METHODS AND TEST KIT FOR DIAGNOSING CANCER IN HUMANS

Abstract: Human cancer is diagnosed/monitored by measuring the levels of certain modified nucleosides, such as N-[9-( beta -D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine, in the urine of a subject by a quantitative immunoassay that preferably employs a monoclonal anti-modified nucleoside antibody and comparing that level to the level of the modified nucleoside that occurs in the urine of normal subjects to determine whether the former is substantially elevated over the latter or by comparing that level to the level of the modified nucleoside present in urine specimens taken from the subject at different times.

Description: METHODS AND TEST KIT FOR DIAGNOSING CANCER IN HUMANS Technical Field The invention is in the field of cancer diagnosis and ■onitoring. More particularly it con¬ cerns a aethod for diagnosing cancer or aonitoring the status of cancer in patients already diagnosed as having cancer by deteraining the aaount of certain aodified nucleosides in urine by iaaunoassay. Origin of Invention This application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application serial no. 371,287, filed 23 April 1982. The invention described herein was, in part, aade in the course of work under a grant froa the National Institutes of Health, Departaent of Health and Human Services, and the National Science Foundation. Background Art Ribonucleic acids (RNAs), particularly transfer RNAs (tRNAβ), contain a variety of aodified nucleosides which are foraed after transcription of the aacroaolecule. Nishiaura, S., Transfer RNA; Structure, Properties, and Recognition, Shinael, P.R., et al, eds, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1979), reports that over 50 of these aodified nucleosides have been isolated and characterized. When these RNAs OMPI -2- are degraded, the majority of modified nucleosides do not appear to be catabolized to any extent in animals * or humans and are excreted in significant amounts in urine. Since tRNAs are the most highly modified class of RNAs, it has been assumed that turnover of tRNA is the source of excreted modified nucleosides. Evidence for a higher turnover rate for tRNA in tumor tissue and evidence for intracellular scavenging of tRNAs with structural abnormality have been reported. Bore , E. , et al. Cancer Res (1977) 37:3362-3366 and Nomura, Y., FEB5 Lett (1974) 45:223-227. Prior to applicant's invention only six of the fifty plus known naturally occurring modified nucleosides had been reported to be elevated in cancer patients. The six include four methylated nucleosides (1-methylinosine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, 2- ethyl- guanosine, and 1-methyladenosine), pseudouridine, and N -acetylcytidine. Gehrke, C.W., et al. Cancer Res (1979) 3J9 1150-1153, Speer, J., et al. Cancer (1979) ^ :2120-2123, and Borek, E. , Cancer Markers (1980) Ed. Sell, S. Human Press report measuring elevated amounts of these five nucleosides in urine of cancer patients by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nucleosides are concentrated from the urine, such as by affinity chroma ography before being measured. The serum levels of the ε -a inocaρroate derivatives of N ,N -dimethylguanosine and pseudouridine in cancer patients determined by radioimmunoassay have also been reported. Levine, et al, J Natl Cancer Inst (1975) 54:341-343. Radioim unoassays for various modified nucleosides, including N-[9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purin- 6 **** γlcarba * moyl]-L-threonine (t 6 A), have been used to evaluate the levels of such nucleosides in bacterial tRNAs. Milstone, et al, Nucl Acids Res (1978) 5:3439- 3455; Void, B. , Nucl Acids Res (1979) 7:193-204; and Void, B. et al, Nucl Acids Res- (1979) 7:971-980. A principal object of the present invention is to provide a reproducible, noninvasive method for detecting the presence or status of human cancer based on the levels of modified nucleosides in physiological fluids. This invention uses unfractionated urine as the test physiological fluid and an immunoassay to determine the amount of modified nucleoside in the urine. Another object of the invention is to provide ' a method for diagnosing human cancer based on the level of N-[.9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]- L-threonine in urine. Still another object is to provide a novel monoclonal anti-t 6 A antibody for use in such diagnosis. Disclosure of the Invention One aspect of the invention is a method for detecting cancer in a human patient comprising: (a) determining the amount of N-[9-(β-D- ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl ]-L-threonine in the urine of said patient; and (b) comparing said amount with the standard amount of N-[9-(S-D-ribofuranosyl)ρurin-6-ylcarba- moyl]-L-threonine present in urine of normal human subjects to determine whether said amount is substan¬ tially greater than the standard amount. When this aspect of the invention