METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE CORROSIVITY OF LIQUIDS

Abstract: A piezoelectric crystal, e.g. a quartz crystal, coated with a metal or another suitale material is exposed to the action of a corrosive liquid, preferably by being immersed therein. The mass change on the crystal surface, caused by the corrosion, and the resulting change in the natural oscillation frequency of the crystal is determined and constitutes a measure of the corrosivity of the liquid. The natural oscillation frequency of the crystal can in this way also be measured in situ in the liquid, in which way the dynamic course of the corrosion reaction can be followed continuously. According to a special embodiment of the invention the sensitivity during the measurement can be increased, if the crystal is pretreated by being activated with a sulphide solution.

Description: Method and device for measuring the corrosivity of liquids The present invention relates to a method for measuring the corrosivi¬ ty of liquids towards primarily metals and to a device for carrying out the method. When storing petroleum products there are in some cases formed various sulphur compounds because of, for instance, bacterial influence, which compounds will in their turn attack metals. These corrosive compounds will form on the surface of the metal a film of molecules consisting of atoms from the corroding metal but also consisting of sulphur, hydrogen etc. Said film increases on the metal and may cause big problems. This is especially relevant for oil products, e.g. crude oil, oils for heating purposes and aviation fuels, that are in contact with water. This has been observed when oil products are stored in¬ side rock chambers on a water bed, and this is a serious problem especially when jet fuel is being stored. In the interface between water and oil there are microorganisms, e.g. sulphate-reducing bacte¬ ria, that will form sulphur compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide, elementary sulphur and certain organic sulphur compounds, among others mercaptans, sulphides and disulphides. Said compounds will move up- wards into the oil and make it corrosive. If such corrosive o l is used as motor fuel, the motors among other things may become damaged because certain metal parts will corrode, and if it is the question of aviation fuel the corrosion constitutes a potential danger for the safety in flight. This is why it is very important to have a possibility of determining* the corrosivity in an easy but at the same time reliable way, prefer¬ ably at field locations. Particularly when storing for instance jet fuel over a long period in a rock chamber, there is a great need to be able to discover at a very early stage if the fuel is getting corrosive.. The method should therefore preferably be so adapted that an analysis can be carried out at the very place, for instance at a rock chamber. It is here not necessary to exactly know the chemical composition of the corrosive compounds. It is fully adequate to learn about for instance how rapidly the surface film, which is formed on a metal immersed in the petroleum product, will increase. The method that is used today to measure the corrosivity of a petroleum product is to perform an ocular inspection of a metal strip, preferably made of silver, which has been kept in the product in question. A sil¬ ver strip, which is corroded by sulphur compounds in the petroleum product, becomes black, and a classification from 0 to 4 is used as a graduation of the blackening extent. Even if the test method that is used today is standardized, IP 227/73, 1976, Institute of Petroleum, Standards for petroleum and its products, Methods for analysis and testing, 35th ed., Applied Science Publishers, a subjective estimation is made of the colouration and thus of the corrosiveness. Besides, the method takes a long time.to perform, relatively large sample volumes (250 ml) are required, and the classification with five steps is too coarse. Furthermore, a colouration recognizable for the eye cannot be observed until the film thickness exceeds about 100 S. Therefore it is desirable to have a more rapid and less subjective test method that is more sensitive and more reproducible than the * methods used up to now. The method of the invention is a simple, reliable and objective mea¬ suring method that is easily converted to automatic working. It is more sensitive than the standard method used up to now, and as thin films as 1 8 can be detected. The characteristics of the invention are evident from the attached patent claims. A piezoelectric crystal has a constant natural oscillation at rest and oscillates at a frequency that is dependent on for instance the mass on its surface. If the crystal is given a coating that interacts or reacts with a component in its environment, the mass on the crystal surface will change [and thus the oscillation frequency of the crystal. Such coated piezoelectric crystals are known from gas analysis. The Swedish patent 434,438 for instance relates to a gas detector where a gas component of a gas mixture is adsorbed to a thin organic film applied on the surface of a piezoelectric crystal, and the change in oscillation frequency caused by the increase in mass is a measure of the content of the gas component in question. It is also known for instance from the U.S. patent 3,164,004 to coat a piezoelectric crystal with a thin substrate of a solid substance, e.g. silver and copper, and to measure the change in frequency that is cau¬ sed by chemical or physical interaction between the substrate and a gas streaming passed. On the other hand, it is not previously known to immerse according to the invention a piezoelectric crystal being coated with a substrate into a liquid to determine the content of those components in the liquid that will react with the substrate. When determining the corro- sivity of a petroleum product / it is valuable to be able to carry out measurements in the liquid phase, as an evaporation may change the components in the liquid that are to be determined. When the crystal coated with a metal, e.g. silver, .is corroded in a petroleum product, the mass on the crystal surface will increase because of the supply of mainly sulphur to the surface. This gives a decrease in the crystal natural oscillation frequency. Said decrease gives a measure of the mass increase, which in its turn is proportional to the amount of corrosive compounds in the petroleum product. As an alter- native the corroded layer can be washed away, and the resulting decrease in mass gives an increase in the natural oscillation frequency which is registered. If the product of the metal and the corrosive substance is easily dis- solvable in the surrounding medium, a decrease in mass on the crystal surface can be registered. The method and the device of the invention can also be used to prove sulphur compounds in other liquids than petroleum products, such as in alcohols and aqueous solutions. Also, the content of sulphur compounds in air, e.g. in sulphur discharges from combustion installations and the like, can be determined after taking up the air in a suitable liquid for analysis according to the invention. The method and the device of the invention are not limited to measuring the reaction between sulphur compounds and metal. Other compounds can also be analyzed with a suitable choice of material on the crystal. An example thereof is chloride. I The method and the device of the invention can also preferably be used to study interacting and counteracting effects respectively from for instance different sulphur compounds in fuel or an aqueous solution. The invention can here be used as an analytical aid. As the substrate disposed on the piezoelectric crystal one can use all -metals that are attacked by corrosion of the kind in question, e.g. copper, silver, aluminium etc. Non-metallic materials can also be used if the reactivity or corrosivity of the liquid towards these materials is to be determined. The determination of the natural oscillation frequency of the crystal is carrried out after a certain period of incubation in the corrosive liquid. Here the measurement can also be performed in situ, i.e. with the crystal immersed in the liquid. This makes it possible to follow continuously the course of corrosion if so is desired. The contact electrode of a piezoelectric crystal is made of a thin coating of metal, e.g. gold, silver, aluminium etc, that has been eva¬ porated directly onto the crystal surface. In order to be able to use a piezoelectric crystal, which is found on the market already coated with a metal, for corrosion measurements according to the invention, the surface must be reproducible, i.e. the surface must initially be identical at different measuring occasions. In this case the inven¬ tion also comprises an initial activation step with cleaning in order to pre-treat the crystal to make it reproducible, as well as comprising a crystal detector adapted to the method of the invention. Before the crystal is cleaned, it must be decapsulated. After this is done, one should avoid to store it in air atmosphere for a longer period of time before the activation is carried out, as the crystal is aged when it is exposed to air for a longer period. This should not exceed 3 days. The ageing probably depends thereon, that sulphur co - pounds, for instance H^S, in the air atmosphere will initiate a corro¬ sion attack on the crystal, which makes it more reactive when it is placed in the corrosive test liquid. This ageing effect has most in¬ fluence on a subsequent measurement in highly corrosive fuels, while the effect is insignificant when measuring in fuels of low corrosi- vity. For a large scale analysis it is