METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING USING A PLURALITY OF FREQUENCIES

Abstract: During so-called eddy current testing by way of several frequencies, it is often difficult efficiently to separate and detect superficially located defects from the disturbances caused by a varying distance from the transducer to the object under test. This is due to the fact that the fault direction and the lift-off direction normally differ from each other to too small an extent and the fact that the signal processing, which is necessary for the suppression of the lift-off dependence, also suppresses the fault signal. This problem can be eliminated completely or partially by means of the present invention, which comprises selecting the used frequencies in such a way that, in relation to the depths of cracks occurring, they fulfil certain conditions, one of which being that at least one frequency is relatively insensitive to the defect in question. This effect is achieved by selecting such a high frequency that its depth of current penetration is limited seen in relation to the depth of the defect.

Description: Method and apparatus for testing using plurality of frequencies A considerable problem in connection with the detection of surface imperfections using, for example, eddy current tech¬ nique, is the distance dependence (the so-called lift-off dependence) between the transducer and the object under test, which often causes considerable disturbance of the measure¬ ments. One method of suppressing the L0 dependence is disclosed in Swedish Patent 7507857-6, including the patent of addition. A similar method is described by Hugo L Libby in "Introduc- tion to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods". The method of Libby can be regarded as a form of vector trans¬ formation technique based on phase discrimination, which means that vectors with different directions are separated with the aid of phase-sensitive/phase-controlled rectifiers. A greatly limiting factor in Libby's method, especially in the practical case involving superficially located defects, for example surface cracks, is that the directions of the fault vectors in the impedance plane (Fig. 3) substantially coincide with the direction/orientation of the L0 vectors (ΔLO) (i.e. Λ is small), thus making it very difficult to efficiently separate the fault vectors (F) from the L0 vec¬ tors by using phase discrimination only, and simultaneously suppress the lift-off dependence. For, for example, small/shallow surface cracks the angle (( ) between the fault direction and the L0 direction may only be 10 - 15° in case of a hot (1000°) material. The present invention aims to provide a solution to the problems mentioned and other problems associated therewith. The invention can also be regarded as an optimization method, which may then, for example, complement and improve prior art devices, some of which are previously mentioned paten ¬ ted devices. It is thus important to note that the pre ¬ sent invention can be regarded both as a device and/or as a method. In its function as a device, the present invention can be described as follows. The device, which is primarily inten¬ ded for testing and/or measurement of electrically conducting test objects (2) with respect to changes (3) in/on the test object, comprises at least one transducer (1), which is supplied with signals, for example current (I), having dif¬ ferent frequency contents (e.g. &„ and CO , ) so that currents (e.g. eddy currents) of corresponding frequency contents are induced in/on the test objects. The electrical impedance (Fig. 3) of the transducer is then influenced by the test object via the inductive coupling between the transducer and the test object. As a consequence of this, at least two signals, directly or indirectly emanating from the transducer and having different frequency origins (e.g. ώ , and ύ . ) , may be processed, For example weighted and com¬ bined, in such a way that the result, as a function of the distance of the transducer relative to the test object, is constant (k.) within a reasonable operating range, when the test object exhibits no change in or near the trans- ducer, and different from the corresponding result (k_) when there is a change in/on the test object. In this way, the change, for example the surface crack, may be detected and/or be measured as a function of the difference and/or quotient between/of the above-mentioned results (e.g. k.. - - k ∑ or k 1 /k 2 . Characteristic of the type of device referred to is that the equivalent current penetration depth of at least one frequency is smaller than the depth (Dj) of the change or changes being detected. To descr ibe th e prob lems a nd how to o vercome th em , the following example may be used, which should then be under¬ stood as one of many feasible examples . Figure 1 shows the transducer/coil (1), assuming two diff¬ erent distances (L0_ and L0. , respectively) relative to the surface of the test object (2). The transducer is supplied with current (I) containing two different frequency compo¬ nents i. and 6-Λ,). By way of the inductive coupling to the test object, there are thus induced eddy currents of corres¬ ponding frequency contents in/on the surface of the test object. The electrical (standardized) impedance of the transducer will be clear from Figure 3. When the transducer changes its distance to the surface of the test object, the impedance of the transducer for the two frequencies with the vectors ΔLO. and ΔLO,, is changed at the same time. If these vectors are made equivalent, for example electronically via different amplification, signals for the two frequencies, which are derived from the transducer, will accompany each other as shown by the functions (G) drawn in solid lines in Figure 2 (ΔUrk..