A TRACKING, MEASURING AND CALCULATING INSTRUMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LENGTHS, AREAS, PERIPHERIES AND VOLUMES

Abstract: A sensing, measuring and calculating instrument (1) for tracing one, two and three-dimensional objects and with which lengths, areas, peripheries and volumes can be sensed and calculated, and whereby means of programming (2) can be used in order to measure and calculate in several systems of units and scales. The instrument is constructed in such a way that it can be guided over objects with one hand only and is provided with means of sensing (3) which make it possible to follow curves of small radius and whereby an interruptor converts by opto-electrical or electromagnetic means the revolutions of the sensing wheel (4) into electrical pulses for the calculator.

Description: A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument for the determination of lengths, areas, peripheries and volumes. It can be assumed that it is known that the length of roads on a map can be tracked by mechanical means, such as with a wheel, in such a way as to produce an analogue display on a scale of the number of revolutions made. It is also known that micro-electronic techniques provide various means of receiving signals, of processing such signals, and of displaying calculated results. The current invention concerns a tracking, measur¬ ing and calculating instrument for the determination of lengths, areas, peripheries and volumes that can by means of a tracking wheel follow lines on one, two or three-dimensional objects whereby the revolutions of the tracking wheel are converted into electrical pulses, following which these pulses are input to a calculator for calculating lengths, surface areas, peripheries or volumes, and is provided with a window for displaying the calculated results. It is known from the brochure for the Olympia (probably registered as a trademark) MEC 81 that this instrument, in the form of a calculator, has the facility for extending from the short, left-hand side of the housing a sensor containing a tracking wheel with opto-coupling. By placing the MEC 81 instrument on the tracking wheel it is then possible for the user to trace maps or drawings whereby the sensed dimensions can be processed by the calculator. Via the built-in electronics it is also possible perform a single conversion of the calculated result from the metric system to feet or inches. A serious disadvantage of the MEC 81 is that the instrument is constructed in such a way that it is extremely difficult for the user to follow curves and in particular sharp curves with accuracy, partly because the instrument can not be rotated in the fingers so that satisfactory contact between the instrument and the lines to be traced can not be maintained. For example, when closing a line to form a circle it is totally impossible with the instrument in one hand to guide the tracking wheel over the figures to be followed, with the result that the tracking wheel regularly misses the lines to be followed. It can therefore be concluded that the MEC 81 produces a very unsatisfactory measurement result in the circumstances described, the more so in that it is obvious that when the measuring instrument has to be moved from one hand to the other it is hardly possible to keep the tracking wheel on the place to be sensed whereby movements of the tracking wheel result in unintentional counts. In addition, the jnethod used for power supply makes the instrument dependent on two peπlight batteries, the volume and weight of hich result in a relatively bulky and relatively heavy instrument, The current -Invention h«« the* nhj^r}; f providing solutions to the problems specified and in consequence has the charac¬ teristic that all the functions of the instrument are combined in a single housing and that the housing is constructed in such a way that it is possible for the user with one hand to follow straight or curved lines on one, two or three-dimensional objects, with relative independ¬ ence of the sharpness of the successive curves or the distance between them with a relatively high accuracy, whereby the calculator also disposes of programming means such that the calculations can be made for different scales and or several systems of units, for which purpose the instrument incorporates means of selection and similar devices and the instrument is provided with a conversion system for converting the • movement of the tracking wheel into electrical pulses, and that a minimal quantity of electrical energy is required whereby the power supply used can be in the form of a relatively lightweight unit whereby the total weight, together with the proportions achieved, provide optimal ease of use that utilizes the currently-recognized principles of ergonometry. A number of versions of the invention will be described on the basis of the associated drawings. As an example figure 1 shows a side view and plan of a longitudinal section. Figure- 2 shows the exterior of one version. Figure 3 shows a method whereby the calcu¬ lator receives the necessary pulses via an electromagnetic generator. Figure 4 shows one of the methods for providing a swivelling motion for the tracking wheel. Figure 5 gives an example in which the swivelling wheel is fitted with an electromagnetic generator. Figure 6 shows a version with which pulses are obtained via optical interruption which can be produced independently of the instrument. Figure 7 shows that signals can be counted and registered with a combination of colour- sensitive sensors. Figures 8a and 8b give a plan and side view of a version with a flat keyboard. Figures 9a and 9b show a plan and side view of a version with a caster tracking wheel. Figures 10a and 10b are cross-sections of the mechanics in front and side views. Figures 11a and lib are cross-sections of the caster wheel with part front and side views. The figures will now be described in detail by number. Figure 1 shows a side view and plan of a longitudinal section whereby the keyboard 2 can be opened and closed with respect to the housing 1. When the keyboard 2 is closed it shields the window 3 whereby the keyboard 2 and the window 3 