BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENE TOXIN SEGMENT

Abstract: A DNA fragment that codes for the portion of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein peptide that is toxic to lepidopteran insects. The invention also comprises the DNA and amino acid sequences for the disclosed toxin-encoding DNA fragment. In addition the invention demonstrates that the disclosed toxin-encoding DNA fragment (referred to herein as the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene toxin segment) is expressible in recombinant host organisms, and that the "toxin" protein product produced by the transformed hosts is toxic to lepidopteran insects.

Description: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS CRYSTAL PROTEIN GENE TOXIN SEGMENT Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to DNA sequences capable of being expressed in genetically engineered host organisms. More particularly, this invention relates to an expressible DNA fragment coding for the toxin portion of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein. Background of the Invention As is well known. Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein is toxic to the larvae of a number of lepidopteran insects. As a result preparations containing Bacillus thuringiensis crystals are used commercially as a highly selective biological insecticide. Unfortunately, relatively high manufacturing costs and problems connected with the use of the crystals have made it difficult for such insecticides to compete effectively with other commercially available products. Wild-type Bacillus thuringiensis produce crystal protein only during sporulation. Such a growth phase limitation, particularly in an industrial process, can result in inconvenience and excessive time requirements during manufacture. This of course - increases the costs of the final crystal protein insecticide product. To overcome the growth phase limitations of wild-type Bacillus thuringiensis, U.S. Patents 4,448,885 and 4,467,036, issued May 15, 1984 and August 21, 1984, respectively, to Schnepf and Whiteley, disclose expression of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein by use of novel recombinant plasmids containing expressible heterologous DNA coding for crystal protein protoxin polypeptide. The Schnepf/Whiteley patents also disclose that genetically engineered bacterial host strains, transformed by the novel recombinant plasmids, express Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein protoxin polypeptide. Such genetically engineered bacterial host strains express Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein protoxin polypeptide. at all stages of growth. It is now known that in the Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies that synthesize lepidopteran toxins, the crystal protein crystal is composed of one or more protoxin polypeptides of Mr=135,000 to 160,000 (Calabrese, et al., 1980; Tyrell, et al., 1981). Upon dissolution and proteolytic degradation of crystals in vitro and presumably also in the insect midgut, each protoxin molecule yields a toxin peptide of Mr=55,000-72,000 (Bulla, et al., 1979; Lilley, et al., 1980; Chestukhina, et al., 1982). Since the crystal protein protoxin polypeptides are approximately twice the size of the toxic fragments, insecticidal preparations containing the protoxin crystals could be made to be twice as effective per given dose (or equally as effective at half the dose) if they contained the smaller toxin fragment rather than the larger protoxin polypeptide. In addition, if genetically engineered host strains could be transformed to express the toxin fragment rather than the protoxin polypeptide, the output of the host could be increased and possibly even doubled. To that end it would be useful to identify the specific segment of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene that codes for the toxin fragment. It would also be useful to demonstrate that such a DNA segment is expressible in host organisms and that the resultant protein product is toxic to lepidopteran insects. -4- gene in pHESlβ; FIGURE 5 (views A-C) shows construction of plasmids fusing a crystal protein gene to the lac promoter; FIGURE 6 (views A-C) shows the 3'-end deletions of a crystal protein gene; and FIGURE 7 (views A-C) shows transcriptional and translational fusions of las.Z to the crystal protein gene and to crystal protein genes modified at the 3 * and/or 5* ends. Detailed Description of the Figures FIGURE IA is a restriction enzyme map of pESl showing the portion of the plasmid which was sequenced (boxed segment) , the length and direction of the crystal protein transcript (arrow) , and the portion of a subcloned restriction fragment which was used as an SI nuclease mapping probe (bracketed line) . The thicker lines represent vector (pBR322) sequences. FIGURE IB is a restriction enzyme map and sequencing strategy for ca. 2800 bp of the crystal protein gene. The sequence of the first 1500 bp has been reported (Wong, et al., 1983). Arrows indicate the length and direction of sequence determination from the sites presented. FIGURES 2A and 2B show the DNA sequence of the crystal protein gene, including some 5 1 and 3 1 flanking sequences. The start sites of transcription in Bacillus thuringiensis (Btl and Btll) and in Escherichia coli (Ec) are indicated as well as the entire deduced amino acid sequence. FIGURE 2A includes nucleotides 1 through 2200, plus corresponding codons 1 through 558. FIGURE 2B includes nucleotides 2201 through 4222, plus codons 559 through 1176. Nucleotides 4053 through 4055 comprise codon 1176 which codes for the carboxy terminal amino acid in the -3- Qbjects It is an object of the present invention to identify the segment of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene, referred to herein as the "toxin-encoding" segment, which codes for the portion of a crystal protein that is toxic to lepidopteran insects. It is a further object of the present invention to determine the DNA sequence of the "toxin-encoding" segment of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene. It is a further object of the present invention to demonstrate that a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein "toxin-encoding" gene segment is expressible in transformed recombinant host organisms. It is a further object of the present invention to demonstrate that the protein product produced by recombinant hosts transformed to express a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein "toxin-encoding" gene segment is toxic to lepidopteran insects. Other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and figures. EIGΠEES General Description of the Figures FIGURE 1 (views A and B) shows restriction enzyme maps and sequencing strategy for a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene; FIGURE 2 (views A and B) shows the DNA sequence of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene; FIGURE 3 (views A and B) shows restriction maps of pESl and construction of pHES16; FIGURE 4 (views A-E) shows the construction strategy for the 3'-end deletions of a crystal protein Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein. Nucleotides 4140 through 4185 comprise the transcriptional terminator for this gene. FIGURE 3A shows restriction enzyme site maps of pESl linearized at the single S_all site. A partial map is shown for Xmnl (solid line) and complete maps are shown for iϋndlll, Pjmll. and H_1_ » I. The location of the crystal protein gene is shown with a dashed box, and an arrow indicates the direction of transcription. FIGURE 3B is a restriction enzyme map of pESl which shows the location of Tn5 insertion B8 (stem-and-loop structure) , the position of the crystal protein gene (thickened line) , the direction of transcription (arrow) , and the position of pBR322 vector sequences (boxed lines) . The li αl-flindlll fragment used to construct pHES16 (cross-hatched line) and its position in that plasmid are indicated. FIGURE 4A is an expanded restriction enzyme map of a segment of pESl containing the crystal protein gene (thickened line) and 3' flanking sequences. The positions of Tn5 insertions in the ϋindlll E fragment are indicated with arrows. FIGURE 4B shows the strategy for obtaining 3'-proximal deletions in the ϋindlll E fragment of pESl from bacteriophage M13mp8 containing the £_mll C fragment of pESl cloned into the £mal site in the indicated orientation. FIGURE 4C shows the strategy for constructing deletions in pESl containing Tn5 insertions in the Hindlll E fragment. FIGURE 4D illustrates the method used to extend the crystal protein gene segment in pHES16 to deletion endpoints in the Hindlll E fragment of pESl. The plasmids derived from the M13 phages or the Tn5 insertion mutants are indicated on the connecting arrows. (pHES38, indicated parenthetically, was made in the manner indicated from a phage containing Xπml fragment 5 (FIGURE 3A) and required no further deletion. FIGURE 4E illustrates the strategy used to make deletion derivatives (pHES37, 