DEVICE AND METHOD OF HAIR DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

Abstract: A device for measuring the volume of a sample of fibrous material characterized by a male member (12) having a projection (14) thereon and a female member (16) having a sample slot (18) for holding said sample (20) and for engaging said projection. The method includes the steps of placing a sample of hair into the sample receiving slot having predetermined dimensions of length and width, compress­ ing said sample, measuring the height of said sample, cutting off both ends of said sample to obtain a length which corresponds with the length of the measuring slot, and determining the volume of the sample from the known dimensions of length, width and height thereof.

Description: METHOD OF HAIR DM-AGE ASSESSMENT This invention relates to a method of assessing damage to human hair, and more particularly, to a method of quantifying human hair damage caused by hair treatment compositions applied thereto and damage caused to human hair by the environment. Hair care is one of the most important part of beauty care, and a large variety of hair treatment products are used for providing such care in the form of pre-shampoo conditioners, shampoos, after-shampoo conditioners, rinses, setting lotions; sprays, dyes, bleaches, permanent wave agents and the like. These products in addition to providing the desired result in the hair, such as luster, curl, conbability, softness, color and an overall appealing look, also do damage to the hair, especially when used indiscriminantly without professional guidance. Damage to hair may also result from other sources, such as combing, humidity, dryness, dirt, sunrays, such as u.v. and infrared radiation, and pollution in the atmosphere. However, damage to hair occurs mostly in the form of physical and chemical changes in hair as a result of bleaching, oxidative dyi:. g, hair relaxing via alkaline relaxers and reducing waving and curling preparation. Assessment of hair damage is desirable, so that corrective action may be taken. Such corrective action may be: the utilization of products which do not cause damage or their damaging affect is minimal; eliminating the use of deleterious products; using products in proper sequence to circumvent further damage; or using products designed to repair hair damage. Measurement of hair damage is known in the prior art. For example, W. W. Edman and M. E. Marti, Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, pp: 133-145, Sept. 1960, report a study on properties of peroxide-bleached hair and use as a measure of hair damage the so-called 20% index, which is the ratio of work required to stretch the fiber 20 percent after treatment with a peroxide bleach to the work required to stretch the fiber 20% before treatment. To measure the 20% index a constant Elongation Tester is used. The same study also shows measurement of hair damage by nextension-at-breakl' using a Scott Tester. Measurement of hair damage via copper absorption is also known. U.S.P. 4,263,277 discloses a method for measuring hair damage by soaking a known weight of hair sample in a 0.1 N tetraamine copper sulfate, followed by washing with water. The filtrate is then titrated against 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate to determine the amount of copper absorbed by the hair. The damage to hair is assumed to correlate with the amount of copper absorbed by the hair sample. While methods like these to assess hair damage arD appropriate for investigational and research purposes, they are not suitable for use by hair-care professionals or for home use. The present invention relates to a device for measuring the volume of a sample of fibrous material; comprising a male member having a projection thereon; and a female member having a sample slot for holding said sample and for engaging said projection; a method of measuring the volume of a sample of fibrous material; comprising placing a sample of hair into a sample receiving slot having predetermined dimensions of length and width; compressing said sample; measuring the height of said sample; cutting off both ends of said sample to obtain a length which corresponds with the length of the measuring slot; and determining the volume of the sample from the known dimensions of length, width and height thereof; and a method of measuring hair damage based on copper reaction with active negative sites on hair comprising the steps of: placing a known amount of hair the weight thereof determined by analysis volometric into a sealed vial containing a copper solution of known concentration; reacting said copper solution with said hair; and determing the copper uptake by the hair. In accordance with the present invention the copper uptake by the hair and the consequent hair damage can be assessed by a simple, inexpensive method based on measuring the intensity of color of a copper complex solution subsequent to the reaction of the copper complex with a known amount of hair. After the reaction the color intensity of the copper complex solution is compared with color intensities of known copper concentrations. The weight of a hair sample is obtained by measuring the volume of the hair sample using the hair volume measuring device of the present invention and converting the volume so obtained to weight by the use of a mathematical equation or a table calculated therefrom. The hair volume measuring device comprises: a male member