BALL-POINT WRITING INSTRUMENT CONTAINING AN AQUEOUS INK COMPOSITION

Abstract: Aqueous based shear-thinning ink compositions and ball-point pens including the ink compositions. The ink compositions have a shear thinning index of from about 0.01 to about 0.6 and include a colorant(s) and a water dispersible, polymeric shear-thinning material substantially uniformly dispersed in a highly polar solvent system in which water is the primary solvent for the shear-thinning material.

Description: BALL-POINT WRITING INSTRUMENT CONTAINING AN AQUEOUS INK COMPOSITION The present invention relates to aqueous based shear-thinning ink compositions and to ball-point pens employing such ink compositions which preferably include a viscoelastic ink follower. While there are long-recognized cost advantages in employing aqueous ink compositions 1n ball-pen writing instruments, their typically low viscosity leads to a number of performance disadvantages. These include the possibility of leakage around the rotating ball'due to changes in atmospheric pressure or temperature or due to temperature increases resulting from the heat conducted from the fingers of the user. Attempts have been made to overcome these disadvantages by employing a fibrous ink reservoir intended to supply a flow of ink to the rotating ball at a rate just sufficient to result in the formation of a continuous line during use but insufficient to provide an excess supply of liquid ink at the writing tip leading to leakage. Other attempts to accomplish the same result have involved the use of liquid ink reservoirs employing porous ink feed rods in the form of sintered fibrous bundles or extruded plastic Ink rods having capillary channels and intended to control the rate of ink feed to the rotating ball. Examples of prior art patents employing such systems to control the flow of aqueous inks in ball-pen writing instruments include British Patent Specification No.1,139,038 and U.S. Patents No. 3,446,564; No.3,533,708; No.3,572,954; No.3,873,218; and No. 4,145,148. The disadvantages of using an ink-feeding system of the types discussed above Include failure to provide a sufficiently continuous flow of ink to the ball for rapid use and a reduced writing life since the amount of Ink retained by a fibrous reservoir may amount to as much as one-half of the total amount of ink in the writing instrument. A further disadvantage lies in the fact that inks containing pigments as opposed to soluble dyes will tend to clog the capillary passages in fibrous reservoirs and feed rods further inhibiting the rate of flow and the amount of ink which is delivered to the. point before the writing instrument becomes inoperative. If it is attempted to solve the above problems by leaving out the fibrous reservoir and/or capillary feed rod and simply thickening the aqueous ink composition, another problem is encountered. Should the continuity of the ink column above the rotating ball be broken by solvent evaporation from the point or from shock during shipping or dropping, it is likely that the pen will become non-functional. The " novel, improved ink compositions of the present invention are aqueous based, shear-thinning inks for writing instruments. The ink compositions have a high viscosity at low shear rates and comprise a substantially uniform dispersion of colorant(s) and a water dispersible polymeric shear-thinning material (or shear-thinning providing material) dispersed in a polar solvent system in which water is the primary or essential solvent for the shear-thinning material. While the ink compositions have a high viscosity at low shear rates, they undergo shear-thinning and are readily flowable in response to shear rates produced 1n writing to provide a writing Ink having an especial ly desi rable combination of performance characteristics. In the preferred writing Instruments of the present invention, the Ink compositions are contained in hollow, non-pressurized or relatively low pressurized tubes or reservoi rs and the ink 1s fed to the point of a ball -point pen. Preferred writing instruments also include a cap member to seal the bal l point and the tip when the cap is in place to control evaporation of volatile components of the ink and leakage of air around the ball into the ink reservoir which may cause formation of a gas bubble upstream of the bal l . Such a gas bubble can cause breakage of contact between the column of ink and the ball and the performance of the instrument wil l be affected until contact is restored. In the especial ly preferred writing instruments, the ink is used in combination with a viscoelastic follower composition having specific Theological properties which insure a smooth flow of ink to the ball as the ink supply is consumed. The ink compositions employed in the practice of this invention are thickened liquids at rest. While some are characterized by having a rheological yield value, all are hi ghly pseudoplastic or shear-thi nning in use. The inks become thi n liquids, having a viscosity of less than 100 cPs, at the hi gh shear rates produced in writing with a bal l-point pen. The inks contain at least one water-dispersi ble, polymeric, shearing-thinni ng material di spersed in a pol ar solvent system in which water is the primary sol vent for the polymeric shear-thinning material . The i nks also include coloring matter including dyes and/or pi