SEGMENTED LABYRINTH-TYPE SHAFT SEALING SYSTEM FOR FLUID TURBINES

Abstract: A seal ring and spring arrangement for an elastic fluid turbine which permits the utilization of multi-positional packing rings in turbines with a minimum leakage and high efficiency. A segmented seal ring (13) is supported by and at least partially contained in an annular groove (15) formed in a stationary casing (12) to permit motion of the seal ring (13) between a large diameter position and a small diameter position corresponding respectively to large and small clearances of the seal ring (13) with regard to the rotating shaft (11). The seal ring groove (15) is partially defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart shoulders (12a) on the casing (12) which form an opening of the groove (15) extending radially into the clearance area between the turbine casing (12) and the rotating shaft (11). Compressed spring means (16) are engaged with the ring segments (13) to forcibly cause the segments to move to the large clearence position, while working fluid which is freely admitted to the annular space between the casing (12) and the ring segments (13) will urge the segments toward the small clearance position. At low speed and small turbine loads the spring forces will predominate, while at medium to high load conditions with high flows and high working fluid pressure the developing pressure forces will predominate over the spring forces such that the seal segments are moved swiftly to the small clearance position.

Description: SEGMENTED LABYRINTH-TYPE SHAFT SEALING SYSTEM FOR FLUID TURBINES TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates -to seal rings for elastic fluid, turbines, and more particularly to seal ring systems which create minimum fluid leakage between rotating and stationary parts of such fluid turbines. BACKGRQUND ART This invention relates to seals found in elastic fluid axial flow turbines. Such seals are arranged both where rotatable shafts penetrate stationary turbine casings 5 and, in addition, internal to the casings between stages and turbine sections. The seals prevent or reduce leakage of the fluid by creating small clearance areas with low flow coefficients between the rotating and stationary parts. Improved efficiency, minimized loss of fluid, and prevention 10 of undesirable side effects caused by leakage of fluid are all planned benefits of such seals . The seals are vulnerable to rubbing damage caused by turbine misalignment, vibration and thermal distortion. Most of these damage causing factors are more likely to 15 occur during starting, at light loads or following sudden loss of load. As a result, it would be desirable to create a condition of relatively large clearance during these conditions, to minimize possible damage to the seals, yet still accomplish a small clearance condition at higher loads , 20 The higher load condition corresponds to operation when efficiency is of highest value and where turbine operation is stable relative to most of the factors which can cause damage to seals . Various turbine designs have been attempted in 25 order to minimize turbine leakage. The seals are made of materials specially selected to minimize damage caused by rubbing. The seal geometry is designed with thin teeth to require the least amount of heat and force during rubbing situations. The seal rings are usually spring-backed and 30 allowed rubbing forces to shift the rings to minimize rub¬ bing forces and damage. The springs are arranged to push the seal rings toward the shaft, but not beyond a limiting position provided by shoulders located on the stationary parts. 35. It has been proposed by arth in British Patent No. 1,224,234 that the above listed problems could be re¬ duced by means of special seal rings not restricted to a ■ "gTf OM small clearance position. arth proposes a sealing ring using essentially a single radial clearance limiting shoulder on the high pressure side of the sealing ring, while on the low pressure side, there is a small seal surface near the inner diameter where the seal contacts the turbine casing. This proposed sealing ring con¬ figuration requires a non-symmetrical geometry that is claimed and assumed by the patentee to produce zero or minimum side thrust force and, consequently, minimum friction which would act against radial movement of the sealing ring. Warth 1 s sealing ring is based on packing rings that have zero or minimum side thrust. It is widely recognized that significant side thrust forces are unavoid¬ able in the majority of large scale steam turbine applications and thus, the sealing ring proposed by Warth would be impractical, if not incompatible, in such steam turbine applications. Furthermore, the non-symmetrical geometry of the Warth- system results in a significant re¬ duction in the number of sealing teeth that can be provided in a given available sealing space and, consequently, a greater leakage and poorer efficiency. These disadvantages of the prior art are overcome by the present invention. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a seal ring arrangement for elastic fluid turbines that will cause the clearance of the seals to be large during starting, shutdown and low load conditions, yet small during operation at medium to high loads. It is another object to provide a shaft sealing system for fluid turbines .which is applicable for use with existing turbine designs having seal rings with large axial side forces causing friction. It is another object to increase the efficiency of fluid turbines while maximizing the number of packing teeth in the seal and still permitting the utilization of multi-position packings. It is another object to decrease the degradation of operating efficiency caused by seal damage. It is still another object to decrease the cost of maintaining turbines due to the reduced necessity of replacing rubbed, damaged seals. It is a further object to permit smaller operating clearance with lower leakage flow coefficients than those now in use. OMPI DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION These and other objects, are