PNEUMATIC MATTRESS TRACK SYSTEM FOR VEHICLES

Abstract: Pneumatic mattress track system to be used as construction element in vehicles. A soft airfilled mattress formed for instance by mattress bags (5) is automatically rolled out and serves as running surface and means of propulsion. The hull (1) of the system moves over the mattress on an air cushion (4) and thus without mechanical friction. The mattress formed for instance by the mattress bags (5) is not air tight and filled once, but it is filled automatically when it runs under the system hull (1) and is kept under constant pressure in the carrying position. The air for the mattress is supplied from the air cushion (4) through inlet orifices (7) provided in the wall of the mattress facing the hull (1). The main area of use is transport in difficult and vulnerable terrain.

Description: Pneumatic mattress track system for vehicles The invention applies to a pneumatic mattress track system used as construction element of a vehicle. In the following PMT is used as shortname of such a system. The name "mattress track" is used in this description to denote a soft mattress, which rolls out automatically and serves as running surface and a means of applying propulsion force. As vehicles are here considered also movable or towable machines such as tractors and the like. One vehicle can have several PMTs as construction elements. For use in difficult terrain there are previously known several band track and mattress track systems, of which as examples may be mentioned the patents SU 850482, CA 972782 and US 3,074,764 and furthermore the "SATC" system published by W.R. Bertelsen. (Paper for the Seventeenth Canadian Symposium on Air Cushion Technology, Canadian Air Cushion Technology- Society, October 4-6, 1983, Ottawa, Ontario: "THE SEGMENTED AIR TRACK- AMPHIBIOUS ALL-PURPOSE ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE" by William R. Bertelsen, Director of Research, Chairman, BERTELSEN, INC.). With these one has tried to eliminate drawbacks of conventional track systems, amongst which the most serious are damage to the earth surface, sinking down in-'mud conditions, rolling and pitching when overcoming obstacles and mechanical complexity. For these previously known systems we shall use henceforward the shortnames SU, CA, US and SATC respectively. In SU the band of a conventional band track system is equipped on the outside with a soft mattress in the form of air-filled bags. CA has a conventional stiff band, but between this and the hull of the vehicle an air cushion is provided. In US there is, instead of the conventional track band, a hollow air filled hose, which functions as mattress, and here also the .hull of the vehicle rests on the mattress with the intermediary of an air cushion. To the SATC we shall return in detail later. According to the present invention there is used an airfilled mattress track instead of the conventional track band and the hull of the vehicle rests thereupon through the intermediary of an air cushion. In this case the mattress is not a tight mattress to be filled once for all, but there are openings in that part of the mattress wall that faces the hull, and through these openings the mattress is automatically filled with air from the air cushion. The characteristics of the inven¬ tion are defined in patent claim 1. Because the afore¬ mentioned hullfacing wall of the mattress has in this description and the patent claims a central and repeated importance, it has been considered best to define in the main patent claim the special name "band" for it, al¬ though it does not in all cases in every respect corre¬ spond to the conventional definition of a band. A mattress filled with air according to the present invention adjusts itself better to the terrain than the stiff band of CA and also better than the once for all filled tight mattress of SU and US. This state¬ ment is true because the pressure does not rise inside where the mattress gives way for an obstacle. This leads to reduced rolling and pitching when overcoming obstacles. * Because of the good selfadjusting and the even pressure distribution the risk of earth damage is less than with CA, SU and US. This is a highly important quality in many marshlike terrain conditions. It should be observed that the advantages of the invention in comparison with SU and US are obtained without marked increase of air consumption and component cost, because the air cushion in itself is the main air consumer. In comparison to SU and US also harm from possible mattress leakage is eliminated by the invention. OMPI Therefore the mattresses can be made of thin material, avoiding deformation problems at the wheels and in addition weight and material savings are achieved. It is possible to build large systems, which equal the biggest air cushion vessels in size. Joints between mattress parts can be made by simple riveting methods and absolute air tightness is not necessary. When the track mattress is divided into separate bags, then the obstacle overcoming capability can be taken as equal to the thickness of the mattress in height. Thus considerable obstacle overriding capability is achievable. Good amphibious capability can be achieved because large buoyancy volume can be built using thin material. Now we shall still make a comparison PMT - SATC. SATC has also sort of a pneumatic air mattress. It is formed by a skirt system, which is, so to say, turned inside out, that is, it is closed outward and open in- ward. The open border of the skirt is equipped with a chain and runs about cog wheels mounted at the forward and aft ends of the system. The hull resting on the wheel axles obtains thereby its support. The inner edge of the skirt moves also against a side wall and thus a closed interior space is formed whose