fluid via an irrigation conduit provided with a pres¬ sure relief valve to prevent the irrigation pressure from becoming too high. Similarly, the aspiration conduit is provided with a relief vent valve which opens to the atmosphere at a preset pressure differen¬ tial, thereby preventing the suction in the aspiraton conduit from exceeding a preset value. In this way, the suction in the aspiration line never exceeds a predetermined value preset value, and the surgical site is not exposed to excess suction when a blockage is cleared. Another variation of the method of U.S. Patent 3,693,613 is disclosed in Banko, U.S. Patent 4,496,342. In Banko's apparatus irrigation fluid is supplied to an enclosed surgical site such as the interior of the eye and withdrawn from the surgical site through an aspira¬ tion conduit. A flow-sensitive transducer in the aspiration conduit senses the sudden increase in flow rate which occurs when a blockage in the aspiration tube is released and actuates a valve which releases fluid from a second source of fluid into the aspiration line. At the same time, the aspiration pump is shut off until the flow rate has returned approximately to normal. In this way the surge of fluid out of the eye when an aspiration line blockage is released is greatly diminished. While these flow control systems are effective, they have not addressed the problem of releasing the blockage itself. At best they have limited the suction to a maximum value or sensed the flow surge after the blockage is released and reduced the surge. They have not incorporated the capability of sensing the blockage and then rapidly and positively, under control of the surgeon, equalizing the pressure in the irrigation and aspiration lines for rapid clearing of a blockage. Hence a need has continued to exist for a fluid control system for a surgical irrigator/aspirator wherein the excess vacuum in the aspiration tubing after a blockage can be controllably and rapidly released. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An apparatus has now been developed which provides for rapid controllable release of the pressure in the aspiration line when an occlusion of the line occurs. The apparatus of this invention comprises a source of irrigation fluid, irrigation fluid conduit means for conducting said irrigation fluid to a surgical site, aspiration fluid conduit means for conducting fluid away from the surgical site, suction means in fluid communication with the aspiration fluid conduit means for aspirating fluid from the surgical site, pressure- sensitive control means for removing the source of suction from the aspiration conduit when a predeter- mined value of suction is exceeded, and means for controllably admitting irrigation fluid into the aspir¬ ation fluid conduit. The invention also comprises a special modified T-connection fitting for conveniently connecting the fluid conduits used in the fluid flow control system. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for irrigation and aspiration of an enclosed surgical site. A further object is to provide apparatus for con- trollably releasing blockages in a surgical aspiration conduit. A further object is to provide apparatus for rap¬ idly releasing suction in the aspiration line of a surgical aspirator. A further object is to provide apparatus for rapidly equalizing pressure in a surgical irrigation- aspiration system in order to remove occluding matter. A further object of the invention is to provide a method for controllably clearing blockages in a surgi- cal irrigation-aspiration system by equalizing pressure in the irrigation and aspiration conduits. A further object is to provide a fluid connecting fixture for conveniently connecting fluid conduits providing irrigation, aspiration, and pressure sensing in a surgical irrigation-aspiration system. Further objects of the invention will become apparent from the description of the invention which follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The nature and advantages of the invention will be better understood when the detailed description of the invention is considered in conjunction with the draw- ings provided, wherein: Figure 1 illustrates schematically a fluid control system for a surgical irrigator/aspirator. Figure 2 illustrates an electrical control system for operating the fluid control system of the inven- tion. Figure 3 illustrates a fluid connecting fitting specially adapted for connecting aspiration conduit, pressure relief conduit and pressure sensing conduit in the surgical irrigation-aspiration system of this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention will now be described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof illustrated in Figure 1. The flow control system is illustrated as associ¬ ated with an ultrasonic surgical handpiece 50 of the type described in U. S. Patent 3,589,363, but it will be understood that the flow control system is adaptable to any surgical irrigation-aspiration system and is of great utility wherever occlusion of the aspiration system can occur. The surgical handpiece 50 is provided with an ultrasonic tool 52 having an axial suction passage connected to an aspiration tube 54. Irrigation fluid is supplied through tube 56 and is directed to the surgical site through a passage coaxial with the ultrasonic tool 52 and defined by sheath 58. A source of irrigation fluid 102 supplies fluid through irrigation conduit 104 to the irrigation fluid supply tube 56 of the handpiece 50. The source of irrigation fluid 102 