39, 40) of pHES35. (See FIGURE 4D for the construction of pEHS35.) FIGURE 5A shows transcriptional fusion of the las. promoter to the crystal protein gene. A map of pESl linearized by Sail is presented, showing the location (thickened line) and direction of transcription (arrow) of the crystal protein gene. Vector sequences are boxed. The location and direction of transcription of the 2 LS. promoter are indicated with a £ and an arrow. The location of the lac alpha-complementation segment is indicated by the symbol for the Greek letter alpha. FIGURE 5B shows translational fusion of the la___Z gene to the 10th and 50th codons of the crystal protein gene. A map of pESl indicating the position and orientation of the crystal protein gene is presented. The Xnml partial/_ϋιal complete digest fragments used in pHES 44 and 45 are also indicated by lines. A detailed description of these constructions is found in the Materials and Methods section, sjip a. FIGURE 5C shows translational fusions of the ISLCLZ gene to the 10th and 50th codons of a truncated Tn5 insertion mutation of the crystal protein gene. Maps of pESl-B22 and pESl-B22-l, its XIΪQI deletion derivative, are shown. The Xmnl partial/Xiial complete digestion fragments used to make pHES46 and 47 are indicated with lines beneath the maps. FIGURE 6A is a restriction enzyme map of pESl with an expanded map of the crystal protein gene region. The crystal protein gene (thickened line) , its direction of transcription (arrow) and pBR322 vector sequences (boxed lines) are indicated. The portion of the crystal protein gene remaining in the indicated plasmids is shown by a line under the restriction enzyme maps. Boxed segments of these lines indicate Tn5 sequences. The results of toxicity test for Escherichia SΩl∑ containing these plasmids are also shown. FIGURE 6B shows i munoblots of extracts of Escherichia CJLL± carrying the following plasmids: lanes 1, pESl-B8; 2, pHES19; 3, pHES32; 4, pHES23; 5, PHES25; 6, pHES33; 7, pHES30; 8, pHES16; 9 pHES31 (containing the ϋindlll insert of pHES32 in reversed orientation); 10, pHES322. Lane 1 contains 1 microliter of extract; lanes 2-10 contain 20 microliters of extract. FIGURE 6C shows immunoblots of extracts of Escherichia £o_li carrying the following plasmids: lanes 1, pESl-B8; 2, pHES34; 3, pHES35; 4, pHES36; 5, pHES37; 6, pHES38; 7, pHES39; 8, pHES40. Lane 1 contains 1 microliter of extract; lanes 2-8 contain 20 microliters of extract. FIGURE 7A is a restriction enzyme map of pESl with an expanded map of the crystal protein gene region. The crystal protein gene (thickened line) , its direction of transcription (arrow) and pBR322 vector sequences (boxed lines) are indicated. Lines below the maps showing the amount of crystal protein gene remaining in the indicated plasmids are shown under the restriction enzyme maps. For the deleted plasmids, boxes at the left end indicate translational fusions to la__.Z; boxes at the right end indicate Tn5 sequences. Dashed thickened lines at the right end indicate las. alpha-peptide sequences and the non-dashed thickened lines at the right end indicate the final 74 codons and transcriptional terminator of the crystal protein gene. The results of toxicity tests for Escherichia sou containing these plasmids are also shown. FIGURE 7B shows immunoblots of Escherichia cσli carrying the following plasmids: Lanes 1, pHES41; 2, pHES44; 3, pHES45; 4, pHES43; 5, pHES46; 6, pHES47. Lanes 1-3 contained 5 microliters of extract; lanes 4-6 containe 10 microliters of extract. FIGURE 7C shows immunoblots of Escherichia SΩlJL carrying the following plasmids: Lanes 1, pHES43; 2, pHES50; 3, pHES48; 5, pHES49; 6, pHES52; 7 pBRS322. Each lane contained 20 microliters of extract. References The present disclosure cites the following publications: 1. Auerswald, E.-A. , Ludwig, G. and Schaller, H. (1981) £&____ Spring ____xt___x Symp. Quanta ai___L_., 45, 107-114. 2. Berg, D.E. and Berg, CM. (1983), Biotechnol.. 1, 417-435. 3. Birnboim, H.C. and Doly, J. (1979), Nucl. oiύs. Baa.., 7, 1513-1523. 4. Bolivar, F. , Rodriguez, R.L., Greene, P.S., Betlach, M.C., Heynecker, H.L., Boyer, H.W., Crosa, J.H. and Falkow, S. (1977) , Gene. 2, 95-113. 5. Bulla, L.A. , Jr., Davidson, L.I., Kramer, K.J. and Jones, B.E. (1979) Bioc em." Bi ' ophys. Res. CqπrøU- 91, 1123-1130. 6. Bulla, L.A. , Jr., Kramer, K.J. , Cox, D.J., Jones, B.L., Davidson, L.I. and Lookhart, G.L. (1981), J : B αL.. Chem. , 256, 3000-3004. 7. Calabrese, D.M., Nickerson, K.W. and Lane, L.C. (1980) Can. ■____ Microbiol 2£, 1006-1010. 8. Chestukhina, G.G., Kostina, L.I., Mikhailova, A.L., Tyurin, S.A. , Klepikova, F.S. and Stepanov, V.M. (1982) , HΩJ i MicroPi-Ql . r 132 , 159-162. 9. Court, D. , Huang, T. F. and Oppenheim, A.B. ( 1983) , i∑ Mol .- Bi___t__, 166 , 233-240. 10. Dulmage, H.T. and Cooperators (1980) in Microbial Control Q£ ££si≤ and Slant Diseases 1970-1980) (Burges, H.D., ed.) pp. 193-222, Academic Press, London. 11. Fowler, A.V. and Zabin, I. (1983), t SM_ Cfcsm__. 258, 14354-14358. 12. Goldfarb, D.S., Rodriguez, R.L. and Doi, R.H. ( 1982) , Proc. NaJ hsas . Sz z USA, 79 , 5886-5890. 13. Gray, O. and Chang, S. (1981), J: Bacteriol., 145, 422-428. 14. Held, G.A. , Bulla, L.A. , Ferrari, E. , Hoch, J. , Aronson, A.I. and Minnich, S.A. (1982), Proc. Nat_t__. a≤≤_d__ Sci. flSA, 79, 6065-6069. 15. Holmes, W.M. , Platt, T. and Rosenberg, M. (1983), Call, 32, 1029-1032. 16. Hong, G.F. (1982), ϋ _4a____. Bio_t__, 158, 539-549. 17. Huber, H.E., and Luthy, P. (1981) in Pathogenesis SL Invertebrate Microbial Diseases (Davidson, E.W. , ed.) pp. 209-234, Allanheld, Osmun and Co., Totowa, NJ. 18. Huber, H.E., Luthy, P., Ebersold, H.R. and Cordier, J.-L. (1981a) Arch. M-.crobiol.-_ 129, 14-18. 19. Klier, A., Fargette, F., Ribier, J. and Rapoport, G. (1982), EMBO J,- P 7, 791-799. 20. Klier, A., Lecadet, M.-M. and Rapoport, G. (1978), In Spores y_H (Chambliss, G. and Vary, J.C., eds.), pp. 205-212, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 21. Klier, L.A. , Parsot, C. and Rapoport, G. (1983), NiI___L_. A___L_2i_ Res., 11, 3973-3987. 22. Kronstad, J.W. , Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. (1983), J : Bacteri l., 154, 419-428. 23. Lilley, M., Ruffell, R.N. and Somerville, H.J. (1980), _ ssn__ Mrcrobiglt, 118, l-ll. 24. Mandel, M. and Higa, A. (1970), _ _ _4__1__ Bi__ _:, 53, 159-162. 25. Maniatis, T. , Fritsch, E.F. and Sambrook, J. (1982) in Molecular Cloning, Q Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor. 26. Messing, J. , Crea, R. and Seeburg, P.H. (1981), Nn___l__ hoiύs. Zzss:- 9, 309-321. 27. Messing, J. and Vieira, J. (1982), Qsn&, 19, 269-276. 28. Nicoll, D. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (1983) . 29. Petit-Glatron, M.-F. and Rapoport, G. (1975) in Spores VI (Gerhardt, P., Costilow, R.N. and Sadoff, H.L., eds.), pp. 255-264, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 30. Polisky, B.,. Greene, P., Garfin, D.E., McCarthy, B.J., Goodman, H.M. and Boyer, H.W. (1975) Proc. Hat__ __£a_ϊ-_ SCI. ' IZS&r 72, 3310-3314. 31. Sanger, F. , Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A.R. (1977), P oc Hati.. &£a_ _. S__i__. HS__, 74, 5463-5467. 32. Schesser, J.H., Kramer, K.J. and Bulla, L.A. , Jr. (1977) Apply Environ. Mrcrobigl., 33, 878-880. 33. Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. (1981), Proc. Nat.' __za_ϊ__ £si__ USA, 78, 2893-2897. 34. Sutcliff, J.G. (1979) CaLd Spring E3LΣΪ 21. Symp. Quant.. BiQ- , 43, 77-90. 35. Traboni, C. , Cortese, R. , Ciliberto, G. and Cesareni, G. (1983), Nucl. QlΔs. Res. , 11, 4229-4239. 36. Tyrell, D.J. , Bulla, L.A. , Andrews, R.E., Kramer, K.J., Davidson, L.I. and Nordin, P. (1981), i^ Bactertol .-. 145 , 1051-1062. 37. Vieira, J. and Messing, J., (1982), ≤≤n__. 19, 259-268. 38. von Gabain, A., Belasco, J.G., Schottel, J.L., Chang, A.C.Y. and Cohen, S.N. (1983) , Proc. ____ _. sa i £_2i___ USA, 80, 653-657. 39. Whiteley, H.R. , Kronstad, J.W. , Schnepf, H.E. and DesRosier, J.P., in Molecular Cloning and ≤__n__ Regulation in Bacilli (A.T. Ganesan, S. Chang and J.A. Hoch, editors) Academic Press, New YOrk (1982) at pp. 131-144. 