LIQUID STORAGE TANK LEAK DETECTION SYSTEM

Abstract: The sensing device (15, 16) includes a first vertical tube (15) having a length substantially equal to the diameter or internal height of the tank (10) being tested and which is sealed at the bottom and has connected at the top, a smaller diameter second tube (16) adapted to be positioned vertically for measurement of the height or level of liquid within the tube when the sensing device is charged with liquid under conditions of use. Importantly, the diameter, d, of the smaller diameter second tube of the sensor must be such that when the sensor and tank are filled with the same fluid to the same height, any change in the heights of the fluid in the sensor and tank resulting from a change in temperature in the tank fluid will be proportional to one another and preferably will be equal. The device of the present invention preferably includes means for deter­ mining the height of fluid in the sensor and the tank at any given time.

Description: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining the rate of leakage of fluid from a storage tank. It is particularly concerned with determining the leakage of petroleum products from underground storage tanks, such as gasoline storage tanks used in gasoline stations and the like. It will be appreciated, however, that the apparatus and method disclosed herein are suitable for testing the leakage, if any, from many types of fluid enclosures and tanks. Thus, the invention should not be considered limited to underground fuel tanks. For matters of convenience, however, the invention will be described in relation to underground fuel storage tanks. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the United States alone, there are estimated to be about 3 million underground petroleum storage tanks, about l million in gasoline service and about 2 million in fuel oil service. In addition to the tanks in gasoline and fuel oil service, there are an unknown number of underground storage tanks storing other petroleum materials. It is estimated that about 3l% of the total underground storage tank population are 20 years old or older. Consequently, the risk of corrosion failure of such a large number of tanks is significant. Undetected leaks, of course, present not only an economic loss, but also a threat to the environment. Thus, it is essential that such leaks be detected as soon as possible so that the tanks can be replaced or repaired. Indeed, current industry standards require that any detector employed in tank leak testing be capable of detecting leaks of the order of .05 gallons (0.189 liter) per hour. This capability is not easily or inexpensively achieved. As is known in the art, the temperature of a fluid in an underground tank, for example, can change continually at a rate of up to about .01°F (0.006°C) per hour. Temperature changes of this magnitude will cause volume changes of up to .06 gallons (0.227 liter) per hour in a 10,000 gallon (37,854 liter) gasoline tank. Consequently, a slight change in temperature of the tank fluid produces a volume change which is greater than the amount of leakage which is sought to be detected. Therefore, leak detecting systems employ elaborate temperature measurement systems in addition to tank content level measurement systems. In that regard, see, for example, U.S. Patent US-A-3,538,746; U.S. Patent US-A-3,580,055; U.S. Patent US-A-3,841,146 and U.S. Reissue Patent US-B-31,884, each of which describe leak detectors designed to measure and/or compensate for temperature changes of tank fluids. The deficiencies of each of these detectors should be readily apparent. The detector of US-A-3,538,746 is based on measuring the difference in pressure between the tank fluid and a filled reference leg in a partially filled tank. Presently available differential pressure sensors capable of being inserted through a tank fill pipe, however, are not sufficiently accurate to detect leaks of .05 gals (0.189 liter)/hr. within a reasonable time. Additionally evaporation and condensation effects will mask this systems leak detection capabilities. The detector of US-A-3,580,055 requires circulating fluid in the tank to an external temperature sensor in an attempt to thermally equilibrate the liquid and make a temperature correction in determining whether a leak exists. The need for a skilled operator is particularly important with this device. Raising the liquid hydrostatic head above ground level causes significant tank bulging which can mask the volume change due to a leak. The devices of US-A-3,841,146 and U.S. Reissue US-B-31,884 require elaborate and relatively expensive electronic circuitry in order to measure weight or mass changes to determine tank leakage. Thus there remains a need for a new and improved tank leak detector which is sufficiently sensitive so as to be able to accurately detect leaks of the order of .05 gallons (0.189 liter) per hour and less in underground tanks having a volume, for example, of from 5,000 to 10,000 gallons (18,927 to 37,854 liter) or more and which is relatively inexpensive and simple to operate. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus of the present invention comprises a sensing device adapted to be inserted into a storage tank fill pipe. In its simplest sense, the sensing device includes a vertical tube having a length substantially equal to the diameter of the tank being tested and which is sealed at the bottom and has connected at the top, a smaller diameter tube adapted to be positioned vertically for measurement of the level of liquid within the tube when the sensing device is charged with liquid under conditions of use. Importantly, the diameter, d, of the smaller diameter tube of the sensor must be such that when the sensor and tank are filled with the same fluid to the same height any change in the heights of the fluid in the sensor and tank resulting from a change in temperature in the tank fluid will be proportional to one another and preferably will be equal. The device of the present invention preferably includes means for determining the height of fluid in the smaller diameter tube of the sensor and the fill pipe of the tank at any given time. The invention also provides a method of detecting a leak in a tank having a fill pipe comprising: inserting a sensing device in said tank which has a