having a projection thereon; and a female member having a sample slot to receive a hold a sample as well as to engage said projection. Male and female members of the device are forced against each other compressing the hair sample placed in the sample slot. The width and length of the sample slot are known, and consequently the same dimensions of the sample are also known, while the height of the sample is obtained via measuring the distance between the surfaces of the male and female members of the device. Damage to hair caused by bleaching, oxidative dyeing, alkaline hair relaxers, reducing waving and curling preparations and the like results in the creation of negatively charged groups in the hair fiber. These groups readily react with the copper reagent. Thus, measurement of the amount of copper reacted with a known amount of hair is based to estimate the extent of hair damage. Copper uptake by hair must be based on a known quantity of hair, such as weight. While in a research envi.ronrient the weighing of a hair sample can be easily accomplished by the use of an analytical balance, in beauty salons or it the homes the weighing of sach light materials as hair cannot be done simply and economically. By the use of the simple device described herein quantitative measurements of a small hair sample can be easily made. The device is used to measure hair volume which is then converted to hair weight through the use of an equation or appropriate table. Hair Volume Measuring Device BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention and includes a hair sample. Figure 2 is an end view of the device of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a cross sectional view of Figure 2 taken along lines 3-3. Figure 4 is the same cross sectional view as that shown in Figure 3, but showing additionally the cutting off that portion of the hair sample which extends out from the device. Figure 5 is a perspective view of the hair sample cut in Figure 4. Figure 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention having a measuring slot therein. Figure 7 is a cross sectional view of Figure 6 along the line 4-4 and also showing a taper gauge inserted into the measuring slot. Figure 8 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention having rods for insertion into corresponding holes. Figure 9 is a perspective view of still another embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention having, in addition to rods and corresponding holes, a measuring sloir: therein. The hair volume measuring device 10 of the percent invention, by and large, is of a cube-shaped configuration comprising male and female members. It is made of metal, metal alloys or hard material such.as plastic, porcelain, wood and glass by molding, casting and machining to desired precision using conventional technique of fabrication. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the hair volume measuring device 10 comprises: male members 12 having projection 14 extending therefrom, and female members 16 having a sample slot 18 to receive and hold hair sample 20 and to engage projection 14. The width of the generally rectangular shape projection 14 is slightly smaller than the width of the generally rectangular shape sample slot 18 for proper mating engagement of the same. In use, hair sample 20 having a length longer than the length of sample slot 18, is placed into sample slot 18. Male member 12 is placed on female member 16 so that projection 14 engages sample slot 18 in a mating relationship exerting force on hair sample 20 and compressing the sample to assume a generally rectangular configuration as can best be seen in Figure 2. Portions of the hair sample on both sides of the device extend outward as shown in Figure 3. To obtain the proper volume of the sample, defined by the space the sample occupies in sample slot 18, the portions of the hair sample projecting outward on both sides of the device are cut with a sharp instrument 22, such as a razor blade, as shown in Figure 4. Subsequent to cutting, the hair sample 20 assumes the configuration 24 shown in Figure 5. The length and width of this configuration is known from the predetermined dimensions of the sample slot, while the height of the same is measured by measuring the gap 26, shown in Figure 2, between the surfaces of male member 12 and female member 16 of the device. Figure 6 and 7 show another embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention wherein like numbers denote like members and parts of the device shown in Figures 1-5. Figure 6 is z perspective view of the embodiment in which, additionally, a measuring slot 28 is provided for measuring the height of a hair sample placed in sample slot 18 as previously described. Measuring device 30, such as a taper gauge, is inserted into measuring slot 28, as shown in Figure 7, and the number on the measuring device that corresponds with the height of the sample is read. Figure 8 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the present invention wherein like numbers denote like members and parts of the embodiments shown in Figures 1-7. The device of Figure 8 is substantially the same as the device of Figures 1-5, however, it additionally contains a pair of rods 32 in female member 16 and corresponding receiving members or holes 34 in male member 12 for engagement thereof. Upon use for volume measurement rods 32 are inserted into corresponding receiving members on holes 34 