40. Wong, H.C., Schnepf, H.E. and Whiteley, H.R. (1983), J__: Bi_t_. QhsH -., 258, 1960-1967. Definitions In the present description and claims reference will be made to terms and phrases which are expressly defined for use herein as follows: As used herein, the letters A, T, C, G are meant to denote the nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine in DNA, respectively. As used herein, bp means base pairs. As used herein, substantial sequence homology is meant to denote nucleotide sequences that are substantially functionally equivalent to one another. Nucleotide differences between such sequences having substantial sequence homology will be d≤ minimus in affecting the function of the gene products coded for by such sequences. As used herein, amino acid abbreviations are: Phenylalanine Phe Histidine His Leucine Leu Glutamine Gin Isoleucine He Asparagine Asn Methionine Met Lysine Lys Valine Val Aspartic acid Asp Serine Ser Glutamic acid Glu Proline Pro Cysteine Cys Threonine Thr Tryptophan Try Alanine Ala Arginine Arg Tyrosine Tyr Glycine Gly As used herein, crystal protein gene means a DNA segment that codes for a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein peptide that is toxic to lepidopteran insects. The term "protoxin" means a crystal protein polypeptide of ca. M r =130,000 - 160,000 which upon dissolution and proteolytic degradation (in vitro and presumably also in the insect midgut) yields a smaller "toxin" fragment of ca. M r 55,000-73,000 that is itself toxic to lepidopteran insects. The phrase "amino terminal 55% of the Bacillus thuringreπsis crystal protein gene" means the amino terminal 645 codons of the crystal protein gene as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. As used herein, transcriptional terminator means that DNA sequence which promotes cessation of transcription. When the term is used to describe the transcriptional terminator sequence for the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B, the term is meant to encompass the sequence comprised of base pairs 4140 through 4185. (__££ FIGURE 2B) . As used herein, the phrase "final 74 codons" means the final 74 codons of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. More specifically, the final 74 codons are comprised of codons 1103 through 1176 (or base pairs 3833 through 4054) as shown in FIGURE 2B. The methods of the present invention make use of techniques of genetic engineering and molecular cloning. As used herein, genetic engineering means techniques which lead to the formation of new combinations of heritable material by the insertion of nucleic acid molecules, produced or derived by whatever means outside the cell, into a bacterial plasmid or other vector system so as to allow their incorporation into a host organism in which they do not naturally occur but in which they are capable of replication. Host organisms carrying these new combinations of heritable material are referred to herein as recombinant host organisms. General techniques of genetic engineering and molecular cloning are included in Maniatis, et al., Molecular Cloning: A-Laboratory Manual> Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1982) . Description of the Invention Summary of the Invention The present invention comprises a DNA fragment that codes for the portion of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein peptide that is toxic to lepidopteran insects. The invention also comprises the DNA and amino acid sequences for the disclosed toxin-encoding DNA fragment. In addition the invention demonstrates that the disclosed toxin-encoding DNA fragment (referred to herein as the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene toxin segment) is expressible in recombinant host organisms, and that the "toxin" protein product produced by the transformed hosts is toxic to lepidopteran insects. Detailed Description of the Invention It is known that many subspecies of Bacillus thuriπgieπsrs produce crystal proteins that are toxic to lepidopteran insects. Is is also known that these crystal proteins are coded for by crystal protein genes (Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981; Kronstad, et al., 1983; Held, et al., 1982) which, depending on the subspecies, may be located on large plasmids and/or the chromosome (Kronstad, et al., 1983; Held, et al., 1982; Klier, et al., 1982; Schnepf and Whiteley, 1981). We have cloned a crystal protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies Kurstaki HD-1-Dipel and have shown that the gene is located on a large plasmid in this strain. See U.S. Patent 4,467,036. In. addition we have shown that the crystal protein gene from subspecies kurstaki HD-1-Dipel is homologous to crystal protein genes on one or more plasmids (and in one case the chromosome of) several Bacillus thurrngiensjrs strains. ££. U.S. Patent 4,467,036; also SSS. Kronstad, et al. (1983) . In a previous communication the transcriptional and translational start sites and the nucleotide sequence for approximately one-fourth of the gene cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies Kurstaki HD-1-Dipel were reported (Wong, et al., 1983). However, since more than this partial sequence was required to determine which portion of the crystal protein gene coded for the "toxin" portion of the crystal protein, we determined the DNA sequence for the remainder, of the gene. Our sequencing strategy is shown in FIGURE 1; also see the Materials and Methods section, supra. The DNA sequence is shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B as is the amino acid sequence deduced from the only open reading frame in the DNA sequence. This sequence contains the NH2~terminal sequence determined previously (Wong, et al., 1983) by chemical methods. The disclosed DNA sequence codes for 1176 amino acids specifying a polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 133,500. As discussed in Example I, this value for the crystal protein protoxin peptide agrees well with molecular weights determined for the protoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. and subsp. thgringiensis. j. n addition the deduced amino acid composition is very similar to the chemically determined amino acid compositions of either whole crystals or the purified protoxin of Bacillus thuriπgreπsis subsp. kurstaki (S≤s. Table 1, am_ι___.) Knowing that the Bacillus tfturlπgi πs s crystal protein protoxin can be cleaved to yield a smaller toxin fragment, we created recombinant Eschgrichia cjϋi strains bearing deletions and fusions of the crystal protein gene and then analyzed the proteins they produced to delineate the portion of the gene which encodes the toxin peptide. Construction of these "deletion and fusion" plasmids is discussed in the Materials and Methods section, snjjra; also ≤≤s FIGURES 3-7. The truncated peptides produced by recombinant hosts transformed by these plasmids are discussed in Examples II through V. Very generally, the truncated peptides produced by host strains transformed by the "deletion and fusion" plasmids indicate that the amino terminal 55% of the crystal protein gene encodes sufficient information to produce a lepidopteran toxin. More specifically, the "deletion and fusion" results indicate that deletions to the 50th codon from the 5' end of the gene, or to the 603rd codon from the 3' end abolish toxicity, while deletions to the 10th codon from the 5' end, or to the 645th codon from the 3' end do not. They also indicate that the 3' end of the crystal protein gene, from codons 645 to 1176 is not essential for toxicity, and the first 10 codons can be replaced by two different segments containing the N-terminus of beta-galactosidase and synthetic linker sequences without eliminating toxicity. The shortest toxic segment of the crystal protein gene reported here encodes a polypeptide of ca. M r 73,000; the outermost deletion endpoints for non-toxic mutants (codons 50 through 603) would encode a peptide of ca. M r 63,000. Others have reported toxic proteolytic fragments of the crystal protein in the M r 30,000 to 80,000 range (Huber and Luthy, 1981), with the most recent reports indicating a size of M r 55,000 to 72,000 (Bulla, et al., 1979; Lilley, et al., 1980 and Chestukhina, et al., 1982). While differences in molecular weight standards, electrophoresis systems and Bacillus thurrπgigπsrs strains could account for the differences between our current results and those of investigators reporting toxic fragments of M r 67,000 to 72,000, it is also possible that smaller toxic fragments could come from a shorter segment of the gene than that delineated in the present investigation. We point out that the major difference between our study and the preceding work is that proteases were used in the earlier studies to generate smaller toxic peptides from solubilized preparations of crystals whereas we have used Escherfc ra ssLli cells to synthesize toxic proteins from altered genes. Assuming that the shorter toxic peptides are encoded by the segment of the crystal protein gene delineated here, our finding that shorter segments of the gene produced non-toxic peptides may be related to this difference in methodology. It is possible that deletions into the minimum toxic segment of the gene remove amino acid segments which are either necessary for attainment of the toxic conformation, or are required to prevent "non-toxin" portions of the remaining polypeptide segment from blocking attainment of the toxic conformation of the protein. The results of this study are, however, in broad agreement with previous work showing that the N-terminus of the crystal protein was present on a toxic polypeptide fragment (Chestukhina, et al., 1982). In addition, our experiments involving 3'-end deletions or gene fusions indicate that there is a segment of increased susceptibility to proteolysis between residue 603 and 645 which leads to the production of an N-terminal ca. M r 70,000 fragment in the deleted strains. The location of this site near residue 