METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING METAL CLADDING ON SURFACES AND PRODUCTS FORMED THEREBY

Abstract: Small, preferably micronsized hollow glass or ceramic spheres (12) or foaming agents for making such micronsized hollow spaces or voids are incorporated into a resin material (11) which is formed into a layer and after curing of the resin layer, it is abraded, sand or grit blasted so as to rupture the outermost layer of spheres or voids to provide a plurality of undercuts or nooks and crannies (13). A thermally sprayed metal (14), such as copper, becomes embedded into the undercuts, nooks and crannies, such that the bond or adherent strength is greatly improved. This micronsized glass, ceramic spheres and/or pores greatly increases the bond strength by providing better undercuts in the surface to be sprayed by molten metal and provide the capability of depositing thicker layers without jeopardizing the bond.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR APPLYING METAL CLADDING ON SURFACES AND PRODUCTS FORMED THEREBY BACKGROUND AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The application of metal coatings to various surfaces by means of thermally sprayed molten metal particle is well known in the art. The application of anti-fouling coatings using the thermal spraying technique to marine structures* particularly hulls of boats and ships* is known, but the process is also applicable generally to such exemplary structures as underwater pilings* power plant intake ducts* underwater energy conversion systems* bouys* drill platforms and the like where the fouling by marine growth interferes with or impedes the efficient operation of such apparatus. Various systems have been devised for applying anti-fouling substances, typically copper and copper alloys* to marine surfaces* these include copper foils* panels or tiles which are adhered to hull surfaces. The most modern of these are paint and coating technologies which depend on uniform consumption of the binder and toxin and biocide and therefore are limited by the thickness or number of coatings applied. In the tile or foil methods, painstaking tailoring of individual panels or tiles to the complete hull surfaces has, in general, not been found acceptable by the marine trades. In Japanese Patent Document 56-33485 of April 1381, copper and copper alloy are thermally sprayed on a prepared resin bond coating, which may- incorporate talcum* mica or fiberglass to provide antifouling protection for hulls* etc. The present invention provides a distinct improvement over the art in that this invention includes* in a preferred embodiment* incorporating hollow glass or ceramic spheres in the micronsize range (marketed under various trademarks such as Microballoona , Microspheres ) or the deposition of a foamed resin surface onto the resin layer which can be an air* heat or UV cured resin. This layer serves as the sealing layer and firmly adheres the thermally sprayed anti-fouling coating. The mechanism is relatively simple in that the heavily filled layer is abraded by sanding or grit blasting sufficient to rupture, sheer and/or fracture the embedded micronspheres* microballoona or foamed voids. After the abrading process is completed* the surface is vacuumed or washed clean to remove the abraided material so that the surface now represents a porous surface with large numbers of undercuts* nooks and crannies. The sprayed molten copper flows into the . undercuts* nooks and crannies and now becomes embedded into and mechanically locked to these pores and in this manner* the bond strength is mechanically fixed. The anti-fouling system includes a resin layer which could be a polyurathane a polyester or epoxy resin which serves three main functions: 1) provides an adhesive between the marine surface and a spray deposited copper or copper coating and 2) a seal layer to seal fine cracks in the gel coat of a fiberglass hull* for example, and 3) to prevent osmosis and a dieletric layer in the case of a steel hull to prevent electrolytic corrosion effects. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: Other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent when considered in light of the following specification and accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a close diagram illustrating the basic steps of the metal clading process according to the invention, the balloons are enlargements of cross-sections of the product as it emerges from each of the indicated steps of the process, Figure 2 is an enlarged sectional view showing undercuts, nooks and crannies and the filling of same with a copper/copper alloy type metal for cladding marine surfaces and the like. Figures 3-7 are photographic enlargements of the surface and metallographic cross-section of actual surfaces cladded using the processes of this invention. Figure βa is a sectional view of a mold for a fiberglass hull of a boat and, Figure βb is a sectional view of the hull removed from the mold and being thermally sprayed with molten copper, Figure 9 is a scanning electron microscope photograph of the interface of thermally sprayed copper and ceramic microballoon filled epoxy resin matrix and. Figures 10a, 10b and 10c are scanning electron microscope photographs of the metal surface at the magnifications shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Applying metallic coatings on surfaces by thermal spraying is not, per se, new as is shown in the above noted Japanese patent publication and in Miller patent 4,078,097. The thermal spray processes include melting powder in an electric or oxyacetylene arc and using compressed air or inert gas to propel the molten particles toward the substrate at a high velocity. Another form of thermal spray is the plasma arc whereby the powder or wire introduced into a high-velocity plasma arc created by the rapid expansion of gas subjected to electric arc heating in a confined volume. Another thermal spray process that is used, is the combustion of oxygen and fuel in a confined volume and its expansion through a nozzle provide the high velocity flow into which metal powder is introduced coincidental with the projected gas stream. According to this invention* the mechanism of attachment is that molten particles of copper which can be travelling at hypersonic speeds, greater than 5 times the speed of sound or estimated at 6,000 feet per second (with certain types of equipment) will flow into and mechanically lock with the undercuts, nooks and crannies and the first layer forms the basis upon which subsequent layers of metal can be deposited to build-up to a desired thickness. The molten particles of metal forced into the nooks* crannies and undercuts and roughness of the surface produces a much stronger and more dense flexible layer of cladded metal which* in the case of copper or copper based alloys, are very useful in providing marine anti-fouling surfaces. Marine piping made of concrete, steel, etc., which are exposed to fouling, can easily have the internal surfaces thereof treated according to the process of this invention to reduce and eliminate flow impeding growths. As shown in Figure 1, the initial step of applying a coating of copper or copper alloy to a substrate surface such as a marine hull is surface preparation. After surface preparation, a syntactic foam resin coating is applied followed by abrading or grit-blasting the cured syntactic resin layer to form the matrix of undercuts, nooks and crannies to receive the thermal spraying of copper and/or copper alloys. For the conventional gel coat of a fiberglass hull, for example, the grit blasting is with No. 20-80 grit silicon oxide, silicon carbide* or aluminum oxide to remove the high polish of the finish so that it has a matte appearance wherein microscopic pits* pores and crevaces in the gel coat are exposed and depnding upon the character of the blast media, various forms of undercuts are made in the surface. It will be appreciated that surface preparation will not alter the structural integrity and hydrodynamlc surface of the hull. Surface preparation consists of removing mold release agents and other foreign matter from the surface of a new hull. The copper/copper alloy coating can be thermally sprayed onto a properly prepared metal, wooden or ferro-cement hull. A syntactic foam resin or gel layer 11 is uniformly applied over the prepared surface by brush, trowel, spray or roller. As noted earlier, the resin gel layer has incorporated therein 20-200 percent by volume of micronsized glass or ceramic spheres 12. In one preferred practice, the glass sphere filled resin is applied by commercial low pressure spray equipment so as to not prematurely damage the spheres. In one example of the spray technique* several layers were applied* each to a final thickness of about ten thousandths of an inch* with the glass sphere filled resin layer having a thickness of about thirty thousandths of an inch. The micronβize glass spheres appeared to be uniformly dispersed in the layer and when grit blasted or