AUTOMATED POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS APPARATUS

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for automatically constructing polypeptide of high purity, up to 50 amino acids in length, using only single couplings. The apparatus includes an ac­ tivation system for receiving protected amino acids, one kind at a time, having a common vessel (an activator vessel) in which to activate each of the amino acids. Also included is a reaction vessel for containing a resin used in solid-phase peptide synthesis for attaching a peptide chain thereto. A transfer system is also provided, which operates under con­ trol of a computer, to transfer the activated species from the activation system to the reaction vessel and to transfer amino acids, reagents, gases, and solvents from one part of the apparatus to another. The activator system also includes a temperature controlled concentrator vessel in which an ac­ tivator solvent is replaced by a coupling solvent to enhance the coupling of the activated species to the peptide chain in the reaction vessel. Also included in the synthesizer system is a vortexer for affecting total washing of materials in the reaction vessel and the reaction vessel itself, an automated peptide resin sampling system, and an autodelivery system for providing individual containers of amino acid to the syn­ thesizer in the order desired in the peptide sequence. A liquid sensor system is also included to monitor transitions be­ tween gases and liquids in specific tubes in the synthesizer in order to provide input signals to the computer system for control purposes. The computer system software which con­ trols the operation of the synthesizer is organised according to a series of menus which allows the user of the system to select individual cycles of operation for each vessel in the synthesizer. In addition, an algorithm has been developed which provides for optimum efficiency in the production of a peptide for any given selection of cycles.

Description: This invention relates to apparatus for the automated synthesis of polypeptides, and particularly to apparatus for automatically pre-forming activated species of (alpha-amino protected) amino acids immediately prior to introduction into solid phase synthesis reactions. Since its inception in 1962, R. B. Merrifield's concept of solid phase peptide synthesis has seen many improvements and has now become an established technique in the art. Literally hundreds of investigations have been published describing the chemical details of the method (See for example, Merrifield, R. B.: Science 150, 178 (1965); Merrifield, R. B.: Sci. Amer. 218, 56 (1968); Stewart, J. M., Young, J. D.: In: Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. San Francisco, California: Freeman 1969; and Erickson, B. W., Merrifield, R. B.: In: The Proteins (eds. Neurath, R. L. Hill), III. Ed., Vol. 2, pp 255-527. New York; Academic Press 1976).) Typically, solid phase peptide synthesis begins with the covalent attachment of the carboxyl end of an (alpha-amino protected) first amino acid in the peptide sequence through an organic linker to an insoluble resin bead (typically 25-300 µm in diameter), illustrated by: A general cycle of synthesis then consists of deprotection of the resin bound alpha-amino group, washing (and neutralization if necessary), followed by reaction with with some carboxyl activated form of the next (alpha-amino protected) amino acid to yield: Repetition of the cycle to the n th amino acid then yields: At the end of the synthesis, the link of the peptide to its polymer support is cleaved, and the dissolved peptide is separated from the insoluble resin and purified. Although this process is simple in principle, in practice it can be quite difficult to obtain peptides over about 30 amino acids long which have any substantial purity. The reason for this is that the average step yield has a profound effect on the purity of the product peptide, as illustrated by the values in the following table for synthesis of a 30 amino acid peptide. 30 AMINO ACID PEPTIDE Average Step Yield (%) Product Purity (%) 95.0 21 99.5 86 99.7 91 The results are even more problematic for longer peptides, eg. for a target peptide with 101 residues, a step yield of 99.0% provides a product of only 36% purity. In all cases, the by-products of peptide synthesis consist of a complex mixture of molecules which are chemically similar to the target peptide. Chromatographic purification can be extraordinarily difficult and time consuming as the relative amount of by-product molecules begins to exceed about 25%. The efficiency of step yield is dependent on many factors such as the nature and quality of the protected amino acids, solvent purity, chemical integrity of the resin, the chemical nature of the organic linker, the form of the activated carboxyl of the amino acid, efficiency of the wash steps, the synthesis protocol, and in some instances the identity of an amino acid in conjunction with a particular sequence segment to which it is being added. Each of the above factors, when not optimally controlled, will contribute some significant increment to yield reduction in every coupling step. At the present time, the complexity of these factors is such that average step yields in solid phase peptide synthesis are typically in the range of 93-97% for both manual and automated executions. For practical applications on a commercially reasonable scale, such as for the development of pharmaceuticals, enzyme substrates and inhibitors, hormones, vaccines, and diagnostic reagents, such low step yields significantly increase costs of production and in many cases make such direct solid phase synthesis of peptides impractical. Prior art peptide synthesizers operate essentially as "washing machines" which automate the monotonous fluid manipulations of deprotection, addition of coupling agent, and washing. In no case do existing commercial peptide synthesizers form an activated amino acid species outside or independent of the reaction vessel. Typically, protected amino acid and DCC are added to the reaction vessel containing the resin bound, incipient peptide chain so that activation of the amino acid occurs in the presence of the deprotected alpha-amino group. This approach both limits the possibility (or feasibility) of optimizing activation conditions for individual amino acids and requires that any modification of activation conditions be done in the presence of the deprotected alpha-amino group and the growing, resin-bound peptide chain. This fact makes it difficult, if not impossible, to optimize activation parameters by analyzing rates of formation and relative thermal and solvent stabilities of the individual, activated amino acid species. Additionally, the ability to use various thermal inputs during the activation process can only be done in the presence of the peptide chain. Accordingly, the present invention provides an apparatus for the manufacture of peptides by solid phase synthesis comprising: activation means for receiving protected amino acids, including a common activation vessel in which to activate each of the amino acids and solvent coupling medium substitution means; the reaction vessel for accommodating the substrate in an appropriate solvent; transfer means connected to the activation means and to the reaction vessel for transferring materials used in the apparatus; and computer means connected to the transfer means, for automatically controlling the transfer of successive aliquots of amino acids, in a preselected sequence into the activation means; the transfer of corresponding, successive aliquots of activating medium into the activation means; the transfer of successive aliquots of activated amino acids so produced, in the preselected sequence into the reaction vessel so as to introduce to the substrate activated amino acids, one at a time, in the preselected sequence. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, an apparatus is provided for automatically constructing a polypeptide of high purity, up to 50 amino acids in length, using only single couplings. The apparatus includes an activation system for receiving protected amino acids, one kind at a time, having a common vessel (an activator vessel) in which to activate each of the amino acids in the order received to form a sequence of aliquots of activated species of each of the amino acids, each aliquot containing one kind of amino acid and the sequence of aliquots of each kind of amino acid being in the order desired in the peptide. Also included is a reaction vessel for containing a resin used in solid-phase peptide synthesis for attaching a peptide chain thereto. A transfer system is also provided, which operates under control of a computer, to transfer the activated species from the activation system to the reaction vessel and to transfer amino acids, reagents, gases, and solvents from one part of the apparatus to another. The activator system also includes a temperature controlled concentrator vessel in which an activator solvent, which is used in the activator vessel when creating the activated species of the amino acid, is replaced by a coupling solvent to enhance the coupling of the activated species to the peptide chain in the reaction vessel. This replacement is accomplished a short period of time (typically less than thirty minutes) before the activated amino acid is introduced into the reaction vessel, by adding the coupling solvent to the concentrator vessel together with the activated species and the activator solvent, and sparging gas through the resulting solution to selectively evaporate the activator solvent, activator solvent being chosen with a boiling point lower than the boiling point of the coupling solvent. The concentrator is heated as necessary to replace heat lost by evaporation. Also included