Wrap-around recoverable article

Abstract: A recoverable article comprising a recoverable fabric, optionally with a matrix material, is provided with a closure whereby it can be retained in the wrapped around configuration. The article is suitable for environmentally protecting cables and pipes and joins therein.

Description: This invention relates to recoverable articles, in particular to a method of forming a recoverable sheet according to the preamble of claim 1. A heat-recoverable article is an article the dimensional configuration of which may be made substantially to change when subjected to heat treatment. Usually these articles recover, on heating, towards an original shape from which they have previously been deformed, but the term "heat-recoverable", as used herein, also includes an article which, on heating, adopts a new configuration, even if it has not been previously deformed. In their most common form, such articles comprise a heat-shrinkable sleeve made from a polymeric material exhibiting the property of elastic or plastic memory as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,027,962; 3,086,242 and 3,597,372. As is made clear in, for example, U.S. Patent 2,027,962, the original dimensionally heat-stable form may be a transient form in a continuous process in which, for example, an extruded tube is expanded, whilst hot, to a dimensionally heat-unstable form but, in other applications, a preformed dimensionally heat stable article is deformed to a dimensionally heat unstable form in a separate stage. In the production of heat recoverable articles, the polymeric material may be cross-linked at any stage in the production of the article that will enhance the desired dimensionally recoverability. One method of producing a heat-recoverable article comprises shaping the polymeric material into the desired heat-stable form, subsequently cross-linking the polymeric material, heating the article to a temperature above the crystalline melting point or, for amorphous materials the softening point, as the case may be, of the polymer, deforming the article and cooling the article whilst in the deformed state so that the deformed state of the article is retained. In use, since the deformed state of the article is heat-unstable, application of heat will cause the article to assume its original heat-stable shape. A further method comprises deforming a substantially non-crosslinked polymeric material at a temperature below the crystalline melting point or softening point of the material, fusing together parts of the material or a part or parts of the material and at least one other polymeric component to produce the configuration of at least one hollow heat-recoverable article and subsequently cross-linking the substantially non-cross-linked material. In other articles, an elastomeric member is held in a stretched state by a second member, which, upon heating weakens and thus allows the elastomeric member to recover. Heat-recoverable articles of this type are described, for example, in British Patent 1,440,524 in which an outer tubular elastomeric member is held in a stretched state by an inner tubular member. Heat-recoverable articles have found particular use in the environmental protection of elongate substrates such as for example splices in telecommunication cables. In addition to making the environmental seal the sleeve may be required to withstand an internal pressure, either because the complete splice enclosure is pressure tested for leaks, for example in the Bell cycle and British Telecom specifications, or because temperatures reached in service create a significant internal pressure. Whereas the known heat-recoverable sleeves are quite suitable for the conditions encountered with distribution splice enclosures, many larger telecommunication cables are internally pressurised to exclude moisture and the thicker-walled or reinforced sleeves which would be required to withstand such pressures long term are more difficult and expensive to manufacture and require greater skill to install in the field. It is often convenient to be able to install a recoverable article by wrapping it around the substrate thus avoiding totally severing the substrate. An example of this is during repair to a multi-conductor telephone cable : only a small number of the many conductors may be affected, and much time would be lost if the entire cable had to be severed in order to install a new tubular enclosure over the cable. Wrap-around products are also useful where space is limited: a wrap-around sleeve can be installed where the length of substrate accessible merely equals the width of the sleeve; a tubular sleeve however requires room for it to be shifted along the substrate away from the splice region while the splice is being made. Closures for recoverable wraparound articles have been known for many years and are described in the patent literature. Adhesives in general cannot resist the very large forces which can be generated during recovery of the article, and it has been found necessary for most applications to employ a wraparound sleeve provided with profiled edge regions,which can be engaged to form a mechanical closure. Although many such proposals are known, for its ease of assembly in the field, its strength and longitudinal flexibility under recovery conditions, the closure of Ellis US Patent 3,455,336 remains the only commercially successful design. In one embodiment, a sleeve is provided with an integral ridge or protuberance running along each longitudinal edge. These two ridges are brought together and held together by a channel of generally C-shaped cross-section to maintain the sleeve in the wrapped-around