PROCESS FOR MAKING A SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURE

Abstract: A process is provided for making semiconductor structures, such as CMOS structures, which includes forming on a surface of a semiconductor body (12) a layer from a material which is impervious to oxygen diffusion therethrough and patterning this layer to define the position of both the active and field isolation regions by partially removing this layer from the areas where the field isolation regions are to be formed. This oxygen impervious layer may be a dual dielectric structure consisting of a layer of silicon dioxide (14) adjoining the semiconductor body and a layer of silicon nitride (16) adjoining the silicon dioxide. The resulting structure includes an oxygen impervious layer (16b) which is used both for protecting all underlying oxidizing regions from oxidation and for defining the position of the active regions of the structure.

Description: The invention relates to a process for making semiconductor structures, the process being particularly well suited in fabricating Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ("CMOS") structures. As the density of active device elements in an Integrated Circuit (IC) increases, so does the importance for electrically isolating adjacent elements in the same substrate. One method for isolating active elements is to provide field isolation regions between adjacent active elements and to provide doped regions within these isolation regions to act as parasitic channel stopping elements. These doped regions eliminate the undesirable conduction due to inversion under the field isolation when lightly doped substrates are used. A process for providing such doped field isolation regions which are also self-aligned to preselected subsequently fabricated active regions is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,144,101, issued on March 13, 1979 to V. L. Rideout and assigned to the same assignee as the present Application. CMOS circuits use both N channel and P channel devices in the same IC substrate. Conventional process­ ing techniques for making such structures include the formation of single wells or dual wells in preselected portions of a substrate in which individual MOS devices are to be built. U.S. Patent No. 4,244,752, issued on January 13, 1981 to Henderson, Sr. et al, discloses a process for making CMOS IC's having P-channel and N- channel devices in a P type substrate. A dual dielectric layer of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride is used as a first mask on the surface of the substrate to define the position of the subsequently formed field isolation regions which in turn define the location of the active device regions on the structure. Once the location of the active regions is defined, a second mask is used to form through ion implantation N type well regions for the P channel devices. Using the silicon dioxide-silicon nitride structure as an ion implantation mask the field isolation regions are doped with a P type dopant and subsequently a silicon dioxide layer is grown in these regions for field isolation purposes. In U.S. Patent No. 4,385,947, issued on May 31, 1983 to Halfacre et al there is disclosed a method for fabri­ cating CMOS devices in a P type substrate with a single guard ring using local oxidation. The method includes forming a masking layer on a P type silicon substrate having a thin layer of silicon dioxide on it. An opening is formed in the masking layer and the underlying silicon dioxide layer is in a preselected position for the formation of an N-well region. An N dopant is then diffused to form the N-well region. A second masking layer is then formed from an oxide inhibiting material, such as silicon nitride, and patterned to define the position in which the CMOS active regions are to be formed. This layer is then removed from all but the locations reserved for the active regions. A third masking layer, which may be made from a photoresist material is formed over the structure and patterned to expose the regions preselected for guard ring regions. These regions are then formed through implantation with a P type dopant material. The third masking layer is then removed. The substrate is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere to grow field oxide on the substrate except on the portions covered by the Si₃N₄. It is an object of this invention to provide an improved process for making high density semiconductor devices. It is another object of this invention to provide a process for making CMOS structures with doped field isolation regions which are self aligned to the active regions and the well regions. These and other objects are achieved by the invention as claimed. The advantages offered by the invention are mainly that the process provides for exact definition of the active regions in the semiconductor in which the structures are formed and that the field isolation regions are self-aligned to the active regions and to the well regions. This permits high device density on the semiconductor chips, particularly in the fabrication of CMOS structures. One way of carrying with the invention is described in detail below with reference to drawings in which Figures 1 to 6 schematically illustrate the