are protected against moisture and dirt, providing safe storage in clothing or in a bag. In the point of the instrument is a tracking wheel 4, that can rotate axially with respect to the longitudinal axis of the instrument, and with which the surface of an object can be followed. This tracking wheel 4 is provided on one face with a gear wheel driving a shaft 5, which in turn drives the disk 6. The disk 6 is provided with a number of narrow slots 8 or holes at regular intervals. These slots 8 are designed to create a pulse train by interrupting a light beam coming from a light-generating element and passing to a signal-receiving element 10 located on the other side of the disk 6, which converts the pulse train into an input signal for the calculator 11. Pith the opto-coupling system described above disk 6 can also incorp- orate other types of interrupter devices such as will be described under figures 10 and 11. The calculator 11 can, for example, be in the form of a microprocessor consisting of one or more calculator chips as is known in calculator technology. The partition 7 provides sealing for the housing whereby elements within the housing are protected against moisture and dirt. A start key 12, separately located for ergono- metric reasons allows the user to start and to interrupt the measuring or tracking function whereby during measurements of different lines accidental movements of the tracking wheel do not lead to interference with the measurement results. This start key 12 is mounted on the upper surface and is located in the width in such a way that the Thus, during the calculation of, for example, areas the length of the area to be measured is first measured by pressing the start key 12 and then after releasing key 12 entering the multiplication factor and then measuring the width after pressing key 12. When the '=' key is pressed, the calculated result is displayed in a window with, for example, digital symbols. In the functional design of the calculator the basis was that calculation should be possible with predetermined systems of units and scales, i.e. that before or during or after the tracing operation an arithmetical factor can be selected whereby the calcula¬ tions are performed in the required system of units and scale. To this end figure 1 shows a selector switch 13 with which a number of the most-common systems of units or scales are preselected. Variations can be obtained with the aid of the calculator. The calculator to be used determines the division of the keyboard whereby the fix or selector key displays which scale or system of units has been selected. The function of this key 15 can be modified for different calculators. The narrow keys 16 and 17 serve to switch the- electrical supply on and off. Keys 14, 14a and 14b control memory functions. Space 18 is intended for the power supply, batteries for example. Figure 2 shows the exterior of another version, in which the keys are arranged on the instrument for easy access, and of which the pen shape assists tracing of straight and curved lines. The illustration of the left-hand side of the instrument shows the keys for a number of arithmetical functions, whereas the non- illustrated right- hand side carries the numerals 0-9, the decimal sign and the memory functions. Equally applicable to the version shown in figure 1 and to that in figure 2 is the fact that if different calculators are used modified keyboards and function keys will also be required. Figure 3 illustrates a method with which the pulses required by the calculator are amplified by an electromagnetic generator, well known as the Hall generator. The tracking wheel 19 is fitted with small magnetic elements 20 which generate electrical pulses in the generator 21 when the tracking wheel 19 rotates. The impulses are fed to a contact on the partition 22 and from there transmitted to the calculator. Figure 4 shows one solution to the problem that can arise when the instrument has to trace complex curves, on a road map. for example, and curves of small radius. The swivel action of the tracking wheel offers the advantage that in addition to closer tracing of curves, the instrument can remain comfortably in the hand and that the keyboard and any window for the display of measured and calculated results remains better visible. The flexible shaft 24, attached at one end to the axis of rotation of the tracking wheel 23, and at the other end to an input device on the housing for driving an interrupter. An incompletely circular shape of the locknut 28 ensures that the swivell¬ ing wheel can swivel no more than 180 degrees, for example, whereby the flexible shaft is not impeded or damaged. Figure 5 shows a swivelling wheel in which an electromagnetic generator is mounted. This example of a swivelling wheel, in a version shown in side view, shows the tracking wheel 29 with the built-in magnetic elements 30. The generator 32 lies within the fork of the swivel device 32, depending on the dimensions chosen, or on the face of the tracking wheel or above the tracking wheel in which case the magnetic elements are mounted further towards the periphery of the tracking wheel. Swivelling of the wheel can be blocked by sliding a locking device 33 against the serrations in the housing whereby measure¬ ments along a straight line are made easier. The vertical shaft 34 includes a device to prevent unlimited rotation of the swivelling wheel. Figure 6 shows a totally different method of recognizing pulses. Employing the fact that the swivelling wheels in figures 3, 5 and 10a and 10b can be removed and replaced by, for examp¬ le, an optical device for converting light signals, for example, into useful pulses, and a distinction can be made between, for example, stripes of different colours on an object by mounting colour filters. Invisible light can also be registered in this manner. The colour filters are interchangeable and can be combined. Figure 7 shows an assembly of colour-sensitive sensors, which makes it possible for signals from, for example, differ- ently-coloured areas on drawings, maps and objects to be differentiated and recognized. The colour-sensitive sensors consist of photoelectric cells 