gments. Especial ly preferred polymeric shear-thinning providing material s are those which are substantially soluble in water. Other conventional ingredients such as surfactants, preservatives , corrosion inhibitors, and humect ants may also be included in the i nk. The shear-thinning properties of the inks to be used in the practice of the invention can be characterized by the shear-thinning index "n" calculated by fitting shear stress (T) and shear rate (j ) values (obtained from Theological measurements on a viscometer such as the Haake Rotovisco, Haake Inc. , Saddle Brook, NJ) to the empi rical power law equation T « Kj n (K and n are calculated constants) . Polymeric shear-thinning providing materials useful in the practice of this Invention are those that give relatively low "n" values ranging from about 0.01 to about 0.60. Preferred polymeric shear-thinning materials gi ve "n" values of from about 0.05 to about 0.30. The polymeric shear-thinning materials of aqueous ink compositions of the present invention are the essential ingredients which provide the primary control over the Theological and/or thixotropic characteristics of the ink compositions . Other thickening materials may be used 1n combination with the shear-thinning material (s) if desired to provide ink compositions having selected performance characteristics. However, such other materials are not needed or requi red to achieve the essential Theological and/or thixotropic control function provided by the shear-thirvning material (s) . - - Polymeric shear-thinning materials suitable in the practice of the present invention are those whi ch can provide aqueous based, ink compositions having a shear thinni ng index between about 0.01 to about 0.60. Additionally, suitable polymeri c , shear-thinning materials provide aqueous ink compositions which do not . undergo a significant change in viscosity in response to temperature. For the purposes of thi s invention, "a si gnificant change in viscosity in response to temperature" is a change of greater than 'about 50 percent in the viscosity measurement of the ink composition (at the same shear rate) over at least one segment of a successive temperature range of about 10°C whi ch is within the temperature range of from about 0°C to about 60 β C. Especial ly preferred shear-thinning materials are those which do not undergo any signi ficant change in viscosity over a 10°C temperature range segment within the temperature range between about 5°C to about 35 β C. In other words, suitable polymeric shear-thi nni ng material s are those which provide aqueous ink compositions having the described shear thinning index and also provide ink compositions in whlch the change 1n viscosity measurement is not greater than about 50 percent between for example, 0 β C-10 β C or 10°C-20 β C or 20 β C-30°C or 25°C-35 β C, etc. Especially preferred specific shear-thinning materials are xanthan gum, carageenan gum, locust bean gum, hydroxyethylcellulose and guar gum. Xanthan gum is particularly preferred since aqueous based, xanthan gum containing Ink compositions have been found to have "n" values of about 0.10 to about 0.20. Additionally, aqueous based, xanthan gum containing Inks do not undergo any significant changes in viscosity measurements over a temperature range from about 0 β C to about 40°C or higher. Actually, the viscosity measurements for aqueous based, xanthan gum containing inks are substantially constant throughout the above temperature range. Equilibrium shear stress values for aqueous based carrageenan gum containing inks (obtained by repeated measurements on the Haake Rotovisco) fitted to the power law yield a shear-thinning index of 0.3 to about 0.4. Aqueous based carrageenan gum containing inks also provide viscosity measurements which are substantially constant over the temperature range from the 5 β C to about 35°C. Aqueous based inks containing hydroxyethylcellulose have a shear-thinning index calculated to be about 0.4 to about 0.6 and do not undergo any significant changes in viscosity measurements over a temperature range from about 15°C to about 30°C. Preferred commercially available xanthan gums are sold by the elco Company under the trade names ELTR0L and KELZAN. While the amount of any of the above-mentioned water-dispers ' ible gums or resins useful in the practice of the invention will vary depending upon which gum or other ingredients are used, it is possible in most cases to achieve an M n" value of from 0.01 to 0.60 by incorporating from about 0.1 to about 5 or 6 percent by weight of the overall composition of gum or resin. Especially preferred amounts of the water-dispersible gum or resin are amounts from at least about 0.45 to about 5 percent by weight. For example, the best balance of performance characteristics particularly in terms of ink lay down rates and ink lay down characteristics is achieved by using amounts of polymeric shear-th1nn1ng material(s) between about 0.5 to about 5 percent by weight and preferably between about 0.5 to about 2.5 percent by weight. Ink compositions Including amounts of shear-thinning material less than about 0.5 percent by weight provide acceptable performance characteristics when used in pens which Include fine points, i.e., points having a diameter no greater than about 0.5mm. However, such ink compositions tend to wick, blot or leak excessively when used in pens