abraided and sprayed with molten copper* superb mechanical adhesion was achieved. The resin is cured and then abraided or grit-blasted sufficiently to shear and fracture or rupture the embedded spheres to provide numerous undercuts* crevices* nooks and crannies 13. This forms a matrix of undercuts* nooks and crannies into which the molten metal flows on impact* and, upon solidification, mechanically interlock the metal layers to the surface to be protected. This porous surface is then vacuumed and the molten metal 14 sprayed thereupon. In a preferred embodiment, the micronsized spheres* in graded sizes from about 10 to about 300 microns* comprise between about 100 to 200 percent by volume of the resin* the resin being present in sufficient amount to "wet" the surfaces of the spheres, A further method of applying the matrix of micronsized spheres which maintains surface fidelity and has a high production rate is to apply a coat of conductive epoxy on the surface. While this is still wet and sticky, apply the microballoona (hollow microβpheres) using an electrostatic discharge gun. This type of equipment places a charge on each micronsized sphere and it would be attracted to the surface of the conductive epoxy layer that forms part of the electrical loop or ground. The particles at first become engulfed and then would saturate the surface unifor ily because by its very nature, when an area is coated the particles will tend to be drawn to an area that is not coated. After a couple of passes, the surface should be saturated with the filler micronsized spheres. When the epoxy sets up or cures, the surface can be given a light grit blast with a fine abrasive. This will -remove the particles that are only marginally attached and break the ones on the surface that will provide the matrix of undercuts, nooks and crannies. After the light grit blast, the surface is power washed, dried and then sprayed with the copper-nickel alloy for antifouling or any other metal. This will provide a smoother uniform coating with less effort and process time. It will be appreciated that surfaces which are not desired to have a copper coating, such as above the water line, can be protected by masking tape, etc., as noted in our above-identified application. The metal coating layer is preferably uniform but this is not necessary. In fact* in areas where there may be heavy mechanical wear or errosion* such as on the keel* bow and rudder areas* the metal layer can easily be made slightly thicker just by spraying additional layers in those areas. Several different types of hollow glass and ceramic shereβ have been utilized. These were from the 3H Company* Emerson Cummingβ Corp.* PQ Corporation, Micro-Mix Corporation, and Pierce and Stevens Chemical Corporation. Those varried in size from 5 to 300 microns. While it was initially thought that the coarser sizes would logically be preferrable, it was found that the sprayed copper deposits adheres very well on practically all sizes, even blends of various hollow spheres give excellent results in proportions varying from about 20 percent to 200 percent by volume. It is desireable that at least a layer of the micronsized glass or ceramic spheres be at the surface. In one example, a layer of spheres floated to the surface with about 20 percent by volume of 3M Microballoona and after grit-blasting the cured resin, the sprayed copper flowed into the undercoats, cavities and pores, nooks and crannies constituted by the voids of the fractured spheres to effect a strong bond, as shown in the metallographic photograph of Fig. 7. In the preferred practice of this invention, the syntactic resin is heavily filled, (in one preferred embodiment, 100 to 200 percent by volume of micronsized spheres relative to the amount of resin) and thus has thixotrόpic properties such that the spheres stay fixed, which is advantageous on vertical surfaces. Since the glass or ceramic spheres are intact, they can be prβmixed in with one or both components of a two component resin, or they can more preferably be added and mixed with the resin at the time of appplication to the substrate surface* or they can be sprayed in the manner of the electrostatic spray process described above, and a mixture of glass and ceramic micronsized spheres can be used in practicing the invention. In a preferred practice of the invention, the copper/copper alloy metal coating 12 is applied with a minimum of at least two passes of the thermal spray apparatus. In the first pass, the copper particles travelling at high