in the synthesizer system is a vortexer for affecting total washing of materials in the reaction vessel and the reaction vessel itself, an automated peptide resin sampling system, and an autodelivery system for providing individual containers of amino acid to the synthesizer in the order desired in the peptide sequence. Also, a specialized container for use in the autodelivery system is provided which has a vee-shaped bottom in order to permit extraction of as much amino acid as is practicable which permits precise control over stoichiometry. A liquid sensor system is also included to monitor transitions between gases and liquids in specific tubes in the synthesizer in order to provide input signals to the computer system for control purposes. The computer system software which controls the operation of the synthesizer is organized according to a series of menus which allows the user of the system to select individual cycles of operation for each vessel in the synthesizer. In addition each cycle can be user-defined into a series of functions, each of which corresponds to a standard set of instructions for individual valves and other switched systems associated with the synthesizer. Also, using the menu system, the user can define alternative individual functions as well. In addition to the menu driven control system, an algorithm has been developed which is related to the organization of the computer software into individual cycles for each vessel. Operating the synthesizer according to the algorithm provides for optimum efficiency in the production of a peptide for any given selection of cycles. Figurs 1a and 1b together constitute a plan of a peptide synthesis apparatus embodying the invention; Figure 1B illustrates the gas supply connections; Figure 2 illustrates the computer system used for controlling the apparatus; Figure 3 is a top view of an autodelivery system for providing individual containers to the synthesis apparatus; Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a reaction vessel according to the invention showing the results of vortexing on fluids contained therein; Figures 5a, 5b and 5c are three views of a container used in the autodelivery system; Figure 6 is a table showing the dimensions of the container used in the autodelivery system; Figures 7a and 7b show two views of a liquid sensor used in the apparatus; Figures 8 to 16 illustrate various menus used in the computer system to define operations according to which to run the synthesizer apparatus; Figures 17a and 17b together constitute a menu flow scheme; Figure 18 is a diagram to provide definitions for use in the calculational scheme for optimizing production of peptide; Figure 19 provides an example of a calculation for optimizing the production of a peptide which requires three cycles of coupling; Figures 20A and 20B show graphically and digitally a comparison of prior art results with results obtainable through use of the process and apparatus of the invention with regard to synthesized peptide purity. Before the details of the apparatus of the invention are described, it is useful first to understand the chemical approach of the solid phase peptide synthesis which the apparatus is designed to optimize. For the present invention, the preferred mode of the synthesis takes place primarily in three phases. The first, or activation phase involves the production of the (alpha-amino protected) amino acid symmetric anhydride as the acylating species: R = various amino acid side chains. Symmetic anhydrides are extremely effective, activated carboxyl forms of amino acids, since their couplings are substantially free of racemization in the absence of base and since quantitative single couplings are usually assured for most amino acid additions, with the exception of asparagine, glutamine, and arginine--each of which is more efficiently coupled by an alternative activation method which will be discussed later. The generally quantitative nature of couplings with symmetric anhydrides makes them most useful where automated synthesis precludes convenient step by step quantitative monitoring. The apparatus herein described automatically synthesizes symmetric anhydrides immediately before incorporation into the peptide chain. Because of the marginal stability of symmetric anhydrides and their difficulty of isolation in pure form, their use in the past has been limited to manual preformation followed by introduction into an automated synthesis machine. The procedure for synthesizing pre-formed symmetric anhydrides (PSA's) consists of reacting 0.5 equivalents of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) with 1.0 equivalent of protected amino acid in dichloromethane (DCM) according to the equation: dichloromethane being an optimal solvent for the synthesis of PSA's, particularly where the alpha-amino protecting group P is the t-butyloxycarbonyl group (t-BOC). The DCU, formed in the reaction, however, is very insoluble in dichloromethane and precipitates during the PSA reaction. After completion of the reaction, the PSA/DCM solution is filtered away from the DCU precipitate, and the second, or concentration phase is begun. In the concentration phase the DCM is removed and replaced by polar aprotic solvent, preferably N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), to enhance coupling efficiency during later solid phase reactions. The third, or reaction phase then follows the general schema described above whereby to attach an additional amino acid to the sequence the carboxyl end of the PSA is reacted with an alpha-amino deprotected resin-bound peptide chain. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for achieving the synthesis described above is illustrated in Figures 1A, 1B, 2 and 3, which show respectively a fluid delivery system, for routing the various amino acids, reagents, solvents and gases throughout the apparatus; a computer system for effecting automatic control over the numerous switches which control the valves, sensors, temperature of certain vessels, and motors in the apparatus; and an autodelivery system for transporting protected amino acids to the apparatus in the order desired in the peptide sequence. The fluid delivery system includes of three primary vessels: an activator vessel 11, where the PSA is formed: a concentrator vessel 13, where the PSA/DCM solution from the activator vessel is transferred so that DCM may be replaced by DMF to enhance coupling; and a reaction vessel 15 which contains the growing resin-bound peptide chain. Activator vessel 11 is typically cylindrical, about 40 ml in volume, and is preferably constructed of glass in order for the operator of the device to visually inspect the progress of reactions or cleaning cycles. At the bottom of the activator vessel is a glass frit 17 of coarse poresize which is used to filter the DCU precipitate from the PSA/DCM solution when transferring the solution to the concentrator vessel 13. Activator vessel 11 also contains an overhead nozzle 19 which faces upward in order to achieve a total washdown of the headspace and walls after each amino acid is transferred out of the vessel. Activator 11 is coupled to the autodelivery system and to various gases and reagents as shown via a valve block 23, which is an assembly of zero dead volume valves such as that described in U.S. Patent 4,008,736, issued February 22, 1977, entitled VALVE ARRANGEMENT FOR DISTRIBUTING FLUIDS, by Wittman-Liebold, et al., as are all other valve blocks in the system . Valve block 23 is operated under the control of the computer system, as are all other valve blocks and gas valves in the apparatus. Activator 11 is coupled via nozzle 19 to another valve block 25 which controls the flow of methanol and DCM into the vessel for dissolving DCU precipitate for cleaning and which controls the pressure inside the vessel to effect transfers of materials into and out of the vessel from block valve 23. Transfers from the bottom of the vessel take place through a translucent tube 29, typically constructed of Teflon™, the transfers being monitored by the computer system by means of a liquid sensor 27 which detects transitions in tube 29 between gases and liquids. Typically tube 29, and other tubes in the system to which similar liquid sensors are attached have a roughly calibrated flow resistance and operate at a fixed known pressure during transfers, so that the length of time required for a transfer corresponds directly to the volume of material which is transfered. For DCC and HOBT, which require specific volumes, a calibrated delivery loop is used to achieve a higher accuracy. Hence, the computer system can accurately monitor all flow into and out of the activator vessel. Although details of the liquid sensor will be described later, it is important to emphasize that the use of liquid sensors is not required for operation of the apparatus. They are useful however in achieving better system control. The next major section of the fluid delivery system is the concentrator vessel 13. Its construction is substantially the same as that of activator vessel 11, and includes an overhead nozzle 31, and a glass filter frit 35 at the bottom. In addition, however, the concentrator vessel also has a band heater 37 attached thereto, which is used to control the temperatures inside the vessel through the use of a thermistor as the DCM in the PSA/DCM solution is replaced by DMF. Attached to concentrator vessel 13 is a valve block 33, and a translucent transfer tube 39 monitored by a liquid sensor 40. Transfers through tube 39 are controlled by the computer system by means of valve block 41. The next major section of the fluid delivery system is the reaction vessel 15, which in the preferred embodiment is a right circular cylinder oriented vertically and is constructed of a machined fluorocarbon polymer, such as Teflon™, or