having larger diameter points even though the ink reservoir of the pen 1s unpressurized. In contrast, ink compositions having increased amounts of shear-thinning materials, such as between about 0.7 to about 1.5 percent by weight or higher, provide an extremely desirable combination of performance characteristics when used in pens having fine points as well as in pens having point diameters up to about l.mm or somewhat higher. Ink compositions of this invention are aqueous based shear-thinning inks and include a polar solvent system in which water is the essential solvent and functions as the primary solvent for the polymeric shear-thinning material(s). The polar solvent system may comprise from about 50 to about 99 percent by weight of the ink composition. While water is the primary or essential solvent of the solvent system, other polar solvents can be included in the solvent system in place of up to about 50 percent.(or somewhat higher) by weight of the water in the solvent system. Preferred ink compositions of this invention are those having about 70 percent (or greater) by weight of water in the polar solvent system. As will be demonstrated in the Examples which follow, ink compositions of this invention can comprise polar solvent systems having 100 percent by weight water or substantially 100 percent by weight water. In short, water is the primary solvent of the polar solvent systems of inks of the present invention and, the use of any other particular polar solvent and the amount thereof used in combination with water is not an especially critical feature in the ink compositions of this invention. Other polar solvents which may be included in the polar solvent systems of ink compositions of the present invention are those which function as hygroscopic wetting agents useful 1n reduci ng the Ink drying rates and include di hydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol , diethylene glycol , triethylene glycol , 1,3-proρanediol , propylene glycol , 1,3-butylene glycol , l,4-butaned1ol , 2,3-butylene glycol , neopentyl glycol , hexylene glycol , thlodlglycol , and the like. It 1s also possible to employ tri- and hlgher-hydric alcohols such as glycerin, tr1 methyl ol ethane, tri methyl ol propane, 3-methyl pent ane-2, 3,5- trlol , diglycerin, sorbitol , and the like. Other polar-solvent wetting agents may Include pyrrol i done, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, di methyl formamide, urea, and the like. Preferred amounts of other polar solvents which may be included 1n the polar solvent system are between about 5 to about 20 percent by weight of the total wei ght of the polar solvent system. It has also been found useful to include in the Ink compositions of this invention an organic solvent material capable of penetrating into the paper-writing surface to act as a drying agent and also to act as a levelling agent for the ink to produce a smooth writing result. Examples of such materials Include glycol ethers such as alkylene glycol mono- or di-alkyl ethers, glycol ether acetates such as alkylene glycol mono- or di-alkyl ethers and glycol acetates such as alkylene glycol mono- or di -acetates. The especi al ly preferred drying and level l ing function complex incl udes fluorinated polysi lane surface active agents such as the product sold under the trademark LEVELENE 100 (American Color & Chemical Corp. ) . These materials, when employed, can be used in amounts of from about 0*01 to about 2.0 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.0 percent. The coloring matter to be employed in the i nks of this invention may be any of the water-soluble or dispersible dyes or pi gments or mixtures thereof known to be useful in the formulation of inks for writing instruments. Preferred ink compositions compri se up to about 30 or somewhat hi gher percent by weight colori ng matter based on the total weight of the ink composition. Examples of dyes or pigments which can be used include, but are not l imited to, DIRECT VIOLET 99, DIRECT BLUE 86 (C.I . 74180) , (both manufactured by the Mobay Chemical Co.); ELFTEX 5, MOGUL L. and REGAL 330R, all carbon blacks (The Cabot Corporation), HIDRACOL X9220 and X9200 (C1ba-Ge1gy); and FAST LIGHT ORANGE 2GM (American Cyanamid). Ink compositions of the present Invention can Include sequestering agents to maintain or improve stability. These sequesterants are normally added in the amount of 1-50X by weight Of the water-soluble gum. Examples of useful sequestering agents Include sodium hexametaphosphate, triSodium phosphate, and sodium glucoheptanate, and tetrasodium EDTA. Ink compositions of the present'Invention can also Include preservatives to prevent the growth of microorganisms, yeast, and mold. Examples of such preservatives Include methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, DOWICIL 75 and 200 (active ingredient: l-(3-chloroallyl)- 3»5,7-tr1aza-l- azoniaadamantane chloride (Dow Chemical Co.). These biocides are typically present at amounts-between about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight of the ink. When aqueous ink formulations are likely to come in contact with metals, it 1s possible that corrosion will occur. This can result in degradation of the metal surface over time. To prevent this occurrence, corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole are often used. Such materials may constitute up