RODENTICIDES

Abstract: Improved rodenticidal compositions comprise an edible carrier and a rodenticidally effective amount of an isomer of a 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarin capable of existing in more than one stable isomeric form characterised in that the isomer is one which when compared with any other isomer or isomers is significantly less persistently retained in the tissues of non-rodent mammalian or avian species likely to consume either rodenticidal bait formulations or poisoned rodent carcasses the compositions being substantially free of the other isomer or isomers.

Description: This invention relates to improved rodenticidal compositions and their use in combating rodent pests. Various anticoagulant rodenticides have been previously described including for example those based on 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins such as Warfarin, bromadiolone, defenacoum and brodifacoum. Of these brodifacoum has become one of the most successful and widely used rodenticides because of its ability to control Warfarin-resistant rodents and its ability to kill rodents who have only consumed a single dose. Unfortunately, the use of rodenticides poses a threat to the safety and survival of other non-target mammalian and bird-species eg. those that accidentally consume the poisoned bait laid in a rodent control operation or carrion feeders such as foxes, cats, hawks and owls, and domestic animals, which may consume dead or moribund rodents which have themselves received a dose of rodenticide. These undesirable side effects of the use of rodenticides have been reviewed by A P Meehan in "Rats and Mice - their biology and control" (Rentokil Library, 1984) at pages 151-8. It has therefore been an object of rodenticide research over the years to produce a product which will effectively control a variety of rodent pests whilst minimising the risks to non-target species arising from accidental ingestion of the poison. Usually this has been attempted by concealing the bait in a feeding station which is accessible to the rodents but not to the other species. This however does not protect those animals which eat the carcasses of poisoned rodents. The present invention concerns improved rodenticidal compositions which retain their rodenticidal effectiveness but which present a much reduced risk to non-rodent species which may come into contact with poisoned bait or poisoned rodents' carcasses. Various anti-coagulant rodenticides are disclosed in USP 3651091, USP 3764693, USP 4035505 and EP-A-98629. Anti-coagulant rodenticides of the difenacoum and brodifacoum type exist as a mixture of cis and trans isomers (see for example M. R. Hadler et al, Nature (Lond), 253 , pp. 275-277 (1975), A. C. Dubock et al, "Brodifacoum (TALON Rodenticide), A novel concept", Paper presented at 8th Vertebrate Pest Conference, Sacramento, California, USA, March 1978). A method of determining residues of individual isomers of brodifacoum in rat tissue is disclosed in Koubek et al, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Volume 62, No. 6, 1979). In terms of rodenticidal effectiveness there appears to be little difference between the isomers - thus Dubock et al (loc. cit) states for brodifacoum "there is no significant difference in anti-coagulant potency, resistance, acute oral LD₅₀ or rate of kill of the two isomers when tested against albino mice, albino rats and homozygous resistant rats". Consequently technical brodifacoum as used hitherto in the formulation of rodenticidal products such as baits has comprised from 90 to 100% by weight mixed cis and trans isomers, usually consisting of from about 55 to about 72% by weight of the cis isomer, the remainder being the trans isomer. We have now discovered that although there is little to choose between the isomers in terms of their rodenticidal effectiveness there is a significant difference in their persistence in the tissues of nonrodent non-target species which may be exposed to accidental ingestion of brodifacoum. In particular we have shown that in many such species which have received doses of the mixed isomers in approximately equal proportions (ca. 50:50) apparently selective metabolism of most or all of the trans isomer takes place before death occurs, such death presumably being due to the relatively metabolically more stable cis isomer. These observations have lead to the development of the present invention which may be expressed as providing use of an enantiomeric pair of isomers consisting of 3R-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1R-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 3S-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1S-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene for selectively controlling rodents within a community of rodent and non-rodent mammalian and/or avian species, the isomer pair being significantly less persistently retained in the tissues of non-rodent mammalian or avian species likely to consume either rodenticidal bait formulations or poisoned rodent carcasses when compared to any other isomer or isomers of the same 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarin. The enantiomeric pair of isomers according to the invention conform to the structure of formula I : Isomerism exists in the compounds of formula I because of the presence of two chiral centres, arising from the two asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms indicated by asterisks in formula IA below. Each asymmetrically substituted carbon atom may therefore exist in either the S- or R- absolute configuration giving rise to the possibility of four isomeric forms of the compound (two pairs of diastereoisomers) which may be designated as (S,S), (S,R), (R,S) and (R,R). Of these, the (S,S) and (R,R) forms are a first pair of enantiomers