645 is inferred from the results obtained with successive 3'-end deletions. More specifically, a plasmid in which crystal protein sequences terminate at codon 645 directs synthesis of little, if any, polypeptide beyond the cleavage site. The presence of a processing site before residue 645 is implied by apparent removal of the lac alpha-peptide in extracts of Escirerichia soil containing a plasmid having the ia≤. alpha-peptide sequences fused in phase following codon 645 of the crystal protein gene. The las. alpha-peptide is functional in this plasmid, since it complements the beta-galactosidase activity in Escherichia QΩll JM83 or JM103 (data not shown) . The different N-terminal amino acids reported by several investigators for the toxic fragments of the crystal protein (Lilley, et al., 1980; Chestukhina, et al., 1982) may reflect some flexibility in the N-termini which can be present on these fragments. This is supported by our current study which indicates that the first 10 codons of this gene can be replaced by two different polypeptide encoding segments without eliminating toxicity. The 5'-end and 3'-end alterations of the crystal protein gene reported herein involved fusing these sequences to new sequences, some of which had unusual effects on the expression of the altered proteins in Escherichia C U . When the entire crystal protein gene was present, the 5'-end fusions to beta-galactosidase at the 10th and 50th codons of the crystal protein gene resulted in the production of a ca. M r 110,000 antigen in addition to the M r 134,000 crystal protein. This may indicate an altered conformation that is more sensitive to degradation. In addition, the 50th codon fusion showed little or no processing to a ca. M r 70,000 fragment (and no toxicity) when two different 3'-end deletions were present. However, some M r 70,000 material was detected when this altered gene had the final 74 codons of the crystal protein gene following codon 645. This implies that loss of processing and toxicity may be due to a conformational change mediated by the alteration at the 5' end of the gene. The 50th codon fusion disrupts the most extensive hydrophobic segment (data not shown) of the crystal protein. The lack of toxicity of the bacteria containing this alteration at the 5' end implies that this segment of the protein is either directly involved in toxicity, or that the alteration of this segment prevents the attainment of the toxic conformation of the protein. In the case of the 10th codon fusion, segments of 9 amino acids or 19 amino acids can be substituted without eliminating toxicity. Preliminary evidence from titration experiments indicates that the protein having the 9 amino acid-substituted 10th codon fusion and the protein containing the natural N-terminus differ in toxicity by less than about 3 fold, if they differ at all. N-terminal substitutions have been reported for other proteins as well, most notably beta-galactosidase (Fowler and Zabin, 1983) , the las. alpha-peptide (Vieira and Messing, 1982; Messing and Vieira, 1982; Traboni, et al., 1983; see also above) and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (Goldfarb, et al. , 1982) . In beta-galactosidase (Fowler and Zabin, 1983) , increased susceptibility to heat or denaturation by urea were reported to be due to N-terminal substitutions. Fusion of the final 74 codons of the crystal protein gene (codons 1103-1176 in FIGURE 2B) , a segment distal to the toxic portion of the molecule, to codon 645 also has an apparent effect on conformation. Although a cleavage product of ca. M r 70,000 is produced, a much more prominent cleavage product of ca. M r 50,000 is also detected. This may, however, be an exceptional case since the final 74 residues of the crystal protein might be able to form a domain which can recognize and bind to a site in the amino-terminal region of the protein. If this binding were to take place without the intervening polypeptide sequence, the overall conformation of the protein might be altered, resulting in an increased susceptibility to proteolysis. In assessing the effects of different 3' ends on gene expression a surprising result was the observation that, given an equivalent promoter-ribosome binding site configuration, the source of the sequence following codon 645 of the crystal protein gene influenced the extent of synthesis of the altered crystal protein. Since we have been unable to detect differences in the stability of these polypeptides, this difference in expression may reflect differences in the stability of RNAs, although some unusual effect on translation elongation or termination cannot be ruled out. Largely as a result of the study of the regulation of the bacteriophage lambda int gene, where gene expression is regulated, in part, by alternative RNA structures near a transcription termination site (Court, et al., 1983), it has been proposed that transcriptional terminators have a more general role in regulating gene expression by affecting the stability of mRNA (Holmes, et al., 1983). The termination site used by the altered crystal protein genes which end in pBR322 sequences is most likely distal to the beta-lactamase gene, and consists of three stem-and-loop structures. The mRNA of the beta-lactamase gene has a half-life of ca. 3 min. (von Gabain, et al., 1983). The site at which transcription would terminate when reading into Tn5 is not known, however it is known that Tn5 is highly polar to transcription (Berg and Berg, 1983) . On the basis of the result described here, we raise the possibility that there is a transcriptional terminator in the first 485 bp of Tn5. The crystal protein gene terminator has a very favorable stem-and-loop structure, delta G=-30.4 Kcal/mole (data not shown) , and appears to allow the highest level of expression. Possibly, the stability of this structure is related to the reported longer half-life of the crystal protein mRNA (Petit-Glatron and Rapoport, 1975) and the larger amount of toxic peptide detected in strains carrying the terminator at the 3'-end. Details of these and other specific embodiments of the present invention are outlined in the following examples. Such examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any way. The materials and methods utilized in these examples are listed below. Materials -and Methods Bacteria -strains"-plasmids and'phagβs. Plasmid pESl (sas U.S. Patent 4,467,036 issued August 21, 1984; also see Schnepf and Whiteley, (1981)) in Escherrchra SΩl∑ strain HB101 was the source of the crystal protein gene DNA. M13 bacteriophage strains mp7, mp8, and mp9 were propagated on Escherichia c_o_li strain JM103 (Messing, et al., 1981; Messing and Vieira, 1982) . Escherrchia £σ_li strains CS412 (Gray and Chang, 1981) , JM83 and JM103 (Vieira and Messing, 1982), plasmids pBR322 (Bolivar, et al., 1977), pUC8Ap (Vieira and Messing, 1982) , pUC13Cm and phage M13mp8 (Messing and Vieira, 1982) are described in the references cited for each. Plasmid and double-stranded phage DNAs were prepared as described in Birnboim and Doly (1979) . Transfection of phage DNA was according to Mandel and Higa (1970) . The methods used for transposon 5 (Tn5) mutagenesis, plus descriptions of some of the Tn5 insertion mutants in pESl are described in Wong, et al. (1983) . The positions of several additional Tn5 insertions in pESl are shown in FIGURE 4; they were determined as described in Wong, et al. (1983) . Enzymes -and ~ Radiσl ~ abeied ~ c ompounda Restriction enzymes, T4 DNA ligase, and SI nuclease were purchased either from New England Biolabs or Bethesda Research Laboratories. The large fragment of DNA polymerase I and all 32p_ι aD eled nucleotides were purchased from New England Nuclear. All enzymes were used as recommended by the suppliers. DNA Sequencing The dideoxynucleotide chain termination procedure of Sanger, et al. (1977) employing M13-derived phages as templates was used for DNA sequencing as described in Wong, et al. (1983) . Template phages for sequencing the internal £∑_iH fragment (bases 1845 to 3831) of the crystal protein gene were obtained by the DNAse I deletion method of Hong (1982) . Alternatively, in order to bring the sequencing primer adjacent to several of the ≤_ϋi3Al sites in the E211II fragment, the DNA was partially digested with Sai_.3Al and completely digested with fiamHI (the latter enzyme cuts only in the polylinker site of M13 mp8 adjacent to the sequencing primer site) . Less-than-full size phage DNA was then purified and recircularized with DNA ligase. The DNA sequence was translated and analyzed by the use of a computer program (Nicoll, 1983) modified for use on the IBM Personal Computer by Dr. D. Nicoll and Dr. J. Champoux (Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Washington) . Preparation and manipulation σf plasmid -and phage-DNfts. Standard methods were used for preparing plasmid and phage DNAs and for digesting and modifying these DNAs (Maniatis, et al., 1982). DNAse I was used in the presence of Mn ++ (Hong, 1982) to obtain deletions in phage or plasmid