KEL-F™. The vessel is valved at the top by a valve block 43 and at the bottom by a valve block 45, each vale being isolated by a filter such as membrane 47 and membrane 49 which are typically constructed of a material such as ZITEX™, produced by Chemplast Inc. of Wayne, N.J., although glass frits could also be used. The reaction vessel is designed to be opened conveniently, both for initial charging with the loaded resin and for periodic removal of sample aliquots. This is accomplished by threading the top and bottom of the reaction vessel cylinder to accommodate threaded caps. The threaded caps are also used to hold the membranes in place, and each cap is configured to accept a tube in order to transfer fluids into and out of the reaction vessel. A typical volume for the reaction vessel can vary widely, depending on the length of the peptide chain to be synthesized and the weight and amino acid loading of the synthesis resin. For example, for chains up to 50 amino acid units in length, starting with 0.5 grams of resin (0.5 m mole of amino acid), a preferred size is about 40 ml. Those skilled in the art of solid phase synthesis will realize that the resin may swell from three to five fold due to solvent imbibement during synthesis. Mass increase as a result of growth of the peptide chain can cause an increase in the occupied volume of the reaction vessel from 10% initially to as much as 80% at the end of the synthesis, depending on the length of the peptide. In order to promote efficient coupling and to avoid agglomeration of the resin beads it is important to agitate the reaction vessel at various stages in the reaction cycle. Also, it is especially important that the entire inner surface of reaction vessel 15 be completely rinsed during each wash cycle between the additions of PSA's from the concentrator vessel. To achieve this agitation, the bottom of the reaction vessel is moved in a circle having a radius of about 2.36 mm (0.093 in.), about its center axis at about 1500 rpm, by a motor 48 (connected by a pully to an eccentric on the bottom of the reaction vessel) under control of the computer system, while the center of the top of the reaction vessel is held generally stationary e.g. in a resilient or flexible coupling which may allow some motion, with the vessel itself being prevented from rotating. The result is a conically rotational motion of the fluid resin mixture in the reaction vessel about the vertical axis which has the appearance of a vortex. This "vortex" agitation mode enables use of very small volume increments of wash solvent for all washing operations, thus greatly improving the efficiency of removal of spent reagents and reagent by-products from the synthesis resin, since it is much more efficient to extract these materials by successive partitioning, than by a single extraction. The ability to use small volume increments is a result of the angular momentum of the fluid resin mixture imparted by the conical motion. This "vortexing" action creates a distribution of fluid in the vessel as depicted in Figure 4, wherein the fluid in the reaction vessel can be made to contact all interior surfaces of the reaction vessl, for very small volume increments of the solvent by proper choice of the speed of rotation. The result is more efficient washing of the resin by smaller volumes of expensive solvents. Additionally, this mode of agitation prevents resin agglomeration and allows total fluid-resin interaction without the use of impeller type mechanical agitation. With mechanical agitation, the shear and resin abrasion caused by the impeller can fracture the resin beads into smaller and smaller particles which can eventually clog the filters, such as membranes 47 and 49, thus forcing interruption of the synthesis process. Such an interruption can have dire effects on synthesis, e.g. restriction of flow (out of the Reaction vessel) could occur during an acid deprotection step, thereby subjecting the resin bound peptide to the degradative effects of overlong acid exposure. With the vortex agitator there are no impeller type shear or abrasive effects on the resin beads. Those skilled in the art will understand that although in the preferred embodiment the reaction vessel has been constructed in the shape of a right circular cylinder, other shapes can also be used, provided they are not antagonistic to the relatively smooth swirling of the fluid in the vessel, e.g. a shape such as that of a wine glass appears to have some desirable properties for the washing cycle. Also, for maximum efficiency, the apparatus is typically implemented with three reaction vessels 15 while using only one concentrator vessel 13 and one activator vessel 11, with the fluid distribution from these latter two vessels appropriately valved to operate with each of the three reaction vessels and their corresponding valve blocks 43 and 45. It should be understood, however, that each of these reaction vessels corresponds to a separate sequential process for creating a peptide, i.e. the first peptide is formed in the first reaction vessel, then the second peptide is formed in the second reaction vessel, then the third peptide is formed in the third vessel. In order to monitor the progress of the synthesis in the reaction vessel, a resin sampler system 51 is provided. The sampler includes a tube 53 connected into the side of the reaction vessel for extracting materials therefrom, the flow through the tube being controlled by a computer controlled valve 55, typically a solenoid operated pinch valve. Tube 53 extends into the bottom portion of resin sampler reservoir 57 which has a membrane 59, typically ZITEX™ located at the top. Also connected to the top of reservoir 57, on the opposite side of membrane 59, is a tube 61 which is connected to valve block 45. From the bottom of the reservoir extends another tube 65, which is controlled by a valve 67 also typically a solenoid operated pinch valve (to achieve zero dead volume), for collecting fractions from the reservoir. The gas distribution system for achieving the desired transfers within the apparatus is illustrated in both Figures 1A and 1B, and consists of three gas manifolds, manifold C, manifold CC, and manifold D, and accompanying regulators for controlling the distribution from bottles and through the valve blocks. Also included are two smaller manifolds, manifold 70 for distributing DCM throughout the apparatus and manifold 71 for distributing DMF to the activator vessel and the concentrator vessel. Gas flows throughout the system are controlled by the computer system by means of solenoid operated valves such as valve 73; (e.g. such as fluorocarbon valves are made by Angar, Incorporated.) and by the valve blocks already discussed. For example, in order to transfer CH₂Cl₂ into the activator 11, gas manifold C is used to increase the pressure in the CH₂Cl₂ bottles (bottom of Figure 1a), manifold 70 is opened to valve block 25, valve block 25 is opened to the CH₂Cl₂ port into activator 11. In order to transfer liquid from activator 11 to concentrator 13, the pressure in the activator is increased by opening the gas port of valve block 25, the port corresponding to line 5 on valve blocks 23 and 41 are opened, the port corresponding to line 39 is opened and the vent on valve block 33 is opened. All other valves are closed. Likewise, to transfer PSA/DMF from the concentrator to the reaction vessel, gas pressure is applied to the concentrator vessel via block 33 and blocks 41 and 45 open line 4 between the concentrator vessel and the reaction vessel. Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of the computer system which consists of a microprocessor based microcomputer 81 having an arithmetic unit 87; a mass storage device 84, such as a floppy disk; a random access memory (RAM) 83 for high speed; a hard copy out-put device 85, such as a printer; and a touch screen 82 which, in the preferred embodiment, operates as the only input device available directly to the user. The system operates a switching apparatus 89, a switch being the basic on/off device which the operator uses to control all the valves, the vortexers, the autodelivery system 90, and the heater 37. Typically, there is a one-to-one correspondence between devices and switches in the system so that each device corresponds to a particular switch number. For example, switches 0 to 63 may refer to valve numbers 0-63; the heater may be controlled by switch 64, etc. Also to implement other elements of automatic control, the microcomputer 81 receives input signals from the liquid sensors in order to identify the times of gas-liquid and liquid-gas transitions, and it receives information from a bar code reader 108 located on the autodelivery system, for cross-checking the identification of amino acids entering the synthesizer. Shown in Figure 3 is a top view of the autodelivery system. The system has a guideway 101 which serves as a track to hold and control the direction of motion of an array of cartridges, such as cartridge 105. Each of the cartridges in the array contains an individual protected amino acid, and is placed in the array in the sequence that is desired in the peptide to be synthesized. For convenience, the guideway is open for visual inspection of the array and is oriented to correspond to the peptide with the carboxyl terminus on the right, which mimics the typical way peptides are depicted in the literature and facilitates the comparison of the sequence in the loaded guideway with that of the desired peptide. To hold the array of cartridges, a pressure block 103 is held against the last cartridge of the array by a spring reel 107 which is typically implemented with a steel restorer tape 110 entrained over a pulley 109. This allows movement of the pressure block along the guideway while still providing a substantially constant force against the array