is used to monitor the status of cancer in a cancer patient, the respective amounts of N-[-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)ρurin-6- ylcarbamoyl-6-th eonine in urine samples taken from the patient at predetermined time intervals will be compared. As regards this aspect, applicant's inven¬ tion lies in the discovery that t 6 A is elevated in the urine of cancer patients rather than in a particular method for detecting t 6 A. Accordingly, any mode of detection including RPLC and quantitative immunoassay, may be used to practice this aspect. Another aspect of this invention is a method for detecting cancer in a human patient comprising: (a) determining the amount of an underiva- tized modified nucleoside in a sample of unfraction¬ ated urine from the patient by a quantitative immuno¬ assay of the sample; and (b.) comparing said amount with the standard amount of the underivatized modified nucleoside pres- ent in the urine of normal human subjects-. Again when used to monitor the status of cancer comparisons will be made of the respective amounts of underivatized modified nucleoside found in urine samples taken from the patient at predetermined time intervals. Other aspects are hybridona ATCC HB 8351, monoclonal antibody from hybridoma ATCC HB 8351 and functional equivalents thereof, and immunoassay kits for determining t A that contain said monoclonal antibody or functional equivalents. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig 1 is a graph showing the results of the radioimmunoassay tests described in Example 2, infra. Fig 2 is a graph showing the results of the two ELISA tests described in Example 2, infra, and Fig 3 is a graph showing the results of the competition ELISA test described in Example 2, infra. Modes for Carrying Out the Invention The invention methods may be used to diag¬ nose or monitor the status of any type of cellular neoplasm, including carcinomas, myelomas, and lympho- mas. These methods are thus useful in diagnosis as in screening programs for early detection of the disease, in therapy as in evaluating the status of the disease after surgical radiation and/or chemotherapeutic treatment and in prognosis such as in detecting the possibility of recurrence or metastases. Examples of cancers that have been determined to be associated with elevated levels of modified nucleosides are leukemia, lung cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, metastic breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease, colon cancer, and bladder cancer. The urine samples that are used in the invention methods may be collected randomly or over a given time period, conventionally 24 hr. τ t has been reported that no significant variation in the levels of modified nucleoside occurs relative to the sample collection regimen. Fischbein, A. et al. Cancer Res (1983) 3 2971-2974. One of the significant advan¬ tages of the invention relative to the prior art HPLC method is that the nucleoside does not have to be separated from the urine sample prior to being assayed. In the HPLC technique the nucleosides are separated by affinity chromato raphy from the sample before being assayed. The nucleosides also do not have to be derivatized as in the prior art serum assays. The amount of urine used in the invention methods will usually range between about 1 to about 100 μl depending upon the particular nucleoside and/or antibody involved. OMPI The modified nucleosides that form the basis for the detection of cancer occur in significantly elevated amounts in the urine of patients having the type of cancer being diagnosed. The modified nucleo- sides that have been reported to be excreted in elevated amounts by cancer patients are 1-methylino- sine, N 2 ,N -dimethylguanosine, pseudouridine, 1-methyladenosine, N 4 -acetylcytidine, and 2- methylguanosine. Applicants have found that t 6 A is also excreted in elevated amounts by cancer patients. t*»A is a particularly interesting modified nucleoside because it occurs only in tRNA. t 6 A is also modified in a differe.nt way (addition of threonine) than any of the other modified nucleosides that are known to be elevated in cancer patients. When the assay is used to monitor the status of cancer in a patient already diagnosed to have cancer, the patient's own levels of modified nucleo¬ side in his/her urine serve as an internal control. Decreases signify a reduction in tumor burden such as might occur after the patient has been treated. Increases signify an increase in tumor burden indica¬ ting a recurrence or metastases of the cancer. The amounts of these modified nucleosides in urine are determined by a quantitative immunoassay. Various types of quantitative immunoassays such as competitive immunoassays, direct immunoassays and indirect immunoassays may be used. The three most common quantitative immunoassays are radioimmunoassay, (both souble phase and solid phase) quantitative i munofluorescence, and quantitative enzyme assays. Any of these may be