clones. The ECJQRI* activity was obtained as described by Polisky, et al., (1975). I uπσblσttrπg. Whole cell extracts of Escherichia ≤o_li were prepared as follows: 1 ml of culture in L-broth was centrifuged for 30 sec. in a 1.5 ml Eppendorff tube, the supernatant was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 30 microliters of 0.01 M tris, 0.005 M EDTA pH 7.0. Fifty microliters of hot 2X sample buffer (0.1 M tris, pH 6.8, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2% beta-mercaptoethanol, 20% glycerol and 0.01% bromphenol blue) were added and the tube was plunged into a boiling water bath for 2 min. One-tenth ml of a solution containing 7.2 M urea, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 2% beta-mercaptoethanol was added, the preparation was sonicated for 30 sec. and then boiled for another 2 min. Ten to forty microliters of this preparation were applied to a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and subjected to electrophoresis (Wong, et al., 1983). The proteins in the gels were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose and were reacted with anti-crystal antibody and [125i] staphylσcσccus aiJxail≤ Protein A as described in Schnepf and Whiteley (1981) . Insec -toxicity -assays. Hatchling tobacco hornworm .Manduca s≤xta) caterpillars were obtained from Drs. J. Truman and L. Riddiford (Department of Zoology, University of Washington) . Cell extracts were prepared by sonicating the cells from a 150 ml overnight culture in 2 ml of 0.1 sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Cell suspensions of the recombinant Escherichia ssll strains from 20-50 ml of overnight culture were prepared in a 0.25 to 0.3 ml volume. The extracts (0.2 ml) or suspensions (50 microliter) were spread on an agar-based diet (2-4 ml/vial; 4.8 cm 2 area; £≤a Schesser, et al., 1977) and allowed to dry. One neonate caterpillar was placed in each vial and mortality was determined after 5 days. Each recombinant strain was tested two to four times in quintuplicate. A positive toxicity score indicted that all 5 larvae died within 5 days whereas a negative score indicted normal growth and development. Plasmid constructions. The source of crystal protein DNA was pESl (ATCC 31995) or its Tn5 insertion derivatives. The strategy used to delineate the toxin-encoding portion of the gene was to construct a vector (pHES16) which contained the 5' portion of the gene and was not lethal to the larvae of the tobacco hornworm. In a second construction, an adjacent segment of the crystal protein gene (the Bindlll E fragment) was added to extend pHES16 thereby creating a sequence (pHES19) which encoded a toxic peptide. To determine which portion of the SindIII-E fragment contained the 3' terminus of the toxic activity, subfragments of JϋπdIII-E were added to extend pHESlβ. To determine the 5' margin of the toxic peptide, the lafiZ alpha peptide was fused to the crystal protein gene at the 10th and 50th codons. pHESlg--=a-toxin -analysis-vector. Deletions were made in pBR322 to remove the £2iιII and £mnl sites at positions 2065 and 2030 in pBR322 (Sutcliff, 1979) by digestion with Bal 31 nuclease followed by religation. The Xtal-fiindlll fragment of pESl-B8 containing a portion of Tn5 and the 5' portion of the crystal protein gene with its transcriptional and translational start signals (crosshatched bar in FIGURE 3B) was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis and DE52 chromatography. This fragment was cloned into the fiindlll and Sail sites of the deleted pBR322 to give pHES16 (FIGURE 3B) . This vector was digested with Hiπdlll and bacterial alkaline phosphatase and was then used to accept Ilindlll fragments which would extend the crystal protein gene in the 3' direction as indicated by the dashed lines in FIGURE 4D. PHESI_»--- ' €?- ension of th 'PHES16-crystal protein -gene by-addition Of the Hinάlir E - ragment ~ σf EESl. The iϋndlll E fragment (FIGURE 3A) was purified and ligated into pHES16 at the lϋndlll site. The orientation of this fragment in pHES16 was determined by digestion with the appropriate restriction enzymes and by an analysis of antigenic peptides as assayed by immunoblotting. pHES32 -2_ .- -25.--33 ~ aπd -30-^exteπsroπ of ~ the pHES16-crysta -protein -gene to Tn5 -insertion -points rπ the-Hrπd-Tll-E-fragment. Insertion mutants containing Tn5 (≤j≥≤ Wong, et al. (1983); also aaa FIGURE 4C) in the iϋndlll-E fragment were first deleted by Σ Ω.1 digestion and religation to remove DNA between the Tn5 segment nearest the 5* end of the crystal protein gene and the _£t_£∑I site in the Jϋndlll-D fragment of pESl as shown in FIGURE 4C. The resulting fiindlll fragment containing the 5'-proximal portion of the fiindlll-E fragment of pESl was purified and cloned into the fiindlll site of pHES16 (FIGURE 4D) . The orientation of the cloned fiindlll fragment was determined by _Siι_2l-£_itI digestion; the correct orientation yielded a XhoI-PstI fragment common to all of these plasmids. pHES31 contains the same insert as pHES32 but in the opposite orientation. paES3 ,- -?5r--?6-- π3-39- » - » estensionOf -pHESIff crystal-protein-gene to -sequenced eπdpoints. The £yjιll C fragment of pESl was cloned into the ≤mal site of M13mp8 in an orientation which put the end nearest the 3' end of the crystal protein gene closest to the iϋπdlll site of the polylinker system of the phage (FIGURE 4B) . New iϋndlll fragments containing 5' proximal portions of the fiindlll E fragment were produced by making deletions. Thus, the insert for pHES34 was generated by partial digestion with DNAse I in the presence of Mn ++ , followed by digestion with Sail, filling in with DNA polymerase I and religation. The inserts used for pHES35 and 36 were produced by partial digestion with £a_l3AI followed by digestion with BamHI, purification and religation. For pHES34 and 36, the positions of the endpoints of the deletions were determined by sequencing. The £a_l3AI site of the pHES35 endpoint was inferred from restriction enzyme digestion and comparison with the known sequence. After insertion into pHES16, the orientations of the fiindlll fragments were determined by £stl digestion: a fragment common to all three plasmids, extending from the site in the vector to the site remaining from the mp8 linker system, was indicative of the correct orientation. pHES38 was produced by cloning Xmnl fragment No. 5 (FIGURE 3A) into the Sinai site of M13mp8 in an orientation such that the end nearest the 3 1 terminus of the crystal protein was nearest the fiindlll site of the rnpδ polylinker sequence. The position of the jJnml site was determined by sequencing. The resulting fiindlll fragment was inserted into the fiindlll site of pHES16 and the orientation was determined as described above. pHEg37r 3§ and -40^gχteπsiσπ ~ σf -the pBBSlβ crystal -protein -σeπe-to-well defined-gndpσrπts. The deletion used to construct pHES35 regenerated the £amHI site of the mp8 polylinker system and this was used to make several additional deletions (FIGURE 4E) . pHES35 was digested with ficll (243 bases from the 5' proximal fiindlll site of the fiindlll E fragment) and BamHI and re-circularized by ligation to form pHES37. pHES39 was formed by digesting pHES35 partially with the IL____RI* activity (Polisky, et al., 1975) followed by complete digestion with BamHI and the DNA polymerase I-catalyzed fill-in reaction. Purified fragments of the correct size were re-circularized by ligation to form pHES39. pHES35 was digested partially with Sa_l3AI, completely with BamHI and the fragments of the appropriate size were purified and re-circularized by ligation to produce pHES40. The positions of the endpoints were determined by comparing the sizes of the resulting fiindlll fragments with the known sequence. pHES -4-1- -43-and 50---=crystal -protein αeπes under 'lac promoter"control. The Md≤I C fragment of pESl (FIGURE 3A) was purified; pϋC13Cm was digested with _£fc_al and the 5' extentions of both the insert and the vector were filled in using DNA polymerase I and deoxyribonucleotides. Following ligation, pHES41 was obtained as a transformant containing the fide.1 C fragment under the control of the lac promoter. pHES41 was digested with both fisll and BamHI and was then re-circularized by ligation to form pHES43. pHES50 was constructed by a three-way ligation of pUC13Cm which had been digested with Sail and EsαRI, the purified Sail-Bell fragment of pHES41 which contained the 5' portion of the crystal protein gene, and the Ba_nHI-fi£_∑RI fragment of M13mp8CN3 which contained the final 74 codons and the transcriptional terminator of the crystal protein gene (FIGURE 5A) . Phage M13mp8CN3 was constructed by cloning the E_z_lH-Hd__I fragment containing the 3 * end of the crystal protein gene into the S al site of M13mp8 following a DNA polymerase I-catalyzed fill-in reaction, in an orientation placing the crystal protein coding sequence closest to the BamHI site of the phage. The crystal protein gene reading frame at this BamHI site is the same as at the Bdl site at codon 