of cartridges, thus accommodating arrays of different lengths which correspond to peptides of different lengths. Additionally, more than one peptide can be synthesized from a single array of cartridges. On the end of the guideway opposite pressure block 103 is an ejector system 115 driven by an air cylinder 113, for holding cartridges in a sampling position 117 such as that shown for cartridge number 2, and for ejecting the cartridges once the amino acids therein are educted. Position 111 for cartridge number 1 illustrates the eject position of ejector system 115, from which the spent cartridge falls down a shoot (not shown) and is disposed of. When the ejector returns to its normal position after ejecting, the constant force spring 107, acting through pressure block 103, forces the next cartridge into delivery position. Also included in the autodelivery system is a bar code reader 108. In the preferred embodiment, each cartridge is labeled with a bar code unique to the kind of amino acid it contains. When a cartridge progresses down the guideway to the location of the bar code reader, the reader reads the bar code label and sends the information to the computer system. If the computer has been pre-set for a particular polypeptide, it performs a consistency check to ensure that the cartridge is in the correct position in the sequence for that polypeptide. If the computer has not been pre-set for a particular polypeptide, the system runs open loop and the computer uses the information from the bar code to call the synthesis protocol to be used for that particular amino acid in the cartridge and to record the amino acid used. Also, each cartridge contains a stoichiometrically correct quantity of amino acid. In order to educt amino acid from a cartridge, the system is provided with two syringe needles (shown in Figure 1), a needle 121 for supplying gas pressure and for venting and a needle 123 for supplying DCM to the cartridge to dissolve the amino acid and for educting the dissolved amino acid and DCM. The two needles are typically mounted vertically and connected to an air cylinder (not shown) for moving the needles up and out of the way when a new cartridge is moved into place, and for driving the needles down through the top of cartridge for the mixing and educting operations. Figures 5a, 5b, and 5c show the details of the typical cartridge 105 used in autodelivery system. In the preferred mode, the container is constructed of blown, high density, polyethylene, and has a body portion 130 of substantially rectangular cross-section capable of holding about 7 ml. It also has a neck portion 133 onto which is attached a serum-finished cap 135 having an integral septum 137, which acts to provide a positive seal of the cap to the neck. As illustrated in Figures 4a and 4b, the dimension D1, (∼1.4 cm or ∼0.56 in.) is typically considerably less than dimension D₂ (∼2.85 cm or ∼1.120 in.) so that a relatively large number of cartridges (up to 50) can be used in an array on guideway 101 without the length of the array becoming unwieldy. Also, to promote proper positioning in the array, the cartridge has two substantially flat surfaces 134 and 136 on each face. The bottom of the cartridge is formed in the shape of two planes 140 and 141 intersecting at an angle to form a vee-shaped trough. When the cartridge is in the sampling position in the autodelivery system, needle 123 decends very close to the line of intersection 143 of the two planes, which corresponds to the locus of points having the lowest elevation in the cartridge, i.e. in the bottom of the cartridge. The needle being located near the lowest point in the cartridge helps to ensure that all of the material in the cartridge is educted, thereby making possible careful control of stoichiometry. In order to stabilize the cartridge as it sits in guideway 101, a flange 145 extends across the bottom of the cartridge in a direction perpendicular to the line of intersection 143. The vee-bottomed trough and flange 145 make it possible for the cartridge to stand unassisted in a stable upright position. The cartridge also includes an indentation 147 around its circumference to promote precise placement of a bar code label to ensure the accuracy of bar code reader 108 in reading the label. Figure 6 is a table listing the various dimensions of the bottle. Illustrated in Figures 7a, and 7b are cutaway views of a typical liquid sensor used in the synthesizer. In the top view of Figure 7b, the device is symmetric about the centerline CL, so the top half of Figure 7b corresponds to the bottom view of the top half of the device, and the bottom half of Figure 7b corresponds to the top view of the bottom half of the device. The device is made up of a clothespin-like tube-holder housing having a top portion 222 and a bottom portion 220, typically constructed of glass-filled nylon or plastic, each of which has a groove 229 with a double curvature extending across the width thereof to accommodate a translucent tube. The double curvature is provided to enable the top and bottom portion to positively engage two different tube diameters, which in the preferred embodiment are typically <3.18 or 1.59 mm (one-eighth or one-sixteenth of an inch) an outside diameter and constructed of TEFLON™. The top and bottom portions 222 and 220 are mounted by pegs 212, 213, 214, and 215, to two substrates, 209 and 211, respectively, which are typically constructed of printed circuit board material (phenolic). At the end opposite the tube-holder, the substrates are held a fixed distance apart by two rivets 240 and 241 of substantially the same length. By providing a thickness of the tube-holder housing, from top and bottom, which is thicker than the length of the rivets, the substrates provide a spring-like force to keep the top and bottom portion of the housing together, thereby firmly holding the tube in groove 229. Also to ensure accurate alignment of the top and bottom portions, a key arrangement is provided with keys 225 and 226, located on each side of the top portion which fit into holes 227 (not shown because of the cutaway in Figure 7b) and 228 located in bottom portion 220. In the side view of Figure 7a, bottom portion 220 has been cut away to reveal a hole 250 in which is located a photodiode 270. Immediately opposite hole 250 across groove 229 is an identical hole 251 located in top portion 222 for accommodating a photodetector 271, which is used to detect the change in intensity of light received from the photodiode when the interface between a liquid and gas, or between a gas and liquid moves down the tube held in groove 229, the change in intensity being due to the difference in focusing of the light rays due to the difference in refractive properties of liquid and gas. Also, a void 252 is provided in top portion 222 to accommodate a holder for the photodetector, and a similar void 253 is provided in lower portion 220 to accommodate a holder for the photodiode. Similarly a conduit 260 through bottom portion 220 and conduit 261 through top portion 222 provide paths for the electrical leads from the diode and detector, respectively, to solder pads 230 and 231 which are located at the ends of electrical runs 233 and 234, and to the outside generally for the detector signal lead. Power is provided to the photodiode and the detector via input terminals 235 and 236. Terminals 237 and 238 provide a common ground for both the photodiode and the detector. Synthesis of a peptide is initiated by first loading the reaction vessel with resin, typically to which is attached the first amino acid in the sequence, and entering the desired amino acid sequence into the computer. The operator then loads the amino acid cartridges into the autodelivery system in the linear sequence or chain that corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the desired desired peptide. A cycle of activation begins when needles 121 and 123 puncture the septum of the first cartridge, and needle 123 injects a calibrated amount of DCM. Gas sparges from needle 121 are used to mix and dissolve the protected amino acid in the DCM. After dissolution the protected amino acid is educted and transferred to the activator vessel. To assure total transfer of the protected amino acid, a second (and perhaps third) volume of DCM is added to the cartridge and then transferred to the activator vessel. Then, based on the amino acid, 0.5 equivalent of DCC in DCM is delivered to the activator vessel and the solution is mixed by periodic gas burps, e.g. argon or nitrogen. After a predetermined time interval sufficient for complete conversion of the amino acid to its symmetric anhydride, the gas line of valve block 25 is opened and the DCM solution of the PSA is pressured out through valve block 23 to the concentrator vessel. Frit 17 at the bottom of the activator vessel retains all of the DCU precipitate that is formed as a by-product in the activation reaction. With software control, the PSA reaction times can be individually adjusted for each amino acid to optimize PSA formation and for maximum precipitation of DCU. After transfer of the PSA/DCM solution to the concentrator vessel, a volume of DMF is added. The vent on the valve block 33 is then opened and an inert gas sparge through valve block 41 is commenced to volatilize the DCM. This is done without significantly reducing the original volume of DMF, which has a significantly higher boiling point than DCM. Heat is supplied by band heater 37 to replace heat lost by evaporation of the DCM. During this solvent replacement process, different maximum internal temperatures can be automatically adjusted to the unique thermal stabilities of the various protected amino acid PSA's by the use of thermistors. Concurrently with the solvent replacement process in the concentrator, the DCU precipitate in the activator is removed by