configuration. The sleeve may be made by moulding or extruding a tubular member having a ridge or protuberance on the internal surface, slitting the member and the ridge along the length of the ridge, and turning the member inside out. The ridges preferably have a neck in cross-section in order that the channel be retained during recovery of the sleeve. The precise cross-sectional shape of the ridges should be chosen in conjunction with the shape of the channel, and the sleeve can thus be moulded to the shape desired. The wrap-around system disclosed in this patent is the only one that has enjoyed wide commercial success to date. It is described in US 3455336, upon which the preamble of claim 1 is based. The Ellis wraparound article is however expensive to manufacture and requires a large capital investment in fabrication and expansion equipment. In addition, as previously mentioned, the sleeve may be required to withstand relatively high internal pressures, for example in enclosing pressurised telecommunications cable splices, and cannot easily be reinforced by conventional techniques. Heat shrinkable tubular fabric articles have also been known for a very long time. For example, Japanese laid open patent application 52-56393 to Sumitomo Electric Industries discloses a heat-recoverable braided resin tube which is installed over a wire bundle to produce a harness. Branch wires from the wire bundle can apparently be accommodated by drawing them out through mesh at appropriate points. When the wires are installed the recoverable tube is heated to cause it to shrink down into tight contact with the wires. It has also been proposed, in U.S. Patent 3669157 to Carolina Narrow Fabric Company and in Japanese Patent 53-13805 to Matsushita, to provide heat-shrinkable tubular fabric articles which may be impregnated with certain thermosetting resins. These tubular fabric articles may be reinforced, as described in U.S. Patent 3669157, but have not met with commercial success for various reasons. Only tubular articles are disclosed in these references and they therefore require access to a free end of the substrate for installation. According to the present invention a method of forming a recoverable sheet having closure elements at an edge portion thereof is characterised by folding over edge portions of a composite sheet to form thickened closure elements. Preferably the folded over edge portions are bonded to form the thickened closure elements as discussed in more detail below. Preferably the folded edge regions are secured in a clamp. A support may be provided within the folded over edge portions. The composite sheet preferably comprises a recoverable fabric having a recovery ratio of at least 20%. Recovery ratio, when expressed as a percentage, means the change in a dimension as a percentage of the dimension before recovery. The figure should be measured by determining the change that occurs on a single treatment by the appropriate agency such as heat, and not repeated and prolonged treatment over a long period of time. We prefer the recovery ratio of the free fabric to be at least 40%, especially at least 50%, particularly at least 75%. Fabrics can often have significant advantages when used as recoverable wrap-around articles, especially when used for environmmental sealing. Fabrics can provide excellent pressure retention due to their ability to accommodate hoop stresses. They are also highly resistant to cut or scratch damage due to their poor notch propagation. Also, they can easily be built up from or reinforced by fibres whose chief property is tensile strength. Glass and Kevlar (a trade name for an aromatic polyamide) are particularly useful. Such strength fibres will generally run transverse to the recoverable fibres and will thus give the wrap-around article considerable axial strength. They will also make a contribution to radial strength since radial expansion cannot occur without tension in the longitudinal fibres. In one embodiment, the recoverable fabric of the invention preferably forms part of a dimensionally heat-recoverable article comprising a composite structure of the heat-recoverable fabric and a polymer matrix material wherein: (a) the heat-recoverable fabric comprises fibres that will recover when heated, the fibres having a recovery stress Y of at least 5 X 10 -2 MPa at a temperature above their recovery temperature; and (b) the polymer matrix material has an elongation/temperature profile such that there exists a temperature (T) which is at or above the recovery temperature of the fibres at which temperature the polymer matrix material has an elongation to break of greater than 20% and a 20% secant modulus X of at least 10 -2 MPa (measured at a strain rate of 300% per minute), and at which temperature the inequality (1) is satisfied: X Y (1 - R) R is less than one wherein R is the mean effective volume fraction of heat-recoverable fibres in the composite structure along a given direction based on the total volume of the composite structure, or relevant portion thereof. In a further embodiment, the recoverable fabric of the invention provides the recoverable fibres of a recoverable composite structure comprising a cross-linked polymeric material and cross-linked recoverable fibres by virtue of which the composite structure is recoverable. Such a recoverable composite structure can be made by applying to the cross-linked recoverable fibres the polymeric material, and then cross-linking the polymeric material. The fibres may be cross-linked to increase their post-recovery strength, and a recovery stress of at least 1 MPa, preferably 1.5 to 5 MPa will be suitable. The polymeric material is