645. M13mp8CN3 was also used as a sequencing template for the 3' end of the crystal protein gene. pHES44r-4-5,--4-8,--4-9;--51 and-52--fusions-at-the loth or SOtft-ccdcπs. The alpha-peptide of lasZ in pUC8 was fused in the same reading frame to the crystal protein at the 10th (pHES 44, 48 and 51) or the 50th (pHES 45, 49 and 52) codons. Partial digestion of pESl with _SmnI was followed by complete digestion with XJIQI and fragments of 5-5.3 Kb were purified. pUC8 was digested with BamHI, the 5' extensions were filled in with DNA polymerase I and deoxyribonucleotides and this preparation was then digested with Sail. The pUC8 and pESl-derived DNAs were then ligated (FIGURE 5B) . Plasmid DNAs from several colonies which hybridized with a crystal protein gene-specific probe (Kronstad, et al. 1983) were screened using restriction enzymes to distinguish pHES44 from pHES45. Although both plasmids contained the internal E_c_sRI fragments of 580 and 732 bp from this crystal protein gene, additional smaller fragments were also found in pHES44 and pHES45, respectively; these fragments were from the crystal protein gene-pUC8 junction. The BamHI sites from the 10th codon fusions of this series (pHES44, 48 and 51) are regenerated, while the 50th codon fusions of this series (pHES45, 49 and 52) have lost the BamHI sites. pHES48 and 49 are 3'-end deletion mutants of pHES44 and 45, respectively (FIGURE 5B) . The ≤mal-Bεll fragments of the latter plasmids, containing the 5' portion of the crystal protein gene, were cloned into the S al and BamHI sites of pUC8. The modified crystal protein polypeptides produced from these plasmids initiate at the las translational start site and reenter the las. alpha-peptide sequence out of phase following the 645th codon of the crystal protein gene. Plasmids pHES51 and 52 were made by mixing the same Smal-ESfiRI fragments used for pHES 48 and 49 above with Smal-EsffiRI cut pUC13Cm and the BsαRI-fiamHI fragment from M13mp8CN3 used to make pHES50 (FIGURE 5B) . The fragments were ligated and transformed into JM83; white transformants growing on MacConkey agar were screened to determine if they contained plasmids with the predicted restriction enzyme digestion products. pHES51 and 52 contain a 19 amino acid long N-terminal coding sequence from beta-galactosidase and the pUC8 linker sequence fused to the crystal protein gene at the 10th and 50th codons, respectively, and are fused, in phase, to the las alpha-peptide following the 645th codon of the crystal protein gene at the 3 ' end. pHES46 -and -4?-*-*10 and -50th codon fusions terminating -in -Tπ5 inserts. These plasmids were formed in a manner analogous to that of pHES44 and 45 above except that the Xm l-X- il partial digest fragment were from the Tn5 insertion deletion mutant pESl-B22-l (FIGURE 5C) . The Tn5 insertion mutant used (B22, FIGURE 4A) was the same as that used to make pHES33. EXAMPLE I DNA'sequence"of ~ a-crystal ~ prcteiπ gen 'and the deduced -amino acid-sequence "of -its -gene-product. The Bacillus thuringigπs s crystal protein gene has been partially sequenced (Wong, et al., 1983). However, since more than this partial sequence was required to determine which portion of the crystal protein gene coded for the "toxin" portion of the crystal protein, the DNA sequence for the remainder of the gene was determined, partly with cloned restriction fragments from the restriction sites shown in FIGURE 1. The Pznll fragment from bases 1845 to 3831 in FIGURE IB was sequenced primarily by the DNAse I deletion method of Hong (1982) (se_2 numbered sites in FIGURE IB) but some gaps in the coding strand sequence were filled in by obtaining deletions through partial S3U.3AI digestion (asterisks in FIGURE IB) . The complete sequence was determined for both strands except for occasional anomalies of one to a few bases on one or the other strand. Since the coding sequence was thought to end 200-400 bases distal to the EYiiH site at base 3831 (Wong, et al. , 1983), the determinations were extended to base 4222 just beyond a sequence resembling an Escherichia Cjs ∑ li transcription terminator (Rosenberg and Court, 1979) . The latter region was verified by SI nuclease mapping (discussed below) as the site of transcriptional termination. As shown earlier (Wong, et al., 1983), the crystal protein gene is transcribed in Ba illus h-uriπgieπsrs during sporulation from two adjacent start sites (Bt I and Bt II in FIGURE 2A) . In recombinant Escherichia cσ r strains containing the cloned gene, transcription begins at a site (Ec in FIGURE 2A) located between Bt I and Btll and is independent of the phase of growth. The base sequences of the -10 and -35 regions of Bt I and Bt II differ significantly from the consensus sequences recognized by RNA polymerase from vegetative Bacillus subtilrs and by Escherichra cjzli RNA polymerase. Klier, et al. , (1978) reported the isolation of two modified forms of RNA polymerase from sporulating cultures of Bacillus tfturrπgieπsrs; one of these polymerases was found to transcribe in vitro a crystal protein gene cloned from the chromosome of Bacillus thurrngreπsrs subsp. thιτrτngirgπs_-s (Klier, et al. , 1983). Interestingly, the transcribed sequence, which is nearly identical to a ILπidlll/EsaRI fragment of the gene we have cloned (FIGURES 2A and 2B, bases 2100-2215) , does not contain -10 and -35 sequences corresponding to the sequence upstream from either the Btl or Btll start sites. The complete sequence of the Bacillus thuriπgreπsrs crystal protein gene is shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. FIGURES 2A and 2B also show the amino acid sequence deduced from the only extended open reading frame in the DNA sequence. The open reading frame codes for 1176 amino acids specifying a polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 133,500. This value agrees well with molecular weights of 134,000 and 136,000, respectively, determined for the protoxins from Bacillus thurrπgj-eπsrs subsp. kurstaki (Bulla, et al., 1981) and subsp. thurrπgieπsis (Huber, et al., 1981) . The deduced amino acid composition is very similar to the chemically determined amino acid compositions of either whole crystals or the purified protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki (see Table 1) . EXAMPLE II The 5'-proxima -portion-of-t e-cr stal protein gene ~ eπcσfles ~ a' oxi 'peptide * Several investigators have proposed that the ca. M r =135,000 crystal protein is a protoxin which is proteolytically processed to yield smaller toxic fragments (Huber and Luthy, 1981; Bulla, et al., 1979; Lilley, et al., 1980 and Chestukhina, et al., 1982). In addition, our earlier immunoblot analysis of Tn5 insertion mutants of pESl (≤j£S Wong, et al. , 1983) revealed that a crystal protein antigen of ca. M r 68,000 was correlated with the 5'-proximal segment of the crystal protein gene. It was important, therefore, to determine whether this segment of the gene encoded a toxic peptide and, if so, to delineate the minimum portion of the gene which could produce such toxic fragments. To that end a series of pESl-type plasmids were constructed that contained insertions and deletions in the crystal protein gene. These plasmids were used to transform Escherichia co r host and then the resultant "crystal proteins" were analyzed for toxicity. The plasmid used to study 3' end deletions of the crystal protein gene was pHES16 (FIGURE 3B) . This plasmid consists of the Xh&I-H±ndlll fragment of a Tn5 insertion mutant, pESl-B8 (crosshatched bar in FIGURE 3B) t which includes 485 bp of Tn5 and a portion of the crystal protein gene containing the promoter and the first 565 codons, placed in a modified pBR322 (a≤≤. FIGURE 3 and the Materials and Methods section, supra, for details of this and ensuing plasmid constructions) . Escherrchra soli strains carrying this plasmid produced a ca. M r 58,000 crystal protein antigen and were not toxic to caterpillars (FIGURE 6A, and lane 8 of FIGURE 6B) . To determine if extension of this crystal protein gene could restore toxicity, the fiindlll-E fragment of pESl (FIGURE 3A) was inserted into the Hindlll site of pHES16. When the fiindlll-E fragment was inserted in the proper orientation, the recombinant Escherrchra sou strain bearing the resulting plasmid, pHES19, was toxic to caterpillars (FIGURE 6A) . Escherichia QΩlΣ. cells carrying pHES19 produced several polypeptides which reacted with antibodies to the crystal protein, the most prominent of which were ca. M r =104,000 and 70,000 (lane 2 of FIGURE 6B) . In general, throughout these experiments, it was observed that when substantial amounts of crystal protein antigen were detected, an array of antigenie polypeptides was seen (e.g., lanes 1-6 of FIGURE 6B) whether the entire crystal protein (lane 1 of FIGURE 6B) or truncated derivatives (lanes 2-6 of FIGURE 6B) were synthesized. These polypeptides were distinct from smaller cross-reactive peptides produced by Escherichia COli carrying pBR322 (lane 10 of FIGURE 6B) . We presume that the multiple peptides originating from the crystal protein