ENERGY ABSORPTION

Abstract: An energy absorption device in the form of a telescopic strut with two nesting tubes (10, 11) through which there is drilled a hole (12) in which there is received a pin (13). The tubes are of fibre reinforced plastic material whereas the pin is of stiffer material, such as, metal. When the strut gives way under a loading (P), the pin is forced to shear through the tube material.

Description: ENERGY ABSORPTION This invention relates to ways and means of absorbing energy. In one known proposal (GB-2020780) for attenuating compressive force, an elongated member, of a composite material comprising fibres bonded by a resin, is crushed against the face of an anvil and progressively disintegrated. The present invention provides an alternative form of energy absorption. According to the invention there is provided a method of dissipating energy from a moving mass using an energy absorbing device which comprises a sacrifical member of fibre reinforced plastics material and a rigid element which has a higher shear strength than said plastics material and which, when a moving mass impinging on the device causes the device to fail, is caused to shear through the sacrificial member, the material of the sacrificial member being chosen such as to ensure that when failure of the device occurs, the mode of failure is by said shearing of the rigid element through the sacrificial member The invention also provides apparatus for dissipating energy from a moving mass comprising a sacrifical member of fibre reinforced plastics material and rigid element which has a higher shear strength than said plastics material and which, when a moving mass impinging on the apparatus causes the apparatus to fail, is caused to shear through the sacrifical member, the material of the sacrifical member being chosen such as to ensure that when failure of the device occurs, the mode of failure is by said shearing of the rigid element through the sacrificial member The invention further provides a telescopic strut having two strut members of which at least one is a sacrificial member, being made of fibre-reinforced plastics material, and means to prevent movement of the two members axially in one direction relative to one another, said means comprising a rigid element which is arranged to engage both strut members and which is capable of shearing through the or each sacrificial strut member axially in the said one direction when a load is applied axially to the strut, the material of the or each sacrificial strut member being chosen such as to prevent failure of the strut occuring in a manner other than by said axial shearing of the or each sacrificial strut member. By way of example, an embodiment of the invention and various alternatives thereof will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing, which is a side view of an energy absorbing device according to the invention. The device shown in the drawing is a telescopic strut designed for absorbing energy from an axial compressive loading P, although equally, it could absorb energy fron an axial tensile loading The strut comprises a pair of nesting tubes 10 and 11, through which there is drilled a transverse hole 12 in which there is received a pin 13. The tubes are of circular cross-section here, but of course any other suitable cross-section could be used, for example, square which would prevent relative rotation between the tubes. The pin 13 is designed to be of stiffer material than that of at least one of the tubes so that when the strut is forced to give way under an axial compressive loading P, such as from an impact, it is the tube material which fails, rather than the pin. What happens, therefore, is that the stiffer pin 13 shears through the weaker tube material, acting as it does so to dissipate at least some of the energy of the impact. The sacrificial material of the tube which is used here is fibre reinforced plastics. The plastics material can be a resin such as polyester, epoxy or phenolic resin, and may be thermoplsatic or thermosetting. The fibre reinforcement may comprise glass fibre, for example, or carbon fibre or "Kevlar", and may be incorporated in the plastics material in the form of unidirectional fibres, fineweave cloth, woven rovings, chopped strand mat, continuous filament mat, etc., and of course any combination of these may be included. The material may be formed by a pultrusion process, in which case the fibre reinforcement is preferably predominantly made of unidirectional glass fibres which are aligned in the direction of pultrusion. In the case of the nesting tubes shown in the drawing, the fibre alignment and direction of pultrusion are axial, as is the intended direction of shear. The material may alternatively be formed into tubes by a process of winding on a mandrel, in which case the fibre reinforcement is conveniently of the cloth wound type, preferably with one of the fibre weaves orientated in the direction of the axis of the tube. Tubes made by winding have a laminated sort of construction and have been found in practice to be capable of absorbing more energy than corresponding tubes which are pultruded. It is also found in practice that, apart from a localised destruction of the tube material where it has been sheared through, the remainder of the tube appears unaffected. This means that in the case of the telescopic strut shown in