OPTICAL CHANGE-OVER SWITCH

Abstract: The liquid crystal cell (30) for the optical change-­ over switch comprises a pair of transparent substrates (l), a pair of transparent flat electrodes (2) provided on the respective opposing surfaces of the substrates, orientation control films (3) provided on the flat electrodes (2), two pair of comb shaped electrodes (33) respectively provided on the orientation control films (3), and a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (4) confined between the substrates (l). The optical incidence plane (3l) to the cell (30) is so selected that the plane (3l) is away from the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the cell (30) in the order of somewhat greater than the tilt angle ( ϑ t ) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. The pair of flat electrodes (2) generate a first electric field (37a) perpendicular to the layer (32) and orient the long axes of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules into a first orientation (35a′) parallel to the layer (32) to induce a first refractive index which causes simultaneous reflection of unpolarized light beam (7 + 8) with a predetermined incidence angle ( ϑ ). The two pair of comb shaped electrodes (33) generate a second electric field (37b′) parallel to the layer and perpendicular to the helical axes (9) and orient the long axes of the molecules into a second orientation (35b′) not in parallel to the layer (32) to induce a second refractive index which causes simultaneous transmission of the unpolarized light beam (7 + 8) with the predetermined incidence angle ( ϑ ).

Description: Background of the Invention Fields of the Invention The present invention relates to an optical change-­ over switch employing a ferroelectric liquid crystal. The optical change-over switch is used for switching or bypassing an optical transmission line in an optical transmission system and an optical communication system using optical fibers. Description of the Prior Art One of the conventional optical change-over switch employing liquid crystal is disclosed in "Total switching of unpolarized fiber light with a four-port electro-optic liquid-crystal device" reported by R.A. Soref and D.H. McMahon in Optic letters, vol.5, No.4 (l980) pp.l47 to l49 and U.S. Patent No. 4,278,327 issued to D.H. McMahon and R.A. Soref. The optical switch disclosed is composed of a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between two glass prisms and A.C. electric field is applied between transparent electrodes which are provided on the surfaces of the opposing prisms in order to change the orientation of liquid crystal molecules, thereby changing the refractive index of the liquid crystal and change over the incident light between two directions. Since coupling of the applied electric field with the molecular orientation of the nematic liquid crystal is weak, the electro-optical response time for the disclosed optical changer-over switch is slow and the molecular orientation is not uniformly changed with the application of the electric field, particularly in the vicinity of the interfaces of the nematic liquid crystal with the substrates so that the cross-talk of the optical change-­ over switch is increased. Further since the input light beam to the optical change-over switch has to intersect twice, in other words double interaction, the nematic liquid crystal cell in order to change-over the light beam direction so that a light propagating loss is increased due to the long light propagating path. Still further, since the optical change-over switch is constructed to split the input light beam into S and P polarized components at the first intersect and to converge at the second intersect, constituent parts with high dimensional accuracy forming the light propagating path are necessitated. U.S. Patent 4,367,924 issued to Noel A. Clark et al discloses a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell in combination with a pair of polarizers for a bistable light valve and a liquid crystal display device, but not for the optical change-over switches as of the present invention. Summary of the Invention One object of the present invention is to provide an optical change-over switch employing ferroelectric liquid crystal and having a high electro-optical response time and a low cross-talk. Another object of the present invention is to provide an optical change-over switch employing ferroelectric liquid crystal and having a low propagation loss and a simple structure suitable for changing over an unpolarized light beam. An optical change-over switch according to one aspect of the present invention comprises an input port and an output port of a light beam containing at least S polarization component, a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell for transmitting or reflecting at least S polarization component emitted thereto with a predetermined incidence angle, orientation of molecules in the cell is controlled to take first and second stable positions to induce corresponding first and second refractive indices to respective polarization components thereby to cause the transmission or reflection of at least S polarization component; and means for propagating the light beam from the input port to the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell and therefrom to the output port, the light propagating means defines an optical incidence plane to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell so as to intersect to axes of helices of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, which are formed by the molecules in a bulk, with a predetermined angle of somewhat greater than the tilt angle of the ferroelectric liquid crystal so that difference between the two refractive indices to at least S polarization component is increased to ensure the change-over of the light beam emitted with the predetermined