unpractible to clean the crystal directly before the incubation. Suitably the crystal can be coated with metal in good time before the analysis occasion, e.g. by means of evaporation or cementing thereon, or be decapsulated, if a crystal existing on the market already coated with a metal is to be used, and cleaned and then encapsulated in an inert environment, e.g. in a glass ampoule filled with argon, which is later on broken immediately before the incubation in the liquid to be analyzed. When using a piezoelectric quartz crystal coated with a thin layer of silver, the initial cleaning step consists of for instance an activa¬ tion of the silver layer by means of etching with a cyanide solution, and in this way the silver surfaces on the crystal are being freed from sulphide and oxide coatings. Silver sulphide and metallic silver- react with NaCN and oxygen according to the following: 2Ag(s) + 4CN~ + H 2 0 + 1/2 0. => 2Ag(CN) 2 ~ + 20H~ Ag 2 S(s) + 4CN~ + 20 2 > 2Ag(CN) ~ + S0 2" As the metal surface is also attacked, there is probably obtained a breaking up of the surface structure, giving a more reactive surface with shorter analysis times as the result. In a suitable embodiment of the cyanide activation the silver-coated crystal is etched in 0.01 - 1 M, preferably 0.1 M, sodiumcyanide solu¬ tion saturated with oxygen during 10 - 30 seconds, preferably 10 se- conds. If the etching time is too short, problems may arise with the reproducibility of the activation, and if the etc-hing times are too long so much silver may be etched away from the electrode that there is a risk that flakes will scale off or that the silver layer on the 5. crystal is used up. For the activation also other compounds can be used having similar effects as cyanide, and the choice of compound is made taking into consideration which metal that the crystal is coated with. 0 Another, very suitable activation process is to pretreat the piezo¬ electric crystal in a sulphide solution before the corrosivity is mea¬ sured. The crystal surface will by means of this pretreatment be¬ come coated with a very thin sulphide layer, which makes the crystal 5 surface reproducible but also causes the crystal to react earlier, with larger registration and at a lower content of corrosive com¬ pounds than if said [sulphide coating had not been applied, i.e. the sulphide activation gives the crystal increased sensitivity during the subsequent corrosion measurement. The .sulphide layer will then 0 react with sulphur compounds and the like in the corrosive liquid resulting in an increase in the mass on the crystal. The sulphide activation is suitably carried out in a 0.01 - 1 M, preferably 0.1 H sodiumsulphide solution for 10 - 30 seconds, pre- 5 ferably 10 seconds. The concentration of the activation solution is, however, not critical as long as it is above the level where the crystal is saturated with a thin layer of sulphide, which is evident from fig. 5. An activation time of 10 seconds has proved to be sufficient in most cases, which is evident from fig. 6. From figs. 5 and 6 there is evident, that the reaction between the sulphide in the aqueous solution during the activation and the crys¬ tal occurs very rapidly and is rather an adsorption phenomena. Once a monomolecule layer or thin layer of sulphide on the surface has 5 been adsorbed on the crystal surface, the following reaction occurs very slowly in an aqueous solution. Figs. 7 - 9 show that t e sulphide-activated crystals react more rapidly with corrosive compounds in a fuel, such as elementary sulphur. It is also possible to measure by means of the crystal without activa- ting it, but the incubation period must then be prolonged. If one should wish to use a crystal, which has electrodes of a metal that is unsuitable for corrosion measurements, the electrode contact surfaces can be coated with a metal that is more suitable for the corrosion reaction. A gold electrode can for instance be given a sil¬ ver layer of a suitable thickness by means of thermal evaporation in an evaporation set-up at a low pressure. After an initial activation, if necessary, of the commercially availab- le, metal-coated piezoelectric crystal or after evaporation of a suitable metal onto a piezoelectric crystal surface, the crystal is placed in the liquid product, whose corrosivity or reactivity is to be determined. The incubation in the test liquid is suitably carried out at a somewhat enhanced temperatur, e.g. 50 C, but a lower tempera- _ ture is also possible, for instance in order to lessen the evaporation of the test liquid. The length of the incubation period is to a cer¬ tain extent adapted to how corrosive or reactive the examined test liquid is. If it is very corrosive, the crystal will soon become over¬ loaded because of the corrosion film, which causes the crystal to stop oscillating. When the test liquid is only weakly