the drawing, the strut is able to retain its integrity even after an impact Naturally, it is important that the device fails in the intended manner, namely, by shearing of the plastics material. Where the device is a telescopic strut, as shown in the drawing, this means that the material must have sufficient bending and crippling mode strength to prevent failure by buckling. The fibre reinforcement is selected to ensure this, and this usually means that there are at least some fibres which are aligned in the intended direction of shear. Preferably at least half the fibres in the reinforcement are aligned in the direction of shear or are inclined to said direction by an angle of no more than 450 The plastics material composition is selected to suit the environmental conditions of the particular application in which the device is to be used. The telescoping nature of the strut ensures the necessary means to constrain shearing to the required direction. Trials have been carried out on samples of round and square section telescopic tubes as shown in the drawing, using various materials, tube sizes and pin sizes, and the following is a summary of results: EMI5.1 <SEP> OUTER <SEP> DIMENSTION <SEP> TUBE <SEP> WALL <SEP> INTTIAL <SEP> SUBSEQUENT <SEP> kN <tb> <SEP> OD <SEP> TUBE <SEP> THICKNESS <SEP> MATERIAL <tb> <SEP> TUBE <SEP> ------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> PIN <SEP> PEAK <SEP> ------------------- SAMPLE <SEP> NO. <SEP> SHAPE <SEP> (OUTEN) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OCTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> DIA. <SEP> (KN) <SEP> (MAX) <SEP> (MIN) <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 1. <SEP> SQUARE <SEP> 32 <SEP> 25 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5.6 <SEP> 3.8 <SEP> 2.6 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 2. <SEP> SQUARE <SEP> 38 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 4.6 <SEP> 4.3 <SEP> 3.0 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 3. <SEP> SQUARE <SEP> 38 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 8 <SEP> 7.0 <SEP> 5.7 <SEP> 4.4 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 4. <SEP> SQUARE <SEP> 38 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 10 <SEP> 7.0 <SEP> 7.6 <SEP> 5.9 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 5. <SEP> SQUARE <SEP> 38 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 12 <SEP> 9.3 <SEP> 7.7 <SEP> 5.7 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 6. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 32 <SEP> 25 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 6.0 <SEP> 3.5 <SEP> 2.7 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 7. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 38 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 4.1 <SEP> 3.6 <SEP> 1.8 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 8. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 51 <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> CW <SEP> 6 <SEP> 6.6/7.6 <SEP> 7.0/4.6 <SEP> 5.7/3.9 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 8a. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 51 <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> CW <SEP> 8 <SEP> 8.7/6.5 <SEP> 6.1/6.0 <SEP> 4.4/3.0 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 8b. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 51 <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> H <SEP> CW <SEP> 10 <SEP> 7.7/10.0 <SEP> 6.3/6.6 <SEP> 4.6/4.6 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EMI6.1 <SEP> CD <SEP> TUBE <SEP> THICKNESS <SEP> MATERIAL <SEP> INTTIAL <SEP> SUBSEQUENT <SEP> kN <tb> <SEP> TUBE <SEP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> PIN <SEP> PEAK <SEP> ------------------ SAMPLE <SEP> NO. <SEP> SHAPE <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> DIA. <SEP> (kN) <SEP> (MAX) <SEP> (MIN) <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 9. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 32 <SEP> 25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> 2.95 <SEP> HR <SEP> CW <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5.8/5.3 <SEP> 3.2/3.6 <SEP> 2.5/3.0 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 9a. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 32 <SEP> 25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> 2.95 <SEP> HR <SEP> CW <SEP> 8 <SEP> 6.6/6.8 <SEP> 4.9/4.7 <SEP> 4.0/3.8 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 9b. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 32 <SEP> 25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> 2.95 <SEP> HR <SEP> CW <SEP> 10 <SEP> 7.8/9.0 <SEP> 5.0/4.4 <SEP> 4.2/3.8 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 10. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 50 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 4.3/4.3 <SEP> 4.3/4.3 <SEP> 3.5/3.3 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 10a. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 50 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 8 <SEP> 5.8/4.9 <SEP> 4.9/4.8 <SEP> 3.8/4.0 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 10b. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 50 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 10 <SEP> 6.2/6.6 <SEP> 6.8/5.2 <SEP> 4.6/4.4 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 11. