METHOD FOR TRANSFORMING A CEPHALOSPORIUM CELL

Abstract: A method for transforming Cephalosporium and other lower eukaryotes is disclosed. The method involves inserting a recombinant DNA cloning vector comprising a Sacchar­ omyces cerevisiae transcriptional and translational activat­ ing sequence positioned for expression of hygromycin phosphotransferase into a host cell and then growing the host cell under selective conditions. The vectors optionally further comprise a Cephalosporium-functional autonomous replication sequence, Cephalosporium ribosomal DNA, and also sequences that allow for replication and selection in E. coli and Streptomyces.

Description: The present invention relates to a genetic transformation system which provides a means for genetically transforming cephalosporin-producing fungi. Cephalosporium acremonium is presently employed in manufacturing facilities throughout the world to produce cephalosporin C, an intermediate used in the manufacture of clinically important cephem antibiotics. The genetic transformation system consists of a set of transformation conditions and recombinant DNA cloning vectors that allow uptake and expression of genes in C . acremonium and related taxa. As a result of such introduction, Cephalosporium transformants with new genotypes--present in the transformants but absent in the untransformed parent--are produced. Heretofore, the development and exploitation of recombinant DNA technology have been retarded and made especially difficult in Cephalosporium and allied taxa because of the lack of recombinant DNA cloning vectors and transformation methods. In fact, prior to the present invention, Cephalosporium host cells had not been successfully transformed or manipulated using recombinant DNA techniques. The present invention is applicable to Cephalosporium generally and thus represents a significant advance in the technical art. The vectors used in the method of the present invention are particularly useful because they are relatively small, versatile and can be transformed and selected in any Cephalosporium cell that is sensitive to an antibiotic for which resistance is conferred. Since many of the clinically important cephalosporin antibiotics are produced from the Cephalosporium acremonium metabolite, cephalosporin C, it is desirable to develop cloning methods and vectors that are applicable to that industrially important organism. The present invention provides methods and vectors which allow for the cloning of entire groups of genes into Cephalosporium species both for increasing yields of known antibiotics as well as for producing new antibiotics and antibiotic derivatives. The present invention not only provides vectors and methods for cloning DNA into Cephalosporium host cells but also provides for the convenient selection of transformants. Since transformation is a very low frequency event, such a functional test is a practical necessity for determining which cell(s), of among the millions of cells, has acquired the vector DNA. This is important because DNA sequences that are non-selectable can be inserted into the vectors and, upon transformation, cells containing the DNA can be isolated by appropriate selection techniques. For purposes of the present invention, as disclosed and claimed herein, the following terms are as defined below. Recombinant DNA Cloning Vector - any agent capable of genomic integration or autonomous replication, including, but not limited to plasmids, comprising a DNA molecule to which one or more additional DNA segments can be added. Transformation - the introduction of DNA into a recipient host cell. Transformant - a recipient host cell that has undergone transformation. Restriction Fragment - any linear DNA generated by the action of one or more restriction enzymes. Transcriptional Activating Sequence - a DNA sequence that codes for the transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). Translational Activating Sequence - a DNA sequence that codes for the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. Functional Polypeptide - a recoverable bioactive entirely heterologous or homologous polypeptide or precursor, a recoverable bioactive polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide and a portion or whole of a homologous polypeptide, or a recoverable bioinactive fusion polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide and a bioinactivating homologous polypeptide which can be specifically cleaved. Fused Gene Product - a recoverable heterologous polypeptide which is fused with a protein or whole of a homologous polypeptide. Host Cell - a cell, including the viable protoplasts thereof, which is capable of being transformed. Description of the Figures Figure 1 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT221. Figure 2 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT123. Figure 3 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT143. Figure 4 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT213. Figure 5 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pPS1. Figure 6 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT220. Figure 7 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pIT219. Figure 8 - Restriction Site Map of Plasmid pPS6. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention is a method for selecting Cephalosporium transformants which comprises, growing Cephalosporium , said Cephalosporium comprising a recombinant DNA cloning vector containing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional and translational activating sequence positioned for expression of a sequence that codes for hygromycin phosphotransferase, in medium containing hygromycin at levels sufficient to inhibit the growth of Cephalosporium which does not comprise the hygromycin phosphotransferase-encoding DNA sequence. The recombinant cloning vector may further comprise one or more of 1) a Cephalosporium -functional autonomous replication sequence, 2) an E . coli origin of replication and a sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in E . coli , 3) a Cephalosporium ribosomal gene sequence, 4) a transcriptional and translational activating sequence positioned for expression of a sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide in Cephalosporium and 5) a Streptomyces origin of replication and a sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in Streptomyces . The invention also comprises the aforementioned recombinant DNA cloning vectors and related transformants employed to practice the method disclosed herein. The present invention allows for the genetic transformation of Cephalosporium cells such that transformants with new genotypes are produced. These transformants are produced as a result of the introduction of vector-containing DNA sequences that code for polypeptides, regulatory DNA molecules or structural ribonucleic acid molecules. The present method, vectors and transformation conditions are especially useful for cloning and expressing natural or altered forms of foreign and Cephalosporium DNA. Altered forms of such sequences can be obtained by in vitro modification of the cloned natural sequences by standard recombinant DNA techniques. The vectors used to practice the present transformation method each comprise a sequence that codes for a selectable marker in Cephalosporium . A preferred sequence, specified herein for illustrative purposes, codes for hygromycin B phosphotransferase and has the formula wherein A is deoxyadenyl, G is deoxyguanyl, C is deoxycytidyl, T is thymidyl, R and R² are deoxyribonucleotide triplets that independently encode lysine, R¹ and R³ are deoxyribonucleotide triplets wherein the nitrogenous bases are complementary to the respective and corresponding bases of R and R², m and n = 0 or 1, subject to the limitation that when n = 0, then m = 0 and when m = 1, then n = 1, R⁴ is a deoxyribonucleotide triplet that encodes a translational stop codon and R⁵ is a deoxyribonucleotide triplet wherein the nitrogenous bases are complementary to the corresponding bases of R⁴. The amino acids encoded by the above DNA are designated below the appropriate nucleotide triplet. Accordingly, MET is methionine, LYS is lysine, PRO is proline, GLU is glutamic acid, LEU is leucine, THR is threonine, ALA is alanine, SER is serine, VAL is valine, PHE is phenylalanine, ILE is isoleucine, GLY is glycine, ASP is aspartic acid, GLN is glutamine, ARG is arginine, CYS is cysteine, TRP is tryptophan, ASN is asparagine, HIS is histidine and TYR is tyrosine. The above sequence, of which R, R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined in accordance with the genetic code (Watson, J.D., 1976, Molecular Biology of the Gene, W.A. Benjamin, Inc., Menlo Park, California), can be conventionally synthesized by the modified phosphotriester method using fully protected trideoxyribonucleotide building blocks. Such synthetic methods are well known in the art and can be carried out in substantial accordance with the procedure of Itakura et al ., 1977, Science 198:1056 and Crea et al ., 1978, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75:5765. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other DNA sequences encoding the same amino acids as those encoded by the above illustrative DNA sequence can also be synthesized. These other DNA sequences reflect the degeneracy of the genetic code and thus can be substituted and used for purposes of the present invention. The aforementioned DNA sequences comprise 1014 bp (m=n=o), 1017 bp (m=o, n=1) or 1020 bp (m=1, n=1) and encode, respectively, the last 338, 339 and 340 amino acids of hygromycin B phosphotransferase. Hereinafter, these DNA sequences are referred to as the "HPT sequences". The amino acids of hygromycin phosphotransferase encoded by the aforementioned sequences, hereinafter referred to as "HPT polypeptides", are also specified above and catalyze the phosphorylation of hygromycin B. Details of this enzymatic reaction and its product are found in Rao et al , 1983, Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother. 