first vertical tubular portion that extends substantially vertically for substantially the entire diameter or internal height of the tank and a second tubular portion that extends for a predetermined length of the fill tube of the tank, said sensing device being capable of being filled with a fluid, said second tubular portion having a diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area relative to the diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area of the fill pipe such that any change in the level of fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe resulting from a change in temperature of the fluids therein are in a substantially fixed ratio to one another (and which preferably are equal); filling the sensing device with a fluid to substantially the same level as the level of fluid in the fill pipe; and detecting any deviation from the said fixed ratio of any changes in the levels of fluid in said sensing device and in said fill pipe whereby any such deviation indicates said tank is leaking. In operation, the tank to be tested is filled to a predetermined level within the fill pipe. The sensor is also filled with the same liquid as is in the tank and is lowered through the tank fill pipe. The fill pipe liquid level and/or the liquid level in the sensor is adjusted so that the level of liquid in the fill pipe and in the sensor are equal. Since any temperature changes in the liquid in the tank will produce proportional and preferably equal changes in the level in the fill pipe and in the sensor, any deviation from proportional or equivalent changes in the liquid levels is a measure of a leak in the tank. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the sensor of the present invention placed within a tank for leak testing. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing one particular means of determining the level of liquid in a fill pipe of a tank and a sensor in accordance with the practice of the present invention. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of yet another embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a device of the present invention which utilizes pressure sensing means to measure the height of fluid in the sensor and tank fill pipe in accordance with the invention. Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of an alternate and preferred embodiment of a portion of the sensor of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring first to Figure l, an underground storage tank l0 is shown having liquid l2 therein filled to a predetermined level, H, within the fill pipe l4. As can be seen from Figure l, the sensor of the present invention is adapted to be inserted within fuel tank l0 and includes a vertical tube l5 sealed at its bottom and a smaller diameter tube l6 connected at its top. As can be seen, the length of tube l5 is substantially equal to the diameter of the storage tank l0. Also, the vertical tube l5 of the sensor is sized so as to just fit through the fill pipe l4. The smaller diameter tube l6 extending upwardly from tube l5 is adapted to be vertically positioned within the fill pipe l4 and is of a length sufficient to extend above any liquid level within the fill pipe under conditions of use. Preferably the smaller diameter tube l6 has a length at least substantially equal to the length of the fill tube. For efficient heat transfer between the contents of the tank and the contents of the sensor tube l5 is made of a heat conducting material such as copper. For ease of viewing the level of fluid in smaller diameter tube l6, it is made of glass. Also, as shown, the smaller diameter tube l6 is filled to a height, h, preferably with the same liquid as in the tank and which level or height, h, is substantially the same as the level, H, in the fill pipe. Importantly, the diameter, d, of tube l6 is such when the sensor and the tank are filled with the same fluid and to substantially the same height any change in height thereafter of the fluid in the tank and in the sensor resulting from a change in temperature will be proportional to one another and preferably will be equal. In this way, any deviation from a proportional or equal height change of liquid levels will reflect leakage from the tank. To further illustrate the principle of the operation of the device of the present invention consider a change in tank contents temperature of Δ T. Given a coefficient of expansion, α , of the tank contents, the tank contents volume, V, will change by V α Δ T. If the diameter of the fill pipe is D, then the liquid level in the pipe will change by a height, Δ H, such that A similar change will be experienced by the volume, v, of liquid in the sensor. If the diameter of the smaller tube l6 is d, then the liquid level will change by a height, Δ h, such that From the foregoing, the ratio of ΔH / Δh for a given temperature change, Δ T, reduces to The values v, V, d and D are fixed and therefore the ratio of the change in height of the liquid in the sensor and fill tube is constant for any change in temperature, i.e., Since leaks in the tank affect the fill pipe height only, deviations from this proportional relationship between H and h indicates a leaking tank. In a non-leaking tank a plot of Δ h versus Δ H over time will be a straight line with a slope, whereas deviations from a straight line indicate the tank is leaking, the difference from the actual value of H and the value calculated from H = Vd²/vD² × h, being a measure of the leak in the elapsed time. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the diameter, d, is of a predetermined diameter such that the change in height of liquid level in the sensor tube l6 and in the fill tube l4 as a result of a change in temperature of the tank contents will be equal. Having described the principle of operation of the present invention, reference is now made to one specific embodiment of the device of the invention and particularly to the means for measuring the level of fluid in the sensor and in the tank. As may be expected, a number of different means may be employed to determine the level of liquid within the smaller diameter tube l6 of the sensor and the fill pipe l4. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, for example, visual inspection is employed. In this particular embodiment of the invention, a boroscope 20 is adjustably and movably mounted on the top portion 22 of a tripod positioned over the fill pipe l4. A pair of rigid standards, 23, are fixed to the sensor l5 by a suitable bracket, 24. A horizontal bar 40 rests on top of the fill pipe l4 and has a pair of adjustor means 25, such as set screws, for maintaining standards 23 in the desired position. The smaller diameter tube l6 of the sensor device is mounted on the inside of a standard 23 by means of clips 4l. Tube l6 is in communication with and connected to tube l5 of the sensor via a flexible piece of tubing l7. Means for shining a light within the fill tube is provided, in this instance, via the boroscope 20. Light to boroscope 20 is supplied in the form of a flexible fiber optic material 26 connected to a light source (not shown). The boroscope 20 is provided with a fixed pointer 27 which is aligned with a scale 28 mounted on frame 22. Means 29, such as a rack and pinion mechanism is provided for raising and lowering the boroscope 20, as necessary, to visual determine the level of the liquid, h, within the smaller diameter tube l6 of the sensor and the level, H, in the tank fill pipe l4. Guide piece 2l maintains boroscope 20 in a vertical position. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the tube l5 of the sensor is fitted at the top with a valve 30 in top 3l. In its open position, valve 30 will permit communication between the interior of the tube and the tank. Thus, valve 30 can be used for adjusting the liquid levels so that at the start of a test the liquid within the sensor is of the same level as the liquid within the fill pipe l4. An alternate means for determining the liquid level in the smaller diameter tube l6 of the sensor and the level in the fill pipe l4 is shown in Figure 3. In this embodiment, smaller diameter tube l6 is located adjacent an extension 34 of fill pipe l4. Sealing means 35 prevent loss of fluid through the connection of the extension 34 and fill pipe l4 Extension 34 is made of transparent material, such as, for example, glass or clear plastic. A scale 39 is conveniently positioned for noting the fluid levels, h and H, in tubes l6 and 34, respectively. As shown tube l6 is operably connected to tube l5 via a flexible tubing l7. As will be readily appreciated this embodiment is suited to partially buried tanks or to applications where the fill pipe is raised above ground. In the embodiment shown in Figure 4, pressure sensors 4l and 42 are employed to measure the level or height of fluid in the smaller diameter tube l6 of the sensor and in the fill pipe l4, respectively. These sensors are connected, of course, by cables 43 and 44, respectively, to a suitable instrumentation system (not shown). Indeed, such a system might include microprocessor means for computing the change in liquid levels and comparing them to a standard thereby providing a direct indicator of a leak condition in the tank. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 5, the tube l5 comprises at least 3 tubular sections, each with a predetermined volume such that the ratio of the internal volume of a given section to its surrounding annular ring of tank volume is substantially equal to such ratio for other sections. This embodiment is particularly suitable to those situations in which there is a stratification of the tank fluid temperature. As is shown then in Figure 5, tube l5 has 5 sections, 5l, 52, 53, 54, and 55, respectively, and each section has a volume such that the ratio of one sensor section volume to its relevant surrounding tank volume is substantially equal to the ratio of another sensor section volume to its surrounding tank volume. Also, as is shown in Figure 5, each section preferably is bonded to but thermally insulated from the adjacent section by means of non-conductive sealant means 56, such as epoxy cement. In yet another embodiment, also shown in Figure 5, the internal volume of each succeeding sensor section is further substantially thermally insulated from the preceeding internal volume by a horizontally disposed insulating barrier 67 which has a central aperture 68. To further illustrate the present invention, reference is now made to the following example. Example A 550 gallon (2082 liter) above-ground tank having three fill pipes was employed using number 2 fuel oil. One fill pipe was fitted with a fill pipe extension and sensor similar to that shown in Figure 3. The other two fill pipes were fitted solely with extensions. In this way the tank simulated the typical total cross-sectional area of fill and other tubes on an actual underground tank. With the tank as equipped, a leak of 0.05 gallons (0.189 liter) corresponded to a change of about 1 cm (0.4 inch) in height in the fill pipe extension. Thus, the fill pipe level change due to a leak would be about the same for the test tank as it would be for an underground tank. The average temperature change per hour during the test was about 0.5°F (0.28°C). Thus, for the tank volume the temperature induced volume changes in the above ground test tank are more than twice as severe as would be expected in an underground tank. For an equivalent temperature induced volume change of a 10,000 gallon (37,854 liter) underground tank, a temperature change of about 0.025°F (0.0139°C)/hr. would be required. The level of the liquid in the smaller diameter sensor tube and the fill pipe extension were equal at the start of the test. Thereafter liquid was removed at a known rate so as to simulate a leak and the levels of fluid in the extension piece and in the smaller diameter tube were again measured to determine the leak rate. This procedure was repeated with the results shown in Table I below. Run No. Ave. Leak Rate, (gal/hr.) liter/h. Measured Actual 1 (.036) 0.136 (.034) 0.129 2 (.056) 0.212 (.061) 0.231 3 (.009) 0.034 (.012) 0.045 4 (.034) 0.129 (.035) 0.132 From the foregoing, it can be seen that the device of the present invention is accurate in detecting leak rates of about 0.03 gals (0.114 liter)/h or higher. Also, at lower leak rates the device is still capable of detecting the leak although it may be less accurate in field conditions. In this patent specification, 1 (U.S.) gallon is taken to be 3.785 liters, and 1 inch (") is taken to be 25.4 mm. Temperatures in °F are converted to equivalent °C by first subtracting 32 and then dividing by 1.8.