35 to which different colour filters have been applied by means of vapour deposition. These photocells with optical filters 35a,b,c and d are interchangeable. This method provides the possibility via colour detection of recognizing and processing distinctive information from objects or parts of objects with the calculator on the basis of their colour. Figure 8a is a plan view, figure 8b the side view of a version in which the keyboard is completely flat whereby the instrument can be used as a calculator when laid flat. The window shown in figure 8a shows, for example, which system of units has been entered in the calculator as fixed conversion factors. The drawing shows a number of systems of units although in practice the window 37 will display only the system of units selected with the selector key 38. Conversion to another system of units can be made by using key 38 and then the key '=' after the required system of units has appeared in the window. The connector 40 is the cable over which stored data can be transmitted, to a printer in particular, for storing the processed measurement results, but also to a computer system for further pro- cessing or to databank systems. The tracking wheel 41 will be described in detail under figures 10a and 10 b, with the understanding that several methods of interruption can be employed other than the opto-coupling and the electromagnetic generation to be described. Figures 9a and 9b show the plan and side views of the instrument with a caster tracking wheel 42. It will be clear that this version in particular provides optimal facility for the user • accurately to trace a web of straight and curved lines, whereby the window 43 remains clearly visible and the keyboard accessible. The keyboard in figure 9a differs from that in figure 8a in that it provides memory functions whereby it is possible to store results in between different measurements and to combine them with each other. The memory functions are controlled by keys 44. Key 45 indicates the use of the fixed conversion factor pi which allows the user to determine in a simple manner the area of a circle on the basis of the measurement of its radius, or to calculate the volume of a silo. Key 46 provides in the first place the result calculated by the calculator in the window. Entering '=' a second time when equipment is connected starts the transfer of the measured or calculated results shown in the window together with output of data in the memory. The caster tracking wheel will be discussed in detail under figures 11a and b. Figures 10a and 10b provide an example of the manner in which tracing is converted via tracking wheel 47, on which a gear wheel 48 transmits the rotation of tracking wheel 47 via a gear wheel 49 to the shaft 50. This shaft 50 protrudes into a reflector housing 52 and has at one end gear teeth for obtaining from gear wheel 49 a rotary motion, and at the other end an aperture 51 diametrically through the shaft 50, whereby when the shaft 50 rotates it alternately opens and closes a hollow space in the reflector housing 52. On the interior surface of the reflector housing 52 are two surfaces 53 which serve to reflect light signals in a selected direction. It is thus possible for a light signal from a light-generating element 54, an LED for example, to be directed by reflection through the aper¬ ture 51, whereby rotation of the shaft 50 by, for example, 90° closes the hollow space in the reflector housing 52. As soon as shaft 50 rotates a further 90° the aperure 51 opens for transmission of the light signal from element 54, and the light signal can be received via reflec¬ ting surface 53 by a receiving element 54, which can be, for example, a phototransistor. The manner in which the transmitting element 54 and the receiving element 55 are located with respect to each other and to the interruption-generating shaft 50 offers a number of specific advantage which greatly contribute to meeting the requirements to be placed on the instrument, such as the proportions and volume and weight of the power supply. This creates an opto-coupling with the smallest-possible dimen¬ sions of the opto-coupling working surfaces, since the elements 54 and 55 need not be mounted "facing" each other in which case their length, greater than their diameter, would create a relatively thick opto-coupl¬ ing. In addition, there is a "dark environment" within the reflector housing 52 whereby even with a low current consumption a light signal is generated strong enough to attain the switching level of element 55, whereby a relatively small power supply, button cells for example, will provide sufficient power for the opto-coupling as well as the calculator and a display window. In addition the reflector housing provides good protection against external radiation, and protects the elements against dirt. Another example of interruption is a version on the basis of figures 10a and 10b in which the elements 54 and 54 together with the housing 52 are replaced by, for example, an electromagnetic generator and in which a permanent magnet is mounted in the aperture 51 whereby at every rotation of shaft 50 an electrical signal is generated for the calculator. Figures 11a and lib show in general line the same interruption technique as in figures 10a and 10b. In this case, however, it concerns the caster movement of the tracking wheel with respect to the housing, although the castering part forms, both constructionally and functionally, such an essential part of the whole instrument that we are of the opinion that we can speak of a single instrument housing. The castering part 59 rotates around a connecting tube 57, whereby the spacer ring 58 maintains the caster in the correct position with respect to the instrument proper, absorbs exterior forces and provides sealing against dust and moisture. Several interruption techniques can be applied in a given solution to the castering tracking wheel described here. Thus, variations in the calculating equipment described in this application are possible whereby another arithmetical program can be envisaged.. Nonetheless these variations are also consid¬ ered to fall within the scope of this invention.