to about 5 percent by weight of the ink but are preferably used in amounts less than about 0.5 percent. The inks of this invention are easily prepared by combining.the desired ingredients in a blender or mixing with a propeller stirrer until homogeneity 1s achieved. Preferably the water-dispersible polymeric shear-thinning material is first added to distilled water and this combination mixed for about two hours. The other ingredients, if present, are added in the following order: other polar solvents, sequestering agents, preservatives, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, and dyes and/or pigments. In some cases, the shear-thinning material can be pre-wet with a humectant if desired such as propylene glycol or glycerol. General ly, the amount of such humectant 1s 1 to 5 times by wei ght of the amount of shear-thi nni ng materi al added . Typical formul ations of Inks to be used i n the practice of this Invention follow. EXAMPLE I Material Wei ght Percent Xanthan Gum 1.00 EDTA (tetrasodlum) 0.30 Fluorinated polysilane surface active 0.50 agent 1. Benzotriazole 0.20 Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate 0.30 Propyl ene glycol 15.00 Dye (DIRECT VIOLET .99) 6.00 Water 76.70 1. The fluorinated polysilane surface active agent used was a commercially available , surface active agent sold by American Color and Chemical Company under the trade name LEVELENE 100. EXAMPLE II Material Weight Percent Hydroxyethyl eel 1 ul ose 1.25 Dye-(FAST LIGHT ORANGE 2GM) 3.30 Dye (HIDACID FTM VIOLET 49) 2.20 Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan 0.50 monolaurate (Tween 20) . Benzotriazole 0.20 Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate 0.30 Water 92.25 EXAMPLE III Material Wei ght Percent Xanthan Gum 0.8 EDTA (Tetrasodium) 0.3 NaOH (10% solution) 0.1 Methyl Paracept 0.3 Defoaming Agent 0.1 Material Weight Percent Benzotriazole 0.1 DOWICIL 200 (preservative) 0.2 Dyes (liquid dispersions) 36.0 Delonized Water 62.1 2. The defoaming agent used in this and the following Example was a commercially available defoaming agent sold by Witco Chemical Company under the trade name BALAB 3017A. 3. The dyes used in this and the following Examples are commercially available, water dispersions of black and violet dyes sold by Mobay Chemical Company under the trade name PONTAMINE BLACK and PONTAMINE VIOLET. PONTAMINE BLACK contains about 40 percent by weight solids while PONTAMINE VIOLET contains about 35 percent by weight solids. The ratio of PONTAMINE BLACK to PONTAMINE VIOLET used was 5:1. EXAMPLE IV Material Weight Percent Xanthan Gum 1.0 EDTA Tetrasodium 0.3 NaOH (10% solution) 0.1 Methyl Paracept 0.3 Defoaming Agent , 0.1 Benzotriazole 0.1 DOWICIL 200 0.2 LEVELENE 100 0.3 Dyes (liquid dispersions) 30.0 Distilled 'Water 67.0 The ink compositions of Examples II, III and IV include polar solvent systems which contain at least about 98 percent by weight water and most likely contain about 100 percent by water. Accordingly, water is the primary solvent in the polar solvent systems of ink compositions of the present invention. Other polar solvents may be present in the composition but as evidenced by Examples II - IV, they are not needed to provide shear-thinning inks having the desired combination of performance characteristics. EXAMPLE V Materi al Weight Percent Xanthan Gum 0.3 Benzotri azole 0.3 Preservative 0.3 Lubricant 0.5 LEVELENE 100 0.5 Dyes (liquid dispersions) 24.0 Distilled Water 74.1 The ink of Example V was Included in a reservoi r of a ball -point pen which included a ball point having a diameter of about 0.8mm. The ink provided extremely heavy lay-down characteristics and high lay-down rates indicating a low yield value or yield strength for the ink. Additionally, the ink was found to wick, that is to say, the Ink stained cloth or paper when the point was maintained in contact with the cloth or paper. Wicking is a result of the capillary forces of the fibers of cloth or paper overcoming the yield value or yield strength of the ink to withdraw ink which collects about the point from the pen. Wicking of the ink of Example V can be controlled by using the Ink in a pen having a fi ne ball point , i .e. , a poi nt having a diameter about 0.5mm or lower. However, the problem is aggravated if the ball poi nt di ameter is increased above 0.5mm. In contrast to the ink of Example V, Inks of the present Invention containing more than about 0.5 percent by wei ght xanthan gum and particularly those containing more than about 0.75 percent by weight, xanthan gum provide a desi rable combination of lay-down rates and characteristics when used in pens having fine points or points of a diameter greater than 0.5mm. For example, such inks do not evidence wicking when used in bal l -point pens havi ng diameters of 0.8mm or greater. Writing or marking instruments of the present invention include structural elements common to conventional and commercial ly avai l able writi ng instruments. Essential ly, these elements include a body retaining an ink reservoi r, means for delivery of. the ink to a socket located at one end of the instrument and a rotatable poi nt retained 1n the socket and adapted to apply ink delivered to the socket to a surface to provide visible markings on the surface. It is conventional in ball-point pens having non-shear-thinning inks of low viscosity to employ a follower in the