Method for forming a planarized Al thin film

Abstract: Charged particles are irradiated over a (Al) thin film (32') formed on a convex and concave surface (31,34) of a substrate (2) or over a thin film (32) being formed on a convex and concave surface (31,34) of a substrate (2). During the irradiation, raise in temperature of the thin film (32') and impingement of charged particles cause the fludization of the thin film (32'), so that a planarized thin film (32') is formed within a short period of time.

Description: The present invention relates to a method for forming an aluminum thin film which is used as conductor in a semiconductor integrated circuit and more particularly to a method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film over an undercoat film having a rough surface which is not planarized. So far, a vacuum evaporation or sputtering process has been widely used to form a thin metal film which is used as conductor in a semiconductor integrated circuit. However, the surfaces of a substrate over which thin metal films are formed are generally not planar, but are rough. That is, the surfaces have small ridges and valleys or are convex and concave. As a result, when a thin film is formed over the rough surface of such a substrate by the vacuum evaporation or sputtering process, a shape of a thin film covering the rough surface is deteriorated. For instance, an overhanging thin film is formed at a ridge so that a micro-crack occurs at a step of the ridge to result in a wiring breakdown such as disconnection. In order to solve the above-described problems, it is required that a thin metal film completely fills ridges and valleys of the substrate to planarize the rough surface of the substrate as much as possible. In order to satisfy the above-described requirement, we can consider the following two processes. One process is such that after a thin metal film has been formed over a rough surface of a substrate to poorly cover the rough surface, defective portions of the thin metal film thus poorly covering the rough surface are remedied by some methods. As one method to planarize a deposited thin metal film, the GB-A-2 080 620 discloses an electron beam annealing step, in which a pulsed electron beam is swept across an aluminum film to at least partially melt the aluminum in order to cause the overlying metal layer to reflow sufficiently to heal any cracks or discontinuities in the aluminum layer. The other process is such that a planarized thin film is so formed that its planarized surface covers uniformly the rough surface. However, there has not been proposed yet the former process which is satisfactory in practice. As the latter process, there is a technique which is a so-called "bias sputtering method" such as a proposal by Homma et al. in Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 132, (1985), pp. 1466-1472, "Planar Deposition of Aluminum by RF/DC Sputtering with RF Bias". In the bias sputtering method, a material of a thin film is sputtered to form a thin film over the rough surface of a substrate under a condition that a DC or AC bias voltage such as a voltage in a range of -100V through -500V is applied to the substrate. According to the conventional bias sputtering method, the formation of a thin film proceeds while a part of the thin film deposited over the substrate is being etched out. That is, as shown in Fig. 1, the bias sputtering method utilizes the fact that an etching rate of a thin film is dependent upon an ion incident angle in order to planarize the surface of the deposited thin film, as will be described in detail hereinafter. The planarization process will be explained in detail with referring to Figs. 2A-2E. While a thin film formation period is short, an unsatisfactory Al film 101 with poor planarization is formed over a substrate 100 having convex portions 102 as shown in Fig. 2A. Thereafter, in a little while, the inclined surfaces of the Al thin film 101 are etched faster than the horizontal surfaces thereof, and at the same time, Al is deposited over the inclined and horizontal surfaces, so that the covering shape of the thin film being deposited varies as shown in Figs. 2B and 2C. When the formation of the thin film is further carried out, the etching rate at the inclined surfaces is faster than that at the horizontal surfaces parallel to the surface of the substrate 100, so that the inclined surfaces recede toward the middle portions of the projections 102, as shown in Fig. 2D. In this case, while the deposited thin film is etched, a new thin film is formed by the deposition of sputtered atoms flying from a target, so that the thickness of the thin film 101 is not so extremely thin. As the time further elapses, the inclined surfaces over the projections 102 further recede toward the middle portions of the projections 102 and finally the inclined surfaces which are receding from both sides disappear at the midddle portions of the projections 102, so that the thin film 101 has a planarized surface, as shown in Fig. 2E. The above-described bias sputtering method, however, has the following fatal defects. Firstly, the rate at which a new thin film is formed by the deposition of sputtered atoms from the target must be lower than the rate at