-_0), provided that there is no flaw in the vicinity of the trans- ducer (Dj=0). On the other hand, if a flaw occurs, for example a crack below the transducer (Dj>0), the eddy curr¬ ents in/on the test object. are disturbed to differing degrees at the different/separate frequencies, whereby AU^O, which is an indication of the fact that the test object contains a flaw, for example a crack. This is shown by the dash-lined functions (G) in Figure 2, where ΔU=k_>0. The vectors F. and F u in Figure 3 represent the fault vec- H tor at the frequencies in question (6/ and Cj ) The results of the signal processing, including possible weighting, etc., are in this case represented by k. and k„, respectively, in Figure 2. The difference between the results k. and indicates the change, for example, the O PI crack. The great problem, however, is that when the sig¬ nals, which are directly or indirectly received from the transducers, are signal processed (e.g. weighted), also the other vectors, for example the fault vectors (F). are influenced by the signal processing. In case of a conven¬ tional frequency selection, the consequence of this is that the difference between k. and k_ is small and difficult to detect, especially in case of small depths of crack (e.g. shallow superficial scratches). Instead of presenting the G-functions as a function of the lift-off at a constant depth of- crack, as in Figure 2, said G-functions may be shown as a function of the depth of crack at a constant lift-off, as in Figure 5. In the case where k,=0, the difference k- - k.. will then be = k_, which then corresponds to Λ U in Figure 5. As will be clear from Figure 5, the difference is very weakly developed at a crack depth (Dj) < 2 mm at the frequencies used in this connection. The frequencies are here chosen in a conventional manner, that is to say the crack is to give rise to an optimum fault vector in order - hopefully - to be detected. During difference measurement between the frequencies, however, the result will be negative in case of small crack depths, which is clear from Figure 5. Another - and perhaps simp¬ ler - way of expressing the same thing is as follows. Upon studying Figure 3 it is seen that the fault vectors are of different magnitudes, that is, F. -6 F„, but for k- to become constant when there is no change in the vicinity of the transducer and the distance between the transducer and the test object varies, it is required that L0, becomes equally great as _.L0„, which requires weighting. This weighting also influences F. and F,, so that these will be approximately equally great, whereby the difference which is to indicate the defect is suppressed. Characteristic of the present invention is, among other things, that the difference between the results (e.g. k and k_) should be prevented from becoming too small using frequency selection optimization. To attain this effect, priority has been given to the following partial o jectives : a) for at least one frequency or complex of frequencies, a great lift-off dependence and a small fault dependence are aimed at in so far as the vector amounts in question are concerned, and b) seen in relation to item a), for at least one frequency or complex of frequencies, a small lift-off dependence and a great fault dependence are aimed at. From Figure 3 it will be clear that the objective according to the above item a) largely corresponds to W„ and that item b) corresponds to (.. The greater the relationship between these frequencies, the better will also the difference stand out (e.g. k. - ^), provided that the frequencies are suitably located along the frequency axis. Figure 4 shows how the difference may differ between a few different frequencies. In other words, Figure 4 shows the same as Figure 5, but with different frequencies. In Figure 5, the curves Lu and to, represent the direct or indirect transducer signals (G) originating from the fre¬ quences i and UΛ, (after weighting and signal processing for obtaining suppression of the position). The relation between the frequencies is here chosen greater than 10 (ώ / l0), and the equivalent depth of current penetration (<5 " u ) for ύυ,, is marked. What is of great interest here is why the difference Δϋ starts to develop at the crack depths (Dj) which approximately correspond the depth of current penetration O u . The explanation of this is very complica¬ ted, and therefore the following popular and simplified explanation will have to serve as guidance. When the crack depth (Dj) is greater than the current penetration, that BUR O part of the crack which is positioned deepest (the bottom portion) only influences the eddy current paths to a rela¬ tively small extent, while at the same time these deep- travelling currents are small (possibly non-existent). The inductive coupling between these deep-going currents and the transducer coil is also small, among other things because of the larger distance to the transducer coil. All these facts taken together cause the influence of the crack on the transducer impedance to be reduced, relati¬ vely seen, which is the explanation of the difference starting to develop at/around the equivalent depth of current penetration for the high frequency. The consequence of the above reasoning is then that the objective according to item a) is fulfilled ifώn is chosen so that its equivalent depth of current