speed splatter and flow into the undercuts, nooks and crannies 13 and fill the surface porosity with molten metal to provide a firmly secured ' rough layer that avoids detachment and delamination with the undercuts, nooks and crannies thereof providing strong mechanical adhesion and a firs base to which sprayed molten metal applied on the second pass becomes firmly secured. In a preferred practice of the invention, the metal is applied to a thickness of about 3 to 12 mils but it will be appreciated that greater or lesser thicknesses can be applied. For a commercial ocean going vessel, 12 to 15 mil thickness should last for about 15 years, which would provide significant reduction in overall cost of application relative to lower initial cost paint based antifouling systems. After the final copper or copper alloy is applied* the external surface can be smoothed by light wet sanding to remove small projections* edges and produce a smoother hydrodyanmic surface. It will be appreciated that a single pass of the thermal spray apparatus can be used , in many instances* and, further the rate of- movement of the spray apparatus relative to the surface can be varied to vary the thickness of applied metal. Moreover* the thermal spray apparatus can be stationary and the surface to be coated with metal moved relative thereto. According to this invention* the resin, filled with hollow ceramic or glass spheres is allowed to cure* and in some cases* the curing is enhanced by the use of a U.V. curable resin. Commercially pure copper and copper-nickel alloys are preferably used in the practice of the invention for antifouling purposes. Depending on the thermal metal spraying apparatus used, commercially pure copper and/or nickel-copper alloys (90-94 percent copper- and 10-6 percent nickel, with a 90 percent copper, 10 percent nickel alloy being preferred) in the form of wires or powders are used in the practice of the invention. As noted above, in the preferred practice of the invention, the copper base metal and antifouling layer is applied in at least two passes. One would not go beyond the invention in using two different types of thermal spray apparatus during each pass, it being appreciated that it is during the first that the molten particles of copper, traveling at high speeds, will attach and embed themselves in the undercuts, nooks and crannies 13, seal layer 11. During the βecond pass the molten particles are forced into the undercuts and roughness of the surface left from the previous pass. Preferably the coating applied in the initial or 5 first pass is thinner than in the second and succeeding passes. This thin metal coating provides an excellent base for receiving and securely bonding the thermally sprayed second pass. In some cases* other constituents, such as dyes* solid state lubricants (to reduce friction) and other biocideβ can be 10. blended into the copper and/or copper-nickel feed powders. Copper is softer than copper-nickel alloy, if the use of the area of the boat or ship is such thβt high abrasion resistance is required* the final thermally sprayed metal layer preferably will be copper-nickel alloy. 5 In the course of perfecting this invention, various resins were tried and they all worked almost equally well from the adherance standpoint. The final selection is dictated by the type of surface to be treated. For instance, polyester resin is preferred for fiberglass hulls since it more closely matches the 0 polyester gelcoats already present. However, more recent expert opinion indictates the use of epoxy resin for better underwater service and strength. The final thermally sprayed metal coat can be lightly wet sanded as is the practice with racing yachts to produce a smoother surface. 5 In a further embodiment, as described later herein with regard to Figs..8a and 8b, the substrate may be formed subsequent to- the void containing layer. For example, in a new fiberglass hulled boat construction, hollow spherical micronsized bead filled resin is applied to the inside of the mold prior to, or in place of* the gel coat in those areas which are to have antifouling treatment according to this invention. Thereafter* the hull is formed by layering up the resin impregnated fiberglass mats roving* in the normal manner. After removal from the mold, the sphere filled resin surface is abraided and/or grit-blasted to form the undercuts, nooks and crannies and then sprayed with molten metal particles. As shown in Fig. 8(a), a boat hull mold 50 has a release coating 51 on the inner