which the inclined surfaces recede or disappear, so that a planarized surface is obtained. As a result, there arises the problem that it takes a long time before the surface of the thin film is fully planarized. According to a conventional magnetron sputtering process, the deposition rate of aluminum is about 1µm/min, while according to the above described bias sputtering process, the deposition rate is about 20 nm/min. That is, the deposition rate of the bias sputtering process is 50 times as slow as the deposition rate of the magnetron sputtering process. Secondly, as is clear from the above-described explanation with reference to Figs. 2A-2E, when the width of a projection is narrow, the surface of a thin film can be planarized within a relatively short time, but when the width of a projection is wide, it takes a longer time before the surface of a thin film deposited is planarized. As a result, when the surface pattern of an undercoat or substrate has projections in various sizes, the thickness and the shape of a thin film deposited over the undercoat or substrate are dependent upon the surface pattern of the undercoat or substrate. More particularly, the thickness of the thin film varies from one pattern projection to another and the surface on a large pattern projection is not sufficiently planarized. Due to this dependency of the surface of the thin film on the surface pattern of the substrate, the thin film remains partially unetched in the succeeding etching step, so that a yield of the finished product becomes low. In addition, according to the bias sputtering process, accelerated ions are made to impinge against a surface of a substrate, so that sputter etching proceeds at the same time that a thin film is deposited over the surface of the substrate. As a result, during the initial time that a thin film is not sufficiently deposited over the surface of the substrate, the elements of the substrate which have been sputter-etched are mixed into the thin film being deposited and accelerated ions are also injected into the thin film, so that a purity of the deposited thin film is lowered. When ions are impinged against the substrate surface with a higher acceleration energy, the structure of the deposited thin film is varied and accordingly a high-quality thin film cannot be formed continuously. Fig. 3 is a photograph taken by a scanning type electron microscope, illustrating the surface condition when a thin aluminum film is formed over the surface of an SiO 2 film by the bias sputtering process with a higher acceleration energy. It is seen that the crystal grain growth of aluminum is adversely restrained by oxygen and silicon emitted from the substrate so that column crystals in which crystal grains are spaced apart from each other are grown. As a result, the aluminum film thus deposited exhibits infinite resistance. Because of the defects described above, the bias sputtering process has not been satisfactorily used in practice to form a thin metal film. In view of the above, one of the objects of the present invention is to provided a novel method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film which covers a convex and concave surface of a substrate with a good covering shape and has a planarized surface at a high rate. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a well planarized aluminum thin film with a good covering shape over the patterned surface of the substrate independently of the surface pattern thereof. A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film which is high both in quality and purity. A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a thin aluminum film which has a low resistance, excellent crystal properties and a high degree of mirror surface properties. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film without causing any damage on the surface of a substrate. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film preferably adapted to define a conduction layer in a VLSI of the order of less than one micron meter in width. To the above and other ends, according to the present invention, charged particles are irradiated over an aluminum thin film formed on a convex and concave surface of a substrate or over an aluminum thin film being formed on a convex and concave surface of a substrate. During the irradiation, raise in temperature of the thin film and impingement of charged particles cause the fludization of the thin film, so that a planarized thin film is formed within a short period of time. The present invention is based upon the fludization phenomenon of aluminum or Al discovered when the inventors conducted extensive studies and experiments of the aluminum sputtering process and is, therefore, quite different in principle from the prior art bias sputtering process utilizing the etching phenomenon. In the present invention, a method for forming a planarized aluminum thin film comprises the steps of: forming an aluminum thin film by sputtering on a substrate having a non-planarized surface; and subsequently, in the same sputtering apparatus, irradiating ions accelerated by a bias voltage having an absolute value of higher than 850 volts and lower than a voltage, at which said aluminum thin film reaches a temperature