achieved by the present invention provides a seal ring and spring arrange¬ ment for an elastic fluid turbine which permits the utilization of multi-positional packing rings in turbines with a minimum leakage and greater efficiency than hereto¬ fore obtainable. More specifically, the present invention provides a seal ring arrangement which includes a segmented seal ring supported by and at least partially contained in an annular groove formed in a stationary casing to permit motion of the seal ring between a large diameter position and a small diameter position corresponding respectively to large and small clearances of the seal ring with regard to the rotating shaft. The seal ring groove is partially defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart shoulders on the casing which form an opening of the groove extending . radially into the clearance area between the turbine casing and the rotating shaft. Each segment of the'seal ring includes (a) an inner arcuate portion having seal teeth extending therefrom in the direction of and adjacent to the rotating shaft, (b) • a radially outwardly facing arcuate surface on the seal ring segment which is located opposite to a radially inward facing arcuate surface of the casing for limiting the large clearance position by contact between the opposing surfaces, (c) an outer ring portion disposed within the seal ring groove for both axial and radial movement therein and having a pair of shoulders extending axially in opposite directions for making radial contact respectively with the pair of spaced apart shoulders on the casing to thereby limit the small clearance position of the seal ring and shaft, and (d) a neck portion connected between the inner arcuate portion and the outer ring portion and extending between the casing shoulders, the neck portion having an axial thickness which is less than the distance between the opposing casing shoulders to thereby axially locate the seal ring segment OMPI against one of the casing shoulders and provide a contact pressure seal at the side of the neck portion which is subject to lower turbine fluid pressure. A radial positioning means comprising a com- pressed spring means is engaged with the ring segments to forcibly cause the segments to move to the large clearance position, while working fluid which is freely admitted tc the annular space between the casing and the ring segments will urge the segments tcward the small clearance pcsition. At low speed and small turbine loads the spring forces will predominate, while at medium to high load conditions with high flows and high working fluid pressure, the developing pressure forces will predominate over the spring forces such that the seals are respositioned to the small clearance position. Thus, the present invention provides essentially a two-position packing ring system wherein, at low speeds and low loads, it is fixed at " a large clearance position. When a low, predetermined load and pressure condition is reached, the ring moves swiftly to its ' small clearance position this assures minimum loss and maximum efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a horizontal elevation drawing, partly in section, of a multistage axial flow elastic turbine showing a portion of one stage with a shaft seal ring, illustrative of the present invention; Figure 2 is cross-section view taken along lines 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a horizontal elevation drawing, partly in section, showing an alternative seal ring arrangement to that illustrated in Figure 1; and Figure 4 is an isometric view of a portion of the seal ring. - 3 E4 OMPI &7 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to Figure 1, the turbine includes a rotor, a portion of which is shown at 11, and a casing, a portion of which is shown at 12. With regard to inter- stage seals, it should be noted that part 12, the casing, could instead be called a diaphragm. Only one seal ring 13 is illustrated, although several such rings could be arranged in series. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the remainder bf the turbine necessarily includes means for introducing steam at high pressure and exhausting it at lower pressure, with nozzles, buckets, wheels and other components which do not need inclusion here to explain the seal function which is effected by the invention. The seal ring shown and described herein is intended to be exemplary of many found through out the turbine. The seal ring 13 includes a plurality of teeth 14 that are disposed in opposition to circumferential portions of the shaft which are alternately stepped up and down in radius. With high pressure fluid at 18 and low pressure at 19 there will be a positive force tc cause fluid leakage between the multiple restricticns formed by the small openings between the teeth 14 and the shaft 11. The com¬ bination of the clearance area, the relative sharpness of the teeth, the number of the restrictions, the fluid conditions including pressure and density, and the geometry of the leakage path determine the amount of leakage flow according to formulae and emperical constants which are well known. Many bther geometrical arrangements are also used to provide multiple or single leakage restrictions than the. style illustrated. The seal ring is retained in groove 15 of the casing 12. As shown in Figure 2, the seal ring is com¬ prised of four or more segments each disposed within the groove 15 to accommodate assembly or disassembly of the casing by locating the seal ring sections to separate at the joint 27 of the casing. Springs 16, are located at each end of each seal ring segment in a compressed condition. Positive circumferential location and retainment of the seal ring segments and springs 16 are assured by locking pieces 26 which are provided above and below casing 5 joints 27. It is to be understood that while the words "seal ring 13" are used herein, they may apply to an individual seal ring segment and, therefore, should be read in the context of the sentence. 