used to practice the invention. These assays involve the formation of immune complexes that include a label and the detection of such com- OMPI plexes via the label. As used herein the term "label" is intended to include moieties that may be detected directly such as fluorochromes and radiolabels as well as moieties such as enzymes that must be reacted or derivatized to be detected. In competitive assays the sample is incubated with an antibody against the modified nucleoside and a known amount of labeled modified nucleoside. Any modified nucleoside (unlabeled) in the sample competes with the labeled nucleoside for antibody. The resulting immune com¬ plexes are separated and the amount of labeled complex therein is determined. The amount of modified nucleo¬ side is determined by comparison with the effect of standards. Direct immunoassays involve incubating the sample with a labeled antibody against the modified nucleoside and separating any immune complexes that form. The amount of label therein is determined and the amount of modified nucleoside in the sample is determined by comparison with the effect of standards. In an indirect immunoassay, such as an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , the antigen bound to a carrier protein such as an albumin is bound (immo¬ bilized) to a solid phase (eg, a tube, bead or well surface), the first antibody is added, and a second enzyme-labeled antibody against the first antibody is added. Immobilized immune complexes are detected via reaction of the enzyme with an appropriate substrate. The particular label that is used will depend on the type of quantitative immunoassay used. The assay should be such as to provide sensitivities down to at least about 1 to 10 pmol of modified nucleoside. Examples of labels that may be used are radiolabels such as 32 P, 125 I, 3 H, and 14 C, fluores¬ cent labels such as fluorescein and its derivatives. rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, and umbelli- ferone, chemilu inescers such as luciferia and 2,3-dihydroρhthalazinediones, and enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, lyso- zy e, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The antibody or πucleoside, as the case may be, may be tagged with such labels by known methods. For instance, coupling agents such as aldehydes, carbodi- imides, dimaleimide, imidates, succinimides, bis- diazotized benzadine, and the like may be used to tag the antibodies with fluorescent, chemi-luminescent, or enzyme labels. The antibodies against the modified nucleo¬ sides that are used in these immunoassays may be poly- clonal (heterologous) or monoclonal (homologous). Polyclonal antibodies may be made by immunizing host animals such as mice, rabbits, and sheep using a modi¬ fied nucleoside-protein carrier conjugate as an immu- nogen. The immunization will typically involve repeated inoculations with the immunogen, typically at least two at about one week intervals. Such inocula¬ tion will raise an immune response against the immuno¬ gen and cause the inoculated host's immune system to produce antibodies against the modified nucleoside. Serum from the immunized host will usually be collec¬ ted about three to ten days after the final booster. Immuno lobulins may be separated from the serum by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, chromatography, or other conventional separation and purification techniques, if desired. Monoclonal antibodies against the modified nucleosides may be made by the somatic cell hybridiza¬ tion techniques of Kohler and Milstein, Nature (1975) 265:495 using antibody-producing cells, eg spleen or ly phoid cells, from the immunized host animal, pre¬ ferably a mouse, as one of the hybridization partners. The antibody-producing cells are hybridized (fused) with an appropriate cancer (myeloma) cell line using a fusogen such as polyethylene glyocol having a Mw of 1,000 to 6,000 daltons. A myeloma cell line that is sensitive to a selective medium such as HAT medium (Littlefield, Science (1969) 145:709-710), fuses efficiently, and will support stable high level expression and secretion of antibody by its hybridi¬ zation partner is used. While myeloma cells from any species such as those indicated above with respect to polyclonal antibodies may be used, murine and rat myeloma lines having these characteristics are avail- able currently and are preferred. Examples of such lines are those derived from the original MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors that are available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, PO Box 1809, San Diego, California 92112. A myeloma cellrantibody- producing cell ratio in the range of about 1:10 and about 10:1 will normally be used. The individual cell concentrations will typically be in the range of about 10 6 to 10 8 , preferably 1 x 10 7 to 5 x 10 7 , cells/ml fusion medium. Balanced salt solutions containing about 30% to 60% (w/v), preferably 35% to 50% (w/v) fusogen may be