and male member 12 is pressed against female member 16. The engagement of said rods with said holes help to maintain parallel alignment of the respective surfaces of the male and female members of the device. Figure 9 is a perspective view of still another embodiment of the hair volume measuring device of the present invention wherein like numbers denote like members and parts of the embodiments shown in Figure 1-8. The device of Figure 9 is substantially the same as the device of Figure 8, however, it additionally contains measuring slot 28 the function of which was previously explained in the description of Figures 6 and 7. Measurement of hair volume is accomplished by placing a small sample of hair, having a length of at least as long as the length of the device, in the sample slot of the female member of the device and compressing the sample with the projection of the male member of the device. If sufficient hair has been placed in the sample slot, there will be a gap between the superimposed surfaces of the male and female members of the device. The distance between the surfaces, which is a measure of the thickness or height of the hair sample in the sample slot, is measured by a gauge such as an automotive feeler or taper gauge capable of measuring thickness in thousands of an inch. The gauge is inserted in the gap between the surfaces or in the measuring slot of the device especially provided for measuring purposes. Once the gauge reading has been recorded, the hair protruding from both sides of the sample slot is readily cut with a razor blade. The gauge reading is then used to determine the actual hair weight via the relationship of the least square line of best fit. Once the weight of the hair sample has been determined, the sample is placed into a suitable container such as an optically clear vial containing a copper solution of known or previously measured color intensity. It is preferred that copper solution display storage stability thus elininating the need for continual resuppl of fresh solution. In one embodiment the capped vial containing the ,hair sample and the copper solution is shaken and heated to facilitate the reaction between the copper reagent and the negatively charged groups in thg hair. The solution is canted and amount of copper remaining is determined. Since a relationship exists between the amount of hair damage and the amount of copper removed from the initial incubation solution; that amount can be determined by simple substraction of the amount of copper after incubation with the hair sample from that value for the amount of copper in the solution before incubation. The copper-in the solution may be conveniently determined by measurement of color intensity or impendance as described hereinafter. The examples that follow will further illustrate the assessing of hair damage utilizing the hair volume measuring device of the present invention. EXAMPLE 1 The volumes of virgin hair samples, obtained from well mixed commercial sources, were measured with the device of the present invention having the following dimensions: slot depth : 0.125" slot width : 0.045" slot length : 1.000" compression element height : 0.055" compression element width : 0.038" A feeler gauge was used to measure gap distance between male and female members of the block. Then the actual weights of the samples were taken on an analytical balance. Results are shown in Table I. TABLE I Virgin Hair Hair Weight, Mg Gauge No. Actual Calculated* 4 44.3 40.1 4 37.9 40.1 4 37.7 40.1 4 40.5 40.1 4 40.7 40.1 5 39.3 41.8 5 44.1 41.8 7 45.5 45.1 7 42.0 45.1 7 46.8 4F.1 8 46.0 46.6 8 49.0 46.6 8 43.5 46.6 9 45.6 47.9 9 47.3 47.' 10 4v1.8 49.2 11 53.5 50.4 11 49.7 50.4 12 50.9 51.5 17 53.5 55.5 18 55.3 56.0 23 55.7 57.1 24 58.8 57.0 25 57.3 56.8 * From the line of best fit Weight = 32.0 + 2.21 (Gauge) - .0487 (Gauge)2 % Error: 3.8 4 2.68 EXAMPLE 2 The volumes of double bleached hair samples, obtained from well-mixed commercial sources, were measured with the hair volume measuring device of the present invention having the following dimensions: slot depth : 0.125" slot width : 0.045" slot length : 1.000" compression element height : 0.055" compression element width : 0.038". A feeler gauge was used to measure gap distance between male and female members of the block. Subsequently, the actual weights of the samples were taken on an analytical balance. Results are shown in Table II. TABLE II Double Bleached Hair Hair Weight, Mg. Gauge No. Actual Calculated* 5 44.1 41.8 6 46.6 43.5 7 44.6 45.1 9 49.9 47.9 10 49.7 49.2 11 51.2 49.2 12 52.5 51.5 15 54.9 52.2 23 58.8 55.1 *From the line of best fit Weght = 32.0 + 2.21 (Gauge) - .0487 (Gauge)2 % Error: 3.2 + 2.0% EXAMPLE 3 The volumes of hair samples, taken from 20 different subjects were measured with the device of the present invention having the following dimensions: slot depth : 0.150 slot width : 0.055" slot length : 0.500" compression element height : 0.058" compression element width : 0.043" A feeler gauge was used to measure gap distance between male and female members of the block. Subsequently, the actual weight of samples were taken on an analytical balance. Results, including precent error as weight difference between calculated and measured weights, are shown in Table III. TABLE III Caucasian Hair Hair Weight (1) Feeler Gauqe No. Found Calculated Error t 5 35.0 36.4 3.8 5 36.1 " 0.8 5 34.6 " 4.9 5 38.0 " 4.4 6 39.0 37.1 5.1 6 36.4 " 1.9 10 40.1 40.0 0.3 