corrosive, a longer incubation period of up to 4 hours may be required in order to note a larger frequency change. The incubation period for a silver-coated quartz crystal is usually between 15 minutes and 4 hours and is suitably 1 hour. Conversion from change in frequency to change in mass can.for gas ana¬ lysis with coated piezoelectric crystals, be done according to W.H. King Jr., Anal. Chem., 36 (9), 1735 (1964) in accordance with the relationsship: ΔF " A ΔW = 2.3 * 10 6 * F- 2 where ΔW = change in mass on the electrode surface in gram ΔF = change in frequency in Hz F = natural frequency in MHz A = electrode area in cm This relationship is also applicable at liquid analysis with coated piezoelectric crystals. I The invention will now be described in more detail in an illustrative but not delimiting purpose by means of a number of examples with refe¬ rence to the attached drawings, where fig. 1 shows the corrosivity that has been measured at various depths in a cistern when storing jet fuel, according to the method of the invention and according to the standardized test method; fig. 2 is a diagram that shows the proportionality between the change in the natural oscillation frequency of the crystal and the content of corrosive compounds in a jet fuel when incubating for 1 hour and 4 hours, as well as the correlation between the method of the invention and the standardized test method; fig. 3 shows how the frequency change and thus the corrosiveness is changed with the incubation period time; fig. 4 shows how the method can be used to study the effect by various sulphur compounds, in this case mercaptans, on the . corrosivity. Fig. 4 shows the relationship between type and content of mercaptan and the corrosivity in synthetic fuel with 1 mg/l elementary sulphur; fig. 5 shows the dependence of the measured corrosivity on the con-* centration of the activation solution in the pretreatment step, when activation by sodiu sulphide is used. For every measuring point six crystals have been incubated for 4 hours at +50 C in pure fuel with an addition of 1 mg/l of elemen¬ tary sulphur; fig. 6 shows how the length of the activation time in the pretreat- ent step influences the measured corrosivity, when a 0.001 M sodiumsulphide solution is used to activate the crystal. For every measuring point six crystals have been incubated for 4 hours at +50°C in pure fuel with an addition of 1 mg/l of elementary sulphur; fig. 7 shows how piezoelectric crystals can be used in order to follow the corrosivity in jet fuel when being stored on a water bed. The corrosivity has been followed for a period of 43 days with crystals activated by sulphide and by cya¬ nide and incubated for 4 hours in the fuel for analysis accor¬ ding to example 6; fig. 8 gives a comparison between crystals activated by sulphide and by cyanide according to example 6, when measuring the corrosivity in fuel, which has been added elementary sulphur in order to increase the corrosivity. Incubation period 1 hour; fig. 9 gives a comparison ■ between crystals activated by sulphide and by cyanide according to example 6, when measuring the corrosivity in fuel, which has been added elementary sulphur in order to increase " the corrosivity. Incubation period A hours. iilEEiS-l Quartz crystals (Kvartselektronik AB, 20 000 MHz 20ppm hc18/u KVE) with contact surfaces of silver (put on by the manufacturer by means of eva- poration) are opened in order to expose the crystal. The crystal and the silver contact surfaces are etched in 0.1 molar sodiumcyanide solution for 10 seconds and rinsed in distilled water, 99% ethanol and isooctane. The natural frequency is measured, and then the crystals are incubated for 1 hour at 50 C in 10 ml jet fuel of different degrees of corrosive- ness according to the standard method. Then the crystals are rinsed in isooctane and blown dry. The natural frequency is measured again, and the change for every crystal is registered. The results from the mea¬ surements are reported in tables 1 and 2. In the tables there are also reported the corrosiveness according to the standard method and the amount of elementary sulphur determined by means of a polarographic method for every fuel sample. TABLE 1. Measurements of the corrosivity of jet fuel in some rock chambers installations. Corrosion Corrosion Elementa Standard sulphur Installation no. kMz (1 h) IP 227/73 mg/l 1 3.89 4.82 3.45 4.13 1 0.67 2 9.28 10.50 11.18 2+ 1.6 3 4.75 5.02 4.34 4.64 2+ 0.48 4 2.38 2.14 2.03 2.62 0+ 0.14 TABLE 2. Measurements of the corrosivity of stored fuel in a rock chamber installation. Depth Corrosion Corrosion Elementa m kHz Standard sulphur (1 h) IP 227/73 mg/l 2 . 