24:689. Although hygromycin B in the absence of magnesium ion is lethal to Cephalosporium , the phosphorylated derivative of hygromycin B is not lethal and has neglible effects. Thus, when one of the HPT polypeptide-encoding sequences is expressed in a Cephalosporium , for example, C . acremonium , the cells are rendered resistant to hygromcyin B. The recombinant DNA cloning vectors used in the present method are characterized, in part, by the presence of a Cephalosporium -functional autonomous replication sequence (ARS). The ARS appears to increase the frequency of genetic transformation of Cephalosporium when present in a vector. This was shown by comparing the transformation frequency obtained with an ARS-containing plasmid, such as, for example, plasmid pIT221, to that obtained with the corresponding desARS-plasmid. Illustrative plasmid pIT221 (See Figure 1) comprises (in part) 1) an HPT DNA sequence; 2) an E . coli origin of replication, 3) a DNA sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in E . coli ; and 4) a Cephalosporium -functional ARS. Plasmid pIT221 is further characterized by a unique Sph I restriction site which occurs outside the above-described sequences and also a ∼.3 kb Sma I fragment that can be deleted or substituted without loss of function. Although the DNA sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in E . coli codes for ampicillin resistance in illustrative plasmid pIT221, other selectable sequences can be substituted. These sequences include, for example, the tetracycline, chloramphenicol, apramycin and like resistance genes available to those skilled in the art. The Cephalosporium -functional ARS is defined by the ability to impart the capacity for autonomous replication in a lower eukaryote. This is demonstrated by observing automonous replication in a lower eukaryote such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevesiae , of an ARS-containing plasmid derived from a parental plasmid that cannot otherwise replicate in the organism. Although the function of a Cephalosporium ARS may be conveniently assayed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the preferred lower eukaryote for assay purposes is C . acremonium . The preference exists since only a small number of the ARS defined in S . cerevisiae can support increased frequency of genetic transformation in C . acremonium . In the case of illustrative plasmid pIT221, the function of the Cephalosporium ARS was both assayed in yeast (Skatrud and Queener, 1984, Current Genetics 8:155-163; and Tudzynski and Esser, 1982, Current Genetics 6:153) and was also shown to increase the capacity for transformation of C . acremonium . Plasmid pPS5, a pIT221 derivative obtained by removing the ∼1.9 kb Pst I fragment, lacks the ARS and was only shown capable of transforming Cephalosporium at very low frequencies. Therefore, the ARS component is preferred for purposes of the present invention. Plasmid pIT221 is further characterized by the presence of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA sequence that codes for the transcriptional and translational activating sequence of the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene. The aforementioned gene, contained in plasmid pIT141, comprises a strong activating sequence that can be conveniently isolated on a Mbo II fragment. Plasmid pIT141 can be obtained from E . coli K12/pIT141, a strain deposited in the permanent culture collection of the Northern Regional Research Laboratories, Peoria, Illinois. The strain is available as a stock reservoir and preferred source of the plasmid under the accession number NRRL B-15602. Other S . cerevisiae activating sequences can also be used in substitution for the PGK sequence, such as, for example, the transcriptional and translational activating sequences of the yeast heat shock, glycolytic and other metabolic genes. Especially preferred are the YG100 and YG101 genes, the construction of which is disclosed in Ingolia et al ., 1982, Molecular and Cellular Biology 2(11):1388. Plasmids containing a transcriptional and translational activating sequence have particular utility for constructing transformants that are improved for the production of cephem compounds useful in manufacturing clinically important cephem antibiotics. Even a strong activating sequence from a foreign source will often function poorly, if at all, in Cephalosporium . However, low level expression of a HPT DNA sequence by means of a foreign activating sequence can allow for transient transformation under conditions of hygromycin B selection. When the foreign activating sequence functions poorly, there is strong selective pressure for the insertion of the HPT DNA-containing vector into the Cephalosporium genomic DNA. While not being limited by theory, it is believed that insertion allows for juxtapositioning of a genomic Cephalosporium activating sequence in correct translational reading frame relative to the vector-borne HPT DNA sequence. Transformants bearing such integrated HPT DNA sequences are advantageous because of their great stability with or without selection. By way of example, hygromycin B-resistant transformants produced by genetic transformation of Cephalosporium acremonium with pIT221 are sufficiently stable so as to allow propagation even in the absence of hygromycin B. In fact, loss of the new genotype is so rare that over 95% of the cells retain the new genotype after 25 generations under non-selective conditions. Moreover, illustrative Cephalosporium acremonium /pIT221 transformant CPC-T1 even retains and expresses the newly acquired gene during the fermentative production of cephem antibiotics. The efficacy of the present invention can be enhanced by using vectors which further comprise a Cephalosporium ribosomal gene (RG) sequence. The RG DNA sequence can be positioned anywhere in the vector except in regions critical to replication, selection or expression of a product. Because many copies of RG sequences exist in the genome of lower eukaryotes, the RG-containing vector has a high probability of being inserted many times, by homologous recombination, into the Cephalosporium genome. The high probability for multiple insertion of RG sequence-containing vectors, such as, for example, plasmid pPS6, provides a basis for the high frequencies at which these plasmids can transform C . acremonium . Plasmid pPS6 is constructed by ligation of a C . acremonium RG sequence-containing ∼3.7 kb Xma I fragment into Xma I-digested plasmid pIT221. The resultant pPS6 plasmid transforms C . acremonium at a higher frequency than that observed with the parental plasmid. In addition, some of the pPS6 transformants exhibit greater tolerance to hygromycin B than do the pIT221 C . acremonium transformants. This observation is consistent with the higher number of vector insertions expected with RG-containing vectors. The plasmid pPS6 C . acremonium transformants are sufficiently stable for fermentative production of cephem compounds without adding hygromycin B to the fermentation medium. Skilled artisans will recognize that plasmid pPS6 Cephalosporium acremonium transformants are particularly useful when a high gene dosage is needed for prolific expression of foreign DNA. If a lower gene dosage is sufficient or desired for the expression of foreign DNA or if a modest increase in gene dosage is desirable to effect a correspondingly small increase in expression of a C . acremonium gene, then plasmid pIT221 is the preferred vector for use. Thus, a variety of useful C . acremonium transformants can be constructed using the HPT DNA-containing vectors of the present invention. Additional vectors wherein the foreign transcriptional and translational activating sequence of plasmid pIT221 is replaced with a Cephalosporium acremonium activating sequence are also useful. Such sequences are positioned so as to drive the expression of the HPT DNA sequence. These plasmids have great utility in laboratory manipulations and provide a means for cloning foreign genes, C . acremonium genes and C . acremonium regulatory DNA sequences. Of particular interest are those DNA sequences which are useful for the fermentative production of cephem compounds serving as intermediates in the manufacture of clinically important cephem antibiotics. Such plasmids have special utility because of the simultaneous presence of the Cephalosporium -functional ARS and the C . acremonium transcriptional and translational activating sequence, a combination which allows for transformation without genomic integration. Transformation by plasmid vectors lacking a Cephalosporium -functional ARS requires integration to maintain the plasmid in a population of dividing Cephalosporium cells. Transformation by plasmid vectors lacking a C . acremonium activating sequence also requires integration to allow for proper juxtapositioning of the HPT coding sequence with a genomic activating sequence. In contrast, plasmids comprising a C . acremonium activating sequence positioned for expression of the HPT coding sequence are maintained, under selective pressure, as autonomously replicating vectors by virtue of the C . acremonium -functional ARS. Selective pressure is applied by exposing the transformants to hygromycin B concentrations at which non-transformed cells will not grow. Expression of the HPT polypeptide is thus independent of genomic integration by virtue of the C . acremonium activating sequence on the plasmid. Therefore, such plasmids need only be taken up in a C . acremonium cell to produce a successful transformation event. Each event, uptake into the C . acremonium cell and integration into the C . acremonium genome occurs at the low frequency of about 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁴ or sometimes 10⁻⁵ per cell. Therefore, a transformation that requires both events is quite rare as compared with a transformation requiring only uptake. Plasmids useful in the present method can be further modified by ligation into a Streptomyces plasmid, such as, for example, plasmid pIJ702 (ATCC 39155). This is done by ligating Pst I digests of plasmids pIJ702 and pIT221 to form the illustrative ∼13 kb plasmids pETS702 and pPLS221. The latter plasmids are multifunctional and useful as shuttle vectors for transfer of genetic material between E . coli , Cephalosporium and many Streptomyces species including related Nocardia , such as, for example, N . lactamdurans . Streptomyces and related Nocardia species are transformed in substantial accordance with the teaching of International Publication (of International Patent Application No. PCT/GB79/00095) No. W079/01169, Example 2. Transformants are conventionally selected for thiostrepton resistance and screened for melanin production according to known methods. Importantly, the C . acremonium transformants of the aforementioned shuttle vectors are very stable. Thus, the plasmids are very useful for shuttling key genes from Streptomyces species into C . acremonium strains for producing modified penam and cephem compounds normally not found in the fermentation broth of native C . acremonium strains. Skilled artisans will recognize that any Streptomyces cloning vector which comprises a Strepto myces-functional origin of replication and a selectable marker can be substituted for the illustrative plasmid pIJ702 DNA. Many such Streptomyces cloning vectors are known, including, but not limited to, the illustrative vectors in Table I below. Streptomyces Plasmids Plasmid Source Accession Number SCP2 Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) NRRL 15042 SCP2 Streptomyces coelicolor M110 NRRL 15041 pEL7 Streptomyces ambofaciens /pEL7 NRRL 12523 pUC6 Streptomyces espinosus NRRL 11439 pUC3 Streptomyces 3022A NRRL 11441 SLP1 Streptomyces lividans NCIB 11417 pNM100 Streptomyces virginiae NRRL 15156 pEL103 Streptomyces granuloruber A39912.13/pEL103 NRRL 12549 The method and recombinant DNA shuttle vectors of the present invention are not limited for use in a single species or strain of Cephalosporium , Streptomyces or E . coli . To the contrary, the vectors are broadly applicable and can be transformed into host cells of many Cephalosporium , Streptomyces and E . coli taxa, particularly the restrictionless strains thereof. Moreover, with respect to Streptomyces and Cephalosporium , many of the strains are economically important and produce compounds such as aminoglycoside, macrolide, β-lactam, polyether, glycopeptide, penam and cepham antibiotics. Streptomyces and related Nocardia are known for their metabolic versatility. Thus, many species of Streptomyces and Nocardia are useful as sources of enzymes which functionalize or modify compounds produced in Cephalosporium . Restrictionless strains are readily selected and isolated from Streptomyces and related Nocardia taxa by conventional procedures and extensions of principles well known in the art (Lomovskaya et al ., 1980, Microbiological Reviews 44:206). Cephalosporium strains are believed to be inherently restrictionless. Host cells of restrictionless strains lack restriction enzymes and therefore do not cut or degrade plasmid DNA upon transformation. For purposes of the present application, host cells containing restriction enzymes that do not cut any of the restriction sites of the present vectors are also considered restrictionless. Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Streptomyces taxa, that produce β-lactam antibiotics and in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . lipmanii (A16884, MM4550, MM13902), S . clavuligerus (cephamycin C, clavulanic acid), S . (sometimes classified as Nocardia lactamdurans (cephamycins A, B and C), S . griseus (cephamycin A, B), S . hygroscopicus (deacetoxycephalosporin C), S . wadayamensis (WS-3442-D), S . chartreusis (SF 1623), S . heteromorphus and S . panayensis (C2081X); S . cinnamonensis , S . fimbriatus , S . halstedii , S . rochei and S . viridochromogenes (cephamycins A, B); S . cattleya (thienamycin); and S . olivaceus , S . flavovirens , S . flavus , S . fulvoviridis , S . argenteolus , and S . sioyaensis (MM 4550 and MM 13902). Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Streptomyces taxa, that produce aminoglycoside antibiotics and in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . kanamyceticus (kanamycins), S . chrestomyceticus (aminosidine), S . griseoflavus (antibiotic MA 1267), S . microsporeus (antibiotic SF-767), S , ribosidificus (antibiotic SF733), S . flavopersicus (spectinomycin), S . spectabilis (actinospectacin), S . rimosus forma paromomycinus (paromomycins, catenulin), S . fradiae var. italicus (aminosidine), S . bluensis var. bluensis (bluensomycin), S . catenulae (catenulin), S . olivo reticuli var. cellulophilus (destomycin A), S . tenebrarius (tobramycin, apramycin), S . lavendulae (neomycin), S . albogriseolus (neomycins), S . albus var. meta mycinus (metamycin), S . hygroscopicus var. sagamiensis (spectinomycin), S . bikiniensis (streptomycin), S . griseus (streptomycin), S . erythrochromogenes var. narutoensis (streptomycin), S . poolensis (streptomycin), S . galbus (streptomycin), S . rameus (streptomycin), S . olivaceus (streptomycin), S . mashuensis (streptomycin), S . hygroscopicus var. limoneus (validamycins), S . rimofaciens (destomycins), S . hygroscopicus forma glebosus (glebomycin), S . fradiae (hybrimycins neomycins), S . eurocidicus (antibiotic A16316-C), S . aquacanus (N-methyl hygromycin B), S . crystallinus (hygromycin A), S . noboritoensis (hygromycin), S . hygroscopicus (hygromycins), S . atrofaciens (hygromycin), S . kasugaspinus (kasugamycins), S . kasugaensis (kasugamycins), S . netropsis (antibiotic LL-AM31), S . lividus (lividomycins), S . hofuensis (seldomycin complex), and S . canus (ribosyl paromamine). Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Streptomyces taxa, that produce macrolide antibiotics and in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . caelestis (antibiotic M188), S . platensis (platenomycin), S . rochei var. volubilis (antibiotic T2636), S . venezuelae (methymycins), S . griseofuscus (bundlin), S . narbo nensis (josamycin, narbomycin), S . fungicidicus (antibiotic NA-181), S . griseofaciens (antibiotic PA133A, B), S . roseocitreus (albocycline), S . bruneogriseus (albocycline), S . roseochromogenes (albocycline), S . cinerochromogenes (cineromycin B), S . albus (albomycetin), S . felleus (argomycin, picromycin), S . rochei (lankacidin, borrelidin), S . violaceoniger (lankacidin), S . griseus (borrelidin), S . maizeus (ingramycin), S . albus var. coilmyceticus (coleimycin), S . mycarofaciens (acetyl-leukomycin, espinomycin), S . hygroscopicus (turimycin, relomycin, maridomycin, tylosin, carbomycin), S . griseospiralis (relomycin), S . lavendulae (aldgamycin), S . rimosus (neutramycin), S . deltae (deltamycins), S . fungicidicus var. espinomyceticus (espinomycins), S . furdicidicus (mydeca mycin), S . ambofaciens (foromacidin D), S . eurocidicus (methymycin), S . griseolus (griseomycin), S . flavochromogenes (amaromycin, shincomycins), S . fimbriatus (amaromycin), S . fasciculus (amaromycin), S . erythreus (erythromycins), S . antibioticus (oleandomycin), S . olivochromogenes (oleandomycin), S . spinichromogenes var. suragaoensis (kujimycins), S . kitasatoensis (leucomycin), S . narbonensis var. josamyceticus (leucomycin A3, josamycin), S . albogriseolus (mikonomycin), S . bikiniensis (chalcomycin), S . cirratus (cirramycin), S . djakartensis (niddamycin), S . eurythermus (angolamycin), S . fradiae (tylosin, lactenocin, macrocin), S . goshikiensis (bandamycin), S . griseoflavus (acumycin), S . halstedii (carbomycin), S . tendae (carbomycin), S . macrosooreus (carbomycin), S . thermotolerans (carbomycin), and S . albireticuli (carbomycin). Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Streptomyces taxa, that produce polyether antibiotics and in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . albus (A204, A28695A and B, salinomycin), S . hvgroscopicus (A218, emericid, DE3936), A120A, A28695A and B, etheromycin, dianemycin), S . griseus (grisorixin), S . conglobatus (ionomycin), S . eurocidicus var. asterocidicus (laidlomycin), S . lasaliensis (lasalocid), S. ribosidificus (lonomycin), S . cacaoi var. asoensis (lysocellin), S . cinnamonensis (monensin), S . aureofaciens (narasin), S . gallinarius (RP 30504), S . longwoodensis (lysocellin), S . flaveolus (CP38936), S . mutabilis (S-11743a), and S . violaceoniger (nigericin). Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Streptomyces taxa, that produce glycopeptide antibiotics and in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . orientalis and S . haranomachiensis (vancomycin); S . candidus (A-35512, avoparcin), and S . eburosporeus (LL-AM 374). Preferred host cells of other Streptomyces restrictionless strains, in which the present shuttle vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example: S . coelicolor , S . granuloruber , S . roseosporus , S . lividans , S . espinosus , and S . azureus . Preferred host cells of restrictionless strains of Cephalosporium , in which the present vectors are especially useful and can be transformed, include restrictionless cells of, for example, C . acremonium , C . salmosynnematum (recently classified as Emercellopsis salmosynnematum ), C . chrysogenum taxa including C-1778, 199, C-0012, C-3259, C-1877, C-0003, C-3479 and ATCC No. 14615, C . purpurascens , C . acremonium taxa including C-0007, C-0306, C-4653, C-4473, C-5454, and especially CMI 49137 (ATCC 11550) and its derivatives, particularly strains M8650 (ATCC 14553) and its derivatives, and C . curtipis ( C . sp. S-0161). In addition, other species of Cephalosporium such as, for example, C . chrysogenes and C . polyaleusans can also be used. These taxa produce enzymes known to deaminate and decarboxylate cephalosporin C. The enzymes allow for the production of cephalosporins that can be extracted into organic solvent at low pH and used as substrates for amidases that hydrolyze the side chain of cephalosporin at the 7-amino position to produce 7-ACA and glutarate. The convenience and efficiency of both extraction into organic solvent and enzymatic side chain-cleavage are economically important factors. The ease of processing penicillin V (and G) in the manufacture of oral cephalosporins stems in part from their extractibility to organic solvent and their ability to serve as substrate for amidases that hydrolyze to 6-APA and phenoxyacetate (or phenylacetate). In addition to the representative Streptomyces , Nocardia and Cephalosporium host cells described above, the present vectors are useful and can transform various strains of fungi and also E . coli such as, for example, E . coli K12 RR1, E . coli K12 JA221, E . coli K12 C600, E . coli K12 C600R k -M k -, E . coli K12 HB101, E . coli K12 RV308 and like strains. Preferred host cells of penicillin-producing fungi, in which the present vectors are useful and can be transformed, include Aspergillus such as A . nidulans , Penicillium taxa especially P . chrysogenum and P . notatum , Trichophyton , Epidermophyton , Malbrachea , Emercicella , Eupenicillia , Talomyces , Polypaecilum , Thermoascus and Gymnoascus . Preferred host cells of cephalosporin-producing fungi, in which the present vectors are useful and can be transformed, include, in addition to the aforementioned Cephalosporium taxa, Paecilomyces such as P . persicinus , Arachnomyces , Anixiopsis , and Spiroidium . Thus, the method and vectors of the present invention have wide application with respect to host cells of a variety of organisms. The very broad antibiotic spectrum of hygromycin B, the common existence of a PGK gene in most fungi, and the basal level of expression of HPT coding sequences allowed by even minor conservation in the transcriptional and translational activating sequences of phosphoglycerate kinase genes of lower eukaryotes, makes the present invention broadly applicable to a wide variety of fungi. In particular, the present invention can be applied 1) to the improvement of fermentations of Saccharomyces uvarum and related yeasts used for the production of alcoholic beverages and alcoholic fuels; 2) to the improvement of Aspergillus fermentations used for the production of citric acid; 3) to the improvement of Penicillium stoloniferum fermentations used for the production of mycophenolic acid; and 4) to the improvement of fermentations of a variety of fungi employed to produce commercial enzymes. The present invention is especially useful for organisms that are not well characterized genetically and biochemically because prior isolation of auxotrophic mutants and genes to complement auxotrophic deficiencies is not required. Furthermore, lower eukaryotes are killed very effectively by hygromycin B and most, particularly fungi, do not exhibit a significant capacity to acquire a natural resistance to hygromycin B by forward mutation. Cephalosporium acremonium is killed, in the absence of magnesium and other ions that antagonize the toxic effects, by about 8 µg/ml to about 5 mg/ml of hygromycin B. No forward mutations to hygromycin B resistance have been observed within this range or at the preferred concentration of 100 µg/ml. This absence of forward mutation to resistance is a very important parameter in the application of the present transformation system to commercially important lower eukaryotes. Rare transformants in a high "background" of resistant mutants arising by forward mutations would make the transformants very difficult to detect, isolate, analyze, and manipulate. Since the time and expense required to develop a transformation system for each lower eukaryote with poorly defined genetics and biochemistry can be significant, the present invention has great utility because of its general applicability to a wide variety of such eukaryotic organisms. The hygromycin phosphotransferase gene product expressed by plasmids pIT221, pPS5, pPS6, pETS702 and pLS221 not only is useful for purposes of selection but also as a molecular weight marker. The entire amino acid sequence of the hygromycin gene product is known and the molecular weight of the protein is ∼37,972 daltons. The hygromycin phosphotransferase enzyme may be conventionally purified in substantial