desirably cross-linked to prevent it dripping or running during heat recovery, particularly by means of a torch. Too much cross-linking of the polymeric material will, however, reduce the recovery ratio of the composite. This may be a problem since a different of cross-linking treatment may be required in the fibres and the polymeric material. This is a reason for the two cross-linking steps being carried out separately above. The problem may arise due to different cross-linking responses (beam response in the case of irradiation cross-linking) of the materials used for the fibres and the polymeric material, or due to the treatment undergone by the fibres and polymeric material. This second effect includes the reduced beam response that of the fibres that results from their orientation produced by drawing to make them recoverable. The composite structure may, nonetheless, be produced using a single cross-linking step if the beam response of the recoverable fibres relative to that of the polymeric material is such that a post-irradiation recovery stress of the fibres, per se, of at least 1 MPa can be reached before the recovery ratio of the composite structure is reduced to a value of 70% of that of the unirradiated composite structure. The relative beam response may be produced by the presence of prorads in the recoverable fibres and/or antirads in the polymeric material. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the fabric is incorporated into a flexible recoverable composite structure comprising the recoverable fabric and a polymeric matrix material laminated thereto, in which: (a) the recoverable fabric comprises a cross-linked recoverable polyolefin having a recovery stress of 1.5 to 5 MPa; and (b) the matrix is cross-linked such that the recovery ratio available in the composite is at least 65% of that available in the free fabric, and the polymeric matrix material, per se, after irradiation has room temperature elongation 400-700% measured at a strain rate 300% minute. Irradiation, in addition to providing one means of cross-linking, can provide other features in the composite structure. If the fibres are irradiated, particularly in the presence of oxygen, before application of the polymeric material then a change in the surface properties of the fibres may occur (such as oxidation) which improves adhesion between the fibres and the polymeric material. An irradiation step after application of the polymeric material may also aid such bonding by forming a cross-linked bond between the two components of the composite structure. Also, or instead depending on the conditions under which the polymeric material is applied, some mechanical interlocking between the fibres and the polymeric material may be provided. In general the recoverable article of this invention comprises heat-recoverable fibres having a minimum recovery stress of 10 -1 MPa, more preferably 5 X 10 -1 and usually at least 1 MPa at a temperature above the transition temperature of the fibres. There is no upper limit of recovery stress, but in practice 200 MPa and more usually 100 MPa is the highest figure normally achievable with polymeric fibres. As mentioned above, a range of 1.5 to 5 MPa will be typical. The fibres are preferably formed from a polymeric heat-recoverable material. Alternatively, a fabric can be made from substantially dimensionally stable fibres and then deformed for example by stretching to render it as a whole recoverable. By the "recovery temperature" of polymeric heat-recoverable materials is meant that temperature at which the recovery of the polymeric material will go substantially to completion. In general, the recovery temperature will be the crystalline melting transition temperature if the polymer is crystalline or the glass transition temperature if the polymer is amorphous. The heat-recoverable fibres are preferably formed from a polymeric material that imparts good physical properties and, in particular, good creep resistance to the fibres. Olefin polymers such as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, acrylic polymers and other polymers capable of being cross-linked may be employed. A particularly preferred polymeric material for the fibres is based on polyethylene having a density of from 0.94 to 0.97/gms/cc, an M w of from 80 X 10 3 to 200 X 10 3 and an M n of from 15 X 10 3 to 30 X 10 3 . Preferably the recovery temperature of the fibres is 60°C or more, most preferably from 80°C to 250°C, such as, for example, 120 - 150°C. When the fibre is cross-linked by irradiation it is convenient to incorporate the cross-linking step into manufacture of the fibre. The fibre can be extruded, stretched at a temperature below its melting temperature, preferably by an amount of from 800 to 2000 %, then subjected to irradiation to effect cross-linking. A less preferred way of making the fibre is to extrude the fibre, irradiate to cross-link, then heat the fibre, preferably to above its melting temperature, stretching the fibre, and then cooling the stretched fibre. High density polyethylene fibres are preferably irradiated with a dose of from about 5 to about 35 megarads, preferably from about 5 to about 25 megarads, and in particular from about 7 to about 18 megarads especially from 10 to about 18 megarads. Usually the gel content of the cross-linked fibre is greater than 20%, preferably greater than 30%, most preferably greater than 40%. In practice, gel contents greater than 90% are not easily achievable. The heat-recoverable fabric can be made of only heat-recoverable fibres as described above or can contain other fibres in addition to the heat-recoverable fibres. Where the fabric contains such other fibres, R