at which the aluminum thin film starts to melt, over the entire surface of said aluminum thin film so that said aluminum thin film is fluidized by a temperature rise of said aluminum thin film and bombardment of said aluminum thin film with said ions, and said temperature of said aluminum thin film being less than the melting point of said aluminum thin film. The above and other objects, effects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a diagram used to explain the underlying principle of a conventional bias sputtering process; Figs. 2A-2E are cross sectional views showing sequential steps of the conventional bias sputtering process; Fig. 3 is a photograph taken by a scanning type electron microscope and illustrating the surface of an aluminum film formed on an SiO 2 substrate by the conventional bias sputtering process; Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing an apparatus used to carry out the present invention; Fig. 5 is a sectional view showing a detail of a target and a substrate thereof; Fig. 6 is a cross sectional view showing a modification of a sputtering gun shown in Fig. 5; Figs. 7A and 7B are cross sectional views illustrating sequential steps of the present invention; Figs. 8A-8C and Figs. 9A-9E are photographs illustrating bias voltage and irradiation time dependence of coating conditions of aluminum films formed in accordance with the present invention; Fig. 10A illustrates a characteristic curve of a dependence of the degree of planarization on a bias voltage in the present invention; Fig. 10B is an explanatory diagram used to explain the definition of the term "degree of planarization"; Fig. 11 is a photograph illustrating the coating conditions of an aluminum film deposited over the top surface of a substrate when charged particles are irradiated to the bottom surface of the substrate. Prior to the description of the present invention, an example of an apparatus adapted to carry out the present invention will be described with reference to Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, a substrate 2 and a target 3 are disposed in opposed relationship with each other within a vacuum chamber 1. A target power supply 4 electrically connected to the target 3 may be a DC or RF power supply. A substrate power supply 5 electrically connected to the substrate 2 may be a DC or RF voltage generator. The target power supply 4, the substrate power supply 5, a vacuum exhausting unit 6 for evacuating the vacuum chamber 1, a gas controller 9 for controlling the flow rate of a gas to be supplied into the vacuum chamber 1 and a shutter 10 interposed between the substrate 2 and the target 3 are controlled to be energized or interrupted by the control signals from a sequence controller 8. Valves 11 and 12 are provided between the vacuum exhausting unit 6 and the vacuum chamber 1 and between the gas flow controller 9 and the vacuum chamber 1 to control vacuum condition of the vacuum chamber 1 and the gas flow into the vacuum chamber 1, respectively. Fig. 5 shows in detail the substrate 2, the target 3 and their associated parts, but does not show the detail of the vacuum chamber 1 and a gas supply line and an exhaust line communicating therewith. A cylindrical magnet 21A is fitted into a sputter gun 21 and a magnet 21B is disposed in the cylindrical magnet 21A in coaxial relationship therewith in such a manner that the magnetic poles of the cylindrical magnets 21A and 21B are opposite to each other as shown in Fig. 5. An electrode 21C is attached to the inner end of the magnet 21B within the vacuum chamber 1 and is grounded. The target 3 is attached to the inner end of the magnet 21A within the vacuum chamber 1. The target 3 is made of aluminum and is tapered radially inwardly. For instance, the outer diameter of the target 3 is about 18cm and the area of the target surface is about 200cm 2 . The target 3 is connected to the power supply 4 in such a way that a negative potential is applied to the target 3 from the power supply 4. Since the sputter gun 21 has the coaxial magnets 21A and 21B as described above, the plasma for sputtering the target 3 is produced only around the target 3. A susceptor 22 supported by a substrate electrode 23 is disposed in opposed relationship with the sputter gun 21 and is spaced apart therefrom by about 8cm and the surface area of the susceptor 22 is, for example, about 80cm 2 . The susceptor 22 has a peripheral flange about 1mm in height which is extended inwardly to be made contact with the bottom surface of the substrate 2. The substrate electrode 23 is connected to the DC or AC bias power supply 5. Retainers 24 for retaining the substrate 2 in position are disposed around the susceptor 22 in such a manner that the substrate 2 is electrically isolated from the vacuum chamber 1. The sputter gun 21 and the substrate electrode 23 are gas-tightly attached to the vacuum chamber 1 by means of an O ring 25 and a sealing member 26, respectively. It should be noted that the sputter gun 21 may be a sputter gun structure having a flat target 3' as shown in Fig. 6. When an aluminum thin film is deposited by using the apparatus shown in Fig. 4 or 5, the substrate 2 is first mounted in the vacuum chamber 1 which is then evacuated by the vacuum