used as a fusion medium. After the fusion, the cells are washed with fusogen-free medium to remove fusogen. They are then seeded and culti¬ vated in the selective medium to eliminate unhybri- dized parent cells and leave only hybrids that are resistant to the selective medium and possess the immortality of the myeloma parent. The cultivation will normally take about three to five weeks. Surviving hybridomas may be examined for production of antibody against the modified nucleoside by immunoassay. Positive hybrido a clones may be sub- cloned by limiting dilution techniques and grown in vitro or in vivo by known techniques. The monoclonal anti-modified nucleoside antibody secreted by the sub- clones may be separated from the culture medium or ascites fluid when grown in vivo by known techniques such as ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE cellulose chromato raphy, or affinity chromatography. Further purification of the antibodies, if desired, may be achieved by.ultracentrifugation and microfiltration. Antibodies against the isotype of the anti- modified nucleoside antibody may be used as the labeled second antibody in indirect assays such as the ELISA. For instance if the anti-modified nucleoside antibody is a murine IgG, anti- urine IgG serum from another mammalian species may be used. Such anti- isotype antibodies may be raised by conventional immunization techniques. The incubations of the immunoassays will be carried out under conditions that permit reaction between the antibody and modified nucleoside. Temper¬ ature, pH and duration are the most important process conditions in the incubation. Temperatures in the range of about 5'C to 40*C, preferably about 37 * C, will typically be used. The pH will normally be about 6 to 9, preferably about 7, and the binding reaction will usually reach equilibrium in about 10 min to 2 days, depending upon the particular antibodies and nucleosides involved. Antibody will be used in limit¬ ing amounts in the competitive assays. Immune com¬ plexes may be separated from the incubation mixture by cent ifugation or other conventional techniques. Separation may not be necessary in assays such as the homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT). Conventional buffer media may be used for any washing steps involved in the assays. The label detection means used in the immu¬ noassay will depend upon the particular label involved. For instance, radiolabels may be read with scintillation counters, fluorescent labels with fluo¬ rescent microscopes (fluorometers) and enzyme labels with colorimeters that detect the magnitude of color change caused by the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate or spectrophotometers (eg, microtiter plate readers) . The basic ingredients of the test kit for carrying out the t^A radioimmunoassay of the invention are labeled t^A and monoclonal antibody against t 6 A. These ingredients will typically be in solution in an appropriate aqueous solvent and contained in suitable dispensers. Solid phase kits will contain a solid phase (tube or bead) and, optionally, a coupling agent such as an aldehyde or carbodimide to bind the anti¬ body to the solid phase. ELISA kits will contain t 6 A- carrier protein conjugate, anti-t^A monoclonal anti¬ body, enzyme-labeled antibody against the monoclonal antibody, and a suitable substrate. The kits may also contain a suitable buffer for dilution and washes, carrier protein, unlabled t^A for preparing standards, a post-coating preparation to reduce nonspecific bond¬ ing to solid phase, containers in which the reagents may be used, and directions for performing the assay. The components of the kit may be packaged in a conven¬ tional manner. As indicated above and as illustrated by the examples, infra, in which rabbit anti-t 6 A serum and _OMPI urine monoclonal anti-t 6 A antibody are used in the invention, the species of the antibody is not criti¬ cal. Likewise, as evidenced by the use of rabbit antisera in the invention method (Example 1, infra) the class (subclass) of antibody does not appear to be critical. In this regard although only a single anti- t 6 A monoclonal antibody is described in the examples, it is intended that the invention encompass all anti- t 6 A monoclonal antibodies, regardless of species or class, that are functionally equivalent to the des¬ cribed monoclonal antibody. Functionally equivalent monoclonal antibodies are those that crossblock (react with the same determinant) the described monoclonal antibody. In this regard the subclasses of IgG differ from one another in their constant region. However, an IgG against a specific antibody will have a func¬ tionally equivalent variable region regardless of its subclass. Accordingly, although the exemplified monoclonal antibody is an IgG of a particular sub- class, functional monoclonal antibodies of other IgG subclasses or other classes (IgM, IgA, etc) are intended to be within the scope of the invention. The following