10 Each segment of the seal ring 13 is shown includ¬ ing the inner ring portion, indicated in- Figure 1 by numeral 13, having the seal teeth 14 extending from its radially inward surface while its radially outward surface 20a limits the large clearance position by means of its 15 contact with the radial surface 21a of the casing 12. The seal ring 13 also includes an outer ring portion 13a dis¬ posed within the casing groove 15 with an inner circum¬ ferential surface 13b which, as described below-, limits the small clearance position of the seal ring segments by 20 restraining their radial inward movement by contact of surface 13b with surface 17 on the shoulder 12a of casing 12. The seal ring 13 shown in Figure 1 also includes a neck portion 13c between said inner ring section and said outer ring section into which the shoulder 12a of the 25 casing interlock to axially locate the ring segment. As described below, seal ring neck portion 13c provides a con¬ tact pressure surface which, as shown at 22, is in direct contact with the casing shoulder 12a. At low or no load conditions, only the weight of 30 the seal ring segments, the confining limits of the casing, and the force of the springs 16 act on the seal rings. The springs are selected with sufficient strength and dimension under these conditions to cause the seal ring segments to separate at each segment joint. This causes the seal ring 35. to seek larger diameters but limited to that available within the annular space 24 and 25. When this space is decreased to permit cbntact b.etween surfaces 20a and 21a, -$3Rfi4 OMPI nb further enlargement can cccur. The annular space is sized to allow, by the radially outward movement of the ring segments, sufficient space to accommodate the worst expected transient misalignment of rotor and casing with- out damage to the seal ring teeth 14. After the turbine has been accelerated the operating speed and partially loaded, the worst of thermal gradients, vibration and misalignment problems are normally ended. As load is increased, the fluid pressure increases proportionately around the rings in such fashicn, as dis¬ cussed later, tb cause the springs tc be- ccmpressed and the seal ring segments tb move radially inward until restrained by contact at surface 17. The dimensions of the seal ring and surface 17 on the casing are selected to create the smallest clearance between the teeth 14 and the rotor surface determined to be practical for loaded, relatively steady state operation. The seal ring 13 is shown in its high load, small clearance condition. The higher pressure side of the seal is identified at 18. This pressure persists in the "annular spaces 24 and 15 as a result of an bpen cbmmunicaticn created by one or more local openings 23 indicated in brokenline. The openings 23 may, for example, be made by local cutouts in the high pressure side of shoulder 12a. The low pressure condition 19 persists also in the annular space 25. It can easily be recognized that the resultant axial fcrce bf these pressures will cause the seal ring to be pushed toward the the low pressure area 19 so as to create a leak resistant seal at location 22 between the seal ring 13 and the casing 12. For a geometry of known dimensions and pressures, the magnitude of this axial force can easily be calculated. This invention relates to pack¬ ing rings which have sizeable axial forces, and consequently it is unavoidable that sizeable friction forces must be accommodated as shown below. The radial force at 16 must be large enough to overcome metal to metal friction in f OMP t to to to rt rt tπ O tπ o tΛ O tπ of seal ring outer surface is acted on by the high * * pressure fluid. Figure 3 also illustrates a seal ring with lesser weight. As will be recognized by those familiar with elastic fluid turbines, the internal pressure at most -locations throughout the turbine is approximately propor¬ tional to load. As load and mass flow is increased, local pressures increase in approximately linear fashion. Under these circumstances, the pressure drop across turbine stages and most turbine seal rings also increase in a predictable and linear fashion with increasing load and fluid flow. It is this relationship that can allow a designer to select a condition of load and pressure for each seal ring where the pressure forces can be expected to overcome the combinatibn of spring force, weight, and friction so as to move the seal ring to its small clearance condition. As discussed above, the designer can partially control this circumstance by varying the dimensions, weight and spring constants employed within the seal ring. A considerable variety of springs 16 can be employed. They must be selected to have long life and stable characteristics while exposed to high temperature, vibration and possible corrosive conditions. S-shaped springs are illustrated, but others can be employed, such as flat springs or coil-type springs. It will be noted that the springs see different requirements depending on circumferential position. In Figure 2, it can be noted that for the four segment seal ring illustrated, there are six springs ' required, one each at locations 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33. Locations 28 and 30 require a spring that must be capable of pushing the segment to its maximum radial position while supporting the weight of the seal ring segment and resisting a selected magnitude of pressure forces. Locations 31 and 33 have no weight to support. They must be designed to resist a selected amount of force caused by the pressure distribution on one segment less the OMPI small downward weight component which tends to open the clearance at these locations. Location 29 must have a spring designed to resist the selected pressure distribution force from the 5 two opposed ring segments in addition to the small weight- caused component of force which tends to decrease radial clearance at that location. Location 32 must be designed to resist the selected level of pressure distribution forces on the two 10 opposing segments less the downward component of force caused by the weight of the segments which tend to cause a large clearance condition. The springs should be physically