overpressure acting against the roof supports the whole system. In comparison with the SATC system the PMT has the following advantages, e.g.: - The working weight of the PMT moves against the mattress with air lubrication; the SATC supporting in comparison embodies mechanical friction causing energy loss and wear. - The special supporting principle of the SATC causes obviously much bigger forces and strains to the band and the axles than in the PMT system. - The SATC has obviously a much longer air OMPI WIP leakage gap than the corresponding PMT. - When the vehicle encounters an obstacle, e.g. an ice wall, then SATC has, in the contact point of the air mattress, full inside pressure. With the PMT full pressure develops only when the obstacle has come under the hull. The obstacle crossing resistance of the PMT is therefore considerably smaller. - The fore-aft weight distribution is less critical with PMT than with SATC, because in the PMT the inside pressure rises at low sinking points. - The special supporting principle of the SATC makes the vehicle's height considerably bigger than is necessary with the corresponding PMT. - The PMT is mechanically simpler and less apt to corrosion than SATC with its intermediate wheels and chains. In the following the invention is described in detail with.embodying examples using figures as follows: Fig. 1 Bag type PM ,- longitudinal section A-A. Fig. 2 " cross ' B-B. Fig. 3 Hose " longitudinal ' * A-A. Fig. 4 " cross B-B. Fig. 5 " horizontal C-C. Fig. 6 Concave bottom " longitudinal ' A-A. Fig. 7 " cross ' B-B. Fig. 8 Side support of mattress with wheels or glide shoes, using stiffeners in the band to take up pushing force. Fig. 9 Side support of mattress with wheels or glide.shoes, using only tensile force in the wallband of the mattress. Fig. 10 Use of rather thick air cushion in PMT. Fig. 11 Effectivization of air lubrication using feeding channel inside the mattress, longitudinal section B-B. Fig. 12 Cross section of Fig. 11 A-A. O PΓ Fig. 13 Effectivization of air feed to cushion space using longitudinal grooves in bottom of the hull. Fig. 14 Mutual placement of feeding openings to cushion and mattress space. Fig. 15 Emptying arrangement for mattress bags by compression. Fig. 16 Emptying arrangement for mattress bags by suction. Fig. 17 One way flaps for the mattress bags to ' prevent emptying. Fig. 18 Lifting of return way of mattress with auxiliary rollers. Fig. 19 Two PMTs mutually joined by interconnecting hull. Fig. 20 Two PMTs mutually joined without inter¬ connecting hull. Fig. 21 Two PMTs connected in tandem. In the embodiment examples we have two main types, the bag type, where the mattress is formed from separate bags, and the hose type, where the mattress is in the form of an endless tubelike hose. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show embodiment examples of the bag type. Air is fed through the orifice (10) to the inner space of the hull (1) , from where it through outlets (6) in the bottom (11) flows into the air cushion space (4), which is formed between the bottom (11) and the band (3) , which forms the inner wall of the mattress bags (5) . The whole weight of the vehicle rests thus through the intermediary of the air cushion upon the track mattress, and thus "air lubrication" develops between the hull and mattress. From the air cushion air can pass through the orifices (7) in the band (3) and fill the mattress bags (5) , whereby the hull is lifted from the ground. Spill air passes continuously through the gaps between the band and the guiding surfaces (19) and at the ends of the hull. The rollers (2) or one of them pull at the band (3), causing the hull (1) to glide forward. The motion resistance is small due to the air lubrication. When the bags (5) , one after an¬ other, come out from under the bottom, then the air feed to them ceases, and as they come up on the roller (2) they are partly compressed. In order that this might not cause resistance an escape path is provided for the bag air through the orifices (7) and a groove (9) in the roller (2). The orifices (7) and the groove (9) are for this purpose arranged in the same line. The roller (2) can consist of several coaxial wheels and then the wheel interspaces can serve as the grooves (9). If the bags (5) could not discharge freely when circling the roller (2) , then the ensueing overpressure might cause extra strain and increase of motion resistance. Such a system of air discharge is defined in patent claim 2. When the bags (5) have circled also the fore roller (2), then they move eventually again under the bottom (11) and are filled again. When moving on the upper path return way they could discharge more than desirable under the influence of their own weight. In the embodiment example one has, in order to prevent this, closed with side plates (12) the interspaces between band (3) and hull (1) receiving air discharging from the grooves (9) and also from the air. cushion space (4) leaking under the end plates of the hull. Although the said spaces are not absolutely air tight, there develops in them so much counterpressure that the bags (5) do not discharge-too much. This system of preventing mattress discharge is defined in patent claim 3. Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 present an embodiment example of the hose type. The hose is here built up so, that on the outside of the band (3) has been fastened at the edges another band (13), creating thus between the two bands a continuous endless hollow space (14). Through an orifice (6) in the bottom of the hull O PI pressurized air is blown into the air cushion space (4) , from where it continues through the orifices (7) and fill the mattress space (14). All of the space (14) is not filled, only the ground side. This is so because the bands . (3) and (13) are pressed together at the rollers. In this embodiment example one wishes to prevent air from discharging through the orifices (7) , when these come out from under the bottom (11). This is achieved using one way flaps (15), as defined in patent claim 4. It should be noted that, although the hose is compressed when coming upon the roller (2) , this does not necessi¬ tate air discharge at this point, because the hose simultaneously opens at the other end of the system. Thus the air of the mattress keeps stationary with respect to the hull of the vehicle, but moves forward with respect to the band. In this embodiment example cross walls (16) are used inside the hose in order to stiffen it with regard to sideward forces. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show a hose. type embodiment, where the bottom of the hull has been made concave with the aim to support the mattress against sideward forces. This arrangement is defined in patent claim 5. This example has the additional feature of using diagonal bands (17) inside the hose with the aim to stiffen the hose against sideward forces. Fig. 8 shows an embodiment of hose or bag type, where the inside wall (3) of the mattress is equipped with cross stiffeners (8) , and the outside ends of these with wheels or glide shoes, which lean against outside guides (19), giving thus sidewards support to the mattress (5) or (14). This method is defined in patent claim 6. In the event of side forces the stiffener is subjected to compression force. Fig. 9 also shows an embodiment of either hose or bag type, having also wheels or glide shoes (18) to give sideways support, but in this case they lean against inside guides (20) . Here a side force causes only tension and no compression force to the band (3) , and so no stiffener is needed. This support method is defined in patent claim 7. Fig. 10 shows use of a rather thick air cushion (4) and tightness and stability problems emanating there¬ from. With a thick air cushion one easier avoids getting the band (3) chafing against the bottom (11). A further advantage is that the air feed to the air cushion space is simple and only one orifice (6) may be sufficient, because the feeding air gets freely to all feeding ori¬ fices of the mattress. However, a thick air cushion needs, in order to avoid air spill, efficient tightening at the ends of the hull bottom, and for this purpose the Figure shows as an example a bag type seal (22) , which must in some way be feeded with an air pressure bigger than that of the air cushion (4) . A thick air cushion weakens the longitudinal stability, i.e. the cushion- is easily depressed to a thinner state at one end than the other. In order to improve longitudinal stability this ' embodiment uses partition of the cushion space with across seals (21). If need arises the different com¬ partments could be feeded from separate sources. Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 show, for a bag type mattress, use of a rather thin air cushion (4) and thereto con¬ nected smoothness problems of the air supply. A thin air cushion is favorable from the viewpoint of stability and space requirement. However, thereby increases risk of mechanical chafing between band (3) and hull bottom (11) and special measures must be taken to avoid chafing. Choosing sufficiently tight division for the orifices (6) one obtains efficient air lubrication for the whole area of the bottom (11). In this embodiment example the air lubrication has been enhanced especially at such points where risk of chafing is severest, i.e. along the the across midlines of the bags. The system is defined Cr, a .-PI in patent claim 8. Si ultaneuously with this other conventional air cushion feed may be used. Both systems could in case of need be feeded from different air sources. Fig. 13 shows a bag type embodiment example, where one has tried to speed up air filling of the bags and simultaneously reduce pressure losses at the moment when the bags after the return path again come under the bottom. This arrangement is defined in patent claim 9. In this way one obtains continuous direct feed from the orifices (6) to the mattress bags (5) , so to say by¬ passing the air cushion proper. With the bag type this arrangement requires .that in the longitudinal direction the groove stretches over the complete bottom area, either continuously or as several successive parts, so that each part's length must be at least equal to the division of the orifices (7) . With the hose type, on the contrary, only one part in the middle may be -sufficient. In both types the groove part has to be at least equal in length to the division of the orifices (7) . The aforedescribed arrangement is especially useful whenever the air cushion is thin. Whenever the air cushion is thick, then the air feed is rather efficient -without special arrange¬ ments. Fig. 14 shows a method of arrangement and di¬ mensioning of orifices (6) and mattress openings (7) , which has empirically been found effective from the viewpoint of quick filling of the bags. Both the ori¬ fices (6) and mattress openings (7) are arranged in pairwise queues so, that both mattress opening queues have a mutual phase differercs distance a, but the ori¬ fices (6) do not have any mutual phase difference. The diameter of bag openings (7) is d. Dimensions shall be choosen so that - the mattress opening (7) division p is at the most a + d - tJ l O PI - the orifice (6) division s is at the most 2(a+d) . For every bag there are in both queues two openings (7) . Of course several paired queues can be arranged in parallel. Fig. 15 shows an example of a mattress bag emptying device, which can be used, with a space saving view, whenever one wishes for instance to install a cargo deck over the mattress track