sequence of steps of a process in accordance with the invention employed in the fabrication of CMOS structures. In general, the inventive process involves forming on a surface of a semiconductor body a layer from a material which is impervious to oxygen diffusion there­ through. A pattern defining the position of the active regions and the field isolation regions is formed on this layer by partially removing it from the areas where the field isolation regions are to be formed. Thus, the resulting structure includes an oxygen impervious layer over the semiconductor body both to protect the under­ lying oxidizing regions from oxidation during subsequent processing steps and to form on this layer pattern information for subsequent use for the formation and doping of the field isolation regions. This oxygen impervious layer may be a dual dielectric layer of silicon dioxide adjoining the semiconductor body and silicon nitride over the silicon dioxide. In the embodiment of this invention illustrated in the drawings the process is used to make a CMOS structure in a P type substrate. A P type epitaxial layer of sili­ con is used as the semiconductor body into which the circuits are built. A layer of silicon dioxide is formed on the epitaxial layer and a layer of silicon nitride is formed on the silicon dioxide layer. A layer of polycry­ stalline silicon ("polysilicon") is then formed over the silicon nitride layer (Fig. 1). The desired pattern for the field isolation regions is formed over the polysili­ con layer and the structure is etched to remove the poly­ silicon and a portion of the silicon nitride layer from the areas of the structure where the field isolation re­ gions are to be formed. The resulting structure (Fig.2) includes a nitride layer having relatively thin portions over the areas where field isolation regions are to be formed and relatively thick portions over areas where the active device regions are to be formed. A photoresist mask is then formed (Fig. 3) to define on the polysilicon and silicon nitride layers the position of N-well re­ gions, leaving the areas preselected for the N-well regions exposed. At this time the exposed polysilicon portions may be removed prior to the formation of the N-well region. The removal of these polysilicon portions at this point in the process is optional. An N-type conductivity determining dopant is implanted (Fig. 3) through the exposed silicon nitride (and polysilicon portions if not previously removed) and into the epitaxi­ al layer, using the photoresist mask as an ion implan­ tation mask protecting the remaining portion of the structure. A lift-off material, (such as polysilicon), which is chosen to withstand relatively high temperatures (about 1000°C) is deposited over the structure through conventional lift-off techniques, and the photoresist with excess lift-off material is lifted off (removed) from the structure (Fig. 4). The N-well dopant can then be driven-in through annealing to form the N-well regions (Fig. 5). P-type dopants are implanted into the epitaxi­ al layer portions which are covered by the relatively thin silicon nitride portions using the relatively thick silicon nitride portions which are covered by a polysili­ con portion and the lift-off material as an ion implan­ tation mask. This forms the doped field isolation regions (Fig. 5). The lift-off material is then removed using conventional chemical etching techniques. During this etching the silicon nitride layer protects the underlying regions in the epitaxial layer from etching. A blanket reactive ion etching (RIE) step is then used to partially remove the silicon nitride layer exposing the silicon dioxide everywhere except the areas defined for the active regions which areas are covered by the rela­ tively thick silicon nitride portions (Fig. 6). Follow­ ing the blanket RIE step even the relatively thick silicon nitride portions become thinner but there is left behind enough silicon nitride to protect from oxidation the epitaxial layer regions which are to be used for the of active devices. Following the oxidation of the field isolation regions (i.e. to form semi-recessed oxide regions - "SROX") the remaining silicon nitride portions are removed and through conventional CMOS processing techniques both N-channel and P-channel devices are formed in the defined active device regions. In one variation of this process there is an extra step of forming a pad pyrolytic silicon dioxide layer between the silicon nitride layer and the polysilicon layer to act as an etching mask during the removal of the relatively thin silicon nitride portions. Without this pyrolytic silicon dioxide layer, the thickness of the relatively thick silicon nitride portion is reduced during the removal of the relatively thin silicon nitride portions. This pyrolytic silicon dioxide is patterned like the pad polysilicon as will be explained during a detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Referring now to Fig. 1, there is shown a semicon­ ductor substrate 10, which may be made of a P + conducti­ vity type silicon and an epitaxial semiconductor layer ("epi") 12, preferably of P - type silicon, grown on substrate 10. A thin layer of silicon dioxide 14 ("pad oxide") is grown on the epitaxial layer 12 and a layer