in equation (1) relates only to the heat-recoverable fibre component. The fabric can be knitted, woven, non-woven, braided, or the like. The recoverable fibres can form part of the fabric itself as it is made or may be additional and inserted after production of the basic fabric. The fibres of the fabric may be monofilaments or multifilaments, and also staple fibres, wires or tapes. In a preferred embodiment the fabric is a woven fabric. A single ply weave may be used, or where a higher density or thicker fabric is desired a multiple ply weave may be used. The woven fabric can contain only heat-recoverable fibers or it can contain heat-recoverable fibres together with non-heat-recoverable fibres or filaments. For example, the fabric can contain heat-recoverable fibres in one direction and non-heat-recoverable fibers in the other. This produces a heat-recoverable fabric which is recoverable in only one direction. The fabric can be woven in a pattern, for example, twill, broken twill, satin, sateen, Leno, plain, hop sack, sack, matt and various weave combinations. A single layer of fabric may be used or the article may comprise a laminate of two or more layers, optionally bonded together with a simple layer of adhesive or including a thicker layer interposed between the fabrics. The heat-recoverable fabric is preferably bonded to, and preferably embedded in, a polymer matrix material as mentioned above. At or above the recovery temperature of the fibres the polymer matrix material should be capable of limited flow under pressure so that it retains the integrity of the composite structure without substantially impeding recovery of the fibres. It preferably has, at the aforesaid temperature, an elongation to break of greater than 50%, most preferably greater than 100% especially from 400 to 700%, and a 20% secant modulus of preferably at least 5 x 10 -2 MPa, most preferably at least 10 -1 MPa, measured at a strain rate of 300% per minute. The specified properties of the polymer matrix material need not necessarily apply after recovery. Thus, for example, the polymer matrix material may eventually cure to a thermoset on heating, provided that the cure rate is sufficiently slow under the recovery conditions not to affect adversely the above-mentioned physical properties of the polymer matrix material during the recovery of the fibres. However, for many purposes, room temperature flexibility is desirable. The polymer matrix material can be either a thermoplastic or an elastomer. Examples of the former class of polymers include ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, polyethylenes including the linear low, low density and high density grades, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyesters, polyamides, polyetheramides, perfluoroethylene/ethylene copolymer and polyvinylidine fluoride. Considering the second class of materials this can include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene block copolymer, acrylic elastomers including the acrylates and methacrylates and their copolymers, e.g. polybutyl acrylate, and poly 2-ethyl hexylacrylate, the high vinyl acetate copolymers with ethylene (VAE's), polynorbornene, polyurethanes and silicone elastomers and the like. The matrix material can be cross-linked, for example a cross-linked ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, linear low density or high density grade polyethylene or acrylic elastomer. The material can be cross-linked by irradiation or by other means such as chemical cross-linking using, for example, a peroxide cross-linking agent, provided that the physical properties of the matrix at the recovery temperature are as specified after the cross-linking step. Where irradiation is used, a dose of 10 megarads or less, in particular from 3-7 megarads, is preferred. The resulting extent of cross-linking allows the matrix to recover with the fabric and also prevents the matrix running or dripping during heat recovery. The recovery ratio of the composite after irradiation is preferably at least 50% especially at least 70% of that before irradiation. These dose values may be regarded as typical for olefinic polymers such as polyethylene of low orientation, and the skilled man will be able to select suitable dose values depending on the presence of various concentrations of prorads or antirads, if any. The heat-recoverable fabric is preferably bonded to the polymer matrix material, and this bonding may be adhesive, that is to say by chemical or physical surface interaction, or mechanical interlocking. Most preferable the heat-recoverable fabric is embedded in the polymer matrix material thereby forming a composite structure. By "embedded" is meant that the polymer matrix material surrounds at least a major portion of the fibre surface area of the fibres making up the fabric. The fibres are preferably totally surrounded by polymer matrix material, but it is possible and at times desirable that substantially less than the total fibre surface area be contacted by polymer material. Sufficient fibre area should be bonded to the polymer matrix material or interlocked therewith to result in a composite structure which retains its integrity during recovery of the article. For the avoidance of doubt it is here stated that the term matrix is used to include materials which (partially or totally) surround the fibres and also those materials which are merely affixed to a surface of the fabric but which do not penetrate the interstices of the fabric. Preferably the polymer material at least on the surface of the composite structure facing the source of heat is substantially unstressed and is at least 0.03mm especially at least 0.2 