examples further illustrate the invention methods. These examples are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Example 1 Urine Samples 24 hr urine samples were obtained from patients with various advanced malig¬ nancies, previously untreated with chemotherapy, and normal volunteers at the Cancer Center of the University of New Mexico. The urines were collected from each individual in plastic containers for 24 h and kept under refrigeration until the end of collec- OMPI tion. The urine volume was then measured and an aliquot of urine was kept frozen until the day of analysis. The amount of creatinine for each sample was determined by the colorimetrie method described in the Sigma Technical Bulletin No 555 1-12, 1977. Antibody Preparation Immunogen was prepared by conjugating t A to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using the method of Erlanger and Beiser, PNAS (1964) 52:68-74. Antibodies were made in rabbits, a total of 5 mg immunogen (mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant) per rabbit was introduced in three injections into the hind legs on days 0, 14, and 21. The immunized rab¬ bits were, bled on day 28. Serum was precipitated twice at 0"C with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate (SAS), pH 7.0, and then dialyzed against 0.14 M NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 (PBS). Tritiated Antigen. Tritiated t 6 A was pre¬ pared by catalytic (Pt) exchange with tritiated water. [ 3 H]t 6 A, 0.84 Ci/m ol, was 88% pure by 2D thin layer chromatography analysis using the solvent system described by Rogg, et al. Nucleic Acids Res (1976) 3:285-295, and 6.9 pmol was used per assay. Radioimmunoassay. The saturated ammonium sulfate radioimmunoassay (SAS-RIA) for t 6 A described by Void, B.S., Nucleic Acids Res (1979)7:193-204 was used. Assays were done in 12 x 75 mm polypropylene tubes in a total reaction volume of 300 μl with 75 mM NaCl, 0.1 M boric acid, 25 mM sodium tetraborate, pH 8.3. Normal rabbit IgG was used to adjust the total protein concentration of each assay to 600 μg. The buffer, antibody, carrier protein, [ 3 H]t 6 A, and OMPI ' untreated urine were mixed well, incubated at 37 * C for 1 h, then cooled on ice for 5 in. The .amount of urine used was chosen such that normal urine would give inhibition values between 10% and 40%. Thus, 2 μl of urine was used in each assay. An equal volume of ice-cold SAS was added to each tube, mixed thor¬ oughly, and incubated at 0 * C for 30 min. The tubes were then centrifuged at 9.400 xg for 15 min at 4°C, and the supernatant removed by aspiration through a capillary pipette. The pellets were resuspended in 200 μl of 50% SAS in borate saline buffer, mixed, centrifuged, and drained as before. The washed pellets were, then suspended in 200 μl of IX borate saline buffer, mixed, and a 75 μl added to 5- ml of Aquasol scintillation fluid. Radioactivity was then measured in a scintillation counter. Under the conditions used for competitive inhibition, cpm bound on the filter without inhibitor and with (or without) antiserum was 1133 (66) for t^A. When urine was added as a source of competitive inhibitor and the same assay repeated on four different occasions, standard deviation was ± 3.7%. The concentration of inhibition present in each urine sample was interpolated from a graph of % trace binding for the antibody when the cognate modi¬ fied nucleoside had been used as competitive inhibi¬ tor. These concentrations were then expressed in mg excreted per 24 hr period and normalized to the crea- tinine level in each sample expressed as nmol nucleo- side/ μmol creatinine. Speer, et al. Cancer (1979) 44:20-2123. Urine samples from 8 normal patients, 4 Hodgkins patients, 4 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients, 5 lung cancer patients (small cell, adenocarcinoma. OMPI squamous cell and large cell) and 8 "other" cancer (breast, head and neck, bowel) patients were tested. None of the patients had been treated previously by chemotherapy. Assay results for the cancer patients were compared by group with the assay results from the normal patients. Significance of variation in the levels of t 6 A in the samples was established using a t test comparing each cancer group to the normal group. A P value less than 0.05 was considered a significant variation. The results of these comparisons were: Significance of Variation (P) Lymphomas Solid Tumors Hodgkins Non-Hodgkins Lung Other not significant P<0.05 P<0.001 P<0.02 As these data indicate elevated levels of t 6 A in urine is a clear marker for all the cancers tested except perhaps Hodgkins disease. The lack of significant variation in the Hodgkins patients may be attributable to the small number of patients involved.. Example 2 Monoclonal Antibody Preparation. A Balb/C mouse was immunized with the t A-BSA conjugate of Example 1 (100 μg) in complete Freund's adjuvant intraperitoneally at day 0. At day 7 the mouse was boosted with 100 μg of the conjugate in PBS