incidence angle. An optical change-over switch according to another aspect of the present invention comprises an input port and an output port of a light beam containing at least P polarization component, a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell for transmitting or reflecting at least P polarization component emitted thereto with a predetermined incidence angle, orientation of molecules in the cell is controlled to take first and second stable positions to induce corresponding first and second refractive indices to respective polarization components thereby to cause the transmission or reflection of at least P polarization components; and means for propagating the light beam from the input port to the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell and therefrom to the output port, the light propagating means defines an optical incidence plane to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell so as to align parallel with axes of helices of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, which are formed by the molecules in a bulk, so that difference between the two refractive indices to at least P polarization component is increased to ensure the change-over of the light beam emitted with the predetermined incidence angle. An optical change-over switch according to still further aspect of the present invention comprises an input port and an output port of an unpolarized light beam containing both S and P polarization components, a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell for transmitting or reflecting both S and P polarization components emitted thereto with a predetermined incidence angle, orientation of molecules in the cell is controlled to take first and second stable positions to induce corresponding first and second refractive indices to respective polarization components thereby to cause the transmission or reflection of both polarization components; and means for propagating the unpolarized light beam from the input port to the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell and therefrom to the output port, the light propagating means defines an optical incidence plane to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell so as to intersect to axes of helices of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, which are formed by the molecules in a bulk, with a predetermined angle of somewhat greater than the tilt angle of the ferroelectric liquid crystal so that difference between the two refractive indices to respective polarization components is increased to ensure the change-over of the unpolarized light beam emitted with the predetermined incidence angle. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. l shows a side view, partly in section, of first embodiment of the optical change-over switch according to the present invention. Fig. 2a shows a side view of second embodiment of the optical change-over switch according to the present invention. Fig. 2b is a cross sectional view of the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 2a taken from the line indicated by the arrows. Fig. 3a is a cross sectional view of first ferroelectric liquid crystal cell having a first molecular orientation used in the optical change-over switches shown in Figs. l, 2a and 2b and is used for explaining the present invention. Fig. 3b is a cross sectional view of the same ferroelectric liquid crystal cell as shown in Fig. 3a having a second molecular orientation and is used to for explaining the present invention. Fig. 4 is a side view, partly in section, of third embodiment of the optical change-over switch according to the present invention. Fig. 5a is a cross sectional view of second ferroelectric crystal cell having a first molecular orientation used in the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4 and is used for explaining the present invention. Fig. 5b is a cross sectional view of the same ferroelectric liquid crystal cell as shown in Fig. 5a having a second molecular orientation and is used for explaining the present invention. Fig. 6 is an explanatory diagram illustrating movement and orientation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell shown in Figs. 5a and 5b and used in the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4 in dependence with the direction of applied electric field for explaining the present invention. Fig. 7 is a side view, partly in section, of fourth embodiment of the optical change-over switch according to the present invention. Fig. 8 is a side view, partly in section, of fifth embodiment of the optical change-over switch according to the present invention. Fig. 9 is an explanatory diagram illustrating movement and orientation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell shown in Figs. 5a and 5b and used in the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 8 in dependence with the direction of applied electric field for explaining the present invention. Description of the Preferred Embodiments The optical change-over switch shown in Fig. l is a bulk type optical change-over switch suitable for transmission and reflection of a light beam containing S polarization component. The optical change-over switch is composed of a pair of spaced apart triangular glass prisms ll, a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 sandwiched between the pair of spaced apart triangular glass prisms ll, the details of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 is shown in Figs. 3a and 3b, graded-index rod lenses l3a, l3b, l3c and l3d for collimation and decollimation attached to the respective slope faces of the pair of glass prisms ll, and single polarization optical fibers l2a, l2b, l2c and l2d coupled to the respective graded-index rod lenses l3a, l3b l3c and l3d. An input light 7 of S polarization enters through the single polarization optical fiber l2a and the