exhausting unit 6. Thereafter a sputtering gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber 1 through the gas controller 9 so that the pressure in the vacuum chamber 1 is maintained at a predetermined level. As the sputtering gas an inert gas such as argon can be used in most cases. Next, the target power supply 4 is turned on. When the target 3 is of the two pole, parallel plate non-magnetron type sputter, a plasma 7 is generated between the target electrode 3 and the substrate 2. When magnets 21a and 21b are used in combination with the target electrode 3, a plasma 7' is generated in the vicinity of the target electrode 3. Due to the sputtering action caused by a bias generated between the target electrode 3 and the plasma 7 or 7', the aluminum of the target electrode 3 is is sputtered. Under a condition that the shutter 10 is opened, aluminum is deposited on the substrate 2. Here, explanation will be made of effects when a bias voltage is applied to the substrate 2 from the bias power supply 5. If a negative DC or RF bias voltage is applied to the substrate 2, charged particles in the plasma 7 or a plasma newly generated by the bias voltage applied to the substrate 2 are accelerated by the bias voltage to impinge against the substrate 2. In this case, an acceleration energy of the charged particles irradiated to the substrate 2 is determined by the DC bias voltage in case of DC bias or a self bias voltage generated between the substrate 2 and the plasma in case of RF bias. Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be explained. For example, as shown in Fig. 7A, a silicon oxide film is used as the substrate 2 having projections 31. An aluminum film 32 is formed on the substrate 2 by the sputtering process without applying any bias voltage to the substrate 2. Subsequently, an RF, for instance, 13.56 MHz voltage is applied from the power supply 5 to the substrate 2, so that the plasma is produced in the vacuum chamber 1. The charged particles (mainly ions) such as argon ions are caused to impinge against the aluminum film 32 on the substrate 32 to which the bias voltage is applied. As a result, the aluminum film 32 is fluidized, so that a planarized film 32' is obtained as shown in Fig. 7B. Next referring to Figs. 8A-8C, actual variations in the coverage condition of the aluminum film in this case will be described. Fig. 8A is a perspective view corresponding to Fig. 7A and illustrating the coverage shape of the aluminum film 32 formed on the silicon oxide substrate having the projections 31 which were 2.5µm in width, 1.0µm in height and 4.5µm in pitch, without applying a bias voltage to the substrate. The portion of the aluminum film 32 corresponding to the projection 31 had a thickness of 1.5µm. The film formation time was 7.5 minutes. The aluminum film 32a deposited on the side walls 33 of the projection 31 was extremely thin as compared with the aluminum film 32b deposited on the top of the projection 31 and the aluminum film 32c deposited on the bottom of the groove 34 between the projections 31 converged upwardly. As described above, the aluminum film 32 formed by the sputtering process without applying a bias voltage to the substrate 2 exhibited extremely bad coverage, because of reflecting the shadowing effect of the sputtering process. Thereafter, a bias voltage was applied to the substrate 2 and the charged particles were irradiated over the surface of the aluminum film 32. Then, due to the application of the bias voltage, the aluminum film 32 was fluidized so that its coverage was considerably improved and consequently a planarized aluminum film 32' was formed. This process is shown in Figs. 8A - 8C. In this case, the bias voltage means a self-bias voltage produced in the substrate electrode 23 (See Fig. 5) due to the generation of the plasma. The higher the power of the power supply 5, the higher the bias voltage becomes. Fig. 8B shows the coverage of the aluminum film 32' formed by the processing for ten minutes when the bias voltage was -850V (corresponding to 100W power). When Fig. 8B is compared with Fig. 8A, it is seen that Fig. 8B shows the transition step in which both the edges of the aluminum film 32b deposited on the top of the projection 31 are rounded and the cross section of the aluminum film 32c deposited on the bottom of the groove 34 is varied due to fluidization, whereby the overall aluminum film is gradually planarized. Fig. 8C shows the coverage of the aluminum film 32' formed by the processing for ten minutes when the bias voltage was -1200V (corresponding to 220W power). It is seen that the aluminum film 32' is fluidized to fill in the groove 34, so that the side walls 33 of the groove 34 are satisfactorily coated by the aluminum film 32' and consequently a degree of planarization of the deposited aluminum film is improved further. Figs. 9A-9E illustrate irradiation time dependence of the coating condition when charged particles are irradiated to the aluminum film with a bias voltage of -1400V. In this case, the projection of the silicon oxide film substrate had a height of 1µm, a width of 1µm and a pitch of 3µm. The thickness of the aluminum film on the projection was the same as in Fig. 8A. Fig. 9A shows a condition before charged particles