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 39 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> HR <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5.7/5.5 <SEP> 5.7/5.5 <SEP> 5.1/4.7 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 11a. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 39 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> HR <SEP> 8 <SEP> 7.1/8.5 <SEP> 6.9/6.7 <SEP> 5.7/6.0 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 11b. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 39 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> HR <SEP> 10 <SEP> 7.9/8.6 <SEP> 8.3/7.6 <SEP> 7.4/6.3 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> 12. <SEP> ROUND <SEP> 50 <SEP> 39 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5.8/5.8 <SEP> 5.8/6.0 <SEP> 5.0/4.9 <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EMI7.1 <SEP> OUTER <SEP> DIMENSION <SEP> TUBE <SEP> WALL <tb> <SEP> OD <SEP> TUBE <SEP> THIOKNESS <SEP> MATERTAL <SEP> INITIAL <SEP> SUBSEQUENT <SEP> kN <tb> <SEP> TUBE <SEP> ----------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> PIN <SEP> PEAK <SEP> ------------------ SAMPLE <SEP> NO. <SEP> SHAPE <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUITER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (CUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> DIA. <SEP> (kN) <SEP> (MAX) <SEP> (MIN) <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 12a. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 50 <SEP> 39 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 8 <SEP> 8.6/8.9 <SEP> 7.5/7.2 <SEP> 6.8/6.4 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 12b. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 50 <SEP> 39 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 2.25 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 10 <SEP> 9.2/9.4 <SEP> 9.3/8.3 <SEP> 8.1/7.8 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 13. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5.0/5.0 <SEP> 3.9/4.3 <SEP> 3.3/3.3 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 13a. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 8 <SEP> 6.4/6.4 <SEP> 4.4/5.0 <SEP> 3.8/4.2 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 13b. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 38 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3.05 <SEP> CW <SEP> H <SEP> 10 <SEP> 7.2/6.4 <SEP> N/A <SEP> N/A <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 14. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 36 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3.1 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 6 <SEP> 8.0 <SEP> 7.3 <SEP> 6.7 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 14a. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 36 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2.1 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 8 <SEP> 11.1 <SEP> 10.4 <SEP> 9.2 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 14b. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 44.5 <SEP> 36 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2.1 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 10 <SEP> 10.9 <SEP> N/A <SEP> N/A <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 15. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 101.5 <SEP> 89 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 1/4" <SEP> 12.4/12.9 <SEP> 12.2/13.2 <SEP> 10.8/12.4 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 15a. <SEP> ROUD <SEP> 101.5 <SEP> 89 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 8 <SEP> 15.5/17.5 <SEP> 14.6/15.8 <SEP> 13.4/13.6 <tb> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EMI8.1 <SEP> OUTER <SEP> DIMENSION <SEP> TUBE <SEP> WALL <tb> <SEP> CD <SEP> TUBE <SEP> THICKNESS <SEP> MATERIAL <SEP> INITIAL <SEP> SUBSEQUENT <SEP> kN <tb> <SEP> TUBE <SEP> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ <SEP> PIN <SEP> PEAK <SEP> ----------------------- SAMPLE <SEP> NO. <SEP> SHAPE <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> (OUTER) <SEP> (INNER) <SEP> DIA. <SEP> (kN) <SEP> (MAX) <SEP> (MIN) <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <SEP> 15b. <SEP> RCOUD <SEP> 101.5 <SEP> 89 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> CW <SEP> CW <SEP> 10 <SEP> 18.8/18.8 <SEP> 17.2/18.2 <SEP> 13.5/14.0 <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- <tb> ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the above table, "H" and "HR" refer to pultruded tubes whereas "CW" refers to wound tube. A typical specification for pultruded tube "'H" is as follows: RESIN MIX: COMPONENT 8 WEIGHT/m NORPOL 60-06 89.09 249.97 ZELEC UN 0.87 2.50 GREY PIGMENT 17199 1.74 4.88 HEXEL HFO 102 7.00 19.64 TOPANOL 0 0.10 0.28 TBP OCTOATE 0.30 0.84 TBP BENZOATE 0.90 2.53 REINFORCEMENT: MATERIAL MASS WIDTH NO. MASS (g/m2) (cm) OFF z/m 6 AR WOVEN ROVING 280 12 2 67.2 UNIFLO CONTINUOUS FILAMENT MAT 450 11 1 49.5 SPUN ROVING 2800TEX - 32 89.6 MOCK SPUN ROVING 2400TEX - 32 76.8 Percentage of reinforcement = 50.22 by weight 30.10 by volume Section volume = 3.444E-04(m3/m) Total Section mass = 0.563(kg/m) Mass of resin/m of section = 0.28(kg) Density of section = 1636.69 Optimum pulling speed e 55 cm/min. Resin injection; Machine load-half; No. off die impressions = 1. The mock spun roving was the outermost layer of reinforcement. In samples 1, 2, 6 and 7, load was applied at a steady rate