of silicon nitride 16 is deposited, preferably by convention­ al Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition ("LPCVD") techniques, on the silicon dioxide layer 14. A layer of pyrolytic silicon dioxide 18 ("pad pyro") may be deposi­ ted on silicon nitride layer 16. As discussed earlier, silicon dioxide layer 18 is an optional layer the pre­ sence of which is useful during a subsequent part of the process when portions of the underlying silicon nitride layer have to be removed. A layer of polycrystalline silicon ("polysilicon") 20 preferably undoped, is then deposited on the silicon dioxide layer 18, preferably by LPCVD techniques. The epitaxial layer 12 may have a thickness in the range of 1 to 15 micrometers and a resistivity in the range of 5 to 50 ohm-centimeters. The silicon dioxide layer 14 may have a thickness of about 50 nanometers and the silicon nitride layer 16 may have a thickness of about 100 nanometers. The pyrolytic silicon dioxide layer 18 may have a thickness of 50 nanometers and polysilicon layer 20 may have a thickness of 150 nanometers. At this point, the N-well regions, which are not shown, may be defined over the structure through an ion implantation step. The N type dopants may be implan­ ted into these regions. This step is an optional step at this point since the N-well implantation may take place at a different point in the process as shown in Fig. 3. With a conventional photoresist mask, not shown, openings 21 are formed in the polysilicon layer 20, the pyrolytic oxide 18 and partially through the silicon nitride layer 16 to define the position of the field isolation regions of the structure. The removal of the polysilicon, the oxide and the partial removal of the silicon nitride layer may be accomplished by conventional reactive ion etching techniques. For example, a reactive gas mixture of carbon tetrafluoride (CF₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) or CF₄ and O₂ or some other equivalent reactive gas mixture may be used to etch the polysilicon. A reactive gas mixture of CF₄ and H₂ or an equivalent may be used to remove the pyrolytic oxide and a reactive gas mixture of CF₄ and O₂ or an equivalent may be used to remove the silicon nitride. The photoresist mask is then stripped using, for example oxygen plasma techniques, and the surface of the remaining structure is cleaned using known cleaning techniques. The resulting structure is shown in Fig. 2. The nitride layer has now relatively thin portions 16a and relatively thick portions 16b. The relatively thin portions 16a may have a thickness which is 20 to 50% of the thickness of the relatively thick portions 16b. A photoresist mask 22, illustrated in Fig. 3, is formed over the structure with openings defining the position of the N well regions. If N type dopants have not been implanted into the N-well regions at an earlier step then at this point, N-type ions, such as phosphorous ions (P+) are implanted into the openings of photoresist mask 22. A new layer of polysilicon 24 is preferably, directionally evaporated over the photoresist mask 22, as shown in Fig. 4. This layer may have a thickness of about 380 nanometers. The portion of layer 24 deposited over the photoresist mask 22 is removed along with the photoresist mask 22, using known lift-off techniques, and the N type dopants implanted into the N-well regions are driven-in into the epitaxial layer 12 through conventional annealing techniques in an inert atmosphere, such as in N₂ at 1100°C for about 11 hours, in order for the N-well regions to reach a preselected doping profile 26 as shown in Fig. 5. Using the relati­ vely thick silicon nitride portions 16b and the evapora­ ted silicon layer 24 as an ion implantation mask, P type ions, such as boron (B+) are implanted into the epitaxial layer 12 through the relatively thin silicon nitride portions 16a to form the doped field isolation regions shown in Fig. 5. The polysilicon layer 24 is then removed through a wet chemical etching step such as, for example through the use of a solution containing 7 parts nitric acid (HNO₃), 4 parts water (H₂O) and 1 part of buffered hydrofluoric acid (HF). A blanket reactive ion etching step, using for example a reactive gas mixture of CF₄ and O₂, is then used to remove all relatively thin portions 16a of the silicon nitride layer resulting in the structure of Fig. 6 wherein the relatively thick silicon nitride portions 16b remained over the defined active regions because they were protected by the silicon dioxide portions 18 during the reactive ion etching step that removed the exposed relatively thin silicon nitride portions everywhere else on the structure. Although silicon nitride was the oxygen impervious layer used in the above embodiment of the invention other oxygen impervious materials, such as for example, silicon oxynitride (Si x O y N z ), preferably having an index of refraction with a range of 1.7 to 2.0, may be used with this process. Thus, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these particular process steps, their sequence, or the final structures depicted in the drawings. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims: 1. A process for making a semiconductor structure characterized in that it comprises the steps of: forming a first mask (14, 16) on a surface of a semiconductor body (12) said mask made to be impervious to oxygen diffusion therethrough; patterning said first mask to define the position of active portions and field isolation portions by partially removing portions of said mask over said defined position for said field isolation portions to thereby establish in said mask relatively thick portions (16b) over the positions of said active regions and relatively thin portions (16a) over the positions of said field isolation regions. 2. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mask is a dual dielectric layer consisting of a layer (14) of silicon dioxide formed on said semiconductor body (12) and a layer (16) of silicon nitride formed on said silicon dioxide layer (14). 3. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said semiconductor body (12) consists of silicon epitaxially formed on a silicon substrate (10). 4. A process as set forth in claim 2 wherein said relatively thin portions (16a) in said silicon nitride layer (16) have a thickness which is in the range of 20 to 50% of the thickness of the relatively thick portions (16b) of the silicon nitride layer. 5. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said mask comprises a layer of oxynitride. 6. A process as set forth in claim 5 wherein said layer of oxynitride material has an index of refraction between 1.7 to 2.0. 7. A process as set forth in claim 1 wherein said semiconductor body (12) and said silicon substrate (10) both have a P type conductivity. 8. A process as set forth in claim 7 which further includes the steps of: forming and patterning a second mask (22) on said first mask (14, 16) to define by exposing areas on said first mask the position of N conductivitiy type well regions (26); implanting an N type conductivity determining impurity in said semiconductor body, using said second mask (22) as an ion implantation mask; forming a third mask (24) covering said N type well regions and exposing said first mask over the remaining portions of the structure; implanting a P type conductivity determining impuri­ ty into said epitaxial layer (12) using said exposed portions of said first mask as an ion implantation mask to allow the implantation of only portion of said field isolation regions outside the N-well regions; removing said third mask; removing said relatively thin portions (16a) of said first mask so that the remaining portions (16b) of said first mask cover only the areas defined on said structure for said active regions. 9. A process as set forth in claim 8 wherein: said first mask is a dual dielectric structure consisting of a layer (14) of silicon dioxide formed on a surface of said epitaxial layer (12) and a layer (16) of silicon nitride formed on said silicon dioxide layer (14); said second mask is a layer of a photoresist mate­ rial; said third mask is a layer of silicon. 10. A process for making a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) structure characterized in that it comprises the steps of: forming a layer of silicon dioxide (14) on a surface of a semiconductor body (12); forming a layer of silicon nitride (16) on said silicon dioxide layer; forming a layer of polycrystalline silicon (20) over said nitride layer; forming openings in said polycrystalline silicon layer (20) to define the position of field isolation regions and partially removing the exposed portions of said silicon nitride layer (16), thereby establishing in said silicon nitride layer relatively thin portions (16a) over areas preselected for the formation of field isola­ tion regions and relatively thick portions (16b) over areas preselected for the formation of active regions; forming a photoresist layer (22) over the resulting structure and patterning said layer with openings defin­ ing the areas of N conductivity type well regions (26); introducing N type conductivity determining ions into said semiconductor body (12) through said openings in said photoresist layer (22) to form N conductivity type well regions in said semiconductor body, using said photoresist layer as an ion implantation mask; forming on said N well regions and on said photore­ sist layer a layer of a lift-off material (24) and then removing the remaining photoresist layer (22) together with the lift-off material thereon; annealing said semiconductor body to form the desired doping profiles in said N well regions; implanting said semiconductor body with P type conductivity determining ions using said relatively thick portions (16b) of said silicon nitride layer (16) which are covered by said polycrystalline silicon (20) as an ion implantation mask to form P type implanted regions in portions of said field isolation regions outside said N well regions; removing said lift-off material (24), the exposed polycrystalline silicon material (20) and the exposed portions of said silicon nitride layer (16a), exposing said silicon dioxide layer (14) over said field isolation regions while retaining a portion of said silicon nitride (16b) over the areas defined for said active regions.

Inventors: HORR, ROBERT ARTHUR, MOHLER, RICK LAWRENCE
Applicants: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Application year: 1985
Main classification: H01L21
IPC codes: H01L21, H01L27