are irradiated and has the same shape as in Fig. 8A. Fig. 9B shows a covering condition of the aluminum film 32' when charged particles were irradiated for two minutes. The aluminum film 32c on the bottom of the groove 34 which had a converging shape was planarized and the both edges of the aluminum film 32b on the projection 31 were slightly rounded. Fig. 9C shows a shape after the irradiation for three minutes. The shape was not remarkably varied compared with the shape shown in Fig. 9B after the irradiation for two minutes. Fig. 9D shows a shape after the irradiation for four minutes. The height of the aluminum film 32b on the projection 31 was decreased and the height of the aluminum film 32c on the bottom of the groove 34 was increased with an inclined surface. This inclination indicates that the aluminum film 32b on the projection 31 was fluidized and ran into the groove 34. Fig. 9E shows a shape after the irradiation for five minutes. The surface of the aluminum film was satisfactorily planarized. As clear from the above examples, the aluminum film on the projection suddenly flows into the groove for the first time after the radiation for a predetermined time. This indicates that a temperature of the substrate 2 rises due to the impingement of charged particles, so that the aluminum film was fluidized. Fig. 10A shows the dependence of a degree of planarization on the bias voltage. The degree of planarization is defined by γ=1-(d 1 /d 0 ), where d 0 is the height of a step-like projection, i.e., the depth of a groove of an undercoat (substrate) and d 1 is the depth of a recess formed on a surface of an aluminum film deposited on the substrate. When the surface of the aluminum film is completely planarized, γ=1 and when the surface pattern of the aluminum film corresponds to the surface pattern of the undercoat or substrate, γ=0. Furthermore, when d 1 is greater than d 0 , the value of γ becomes negative. It is seen from Fig. 10A that when the absolute value of the bias voltage is substantially larger than |-850|V (for example, |-1200|V) when the apparatus of the type described above with reference to Fig. 5 is used, it becomes possible to obtain a highly planarized aluminum film which does not reflect the step portions of the surface pattern of the undercoat or substrate. The upper limit of the bias voltage is a bias voltage value immediately before an aluminum film reaches a temperature (melting point) at which an aluminum film starts to melt. Next, substantial differences between the present invention and the conventional bias sputtering process will be briefly described. As described above, the conventional bias sputtering process utilizes etching phenomenon. On the other hand, according to the present invention, even though the aluminum film 32 is more or less etched when a bias voltage is applied to the substrate, the etching rate is extremely low. For instance, with the bias voltage of -850V, the etching rate is about 20 nm/min (200Å/min) and with the bias voltage of -1200V, the etching rate is about 30 nm/min (300Å/min). Thus, within such a short time interval as described above, it is impossible to recede to planaraze the aluminum film 32b on the top of the projection 31 having a width of 2.5µm. For instance, even if the aluminum film 32b is receded, no aluminum is supplied by the sputtering process, so that it cannot be explained why the aluminum film 32c which converges upwardly in the groove 34 as shown in Fig. 8A becomes uniformly planarized as shown in Fig. 8B. According to the present invention, the aluminum film 32 is irradiated with charged particles so that the temperature of the aluminum film rises. In addition, due to the bombardment of the surface of the aluminum film with the accelerated charged particles, the aluminum film is fluidized to fill in the groove so as to planarize the surface of the aluminum film as shown in Figs. 8B and 8C. It should be noted that according to the present invention, the temperature rise of the aluminum film caused by the irradiation of the charged particles must be less than a melting point of the aluminum film. For instance, at the bias voltage of -850V, the temperature rise was about 380°C and at the bias voltage of -1200V, the temperature rise was about 410°C. As described above, the bombardment of the surface of the aluminum film with the charged particles plays an important role in the present invention and the reason was cleared as a result of extensive studies and experiments conducted by the inventors as follows. Fig. 11 shows conditions of the aluminum film when the specimen as shown in Fig. 8A is turned upside down and the rear surface thereof is irradiated with the charged particles under the same condition as in Fig. 8C. When the rear surface of the substrate is irradiated with the charged particles at the bias voltage of -1200V, the temperature rises substantially to the same level as the temperature as shown in Fig. 8C, but the coverage of the aluminum film is substantially similar to that as shown in Fig. 8A and is not improved. When heat dissipation is caused by thermal radiation from the substrate, there exists no temperature difference between the top and rear surfaces of the substrate as disclosed in Journal of Vacuum