surface thereof and a conventional gel coat 52 to form the above the water line finish (end of gel coat 58) is applied to the release coat 51, masking (not shown in Fig. 8(a)) being used to assure a straight line for aesthetic reasons. Then, a layer of resin (an epoxy or polyester) layer 53 filled with the spheres 54 is applied to the remaining portions of the mold 50 and then the resin is cured. Then, fiberglass and resin 56 is layered in the mold in a conventional fashion to form the basic hull structure of the vessel. It will be appreciated that the interior surface of the cured resin layer 53 can be abraded or grit blasted to form undercuts, pores, nooks and crannies before the layering of the fiberglass structures to form the hull. After curing the resin and fiberglass matrix, the structure is removed from mold 50, the gel coat 58 masked by masking material 59 and the external surface is abraided or grit blasted as indicated in Fig. 8(b) and then the step of thermal sprsying of molten copper is carried out on this prepared βurface in the manner described above. Instead of metal coating, the fractured or crushed voids bound in a resin matrix may be used as an adherent βurface for any other coating or lamina. Finally, instead of spheres for producing the voids, air bubbles can be formed in the resin, by a foaming agent, for example* after curing of the resin* the voids are fractured by abraiding or grit blasting to produce the desired undercuts* nooks and crannies which then provide the mechanical locking for the coating material. Figure 9 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the interfaces of the thermally sprayed copper 80* and abraded surfaces of the micro balloon filled resin 81. These are hollow ceramic balloons (sold by Emerson Cummings Corporation and P.Q. Corporation) and are larger, stronger and cheaper than the glass type and provide a more receptive βurface for the initial first layer of thermally sprayed copper coating. In this preferred embodiment, the resin was an epoxy and the largest microballoon was about 100 micron. The copper was about .005" and applied in two passes of the thermally sprayed copper. Figures 10a, 10b and 10c are SEM'a of the sprayed surface of Figure 9 e.g. copper on U.V. epoxy. ADVANTAGES OVER THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. The coating is a continuous coating of complete 100 percent antifouling material without the need of a binder as in regular paints or coatings. 2. The coating, being metal (copper and copper-nickel alloys) is stronger than paints and will not wear or erode as quickly, especially around bow and rudder sections. 3. The coating is very ductile from the very nature of the material, i.e., copper, and will not degrade or become brittle with age as in the case of degradation of organic binders. 4. It is easy to apply, since it is sprayed and does not require careful tailoring for curved surface and powders and wires are more economical than the adhesive coated copper-nickel foils. 5. On copper-nickel hulls of two Gulf Coast βhrimp boats, the average erosion was approximately .05 ail/yr. These are fast moving, commercial fishing craft. Slower moving sailing and pleasure craft hulls are conservatively expected to erode at less than 1/2 mil/yr. Therefore, a coating of 6 to 8 mils should conservatively last at least 12 years. • Present intervals for hauling, scraping, and painting depend on water temperture, usually averaging at least once a year. 6. Repairs can be easily made by lightly grit-blasting the damaged area, applying the syntactic foam adhesive and abraiding and spraying an overlaping coat of copper/copper alloy. To speed up such repairs, the resin carries for the spheres can be a U.V. resin which cures more rapidly under ultraviolet exposure. 7. The copper/copper-nickel alloys present considerably less toxicity and handling problems in comparison to the complex organotin compounds. β. Hydrodynamlc properties of hull surfaces are not changed. 9. Since the copper/copper-nickel coatings are relatively thin, flexible, and βtrongly adherent to the outer hull surfaces by the mechanical interlocking of the metal when it solidifies in the undercuts* nooks and crannies 13, they flex with flexture of the hull and strongly resist delamination forces thereby aββuring a longer life. 10. The unfractured or intact spheres provide an insulating function. 