and the (R,S) and (S,R) forms are a second pair of enantiomers. Hitherto this compound has been prepared and used hitherto for rodenticidal purposes in the form of a mixture of all four isomers, each enantiomeric pair of isomers being present in racemic proportions, although the ratio of the first pair to the second pair in such products may have varied from about 3:1 to about 1:3. In any compound of the type of formula I the correlation between the absolute stereochemical definition and the geometrical isomerism is believed to indicate that the so-called cis -isomer is in fact the racemic mixture of the (S,R) and (R,S) isomers and the trans -isomer is in fact the racemic mixture of the (S,S) and (R,R) isomers. Thus the compound brodifacoum as manufactured and used hitherto consists of a mixture of the four isomers which may be designated as : 3R-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1S-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (isomer A). 3S-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1R-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (isomer B). 3R-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1R-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (isomer C). 3S-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1S-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (isomer D). Thus isomer A and isomer B represent the (R,S) and (S,R) racemic pair of enantiomers corresponding to cis -brodifacoum and isomer C and isomer D represent the (S,S) and (R,R) racemic pair of enantiomers corresponding to trans -brodifacoum. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided the use as indicated above of a rodenticidal isomer according to the invention in the form of a rodenticidal composition comprising an edible solid or liquid diluent or carrier material and a rodenticidally effective amount of an isomer pair as defined herein. The rodenticidal composition of the present invention comprises as a rodenticidally active ingredient only those isomers which are less hazardous to non-target species. In the case of compounds of formula I these are the isomers having the (1R,3R) or (1S,3S) configuration. Preferably the active ingredient is a racemic mixture of the (1R,3R) and (1S,3S) isomers of the compound of formula I. The composition according to the invention is distinguished from known rodenticidal compositions of 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins by being substantially free of other isomers. By "substantially free" is meant less than 10% by weight and preferably less than 5% by weight of any other isomer or isomers. In other respects the rodenticidal composition is formulated in the same manner as those previously described, eg. as baits in which the diluent or carriers comprise an edible rodent attractant material such as bran, wheat flour and the like, or as tracking powders which are intended to become attached to the rodent's fur and to thereafter be ingested during the grooming process, or as wax blocks or brittle plastic formulations designed to be gnawed by the rodents. All of these variants are well known and have been described elsewhere. Such a composition contains a rodenticidally effective amount of the chosen isomer of the compound of formula I. Whereas the actual amount present will vary according to the type of formulation and intended target rodent species, suitable bait formulations of trans brodifacoum may contain from 25 to 250 parts per million by weight, and preferably from 50 to 100 parts per million. As a general rule, and since there is apparently no marked difference in rodenticidal activity between the (1R,3R)/(1S,3S) pair of enantiomers and the (1R,3S)/(1S,3R) pair of enantiomers, formulations can be prepared using the same weight percentage of active ingredient of the chosen pair of isomers as would have been recommended for the total isomer mixture used hitherto. In a further aspect therefore the invention provides a process for the preparation of a composition in the form of a rodenticidal bait formulation which comprises the steps of (a) separating the desired isomer or isomers from any other isomers (b) mixing the thus separated isomer or isomers with an edible carrier so that the formulation contains a rodenticidally effective amount of the said separated isomer or isomers, and if desired, forming the composition into discrete shaped portions, such as pellets or granules. In a further aspect the invention also comprises a method of reducing a rodent population at a locus frequented by the rodents and non-rodent mammalian and/or avian species which comprises placing an invention composition at the locus in such a manner that the composition is accessible to the rodents. The method of using the composition is no different from those which are well known in the art for the use of known anticoagulant compositions. These have been reviewed by Meehan (loc.cit.), see especially pp. 293-329 and the references therein. The active ingredient for use in the composition of the invention may be obtained by separation of the required isomers from the mixture of isomers usually obtained for manufacture. The preparation of such isomer mixtures is described in USP 4035505. The separation of the required isomers may be achieved by, for example, solvent crystallisation techniques, or by chromatographic means, for example that described by Koubec et al (loc.cit), where a high pressure liquid chromatographic technique was used for brodifacoum. The method and composition of the invention may be used to combat and control a wide range of rodent pests, including the following commensal species, Rattus rattus (Ship rat, Roof rat, Ricefield rat, Fruit rat) Rattus morvegicus (Norway rat, Brown rat) Mus musculus (House mouse) as well as non-commensal species which occur particularly