Claims: CONCLUSl NS 1. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument for the determination of lengths, areas, peripheries and volumes that by means of a tracking wheel can follow lines on one, two or three-dimen¬ sional objects, hereby converting the rotations of the tracking wheel into electrical pulses by means of an interrupter, whereafter these pulses are transmitted to a calculator for the calculation of lengths, areas, peripheries or volumes and is provided with a window for the display of the calculated results, having the characteristic, that all the functions of the instrument are combined in a single housing and that the housing is constructed in such a way that it is possible for the user with one hand to follow straight or curved lines on one, two or three-dimensional objects, with relative independence of the sharpness of the successive curves or the distance between them with relatively high accuracy, whereby the calculator also disposes ' of programming means such that the calculations can be made for different scales and for several systems of units, for which purpose the instrument incorporates selector devices and similar devices and the instrument is provided with a conversion system for converting the movement of the tracking wheel into electrical pulses, in such a manner that a minimal quantity of electrical energy is required, whereby the power supply used can be in the form of a relatively lightweight unit, whereby the total weight, together with the proportions achieved, provide the instrument with optimal ease of use utilizing the currently-accepted principles of ergonometry. 2. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusion 1, having the characteristic, that the instrument is provided with a tracking wheel fitted with permanent magnets for converting the rotations of the tracking wheel by passing the tracking wheel past an electromagnetic generator in order to gener¬ ate pulses for input to the calculator. 3. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusion 1, having the characteristic, that the tracking wheel transmits the movements by mechanical means to an inter¬ rupter shaft that is mounted in a housing in such a manner that the electromagnetic signal can be interrupted, whereby the elements emitting and receiving electrical signals are located with respect to each other in such a manner that the minimum proportions are achieved, and whereby the signal-emitting and receiving elements are mounted in a housing such that undesired radiation is excluded, whereby the intended conversion can be achieved with a minimum supply of electrical power. 4. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusions 1 and 4, having the characteristic, that in the aperture of the interrupter shaft a magnetic element is located, and whereby the housing surrounding the interrupter shaft is fitted with an electromagnetic generator. 5. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusions 1, 3 and 4 having the characteristic, that the mechanical part of the tracking instrument is enclosed in a housing that is rotatable with respect to the remaining part of the instrument.. 6. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusions 1, 3, 4 and 5 having the characteristic, that both the mechanical part of the instrument and and inter- rupter as described in one of the foregoing conclusions is enclosed in a housing that can move independently of a calculator or similar. 7. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusion 1, having the characteristic, that the housing incorporates selector means with which the calculator can be programmed, whereby the calculations required are performed in the required scale and system of units. 8. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusion 1, having the characteristic, that the housing incorporates connector provided with contacts, that can be mounted in such a position that the calculator is programmed with a fixed scale and the fixed system of units in which the calculations are to be performed. 9. A tracking, measuring and calculating instrument in accordance with conclusions 1 and 5, having the characteristic, that the swivelling wheel is connected to the housing via a flexible shaft lying in the projection of the wheel axis in such a manner that rota¬ tions of the tracking wheel can be directly transmitted to an inter¬ rupter located in the housing. 10. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with the foregoing conclusions, having the charac¬ teristic, that the housing incorporates provisions that make it possible to replace the mechanical part of the instrument by a head containing at least one photocell that can deliver pulses to the calculator. 11. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusions 1 and 10, having the characteristic, that the tracking head incorporates a signal-emitting element which can transmit a signal and whereby in the tracking head one or more signal- sensitive electrical elements are incorporated in order to receive the signal after reflection and to convert the signal into useful pulses. 12. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusions 1, 10 and 11, having the charac¬ teristic, that colour filters can be mounted in front of the photo- electric cell, whereby it becomes possible to register units of a given colour and to convert them into pulses for the calculator. 13. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusions 1 to 12 inclusive, having the characteristic, that the housing incorporates a means whereby it becomes possible to transmit the measured values to another electronic system. 14. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusions 1 and 10, having the characteristic, that the housing incorporates several photoelectric cells upon which a colour filter is mounted, whereby signals from different colours can be distinguished and converted into pulses for a computer programmed for that purpose. 15. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusions 1, 10, 11 and 14 having the charac¬ teristic, that several photoelectric cells are mounted behind a prism that splits the incident light, whereby signals of different colours can be registered, and transmitted to other systems. 16. A tracking, measuring and calculating instru¬ ment in accordance with conclusion 1, having the characteristic, that the instrument is provided with electronic amplifiers whereby the different measured intensities of light signals and similar can be made recognizable for registration by several systems.

Inventors: RIJLAARSDAM CORNELIS ELIZABETH, RIJLAARSDAM, CORNELIS, ELIZABETH
Applicants: RIJLAARSDAM CORNELIS ELIZABETH, RIJLAARSDAM, CORNELIS, ELIZABETH
Application year: 1985
Main classification: G01B3
IPC codes: G01B3, G01B5, G01B21