may be a conventional bottle or bag of irrigating fluid, e. g., a conventional ophthal- mological irrigating fluid for ocular surgery, sus¬ pended above the surgical site at an elevation to supply the desired irrigation pressure. This pressure will typically range from 10 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg, pref¬ erably 30 mm Hg to 60 mm Hg, for surgical procedures in the anterior chamber of the eye. A shut-off valve 106 is provided in the irrigation conduit to control the starting and stopping of the irrigation. Preferably this shut-off valve 106 is a remotely controllable valve, e. g., an electrically controlled valve operated by a solenoid 108. The fluid withdrawn from the surgical site through the aspiration tube 54 is drawn through the aspiration conduit 110 of the flow control system by vacuum pump 112 and is discharged through waste conduit 114 to a waste container not shown. The vacuum pump 112 is shown as a peristaltic pump having a pump tube 113 and a rotor 115. Such a pump is preferred in this inven¬ tion because of its lack of contamination, its good controllability, its relatively high suction capabil¬ ity, and the ease with which the pump may be stopped without special provision for avoiding backflow. How- ever, any appropriate source of vacuum may be used, with the understanding that the control means for dis¬ connecting the source of vacuum from the aspiration line, discussed more fully below, will have to be adapted to the needs of each type of pump. For exam- pie, while a peristaltic type pump may be stopped by simply turning off its drive motor and thereupon inher¬ ently prevents backflow, other types of pump may require auxiliary valves to disconnect the source of suction from the aspiration conduit. According to the method for eliminating occlusions of this invention, the source of vacuum is immediately stopped or disconnected from the aspiration conduit 110 as soon as the vacuum exceeds a predetermined level, which indicates that an occlusion of the aspiration bore in the ultrasonic tool 52 has occurred. For this purpose a pressure sensitive transducer 120 is arranged in fluid transmissive contact with the aspiration con¬ duit 110. Ordinarily the transducer will be connected to the aspiration conduit 110 by a short length of tubing 122 connected to the aspiration conduit 110 by means of a special connecting fitting 140. A hydro- philic-hydrophobic filter 124 mounted in a filter holder 126 is inserted between the aspiration conduit 110 and the transducer connecting tubing 122 in order to protect the transducer from contamination by contact with tissue particles and the like carried along with the aspiration fluid. The pressure sensitive transducer 120 generates an electrical signal proportional to the vacuum in the aspiration conduit 110 induced by the pump 112. This signal is used to control the pump 112, so that the source of vacuum for the aspiration conduit 110 is quickly removed when the vacuum exceeds the predeter¬ mined value, thereby indicating that an occlusion has occured. In its simplest form, the pressure-sensitive transducer 120 may be a simple pressure switch which turns off the motor (not shown) of the peristaltic pump 112. When a peristaltic pump is used it is only neces¬ sary to turn off the drive motor to stop the pump, maintain the suction vacuum at the level it had reached, and prevent backflow of waste irrigation fluid. It will be recognized that it is also possible to use a continuously running pump with a controllable shut-off valve between the pump and the aspiration conduit 110. With such an apparatus, the signal from the pressure sensitive transducer 120 will cause the shut-off valve to be closed, thereby preventing the vacuum from increasing, but also holding the aspiration conduit at the level of vacuum reached before discon¬ nection. A shut-off valve may also be necessary if a pump is used which cannot prevent backflow when it is shut off. When the source of vacuum has been disconnected from the aspiration conduit 110, e. g., by stopping the pump 112, it is desirable to equalize the pressure in the irrigation and aspiration lines as soon as possible in order to release the blockage. When the pressures are so equalized, any suction force holding a tissue fragment against the aspiration inlet of the ultrasonic tool 52 is removed, and the tissue fragment can be easily dislodged. In the apparatus of this invention the pressure equalization is accomplished by means of pressure equalizing conduit 130, which conducts fluid from the source of irrigation fluid 102 to the aspira¬ tion conduit 110. Valve 132 in pressure equalizing conduit 130 controls the flow of fluid through conduit 130. Valve 132 is normally closed when the apparatus is being used to aspirate fluid and tissue from a sur¬ gical site. When a blockage occurs in the aspiration line 110, e. g., when a tissue fragment occludes the axial bore in the ultrasonic tool 52, the increased suction in the aspiraton line 110 will be sensed by the pressure-sensitive transducer 120 which will in turn send a signal which shuts off the pump 112. Thereupon, the surgeon can release the vacuum in the aspiration conduit 110 by opening the valve 132 to admit irriga- tion fluid from the source of irrigation fluid 102 to the aspiration fluid conduit 110 via a pressure equal¬ izing conduit 130 which is connected to the aspiration conduit 110 through the special fitting 140. Since the entire system is filled with liquid, the pressure equalization is very rapid, more rapid than