11. The coating has high "scrubability" as compared to paints since it is metal and not an organic material. Samples with thermal spray coatings according to this invention were tested in the Chesapeake Bay waters during the summer of 1983. The results showed no biomarine growth on the copper sprayed surfaces, while there was considerable growth and barnacles and other marine organisms on the uncoated portion of the test specimens. Samples tested by Ocean City Research Corportion in Ocean City, Maryland during the summer of 1983 and 1984, also showed no marine growth and the coatings stayed intact. The density of the spray deposits are not as dense as a wrought material such as a foil or plate* so there is a larger microscopic surface area present in the form of cupurous oxide per given area and hence will expose a more hoβtile βurface to marine organisms. The basic improvement in this invention iβ the increased strength of the bond between the metal coating and the substrate surface and this comes about through the formation of the matrix of undercuts* nooks and crannies for receiving the liquid coating* preferably molten metal particles* the undercuts* nooks and crannies being formed by fracturing or rupturing the mironsized glass or ceramic spheres in the outer surface of the cured resin carrier. While the invention has been described with reference to the antifouling treatment of copper and copper alloys or marine surfaces * the invention in its most basic aspect iβ applicable to cladding materialβ in general, and particularly aetala* and more particularly copper* on any substrate surface. While there has been shown and described the preferred practice of he invention* it will be understood that this disclosure is for the purposes of illustration and various omissions and changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims appended hereto. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

Claims: CLAIMS 1. In a marine βurface protected from marine growth by en external layer of a thermally sprayed metal βelectted from copper and copper based alloys, the improvement wherein a layer of an adheβive resin iβ between said aurface and βaid external layer of metal, a plurality of fractured inorganic hollow spheres in the interface between βaid resin and βaid external metal layer forming undercuts, nooks and crannies, said external layer of metal being constituted by a layer of solidified thermally sprayed metal particleβ βprayed in a molten βtate and filling and interlocking with βaid undercuts, nooks and crannies. 2. The Invention defined in claim 1 wherein βaid adhesive resin layer iβ a syntactic foam coating having an abraded surface to form said fractured inorganic hollow βphereβ, and βaid thermally βprayed metal particleβ are embedded in βaid fractured inorganic hollow spheres of βaid syntactic foam coating. 3. The invention defined in claim 1 including a firat metal layer with metal particleβ selected from copper and copper-nickel alloys embedded in said adhesive layer and said layer of thermally βprayed metal particles is sprayed in a molten βtate at a high velocity on said first metal layer. 4. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein βaid firat metal layer is copper metal and βaid thermally βprayed metal layer is copper-nickle alloy wherein the copper constitute 90-94 percent and the remainder iβ nickel. 5. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein aaid firat metal layer iβ copper-nickle alloy and βaid thermally sprayed metal layer is copper. 6. The invention defined in claim 1 wherein βaid marine βurface iβ a hull and aaid thermally applied metal layer iβ thicker in areaβ of possible mechanical abrasion and -erosion, including the keel, bow and rudder areas. 7. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein βaid first metal layer and said thermally sprayed layer have a combined thickness of at least 3 mils. 8. The invention defined in claim 7 wherein said first metal layer iβ thinner than said thermally sprayed metal layer. 9. In a system of applying an antifouling coating to a marine surface of a metal selected from the group comprising copper and/or copper alloys - such as copper-nickel, the improvement comprising the steps 1) of grit-blasting said marine surface, 2) coating said blasted surface with a curable adhesive syntactic foam layer, 3) curing βaid curable layer, 4) grit-blasting said cured syntactic foam layer to produce undercuts, nooks and crannies in the βurface thereof, and 5) thermally βpraying the undercuts, nooks and crannies in said " syntactic foam layer with molten particles of said metal in one or more paββeβ thereof. 