graded-­ index rod lens l3a to the upper glass prism ll and propagates therethrough to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 with a predetermined incidence angle where the S polarization light 7 is transmitted to the graded-index rod lens l3d and the single polarization optical fiber l2d or reflected to the graded-index rod lens l3b and the single polarization optical fiber l2b depending upon the molecular orientation in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 which will be explained in detail with reference to Figs. 3a and 3b. Figs. 2a and 2b show an optical wave guide type optical change-over switch having substantially the same function as of that shown in Fig. l and particularly suitable for integration. The optical change-over switch is composed of a glass substrate 2l; 2×2 optical wave guide paths 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d formed on the glass substrate 2l, refractive index of the optical wave guide paths 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d are selected larger than that of the substrate 2l; and a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 embedded at the intersection of the 2×2 optical wave guide paths 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d, the details of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 is shown in Figs. 3a and 3b. An input light 7 of S polarization propagates to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 with a predetermined incidence angle ϑ where the S polarization light is transmitted to the optical wave guide path 22d or reflected to the optical wave guide path 22b depending upon the molecular orientation in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 like the embodiment shown in Fig. l. The ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 shown in Figs. 3a and 3b is composed of a pair of spaced apart transparent substrates l made of SFl0 optical glass whose refractive index n g is l.8; transparent flat electrodes 2 formed on the facing surfaces of the respective transparent substrates l; orientation control films 3 coated over the transparent flat electrodes 2; a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 containing ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules 5 and sandwiched between the pair of transparent substrates l; and a spacer 6 made of Mylar having thickness of 5 µ m and an injection hole for the ferroelectric liquid crystal interposed between the transparent substrates l for defining the thickness of the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 and for sealing the ferroelectric liquid crystal therein. The pair of electrodes 2 generate first electric field E₁ and second electric field E₂ having opposite polarity with respect to the first electric field E₁ directing perpendicular to the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 through application of DC pulse voltages of opposite polarities. Polyimide films are used for the molecular orientation control films 3 of which surfaces are rubbed to predetermined direction so as to orient long axes of all the molecules in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 to a specific direction. Further the orientation control films 3 maintains the initial orientation of molecules until a pulse like electric field is applied for changing the molecule orientation and thereafter the orientation control films 3 again maintains the changed orientation of molecules. The ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 filled between the transparent substrates l is a mixture of the following four chiral smectic C liquid crystals, The phase change of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, the mixture of the above four, is as follows, The ferroelectric liquid crystal used exhibits positive dielectric anisotropy. Molecules of a ferroelectric liquid crystal align in a bulk so that the molecules form helices while maintaining long axes of the molecules to have a predetermined tilt angle ϑ t with respect to the axes of the respective helices which is intrinsic to respective ferroelectric liquid crystal. The orientation control films 3 unwind the helical alignment of the ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules and orient the molecules to a specific direction while still maintaining the predetermined tilt angle ϑ t of the long axes of the molecules with respect to the axes of the respective helices. The tilt angle of the ferroelectric liquid crystal used in the embodiments of the present invention is 20° at room temperature. The ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 is interposed between the pair of glass prisms ll and arranged so that the imaginary axes of helices formed by the molecules intersect to the optical incidence plane defined by the glass prisms ll with an angle of substantially the same or slightly larger than the tilt angle intrinsic to the ferroelectric liquid crystal. The optical incidence plane in Figs. 3a and 3b is parallel to the sheet of drawing and the oscillating direction of the S polarization light 7 is perpendicular to the optical incidence plane, in that, to the sheet of drawing as seen from Figs. 3a and 3b. In Fig. 3a the long axes of molecules 5 in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 are oriented parallel to the layer 4 and substantially perpendicular to the sheet of the drawing by an application of the pulse like first electric field E₁ wherein the oscillating direction of the S polarization light 7 coincides with the long axes of the molecules 5, in other words, the optical axes of the molecules 5, so that the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4, exhibits an extraordinary refractive index n e =l.7 to the S polarization light 7 with the incidence angle ϑ which is between 60 and 80°; thus transmits the S polarization light as shown. The long axes of the molecules 5 