penetration is smaller than the defect, for example surface crack, which is to be detected, that is, S u < Dj or, even better, o\, << « Dj. Since the above reasoning is one of the corner stones of the invention, additional clarifications and examples may be justified to increase an understanding. On viewing Figure 5 (which is verified in practice) and increasing the fault depth from zero, the G ω -functions first accom¬ pany each other as long as the crack depth is smaller than H' an<: " are then separated. The reason for this is that as long as the crack is small, it forces down the super¬ ficial currents to an approximately equivalent extent for both frequencies. Somewhat simplified, the transducer interprets this as a lift-off variation. (From this follows that x will be small.) One condition for this is, of course, that the functions are weighted with respect to the suppression of the distance dependence! This mutual agreement between the frequencies as far as the connection between lift-off dependence and fault dependence is concerned is difficult to present in the form of mathema- tical derivations, but even simple reasonings combined with practical measurements support in full the statement that these relatively refined physical relationships apply. In other words, the deviations are surprisingly small in the practical case. Turning back to the fault/crack, the eddy currents around the crack are disturbed, resulting in the current displace ¬ ment being disturbed as well. This results in the current penetration becoming somewhat deeper near the crack. The consequence of this is that G ✓,. does not deflect sharply but relatively softly. Now, if H. the crack depth is increas¬ ed successively so that DJ>>O , G Q should asymptotically approach a U-value (Uoσ) corresponding to Dj=σo. The same should be true of G CO . but at a greater depth of fault. This can also be expressed such that in case of large fault depths relative to O n, the influence on the transducer im¬ pedance is small at ω„ for the deeper part of the fault. In practice this can be utilized to separate the amount of the fault vectors, whereby the need of a perfect phase dis¬ crimination for separation of the L0 vector and the fault vector from each other is eliminated. Looking at Figure 3, it is seen that ALO increases with increasing frequency. To obtain suppression of the distance dependence, the ampli¬ fication for ( U can then, for example, be reduced ("weight¬ ing") so that ΔLO. = ΔL0 H . This then strenghtens the diff¬ erence (All) in Figure 5, where this has been taken into con¬ sideration! It is therefore important once again to stress that Figures 4 and 5 show a new, unique method of obtaining, via frequency difference measurement starting from the posi¬ tion suppression, a detectable difference representing the fault. As will be clear from the description, the device/principle is primarily designed for superficially located cracks, and the like. The cracks which are located deep down and do not extend to the surface can often be detected by conven-_ QMPI Λ " :'YP tiona l meth ods s inc e th ese exhib it a greater difference in phase relative t o the li ft-o f f vectors . From Figure 5 it is furth er clea r that only at a crack depth > 5 mm has th ere been develo ped a marked a nd clear diff er- 5 enc e , that is , at 2 x O u the differenc e is clear . Fro m this fo llows that C ,, shou ld be chosen so that o\, < < Dj /2 and o < D j . Since <T 1 / V J , the relation shou ld be chosen so that iu„ i tW. > 2 , that is , U U > 4 * Id It should be noted that, as in the previous case, the rea¬ soning refers to the position suppression, which is the basis/starting point of the invention. The assumptions O „ < Dj/2 and cF. > Dj also show that the frequency selection .should be made so that the absolute 15 value of the frequencies refers to o and, thus, also to the crack depth of the smallest cracks to be detected. Both the relationship between the frequencies and the absolute values are, thus, of the greatest importance for the result of the measurement. 0 Neither Libby nor Swedish Patent 7507857-6 indicates or describes technique that can be employed to overcome the problems stated in this patent application, in spite of the fact that both these methods/devices suffer from the limitations described here. 5 It is important to point out that the present invention can be combined with other methods and/or devices. There¬ fore, for example, the method of Libby can be combined with the frequency selection optimization described here, or the frequencies stated in Swedish Patent 7507857-6 may be selec- 0 ted according to the method described in the present inven¬ tion, whereby the difference (e.g. k ) can be further amp¬ lified. This underlines the nature of a complementary spe¬ cial case. In addition to phase discrimination, also weight¬ ing, linearization, standardization, vector transformation, 'BUR OM and so on, as described in the above-mentioned patent pub¬ lications, may be regarded as branches of technique which may be combined with the present invention. To obtain the desired damping of, for example, G * > in Figure 5, and thus a well developed difference ΔU, higher frequencies that what is normal in conventional methods are required. This consequence is especially noticeable when detecting defects on hot (e.g. > 750°C) steel because of the low electrical conductivity of the steel at these temperatures. In order for the current penetration depth (σ) to be smaller than the crack depth (Dj), frequencies > > 1 MHZ are often required for small crack