as pests of agricultural crops or stored produce in various parts of the world, such as for example voles of the family Crecetidae including Microtus spp. such as M . agrestis , and Arvicola spp. such as A . terrestris , rats and mice of the family Muridae , including Apodemus spp. such as A . sylvaticus , Acomys caharinus , Akodon spp, Arvicanthis nilotica , Holochilu s braziliensis , Mastomys natalensis , Mus booduga , Mus platythrix , Neotoma spp., Peromysans spp., Rattus exulans , Rattus maltata , Rattus tiomanicus , Sigmodon hispidus , and other rodents such as Nesokia indica , Tatera indica , Spermophilus spp., Meriones spp. Eutamias spp., Citellus spp., Bandicota spp., Cricetus cricetus , Ondatra zibetheca , and Myocastor coypus , although this is not intended to be an exhaustive list. Meehan (loc. cit) reviews the economic damage caused by many of these rodent pests. The composition and method of the invention may be successfully used to control rodents whilst minimising the hazard to non-target species as compared with the use of known compositions. Thus pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ) fed with pelleted rodenticidal formulations of a racemic mixture of isomers C and D of brodifacoum had a much higher survival rate than those fed with a mixture of all four isomers (A, B, C, D at approximately 1:1:1:1 ratio). This illustrates the improved safety of the invention composition in the case of accidental ingestion of rodenticide bait by a non-target species. Similarly, cats fed on a diet designed to simulate the effect of eating a rodenticidally contaminated carcass in which the rodenticide was the mixture of isomers C and D of brodifacoum showed no mortality, the only effect noted being a temporary increase in prothrombin time which returned to normal after a short period. However, cats fed with a similar diet containing the corresponding quantity of all four brodifacoum isomers showed increased prothrombin times which did not return to normal and eventually led to 100% mortality. This, and other evidence from the analysis of the relative proportions of the cis and trans isomers present in carcasses of target and non-target species, indicates that rapid depuration of isomers C and D of brodifacoum is taking place, presumably by selective metabolism, whereas isomers A and B are not metabolised at a sufficient rate to avoid the lethal consequences. Species in which this selective depuration has been noted include scavenging and predator mammals such as foxes and cats, and birds such as hawks, owls and crows. Thus if non-target species such as these consume the carcasses of rodents which have been killed by the use of the invention composition they will be able to metabolise the residues of the active ingredient and not be at risk through bioaccumulation of a toxic dose by subsequently consuming further contaminated carcasses. In some cases rodents themselves appear to be able to selectively depurate some isomers. However, even though this can be demonstrated to have occurred the rodents do not appear to be able to avoid the lethal effects of having consumed the rodenticide. Thus the compositions of the invention are still effective rodenticides even though some depuration occurs in the period after ingestion. This means that the toxic residues will already have been reduced to some extent in the tissues of the rodent, leaving a smaller residue to be metabolised by any scavenging mammal or bird which consumes the rodent carcass. Rodents which can depurate the active ingredient of the invention composition in this way include voles, cotton rats, and pocket gophers. Although the exact mechanisms by which selective depuration of some isomers of brodifacoum occurs is not fully understood the difference in the rates of depuration as between different isomers is clearly associated with the conformational differences between the (S,S) and (R,R) configuration of one enantiomer pair and the (S,R) and (R,S) configuration of the other enantiomer pair in relation to the active sites of the metabolising enzymes involved in thee process. Therefore, in such a group of closely similar compounds, such as those disclosed in USP 3651091, USP 3764693, USP 4035505 and EP-A-98629, it may be assumed that isomers of different compounds having similar configurations will behave similarly under the influence of metabolic processes. The scope of the invention embraces the isomers of brodifacoum which are less hazardous to non-target species, although it will be appreciated that similar rodenticidal compounds may possess isomers having the properties disclosed herein. The Examples which follow are illustrative of the invention but the spirit and scope of the invention are not intended to be limited thereby. EXAMPLE 1 Technical grade brodifacoum (analysed by an absorption HPLC technique as of 99.3% purity and containing 58.3% of the cis -isomer and 41.0% of the trans -isomer) was separated into its cis and trans components by a preparative HPLC technique using a Waters Associates liquid chromatographic apparatus. (System 500 with prep-PAK-500 column cartridges containing silica gel (80m) absorbent and a mobile phase of petroleum spirit (boiling range 40-60°C)/diethyl ether/glacial acetic acid in the ratio 70:30:0.4). The residue from each collected fraction was subjected to further purification by preparative HPLC using the same mobile phase. The solvent was removed from the two final fractions and these were shown by 100MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to contain the cis and trans isomers respectively each substantially free from the other isomer. EXAMPLE 2 This Example compares the rodenticidal efficacy of an invention composition comprising isomers isomers C and D of brodifacoum (composition I) and a similar composition comprising all four