in systems which adjust pressure by admitting air to the system. As soon as the pressure has been equalized, the trans¬ ducer 120 will detect the lower level of suction and restart the pump. However, as long as valve 132 is open fluid will flow directly from the source of irri- gation fluid 102 to suction conduit 110 and no substan¬ tial amount of suction will be applied to the surgical site through the suction conduit. When the valve 132 is closed the pump 112 will again draw fluid from con¬ duit 110 and suction will thereby be reapplied to the surgical site. It is greatly preferred that valve 132 be a remotely controlled valve, for example an electrically controlled valve actuated by a solenoid indicated sche¬ matically as 134. The solenoid 134 is energized by a source of electrical power under control of a switch operated by the surgeon. Preferably the switch is a foot switch so that the surgeon can easily equalize the pressure and dislodge occluding tissue without having to remove his hands from performing the surgical proce- dure. A check valve 109 is provided in irrigation conduit 56 to prevent a backward surge of fluid in the irrigation conduit 56 when valve 132 is opened to permit irrigation fluid to flow into the aspiration conduit. A schematic electrical circuit which can be used to control the flow control system of the invention is illustrated in Figure 2. A source of electrical energy 302, e. g., conventional line current, is supplied to operate the electrical controls of the apparatus. Master switch 304 turns on the apparatus and supplies power to footswitch 306, having four positions, desig¬ nated as positions zero through three. The foot switch 306 is provided with at least three movable contacts 308, 310 and 330, each having an off position 308a, 310a and 330a respectively, corresponding to position 0 of the footswitch, and each movable contact engaging stationary contacts 308b-d, 310b-d and 330b-d, corre¬ sponding to positions 1 - 3, respectively, of the foot¬ switch. The footswitch is biased so that when no foot pressure is exerted thereon the switch is in position 0, the position shown, wherein contacts 308, 310 and 330 are in off positions 308a, 310a and 330a, and no power is connected to the control circuitry. Accord¬ ingly, solenoids 108 and 134 are not energized and valves 106 and 132 are closed to prevent irrigation fluid flow. When the footswitch 306 is depressed to position 1, contacts 308b and 310b are energized. Accordingly, solenoid 108 is energized to open valve 106 to supply irrigation fluid to the surgical hand¬ piece 50. However, solenoid 134 is not energized because switch 316 is in its normally open position, and therefore valve 132 remains closed. Pump 112 is deactivated in footswitch position 1. When footswitch 306 is further depressed to position 2, contacts 308c and 310c are energized. Solenoid 108 remains ener- gized, and accordingly, valve 106 remains open to sup¬ ply irrigation fluid. Solenoid 134 is disconnected, and therefore valve 132 cannot open when the footswitch is in this position. Pump 112 is energized via nor¬ mally closed switch 312 which is under the control of pressure transducer 120. This control may be mechani¬ cal or electrical as is well known to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, pump action fills aspiration conduit 110 with irrigation fluid. Switch 312 will be normally closed when the suction in the aspiration conduit 110 does not exceed a predetermined value, and will open when that value is exceeded. At the start of the surgical procedure, footswitch 306 will be depressed to position 3 to energize the ultrasonic surgical tool via wire 320 leading to the ultrasonic generator and control circuits for the handpiece which are entirely conventional and are not shown. The sur- geon now proceeds with ultrasonic cutting using the tool 52 in handpiece 50. During the normal course of the surgical procedure, the switch 312 will be closed so that the pump 112 provides a source of suction for aspirating fluid and fragmented tissue from the surgi¬ cal site, while irrigation fluid is supplied through open valve 106. The pressure equalizing conduit 130 remains closed normally. When an occlusion occurs, the vacuum in aspiration conduit 110 increases and pres- sure-sensitive transducer 120 causes switch 312 to • open, shutting off pump 312. The surgeon will ordinar¬ ily be alerted to the occurrance of a blockage when the sound of the operating pump motor stops. He may, of course, also observe it through his operating micro- scope, or a special alarm, also operated by the pres¬ sure-sensitive transducer, may be provided. The surgeon thereupon can equalize the pressure by raising his foot, and moving footswitch 306 from position 3 to position 1, thus allowing the footswitch contacts to return to the position wherein contacts 308b and 310b are energized. When the footswitch 306 makes the tran¬ sition from position 2 to position 1 triggered control¬ ler 324, which controls switch 316 is activated and momentarily opens switch 316. Triggered controller 324 receives power via contact 308b of the switch 306 and may include a conventional single-pulse circuit, e. g., a one-shot multivibrator, which supplies a single pulse to an actuator, e. g., a relay coil, which momentarily closes switch 316. The single-pulse circuit may be triggered via connection 326 when the footswitch 306 moves from position 2 to position 1. The triggered controller 324 and its circuitry are conventional and readily implemented by one skilled