Ink reservoir behind the Ink supply at the opposite end from the ball point to prevent back leakage of the Ink. Ideally, such followers do not Inhibit the flow of Ink to the point and maintain their location when the writing Instrument 1s dropped. In addition, these followers should not show any syneresis or separation over time nor break apart during use. During writing, the Ink within the reservoir is depleted and the follower, which is in contact with both the top surface of the ink and the walls of the reservoir, moves toward the rotating ball as the ink level drops. The follower should maintain Its coherence and integrity and should be Insoluble and Immiscible with the ink. It is desirable that the follower composition should not adhere to the walls of the reservoir as the ink supply is consumed.. Heretofore, ball-point pens containing aqueous-based inks have been fabricated to store the Ink supply 1n a fibrous reservoir. The shear-thinning inks of this invention require no fibrous reservoir to contain the ink but rely on the use of a follower with properties described hereafter. In addition to prevention of ink runback due to gravity leakage, the follower retards the evaporation of the ink solvent system. We have found that the feeding of the shear-thinning inks described hereinabove to the rotating ball can be unexpectedly improved and the risk of shock breakage in the ink column above the ball reduced by the use of a viscoelastic follower composition which exhibits predominantly elastic response at low frequency or shear rate and a predominantly viscous response at a high frequency or shear rate. Such compositions have been found to follow the ink column as the ink is consumed with minimum adhesion to the walls of the reservoir and to act as a good shock absorber if the pen is dropped thus reducing the risk that the ink column will become broken leading to premature failure. An additional benefit of many of the viscoelastic followers described by h1s Invention 1s their maintenance of a stable Interface between the Ink and follower during periods of long-term, elevated temperature storage. Non-viscoelastic followers tend to physically separate from the ink surface under such storage conditions. In an experiment designed to compare the behavior of viscoelastic and non-viscoelastic followers, the following two compositions were compared. Composition A comprised a mixture of 49 percent mineral oil (KAYDOL, White Mineral Oil, Witco Chemical Co.), 49 percent polybutene (M.W.2500), and 2 percent of a thickening agent, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bentonite (BENTONE 34 from National Lead Company). Composition B comprised a mixture of 39 percent mineral oil, 58 percent polybutene, and 3 percent of the bentonite thickener. Viscoelastic measurements of the two compositions were made using a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer Model RDS-7700, (manufactureed by Rheometrics Inc., Piscataway, NJ) fitted with 50 millimeter parallel plates having a 0.4 millimeter gap setting, making the frequency values convertible to shear rate in second " units by multiplying by the number 62.5 (shear rate at 1 rad/sec. = 62.5 sec " ). The observed tan delta values obtained from the equipment at various frequencies are shown below in Table 1. TABLE I Tan Delta Values Frequency in Rad/Second Composition A Composition B 0.10 0.69 4.82 0.16 0.72 2.77 0.25 0.80 5.07 0.40 0.85 3.67 0.63 0.92 3.88 1.00 0.84 3.25 1.59 1.18 4.28 2.51 1.46 2.95 Frequency 1n Rad/Second Composition A Composition B 3.98 1.83 2.75 6.31 2.34 2.51 10.00 2.98 2.39 15.85 4.02 2.34 25.12 . 5.45 2.38 39.81 7.53 2.50 63.10 10.57 2.71 100.00 14.90 3.00 158.50 21.33 3.42 251.20 30.73 4.04 398.10 44.61 5.13 500.00 54.26 6.08 As shown by the above data, Composition A exhibited a steady increase in tan delta values over the range of measurement in a manner typical of viscoelastic compositions having a predominantly elastic response (low tan delta values) at low frequency or shear rate and predominantly viscous response (hi gh tan delta values) at high frequency or shear rate. When evaluated i n a ball -point pen containing an ink having shear-thinni ng properties as described hereinabove, the fol lower was found to function satisfactorily, followi ng the ink column toward the rotating bal l and acting as a good shock absorber to prevent rearward movement of the ink upon dropping of the pen. Examination of the data for Composition B, on the other hand, showed a generally random, fai rly flat tan delta frequency relationship. When evaluated i n a pen , Composition B was found to have high adhesion and poor flow characteristics, maki ng it unsuitable for follower use. A simple, non-instrumental method for determini ng whether or not a composition is viscoelastic is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,425,779 wherein the test is described in the fol lowing language: "As a practical matter it can be determined whether or not a marking or writing fluid has viscoelastic characteristics or properties as desi red with thi s invention by a rather simple test. In this test a flat-bladed spatula 1s Inserted within a body of a marking or writing fluid and 1s twisted a fraction of a turn about Its axis. Such a spatula or similar Instrument will remain 1n the position to which it 1s turned after being held 1n this position for a significant