Claims: An apparatus for determining whether fluid is leaking from a fluid storage tank (10) having a fill pipe (14), said apparatus comprising: a first vertical tube (15) adapted to be inserted into the tank being tested via the fill pipe (14) and having a length substantially equal to the internal height or diameter of said tank, said tube being sealed at the bottom; a second tube (16) adapted to be vertically positioned under conditions of use of said apparatus, said second tube having a predetermined diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area; means for connecting said second tube to the top of said first tube whereby said first and second tube define a fluid container; means for filling said first and second tube with fluid to a predetermined level (h) in said second tube; said second tube having a diameter (d) or horizontal cross-sectional area relative to the diameter (D) or horizontal cross-sectional area of the fill pipe such that any change in the level of fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe resulting from a change in temperature of the fluids therein are proportional; and means for measuring the level of fluid in said second tube and in the fill pipe of said tank whereby any deviation from a proportional change in the fluid level in the second tube and fill pipe is indicative of a leak of fluid from said tank. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second tube is adapted to be vertically positioned within said fill pipe. The apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 including a transparent cylinder (34) of substantially the same diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area as said fill pipe (14) and adapted to be placed in sealing engagement therewith so as to extend the length of said fill pipe and wherein said second tube is adapted to be vertically positioned adjacent said transparent cylinder. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein said second tube is transparent and said means for measuring the level of fluid in said second tube and the fill pipe includes a boroscope (20), adapted to be inserted in said fill pipe and adjustably arranged for visual inspection of the fluid levels in said second tube and said fill pipe and including scale means (27,28) for demarcating the level of fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said second tube has a diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area relative to the diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area of the fill pipe such that any changes in the level of fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe resulting from a change in temperature of the fluids therein are substantially equal. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein said first tube consists of at least three sections, a top section (54), a bottom section (52) and a middle section (53), each section when said apparatus is inserted in a tank under conditions of use being surrounded by an annular ring of tank volume, the ratio of the volume of any section to the volume of its surrounding tank volume being substantially equal to such ratio for any other section. The apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said means for filling said first and second tube with fluid includes a valve (30) positioned in said apparatus so as to be below the level of fluid when said tank is filled to a predetermined level within the fill pipe. A method of detecting a leak in a tank (10) having a fill pipe (14) comprising: inserting a sensing device in said tank which has a first vertical tubular portion (15) that extends substantially vertically for substantially the entire diameter or internal height of the tank and a second tubular portion (16) that extends for a predetermined length of the fill pipe of the tank, said sensing device being capable of being filled with a fluid, said second tubular portion having a diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area relative to the diameter or horizontal cross-sectional area of the fill pipe such that any change in the level of fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe resulting from a change in temperature of the fluids therein are in a substantially fixed ratio to one another and are preferably equal; filling the sensing device with a fluid to substantially the same level as the level of fluid in the fill pipe; detecting any deviation from the said fixed ratio of any changes in the level of fluid in said sensing device and in said fill pipe whereby any such deviation indicates said tank is leaking. The method of claim 8 wherein said second tubular portion (16) has a diameter (d) or horizontal cross-sectional area relative to the diameter (D) or horizontal cross-sectional area of the fill pipe (14) such that any change in the level of the fluid in said second tube and said fill pipe resulting from a change in temperature of the fluids therein are substantially equal.

Inventors: BOLLAND, DANIEL BRUCE
Applicants: EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY
Application year: 1986
Main classification: G01M3
IPC codes: G01M3