in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 in Fig. 3b are reoriented parallel to the layer 4 and also substantially parallel to the sheet of the drawing by an application of the pulse like second electric field E₂ wherein the oscillating direction of the S polarization light 7 intersects with the long axes of the molecules 5 at right angle so that the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 exhibits an ordinary refractive index n o =l.5 to the S polarization light 7 thus reflects the S polarization light 7 as shown. In both molecule orientations explained in connection with Figs. 3a and 3b, the tilt angle ϑ t of the molecular long axes with respect to the respective helical axes is always kept unchanged. The operating characteristic data of the optical change-over switch shown in Figs. l and 2 using the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell shown in Figs. 3a and 3b is as follows, Driving voltage for generating the electric fields : DC l5V (5ms pulse voltage), Change-over time between first and second orientations : 0.lms, and Cross-talk level : -20dB . Although, in the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 shown in Figs. 3a and 3b, the transparent substrates l other than the glass prisms ll and the optical wave guide paths 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d shown in Figs. l, 2a and 2b are used for confining the ferroelectric liquid crystal, the glass prisms ll and the optical wave guide paths 22a, 22b, 22c and 22d themselves can be used as the substrates which is true with respect to all the other embodiments below. Since the molecules 5 in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 shown in Figs. 3a and 3b always remains in the same plane even by an application of electric field of opposite polarity, no change of the refractive index of the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 to P polarization light is induced oscillating direction of which is parallel to the optical incidence plane thus no change over of the P polarization light between transmission and reflection is effected. The optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4 is a bulk type optical change-over switch suitable for transmission and reflection of both polarized lights, in that, P polarization light as well as S polarization light. In the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4, same numerals as in Fig. l denote the same or equivalent components as in Fig. l. One of the major difference is that the pair of glass prisms sandwiches a ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 other than the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0. Details of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 is shown in Figs. 5a and 5b, wherein equivalent components as shown in Figs. 3a and 3b are given same reference numerals as those shown in Figs. 3a and 3b. One major difference of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 shown in Figs. 5a and 5b with that shown in Figs. 3a and 3b is the addition of two pair of comb shaped electrodes 33 provided respectively on the orientation control films 3 for generating an electric field parallel to the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer. The ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 is interposed between the pair of glass prisms ll and arranged so that the imaginary axes of helices formed by the molecules coincide with the optical incidence plane defined by the glass prisms ll. The operation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 is explained with reference to Fig. 6 which illustrates movement and orientation of one selected molecule in dependence with applied electric field. The plane 32 which is parallel to the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4, or in more strict, parallel to the interface between the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer 4 and the transparent substrate l is perpendicular to the optical incidence plane 3l with which the helical axis 9 coincides or is parallel. The dotted cone 34 indicates the locus of possible orientations of the molecule. When a first electric field 37a perpendicular to the layer is applied through the pair of flat electrodes 2 and the two pair of comb shaped electrodes 33, the molecule takes a first orientation 35a which is in the plane 32 while retaining the tilt angle ϑ t with respect to the helical axis 9, wherein the direction of electric dipole 36 of the molecule aligns with the direction of the electric field 37a. When a second electric field 37b parallel to the layer is applied through the two pair of comb shaped electrodes 33, the molecule takes a second orientation 35b which is in the optical incidence plane while retaining the tilt angle ϑ t with respect to the helical axis 9 and the plane 32, wherein the direction of electric dipole 36 of the molecule aligns with the direction of the electric field 37b. The change of molecular orientation from the first orientation 35a to the second orientation 35b in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer induces refractive index difference to both S and P polarization lights 7 and 8 thus causes change-over from transmission to reflection for the S polarization light 7 and from reflection to transmission for the P polarization light 8. The operation characteristic data of the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4 using the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell shown in Figs. 5a and 5b is as follows, Driving voltage for generating the electric field : DC l5V (5ms pulse voltage), Change-over time between first and second orientations : 0.05ms, and Cross-talk level : -20dB . The optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 4 causes the change-over between transmission and reflection for both S and P polarization lights independently but not simultaneously as