accordance with the teachings of Haas and Downing, 1978, Methods in Enzymology, 48:611. The molecular weight of the hygromycin phosphotransferase protein is conveniently between the highest molecular weight of Bio-Rad's (32nd and Griffin Ave., Richmond, CA 94804-9989) Low Molecular Weight Protein Standards and the lowest molecular weight of Bio-Rad's High Molecular Weight Protein Standards. Bio-Rad's protein standards are quite well known in the art and the hygromycin resistance gene product of the aforementioned plasmids conveniently expands the size range of either the Low or High Molecular Weight Protein Standards. The following examples and construction flow charts further illustrate and detail the invention discribed herein. Both an explanation of and the actual procedures for constructing the invention are described where appropriate. Construction Flow Chart I Method for constructing plasmid pKC222 - an intermediate used in the construction of plasmid pIT221 - from plasmid pKC7 (ATCC 37084) and plasmid pKC203-containing E . coli JR225 (ATCC 31912) Construction Flow Chart II Method for constructing plasmid pIT123 - an intermediate used in the construction of plasmid pIT221 - from plasmids pBR322 and pKC222 Construction Flow Chart II Continued Construction Flow Chart III Method for constructing plasmid pIT143 - an intermediate used to construct plasmid pIT221 - from plasmids pUC8 and pIT141 (NRRL-B-15602). CONSTRUCTION Flow Chart IV Method for constructing plasmid pIT213 - an intermediate used to construct plasmid pIT221 - from plasmids YEp24 (pRB5, ATCC 37051) and pIT123 (construction disclosed in European Patent Publication 0 135 291, published 27th March 1985 and incorporated herein by reference) Construction Flow Chart V Method for constructing pPS1 - an intermediate used to construct plasmid pIT221 - from plasmid YIp5 (pRB12, ATCC 37061) and Cephalosporium acremonium (ATCC 11550) Construction Flow Chart VI Method for constructing plasmid pIT221 from plasmids pUC8, pPS1, pIT213 and pIT143 EXAMPLE 1 Construction of Plasmid pKC222 The bacterium E . coli JR225 (ATCC No. 31912) was cultured in TY broth (1% tryptone, .5% yeast extract, .5% sodium chloride, pH 7.4) with 100 µg/ml of antibiotic hygromycin B according to conventional microbiological procedures. After 18 hours incubation, about .5 ml of the culture was transferred to a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube and centrifuged for about 15 seconds. Unless otherwise indicated, all the manipulations were done at ambient temperature. The resultant supernatant was carefully removed with a fine-tip aspirator and the cell pellet was suspended in about 100 µl of freshly prepared lysozyme solution which contained 2 mg/ml lysozyme, 50 mM glucose, 10 mM CDTA (cyclohexane diaminetetracetate) and 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). After incubation at 0°C for 30 minutes, about 200 µl of alkaline SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) solution (.2 N NaOH, 1% SDS) were added. The tube was gently vortexed, maintained at 0°C for 15 minutes and then about 150 µl of 3M sodium acetate solution (prepared by dissolving 3 moles of sodium acetate in a minimum of water and adjusting the pH to 4.8 with glacial acetic acid and then the volume to 1 L) were added. The contents of the tube were mixed gently by inversion for a few seconds during which time a DNA clot formed. The tube was maintained at 0°C for 60 minutes and then centrifuged for 5 minutes to yield an almost clear supernatant. About .4 ml of the supernatant was transferred to a second centrifuge tube to which 1 ml of cold ethanol was added. After the tube was held at -20°C for 30 minutes, the resultant precipitate was collected by centrifugation (2 minutes) and the supernatant was removed by aspiration. The collected pellet was dissolved in 100 µl of .1M sodium acetate/.05M Tris-HCl (pH 8) and was reprecipitated by the addition of 2 volumes of cold ethanol. After 10 minutes at 20°C, the desired E. coli JR225 plasmid DNA precipitate was collected by centrifugation as described above. The E . coli JR225 plasmid DNA pellet was dissolved in about 40 µl of water or dilute buffer and then used to transform E . coli K12 BE827 in substantial accordance with the transformation method of Wensink, 1974, Cell 3:315. The strain E . coli K12 BE827 has been deposited and made part of the permanent stock culture collection of the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland and is available to the public under the number ATCC 31911. The resultant transformants were selected on TY agar (1% tryptone, .5% yeast extract, .5% sodium chloride, 1.5% agar, pH 7.4) containing 200 µg/ml of antibiotic hygromycin B. Some of the transformants, as shown by gel electrophoresis (Rao and Rogers, 1978, Gene 3:247) and other tests, contained both large and small (∼15 kb) plasmids and were resistant to both antibiotics ampicillin and hygromycin B. Other transformants contained only the smaller ∼15 kb plasmid and were resistant to antibiotics hygromycin B and G418 but were sensitive to ampicillin. Transformants of the latter type were plated on TY agar containing 100 µg/ml of antibiotic hygromycin B and were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. The resultant cells were used to isolate the above described ∼15 kb hygromycin B and G418 resistance-conferring plasmid, hereinafter designated as plasmid pKC203. The presence of the antibiotic hygromycin B and G418 resistance genes on plasmid pKC203 was confirmed by subsequent transformation and selection analysis. About 5 µg of plasmid pKC203 DNA were digested in a total reaction volume of 100 µl with Bgl II restriction enzyme in 1X Bgl II buffer at 37°C for about 2 hours. Completion of digestion was ascertained by agarose gel electrophoresis. After complete digestion, the NaCl concentration was increased to .15M by addition of 2 µl of 5M NaCl. About 10 units of Sal I restriction enzyme were then added followed by a second digestion at 37°C for 2 hours. An ∼2.75 kb fragment contains the genes and control elements for resistance to antibiotics hygromycin B and G418 and can be recovered by agarose gel electrophoresis and other conventional procedures (Maniatis et al ., 1982, Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York). 2. Ligation and Final Construction About 5 µg of plasmid pKC7 (ATCC 37084), which can be constructed in accordance with the teaching of Rao and Rogers, 1979, Gene 7:79, were treated with Sal I and Bgl II restriction enzymes in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1B(1). After the enzymes were inactivated by heating at 70°C for 5 minutes, about 1 µg of the DNA was mixed in a 1:1 ratio with the ∼2.75 kb Sal I/ Bgl II fragment of pKC203. The fragments were joined in a total reaction volume of 25 µl in 1X ligation buffer with 1 Weiss unit of T4 DNA ligase at 4°C for about 16 hours. The resulting plasmid pKC222 was transformed into E . coli K12 JA221 (NRRL B-15211) in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1A. The resultant transformants were selected on TY agar (1% typtone, .5% yeast extract, .5% NaCl, 1.5% agar) containing 50 µg/ml of antibiotic ampicillin. Transformants were then screened for the desired plasmid. 3. Isolation of Plasmid pKC222 Purified transformants were cultured in TY broth (1% tryptone, .5% yeast extract, .5% sodium chloride, pH 7.4) with 50 µg/ml of antibiotic ampicillin according to conventional microbiological procedures. After 18 hours incubation, the desired plasmid was isolated in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1A. EXAMPLE 2 About 50 µg of plasmid pKC222 DNA were digested in 1X Hph I salts (6 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM Dithiothreitol) in a total volume of 100 µl with 20 New England Biolab Units of Hph I restriction endonuclease. Completion of digestion was checked by electrophoresing 2% of the reaction mixture on agarose. After the NaCl concentration was adjusted to 60 mM by addition of an appropriate volume of 5 M NaCl, about 20 units of Pst I restriction endonuclease were added. Completion of digestion was again monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. The desired ∼325 bp (plus single stranded extensions) Hph I- Pst I fragment was purified from acrylamide using standard techniques (Schlief and Wensink, 1981, Practical Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer-Verlag, NY). The purified ∼325 bp fragment was treated with the large fragment of DNA Polymerase I (New England Biolabs). Thus, about 1.5 µl (1 µg) of fragment, .5 µl of 10X buffer (.5M Tris, pH 7.5, .1M MgCl₂), .5 µl of each of (200 mM) dCTP, dATP, TTP and dGTP and 1 µl (containing 1 unit) of DNA polymerase I large (Klenow) fragment were incubated at 37°C for 15 minutes. After heat inactivation of the polymerase, Bam HI linkers were added in substantial accordance with the procedure of Roberts and Lauer, 1979, Methods in Enzymology 68:473. The resultant Bam HI linker-containing DNA was conventionally digested with Bam HI restriction enzyme in 1X Bam HI salts (150 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 6 mM MgCl₂). Next, the Tris-HCl concentration was increased to 100 mM with an appropriate volume of 2M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and then the DNA was further digested with Eco RI restriction enzyme. The resultant digested DNA was again electrophoresed on a 7% acrylamide gel and the desired ∼250 bp fragment was purified as before. About 2 µg of pBR322 DNA were sequentially digested with Bam HI and Eco RI restriction enzymes in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 2A. After the enzymes were inactivated by heating at 70°C for 5 minutes, about 1 µl (1 µg) of the pBR322 DNA was mixed with about 1 µl (1 µg) of the purified ∼250 bp fragment, 37 µl water, 5 µl (10 mM) ATP, 5 µl ligation mix (.5 Tris-HCl, pH 7.8, .2 M dithiothreitol, .1 M MgCl₂), and 1 µl T4 DNA ligase (approximately 1,000 New England Biolabs Units). The mixture was incubated at 15°C for about 2 hours and then the reaction was terminated by incubation at 70°C for 5 minutes. After cooling on ice, the resultant ligated mixture was used to transform E . coli K12 JA221 (NRRL B-15211) in substantial accordance with the transformation procedure of Wensink, 1974, on TY plates containing ampicillin at 50 µg/ml. The identity of the desired transformants was conventionally confirmed by testing for the expected phenotype (Amp R , Tet S ) and also for the appropriate Eco RI- Bam HI insert. The resultant E . coli K12 JA221/pIT122 transformants were conventionally cultured for subsequent production and isolation of plasmid pIT122. About 20 µg of plasmids pKC222 and pIT122 were independently cleaved in separate reaction volumes of 200 µl each with 40 units Eco RI restriction enzyme in 1X Eco RI reaction mix (.1M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, .05M NaCl, .005M MgCl₂). The desired ∼1.45 kb Eco RI fragment was conventionally purified from a 7% acrylamide gel and ligated into the Eco RI-digested pIT122. The resultant ligated DNA was designated as plasmid pIT123 and was then used to transform E . coli K12 JA221 (NRRL B-15211). Both the ligation and transformation procedures were carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 2B. The ampicillin resistant transformants were conventionally screened for the presence and correct orientation of the ∼1.45 kb Eco RI fragment by