successive washings with an alcohol/DCM mixture via the top valve (valve block 23) and overhead wash nozzle 19. The activator is finally washed with dichloromethane in preparation for the next PSA reaction. In the concentrator vessel after the dichloromethane had been removed, the PSA/DMF solution is pressure transferred from the concentrator vessel to the reaction vessel which contains the resin-bound alpha-amino-deprotected growing peptide chain. The PSA/DMF that has been brought into the reaction vessel from the concentrator vessel reacts with the deprotected alpha-amino function of the resin bound peptide for a period of time sufficient for reaction completion (typically greater than 99%), after which spent reagent and solvent are washed out by successive solvent washes while using vortex agitation. To begin a new cycle of synthesis in the reaction vessel it is first necessary to remove the alpha-amino protecting group of the last amino acid which was attached to the chain. In the specific case of t-BOC protected amino acids, a solution of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and DCM, typically 65% TFA, is pressure transferred to the reaction vessel and vortex agitation is periodically applied for effective mixing. After a time sufficient for total removal of the t-BOC-alpha-amino protecting groups (typically about 15 minutes), the fluid is pressured out through valve block 45 to waste. The resin is then washed rapidly with small volume increments of DCM introduced either through the top or bottom valve while vortexing. Neutralization is effected by the introduction of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) and DMF or DCM, vortexing, followed by pressure delivery to waste. Neutralization is usually repeated once. The resin is then washed by successive additions of DCM (or DMF) in small volume increments through valve block 45 with the top valve (valve block 43) open to waste, while vortexing (vortexing may be continuous or intermittent). After thorough washing of the amino-deprotected resin, the next amino acid PSA/DMF mixture is pressure transferred to the reaction vessel from the concentrator vessel. To sample the resin during synthesis or on completion of the peptide, first valve 55 is opened and line 61 is opened through valve block 45 which is vented to waste, while valve 67 is kept closed. The reaction vessel is then pressurized from the top while vortexing, forcing resin and the reaction solution into sample reservoir 57. This drives resin against the membrane 59. Valve 55 is then closed, valve 67 is opened, and the waste line of valve block 45 is closed. DCM is passed back through line 61 from valve block 45 clearing resin from the membrane and depositing the resin/DCM mixture in a fraction collector 64. The sample reservoir and its accompanying tubing is then washed by closing valve 67, venting the reaction vessel, and transferring DCM through line 61 from valve block 45 through valve 55, and into the reaction vessel. This integrated system allows for simultaneous operations in the reaction vessel and in the activator and concentrator vessels. For example, deprotection, neutralization, coupling, and washing operations can occur in the reaction vessel at the same time that the next amino acid PSA is being formed in the activator vessel. The concentrator vessel can be cleaned at the same time activation is occurring the activator vessel, and the activator vessel can be cleaned while the concentrator vessel is engaged in solvent replacement. This simultaneity of operations makes possible large economies in cycle time. Appendix A provides a more detailed description of this simultaneity by illustrating the time phasing of operations in each vessel during a complete process for attaching a single amino acid. The system also allows the use of various synthesis methodologies. Although the approach described above has been for peptide synthesis by t-BOC-amino acid PSA's, alternative methods using protected amino acid PSA's, such as F-MOC, could also be readily implemented. Similarly, synthesis could be implemented by using other active carboxyl species such as mixed anhydrides, active esters, acid chloride, and the like, utilizing the activator vessel and concentrator vessel to pre-form the activated carboxyl species just prior to introduction to the reaction vessel, thus eliminating the need for storage reservoirs of activated amino acid species which are maintained throughout the time frame of the peptide synthesis. As indicated earlier special coupling procedures are necessary for asparagine, glutamine, and arginine and can be initiated in the activator and concentrator vessels. In these cases double couplings with hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) and DCC are generally required, where equimolar HOBT and DCC in DMF or DMF/DCM are pre-equilibrated and then combined with an equivalent of protected amino acid for reaction in the reaction vessel. To achieve this result, one approach is to first transfer one equivalent each of HOBT/DMF and DCC/DCM to the concentrator vessel through valve blocks 23 and 41. Then two equivalents of protected amino acid from an amino acid cartridge are transferred to the activator vessel in appropriate solvents (DMF/DCM). Following that, half of the material in the activator vessel is transferred by time-pressure control to the concentrator vessel (containing the pre-equilibrated HOBT/DCC/DMF/DCM) for activation, after which the activated mixture is transferred to the reaction vessel. Analogous activation is commenced for the second coupling near the end of the first coupling cycle by recharging the concentrator vessel with a second equimolar mixture of HOBT/DCC, followed by addition of the second equivalent of amino acid from the activator vessel. At the most basic level, software control of the apparatus is a matter of turning valves and other switched devices on and off at the proper times to achieve the desired flows of the various materials from one container or vessel to another. At the same time, many of the various steps in solid phase synthesis are quite repetitive and not extraordinary in number. Such a situation lends itself conveniently to a more sophisticated control concept aimed at functional control by the operator rather than having the operator dictate in detail the workings of individual valves to achieve a desired result. For example, most often the operator would rather command the system to transfer the contents of the activator vessel to the concentrator vessel, rather than formulate a more detailed series of commands such as: (1) check the concentrator vessel to see if it is ready to receive; (2) open the vent on valve block 33; (3) open valve blocks 23 and 41 at the connection of the transfer line between the vessels; (4) open gas valve to pressurize the activator vessel; (5) shut off the valves after a signal from liquid sensor 39 indicates that the fluid has been transferred. To achieve this kind of user-friendly approach and still maintain the capability of totally independent control over each element of the apparatus, the software control system is implemented through the touchscreen using a series of menus, which serve to provide the operator with a wide gamut of possibilities, from one extreme of using the system in a completely automated mode to the other extreme of operating the system by switching the individual valves. The control concept involved is that each individual coupling of an amino acid to the peptide chain corresponds to three complete cycles: one cycle in the activator vessel, one cycle in the concentrator vessel, and one cycle in the reaction vessel. Each of these cycles consists of an ordered set of timed individual steps, each of which corresponds to a function which can occur in that vessel. As a general definition, a function can be considered as corresponding to a named set of switches which are turned on simultaneously (the normal position of each switch being off). In practice it is advantageous to number the varvious functions and to separate them by vessel. A function for example, might be DCM TO ACTIVATOR. Such a function requires a particular configuration of open valves in order for DCM to be delivered to the activator. In a cycle of the activator, this function may appear several times, e.g. after the bulk of symmetric anhydride has been transferred to the concentrator vessel it may be advantageous to wash the activator vessel and DCU precipitate several times with DCM to remove any residual symmetric anhydride. Each time this function occurs it will correspond to a different step in the reaction cycle occurring in the activator vessel, and similarly for other functions which are required in each cycle. The net result is that each cycle in a vessel is a series of steps, with each step corresponding to a function associated with that vessel. A typical list of functions is provided in Appendix B. To better illustrate this concept, the individual control menus will now be described. Figure 8 shows the main menu of the system as it appears on the touchscreen, which corresponds to the bottom of a tree (shown in Figure 17) of various other more detailed menus. Each outlined block corresponds to an area on the touchscreen by which the series of menus in that tree is accessed. For example, touching the screen at the block labeled "PEPTIDE SEQ. EDITOR", initiates another display, Figure 9, listing all of the amino acids, and allows the selection and display of the order of amino acids from N to C terminus appearing in the peptide to be synthesized by simply touching the block containing the name of the desired amino acid in the desired sequence. Touching the screen at the block labeled "PEPTIDE CHEMISTRY EDITOR", when the main menu is displayed brings up the PEPTIDE CHEMISTRY EDITOR menu, Figure 10, which