particularly 0.2 to 2mm in thickness. Such polymeric material preferably softens during recovery but has a sufficiently high viscosity that it is retained by the fabric. This improves the ability of the composite structure to be heat recovered using a conventional propane torch. A heat-recoverable article having these characteristics is described in UK patent application No. 8300217. In the composite structure, the ratio of the volume occupied by the heat-recoverable fibres of the fabric to the total volume of the composite is preferably at least about 0.01:1, more preferably from about 0.1:1 to about 0.8:1 and most preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 0.4:1. In the composite structure the heat-recoverable fibre volume in any given unit volume of composite should be chosen according to the fibre strength, polymer matrix strength and the integrity of the fibre/polymer matrix structure under recovery conditions. We have found that an acceptable recoverable product results if the inequality (1) mentioned above is satisfied, viz: X Y (1 - R) R < 1 wherein X is the 20% secant modulus of the polymer matrix material and Y is the recovery stress of the fibres, both at a temperature T above the recovery temperature of the fibres, and R is the mean effective volume fraction of heat-recoverable fibres in the composite structure. Preferably X Y (1 - R) R < 0.5 most preferably < 0.05. The composite structure can be formed for example by laminating or otherwise applying one or more layers of polymer matrix material to the heat-recoverable fabric. Sufficient heat and pressure is applied so that at least a major part of the fabric is bonded to the polymer matrix material, or so that a significant amount of interlocking occurs. The result is a composite structure which on applicatin of heat recovers as a unit. Other methods of applying the fabric to the matrix can be used, for example, impregnation, solution coating, slurry coating, powder coating, reactive pre-polymers, e.g. acrylic prepolymers activated by UV or peroxide, and the like. In any application method employed sufficient heat to cause the fabric to recover to any significant extent should be avoided, unless the fabric is suitable restrained from recovery. Since the recoverable fabric cover portion comprises individual recoverable fibres, the fibres at the edge regions must be individually retained in order to prevent unravelling or fraying of the fabric during recovery. Also the recoverable fibres at one of the edge regions to be joined must be secured to the fibres (which may be the other end of the same fibres) at the other edge region in order that the fabric remains in the wrapped around configuration during recovery. The mechanical closure must therefore either grip the fibres directly or grip the matrix; where the closure grips the matrix a good chemical or physical bond or good interlocking must be provided between the fibres and the matrix at each edge. In yet another embodiment the closure means is adapted to grip a sufficient number of individual fibres in the edge regions, and may be for example a rod which extends along the edge regions so as substantially to prevent them slipping from the closure on recovery and forming a 'run'. It is also possible to bond profiles on to the edge regions of the article to form, for example, a closure as described in US Patent 3455336, and our claims include this possibility, although at present this is not the preferred method of forming the mechanical closure means. Such a bond could be enhanced by cross-linking, especially by irradiation if the closure itself was susceptible to cross-linking. An alternative in some mechanical connection, for example stitching or stapling, between the closure and the article. The above mentioned embodiments of closures in accordance with this invention will now be discussed in more detail. The first category is primarily applicable to woven fabrics having recoverable warp fibres. The problem here is that recovery of a simple piece of such fabric is likely to result in the warp fibres slipping through the weft causing fall-off of picks at each end of the fabric: the fabric does not therefore recover as a whole. One solution is to form a composite structure from the fabric by fixing the individual fibre ends in a relatively rigid composition to form closure elements which are fixed relative to the recoverable fibres and which therefore are able to transmit the recovery forces throughout the whole of the fabric. The folded over edge portions of the composite sheet may be bonded using a composition which prevents the fabric from unravelling. The composition should be able to retain the integrity of the fabric under those conditions that will be applied to the fabric to cause its recovery. Where, for example, the fabric is heat recoverable, the composition must be suitably heat resistant. The recovery temperature is preferably 60°C or more, more preferably 80-250°C, such as 120-150°C, and the composition should not melt unduly at such temperature. The composition may be a thermoplastic material or an elastomer. Examples of thermoplastic materials include ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, LLDPE, LDPE, MDPE, HDPE, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyesters, polyamides, polyetheramides, polyfluoroethylene/ethylene copolymers and polyvinylidene fluoride. Suitable elastomers include ABS block copolymers, acrylic elastomers, VAEs, polynorbornenes, polyurethanes and silicone elastomers. The composition is preferably a cross-linked material, for example cross-linked ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, LLDPE, HDPE or acrylic