restriction enzyme and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of the constitutive plasmids. Plasmids containing the entire hygromycin B resistance gene, except for the first 9 base pairs, constituted the desired plasmid pIT123. The thus identified E . coli K12 JA221/pIT123 transformants were then cultured for subsequent production and isolation of plasmid pIT123. A restriction site map of plasmid pIT123 is presented in Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings. EXAMPLE 3 Construction of Plasmid pIT143 A. Isolation of Plasmid pIT141 Plasmid pIT141 contains the entire Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene and is used to construct plasmid pIT143. The plasmid can be conventionally isolated from E . coli K12 JA221/pIT141, a strain deposited and made part of the permanent stock culture collection of the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois. The strain is available, to the public as a preferred source and stock reservoir of plasmid pIT141 under the accession number NRRL B-15602. Plasmid pIT141 confers ampicillin resistance and is isolated in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1. B. Construction of Plasmid pIT143 Plasmid pIT143, from which the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGK transcriptional and translational activator sequence is obtained, is constructed by digesting (in a total reaction volume of 200 µl) about 50 µg of plasmid pIT141 DNA in 1X Bgl II buffer with 100 units of Hinc II restriction enzyme at 37°C for about 2 hours. Completion of digestion was monitored by agarose gel electrophoresis. After complete digestion, the NaCl concentration was increased to .15M by the addition of 4 µl of 5M NaCl solution. About 100 units of Sal I restriction enzyme was then added and digestion was continued at 37°C for an additional 2 hours. When digestion was complete, the resultant ∼958 bp Sal I- Hinc II fragment was conventionally isolated from an acrylamide gel and purified in accordance with known methods (Maniatis et al ., 1982). About 5 µg of the purified ∼958 bp Sal I- Hinc II fragment was then digested with 20 units of Mbo II restriction enzyme in 1X Mbo II reaction buffer in a total volume of 50 µl at 37°C for about 2 hours. The resultant Mbo II-cleaved DNA was then conventionally purified by a phenol extraction, 2 chloroform extractions and 2 ethanol precipitations. The purified DNA was then suspended in 20 µl of 1X Klenow buffer and treated with .5 units of E . coli DNA polymerase I large fragment (Klenow) for 30 minutes at 37°C. The DNA was precipitated once with ethanol and then suspended in 25 µl of 1X ligation buffer with about 30 pmoles of phosphorylated Bam HI linker, (sequence TGGATCCA, single strand shown for convenience), synthesized in substantial accordance with the teaching of Itakura et al ., 1977 and Crea et al ., 1978. Ligation was carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1B(2). The ligated DNA was then cleaved by diluting the ligation mix to 100 µl with 1X Bam HI buffer and adding 100 units of Bam HI restriction enzyme. After digestion at 37°C for about 3 hours, the mixture was electrophoresed on a 7% acrylamide gel and the ∼230 bp fragment containing the PGK gene promoter was conventionally isolated and purified (Maniatis, 1982). In a separate tube, about 1 µg of plasmid pUC8 (commercially available from BRL) was digested with 5 units of Bam HI restriction enzyme in Bam HI reaction buffer at 37°C for about 1 hour. The Bam HI-cleaved pUC8 was then ligated with the ∼230 bp Bam HI fragment in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1B(2). The resulting plasmid, designated as plasmid pIT143, was conventionally isolated and purified for further use. The relevant DNA sequence of pIT143, beginning with the translation initiation site, was found to be 5'-ATG GAT CC-3'. The Bam HI site of pIT143 is in phase with the Bam HI site of the truncated hygromycin resistance-conferring gene on pIT123. A restriction site map of plasmid pIT143 is presented in Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings. EXAMPLE 4 Construction of Plasmid pIT213 The kanamycin resistance gene from Tn 601 (903) was incorporated into plasmid YEp24 (RB5, ATCC 37051) by purifying an ∼1.7 kb Pvu II fragment from plasmid pNG614 (NRRL B-15604) and ligating it into the unique Sma I site of plasmid YEp24. The truncated hygromycin gene was also added by ligating an ∼1.3 kb Bam HI- Bgl II fragment from plasmid pIT123 into the unique Bam HI site. The Pvu II, Bam HI, Bgl II and Sma I digestions and the required fragment isolations were carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1B(1) except that Pvu II* and Sma I** reactions buffers (Maniatis, et al ., 1982) were substituted for the Bgl II reaction buffer where appropriate. The ligation procedures were carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1B(2). A restriction site map of plasmid pIT213 is presented in Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings. EXAMPLE 5 Construction of Plasmid pPS1 A. Isolation of Plasmid pRB12 (YIp5) ATCC No. 37061 The bacterium E . coli K12 RR1 (NRRL B-15210) was cultured in L broth (Bacto tryptone 1%, Bacto Yeast Extract 0.5%, sodium chloride 1%) according to conventional microbiological procedures. After 16 hours incubation, the cells were harvested by centrifugation and transformed with plasmid pRB12 (YIp5) DNA (obtained from ATCC) in substantial accordance with the method of Mandel and Higa, 1979, J. Mol. Biol. 53:154. Transformants were selected on minimal medium supplemented with 50 µg/ml of the antibiotic ampicillin. A transformant was isolated and cultured in the presence of ampicillin according to conventional microbiological procedures. The plasmid pRB12 (YIp5) DNA was isolated from this culture in substantial accordance with the method of Clewell, 1972, Journal of Bacteriology 110:667. Transformation and restriction analysis confirmed the identity of the DNA as plasmid pRB12 (YIp5). The antibiotic-producing filamentous fungus Cephalosporium acremonium (any C . acremonium strain, particularly ATCC 11550 and ATCC 14553 is acceptable) was cultured in TS broth (BRL trypticase soy broth 3%, potassium phosphate 0.035%, pH 6.7) according to standard microbiological procedures. After 48 hours growth, the mycelia were harvested by suction filtration through a Whatman No. 1 filter supported in a Buchner funnel. The mycelial mat was washed two times with an equal volume of TE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.9, 10 mM Na₂EDTA). Total DNA was isolated from 80 grams of mycelia in substantial accordance with the method of Minuth et al ., 1982, Current Genetics 5:227. Mitochondrial DNA was separated from chromosomal DNA by cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation (45,000 rpm, 65 hr) in the presence of 0.33 mg propidium iodide/ml. This procedure produced a large chromosomal band and a smaller denser band which contained predominantly mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondrial DNA band was removed by side puncture, extracted six times with an equal volume of isopropanol saturated with cesium chloride to remove the propidium iodide, dialyzed about 16 hours against TE buffer to remove the cesium chloride and then ethanol precipitated. The presence of mitochondrial DNA was conventionally demonstrated by restriction analysis (Skatrud and Queener, 1984, Current Genetics 8:155). Approximately 35 µg of Cephalosporium acremonium mitochondrial DNA were treated with the restriction enzyme Pst I in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 2A except that only Pst I, rather than Pst I and Hph I, was used in the digestion. The ∼1.9 kb Pst I fragment was isolated from an agarose gel by electroelution onto DEAE cellulose paper (Whatman). The DEAE paper strip with the bound DNA was washed twice with 100 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 10 mM TRIS, pH 7.9. DNA was eluted from the DEAE paper with 4 ml of 1.0 M NaCl, 0.1 M EDTA, 10 mM TRIS, pH 7.9 and ethanol precipipated by the addition of a tenth volume 3 M sodium acetate, pH 8.0 and two volumes ice cold ethanol. This mixture was incubated at -70°C for 30 minutes. The DNA was harvested by centrifugation (16,000 X g, 25 min.) and resuspended in TE buffer. The plasmid pRB12 (YIp5, ATCC No. 37061) contains two sites for the restriction enzyme Pst I, one in the ampicillin resistance gene and the other in the yeast URA3 gene. To ligate the ∼1.9 kb Pst l fragment from Cephalosporium acremonium mitochondrial DNA into the Pst I site of the ampicillin resistance gene, a partial Pst I digest of 30 µg of pRB12 (YIp5) was performed in a buffer solution containing 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 100 µg BSA and 750 units of Pst I restriction enzyme. After digestion at 37°C for 3 minutes, the reaction was terminated by heating at 65°C for 10 minutes. The mixture of full length linear fragments was gel isolated as described above. 3. Ligation and Final Concentration Approximately 1 µg of the ∼1.9 kb Pst I fragment of Cephalosporium acremonium DNA was mixed with an equal amount of of Pst I linearized pRB12 (YIp5) DNA. These DNA fragments were joined using T4 DNA ligase in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 2A. The resulting plasmids, a mixture of recircularized parental plasmid and plasmid pRB12 (YIp5) with the ∼1.9 kb Pst I mitochondrial fragment inserted at either the Pst I site in the ampicillin gene or the yeast URA3 gene, is used to transform E . coli K12 RR1 (NRRL B-15210) to tetracycline resistance in substantial accordance with the method of Mandel and Higa, 1979, J. Mol. Biol. 53:154. Tetracycline resistant transformants are screened for insertional inactivation of ampicillin resistance according to the method of Boyko and Ganschow, 1982, Analytical Biochemistry 122:85-88. A purified tetracycline resistant, ampicillin sensitive transformant is cultured under selective conditions (i.e., with tetracycline at 12.5 µg/ml). Small scale plasmid preparations are made in substantial accordance with the method of Klein et al ., 1980, Plasmid 3:88 and screened by restriction analysis to determine which plasmid preparations contained the ∼1.9 kb Pst I fragment at the correct position of insertion. After identification of an isolate carrying the desired plasmid, a large scale plasmid DNA isolation is performed in substantial accordance with the method of Clewell, 1972, Journal of Bacteriology 110:667 to produce plasmid pPS1. The structure of plasmid pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization analysis as detailed in Skatrud and Queener, 1984. The plasmid was used to transform the yeast strain DBY-746 (ATCC 44773) to uracil independence in substantial accordance with the method of Beggs, 1978, Nature 275:104. The frequency of transformation along with hybridization analysis demonstrates that plasmid pPS1 is capable of autonomous replication in yeast. A restriction site map of plasmid pPS1 is presented in Figure 5 of the accompanying drawings. EXAMPLE 6 Construction of Plasmid pIT221 A. Construction of Plasmid pIT220 About 20 µg of pPS1 were digested in Pst I digestion buffer (.1M NaCl, .5M Tris-HCl pH 8, .01M MgCl₂) with 50 units of Pst I restriction endonuclease at 37°C until digestion was complete. The ∼1.93 kb Pst I fragment was isolated and purified from polyacrylamide using standard procedures (Maniatis et al., 1982). About 5 