allows the operator to create or edit either cycle specifications in a particular vessel or the run file specification. As an example, if it is elected to create or edit a new activator cycle, a CYCLE EDITOR menu corresponding to the activator vessel appears on the screen. (See Figure 11.) This menu enables the operator to change the order of the functions involved in each cycle of the activator, and similarly for menus corresponding to the other vessels. Generally, a given cycle has three time fields associated with it: a required primary time, "TIME"; a time based on detector measurements, "MIN TIME" and "ERR MODE"; and an additional time added for particular sets of steps in the reaction vessel, "ADD TIME". TIME has several purposes. When liquid detection is not specified for the step, TIME is the total time for the step. When liquid detection is specified, the primary time is the "time out" or maximum time allowed before continuing regardless of whether or not the appropriate transition was detected by the liquid sensor. Also, when liquid detection is specified, the user must specify a minimum time, MIN TIME, before the appropriate transition (liquid to gas or gas to liquid) is to registered. It is important to note another effect of TIME when detection is specified. When the sensor indicates the correct transition has occurred after the specified minimum time, the indicated function will be terminated, i.e., the switches for that function will be turned off. However, the next step will not be initiated until the primary time has elapsed. This is necessary to ensure proper alignment of the cycles in each vessel to obtain optimum throughput. ERR MODE is used in the event that detection is specified and the specified transition is not seen before the primary time has elapsed, e.g. if a valve is blocked or a particular reservoir is empty. This mode can be used to trigger an alarm or, in some cases, to effect a non-disastrous termination of the synthesis. ADD TIME refers specifically to the reaction vessel only, and corresponds to the amount of time (in tenths of a second) to be added to each of the three previous fields as a function of amino acid number in the sequence of the peptide being synthesized. Since the occupied volume in the reaction vessel increases with each additional amino acid coupling, the step times in the reaction vessel also increase. For example, if the value 10 is entered into this field, one second (10/10ths) will be added to the primary time for the second amino acid to be coupled in the peptide sequence. For the third amino acid, the time would be increased by two seconds, and so forth. If it is desired to edit a RUN FILE, EDIT OLD in the PEPTIDE CHEMISTRY EDITOR is selected, displaying the RUN FILE EDITOR menu shown in Figure 12. The table displayed therein corresponds to what is called the static run file. This file designates three cycles (one each for the activator vessel, the concentrator vessel, and the reaction vessel), for each of twenty six amino acid possibilities, and allows independent adjustment of the concentrator temperature for each amino acid. The twenty six amino acid possibilities provided are comprised of the twenty standard amino acids, an additional four for specialized use as might be desired by the operator, and a BEGIN cycle and an END cycle to allow independent control of these points in the synthesis. This static run file is the result of specifying the chemistry for each cycle through the various CYCLE EDITORS which have alreadybeen described). In addition, all cycles designated by a particular run file must be resident on a disc currently installed in the system, since the RUN FILE EDITOR will only allow choices from a list of resident cycles. Also, each of the three reaction vessels may synthesize from a different (or the same) run file, since, at the time a run is set up, the run file is specified for the particular vessel in the REACTION VESSEL MONITOR (which will be discussed later). Typically, the operator may create, edit, and store a number of run files on a single disc (up to 20). It should also be noted that although the system is designed to permit a different cycle for each amino acid possibility, it has been found in practice that not nearly that many cycles are needed to provide efficient operations. The next menu which will be discussed is the VESSEL FUNCTION EDITOR. This menu is accessed from the main menu, and operates at the most basic level of the synthesizer. Itinvolves the individual instructions required to accomplish a particular function in a particular vessel. For example, if it is desired to change the definition of a function or add or delete functions which are to occur in the activator vessel, the FUNCTION EDITOR shown in Figure 13 corresponding to the activator vessel is called. Here, the entire set of functions for the activator can be reviewed and changed. As indicated earlier, a function is a named set of switches turned on simultaneously. These functions usually create a chemical flow path through the system. For example, the function "DCC TO ACTIVATOR" may be defined as switches 114 (DCC delivery valve), 119 (pressurize DCC bottle), and 125 (open activator to waste). Also some functions describe mechanical or electrical actions only, such as "heater on", (one switch). The system is organized into three types of functions: ON/OFF, TOGGLE ON, and TOGGLE OFF, specified as type 0, 1, and 2, respectively. An ON/OFF function turns switches on for a given step in a cycle only. At the end of that given step, all switches for that function are cleared (turned off) before the next function is activated. A TOGGLE ON function directs the machine to turn on certain switches and leave them on until a corresponding TOGGLE OFF function turns them off. Subsequent functions will not affect the state of the switches turned on by the TOGGLE ON function. Hence, during creation and editing of functions, it is important that all TOGGLE ON functions have a corresponding TOGGLE OFF function. Examples of TOGGLE ON functions are "Heater on" for the concentrator vessel, or VORTEX ON" for the reaction vessel. Calling the REACTION VESSEL MONITOR from the main menu presents the screen shown in Figure 14, which lets the operator set up and monitor the synthesis. Two response fields permit the operator to select between two modes of operation, a first mode which automatically controls the apparatus based on the input to the PEPTIDE SEQ. EDITOR and a set of preprogrammed cycles called the dynamic run file; and a second mode which operates based only on which cartridges (kinds of amino acids) are loaded into the autodelivery system and a set of preprogrammed cycles from a designated static run file. If the first mode is chosen, the computer initiates a question as to whether the operator wishes to change the dynamic run file. If so, the operator responds in the affirmative and a screen as shown in Figure 15 is displayed, corresponding to an editor for the dynamic run file. This file is generated initially internally when the operator enters the desired peptide sequence into the PEPTIDE SEQ. EDITOR. It is simply a table listing the sequence of amino acids in the order to be synthesized, with the designated cycles for each amino acid as has already been programmed from the designated static run file. This editor is designed so that the operator can alter the cycles used for particular amino acids in the sequence depending on where they are located in the peptide chain, so that the operator has position dependent control over the chemistry. Unlike the static run file, the dynamic run file is not stored on the disc. Following mode selection in the REACTION VESSEL MONITOR , a series of questions is then generated to ensure that the apparatus is properly set up to begin operations, e.g. checks are made as to whether the reaction vessel is loaded, and whether the autoloader has the desired number and order of amino acids. Following that series of inquiries, the final inquiry is whether to begin or to stop operations. Also as part of the function of the REACTION VESSEL MONITOR, the status of the reaction vessel is displayed, including the name of the activated amino acid that is currently undergoing reaction, the time that the synthesis of peptide was initiated, and the time when the synthesis was completed. In addition, the current coupling is displayed and the sequence of couplings already completed can be displayed and reviewed by scrolling back and forth on the screen. Calling the CYCLE MONITOR from the main menu brings up the screen shown in Figure 16. Here the current status of each vessel is displayed in real time in terms of several parameters. On the first line is listed for each vessel the particular number of the amino acid in the sequence of the peptide which is currently active in that vessel, along with the abbreviation of the name of the particular amino acid. The second line lists the particular cycle name currently ongoing in each vessel. The third line lists which step in the sequence of steps of the particular cycle is currently being carried on in each vessel. The fourth line lists the number of the function and the function name corresponding to the particular step listed for that vessel. Also the elapsed time into each cycle is listed as is the status of each of the liquid sensors. Several other menus may also be selected from the main menu under the general category of MACHINE/STATUS SELECTIONS. These include: RESERVOIR STATUS which relates to the fact that the apparatus monitors the volume used from each reservoir during each cycle, so that when a reservoir runs low an alarm is registered to inform the operator of the problem; INSTRUMENT CONFIG. which is used to display and set the configuration of the machine itself, e.g. time of day, power line - 120V at 60 Hz, etc.; SYSTEM