OPTICAL FIBRE THERMOMETER AND METHOD OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE

Abstract: An optical-fibre temperature thermometer uses a ther­ mochromic substance (7) having optical absorption peaks which vary with temperature within a first waveband, and having substantially constant absorption with temperature in a second waveband. The radiation (3) employed is in a wide band to include the first and second wavebands, and the radiation, reflected and attenuated as a result of the passage through the thermochromic substance, is split (15) into two selected beams (F1,F2) and filtered in narrow band pass filters (21,23) for the first and second wavebands, to supply optical signals to respective detectors (17,19) whose outputs are divided (25) to produce a ratio signal representative of the temperature. The sensor is sufficiently compact for biomedi­ cal use, and, being unaffected by electromagnetic fields, is useful in regions of high tension or in microwave heating.

Description: PPF3CaEZBBE;E1PE:ERI. BJclEHOPEIIIZSJJE EP3PEIBTUBE; The present invention relates to an optical-fibre thermometer, and to a method of measuring temperature using a probe. Optical fibre thermometers with temperature sensors based on various principles have already been proposed. Thermometers of this type lend themselves particularly to remote measuring in hostile or difficult-access surroundings. Compared with more conventional devices, such as thermistors, thermocouples and the like, they have the advantage of being completely enclosed in a dielectric material, and as such are insensitive to electro-magnetic fields. This is found to be necessary for example for taking measurements in appliances subject to high tension (lines, transformers and other appliances) or in particular applications in which use is made of microwave heating, such as industrial applications, biomedical applications (hyperthermia), and so on. It is an object of the present invention to provide an optic fibre thermometer which has sensitivity, whose heat-sensitive material is stable with time, which lacks hysteresis, and is not adversely affected by any fluctuations in the optical characteristics of parts of the thermometer external to the sensor and probe, especially the light source. The invention consists in an optical fibre thermometer having an end probe and an optical fibre for conveying light from a source to the end probe and thence to electro-optical means for detecting temperature, characterised in that the end probe contains a --thermoçhromis substance whose light absorption varies with temperature over a first wavelength range and remains substantially constant with temperature over a second wavelength range, and in that the electrooptical means responds to light transmitted through the thermochromic substance and through the optical fibre to detect the absorption of the first wavelength range relative to the second wavelength range, and to produce a signal indicative of the said relative absorption. The invention exploits the known phenomenon of photochromism, that is the property of a substance whereby its optical absorption spectrum varies as a function of its temperature. A method according to the invention of measuring temperature with a probe is characterised by transmitting light through a thermochromic substance within the probe and detecting the relative absorption of the light therein in two discrete wavebands, in only one of which the substance exhibits a thermochromic effect. The invention will be better understood from the following description of a preferred embodiment, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a diagram of a fibre-optic thermometer; Figure 2 shows a possible construction of the temperature sensor of the thermometer of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a temperature sensor and beam divider of an alternative form of thermometer; Figure 4 is an absorption diagram as a function of wavelength of light transmitted through a thermochromic substance used in the thermometers of Figure 1 or 3; and Figure 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the thermometer output and the temperature being measured, for the thermometers of Figure 1 and 3. As shown in Figure 1, a thermometer has an optical fibre 1 which carries light through a chopper 5 from a wide band source 3, such as a halogen lamp, or from two sources (LED's) of different wavelengths, or from lamps with linear emission, right into the inside of a probe 7 containing a thermochromic solution. The light may be of any suitable wavelength, not necessarily visible. The probe 7 may be made, for example, using a capillary of glass 71 (Fig.2) or other material with a diameter of the order of 1 to 2 mm, sealed and made specular at its end part 73 opposite the input of the optical fibre, and containing the thermochromic solution ST. The light, attenuated by the solution ST and reflected by the end part 73, is collected by another fibre 11 (Fig.2) and despatched to a beamsplitter 15 from which two beams F1 and F2 emerge. Alternatively, the light, attenuated by the solution ST and reflected by the end part 73, is taken by the same fibre 1 (Fig.3) and, through a star coupler 16 (or other divider), divided into two beams F1 and F2 issuing from fibres 12 and 13. The two beams F1 and F2 are sent to respective photodetectors 17 and 19, which are photodiodes or similar devices, after having been filtered at two separate and specific wavelengths by respective filters 21 and 23 of different values. The values obtained from the two detectors 17 and 19 are despatched to a processor 25 which compares them, and which advantageously processes them to supply directly a value representative of the measured temperature. Depending on the temperature range concerned, the type of solution, and correspondingly the wavelengths selected by the two filters, are chosen accordingly. For the temperature range of interest in biomedicine (from 300C to 500C) it is appropriate to use a solution of cobalt halides (CoC12.6B20) in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water. The absorption spectra of such a solution are given in Figure 4 where the graphs are plotted with wavelength in nanometres along the abscissae and absorption (unity signifying total absorption) along the ordinates, each graph corresponding to a different temperature. In the range 740 to 850 nm, light absorption by the solution remains constant as temperature changes, while the greatest variation with temperature occurs around the absorption peak of 660 nm. In the case analysed, the two filters 21,23 which are narrow-band interferometers are selected to transmit respectively a first band centered on the absorption peak (measurement channel), and a second band centered on a wavelength within the range 740 to 850 nm (reference channel). With a view to eliminating the influence of the fluctuations common to the two channels a calculation is made of the ratio between the detected signals relating to the two channels. The measurements are thus independent, in particular, of any fluctuations of the source 3 and of the losses through the curvature of the optical fibres. The signal provided by the processor 25 is subsequently processed and displayed. The response of the thermometer constructed is shown in Figure 5 which is a graph of reference temperature along the abscissa, against the resulting ratio, along the ordinate. The processing done by the processor 25 optionally corrects for the slight non-linearity of the response, using conventional calibration methods. Because of the possibility of using several probes employing thermochromic substances different from cobalt halides, the thermometer under consideration may cover a fairly wide temperature range to suit various applications, such as the monitoring of electric, electronic or mechanical equipment,microwave ovens,etc. By virtue of the reduced dimensions to, which the thermometer may be made, it is suitable also for medical applications, such as e.g. measuring blood temperature inside arteries or hyperthermia of various natures. In the case of medical applications in particular it is necessary to make as miniaturised a probe as possible, to be able to take local temperature measurements and to limit trauma in the body.