depths. To be able to handle these relatively high frequencies in prac¬ tice, it is often advantageous to locate certain electronic adaptation equipment, etc., in proximity to the transducer (1). Similarly, any shielding material (4) adjacent the transducer, for example cooling diaphragms, and the like, should be of ceramic material, or the like, in order not to attenuate or otherwise influence the high frequencies to too great an extent. The scope of the present invention also includes the follow- ing modifications. The signals emanating from the trans¬ ducer may, for example, also be obtained via/from circuits of which the transducer forms a part. Examples of this are oscillators, the frequency and amplitude of which are then determined by, among other things, the impedance of the transducer. Thus, in principle, the difference between current results (e.g. k_-k. ) can be obtained as the diff¬ erence between two frequencies or between two signal- processed frequencies. However, it should be realized that, directly or indirectly, it is always the impedance of the transducer that forms the basis for these special modifications.- The transducer may, for example, also consist of several coils, which, for example, are individually supplied with a different frequency. Signal processing and other electronics functions may, of course, be accomplished by using computers and the like. The signal processing may also be supplemented with a uti- lization of, for example, position signals obtained in a different way (from what is stated here), for example from a separate position transducer. To sum up, the fact that the fault direction and the L0- direction often differ very insignificantly (o from each other, and that the signal processing which is required for the suppression of the LO-dependence usually also suppress¬ es the difference/deviation which is to indicate the change, renders it difficult to detect, by means of conventional so-called multi-frequency methods/devices, changes such as surface cracks, etc., while maintaining the suppression of the LO-dependence. This problem can be eliminated with the present invention, which comprises optimizing the frequen¬ cies used, that is, selecting such frequencies in relation to the crack depth in question that they fulfil certain con- ditions, one of which being that at least one frequency is relatively insensitive to the defect in question. This effect is achieved by selecting such a high frequency that its current penetration depth is limited seen in rela¬ tion to the depth of the defect, for example a crack. The figures accompanying the description are only examples, showing the principle, which means that they are not always, for example, drawn according to scale. In normal cases the frequency is increased to make it possible to better detect the fault (because of a more dis- tinct current displacement). In the present invention, the frequency is increased further to obtain a deteriorated sensitivity to the fault (and, if possible, a better sen¬ sitivity to lift-off), which indicates a fundamentally im¬ portant difference between the prior art and the present in- vention. The invention can be varied in many ways within the scope of the appended claims. Some of the more important definitions will be clear from the following summary: By TRANSDUCER is meant, for example a magnetic flux-gene¬ rating unit and a magnetic flux-sensing unit comprising at least one coil or wire loop. In principle, a coil supplied with current may be both flux generating via the number of ampere turns and flux sensing via the coil impedance. The transducer may also advantageously consist of a prima¬ ry coil supplied with current and a sensing secondary coil in which an e.m.f. is induced. This e.m.f. will then also contain information about disturbances in the propagation of eddy current, etc. By TEST OBJECT are meant, for example, plates, billets, tubes, wire, rod, etc. By CHANGE are meant, for example, defects, cracks, holes, flakes, etc. By DIFFERENCE is meant, for example, the difference between k. and k_ in Figure 2. However, DIFFERENCE also relates to the quotient, that is, the relationship between k. and k_. By CONSTANT is meant largely constant within a reasonable operating range. By FREQUENCY is usually meant the frequency or frequency component with which the transducer is supplied. The term frequency also comprises a complex of frequencies. B y LIFT-QFF (L0) is meant the distance between the trans¬ ducer and the test object. By WEIGHTING and LINEARIZATION are meant, for example, the /"BURE f OMPI following. In Figure 2 the curves shown in unbroken lines represent functions which are derived from the frequencies * J . and £• • ,,. If these functions are designated G-, and G , , the relationship between them is often substantially con- stant within a reasonable operating range due to physical factors and similarities between the frequencies, that is, "* J t ^ u ~ ^k' where ^. represents a quotient constant. By introducing a new weighting constant k , the magnitude of which is determined by ' the fact that k,k x kv = 1 ', the above-mentioned quotient can be transformed into a con¬ stant difference by weighting with the constant k . Or, expressed in simpler terms,' kv x G ",Λ. = kv x k.k GW. , j , = 1 x G . , , that is, if k is incorporated into G, the G- functions will coincide with each other after weighting with k . This shows that a constant quotient constant (k. ) can always be weighted with a real or imaginary weighting constant (k ) so that the constant quotient may be regarded as a constant difference. In those cases where the difference k. in Figure 2 is not constant at certain points, some of or both of the G-funct¬ ions may be linearized so that the difference k. is con¬ stant over the entire operating range (by means of e.g. function generation). By CURRENT PENETRATION DEPTH is meant the equivalent curr- ent penetration depth, that is, the depth where the field strength/current intensity has dropped to l/e=36.8S, rela¬ tive to the surface. BytUμ andα/, , respectively, are meant high and low frequen¬ cies, respectively. By "in close proximity to the transducer" is meant that the electronic equipment is installed, for example, a few metres from the transducer separate from the other electronic equipment. • URE OMPI