10. The method and system of applying an antifouling coating aβ defined in claim 14 wherein the βtep of 5) thermally spraying is selected from plasma arc or thermal spraying using electric arc or oxyacetylene with compressed air or gas and feeding power or- wire into the arc to deposit said molten particleβ on the said grit blasted surface. 11. The invention defined in claim 10 wherein βtep 2) coating βaid blaβted βurface with a curable adhesive syntactic foam layer is carried out by spraying a reβin filled with 20 to 70 percent by volume of email sized hollow spheres. 12. The invention defined in claim 11 wherein said apraying of reβin filled with email βized βphereβ iβ carried out at low pressure. 13. The invention defined in claim 11 wherein said curable layer is applied by spraying a plurality of layera of βaid reβin filled with said small βized spheres. 14. A system of applying a metal layer to a surface comprising: 1) adhesively securing at least a layer of micronsized hollow glass or ceramic spheres to said surface, 2) rupturing a surface layer of said βphereβ, and 3) applying molten metal to the ruptured layer of βaid βpheres. 15. The invention defined in Claim 14 wherein βaid adhesive is a syntactic foam. 16. The invention defined in claim 14 wherein in step 1) the adhesive is a syntactic U.V. senβitive reβin foam and including subjecting same to U.V. to cure. 17. The invention defined in claim 14 wherein aaid hollow βphereβ are mixed with the adheβive in a preparation of 5 to 30 percent by weight. 18. The invention defined in claim 17 wherein aaid hollow βphereβ are in a proportion of 50-200 percent by volume. 19. The invention defined in claim 14 wherein in βtep 1), the glass or ceramic hollow spheres are in a size range of 10 to 300 microns and are in a reβin carrier in an amount up about 80 percent by volume. 20. The invention defined in claim 19 wherein aaid hollow βphereβ are of different sizes. 21. The invention defined in claim 14 wherein in βtep 1), the hollow glass or ceramic spheres are in a size range greater than about 10 microns and are in a resin carrier in an amount up to about 80 percent by volume. 22. The invention defined in claim 21 wherein in βtep 1), the hollow glass or ceramic spheres are in a selected size range in an amount between about 20 percent to about 200 percent by volume of a reβin carrier. 23. A βyβtem for rigidly securing a protecting layer to a substrate surface comprising, 3 1) securing at leaβt a layer of voidβ in a βelect βize 4 range in a hard resin matrix to said substrate βurface, βaid 5 voidβ being cloβed on all sides, g 2) fracturing at least the voidβ in βaid matrix by 7 abrading away at leaat a portion of the aurfaceβ bounding βaid 8 voidβ to form expoβed undercuts, nooks and crannies in said matrix, 0 3) flowing βaid metal protecting layer into βaid exposed 1 undercutβ nookβ and cranniea. 24. The invention derfined in claim 23 wherein aaid layer of voidβ in βtep 1), iβ formed by incorporating a foaming agent in a resin base. • 25. The invention defined in claim 15 wherein said syntactic foam layer includes a foaming agent and βaid undercutβ, nooks and crannies are formed by said grit blast rupturing at least the surface oneβ of the air spaces formed by said foaming agent. 26. A matrix system for making a first surface for adherent reception of at leaβt the surface of a second material comrpiβing an adheβive reβin layer and at leaat a layer of ruptured βpeherical voidβ in said first surface. 27. The matrix system defined in claim 26 wherein βaid matrix iβ molded and consists of resin and a plurality of ruptured small sized hollow bead means, said hollow bead means being selected from the group comprising glass or ceramic spheres. 28. The matrix system defined in claim 27 wherein said small sized hollow beads range in size from about 10 to 300 micronβ. 29. The matrix βyβtem defined in claim 28 wherein βaid hollow beads comprise 20 to 200 percent by volume of said matrix system when applied. 30. The matrix syβtem defined in claim 29 wherein βaid matrix βyβtem iβ formed by βpraying βaid adheβive reβin with βaid beads therein upon a βurface, curing the reβin, and then rupturing at least the outer βurface layer of βaid glaββ beadβ to form undercutβ, nooks and crannieβ. 31. The matrix βyβtea defined in claim 26 wherein said matrix matrix comprises a resin and a plurality of ruptured micronsized spheres selected from the group consisting of glasβ or ceramic βphereβ. 