elastomers. The composition can be applied to the fabric over its entire surface and may be the same as the previously mentioned polymeric material, or it may be applied at localised regions such as edge regions. The closure elements may interengage or be held together by a separate clamping member, which may for example be a C-shaped channel or a plurality of clamping devices. In accordance with the invention a composite sheet maybe formed from a fabric. The fabric is laminated or impregnated with a composition to produce a composite sheet, preferably over its entire surface, and edge portions of the resulting sheet are folded over to provide closure members of increased thickness which can be held together by means for example of a closure channel. The composition used for this purpose has been described above for bonding. In accordance with the invention the edge portions of the composite sheet are simply folded over and optionally bonded to form the thickened closure elements. The thickened closure elements may be pre-formed in the factory, or formed on site if need be as part of the installation of the fabric around a suitable substrate. The closure elements may be held together by a third member such as a C-shaped channel which can enclose the two closure elements side-by-side. The two edge regions may be formed such that they interengage, and may optionally be held in interengagment by a further member. The present invention also envisages a method of forming this type of closure element. A recoverable composite is folded over at an edge region to provide a loop, and this loop is held in a vice. A support is provided within the loop and the looped part of the composite is then recovered. During recovery, the loop may be deformed to give it a desired shape. It has been found that the resulting closure member retains its shape on removal from the vice (this may be ensured by precoating the internal surface of the loop with an adhesive), and since the portion of the composite that constitutes the closure member becomes dimensionally stable it has reduced tendency to pull out of any channel or closure means during recovery of the fabric article during its installation. The closure thus produced is new and this closure and its method of manufacture may be applied to recoverable wraparound articles other than the fabric articles described herein. Reference is made to the closure elements being situated at edge regions, rather than at edges themselves since we wish to include also the provision of closure elements spaced some distance from the edges. When the wrap-around article is used for environmental sealing it may be desirable to provide a seal (generally known as a flap) between the two edges of the fabric which are brought together when the fabric is in the wrap-around configuration. Such a seal can conveniently be provided by that portion of the fabric which lies between the extreme edge and the adjacent closure member. Instead of providing the flap as an integral part of the sleeve, it may be separate. In this way the functions of holding the sleeve edges together and of providing a seal can more readily be separated. This allows the various components to be optimised for their respective jobs. A separate flap is arranged to lie across the abutting or overlapping edges of the article and to be bonded to the edges. We have found that there are two requirements for a good permanent seal. Firstly the flap, the article and the adhesive must be chemically compatible to ensure a good bond or seal. Secondly, the moduli of the flap and the adhesive must be compatible if adhesion to the flap is not to fail during recovery of the article. The bond can be improved by surface treatment of the flap, for example by a corona treatment or flame brushing, and by a good coating technique such as hopper coating. The adhesive is preferably an EVA or polyamide based hot-melt adhesive, particularly a polyamide having up to 10% or an acrylic rubber, based on the weight of the polyamide. We have found excellent results using a non-recoverable EVA based flap, especially one based on a blend of different EVAs. The EVA should be beamed to a low dose, to retain a low modulus, comparable to that of the adhesive but sufficiently high to provide strength. The moduli of the flap and the adhesive preferably differ by less than 20%, more preferably by less than 10%, most preferably by less than 5%, based on whichever is the larger. This technique for providing a flap is applicable to continua as well as to fabrics, and also to intergral flaps. The closure elements may run substantially continuously along the edge regions or there may be a series of separated closure elements. An advantage of the closure elements being discontinuous is that the resulting article may have greater flexibility : this is useful where the article is to be shrunk down over a substrate of non-uniform cross-sectional size since the closure elements will be able to follow an irregular underlying shape. The closure elements may, by virtue of their shape, interlock or otherwise mechanically engage to hold the two edge regions of the fabric together during recovery. An example of such a closure is a zip. Each closure element can be regarded in such a case as possessing a feature which fixes it relative to the recoverable fibres at one edge region, and a feature by means of which it is engaged to the other closure elements. The fixing of the closure to the fabric may comprise sewing or stapling where the fabric forms part of a recoverable composite, or where other mean for preventing unravelling is provided. In another arrangement there may be a separate closure member which