of 50 mm/min. The strut was initially about 600 mm long overall, and the possible reduction of this legnth was 180 mm. The ends of the tubes were cut square to fit the platens of the test rig. In samples 3, 4 and 5, load was applied at 100 mm/min, whereas for the remaining samples, load was applied at 20 mm/min. In each case, a clearance hole was drilled through both tubes and the appropriate size mild steel bolt inserted into the hole. For the tests on samples 8 to 10, failure was allowed to occur over a distance of about 25 mm starting with the smallest pin size, before the sample was then redrilled and tested in a similar way for successively larger pins. It will be readily apparent that the principle of absorbing energy by forcing a stiff element to shear through a sacrificial member of fibre reinforced plastics material may be embodied in a number of ways. One arrangement that appears particularly advantageous comprises a rigid shoe or sleeve, conveniently of metal, having a number of radially inwardly facing pins or fins, through the bore of which shoe or sleeve there is forced a tube of the fibre reinforced plastics material. Or, if a device is needed to absorb energy by tensile failure, a rigid element could be arranged simply to pull through a sheet of fibre reinforced plastics material.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A method of dissipating energy from a moving mass using an energy absorbing device which comprises a sacrificial member of fibre reinforced plastics material and a rigid element which has a higher shear strength than said plastics material and which, when a moving mass impinging on the device causes the device to fail, is caused to shear through the sacrificial member, the material of the sacrificial member being chosen such as to ensure that when failure of the device occurs, the mode of failure is by said shearing of the rigid element through the sacrificial member. 2. Apparatus for dissipating energy from a moving mass, comprising a sacrificial member (10, 11) of fibre reinforced plastics material and a rigid element (13) which has a higher shear strength than said plastics material and which, when a moving mass impinging on the apparatus causes the apparatus to fail, is caused to shear through the sacrifical member, the material of the sacrificial member being chosen such as to ensure that when failure of the device occurs, the mode of failure is by said shearing of the rigid element through the sacrificial member. 3. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the reinforcement includes at least some fibres aligned in the intended direction of shear whereby to give said sacrificial material sufficient strength to resist failure in a mode other than by 5 ald. 5 hearing. 4. Apparatus as claimed in CLaim 3 wherein the sacrificial material is produced in a pultrusion process and the intended direction of shear is in the direction of pultrusion. 5 Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the reinforcement comprises unidirectional glass fibres. 6. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 or Claim 3 wherein the plastics material is produced in a winding process and the reinforcement is in the form of woven cloth. 7. A telescopic strut having two strut members (10, 11) of which at least one is a sacrificial member, being made of fibre reinforced plastics material, and means to prevent movement of the two members axially in one direction relative to one another, said means comprising a rigid element (13) which is arranged to engage both strut members and which is capable of shearing through the or each sacrificial strut member axially in the said one direction when a load is applied axially to the strut, the material of the or each sacrificial strut member being chosen such as to prevent failure of the strut occurring in a manner other than by said axial shearing of the or each sacrificial strut member. 8. A telescopic strut as claimed in Claim 6 wherein the reinforcement of the material of the or each sacrificial strut member includes at least some fibres aligned in the intended direction of shear whereby to give the or each sacrificial strut member sufficient strength to resist failure in a mode other than said axial shearing. 9. A telescopic strut as claimed in Claim 7 or Claim 8 wherein the members are tubular. 10. A telescopic strut as claimed in Claim 6, Claim 8 or Claim 9 wherein the members are of a cross-section whereby relative rotation between the members is prevented. 11. A telescopic strut as claimed in any one of Claims 7 to 10 wherein the rigid element comprises a pin or pins. 12. A telescopic strut as claimed in Claim 11 wherein the pin or pins extend transversely of the members. 13. A telescopic strut as claimed in any one of Claims 7 to 12 wherein the material is made in a pultrusion process and the intended direction of shear is in the direction of pultrusion. 14. A telescopic strut as claimed in Claim 13, wherein the reinforcement comprises unidrectional glass fibres. 15. A telescopic strut as claimed in any one of Claims 7 to 12 wherein the material is made by a winding process and the reinforcement is in the form of woven cloth. 16. A telescopic strut as claimed in any preceding claim being for axial compressive loads.

Inventors: PENTELOW, TONY
Applicants: BTR PLC
Application year: 1985
Main classification: F16F7
IPC codes: F16F7, F16F1