Science Technology Vol. 11 (1974), pp. 1177-1185. In view of the above, the temperature per se is not an essential requirement to cause the fludization of the aluminum film and the above-described fact shows that the bombardment of the surface of the thin film with the charged particles is also required in order to realize the effects of the present invention. In the above-described embodiment of the present invention, the substrate is not positively heated from the exterior. It is of course possible to irradiate the surface of a thin film with the charged particles while the substrate is heated from the exterior by means of a heater or an infrared lamp. As compared with the case in which the substrate is not heated from the exterior, the aluminum film is easily fluidized when the substrate is heated from the exterior, so that the bias voltage required for obtaining the corresponding degree of planarization can be remarkably decreased. However, in this case, it is required that the temperature rise due to the irradiation of the charged particles and the external heating does not exceed a melting point of the aluminum film. In the present invention, the step for depositing an aluminum film and the step for irradiating charged particles to the aluminum film are sequentially and continuously processed in the same sputtering apparatus. So far the present invention has been described in connection with the embodiment of aluminum film, but it is to be understood that the present invention may be equally applied to a case of planarization of the surface of an aluminum alloy film containing a small amount of one or more elements such as Si, Cu or the like. While the substrate has been described as consisting of silicon dioxide, it is to be understood that the present invention may be equally applied to other materials of a substrate of LSI device. As the substrate material, single-crystal silicon, polycrystal silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or the like are used in general and Ti, Mo, W or compounds thereof can be used. As described above, the present invention is not based upon an etching phenomenon, but is mainly based up on the fluidization phenomenon of a thin film already formed or being formed. Due to the fluidization of an aluminum film, grooves are filled with the fluidized aluminum film so that the surface of the aluminum film is planarized. As a result, the aluminum film coverage immediately after the formation of the aluminum film or in the initial stage of the formation of the aluminum film is improved and thus wiring defects such as disconnections can be minimized. Consequently, the yield of semiconductor integrated circuits can be improved. In addition, a period of time required for causing the fluidization of an aluminum film is shorter than a period of time required for the disappearance of inclined surface caused by etching phenomenon. Therefore, a planarized thin film can be formed within a short time as compared with the conventional bias sputtering process. Moreover, the substrate can be externally heated, so that the film deposition rate can be further increased. Since the present invention utilizes the fluidization phenomenon of a thin film such as an aluminum film, so that the surface of a deposited thin aluminum film can be planarized independently of the surface pattern of an undercoat or substrate. In the particular embodiment of the present invention, an aluminum film is previously formed without applying any bias voltage to a substrate, so that, in the succeeding step including the irradiation of charged particles, the substrate is prevented from being sputtered. Consequently, a quality of the deposited film is improved and a continuous film can be formed. Furthermore, damages to the surface of the substrate due to the bombardment of the charged particles can be minimized.

Claims: A method of forming a planarized aluminum thin film comprising the steps of: forming an aluminum thin film by sputtering on a substrate having a non-planarized surface; and subsequently, in the same sputtering apparatus, irradiating ions accelerated by a bias voltage having an absolute value of higher than 850 volts and lower than a voltage, at which said aluminum thin film reaches a temperature at which said aluminum thin film starts to melt, over the entire surface of said aluminum thin film so that said aluminum thin film is fluidized by a temperature rise of said aluminum thin film and bombardment of said aluminum thin film with said ions, said temperature of said aluminum thin film being less than the melting point of said aluminum thin film. A method of forming a planarized aluminum thin film as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that after the formation of said aluminum thin film on said substrate having the non-planarized surface, said ions are irradiated on said aluminum thin film after said substrate has been heated from the exterior or while said substrate is being heated from the exterior.

Inventors: AMAZAWA TAKAO, KAMOSHIDA KAZUYOSHI, NAKAMURA HIROAKI, AMAZAWA, TAKAO, KAMOSHIDA, KAZUYOSHI, NAKAMURA, HIROAKI
Applicants: NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
Application year: 1986
Main classification: H01L21
IPC codes: H01L21