10 40.6 " 1.5 12 40.0 41.4 3.4 14 45.6 42.9 6.3 14 42.3 " 1.4 14 42.6 " 0.7 15 43.8 43.6 0.5 15 42.1 " 3.4 15 43.4 " 0.5 16 45.3 44.3 2.3 16 41.7 " 5.9 16 44.5 " 0.5 16 43.4 " 2.0 17 48.3 45.0 7.3 18 47.6 45.8 3.9 28 51.5 52.9 2.6 X = 2.6 (1) From the relationship: Weight = .719 Gauge + 32.8 EXAMPLE 4 The volumes of hair samples were measured with the device of the present invention having the following dimensions: slot depth : 0.100" slot width : 0.045" slot length : 1.000" compression element height : 0.055" compression element width : 0.038". A taper gauge was used to measure gap distance between male and female members of the block. The actual weight of samples were taken on an analytical balance. Results, including percent error as weight difference between calculated and measured weights, are shown in Table 4. TABLE IV Hair Hair Weight (1) Taper Gauge No. Found Calculate Error % 103 48.1 48.4 0.6 105 50.8 40.3 0.9 106 51.5 51.3 0.4 106 52.4 51.3 2.1 111 57.5 56.2 2.3 113 57.0 58.1 1.9 114 57.7 59.1 2.4 120 64.2 64.9 1.0 122 68.9 66.8 3.0 123 62.7 67.8 8.1 125 70.8 69.7 1.5 129 76.0 73.6 3.1 130 74.6 74.6 0.0 X = 0.9 (1) From line of best fit: Weight = 0.970 Gauge - 51.5 The above-shown data illustrate that the hair volume measuring device of the present invention is well suited for obtaining the weight of a small sample based on the measurement of the volume of the sample. It is to be nbte2 that, in addition to measuring the gap betWeen the male and female members of the block by the use of a feeler gauge or taper gauge, other methods or devices could be used as well, such as an optical micrometer. Also, in addition to utilizing the device in connection with hair sample measurements, the same may be utilized with other fibrous materials both natural and synthetic. Upon obtaining the volume of a hair sample, its weight is calculated and the sample is placed into a vial, such as an optically clear 1/8 oz. screw capped bottle containing a copper solution of known or previously measured color intensity. Generally a non-volatile copper solution having Cu++ ions stabilized with a complexing agent which complexes with the Cu++, having a pH of about 9.0 to 9.5 is used in the practice cf the present invention. The following formula is illustrative of formulations contemplated by the present invention. Sodium Tetraborate - 10H2O (buffer agent) 3.81 g Copper Sulfate - 5 H20 3.90 g Ethanolamine (complexing agent) 3.99 g Purified H2 0 qs to 1000 ml 9.2 A complexing agent, such as ethanolamine, renders the solution stable for extended time periods. Illustrative of stability is the following data obtained on aging of the above-shown copper sulfate formula containing ethanolamine therein as the complexing agent. Copper Sulfate/Ethanolamine % Stability Time Room Temp. 400C 500C 1 year 97.5% 96.7% 95.1% 2 years . 95*18 . 93.4% The capped vial, containing the copper solution and hair sample is shaken, then heated for about a minute in boiling water to obtain a reaction between the copper reagent and negatively charged groups in the hair. The solution is then decanted into a cuvette and the color intensity measured. Color intensity measurement may be made by several methods including the following: (a). Color Chart Method in which the color of the decanted solution is matched with color strips of varying intensities-oz a color chart. Corresponding to the color intensity of the strips are numbers denoting extent of hair damage . (b) Color Tubes Method in which the color strips of the color chart method are replaced by sealed color tubes containing various concentrations of copper ions and the hair damage is estimated similarly as in (a). (c). Glass Slides Method in which comparison of color intensity of the sample vial is made with colored glass slides. (d). Electronic Optical Measurement methods instrumentally measuring color intensity such as, filter photometers and spectrophotometers. Alternatively to measuring copper concentration by measuring color intensity, the same can be measured by impendance measurement, in which the concentration of copper in solution is measured via the inverse relationship of concentration to impendance. Hair damage measurements were made utilizing the copper uptake method hereinbefore described and comparing the result obtained thereby with that the Instron Stress/Strain Apparatus method. Hair damage measurement by the Instron Stress/Strain Apparatus is based on the force required to produce an elongation of 158 in hair length which force decreases with increasing hair damage. EXAMPLE 3 Virgin hair samples were exposed to alkaline solution for varying length of time then washed free of alkali. Instron Stress/Strain and copper uptake measurements were made on the samples. Results are shown in Table V. TABLE V Increase in Relative Force Required Copper Uptake, to Produce 15% Elongation mg/g hair 100 0.0 96.36 4.44 89.86 5.92 89.77 7.44 75.56 13.99 77.26 14.50 EXAMPLE 6 Virgin hair samples were treated with thioglycolate for varying time periods followed by treatment with bromate simulating a typical hair waving treatment. The hair samples were then washed free of residual materials. Instron Stress/Strain and copper uptake measurements were made on the samples. Results are shown in Table VI. TABLE VI Increase in Relative Force Required Copper Uptake, to Produce 15% Elongation mg/g hair 100.00 0.00 94.44 0.48 82.35 5.84 82.1-9 6.57 78.27 7.38 69.93 7.78 69.20 8.11 EXAMPLE 7 Virgin