Claims: IIrB3 1. An optical fibre thermometer having an end probe (7) and an optical fibre (1) for conveying light from a source (3) to the end probe (7) and thence to electrooptical means for detecting temperature, characterised in that the end probe (3) contains a thermochromic substance (ST) whose light absorption varies with temperature over a first wavelength range and remains substantially constant with temperature over a second wavelength range; and in that the electro-optical means (15 or 16; 21,23; 17,19; 25) responds to light transmitted through the thermochromic substance (ST) and through the optical fibre (1) to detect the absorption of the first wavelength range relative to the second wavelength range, and to produce a signal indicative of the said relative absorption. 2. A thermometer according to claim 1, comprising a light source (3) producing light in both first and second wavelength ranges. 3. A thermometer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the electro-optical means (15 or 16; 21,23; 17,19; 25) splits the said transmitted light into two beams (F1,F2), and comprises: first (21) and second (23) narrow band-pass filters centered on the first and second wavelength ranges respectively, receiving respective ones of the two beams; first (17) and second (19) photodetectors responsive respectively to outputs of the band-pass filters (21,23) to produce signals representative of the absorption in the respective wavebands; and processor means (25) responsive to the said absorption signals to produce the said relative absorption signal. 4. A thermometer according to any preceding claim, wherein the end probe (7) comprises a specular reflector part (73) which reflects light of both the said wavelength ranges, and wherein light from the optical fibre (1) is transmitted through the thermochromic substance (ST), is reflected in the specular reflector part (73), is transmitted again through the thermochromic substance (ST) and is then conveyed to the electro-optical means (15 or 16; 21,23; 17,19; 25) by an optical fibre (1 or 11). 5. A thermometer according to any preceding claim, wherein the thermochromic substance is a salt solution. 6. A thermometer according to claim 5, wherein the thermochromic substance is cobalt chloride in isopropyl alcohol, and the .thermometer is adapted for the temperature range between 250C and 600C. 7. A thermometer according to any preceding claim, wherein the end probe comprises a capillary tube (7), which receives the ends of the said optical fibre (1) and of a further optical fibre (11) for conveying light to the electro-optical means. 8. A thermometer according to claim 3 or to any of claims 4 to 6 as appendant to claim 3, wherein the electro-optical means comprises a star coupler (16) having an input fibre (1) for connection to the source (3), and two output fibres (12,13) for conveying transmitted light to respective band-pass filters (21,23), and connected by the said optical fibre (1) to the end probe (7) to convey light to and from the end probe (7). 9. A thermometer according to claim 2, wherein the source (3) comprises two discrete sources each producing light in a different one of the said wavelength ranges. 10. A method of measuring temperature with a probe (7), characterised by transmitting light through a thermochromic substance (ST) within the probe (7) and detecting the relative absorption of the light therein in two discrete wavebands, in only one of which the substance exhibits a thermochromic effect.

Inventors: BACCI, MAURO, BRENCI, MASSIMO, CONFORTI, GIULIANO, FALCIAI, RICCARDO, MIGNANI, ANNA GRAZIA, SCHEGGI VERGA, ANNA MARIA
Applicants: CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
Application year: 1984
Main classification: G01K11
IPC codes: G01J5, G01K11