32. A method of improving the mechanical adherence between two materialβ, comprising: 1) embedding a plurality of small βized frangible hollow beadβ in one of βaid materials, 2) rupturing the surface oneβ of βaid frangible beadβ to form undercutβ, nookβ and crannieβ, and 3) flowing the other of βaid materials into said undercutβ, nookβ and crannies. 33. The method defined in claim 32 wherin the first one of said materials is sprayed upon a forming surface, said frangible hollow beadβ are glass and-are ruptured by abraiding. 4 and βaid other of aaid aaterialβ iβ a molten metal that ia 5 βprayed upon βaid one of βaid materialβ and βaid undercuts, nookβ g and crannieβ. 34. A method of metal cladding a βurface compriaing, 2 1) adheβively attaching a layer of hollow glasβ or ceramic 3 βpheres ranging in size to about 300 microns to said βurface, 4 2) rupturing at leaβt some of βaid βphereβ to produce a matrix of undercutβ uniformly over βaid aurface, and 3) applying a molten metal upon βaid βphereβ to fill βaid undercuts, nooks and crannieβ with molten metal which flows into and conforms to the βurfaceβ of βaid undercuts. 35. The method of metal cladding defined in claim 34 wherein step 1) includeβ incorporating βaid hollow ceramic spheres as the fill in an U.V. curable epoxy resin as a mixture βpraying βaid mixture upon said βurfβce and then curing βaid epoxy using U.V. 36. A method clad βurface comprising in combination, a layer of the remains of a plurality of ruptured hollow beadβ, βaid hollow beads being selected from the group consiβting of glass and/or ceramic beads and ranging in size to about 300 microns forming a layer of undercuts, an adhesive matrix securing said remains of aplurality of ruptured hollow beads to said βurface, and a βolidified metal layer filling βaid layer of undercuts, to mechanically lock βaid metal layer to βaid βurface. 37. The metal clad surface defined in lcaim 36 wherein aaid adheβive matrix ia a U.V. cured epoxy. 38. . The metal clad βurface defined in claim 36 wherein said metal layer iβ copper metal including alloyβ thereof. 39. The metal clad βurface defined in claim 38 wherein aaid βurface iβ a marine βurface and aaid copper metal inhibita incruβtation of aaid βurface. 40. In a marine βurface protected from marine growth by an external layer of a thermally sprayed molten metal selected from copper and copper based alloys, the improvement comprising, a matrix layer of undercuts, nooks and crannieβ constituted by a layer of fractured, inorganic hollow spherical bodieβ, an adheβive layer securing βaid matrix layer to βaid marine βurface and βaid layer of metal iβ conβtituted by a βolidified layer of βaid molten metal filling and interlocking with aaid undercuts, nooks and crannieβ. 41. The invention defined in claim 40 wherein aaid fractured hollow bodieβ are the remains of hollow micronsized glass spheres. 42. The invention defined in claim 40 wherein βaid fractured hollow bodiea are the remainβ of micronβized ceramic βphereβ. 43. The invention defined in claim 40 wherein said adheβive layer is an epoxy resin. 44. The invention defined in claim 43 wherein said hollow bodies are selected from the group consiβting of micronβized glass or ceramic hollow ' βphereβ. 45. The invention defined in claim 44 wherein aaid βphereβ range in βize from about 10 to about 300 microna. 46. The invention defined in claim 45 wherein βaid spheres comprise from at least about 20 percent by volume of βaid epoxy resin. 47. The invention defined in claim 46 wherein aaid hollow aphereβ are in a proportion greater than 50 percent by volume relative to aaid adheβive. 48. The invention defined in claim 45 wherein βaid hollow βpheres are in different βizeβ. 49. The invention defined in claim 44 wherein βaid micronsized βpheres range in size from 10 to about 300 microns and comprise at least 20 -percent by volume of said resin. 50. The metal clad βurface defined in claim 36 wherein βaid metal layer iβ greater than 3 mile thick. 51. The invention defined in claim 40 wherein βaid marine aurfacβ is a portion of the hull of a vessel. 52. The invention defined in claim 44 wherein βaid micronaized βphereβ range from about 100 percent to about 200 percent by volume of βaid reβin. 53. The invention defined in claim 44 wherein said micronaized βphereβ consist of a mix of glasβ and ceramic βpheres.

Inventors: BOSNA ALEXANDER S, RICCIO LOUIS M, BOSNA, ALEXANDER, S., RICCIO, LOUIS, M.
Applicants: BOSNA ALEXANDER S, RICCIO LOUIS M, BOSNA, ALEXANDER, S., RICCIO, LOUIS, M.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: B32B3
IPC codes: B05D5, B63B59, C23C4