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method for testing and/or measurement of electrically conducting test objects (2) with respect to changes, for examp surface defects (3) in the test object, which method comprises the use of at least one transducer (1) which is fed with signa for example current (I), of different frequency contents, for example C ^ and ω. , so that currents, for example eddy currents are induced in the test object, the transducer thus being in ¬ fluenced by the test object via the inductive coupling between the transducer and the test object, and that at least two sign of completely or partially different frequency origins, which are derived, directly or indirectly, from the transducer, are signal processed, for example rectified, weighted, combined and summed, in such a way that the result , for example ΛU=k., as a function of the distance of the transducer relative to the test object, is constant or near constant, within a reason operating range, when the test object shows no change in or adjacent to the transducer, and different from the correspondi result, for example ΛU= ? , when the test object shows or conta a change in or adjacent to the transducer, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that at least one frequency, for example 6J„, is so chosen that its current penetration depth (S,,) is smaller than the depth (Dj) of the changes which can normally be detec ted and/or be indicated, and that the lowest frequency used, for example *J. , is so chosen that its current penetration dept is at least three times greater than the depth of the smallest changes which can normally be detected and/or be indicated, that is, that the ratio between 6 , and J. is at least nine, whereby the change, for example the surface crack, can be detec ted and/or measured, as a function of, among other things, the difference between the above-mentioned results, for example (k 2 -k.), that is, also when the so-called phase discrimination is inefficient because of the fact that the angle (o between fault vector (F) and lift-off vector (ΔLO) is small. 2. A device for testing and/or measurement of electrically conducting test objects with respect to changes in the test object, which device comprises at least one transducer which is fed with signals, for example current (I), of different OM frequency contents, so that currents, for example eddy currents are induced in the test object, the transducer thus being in¬ fluenced by the test object via the inductive coupling between the transducer and the test object, and that at least two sign of completely or partially different frequency origins, which are derived, directly or indirectly, from the transducer, are signal processed, for example rectified, weighted, combined and summed, in such a way that the result, as a function of the distance of the transducer relative to the test object, is constant or near constant, within a reasonable operating range, when the test object shows no change in or adjacent to the transducer, and different from the corresponding result when the test object shows or contains a change in or adjacent to the transducer, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that at leas one frequency has a current penetration depth which is smaller than the depth of the changes which can normally be detected and/or indicated, and that the lowest frequency used has a current penetration depth which is at least three times greate than the depth of the smallest changes which can normally be detected and/or indicated, that is, that the ratio ω u /^l >9, whereby the change can be detected and/or measured, as a funct of, among other things, the difference between the above- mentioned results, for example (k--k.), that is, also when so- called phase discrimination is inefficient because of the fact that the angle between fault vector and lift-off vector is sma 3. A device according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the device is intended for detection and/or indication of surface defects on or in hot, for example >700 C, objects such as, for example, slabs, blooms and billets, and that at least one frequency is greater than 100 KHZ. 4. A device according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that electronic adaptation equipment for the transducer, for example preamplifiers, etc., is located on or in close pro mity to the transducer. 5. A device according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that an insulator, for example of ceramic material, contain aluminium oxide, is used for protection (4) of the transducer, for example applied between transducer and test obj

Inventors: TOERNBLOM BENGT, TOERNBLOM, BENGT
Applicants: TOERNBLOMS KVALITETSKONTROLL, TOERNBLOMS KVALITETSKONTROLL AB
Application year: 1984
Main classification: G01N27
IPC codes: G01N27