time interval such as ten minutes if the fluid 1s viscoelastic, but will tend to return to or towards Its initial position 1f immediately released after being turned. The tendency of the spatula or similar Instrument to move toward Its original position when immediately released in this test is considered to demonstrate elastic characteristics whereas the tendency of the spatula or similar Instrument to remain in place after being held for a time Interval 1s considered to demonstrate that the fluid or composition is not truly elastic in an absolute sense, but that it possesses viscoelastic characteristics . . ." The same method may be used in the evaluation of follower compositions for use in the practice of this invention. A wide variety of follower compositions may be used in the practice of our invention. It is necessary, however, that such compositions exhibit at least a minimum viscoelasticity as defined hereinafter. The useful compositions are in general based on oily materials which have been thickened to a grease-like consistency. Examples of oils which may be used include petroleum oils, polyglycσls/polyesters, polybutenes, and silicone oils. These may be thickened, as is well known in the art, by the inclusion of materials such as fatty acid metal soaps, modified clays, silica gel, carbon black, natural or synthetic rubber, and various synthetic polymers. The preferred viscoelastic follower compositions, which may be used in the practice of our invention, comprise mixtures of mineral oil, polybutenes, and organophilic clay thickeners. The mineral oils to be used may comprise any of the conventional mineral oils known by those skilled in the art to be useful in the prepara ion of Ink follower compositions including materials referred to as liquid paraffin, white mineral oil, or mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons from petroleum. These oils may have a viscosity in the range of about 100 to 2000 SSU (Seconds Saybolts Universal) at 35 β C. The preferred viscosity range is from about 200 to 750 SSU at 38°C. The most preferred mineral oil 1s a white oil purified by hydrorefinlng and which has a viscosity in the range of about 300 to 400 SSU at 38°C. The polybutenes which may be used in the practice of our invention are those commercially available as mixtures of n-butylene and isobutylene polymers and which have a number average molecular weight ranging from about 500 up to about 5000 as measured by vapor pressure osmometry. We prefer to use polybutenes having an average molecular weight ranging from about 1000 to 3000. The mineral oi1-polybutene mixtures, which form the base of our preferred follower compositions, are thickened to form a grease-like composition by using organophyllic clays. These clays are obtained by treating bentonites or montmorillonites with onium compounds, especially ammonium compounds. The treated clays are organophiϋc and swell in organic fluids such as the above-described base oils forming stable gels. Mixtures of such organophilic clays can, of course, be used. The specific proportions of the base oils and thickener used will vary depending upon the particular oil and thickener employed. The proportions are critical however in producing a composition h *-aving the requisite viscoelastic properties. Based upon studies of the type described above and summarized in Table I, we have concluded that, to be useful in the practice of our invention, a follower composition must exhibit increasing tan delta values over the shear rate range of 5 to 30,000 sec. " and must » in addition, exhibit tan delta values of less than 1 at shear rates up to 50 sec. " . Our preferred follower compositions can be prepared by thickening mixtures of about 5 to about 99 percent by weight mineral oil and about 5 to about 99 percent by weight polybutene with from about 0.1 to about 10.0 percent by weight clay thickener. In general, the amount of clay thickener 1s the critical element with small added amounts rapidly altering the viscoelastic character of the composition, moving 1t outside of the frequency response parameters given above. In general, we prefer to use less than about 5.0 percent by weight clay thickener. In a preferred form of the practice of our invention, we include a mechanical element to further insure that the ink column adjacent the rotating ball does not become broken by being replaced by a gas bubble caused by evaporation of volatile solvent around the rotating ball or by entry of air around the ball due to dropping or by permitting the pen to remain upcapped during periods of non-use. This preferred form of the Invention comprises a ball-point writing instrument containing an aqueous shear-thinning ink as described above in combination with a viscoelastic follower as described above and employing in addition a cap member adapted to sealingly contact the pen tip comprising the rotating-ball and its seat in a manner to prevent the passage of air or other gas between the surfaces of the ball and seat. Such a cap construction is shown in the prior art, inter alia, in U.S. Patent 2,428,960 and typically employs a pad of soft polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane elastomer, natural or synthetic rubber or other relatively soft resilient material against which the ball and seat are sealingly engaged when the pen and cap are assembled in a closed position.