µg of pUC8 (commercially available from Bethesda Research Laboratories, Bethesda, Maryland and prepared by the same method as described for the isolation of the plasmid pKC203 in Example 1) was digested in substantial accordance with the above teaching of Example 6A. About 1 µg of Pst I-cleaved pUC8 and .1 µg of the ∼1.93 kb Pst 1 fragment from pPS1 were incubated with 1000 (New England Biolabs) units of T4 DNA ligase in buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 10 mM MgCl₂, .5 mM ATP, 10 mM dithiothreitol) in 30 µl total volume at 15°C for 2 hours. The DNA was then used to transform E . coli K12 RR1 (NRRL B-15210) and the desired plasmid pIT220 was isolated and prepared from the resulting ampicillin resistant E . coli transformants using the procedure of Example 1A. A restriction site map of plasmid pIT220 is presented in Figure 6 of the accompanying drawings. B. Construction of Plasmid pIT219 About 5 µg of pIT213 were digested in Bam HI digestion buffer (150 mM NaCl, 6 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 6 mM MgCl₂ and 150 µg/ml bovine serum albumin) with 25 units of Bam HI restriction endonuclease in 50 µl volume at 37°C until digestion was complete. The linearized plasmid pIT213 was conventionally isolated and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. Approximately 5 µg of pIT143 were digested with Bam HI restriction endonuclease in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 3B. The fragment was conventionally isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 2 µg of Bam HI-linearized plasmid pIT213 and 2 µg of the ∼230 Bam HI fragment from plasmid pIT143 were incubated together in buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 10 mM MgCl₂, .5 mM ATP and 10 mM dithiothreitol) with 1000 (New England Biolabs) units of T4 ligase at 15°C for two hours. The DNA was used to transform E . coli K12 RR1 (NRRL B-15210) and the desired plasmid pIT219 was isolated from the resulting ampicillin resistant E . coli transformants by the procedure of Example 1A. The structure of the plasmid was conventionally verified by restriction site mapping. A restriction site map of plasmid pIT219 is presented in Figure 7 of the accompanying drawings. The functioning of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae origin of replication and the functioning of the hybrid PGK/HPT gene in S . cerevisiae was demonstrated by the transformation of S . cerevisiae strains DBY-746 (ATCC 44773) and DBY-689 (commercially available from the Yeast Genetics Stock Center, Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720) and by the observation of autonomous replication of plasmid pIT219 in the resulting hygromycin B resistant S . cerevisiae transformants. Saccharomyces cerevisiae protoplasts were prepared and transformed by the procedure described by Hinnen et al , 1978 Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1929 with minor modifications. Accordingly, instead of adding the yeast to regeneration top agar as described by Hinnen et al ., 1978, the yeast was added to complete medium containing 1.2M sorbitol and 30 ml aliquots were added to each petri dish. To complement auxotrophs, the medium contained 0.67 percent yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Difco), 2 percent dextrose, 3 percent agar, 1.2M sorbitol and other nutritional requirements at 20 µg/ml. For hygromycin B selections, the suspension medium contained 1 percent Bacto yeast extract, 2 percent Bacto peptone, 2 percent dextrose, 1.2M sorbitol, and 3 percent agar. After varying amounts of time, the plates were overlaid with the same solution containing 500 µg/ml hygromycin B. Cells receiving pIT219 could be directly selected after transformation without first selecting for uracil prototrophy. The transformed cells were plated in 20 ml of YPD plus 1.2M sorbitol and 3 percent agar and incubated at 30°C for varying lengths to time. They were then overlaid with 10 ml of the same medium containing 1.5 mg/ml hygromycin B and incubation was continued at 30°C. Although the recovery time required after transformation varied from experiment to experiment, satisfactory results could be achieved by adding the hygromycin B to one set of plates at four hours and to another set of plates at 20 hours after transformation. The requirement for recovery time may be related to the mechanism of action of hygromycin B. Adding the hygromycin B four hours after transformation killed the transformed cells as well as the untransformed cells in some experiments although in these cases adding the drug 20 hours after transformation did allow unambiguous selection of transformants. In other experiments, the background growth 20 hours after transformation was already too high to allow easy selection of transformants after adding the hygromycin B. Such variability could also be due to the extent of cell wall digestion by the zymolyase used in protoplasting. C. Construction of Plasmid pIT221 About 5 µg of plasmid pIT220 were incubated in Sal I digestion buffer (10x buffer = 1.5M NaCl, .06M Tris-HCl pH 7.5, .06 M MgCl₂, .06M β-mercaptoethanol) in 200 µl volume at 37°C with 10 units of Sal I restriction endonuclease until digestion was complete. The DNA was then purified as described in Example 6A(2). About 20 µg of pIT219 were incubated in 1X Sal I digestion buffer in 200 µl volume at 37°C with 10 units each of Sal I and Xho I restriction enzymes until digestion was complete. The ∼3.3 kb Sal I- Xho I fragment was isolated and purified from a 7% polyacrylamide gel (60:1 acrylamide:bisacrylamide) as described in Example 6A(1). About 1 µg of Sal I-cleaved pIT220 and 1 µg of the ∼3.3 kb Sal I- Xho I frament of plasmid pIT219 were ligated in substantial accordance with the teaching of this Example 6A(3). The desired recombinant plasmid pIT221 was isolated and purified in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 1A. A restriction site map of plasmid pIT221 is presented in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings. Example 7 The preferred Cephalosporium strain for transformation is obtained from the American Type Culture Collection under the accession number ATCC 11550. Other restrictionless Cephalosporium strains or any commercial strains derived from ATCC 11550 by mutation/selection or genetic breeding for the purpose of improved production of cephalosporin C are also suitable for use. B. Preparation of Inoculum for Cell Culture To genetically transform Cephalosporium acremonium cells efficiently, it is necessary to remove the cell walls and form stable protoplasts. In the preparation of such protoplasts, it is highly advantageous to begin with a uniform inoculum. Otherwise, preparation of cells in culture is rot reproducible and time is lost by attempts to prepare C . acremonium protoplasts from unsuitable or inadequate amounts of cells. C. Preparation of Uniform Inoculum for Cell Culture An ampoule of spores (approximatley 10⁹ conidia in 1.5 ml of preservation menstrum: 5% lactose, 10% glycerol, and .1% Tween 80) is taken from liquid nitrogen storage, thawed at room temperature and diluted in 5 ml of sterile saline. About .1 ml is used to inoculate each of approximately 50 slants containing 20 ml of Trypticase-Soy Agar (BBL) medium. Before inoculation, the medium is allowed to dry until surface moisture is no longer visible. Inoculated slants are incubated for about four days at 25°C. About 10 ml of preservation menstrum are added to the mycelial growth which covers the surface of the medium in each slant. The slants are vortexed to suspend the conidia and the conidial suspension from each slant is pooled and 10 ml aliquots frozen at -80°C. The frozen conidial suspension slowly looses viability and should not be used after about three months of storage at -80°C. D. Growth of Cells for Preparation of Protoplasts Approximately 106 ml of aqueous medium in a 500 ml shake flask is inoculated with cells from the 10 ml of frozen conidial suspension. Cells are obtained by centrifugation (10 min X 2600 rpm), and then directly suspended in the aqueous culture medium . Decantation of the supernatant is necessary prior to suspension because the lactose and glycerol adversely effect the growth of cells. The flask containing the suspended cells is placed on a gyratory water bath shaker and incubated 24 hours at 285 rpm with a 1 inch throw at 29-30°C. It is important to observe the recommended temperature of 29-30°C in the culturing step to obtain cells suitable for preparing transformable protoplasts. However, lower temperatures of about 25°C are also suitable. Those familiar with the art will recognize that the 29-30°C is different from the temperature (25°C) preferred for culturing Cephalosporium acremonium for purposes of antibiotic production. Cells from a 24 hour culture are harvested by suction filtration (Whatman #1 paper in a Buchner funnel) and suspended in McIlvaine's Buffer, pH 7.1 (.1M citric acid, .2M dibasic sodium phosphate) to which dithiothretiol has been added to a concentration of .01M. Sufficient buffer is added to attain a final cell concentration of 1 g (weighed after suction filtration) of cell mass per 20 ml of buffer. The cell suspension is placed on a gyratory water bath shaker in a 50 ml shake flask and incubated 90 minutes at 140 rpm with 1 inch throw at 29-30°C. Dithiothreitol-treated cells are washed with water and then resuspended in enzyme solution (25 mg/ml of beta-glucuronidase-Sigma Chemical Comany, in McIlvaine's buffer, pH 6.35; supplemented with .8 M NaCl and .02M MgSO₄). The final cell concentration is 1 g of treated cell mass per 10 ml of enzyme solution. The cell suspension is then placed on a gyratory water bath shake and incubated for 3 hours at 120 rpm with 1 inch throw at 29-30°C. The suspension of protoplasts is diluted with 4 volumes of washing solution (.8 M NaCl and .02M MgSO₄) and then gravity filtered through two layers of paper toweling. The filtrate containing the protoplasts is centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2600 rpm at room temperature. The supernatant is decanted and the pellet of protoplasts suspended in 10 ml of washing solution. After the washing procedure is repeated twice, the washed protoplasts are resuspended in sufficient .8M NaCl to achieve a concentration of 2 to 3 x 10⁸ protoplasts per ml (hemacytometer count). F. Transformation Procedure To a 1 ml suspension of Cephalosporium protoplasts (2 to 3 X 10⁸ per ml) in .8 M NaCl solution, .005 ml of freshly distilled DMSO and CaCl₂ to a final concentration of 80 mM are added followed by addition of about 1 to 20 micrograms of plasmid pIT221 DNA. Next, Polyethylene Glycol 4000 (Baker, >20% w/v in water) is added to achieve a mixture with a volume of 10 ml. The mixture is incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature and then centrifuged at 700 rpm for 5 minutes followed by 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. The pellet of protoplasts is suspended in 1 ml of .8M NaCl. Aliquots (.1 ml) are delivered to the surface of Trypticase-Soy Agar medium (BBL) that has been enriched with 10.8% sucrose to osmotically stabilize the protoplasts. After the petri plates are incubated at 15°C for 24 hours, 4 ml of liquified agar (.41% w/v, at 42°C) containing .8M sodium chloride and sufficient hygromycin to achieve a final concentration of 100 µg/ml are added to each petri dish. After the overlay has solidified, the petri plates are then