holds the two closure elements together, or which holds them a certain fixed distance apart. The two ideas can of course be combined, in which case the closure elements may interlock and be reinforced by a closure member Whatever the closure mechanism,it will often be desirable to coat the fabric on that surface which will be inwardly facing when the article is in the wrapped configuration with a sealant, such as a mastic, or an adhesive such as a heat-activatable, particularly hot-melt,adhesive. Such a coating may be additional to the matrix referred to above for rendering the fabric substantially impervious, or it may be used alone. Alternatively, it is possible that the matrix may have sufficient deformability or tackiness, preferably only at elevated temperatures, to act as a sealant or adhesive. The presence of an adhesive or sealant is of particular use when the fabric article is to be used for environmental sealing. It may be found useful to provide means for indicating when complete recovery of the fabric has occured or when any internal adhesive coating has been properly activated. Where the fabric is heat-recoverable and the adhesive is heat-activatable, such means may be a mechanical device held in a biassed configuration by a material which releases it at a certain temperature or it may be a composition such as a paint or ink which changes colour at the required temperature. Such a composition is preferably applied to an external surface of the fabric article. Heat recoverable articles according to the invention comprising interwoven reinforcing fibres have been found to be particularly suitable for use in enclosing a splice between pressurized telecommunication cables. The recovered article is exceptionally resistant to the effects of pressure and preferred embodiments have sufficient hoop strength to resist rupturing under 70 Kpa pressure (the pressure typically used in pressurized telecommunication systems) at ambient temperature of such systems. When the fabric is used in conjunction with a matrix material or polymeric coating it can easily provide sufficient imperviousness to retain such pressure over long periods of time. The closure mechanism will be chosen according to the desired degree of imperviousness, and the various flap systems described have been found to be ideal. Other uses include the repair to lengths of cable or the repair or protection of pipes or pipe joints for, say, gas oil or air. A further use is in attaching, for example, a cable or a pipe to an elongate substrate. Due to the length of the cable, pipe, or substrate, the attachment means is desirably of the wraparound type. In many cases, such attachment must withstand severe mechanical and environmental stresses, and we have found that the article of the invention is particularly suitable. One example of this type of use is the attachment of heating cables to the rotors of helicopters. Here considerable centrifugal must be withstood under adverse weather conditions. The article of the invention has been found to function reliably. The invention will now be further illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a known extruded wrap-around recoverable sleeve and a closure channel; Figures 2 and 3 show two arrangements whereby edge regions of a recoverable sleeve are held by a closure channel member; and Figures 4a+b show a technique for forming a rail at an edge region of a recoverable sheet. Figure 1 is prior art. It shows a recoverable wrap-around sleeve 1 which has been extruded with integral closure rails 2. The rails are brought together to bring the sleeve into the wrap-around configuration, and held together by a closure channel 3 of substantially C-shaped cross-section. Such a sleeve is conveniently used for environmental protection of substrates such as cables or pipes. the sleeve is wrapped around the substrate and recovered, in this case by shrinking, to produce a tight fit. The sleeve may be coated on its inner surface with a sealing material to enhance the environmental protection provided. The sleeve may be heat-recoverable and the sealing material a heat-activatable adhesive so that the single step of heating causes recovery of the sleeve and activation of the adhesive. Figures 2-4 illustrate the invention. In Figures 2 and 3 the support rods 7 are accommodated by folding over edge regions 8 of a recoverable fabric 4. The rods 7 and overlying fabric are held together by a closure channel 3. We have found, contrary to expectations, that the arrangements shown are able to resist recovery forces of considerable magnitude. In each of these figures a flap is provided underlying the abutting rods 7, the purpose of which is to block any leak path. In Figure 2 the flap 15 is integral with the fabric 4 and is simply that part of the fabric between an extreme edge of the fabric and one of the closure rods 7. In Figure 3 a separate flap 16 is provided, and the modulus of the flap p and of the adhesive bonding it to the fabric are preferably substantially equal as mentioned above. In figure 2 the fabric is shown around a cable 14, and when recovered the fabric will shrink down into engagement with the cable to provide an environmental seal. the fabric, preferably in combination with a composition that renders it impermeable to air, may be used to protect a variety of substrates such as cables, cable splices and pipes. where a cable splice, or other irregularly shaped substrate is to be protected, a splice case may be constructed by providing a liner around the substrate and within the fabric sleeve. see for example UK patent 1431167 and published patent applications 2059873 and 2069773. Such a liner in general has a