hair samples were treated with the typical bleaching agents, hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulfate for varying lengths of time. Subsequent to treatment, the samples were washed free of residuals. Instron Stress/Strain and copper uptake measurements were made on the samples. Results are shown in Table VII. TABLE VII Increase in Relative Force Required Copper Uptake to Produce 15% Elongation mg/g hair 100.00 0.00 99.05 1.54 91.12 6.03 83.12 11.05 As can be ascertained from Tables V-VII, there exists a good correlation between results obtained by physical stress/strain measurement and that obtained by the copper uptake method of the present invention. It will be understood that the preceding examples have been given for illustration purposes only and that this invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed therein. It will also be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that many variations can be made of the hair volume measuring device as well as the method of measuring hair damage by the copper uptake method, within the limits set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: What is Claimed is: 1. A device for measuring the volume of a sample of fibrous material; characterized by a male member (12) having a projection (14) thereon; and a female member (16) having a sample slot (18) for holding said sample (20) and for engaging said projection. 2. A device according to Claim 1, characterized in that said male member (12) includes a measuring slot (28) extending parallel and in spaced relationship with said projection (14). 3. The device according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said female member (16) further includes a pair of parallel rods (32) and said male member (12) further comprises a pair of parallel receiving members (34) for engagement with said pair of parallel rods. 4. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said male (12) and female members (15) are each formed of metal. 5. The device according to any one of Claims 1, to 3, characterized in that said male (12) and female members (16) are each formed from a metal alloy. 6. The device according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said male (12) and female members (16) are each formed of a material selected from the group consisting of plastic, porcelain, wood and glass. 7. The device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said fibrous material (20) is hair. 8. A method of measuring the volume of a sample of fibrous material; characterized by placing a sample of hair into a sample receiving slot having predetermined dimensions of length and width; compressing said sample; measuring the height of said sample; cutting off both ends of said sample to obtain a length which corresponds with the length of the measuring slot; and determining the volume of the sample from the known dimensions of length., width and height thereof. 9. The method according to Claim 8, characterized in that compressing of said sample includes placing a male member having a projection thereon on a female member having said sample receiving slot therein, and pressing said members toaether. 10. The method according to Claim 8 or 9, characterized by measuring the height of said sample with a taper gauge. 11. The method according to Claim 8 or 9, characterized by measuring the height of said sample with a feeler gauge. 12. The method according to any' one of Claims 8 to 11, characterized in that said fibrous material is hair. 13. A method of measuring hair damage based on copper reaction with active negative sites on hair comprising the steps of: (a) placing a known amount of hair the weight thereof determined by analysis volometric into a sealed vial containing a copper solution of known concentration; (b) reacting said copper solution with said hair; and (c) determining the copper uptake by the hair. 14. The method of Claim 1 wherein the vial containing the reactants is heated. 15. The method of Claim 14 wherein said heating is by immersion of said vial into boiling water. 16. The method of any of the Claims 13-15 wherein the copper solution further comprises a complexing agent andlor a buffering agent. 17. The method of Claim 16 wherein the buffering agent is sodium tetraborate. 18. The method of Claims 16 or 17 wherein the complexing agent is ethanolamine. 19. The method of any of the Claims 13-18 wherein the copper solution is a copper sulfate solution having a pH of about 9 to about 9.5. 20. The method of any of Claims 13-19 wherein the copper uptake determining is by impendance measurement of the copper solution deca-Z.4ed from the reaction vial. 21. The method of any of Claims 13-19 wherein the copper uptake by the hir is determined by comparing the intensity of the decanted copper solution with color intensities of media which denote amounts of copper concentration. 22. The method of Claim 21 wherein said media are color tubes containing various concentrations of copper or colored glass slides. 23. The method of Claim 21 or 22 wherein the comparing the color intensities of the copper solution and media having various color intensities is by electronic measurement. 24. The method of Claim 23 wherein said electronic measurement is by a filter photometer or spectrophotometer.

Inventors: GOVIL, ALOK K., KABACOFF, BERNARD K., MARKROW, FRED
Applicants: REVLON, INC.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: G01B5
IPC codes: G01B5, G01N31