gene were produced either cotranslationally or post-translationally by proteolysis in Escherichia sjzli. EXAMPLE III Delineation Of ' the -3 ~ ' ~ eπd " of the tσxlπ-÷encσdi-πσ segment. The experiments outlined in Example II demonstrated that the 5'-proximal portion of the crystal protein gene encodes a toxic peptide and that the 3' end of the toxin-encoding portion was in the fiindlll-E fragment. To determine the 3' end of this region more precisely, a number of deleted plasmids were constructed. See FIGURE 6A. The crystal protein encoding sequence in these plasmids terminated either in Tn5, where all reading frames close within 30 bases of the end of the transposon (boxes in FIGURE 6A; Auerswald, et al., 1981) or in pBR322, where all reading frames close within 2-17 codons (no boxes in FIGURE 6A; Sutcliff, 1979). FIGURE 6A also indicates the results of toxicity tests of extracts of these recombinant strains performed on the tobacco hornworm. As indicated in FIGURE 6A, four of the deleted plasmids having the crystal protein gene terminated by Tn5 (pHES32, 23, 25 and 33) conferred toxicity to Escherrchra c_ali while one (pHES30) did not. Of the nine deleted plasmids with crystal protein gene sequences terminating in pBR322, five conferred toxicity (pHES19, 34, 35, 36, 37) and four (pHES38, 39, 40 and 16) did not. Plasmid pHES38 contains 603 codons of the crystal protein gene, which is the longest non-toxic segment of the gene tested, while plasmid pHES37 contains the shortest toxic segment: 645 codons of the crystal protein gene, 5 codons from the M13mp8 linker sequence and 2 codons from pBR322. Panels B and C of FIGURE 6 show an im unoblot assay of the polypeptides produced by recombinant strains containing these plasmids. As shown in lanes 2-6 of FIGURE 6B and lanes 2-5 of FIGURE 6C, deleted plasmids which directed synthesis of crystal protein fragments of 645 codons or longer (and made Escherichia: s≤∑li toxic to caterpillars) synthesized crystal protein antigens of ca. M r 70,000 and an additional longer peptide which had a size roughly proportional to the length of the segment of the crystal protein gene beyond codon 645. Some additional fainter bands were also seen, as mentioned above. The full-length crystal protein as encoded by pESl-B8, is shown in lane 1 of FIGURE 6B and 6C for comparison. Escherichia sol± strains containing deleted plasmids having less than 645 codons of the crystal protein gene (lanes 7-9 of FIGURE 6B and lanes 6-8 of FIGURE 6C) were not toxic to caterpillars and produced crystal protein antigens of ca. M r 58,000-60,000. The antigenic polypeptide in lane 9 of FIGURE 3B was produced from pHES31 which contains the fiindlll insert of pHES32 in the opposite orientation; extracts of the strain carrying this plasmid were not toxic. In most cases (lanes 7-9 of FIGURE 6B and lanes 7 and 8 of FIGURE 6C) , the ca. M r 58,000 polypeptide produced by the nontoxic strains was detected poorly by the immunoblotting analysis. This may be due to an increased susceptibility to proteolysis or might indicate the loss of a major antigenic determinant of the crystal protein. EXAMPLE IV 5* • and 3 - σdrfrcatiσπs-of -the -crys al-proteiπ gene. Knowing that the 5'-proximal portion of the crystal protein gene encodes the toxic peptide and that the 3' end of the "toxin-encoding" gene segment is located between codons 603 and 645 {&£__ FIGURE 2B) more plasmids containing altered crystal protein genes (under control of either the las promoter, or the las promoter plus the beta-galactosidase translational initiation site) were constructed to assess the effect of additional changes at the 5' and 3* ends of the gene on toxicity. These plasmids are diagrammed in FIGURE 7A; their construction is described in Materials and Methods section, supra. For this study the 5' end modifications to the crystal protein gene were of two types, and were located at two places in the gene: 1) the first 10 codons of the crystal protein gene were replaced with 9 codons (pHES44, 46 and 48) or 19 codons (pHES51) of the beta-galactosidase and polylinker system of pUC8 and pϋC13, respectively, or 2) the first 50 codons of the crystal protein gene were replaced by the first 9 ( P HES45, 47 and 49) or 19 (pHES52) codons of the beta-galactosidase and polylinker system of pUC8 and pUC13, respectively. Plasmids pHES41, 43 and 50 were under the transcriptional control of the lac promoter but were under translational control of the crystal protein ribosome binding site and served as controls for the effects of the 5'-end modifications: 1) the crystal protein coding sequence, stop codon, and transcriptional terminator (pHES41, 44 and 45), 2) codon 645 of the crystal protein gene fused either in phase (pHES43) or out of phase (pHES48 and 49) with the reading frame of the subsequent portion of the las. alpha-peptide, 3) the Tn5 insertion site B22 (FIGURE 3B) in pESl (pHES46 and 47), 4) codon 645 of the crystal protein gene re-connected in phase to the final 74 codons and the transcriptional terminator of the crystal protein gene (ρHES50, 51 and 52) . Extracts of Escher chia CJ∑li containing these plasmids were tested for toxicity to hatchling caterpillars. Our results indicate that plasmids having the translational start site of the crystal protein gene or the beta-galactosidase fusion to the 10th codon of the crystal protein gene were toxic regardless of the modification to the 3' end of the coding sequence. The beta-galactosidase fusions to the 50th codon of the crystal protein gene were all non-toxic, irrespective of the 3 '-terminal coding sequence. EXAMPLE V Effects-of-the-5' • - • and 3^eπd -alterations. This example demonstrates that alterations of the crystal protein at the 5' end or at both ends affected production of the crystal protein antigen. As shown in lanes 1-3 of FIGURE 7B, alterations to the 5' end of the whole crystal protein gene allowed production of a ca. M r 135,000 antigenic peptide. While the presence of the crystal protein N-terminus (pHES41, lane 1) allowed production of several minor apparent cleavage products in addition to the full-sized crystal protein, strains containing fusions at the 10th codon (pHES44, lane 2) and especially at the 50th codon (pHES45, lane 3) produced one (or more) prominent apparent cleavage product of ca. M r 110,000. Lanes 4-6 of FIGURE 7B show the crystal protein antigens produced by bacteria containing pHES43, 46 and 47, respectively. The proteins produced from these plasmids had sizes of ca. M r 77,000, 85,000 and 80,000, respectively, in accord with the size of the coding sequence present in these plasmids. In addition, lanes 4 and 5 (the crystal protein N-terminus and the 10th codon fusion, respectively) contained polypeptides in the ca. M r 70,000 range, while no polypeptide of this size was seen in lane 6 (the 50th codon fusion) . The results of an immunoblot- assay of extracts of Escherrchra c__∑li carrying plasmids with additional 3'-end alterations following codon 645 of the crystal protein gene are shown in FIGURE 7C. As noted above, the natural N-terminus or the 10th codon fusion allowed processing of some of the crystal protein antigen to a ca. M r 70,000 form. Lanes 1-4 of FIGURE 7C show that this was true whether the 3 ' sequence following residue 645 was the beta-galactosidase alpha-peptide, either in phase (pHES43, lane 1) or out of phase (pHES48, lane 3) or the final 74 codons of the crystal protein gene (pHES50, lane 2; ρHES51, lane 4). If the peptide synthesized in the strain containing the 50th codon fusion were processed when the 3'-end sequence was the out-of-phase lac alpha-peptide, it would be expected that lane 5 would show two bands, each ca. M r 4,000 smaller than the two bands of ca. M r 70,000 and 74,000 seen in lane 3. Only the larger of these two expected bands was detected. Lane 6 of FIGURE 7C shows that some cleavage of the 50th codon fusion protein to a ca. M r 70,000 peptide took place when the final 74 codons of the crystal protein gene were present following codon 645. FIGURE 7C also shows that when the final 74 codons of the crystal protein gene were fused in phase following codon 645, the same prominent peptide of ca. M r 50,000 was detected in extracts of strains having different 5' ends (lanes 2, 4 and 6 of FIGURE 7C) , suggesting that sequences distal to residue 645 can influence the overall conformation of the altered polypeptide. Since this common cleavage product was found in extracts of a strain carrying the non-toxic plasmid pHES52, it seems likely that the ca. M r 50,000 peptide would be non-toxic. The im unoblot analysis in FIGURES 6B, 6C and 7C indicates that when the ca. M r 70,000 crystal protein fragment was produced, the amount of antigen detected was affected by the sequences distal to the crystal protein coding sequences. As shown in lane 2 of FIGURE 6B and lanes 2-5 of FIGURE 6C, the amount of antigenic material synthesized by strains bearing plasmids with crystal protein sequences fused at the 3'-end to pBR322 was greater than when the crystal protein