in the art. Sole¬ noid 134 is thus momentarily actuated by switch 316 to open valve 132 in pressure equalizing conduit 130 to admit irrigation fluid directly from the source of irrigation fluid 102 into the aspiration conduit 110 to relieve the suction in conduit 110. With the removal of the suction in aspiration conduit 110, no suction force holds tissue fragments at the entrance of the axial bore in the ultrasonic tool 52, and the fragments may easily be dislodged. The surgeon may then continue the procedure by depressing the foot switch to posi¬ tions 2 and 3. Valve 132 is by this time closed and suction is restored to the aspiration conduit 110. While the described control system represents one cir¬ cuit which accomplishes the objects of the invention, it will be recognized that alternate circuits may be employed. The invention also encompasses a special fitting 400 shown in cross section in Figure 3. This connect¬ ing fitting is specially adapted to fulfill the func¬ tion of connecting together the aspiration conduit, the pressure relief conduit and the pressure-sensitive transducer. The fitting comprises a tubular fluid con- duit 402 having a female connecting member 404 at one end for receiving the aspiration tubing 110 coming from the handpiece 52. This tubing carries aspirated fluid together with fragmented tissue, and the female connec¬ tion provides a smooth internal wall for the conduit in order to reduce the chance of clogging. The tubular conduit 402 is provided at its other end with a male connecting member 406 for connecting to the tubing 113 leading to the source of suction, e. g., pump 112. A second tubular fluid conduit 408, in fluid communica- tion with the first tubular conduit 402 between the end connecting members 404 and 406, is arranged generally at right angles to the first conduit 402. The second fluid conduit 408 has a male tapered connecting member 410 at its free end adapted to mate with a female tapered connecting fitting on the filter housing 126 or with the tubing 122 leading to the pressure-sensitive transducer 120. A third fluid conduit 412 has one end connected to and in fluid communication with the second fluid conduit 408 at a point intermediate between its ends. The other end 414 of the third tubular conduit 412 is tapered to receive the end of the pressure equalizing conduit 130. The third fluid conduit 412 is arranged generally at right angles to the second tubu¬ lar conduit 408 and parallel to the first tubular con¬ duit 402. This special connecting fitting 400 permits the rapid and convenient connection of all the fluid conducting members associated with the pressure equal¬ izing function of the apparatus of this invention. The invention having now been fully described, it should be understood that it may be embodied in other specific forms or variations without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. Accordingly, the embodiments described above are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS : 1. Fluid control apparatus for use with a surgi¬ cal irrigation and aspiration instrument adapted for irrigation and aspiration of a surgical site located in a small elastic chamber, said fluid control apparatus comprising a source of irrigation fluid, irrigation fluid conduit means for conducting said irrigation fluid to said surgical site, aspiration fluid conduit means for removing fluid from said surgical site, controllable pump means in fluid communication with said aspiration fluid conduit for provid- ing a source of suction in said aspiration fluid conduit, pressure sensitive transducer means in fluid com¬ munication with said aspiration fluid conduit for sensing the pressure in said aspiration fluid conduit and generating an electrical control signal for said pump means, and pressure relief fluid conduit means connecting said source of irrigation fluid to said aspira¬ tion fluid conduit means, controllable valve means in said pressure relief fluid conduit means, control means for controlling said controllable valve means. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said control¬ lable valve means is an electrically controllable valve. 3. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said control means for said electrically controllable valve is an electrical switch. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 wherein said electri¬ cal switch is a foot-actuated switch. 5. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said pump means is a peristaltic pump. 6. The apparatus of Claim 1 additionally compris¬ ing check valve means in said irrigation fluid conduit means. 7. The apparatus of Claim 1 additionally compris¬ ing shut-off valve means in said irrigation fluid con¬ duit means. 8. A modified T-connection fitting for use in a flow control apparatus, said fitting comprising a first rigid tubular fluid conduit having a female fluid connection fitting at a first end and a male fluid connection fitting at a second end, a second rigid tubular fluid conduit having one end in fluid communication with said first fluid con¬ duit, arranged substantially at right angles to said first fluid conduit, a third rigid tubular fluid conduit having one end in fluid communication with said second fluid conduit, arranged generally at right angles to said second fluid conduit and parallel to said first fluid conduit.

Inventors: HAINES STEPHEN W, HAINES, STEPHEN, W.
Applicants: COOPERVISION INC, COOPERVISION, INC.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: A61B17
IPC codes: A61F9, A61M1, F16L41