isomers of brodifacoum (Composition II). Each composition was used in the form of edible pellets comprising for each comparison the same weight of each active ingredient, and each group of rodents was fed at the same rate expressed as milligrams of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight. The following results were obtained. (a) Albino Norway Rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) Composition I Composition II LD₅₀ mg/kg 0.30 0.31 Range 0.24-0.34 0.27-0.36 Average time to death (days) 6.6 ± 1.8 6.5 ± 1.3 Palatability vs. Standard EPA diet % acceptance 65.6 ± 15.3 67.8 ± 22.3 % mortality 100 100 (b) Meadow vole ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) Composition I Composition II LD₅₀ mg/kg 0.26 0.18 Range 0.12-0.39 0.10-0.25 Average time to death (days) 6.7 7.3 EXAMPLE 3 This Example illustrates the selective depuration of the active ingredient of the invention compositions by meadow voles ( Microtus penusylvanicus ). Fasted wild voles were given pellets containing 10 ppm of mixture (approximately 1:1:1:1 by weight) of isomers A, B, C and D of brodifacoum until they had consumed 0.54 mg of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight. Voles were killed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 14 days after dosing and the relative amounts of the A, B isomer pair and the c, D isomer pair remain in the vole tissue determined by chromatographic means. The results, given in Table II below, indicate rapid depuration of the C, D isomer pair, whereas the A, B isomer pair is retained in the tissue. The half life of the C, D isomer pair is calculated as ca. 24 hours whereas that of the A, B isomer pair is in excess of 14 days. TABLE II Amounts of isomer pairs recovered from the tissue (expressed as mg/kg). Days after dosing 0 1 2 3 4 5 Isomers A and B 0.15 0.147 0.114 0.114 0.123 0.101 Isomers C and D 0.122 0.052 0.024 0.014 0.011 0.005 Ratio 0.818 0.354 0.211 0.123 0.089 0.05 EXAMPLE 4 A bait formulation may be prepared by admixing oatmeal with an acetone slurry of trans -brodifacoum and, after air drying the mixture, diluting with further oatmeal until the product contains 100 parts per million by weight of trans -brodifacoum. EXAMPLE 5 This Example illustrates rodenticidal compositions according to the invention. The active ingredient in each case is selected from (±)- trans -brodifacoum, the racemic mixture of isomers C' and D' of bromadiolone and the trans -isomer obtained by the process of Example 2. Compositions A, B and C are intended for use without further dilution. Compositions D and E are examples of concentrates which are more convenient for storage and transportation and which can be diluted with an edible carrier, such as wheat meal, maize meal or oatmeal, to give an active ingredient content within the range 25 to 250 parts per million. A. Bait formulation Ingredients Wt % Active ingredient 0.005 Chlorinated phenols (preserving agent) 0.005 Synthetic wax (hydrophobic agent) 5.000 Protein hydrolysate (rodent attractant) 2.500 Powdered chalk 4.500 Polyethylene glycol (moisture retaining agent) 0.500 Prussian blue (visible dye) 0.250 Wheat meal to 100.000 This composition may be used as a powder or may be compressed into pellets. B. Bait formulation Ingredient Wt % Active ingredient 0.005 Vegetable oil 5.000 Maize meal/oat meal mixture (3:1) 90.000 Sucrose to 100.00 C. Wax block formulation Ingredient Wt % Active ingredient 0.005 Polyethylene glycol 0.050 Maize meal 55.000 Sucrose 5.000 Prussian Blue 0.250 Paraffin wax to 100.000 D. Liquid Concentrate Ingredient Wt % Active ingredient 0.25 Vegetable oil to 100.00 E. Powder Concentrate Ingredient Wt % Active ingredient 0.1 Mineral oil 10.0 Kaolin to 100.0

Claims: Use of an enantiomeric pair of isomers consisting of 3R-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1R-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 3S-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1S-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene for selectively controlling rodents within a community of rodent and non-rodent mammalian and/or avian species, said isomer pair being significantly less persistently retained in the tissues of non-rodent mammalian or avian species likely to consume either rodenticidal bait formulations or poisoned rodent carcasses when compared to any other isomer or isomers of the same 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarin. Use of a rodenticidal isomer according to claim 1 in the form of a rodenticidal composition comprising an edible solid or liquid diluent or carrier material and a rodenticidally effective amount of an isomer pair as defined in claim 1. A process for preparing a composition according to claim 2 which comprises the steps of (a) separating 3R-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1R-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and 3S-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1S-(4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene as defined in claim 1 from any other isomer or isomers, (b) mixing the thus separated isomer or isomers with an edible carrier so that the composition contains a rodenticidally effective amount of the said separated isomer or isomers, and (c) optionally forming the composition into discrete shaped portions. A process as claimed in claim 3 where the composition is formed into pellets or granules. Method of reducing a rodent population at a locus frequented by rodents and non-rodent mammalian and/or avian species which comprises placing a composition according to claim 2 at the locus in such a manner that the composition is accessible to the rodents.

Inventors: SWAINE, HARRY
Applicants: IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PLC
Application year: 1984
Main classification: A01N43
IPC codes: A01N43, A01P11