SELF TEST which tests all of the electronic functions to the extent practicable; CONTROL AND TEST which allows manual control of the apparatus to the extent that the operator can manipulate each valve and switch, one at a time, in order to facilitate debugging and to enable manual intervention of synthesis if necessary; and DISK UTILITIES which allows the operator to carry out customary disc functions necessary to the operation of a computer system, e.g. setting up files, purging files, and renaming files. Another characteristic of the apparatus which is controlled by the software is the simultaneity of operations in the reaction vessel, the concentrator vessel, and the activator vessel. By noting the various times required to carry out each step of a cycle in each vessel, an automated optimization scheme, hereinafter called a cycle compiler, has been developed to provide maximum efficiency in the synthesis of each particular peptide given a particular chemistry. To achieve this efficiency it is important to recognize that for each vessel certain events (functions) in time, in each cycle, determine when transfers can take place and when the vessel is ready to beg in the process for another tansfer. For the activator vessel, these functions correspond to the beginning of a transfer, BOTA; the end of a transfer, EOTA. particular peptide, given a particular chemistry. To achieve this efficiency it is important to recognize that for each vessel certain events (functions) in time, in each cycle, determine when transfers can take place and when the vessel is ready to begin the process for another tansfer. For the activator vessel, these functions correspond to the beginning of a transfer, BOTA; the end of a transfer, EOTA. Similarly for the concentrator cycle, the key functions include identifying when the vessel is ready to receive, RC; as well as the beginning of a transfer, BOTC; the end of a transfer, EOTC. For the reaction vessel, these functions delineate when the vessel is ready to receive, RR. Using these concepts, a graphic representation of a cycle as it takes place in each vessel can be depicted as illustrated in Figure 18. From this figure, it is apparent that one of the first criteria for operation is that T BOTA = T RC and T BOTC = T RR ; i.e. the concentrator vessel must be ready to receive when a transfer from the activator vessel is begun, and the reaction vessel must be ready to receive when a transfer from the concentrator vessel is begun. The next step then is to determine in which vessel operations should begin first, in order to optimize the process. This can be accomplished by calculating the left side delays (from Figure 18 ) for each vessel: T DLA , T DLC , and T DLR . These left side delays pertain to the waiting time allowed before preparing the particular vessel for the function that is to take place there, e.g. for the activator vessel, some waiting time may be allowed before transferring amino acid into the vessel and creating the symmetric anhydride, and for the reaction vessel, there may be some waiting time allowed before beginning the deprotection of the resin-bound peptide chain. Once these left side delays are calculated, the shortest delay (i.e. the longest preparation time) then corresponds to the cycle which should begin first, and the master time should be equal to zero for that cycle. These various delays can be calculated according to the following equations. First define T MA ≡ (T EOTA - T BOTA ) + (T BOTC - T RC ), and T ML ≡ MAX (T BOTA , T RC , T RX ), where T RX ≡ T RR - T MA . (See Figure 18 for a physical interpretation of T MA and T ML ) Then T DLA = T ML - T BOTA , T DLC = T ML - T RC , and T DLR = T ML - T RX . For example, setting the master time equal to zero at the beginning of the cycle shown in Figure 18 might yield delay times such as T DLA = 0, T DLC = 5, and T DLR = 3, i.e. the activator vessel would begin first at time T = 0 the reaction vessel then would begin 3 seconds later, and the concentrator vessel would begin at T= 5 seconds. The next requirement for optimal throughput involves calculating the minimum separation of these three cycles with the three cycles of the next coupling sequence. To calculate this minimum, it is important to evaluate the right side delays for the first cycle: T DRA = T BOX - T DLA - T AT ; T DRC = T BOX - T DLC - [T CT + (T EOTA - T BOTA )]; and T DRR = T BOX - T DLR - [T RT + (T EOTC - T BOTC )]; where T BOX = MAX [(T AT + T DLA ), (T CT + (T EOTA - T BOX ) + T DLC ), (T RT + (T EOTC - T BOTC ) + T DLR )]; and where T AT , T CA , and T RT correspond to the total time for the activator cycle, concentrator cycle, and reaction vessel cycle, respectively. These right side delays must then be combined with the various left side delays for the next cycle to arrive at a minimum separation for the three cycles, i.e. where is the minimum separation between the first cycle and the second cycle, and T DLA2 , T DLC2 , and T DLR2 are the left side delays of the second cycle (calculated using the same technique as for the left side delays in the first cycle). This minimum separation can then be translated into the waiting times required to start the second cycle in each of the vessels, i.e. where T WA2 , T WC2 , and T WR2 are the waiting times for the activator vessel, the concentrator vessel, and the reaction vessel, respectively, from the last step of the first cycle to the first step of the second cycle. In order to achieve optimum efficiency one of T WA2 , T WC2 , and T WR2 must be zero, as was the case for left side delays in the first cycle. Figure 19 shows the results of the above calculation for a series of three cycles. The ability to deliver amino acid symmetric anhydrides of predetermined integrity to the reaction vessel enables most coupling reactions to proceed in yields exceeding 99% using just single couplings. Because of this very high yield at each step, it is possible to synthesize peptides with very high overall efficiency fully automatically. The combination of activator vessel and thermally jacketed concentrator vessel make it possible to study and develop optimal conditions for maximal symmetric anhydride formation for individual protected amino acids, by individually modifying stoichiometry, reaction times in DCM, temperature during DMF replacement of DCM, and the time frame during which the solvent replacement process is executed. Thus, for each type of amino acid it is possible to automatically implement conditions which will reproducibly deliver a maximal quantity of symmetric anhydride to the reaction vessel containing the peptide resin. In the prior art with peptide synthesizers having no ability to form preactivated amino acids, the user is obliged to stop at each reaction cycle after coupling to monitor the extent of coupling. Then with the objective of improving the yield, second, or even third couplings can be effected in cases where the first coupling reaction was relatively inefficient. The result is automation of a single cycle of synthesis at the preclusion of automation from cycle to cycle. Alternatively, existing synthesizers can be used automatically from cycle to cycle by utilzing multiple couplings with in situ activation in the reaction vessel containing the peptide resin. This results in relatively inefficient couplings since the activation method cannot be uniquely optimized for individual amino acids in the presence of the reacting amino group of the growing peptidc chain. The results shown in Figure 20 illustrate the relative advantage of the claimed apparatus for the synthesis of the decapeptide Acyl Carrier Protein (65-74). The uppermost line is a graphical representation of the individual cycle yields for each amino acid addition during the peptide chain assembly as performed on the apparatus of the invention. Except for glutamine (symbolized by Gln), all amino acid additions were accomplished by a fully automated sequence of single couplings: glutamine requires a special chemical protocol well known in the art that consists of double coupling with HOBT (hydroxybenzotriazole) activation. All other couplings were done with Boc-amino acid symmetric anhydrides. The lower line depicts results of the synthesis of the same peptide on a Beckman 990 Peptide Synthesizer using Boc-amino acid symmetric anhydrides pre-formed manually, off the instrument. Reference: Reza Arshady, Eric Atherton, Derek Clive, and Robert C. Sheppard J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1, (1981) 529-537. The results demonstrate that fully automated synthesis was precluded by the need to manually preform the symmetric anhydrides, and that the manually preformed symmetric anhydrides were not optimally formed. Some peptide amino acid sequences demonstrate unique, sequence specific coupling problems where even second and third couplings, typically in DCM, fail to effect greater than 99% coupling yields, irrespective of the activated form of the amino acid (see W. S. Hancock, D. J. Prescott, P. R. Vagelos, and G. R. Marshall, J. Org. 38 (1973) 774). However, those skilled in the art recognize that sequence dependent incomplete couplings performed in poor solvents such as DCM would be much improved if performed exclusively in more polar solvents such a DMF (see S. Meister, S. B. H. Kent, Peptides , Structure & Function , Proceedings of the 8th American Peptide Symposium , pps. (103-106). The Acyl Carrier Protein (65-74) decapeptide is such a known problem sequence and the excellent results achieved on the claimed apparatus by coupling with Boc-amino acid symmetric anhydrides in DMF demonstrate one of the chief advantages of the apparatus: optimal formation of the activated amino acid in DCM, but coupling of the activated amino acid in DMF. This automatically executed method affords a general solution to the synthesis of problem peptide sequences.