Claims: C L A I M S 1. An ink composition for a ball-point pen and having a viscosity no greater than about 100 Pa.S at shear rates provided by writing, characterized by consisting essentially of coloring matter and a polymeric shear-thinning material dispersed in a polar solvent system present in an amount from about 50 to about 99 percent by weight of the ink composition and including at least about 50 percent by weight water as the primary solvent for the polymeric shear-thinning material and where the ink composition has a shear-thinning index of from 0.01 to 0.6 and does not undergo a significant change in viscosity in response to temperature. 2. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized in that said polymeric shear-thinning material is xanthan gum or carageenan gum or locust bean gum or hydroxyethylcellulose or guar gum or mixtures of these. 3. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized by having a shear-thinning of index of from 0.05 to 0.3 or from 0.10 to 0.20. 4. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized in that • • said polar solvent system comprises a minor proportion of a polar solvent(s) other than water, said polar solvent other than water being for example glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or mixtures of these. 5. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized by including a drying and levelling agent, said drying and levelling agent for example being a fluorinated polysilane surface-active agent. 6. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized in that said polar solvent system either comprises greater than 70 percent by weight water, or comprises greater than 85 percent by weight water, or comprises greater than 95 percent by weight water. 7. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized in that said polymeric shear-thinning material is present in an amount either between about 0.1 to about 6 percent, or between about 0.5 to about 5 percent, or between about 0.5 to about 2.5 percent, by weight of the composition. 8. An ink composition of claim 1, characterized in that the coloring matter is present in an amount up to about 30 percent by weight of the ink composition. 9. A ball-point pen employing a liquid ink reservoir, characterized by the reservoir containing an ink composition as defined in any of the preceding claims, and where a viscoelastic follower, is employed in the liquid ink reservoir. 10. A ball-point pen of claim 9, characterized in that said ink follower exhibits increasing tan delta values over the shear rate range of 5 to 30,000 sec. " and exhibits, in addition tan delta values, of less than 1 at shear rates up to 50 sec. . 11. A ball-point pen of claim 10, characterized in that said viscoelastic ink follower comprises a mixture of from about 5 to about 99 percent by weight mineral oil, about 5 to about 99 percent by weight polybutene, and up to about 10 percent by weight clay thickener. 12. A ball-point pen of claim 10 r characterized in that said polybutene has a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 5,000. 13. A ball-point pen of claim 10, characterized in that said clay thickener consists of a bentonite or a montmorillonite which has been treated with an oniu compound. 14. A ball-point pen of claim 9, characterized by being in combination with a cap member adapted to sealingly contact the pen tip when the pen and cap are assembled in a closed position to prevent the passage of air or other gas between the surface of the ball and seat.

Inventors: CASE LAURA K, GAJRIA CHANDRASEN, LOFTIN RACHEL M, PEPER HENRY, CASE, LAURA, K., GAJRIA, CHANDRASEN, LOFTIN, RACHEL, M., PEPER, HENRY
Applicants: GILLETTE CO, THE GILLETTE COMPANY
Application year: 1985
Main classification: C09D11
IPC codes: B43K7, B43K23, C09D11