central region of larger cross-section and end regions which taper down to the cables, thus providing a smooth transition from the large central splice bundle to the smaller cables. In such a situation, where the substrate is of non-uniform size, the fabric may have zones of different recovery ratios so that the unresolved recovery is, say, uniform over the entire substrate. This may be achieved by using different fabrics, or a single fibre type that has been differentially treated such as by subjecting it to different degrees of irradiation. where such a splice case is intended to be able to retain a significant pressure, means are preferably provided at each junction between the fabric and the underlying cable to put the bond between then out of peel. Such means may, for example, present a concave surface to pressure within the splice case thereby overcoming the forces that would cause peel. A branch-out between two or more cables, particularly telecommunications cables, may be sealed with the recoverable fabric article of the invention, and means may be provided to hold together circumferentially spaced regions of the fabric between the diverging cables. A suitable means for doing this is a two or three pronged clip which is positioned over an end of the fabric sleeve between the cables, see for example UK Patent 1604981. An alternative to a clip is to install around the cables a flexible seal which comprises an envelope which can undergo a change from lower to higher viscosity. The seal transforms the concave surfaces in the crutch region to a flat or convex surface to which the fabric article can seal. This seal is disclosed in copending UK Patent application 8221597. the problem of branch-off can, however, be overcome by producing the fabric sleeve in the correct shape to accommodate two or more branching substrates. This solution is particularly applicable to fabrics, and offers significant advantages. a fabric can be produced, especially by knitting, which has for example one outlet, at one end and two at another end. Such an article may still be wrap-around since closure mechanisms can be provided for each outlet where the substrate to be accommodated has no accessible end. where splices to drop wires are to be sealed and conduits for the main cable are preferably wrap-around, and the conduit for the drop wire tubular. The closure elements at regions 8 shown in figures 2 and 3 have been formed by folding over edges of the fabric 4 around support rods 7. The support rods should be substantially rigid or non-compressible under the conditions at least of installation of the finished product. the support rods 7 are preferably rods which extends the length of the closure member 3. Suitable materials are solid plastics or metals, or thermosetting adhesives. Splice cases formed from a recoverable fabric composite and closed by these closures were subjected to 100 cycles of each of the Bell and British Telecom tests. In the first of these tests a splice case in air at 70 KPa is subjected to an eight hour temperature variation between -40 and +60°C. In the second test the splice case is in water, at 105 KPa and subjected to a four hour cycle between +5 and +50°C. No leaks were observed either through the fabric composite or through the closure. Figures 4a and b show an inventive technique for forming a closure element at an edge region of a recoverable fabric or continuum. An edge of a recoverable sheet 4 is folded over around a support 7 and secured in that folded configuration in a vice or other clamp 17. The support may be a solid rod or series of rod portions or it may be an adhesive coating on the sheet which later flows to fill the loop. A heat-activatable adhesive coating 18 is shown in addition to a support rod 7. The next step is recovery, preferable by heating the loop of recoverable sheet which extends above the vice 17 as drawn. The vice may conveniently act as a heat sink to limit recovery of the sheet to the loop. The loop shrinks and the adhesive is activated forming a tight and effectively solid closure rail at the edge of the sheet. Where no solid rod 7 is provided, the adhesive coating is preferably a thermosetting resin in order that the integrity of the rail is not lost during subsequent heating. The resulting rail has the advantage of being dimensionally stable. This is of considerable benefit in the closure systems illustrated in figures 6 and 7 since no movement of the edge regions of the sheet will occur on recovery during installation. Such movement is undesirable since it can weaken the frictional grip of the channel 3 and lead to pull out of the edge portions of the sleeve.

Claims: A method of forming a recoverable sheet having closure elements at an edge portion thereof, which is characterized by folding over edge portions of a composite sheet to form thickened closure elements. A method according to claim 1, wherein the folded over edge portions are bonded to form the thickened closure elements. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the folded edge regions are secured in a clamp. A method according to any of claims 1, 2 and 3, which additionally comprises providing a support within the folded over edge portions. A method according to any preceding claim, in which the thickened closure elements are preformed in the factory before installation of the sheet.

Inventors: KRIDL THOMAS ANDREW, PITHOUSE KENNETH BRIAN, TRIPLETT JAMES THOMAS, WILLE MARC, KRIDEL, THOMAS ANDREW, PITHOUSE, KENNETH BRIAN, TRIPLETT, JAMES THOMAS, WILLE, MARC
Applicants: RAYCHEM LTD, RAYCHEM LIMITED
Application year: 1984
Main classification: B29C61
IPC codes: B29C57, B29D23, B32B27, B29C61, H02G15, B29C65