incubated at 25°C in a humidified chamber. Although transformant colonies of sufficient size to subculture are present 12 days after transformation, slower growing transformants may take as long as 60 days. Abortive transformants are easily distinguished from stable transformants because abortants fail to grow upon subculture to fresh selective medium. Example 8 Southern hybridization experiments provide unequivocal proof that hygromycin-resistant Cephalosporium acremonium transformants such as, for example, isolate CPC-T1, have been recovered from transformation experiments involving C . acremonium protoplasts and plasmid pIT221. In one experiment, about 2.2 X 10⁸ protoplasts were present in a 10 ml transformation mixture with 20 mcg of plasmid pIT221 DNA. The entire transformation mixture, in 0.1 ml aliquots per petri dish, was delivered to selective medium and observed for 60 days. During this time three colonies grew. The largest of these colonies was designated CPC-T1 the smaller colonies were designated CPC-T2 and CPC-T3. A "dummy" pIT221 transformation mixture was also used. Otherwise the procedure was the same. A count of 6 X 10⁵ colony forming units per ml of transformation mixture was obtained by plating aliquots of the "dummy" mixture on non-selective medium (no hygromycin present). No colonies grew on selective medium seeded with the "dummy" transformation mixture. A colony was selected from non-selective medium seeded with diluted (4 logs) "dummy" transformation mixture and was designated as a "control". A portion of colonies CPC-T1, -T2, and -T3 were preserved in liquid nitrogen. A portion of colony CPC-T1 was subcultured on non-selective medium and DNA was prepared from the CPC-T1 subculture and from the "control" subculture by the method of (Minuth et al ., 1982. Equivalent amounts of DNA from isolate CPC-T1 and from the "control" isolate were electrophoresed in agarose gels. For comparison, purified DNA preparations from phage lambda, DNA from yeast strain DBY-746, and DNA from a YRp7-transformant of DBY-746 were also electrophoresed. Plasmid YRp7 (ATCC 37060) is a yeast/ E . coli hybrid plasmid which is present in an autonomously replicating form in strain DBY-746/YRp7. The lambda DNA was digested with Eco RI/ Bam HI prior to electrophoresis. After electrophoresis and ethidium staining, the position of the Eco RI/ Bam HI DNA fragments were marked with their known sizes in kilobases (1.1 to 16.3). A Southern hybridization was performed on the agarose gel using (³²P)pBR322 as the DNA probe (nick-translation by the method of Rigby et al ., 1977, J. Mol. Biol. 113:237). A band corresponding to the high molecular weight DNA from isolate CPC-T1 showed a clear and strong hybridization to the (³²P)pBR322 probe. In marked contrast, there was complete absence of hybridization to DNA from the "control", i.e., the untransformed recipient strain from the "dummy" transformation. Likewise, total DNA from yeast strain DBY-746 showed no hybridization to (³²P)pBR322 whereas total DNA from the YRp7-transformant of DBY-746 clearly showed bands of DNA which hybridize to (³²P)pBR322. These bands correspond to the ccc, linear, open circle and multimeric forms of the freely replicating plasmid YRp7, a plasmid known to contain pBR322 sequences as shown by Struhl et al ., 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1036. The hybridization of the high molecular weight DNA of the hygromycin-resistant Cephalosporium acremonium isolate CPC-T1 to (³²P)pBR322 demonstrates that this isolate represents a transformant in which all or a portion of plasmid pIT221 has integrated into the Cephalosporium genome. No hybridization bands corresponding to a ccc, linear or open circle form of plasmid pIT221 were observed in the DNA from CPC-T1. In separate experiments, it was shown that the high molecular weight DNA of the hygromycin-resistant isolates CPC-T2 and CPC-T3 also hybridized to (³²P)pBR322. Again, the DNA from untransformed C . acremonium controls did not hybridize. Example 9 Cephalosporium acremonium cells (from clone CPC-T1) acquired genotypic resistance to hygromycin following transformation by plasmid pIT221 DNA. Because plasmid pIT221 contains DNA from plasmid pBR322, the presence of (³²p)pBR322-hybridizing DNA in the total uncut DNA from these hygromycin-resistant cells constitutes unequivocal proof that cells of clone CPC-T1 contained pIT221 DNA. The absence of (³²P)pBR322-hybridizing DNA in the total DNA from the strain prior to transformation demonstrates that the acquisition of hygromycin-resistance was associated with the acquisition of plasmid pIT221. The migration in agarose gels exhibited by (³²p)pBR322-hybridizing DNAs in the total uncut DNA from CPC-T1 demonstrates that plasmid pIT221 had integrated into the high molecular weight C . acremonium DNA. The absence of (³²p)pBR322-hybridizing DNA of low molecular weight in the total DNA of the hygromycin-resistant cells demonstrates that plasmid pIT221 did not exist in autonomously replicating forms in the cells of clone CPC-T1. Multiple sequences in restricted total DNA from Cephalosporium transformant CPC-T1 that hybridise to (³²P)pBR322 do not reflect partial DNA digestion. Integration of plasmid pTT221 was also shown to occur at more than one site. Since Kpn I does not cut plasmid pIT221, if pIT221 was inserted only once in the fungal genome of CPC-T1 then only a single (³²p)pBR322-hybridizing fragment would be produced by Kpn I digestion of total CPC-T1 DNA. The two (³²P)pBR322-hybridizing fragments produced by Kpn I digestion of total CPC-T1 DNA demonstrate that at least two integrations of plasmid pIT221 into the fungal genome occurred; one into a region of Cephalosporium acremonium DNA bounded by Kpn I sites far from the inserted plasmid pIT221 DNA and one inserted into a region of C . acremonium DNA bounded by Kpn I sites located near the ends of the inserted DNA. The number of (³²P)pBR322-hybridizing DNA fragments observed in Sac I and Xba I digests of total CPC-T1 DNA also suggests that several integrations of plasmid pIT221 occur in CPC-T1. For each single integration into the fungal genome, two (³²P)pBR322-hybridizing fragments would be predicted in the complete Sac I or Xba I digests of total CPC-T1 DNA. Eight DNA fragments that hybridized to (³²P)pBR322 were actually produced by complete digstion with Sac I and six were produced by complete digestion with Xba I. These results indicate that about four separate integrations of plasmid pIT221 have occurred. Example 10 To further define the basis of the hygromycin resistance exhibited by Cephalosporium transformant CPC-T1, it was necessary to physically test for the presence of plasmid pIT221-borne hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene sequences. Plasmid pJC10 is a suitable probe for carrying out this physical test. Plasmid pJC10 contains all of the HPT gene sequences present in pIT221 and was derived by circularizing the large Bgl II fragment from the previously described plasmid pKC203. A suitable probe contains the HPT gene but not other DNA that would hybridize to the DNA of plasmid pIT221 or to the recipient Cephalosporium strain. Plasmid pIT221 contains five types of DNA: 1) pBR322 sequences, 2) the sequences of the ∼1.8 kb Pst I fragment from Cephalosporium mitochondrial DNA, 3) sequences of an inactive fragment of Tn(601), 4) two Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequences: one on an ∼.275 kb Bam HI fragment of yeast DNA that includes the PKG activating sequence and the second on a ∼40 bp sequence that has no known function, and 5) sequences of a truncated form of the HPT gene from plasmid pKC203. The location of these DNAs is known from the construction of plasmid pIT221 as previously described. Plasmid (³²P)pJC10 was used to probe samples of plasmid pIT221 DNA that were digested separately with Pst I, Bam HI, Eco RI, and Hind III restriction enzymes. These Southern hybridization experiments showed that only those fragments which contained the HPT gene sequences hybridized to the (³²p)pJC10 probe. Example 11 Uncut total DNA from untransformed Cephalosporium and uncut total DNA from plasmid pIT221-transformed Cephalosporium isolate CPC-T1 were electrophoresed on agarose gels. The DNA from the samples was probed with (³²p)pJC10 using the Southern technique. The results demonstrate that (³²P)pJC10 hybridizes to the high molecular weight DNA of Cephalosporium transformant CPC-T1. No bands corresponding to a autonomously replicating plasid were found. The inability of plasmid (³²P)pJC10 to hybridize to DNA from untransformed Cephalosporium shows that CPC-T1 contains genomically integrated pIT221-borne HPT gene sequences. The same results were obtained with total uncut DNA from Cephalosporium transformants CPC-T2 and CPC-T3 in a separate Southern hybridization experiment using the same probe. Example 12 Hygromycin Resistance in Transformant CPC-T1 after Approximately 25 Generations of Growth in Non-selective Media To obtain a qualitative measure of the stability of Cephalosporium acremonium /pIT221, a .5 cm portion of a CPC-T1 colony was removed from selective agar medium (contains 100 micrograms per milliliter hygromycin) and grown to a diameter of 14 cm on non-selective medium. The cells from the non-selective medium were removed, suspended in saline, homogenized, diluted and then plated on selective and non-selective media. Table II shows that the number of colony forming units was substantially the same on both selective and non-selective medium. Stability of Cephalosporium Transformant CPC-T1 After Approximately 25 Generations of Growth on Non-selective Medium Trial No. Percent of Cells Resistant #1 100% #2 94% Procedure : A .5 cm patch of Cephalosporium acremonium /pIT221 cells growing on Trypticase-Soy agar medium (BBL) supplemented with 10.3 g of sucrose and 100 µg/ml of hygromycin B was transferred to Trypticase-Soy-Sucrose agar medium without hygromycin B. When the colony was 14 cm in diameter, the growth was removed from the non-selective medium, suspended in saline, homogenized to an even suspension, diluted in saline, and plated on Trypticase-Soy-Sucrose agar medium and also on the same medium supplemented with 100 µg/ml of hygromycin B. Results: experiment #1: CFU on non-selective medium = 21; CFU on selective medium = 22; experiment #2: CFU on non-selective = 213; CFU on selective = 201. The stability of the hygromycin-resistant phenotype of Cephalosporium transformant CPC-T1 is consistent with the physical proof of the presence of HPT gene sequences in the high molecular weight DNA of Cephalosporium transformants. In a second experiment, an aliquot from a 48 hour vegetative culture of CPC-T1 was used to inoculate a medium capable of supporting cephalosporin C synthesis. After a 96 hour fermentation, aliquots of whole broth were analyzed for 1) antibiotics penicillin N and cephalosporin C; 2) the presence of viable cells; and 3) the presence of viable, hygromycin resistant cells. The number measured for viable CPC-T1 cells (grown on non-selective agar, i.e, no hygromycin present) was, by statistical analysis, substantially the same as that measured for viable, hygromycin-resistant CPC-T1 cells (grown on selective agar, i.e., hygromycin present). All untransformed Cephalosporium cells delivered to selective medium (100 µg/ml hygromycin B) failed to grow. Both the CPC-T1 transformant and its parent produced β-lactam antibiotics in