sized and con¬ tained by surrounding parts to make escape difficult, even 15 if broken. Referring to Figure 4, it is noted that a pocket 34 for the springs can be obtained by removing a portion of the outermost periphery of either or both of the adjacent seal rings. The removal must not interfere with the seal surface, 22. ' Greater assurance of correct 20 positioning and containment of a spring .can * be obtained by attaching it to the pocket 34 of the seal ring, in a proper position to be in proper alignment with the adjacent seal ring or the locking piece 26. It might be noted that one spring at each 25 horizontal joint could be considered instead of the two that are illustrated. This complicates assembly and may reduce the ability to contain the springs during operation. It may further restrict the ability to determine what reason¬ able accuracy under what condition the seal rings will shift 30 position, since a common spring cannot simultaneously accomplish the somewhat different spring force needs that would be ideal for the segments above and below the horizontal joint. Of course, it is not essential that all segments simultaneously shift position at the same flow 35. condition. The gap between seal ring segments must be care¬ fully selected. This choice is made to properly reflect OMPI thermal expansion of the seal ring relative to that of the casing or diaphragm in which it is held. Both temperature and thermal coefficient of expansion must be considered for each component. Various other modifications of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art, and it is desired to secure, by the appended claims, all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. In an elastic fluid turbine employing seals to minimize leakage between rotating and stationary com¬ ponents, an improvement in the seal arrangement utilizing the combination of: a segmented seal ring supported by and at least partially contained in an annular groove formed in a stationary casing to permit motion of said seal ring between a large diameter position and a small diameter position corresponding respectively to large and small clearance of said seal ring with regard to the rotating shaft, said seal ring groove being partially defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart shoulders on said casing which form an opening of said groove extending radially into the clearance area between said casing and said rotating shaft; each segment of said seal ring including an inner arcuate ' portion having seal teeth extending therefrom in the direction of and adjacent-to said rotating shaft, a radially outwardly facing arcuate surface on said seal ring segment which is located opposite to a radially inward facing arcuate surface of said casing for limiting said large clearance position by contact between said opposing surfaces, an outer ring portion disposed within said seal ring groove for both axial and radial movement therein and having a pair of shoulders extending axially in opposite directions for making radial contact respectively with said pair of spaced apart shoulders on said casing and thereby limiting said small clearance position, and a neck portion connected between said inner arcuate portion and said outer ring portion and extending between said casing shoulders, said neck portion having an axial thickness which is less than the distance between said opposing casing shoulders to thereby axially locate said seal ring segment against one of said shoulders and provide a contact pressure seal at the said of said neck portion which is subject to lower turbine fluid pressure; and OMPI A* 1PO A a radial positioning means comprising a com¬ pressed spring means biased against said ring segments to forcibly cause said segments to move to said large clear¬ ance position, while working fluid which is freely admitted 5 to the annular space between said casing and said ring segments will urge said segments toward said small clear¬ ance position, whereby at low speed and small turbine loads the spring forces will predominate, while at high flows and high working fluid pressure the pressure forces will pre- 10 dominate. 2. A fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited in claim 1, wherein said spring means include a flat spring interposed between said casing shoulders and an inner sur¬ face of said outer ring portion of said ring segment. 15 3. A fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited in claim 1, wherein said spring means include locking means on said casing for retaining said spring means in position between said casing and. said ring segments. 4. A*fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited 20 in claim 1, wherein said means include a compressed spring interposed between the ends of said ring segments to bias said ring segments to move to said large clearance position. 5. A fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited in claim 1, wherein said inner arcuate portion of said seal 25 ring segment comprises an inner ring portion connected at one side to said neck portion and includes said radially outward facing arcuate surface for limiting said large clearance position by said contact with said casing surface, said inner ring portion having said seal teeth extending 30 therefrom. 6. A fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited in claim 5, wherein said inner ring portion extends substan¬ tially from said neck portion axially in both directions such that said inner ring portion is substantially wider 35. than said neck portion and has said seal teeth extending therefrom radially intb said clearance area. 7. A fluid turbine seal arrangement as recited in claim 6, wherein said radially outwardly facing arcuate surface in said seal ring segment which is located opposite to a radially inward facing arcuate surface of said casing comprises the radially outward facing surfaces of said inner ring portion. OMPI

Inventors: BRANDON RONALD E, BRANDON, RONALD, E.
Applicants: BRANDON RONALD E, BRANDON, RONALD, E.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: F16J15
IPC codes: F01D11, F16J15