sequences terminated in Tn5 (lanes 3-6 of FIGURE 6B) . It seems unlikely that this difference was due to the loss of a particularly immunogenic segment of the protoxin since both longer and shorter pBR322-terminated plasmids promoted the increased synthesis of the antigen when compared to the amount made when Tn5 was at the 3' end. Preliminary estimates of the rate of protein degradation in these strains, which were made by performing immunoblot analyses on extracts of cultures at various times after protein synthesis was blocked by the addition of chloramphenicol, indicated that the rate of degradation of the altered crystal protein was not markedly different in strains having pBR322 or Tn5 sequences distal to the crystal protein gene coding sequences (data not shown). As shown in FIGURE 7C, more antigen was produced when the 3 ' end of the crystal protein gene was present (lanes 2, 4 and 6) than when transcription terminated in the pUC vectors (lanes 1, 3 and 5 of FIGURE 7C) . l dles Table I Amino Acid • Crystal* Protoxin* Deduced Asx 12.45+' 13.31 12.0 Thr 6.46 5.99 6.3 Ser 7.78 6.49 7.3 Glx 12.09 11.98 12.0 Pro 3.48 5.32 5.4 Gly 7.45 6.82 6.8 Ala 5.46 5.32 5.4 1/2 Cys 1.66 1.66 1.5 Val 6.95 7.32 6.9 Met 0.83 0.83 0.8 He 5.63 5.40 6.0 Leu 7.95 7.49 8.7 Tyr 4.14 3.83 4.4 Phe 3.97 4.83 4.6 Lys 2.65 2.5 2.8 His 1.66 2.16 1.9 Arg 7.95 7.65 6.4 Trp 1.16 1.0 1.5 + - values in mole % * - taken from Bulla, et al.. (1981) . Ccnclusicπ Thus it can be seen that the present invention discloses a toxin-encoding segment of a Bacillus thuriπgieπsrs crystal protein gene that is expressible in recombinant host organisms. The present invention further discloses that the "toxin" protein product produced by these transformed recombinant strains is toxic to lepidopteran insects. Since the toxin peptide is approximately half the size of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein protoxin peptide, standard insecticidal preparations containing the protoxin crystals can be made to be twice as effective per given dose (or equally as effective at half the dose) by utilizing the smaller toxin fragment instead of the larger protoxin polypeptide. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A DNA fragment encoding the toxin portion of a Bacillus thurrπσieπsrs crystal protein peptide wherein said DNA fragment is a toxin-encoding DNA sequence having substantial sequence homology with the toxin-encoding DNA sequence beginning with base pair 527 and ending with base pair 2461 as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. 2. A composition of matter comprising the amino terminal 55% of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. 3. A DNA sequence having substantial sequence homology with the DNA sequence comprising codons 1 through 645 (base pairs 527 through 2461) as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. 4. A DNA sequence according to Claim 3 wherein the sequence coding for codons 1 through 10 is replaced by a DNA sequence that codes for an amino terminus (N-terminus) derived from substance X. 5. A DNA sequence according to Claim 4 wherein substance X is comprised of beta-galactosidase and a synthetic linker. 6. A DNA sequence having substantial sequence homology with a first DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 527 through 2461 (codons 1 through 645) as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B, and a second DNA sequence comprised of base pairs coding for the carboxyl terminus of beta-galactosidase wherein said first and said second DNA sequences are linked by a synthetic linker. 7. A DNA sequence having substantial sequence homology with a DNA sequence comprised of a first DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 527 through 2461 (codons 1 through 645) , a second DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 3833 through 4054 (codons 1103 through 1176) and a third DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 4140 through 4185 (the transcriptional terminator) as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B. 8. A recombinant microbial strain transformed to express a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r having the immunological properties of the toxin portion of the crystal protein of Bacillus thuriπgrgπstrs. 9. A recombinant microbial strain according to Claim 8 wherein said strain is selected from the group comprised of bacteria and yeast. 10. A recombinant bacterial strain transformed to express a polypeptide of Ca. 73,000 M r having the immunological properties of the toxin portion of the crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis. 11. A recombinant bacterial strain according to Claim 10 wherein said bacteria are selected from the group comprised of Escherichia ≤__li. Bacillus subtilis, and bacteria that are endogenous to green plants. 12. A recombinant Escherrchra c_gli bacterial strain transformed to express a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r having the immunological properties of the toxin portion of the crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis. 13. A hybrid recombinant plasmid capable of replication in a bacterial host species, said plasmid containing expressible heterologous DNA coding for a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r which has the immunological and toxic properties of the toxin portion of crystal protein of Bacrllus hurrπgreπsrs. said plasmid further including an expression mechanism for said heterologous DNA which is recognized by the host species' system. 14. A hybrid recombinant plasmid capable of replication in an Escherrchia cjzli bacterial host species, said plasmid containing expressible heterologous DNA coding for a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r which has the immunological and toxic properties of the toxin portion of crystal protein of Bacillus thurrπgreπsr F said plasmid further including an expression mechanism for said heterologous DNA which is recognized by the host species' system. 15. A method for producing the toxin portion of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein peptide comprising utilizing a recombinant plasmid which contains the amino terminal 55% of a Bacillus thαrrπσi-gπsrs crystal protein gene as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B to transform microbial host organisms. 16. A method for producing the toxin portion of a Bacillus thurrrrgrg sfs crystal protein peptide comprising utilizing a recombinant plasmid which contains a DNA fragment having substantial sequence homology with the toxin-encoding DNA sequence beginning with base pair 527 and ending with base pair 2461 as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B to transform microbial host organisms. 17. A method for producing a peptide that contains the toxin portion of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein peptide comprising utilizing a recombinant plasmid which contains a DNA sequence having substantial sequence homology with a DNA sequence comprised of a first DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 527 through 2461 (codons 1 through 645) , a second DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 3833 through 4054 (codons 1103 through 1176) and a third DNA sequence comprised of base pairs 4140 through 4185 (the transcriptional terminator) as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B to transform microbial host organisms. 18. Toxin peptides produced by recombinant host strains transformed to express .the DNA sequences claimed in any of Claims 1 through 7. 19. Toxin peptides produced by the recombinant host strains claimed in any of Claims 8 through 12. 20. Toxin peptides produced by recombinant host strains transformed by the recombinant plasmids claimed in any of Claims 13 and 14. 21. A method for increasing the amount of toxin peptide produced by a recombinant strain comprising utilizing a recombinant plasmid containing the DNA sequence of Claim 7 to transform microbial host organisms. 22. A plant transformed to express a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r having the immunological properties of the toxin portion of the crystal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis, wherein said plant is transformed by a vector containing an expressible DNA fragment having substantial sequence homology with the toxin-encoding DNA sequence beginning with base pair 527 and ending with base pair 2461 as shown in FIGURES 2 and 2B. 23. A plant transformed to express a polypeptide of ca. 73,000 M r having the immunological properties of the toxin portion of the crystal protein of Baci- πs thuTiπσrgπsrs wherein said plant is transformed by a vector containing an expressible gene portion comprised of the amino terminal 55% of a Bacf- lαs thuriπσrβπsjs crystal protein gene as shown in FIGURES 2A and 2B.

Inventors: SCHNEPF HARRY ERNEST, WHITELEY HELEN RIABOFF, SCHNEPF, HARRY, ERNEST, WHITELEY, HELEN, RIABOFF
Applicants: WASHINGTON RES FOUND
Application year: 1985
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C07K14, C12N15