the fermentation culture. On a cell weight basis, the amounts of antibiotic were approximately equivalent, although the growth rate and total cell mass of CPC-T1 was slightly lower than the untransformed parent. Those data illustrate that the plasmid pIT221- C . acremonium transformants are sufficiently stable for commercial use in the fermentation production of cephem antibiotics without the addition of hygromycin B as a selective agent. Example 13 Construction of Plasmid pPS6 1. Construction of a genomic library The desired library was conventionally constructed from Cephalosporium acremonium (any C . acremonium strain, particularly ATCC 11550 and ATCC 14553 is acceptable) in substantial accordance with the method of Rimm et al ., 1980, Gene 12:301. In addition, useful procedures for library construction are also disclosed in Maniatis et al ., 1982. Bacteriophage Charon 28 and the host bacterial strain E . coli K12 Q359 were used to construct the library. Bacteriophage Charon 28 is commercially available from Bethesda Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland while E . coli K12 Q359 has been deposited and made part of the permanent stock culture collection of the Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Illinois. The strain can be obtained under the accession number NRRL B-15894. Total DNA from Cephalosporium acremonium was isolated in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5B. The DNA was partially digested with Mbo I restriction enzyme in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(2) except that Mbo I restricDNA fragments were size fractionated on sucrose gradients. Fragments of ∼15-20 kb were selected and used in the construction of the library. The DNA from bacteriophage Charon 28 was digested to completion with Bam HI restriction enzyme in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 6B(1). Three fragments from the Charon 28 DNA were produced; a right arm, a middle ∼7 kb "stuffer" fragment and a left arm. The middle ∼7 kb "stuffer" fragment was removed by sucrose gradient fractionation and then the ∼15-20 kb Cephalosporium acremonium DNA fragments were ligated to the left and right arms of the bacteriophage Charon 28 DNA in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 6A(3). The ligated material was used in an in vitro packaging reaction. Materials required and kits for carrying out in vitro packaging are commercially available, for example, from Pro-mega Biotech, Madison, Wisconsin or other well known firms. The resultant bacteriophage particles were used to conventionally infect E . coli K12 Q359 and the resultant plaques were screened for the desired DNA sequences by the plaque hybidization technique described in Maniatis et al ., 1982. *Reaction mix for Mbo I restriction enzyme can be prepared with the following composition. 100 mM NaCl 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 10 mM MgCl₂ 1 mM Dithiothreitol 2. Screening of the genomic library for ribosomal DNA This procedure is best carried out by use of a radioactive probe that contains a portion of the gene being sought or a closely related sequence. Plasmid pYlrA12 contains the yeast ribosomal RNA coding sequences for the 5.8, 18 and 25S ribosomal RNA genes and is preferred for screening. The plasmid has been deposited and made part of the permanent collections of the Northern Regional Research Laboratory and can be obtained under the accession number NRRL B-15888. Plasmid pYlrA12 was labeled by nick translation with ³²P-dCTP in substantial accordance with the method of Rigby et al ., 1977, J. Mol. Biol. 113:237. A plaque which hybridized with labeled plasmid pYlrA12 DNA was purified and the DNA extracted from the bacteriophage as described in Maniatis et al ., 1982. Restriction analysis and Southern hybidization analysis revealed that an ∼3.7 kb Xma I fragment hybidized with plasmid pYlrA12. The ∼3.7 kb fragment was then isolated by electroelution onto DEAE cellulose paper, in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(1), and constituted the desired Cephalosporium acremonium ribosomal DNA-containing sequence. The desired digestion was carried out in substantial accordance with the procedure of Example 6A except that Xma I restriction enzyme and reaction buffer , rather than Pst I restriction enzyme and reaction buffer, were used. An ∼274 bp and an ∼8 kb fragment were produced and constituted the desired plasmid pIT221 digest. About .125 µg of the ∼3.7 kb Xma I fragment were mixed with about .1 µg of the plasmid pIT221 Xma I digest. The fragments were ligated in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(3). The resulting plasmid, designated as plasmid pPS6, was used to transform E . coli K12 C600 to ampicillin resistance in substantial accordance with the method of Mandel and Higa, 1970. Plasmid DNA was isolated from a purified transformant and analyzed by restriction enzyme analysis. A restriction site map of plasmid pPS6 is presented in Figure 8 of the accompanying drawings. Example 14 The desired construction was made in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 7 except that plasmid pPS6, rather than plasmid pIT221, was used. Example 15 Construction of Plasmids pETS702 and pPLS221 The desired digestion of plasmid pIJ702 (ATCC 39155) was carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(2) except that a complete, rather than a partial, digestion was carried out. B. Partial Digestion of Plasmid pIT221 The desired partial digestion was carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(2) except that plasmid pIT221, rather than plasmid pRB12, was used. The desired ligation of the DNA digests of A and B above was carried out in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 5C(3). The resultant plasmids, designated as plasmids pETS702 and pPLS221, are used to transform E . coli K12 C600 to ampicillin resistance in substantial accordance with the procedure of Mandel and Higa, 1970. Two ∼13 kb plasmids result from the above ligation because the plasmid pIJ702 DNA can be ligated at the '5 o'clock' or '8 o'clock' Pst I restriction sites of plasmid pIT221 (see Figure 1). Ligation at the 5 o'clock site results in plasmid pETS702 and ligation at the 8 o'clock site results in plasmid pPLS221. The orientation of the pIJ702 fragment in both plasmids is such that the Kpn I site is closest to the Sal I site of the plasmid pIT221 DNA. The plasmids are conventionally isolated from the E . coli K12 C600 transformants and then identified by restriction enzyme analysis. Example 16 The desired construction is made in substantial accordance with the teaching of United States Patent No. 4,468,462 (especially Example 9) except that Streptomyces lividans , rather than S . ambofaciens , is used. Example 17 The desired construction is made in substantial accordance with the teaching of Example 7 except that plasmid pPLS221, rather than plasmid pIT221, is used.

Claims: A method for selecting Cephalosporium transformants which comprises, growing Cephalosporium , said Cephalosporium comprising a recombinant DNA cloning vector containing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional and translational activating sequence positioned for expression of a sequence that codes for hygromycin phosphotransferase, in medium containing hygromycin at levels sufficient to inhibit the growth of Cephalosporium which does not comprise the hygromycin phosphotransferase-encoding DNA sequence. The method of Claim 1 wherein the vector is a plasmid. The method of Claim 2 wherein the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional and translational activating sequence is the phosphoglycerate kinase gene transcriptional and translational activating sequence. The method of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the sequence that codes for hygromycin B phosphotransferase is wherein A is deoxyadenyl, G is deoxyguanyl, C is deoxycytidyl, T is thymidyl, R and R² are deoxyribonucleotide triplets that independently encode lysine, R¹ and R³ are deoxyribonucleotide triplets wherein the nitrogenous bases are complementary to the respective and corresponding bases of R and R², m and n = 0 or 1, subject to the limitation that when n = 0, then m = 0 and when m = 1, then n = 1, R⁴ is a deoxyribonucleotide triplet that encodes a translational stop codon and R⁵ is a deoxyribonucleotide triplet wherein the nitrogenous bases are complementary to the corresponding bases of R⁴. The method of any of Claims 1 to 4 wherein the vector also comprises a Cephalosporium -functional autonomous replication sequence. The method of Claim 5 wherein the vector integrates into the genome of the host cell. The method of Claim 5 or 6 wherein the vector further comprises an E . coli origin of replication and a sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in E . coli . The method of Claim 6 or 7 wherein the vector further comprises a Cephalosporium ribosomal gene sequence. The method of any of Claims 5 to 8 wherein the vector further comprises a transcriptional and translational activating sequence positioned for expression of a sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide in Cephalosporium . The method of any of Claims 7 to 9 wherein the vector further comprises a Streptomyces origin of replication and a sequence that codes for a selectable phenotype in Streptomyces . The method of any of Claims 1 to 10 wherein said host cells are grown on a growth medium containing antibiotic hygromycin b. The method of any of Claims 1 to 4 wherein the vector is plasmid pPS5 derived from pIT221 by removing the ∼1.9 kb Pst I fragment, said pIT221 being derived as shown in Construction Flow Charts I to VI. The method of any of Claims 5 to 11 wherein the vector is plasmid pIT221 formed as shown in Construction Flow Charts I to VI, pPS6 formed by ligating the Xma I digest of pIT221 with the ∼3.7 kb Xma I fragment derived from hybridisation of plasmid pY1rA12 with Cephalosporium acremonium genomic material, pETS702 formed by ligating Pst I digested pIJ702 and Pst I partially digested pIT221 and isolating the plasmid ligated at the 5 o'clock Pst I restriction site of pIJ702 (ATCC 39155), or pPLS221 formed by ligating Pst I digested pIJ702 and Pst I partially digested pIT221 and isolating the plasmid ligated at the 8 o'clock Pst I restriction site of pIJ702 (ATCC 39155). A Cephalosporium cell transformed with a recombinant DNA cloning vector which comprises a Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional and translational activating sequence positioned for expression of a sequence that codes for hygromycin phosphotransferase and a Cephalosporium - functional autonomous replication sequence. The cell of Claim 14 which is Cephalosporium acremonium transformed with plasmids pIT221, pPS6, pETS702 or pPLS221, as defined in Claim 13.. Plasmid pPS5 as defined in Claim 12. Plasmid pIT221 or pPS6, as defined in Claim 13. Plasmid pETS702 or pPLS221, as defined in Claim 13. A Streptomyces cell transformed with a plasmid of Claim 18. The cell of Claim 19 which is Streptomyces lividans . An E . coli cell transformed with a plasmid of Claim 16, 17 or 18. The cell of Claim 21 which is E . coli K12 RR1.

Inventors: CHAPMAN, JERRY LEE, JR., INGOLIA, THOMAS DOMINICK, KASTER, KEVIN RAY, QUEENER, STEPHEN WYATT, SKATRUD, PAUL LUTHER
Applicants: ELI LILLY AND COMPANY
Application year: 1985
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N15, C12N1, C12R1, C12N9