0.16 0.21 0.24 0 0.2 4 0.25 0.25 0.19 0 0.3 6 2.92 2.77 2.86 1 0.6 8 4.87 4.79 4.84 2 1.0 10 4.99 5.61 5.89 2+ 1.2 12 6.64 6.51 5.89 2+ 1.2 Control 0.35 0.33 Fig. 1 shows graphically the result in table 2 from sampling at various depths ina cistern, when fuels are stored in rock chambers. From the diagram one can see the increased sensitivity of the method according to the invention compared with the standardized test method, where the result is expressed as an integer from 0 to 4. In order to examine how the change in frequency depends on the corrosi¬ vity, a test series has been carried out, where highly corrosive fuel is mixed with different contents of non-corrosive fuel. Crystals are etched and incubated according to example 1. A mixture of corrosive fuel of classification 3 with fuel of classifi- 5 cation 0 (according to the standard method) gives a relationship bet¬ ween the corrosivity and the percentage of the additive as is seen from fig. 2. It is also valuable to be able to quantitatively estimate how much of a non-corrosive fuel there is required if mixed into a corrosive fuel to make the corrosivity of the mixture acceptable from for instance a flight safety point of view. From the example is also seen the correlation between the crystal method of the invention and the standard method IP 227/73 for this fuel. Examg_le_3 Crystals according to example 1 are incubated for different lengths of time in a fuel of corrosivity classification 2 according to the stan¬ dard method, and the measured results are shown in the diagram of fig. 3. From the appearance of the curve is evident that a linear relation- ship between the corrosivity and the incubation time is obtained after a certain period of time, here 1 hour. Examg].e_4 The corrosivity of aviation fuel was determined after incubating crystals according to example 1 for 1 hour and 4 hours. The corrosivi¬ ty was also determined by means of the standard method IP 227/73 and- by measuring the content of elementary sulphur. From fig. 2 is seen how - a longer incubation time can be used in order to be able to detect at an early stage tendencies of corrosivity. The utility of the method as an analytical aid is seen in fig. 4, where ' the corrosivity has been determined after incubating crystals according to example 1 for 1 hour in fuel mixtures with various contents and ty¬ pes of mercaptans. Examg_le_6 Quartz crystals (Kvartselektronik AB, 20000 MHz 20ppm hc18/u KVE ) with contact surfaces of silver (put on by the manufacturer by means of eva¬ poration) are opened so that the crystal is exposed. The crystal and the silver contact surfaces are heated in one case with 0.1 M sodium¬ cyanide solution and in the other case with 0.1 M sodiumsulphide solu¬ tion for 10 seconds and rinsed in distilled water, 99% ethanol and iso- octane. The natural frequency is determined, and then the crystals are o. incubated in 10 ml jet fuel for 1 hour and 4 hours at +50 C. The crys¬ tal is then rinsed in isooctane and blown dry. The natural frequency is measured again, and the change is registered for every crystal. In tables 3 and 4 are shown the results of the measurements. In the tables there are also shown the corrosivity according to the standard method and the amount of elementary sulphur determined by means of a polaro- graphic method for every fuel sample. TABLE 3. Determination of the corrosivity of jet fuel in a rock chamber installation with additions of elementary sulphur utilizing crystals that have been activated by cyanide and by sulphide. The corrosivity has also been * determined by means of the stan¬ dard method IP 227/73 as a reference. Inc = incubation time in the fuel, n = number of crystals, x = average value and s = standard deviation Amount of Corro- Corrosivity kHz added ele- sion Cyanide Sulphide Sulphide mentary stan- activation activation activation sulphur dard Inc 4 h Inc 4 h Inc 1 h - S mg/l IP 227/73 0 0 24 0.425 ■ 0.133 6 0.637 0.083 - - - I 0.1 0 - 6 1 .026 0.148 - - - 0.3 0 5 0.245 0.093 6 4.236 0.308 - - - 1 .0 0 6 0.511 0.057 6 12.428 0.526 6 4.90 0.2 The result shows that by means of sulphide activation, tendencies of corro¬ sivity can be indicated earlier than by means of cyanide activation. No corrosivity can be detected by means of the standard method. TABLE 4. Measurement of the corrosivity in fuel stored in a rock cham¬ ber installation and fuel brought to the installation in a tank car. Determination by means of piezoelectric crystals activated by cyanide solution (0.1 M) and sulphide solution (0.1 M). The corrosivity has also been determined by means of the ' standard method IP 227/73, andthe content of elemen¬ tary sulphur has been determined polarographically. Sample Depth Ag-corr Acj kHz Ac ) kHz So m IP 4 h_CN~ 4 h_HS~ ' mg/l 227/73 n X s n X s Cistern 1 0 , 0+ 4 0.401 0.025 2 1.880 0.019 <0,2 2 0 , 0+ 4 • 0.450 0.044 - 3 0+, 0+ 4 0.526 0.087 - 4 0+, 0+ 4 0.565 0.023 <0.2 5 0+, 0+ 4 0.728 0.115 - 6 1-, 1- 4 0.543 0.114 2 2.346 0.111 <0.2 6.75 1-, 1- 4 0.560 0..227 2 2.699 0.452 7.25 1-, 1 4 0.658 0.366 2 2.552 0.129 <0.2 Average value 0+ 0.554 2.37 <0.2 Tank car 1 0 , 0 4 0.422 0.129 2 0.692 0.252 <0.2 2 0 , 0 4 0.482 0.142 2 0.702 0.212 <0.2 3 0 , 0 4 0.627 0.109 2 0.779 0.049 <0.2 4 0 , 0 4 0.637 0.115 2 0.470 0.011 <0.2 * 5 0 , 0 4 0.646 0.109 2 0.570 0.12 <0.2 Average value 0 0.563 0.643 <0.2 The result of the measurements shows- that by means of the standard method IP 227/73 a faint trace of corrosivity can be noted in the cistern but not in the tank car. By means of the crystal method uti¬ lizing cyanide activation, no appreciable difference can be noted. but if one utilizes sulphide activation it is observed that the fuel in the cistern is more corrosive,than the fuel brought in the tank car. Examgle_7 In order to examine how piezoelectric crystals can be used to discover early signs of corrosion when jet fuel is stored on a water bed, mea¬ surements have been carried out in a model system with water and fuel. In this case a comparison has been done between corrosion determiπa- tions by means of sulphide-activated crystals (10 seconds in 0.1 M sulphide solution) and cyanide-activated crystals ' (10 seconds in 0.1 M cyanide solution) according to example 6. The incubation time has been 4 hours. The result is seen in fig..7. With sulphide-activated crystals. signs of beginning corrosivity can be discovered early, which is of great importance when jet fuel is stored on a water bed in a rock chamber. In this case signs of corrosion can be discovered already after 30 days. ExamBle_8 In order to examine how the frequency change is dependent upon the corrosivity, two test series were carried out, and measuring by means of cyanide-activated crystals was compared with measuring by means of sulphide-activated crystals. The crystals were treated according to example 6. In one test series an incubation time of 1 hour was used (fig. 8), and in the other test series an incubation- time of 4 hours was used (fig. 9). In both test series elementary sulphur was added to non-corrosive fuel in order to give a fuel having an increasing corrosivity. In both cases are evident that the sulphide-activated crystals are more sensitive than the cyanide-activated crystals and can prove corro- sivity at an earlier stage. The spreading of the values is also less, when sulphide-activated crystals are used. Even if the invention has been illustrated by means of corrosion deter¬ minations in petroleum products, it is submitted that the invention is generally applicable for the analysis of the corrosivity of a liquid.

Claims: AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 31 July 1985 (31.07.85); original claim 1 amended; other claims unchanged (1 page)] 1. Method for measuring the corrosivity of a Liquid, characterized by giving a piezoelectric crystal, for instance made of quartz, a repro- ducible coating of a material, particularly metal, that is subjected to the corrosion reaction in question; determining the natural oscilla¬ tion frequency (v,.) of the piezoelectric crystal coated in this way; exposing the crystal to the corrosive Liquid which is in the Liquid state by immersing the crystal therein; and determining the natural oscillation frequency (V-) of the crystal after being exposed to the corrosion reaction for a certain period of time, whereby the change in the natural oscillation frequency (v. - v ) of the crystal is a mea¬ sure of the mass change on the surface of the crystal and thus of the content of corroding compounds in the liquid. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized by determining, when the corrosion product is soluble in the liquid, the decrease in mass of the metal coating or another used coating, which decrease in mass is caused by the corrosion. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by determining in situ in the Liquid the change in the natural oscillation frequency of the piezoelectric crystal caused by the corrosion reaction, in which way the dynamic course of the corrosion reaction can be followed. 4. Method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized by giving the piezoelectric crystal a reproducible coating by cementing onto the crystal a material, particularly metal, subjected to the corrosion reac¬ tion in question or by applying it onto the crystal by means of thermal evaporation at a Low pressure, e.g. in vacuum, and then storing the crystal coated in this way in an inert environment, e.g. in argon, until the natural oscillation frequency is determined and the exposure to the liquid is carried out. 5. Method according to any one of claims 1-4, characterized by activa¬ ting the metal Layer on a previously metal-coated piezoelectric crystal

Inventors: HULTEN GOERAN, NORQVIST ANDERS, OLOFSSON GOERAN, ROFFEY ROGER, HULTEN, GOERAN, NORQVIST, ANDERS, OLOFSSON, GOERAN, ROFFEY, ROGER
Applicants: FOERSVARETS FORSKNINGSANSTALT
Application year: 1985
Main classification: G01N29
IPC codes: G01N17, G01N27, G01N29