explained. Fig. 7 shows a bulk type optical change-over switch suitable for transmission and reflection of unpolarized light. The optical change-over switch is composed of a pair of spaced apart trapezoidal glass prisms l0l, two ferroelectric liquid crystal cells l0 and 30 shown respectively in Figs. 3a and 3b and 5a and 5b sandwiched between the pair of spaced apart trapezoidal glass prisms l0l, graded-index rod lens 74a, 74b, 74c and 74d for collimation and decollimation attached to the respective slope faces of the pair of glass prisms l0l and multimode optical fibers 73a, 73b, 73c and 73d coupled to the respective graded-index rod lenses 74a, 74b, 74c, and 74d. The ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 disposed between the pair of the glass prisms l0l is arranged so that the imaginary axes of the helices formed by the molecules intersect to the optical incidence plane defined by the glass prisms l0l with an angle of substantially the same or slightly larger than the tilt angle of the ferroelectric liquid crystal like the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. l, and the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30 between the pair of the glass prisms l0l is arranged so that the imaginary axes of helices formed by the molecules coincide with the optical incidence plane defined by the glass prisms l0l like the optical change-­ over switch shown in Fig. 4. An unpolarized input light 7+8 enters through the multimode optical fiber 73a and the graded-index rod lens 74a to the upper glass prism l0l and propagates therethrough to the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0, since the molecules therein are oriented as show in Fig. 3a, the S polarization light transmits through the cell l0 and the P polarization light reflect from the cell l0, both the S and P polarization lights are reflected at the respective top parallel surfaces of the respective trapezoidal glass prisms l0l and propagate to the parallel opposing surfaces of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30, where, since the molecules therein are oriented to the second orientation 35b, the P polarization light transmits through the cell 30 and the S polarization reflects thereat and both emerge together through the graded-index rod lens 74d and the multimode optical fiber 73d. When the first orientation is selected in the cell 30, both P and S polarization lights emerge through the graded-index rod lens 74b and the multimode optical fiber 73d. The operation characteristic data of the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 7 is as follows, Driving voltage for generating the electric field : DC l5V (5ms pulse voltage), Change-over time between first and second orientations : 0.05ms, and Cross-talk level : -l7dB . Fig. 8 shows an optical change-over switch with a simple structure suitable for transmission and reflection of unpolarized light. The same reference numerals as of Figs. 4 and 7 indicate the same or equivalent components as those shown in Figs. 4 and 7. One of the major difference of the optical change-­ over switch shown in Fig. 8 from that shown in Fig. 4 is the relative arrangement of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30′ shown in Figs. 5a and 5b with respect to the optical incidence plane 3l in that the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell l0 disposed between the pair of glass prisms ll is arranged so that the imaginary axes of the helices formed by the molecules intersect to the optical incidence plane 3l defined by the glass prism ll with an angle of substantially the same or slightly larger than the tilt angle ϑ t intrinsic to the ferroelectric liquid crystal employed like the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. l. The operation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30′ is explained with reference to Fig. 9 which illustrates movement and orientation of one selected molecule in dependence with applied electric field. The same reference numerals in Fig. 9 as of Fig. 6 indicated the same or equivalent components as those shown in Fig. 6. When a first electric field 37a′ perpendicular to the layer is applied through the pair of flat electrodes 2 and the two pair of comb shaped electrodes 33, the molecule takes a first orientation 35a′ which is in both the plane 32 and the optical incidence plane 3l while retaining the the tilt angle ϑ t with respect to the helical axis 9. When a second electric field 37b′ parallel to the layer and perpendicular to the helical axis 9 is applied through the two pair of comb shaped electrodes 33, the molecule takes a second orientation 35b′ which is out of both the plane 32 and the optical incidence plane 3l while retaining the tilt angle ϑ t with respect to the helical axis 9 and the plane 32. The change of molecular orientation from the first orientation 35a′ to the second orientation 35b′ in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer induces similar refractive index difference to both polarizations 7+8 thus causes simultaneous change-over from reflection to transmission of the unpolarized light, such that when the first orientation 35a′ is selected, the unpolarized light is reflected at the surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell 30′ and emerges through the graded-index rod lens 74b and the multimode optical fiber 73b, and when the second orientation 35b′ is selected, the unpolarized light is transmitted through the cell 30′ and emerges through the graded-index rod lens 74d and the multimode optical fiber 73d. The operation characteristic data of the optical change-over switch shown in Fig. 8 using the ferroelectric liquid crystal cell shown in Figs. 5a and 5b is as follows, Driving voltage for generating the electric field : DC l5V (5ms pulse voltage), Change-over time between first and second orientations : 0.05ms and , Cross-talk level : -20dB .