intra¬ venously. The mouse spleen was removed at day 10. Spleen cells were fused with P3/63/Ag 8.653 murine myeloma cells according to ennet's fusion protocol (Kennet, et al, (1979) Cell Fusion. In Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York pp 345-357). The fusogen was polyethylene glycol (1540 mw) at 38% w/v. Media from wells containing surviving cells were tested for anti-t 6 A antibody by radioimmunoassay Cells from one of the positive wells (# G8) were subcloned by limiting dilution into wells containing normal mouse spleen cells as feeders. Subclones were tested for antibody production by radioimmunoassay and one, identified as G8-3, was chosen as a source of monoclonal anti-t°A antibody. Cells from clone G8-3 were then frozen, re- established in culture, and subcloned a second time in vitro according to the same procedure as the first sub-cloning. Two sub clones from the second sub- clonrng were retained (#9D4 and #5C4). Cells from line #9D4 were selected to be the established cell line. The screening of the clones was done using a solid phase assay. A conjugate of t A to human serum albumin was made and used to coat wells of a micro- titer plate. Culture fluid was then added followed by a second antibody which was labeled with H$ι and which recognizes mouse IgG. A sample of line #9D4 was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA on August 23, 1983. This sample was assigned ATCC number HB 8351. Protein from the culture fluid of #9D4 was isolated by means of an affinity column chromatography step using Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B. The bound frac¬ tion from this column was tested in various quantitative immunoassays for t~A as described below. Radioimmunoassay The SAS-RIA referred to in Example 1 was used. Reaction volume was 300 μl, and the total -17- protein content was normalized using carrier normal rabbit im unoglobulins—typically 300 μg of total protein/assay. Reactions containing 80 μg of the above described fraction, 15 pmol [ 3 H]t 6 A varying concentrations of unlabeled t 6 A, and carrier protein were incubated for 1 h at 37 * C in borate-saline .buffer: 75 mM NaCl, 0.1 M boric acid, 25 mM sodium tetraborate, pH 8.3. After the reactions were cooled on ice, an equal volume of cold SAS was added. The solution was mixed thoroughly, and the incubation was continued for 30 min at 0 * C. At the end of the 30-min incubation, the suspensions were centrifuged for 15 min at 4 * C and 9,400 x g_ and the supernatant fluid was removed by aspiration. The pellet was esuspended in 500 μl of ice-cold 50% SAS in borate-saline buffer, mixed, recentrifuged, and drained as before. The washed pellets were then resuspended in 500 μl of borate-saline buffer and transferred to 5 ml of Aquasol scintllation fluid. Radioactivity was mea- sured in a scintillation spectrophotometer. The results are shown in Fig. 1. ELISAs Two ELISA techniques were tested: one using alkaline phosphatase, the other horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In each technique, microtiter plates were washed once with tap water and once with distilled water. Then each well was filled with 50 μl of 10 μg/ml t^A conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA- t 6 A) in 1 M NaCl and 0.02 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.0), and left overnight at 4 a C. Each well was emptied and washed (3 x 100 μl) with 1% HSA in PBS. Wells were then filled with a solution without antibody or vari¬ ous dilutions of hybridoma culture fluid in PBS. OMPI After incubation at room temperature for 2 to -3 h, wells were emptied and washed (3 x 100 μl) with 1% HSA in PBS. Then each well was incubated with 50 μl of a dilution of enzyme-anti-mouse IgG conjugate. Each type of reaction was then treated differently, as described below. Alkaline phosphatase To each well was added 50 μl of a 1/500 dilution of goat anti-mouse IgG con¬ jugated to alkaline phosphatase. After standing at room temperature for 2 to 3 h, the wells were emptied, washed (3 x 100 μl) with 10% diethanolamine (pH 9.8), and filled w.ith 100 μl of 1 mg/ml p-nitr.ophenyl- phosphate in 10% diethanolamine (pH 9.8). The enzyme- substrate reaction was incubated 30 min at room temperature and stopped with 100 μl of 3N NaOH. Absorbance at 405 nm was read in an Automated Microtiter Plate Reader (Micro ELISA Autoreader MR 580, Dynatech). Horseradish peroxidase To each well was added 50 μl of a 1/500 dilution of goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. After standing at room temperature for 2 to 3 h, the wells were emptied and washed once with water and twice with 0.05% Triton X-100 sufactant in PBS. To each well was added 100 μl of the followng solution: 0.1 ml of 15 mg 2,2'-azino-Dl-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS) per ml of H 2 o, 0.33 ml of 0.3% H 2 0 2 , and 10 ml of citrate buffer (0.105 g of citric acid in 10 ml of H 2 0 adjusted to pH 4.0 using 5 M NaOH). After 30 min, absorbance at 405 nm was