Claims: An apparatus for the manufacture of peptides by solid phase synthesis comprising: activation means for receiving protected amino acids, including a common activation vessel (11) in which to activate each of the amino acids and solvent coupling medium substitution means (33,41); the reaction vessel (15) for accommodating the substrate in an appropriate solvent; transfer means (Fig. 1B) connected to the activation means and to the reaction vessel for transferring materials used in the apparatus; and computer means (Fig. 2) connected to the transfer means, for automatically controlling the transfer of successive aliquots of amino acids, in a preselected sequence into the activation means; the transfer of corresponding, successive aliquots of activating medium into the activation means; the transfer of successive aliquots of activated amino acids so produced, in the preselected sequence into the reaction vessel so as to introduce to the substrate activated amino acids, one at a time, in the preselected sequence. Apparatus according to claim 1 including computer software enabling temperatures and cycle periods to be varied with each amino acid. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said reaction vessel (15) includes agitation means (48) operating with a vortex action for preventing agglomeration of resin during reaction with each of said activated species of amino acid. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said reaction vessel comprises a container having an axis of rotational symmetry. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said agitation means comprises rotation means arranged for causing one end of said container to execute a circular motion about said axis of rotational symmetry while the other end is held generally stationary. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein said activation means includes a concentrator vessel (13) for receiving said activator solvent and each of said activated species of amino acid, one amino acid at a time, from said activator vessel, and said transfer means is arranged for replacing said activator solvent medium from said concentrator vessel by a coupling medium. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said transfer means also includes autodelivery means (Fig. 3) under control of said computer means for supplying said amino acids, one kind at a time, to said activation means, in the order desired in said peptide, said autodelivery means including means for indexing individual containers of amino acids in the order desired in said peptide, and extraction means (121, 123) for extracting the contents of said individual containers, one container at a time. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said extraction means includes needle means (121, 123) for supplying solvent into each of said containers and for extracting said solvent together with amino acid from said containers. Apparatus according to claim 7 or 8 including individual containers (105) held in said indexing means, each of said containers having a bottom which internally has the shape of a trough. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein externally the said containers (145) are adapted to stand upright without external constraints. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said transfer means includes a first tube between said activator vessel and said concentrator vessel and a first valve block means (23) controlled by said computer means for controlling flow from said activator vessel to said first tube, and a second valve block means (33) controlled by said computer means for controlling flow into said concentrator vessel from said first tube. Apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said transfer means also includes a second tube between said concentrator vessel and said reaction vessel and a third valve block means (45) controlled by said computer for controlling flow into said reaction vessel, and wherein said second valve block means also controls flow from said concentrator vessel into said second tube. Apparatus according to claim 11 or 12 including liquid sensor means (27, 40, 48) for detecting transitions between gases and liquids flowing in said first tube. Apparatus according to claims 1 to 13 including resin sampler means (59) controlled by said computer means for extracting materials from said reaction vessel. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein said computer means includes menu means categorizing physical and chemical operations in said device, for permitting control over said operations by an operator, said categorization being segregated into a set of cycles, each cycle being characteristic of a complete set of operations in one of said activator vessel, said concentrator vessel, and said reaction vessel. Apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said computer means includes memory means for storing an algorithm for calculating operating times of said first, second and third valve block means to maximize the production rate of a polypeptide given any particular sequence of cycles in each of said activator vessel, said concentrator vessel, and said reaction vessel. Apparatus according to claim 15, wherein said computer means includes means for calculating said operating times and switch means for operating said first, second, and third valve block means in accordance with said operating times. Apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said resin sampler means comprises: a reservoir; a membrane located in said reservoir for stopping flow of materials above a certain size past the location of said membrane in said reservoir; a first connecting tube connected to said reservoir on one side of said membrane; a first valve for controlling the flow through said connecting tube; a second connecting tube connected to said reservoir on the same side of said membrane as said first connecting tube; a second valve for controlling the flow through said second connecting tube; a third connecting tube connected to said reservoir on the opposite side of said membrane. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said liquid sensor means comprises: two substantially flat substrates (217, 218) constructed of a resilient material held in a substantially opposed position relative to each other and a fixed distance apart near a first end; holding means (229) located opposite said first end and between said substrates for holding said tube, the thickness of said tube and said holding means together exceeding said fixed distance; a light means (270) held by said holder means for providing radiant energy from one side of said tube; detector means (271) held by said holder means on the opposite side of said tube from said light means for receiving said radiant energy transmitted through said tube by said light means, and for detecting variations in intensity of said energy transmitted through said tube. Apparatus according to claim 9, wherein each of said containers comprises: two substantially parallel sides; two other sides symmetrically located opposite each other and connected to said two substantially parallel sides to form a box-like shape; a bottom portion connected to said sides having an internal configuration of a vee-like trough, with the length of said trough perpendicular to said parallel sides, and said bottom portion having an exterior portion at the center of said trough which is substantially flat; a flange (145) connected to said bottom portion and between said parallel sides, orthogonal to the length of said trough and having a flat surface substantially coextensive with said flat surface at the center of the trough; a top portion having a septum therein and connected to said sides to form a closed volume. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said autodelivery means comprises: a track (101) for holding an array of individual containers (105) of amino acid and for directing the motion of said cartridges; force means for pushing on said array of cartridges in a direction along the track; ejector means (113) located opposite said force means for opposing said force means, and for holding said array fixed when amino acid is being extracted from a cartridge, and for ejecting a cartridge from said array when amino acid has been extracted therefrom; extraction means (121, 123) located near said track for extracting amino acid from said cartridges.

Inventors: BRIDGHAM, JOHN, GEISER, TIMOTHY G., HUNKAPILLER, MICHAEL W., KENT, STEPHEN B.H., MARRIOTT, MARK P., NORDMAN, ERIC SCOTT, RAMSTAD, PAUL OLIVER
Applicants: APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS, INC.
Application year: 1985
Main classification: B01J19
IPC codes: C07K1, B01J19, C40B60, C40B40