Claims: 1. An optical change-over switch comprising, an input port (l2a, l2c, l3a, l3c 73a, 73c, 74a, 74c) and an output port (l2b, l2d, l3b, l3d, 73b, 73d, 74b, 74d) of a light beam having at least one of S and P polarization components (7, 8); a liquid crystal cell (l0, 30) for reflection and transmission of the light beam, said liquid crystal cell (l0, 30) including a pair of space-apart first and second transparent substrates (l) having respective opposed first and second parallel surfaces, a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (4) confined between said first and second transparent substrates (l), and means for controlling orientation (2, 3, 33) of molecules (5) in the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer into a first molecule orientation (El, 37a, 37a′) inducing a first refractive index of the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (4) to the respective polarization components of the incidence light beam so as to transmit at least one of S and P polarization components of the incidence light beam and into a second molecule orientation (E2, 37b, 37b′) inducing a second refractive index of the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (4) to the respective polarization components of the incidence light beam so as to reflect at least one of S and P polarization components of the incidence light beam; and means for propagating (ll, l0l) the light beam from said input port (l2a, l2c, l3a, l3c, 73a, 73c, 74a, 74c) to said liquid crystal cell (l0, 30) and therefrom to said output port (l2b, l2d, l3b, l3d, 73b, 73d, 74b, 74d), the angle of the optical incidence plane (3l) defined by said light beam propagating means with respect to helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in said liquid crystal cell (l0, 30) is so selected that the difference between the first and second refractive index ensures the change-over of at least one of S and P polarization components of the incidence light beam. 2. The optical change-over switch according to claim l, wherein the angle selected of the optical incidence plane (3l) with respect to the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal is substantially the same as the tilt angle ( ϑt) of the long axes of molecules to the respective helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. 3. The optical change-over switch according to claim 2, wherein said molecule orientation controlling means includes a first pair of transparent electrodes (2) generating a first electric field (El) having a first direction perpendicular to said ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (32) which causes the first molecule orientation in which long axes of the molecules are in parallel to said layer (32). 4. The optical change-over switch according to claim 3, wherein said first pair of transparent electrodes (2) further generate a second electric field (E2) having a second direction opposite to the first electric field (El) which causes the second molecule orientation substantially perpendicular to the first molecule orientation in which long axes of the molecules are still in parallel to said layer (32). 5. The optical change-over switch according to claim 3, wherein said molecule orientation controlling means further includes a second pair of transparent electrodes (33) generating a second electric field having a second direction parallel to said layer (32) and perpendicular to the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal which causes the second molecule orientation in which long axes of molecules are not in parallel to said layer (32). 6. The optical change-over switch according to claim 5, wherein said first pair of electrodes are a pair of flat electrodes (l) provided respectively on the first surface of said first transparent substrate (l) and on the second surface of said second transparent substrate (l). 7. The optical change-over switch according to claim 6, wherein orientation control films (3) are respectively provided on said pair of flat electrodes (2). 8. The optical change-over switch according to claim 7, wherein said second pair of electrodes are a pair of comb shaped electrodes (33) provided on at least one of said orientation control films (3). 9. The optical change-over switch according to claim l, wherein the angle selected of the optical incidence plane (3l) with respect to the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal is substantially zero. l0. The optical change-over switch according to claim 9, wherein said molecule orientation controlling means includes a pair of flat transparent electrodes (2) provided respectively on the first surface of said first transparent substrate (l) and on the second surface of said second transparent substrate (l), orientation control films (3) respectively provided on said pair of flat transparent electrodes (2) and a pair of comb shaped transparent electrodes (33) provided on at least one of said orientation control films (3), said pair of transparent flat electrodes (2) generate a first electric field (37a) having a first direction perpendicular to said ferroelectric liquid crystal layer (32) which causes the first molecule orientation (35a) in which long axes of the molecules are in parallel to said layer (32), said pair of comb shaped transparent electrodes (33) generates a second electric field (37b) having a second direction parallel to said layer (32) and perpendicular to the helical axes (9) of the ferroelectric liquid crystal which causes the second molecule orientation (35b) in which long axes of molecules are not in parallel to said layer (32).

Inventors: GUNJI, YASUHIRO, IBAMOTO, MASAHIKO, ISOGAI, MASATO, KANKE, ATSUSHI, KONDO, KATSUMI, KUWABARA, KAZUHIRO HITACHI IBARAKI KOGYO, OKADA, SADAYUKI
Applicants: HITACHI, LTD.
Application year: 1986
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: G02F1