read in an Automated Microtiter Plate Reader. Fig 2 shows the results of these ELISAs. A standard curve using a t 6 A standard can be prepared for these ELISA techniques using a competi¬ tive inhibition procedure in which free t^A is added to the wells in which the t^A-BSA has been absorbed A standard curve with the alkaline phosphatase ELISA is shown in Fig 3. Figure 3 demonstrates that 50% inhi¬ bition of the ELISA was achieved at a concentration of t 6 A of 8.4 x 10~ 5 M. Using the RIA with the monoclo¬ nal antibody gave 50% inhibition at 3.2 x 10" *6 M. The concentration of t A in human urine is approximately 15 x 10 "6 M. Modifications of the above described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the iimnunodiagnostic art and/or related arts are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. OMPI,

Claims: Clai s 1. A method for detecting cancer in a human patient characterized by (a) determining the amount of N-[9-(S-D- ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine in the urine of said patient; and (b) comparing said amount with the standard amount of N-[9-(S-D-ribofuranosyl)ρurin-6-ylcarba- moyl]-L-threonine present in urine of normal human subjects to determine whether said amount is substan¬ tially greater than the standard amount. 2. A method for monitoring the status of cancer in a human cancer patient characterized by (a) obtaining urine speciments from the patients at different times; (b) determining the amounts of N-[9-(S-D- ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine in the specimens; and (c) comparing the amounts. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the cancer is a non-Hodgkins lymphoma or a solid tumor. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the deter¬ minations of step (6) are made by a quantitative immunoassay in which a urine sample from the patient is incubated with an antibody against N-[9-(B-D- ribofuranosyl)ρurin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine and labeled N-[9-(S-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]- L-threonine. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the anti¬ body is a monoclonal antibody from hybridana ATCC HB 8351 or a monoclonal antibody that is functionally equivalent thereto. 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the determinations are made by an enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay in which a t 6 A-protein carrier conjugate bound to a solid phase is incubated with said antibody followed by incubation with an enzyme labeled antibody against said antibody. 7- The method of claim 6 wherein the anti¬ body is a monoclonal antibody from hybridoma ATCC HB 8351 or a monoclonal antibody that is functionally equivalent thereto. 8. A method for determining whether a human patient has cancer characterized by (a) determining the amount of an underiva- tized modified nucleoside that is normally excreted in elevated amounts by human subjects that have cancer in a sample of unfractionated urine from the patient by a quantitative immunoassay of the sample, and (b) comparing the amount determined in step (a) with the standard amount of the underivatized modified nucleoside present in urine of normal human subjects. 9. A method for monitoring the status of cancer in a human cancer patient characterized by (a) obtaining unfractionated urine specimens from the patient at different times; OMPI (b) deteraining the aaounts of an underiva- tized aodified nucleoside that is noraally excreted in elevated aaounts by huaan subjects that have cancer in the speciaenβ by quantitative iaaunoassay. 10. The aethod of claim 9 wherein the assay is a radioiaaunoassay or an enzyae iaaunoassay. 11. A radio Iaaunoassay kit for deteraining the amount of N-[9-(β-D-ribof ranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L- threonine in a saaple coapriβlng in association radiolabled N-[9-( β -D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-carbamoyl]-L-threonine and an anti-N-[9- (β-D-ribof ranosy1) urin-6-ylcarbamoy1]-L- threonlne antibody characterized in that the antibody is a aonoclonal antibody froa hybridoma ATCC HB 8351 or a functional equivalent thereof. 12. An iaaunoassay kit for deteraining the amount of N-[9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purin-6-ylcarbamoyl]-L- threonine in a saaple characterized in that the kit coaprises in association: (a) N-[9-(β-D- ibofuranosyl)purin-6-yIcarbamoy1]-L- threonine conjugated to a carrier protein; (b) aonoclonal antibody froa hybridoaa ATCC HB 8351 or a functional equivalent thereof; and (c) an enzyae labeled antibody against said aono¬ clonal antibody or functional equivalent thereof. 13. Monoclonal antibody froa hybridoaa ATCC HB 8351 and functional equivalents thereof. 14. Hybridoma ATCC HB 8351. OMPI

Inventors: VOLD BARBARA SCHNEIDER, VOLD, BARBARA, SCHNEIDER
Applicants: STANFORD RES INST INT, SRI INTERNATIONAL
Application year: 1984
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33