system. The device has a free running track band (34) and a support plate (35) for the band. Between the plate (35) and the band one may for instance install an air cushion for "lub¬ rication ". With this forced emptying the bags are dis¬ charged more than normal, but this entails of course increased air consumption. Fig. 16 shows another example of forced bag emptying, whenever such is needed. Here the bags are emptied by sucking air with a fan (39) from the space (36) between the roller (2) and the hull end (24) . For this purpose one must close the space (36) with plates (38) and the seal (37) . This arrangement is defined in patent claim 10. It should be noted that in this arrangement the forced emptying of the bags (5) does not imply air waste, because the sucked air is used again. Fig. 17 shows an embodiment example, where for some reason a roller (2) diameter, big in relation to the mattress bag (5) size, was chosen. In this case the volume of the bags does not decrease much when they circle the roller and no discharge possibility is needed. In this case one can therefore use one way flaps, as earlier described with figures 3-5 in connection with the hose type and as defined in patent claim 4. Fig. 18 shows an embodiment example, where one has wished to place cargo on a hull deck (40) of the mattress track system. This can be arranged by heightening the return path of the mattress using auxiliary rollers (41). Another method is to use rollers (2) of big size. Fig. 19 shows schematically an example of the use of two PMTs as construction elements in a vehicle. They have here been used in parallel interconnected by an intermediate hull. Steering is achieved by driving both units at differing speeds. This, as is the case with the following examples, is only an application of the established practice in band and chain track systems. Fig. 20 shows an example where two PMTs have been connected directly to each other without an intermediate hull. This implies that the payload ' spaces are placed either above the return path of the mattress as in Figures 15 and 16 or between the forward leading and the return paths as in Fig. 18. In these schematic examples details such as arrangements for the driver's view have been omitted. • Fig. 21 shows the use of two PMTs in tandem. Steering is here realized by articulation i.e. the mutual direction of the two units is regulated by their coupling. Here also the payload spaces have to be situated either above the return path of the mattress or between the forward leading path and the return path of the mattress. This embodiment comes into question when a very low ground pressure is needed and at the same time the track width is limited. The various embodiments of the invention are of course not restricted to the above shown examples, but they can vary broadly within the scope of the patent claims. Below some variations and views are still presented shortly. The longitudinal stability of the bag type PMT may be increased considerably by dividing the orifices (6) into two groups thus, that the fore and aft ori¬ fices are feeded from different air-sources. On the other hand this gives rise to the drawback of increased pitching movements during obstacle crossings. There may come water into the mattress. For this reason it is advisable to equip the mattress bottom with water outlets. This will not give rise to any note¬ worthy airloss. In order that band (3) always will stay sufficient¬ ly tight the axle of one of the rollers (2) should be either adjustable or its supports be feathering in the direction of vehicle motion. It might be worthwhile to equip the rollers (2) with side edges and toothings and the band (3) with corresponding toothings in order to stem the band against side forces. In order to increase the propulsion capability in difficult conditions the outside of the mattress may be equipped with grousers. If it is feared that despite other precautions there might develop mechanical friction between the bottom (11) of the hull and the mattress, the probable contact area may be decreased by a corrugation of the bottom surface or by corresponding means. In the examples of embodiments the inside of the hull has been shown as an air distribution space. An¬ other way is to connect the orifices (6) to an air distribution piping. The mattress may be divided into bags (5) not only longitudinally but also transversely and the different parallel arrays of bags may be arranged out of phase with each other in order to give a smoother ride. When the air cushion is used the air lubrication between the hull bottom and the mattress may be effec- tivized by other means than the method of patent claim 8, earlier described in connection with Figures 11 - 12. By using a permeable material in band (3) instead of discrete inlet orifices (7) the maintenance of the air cushion is effectivized, because then there cannot develop locally an underpressure within the cushion in relation to the inner space of bag (5) , which under pressure might lead to a partial collapse of the air cushion locally. Moreover a direct feeding from ori¬ fices (6) to bags (5) is achieved without the detours of the air cushion. Such a possibility has been taken account of in the definition of the main patent claim. The same purpose may be achieved by elongating in the direction of motion the inlet orifices (7) of the mattress even up to the length of bags (5) . The ori¬ fices (6) must then be situated in line with the inlet orifices (7) and the spacing of orifices (6) must not be chosen larger than the length of bags (5) . The embodiment of Fig. 19 where two PMTs have been connected by an intermediate hull, can be comple¬ mented by adding air cushions under the intermediate hull to carry part of the vehicle weight. To do this ordinary air cushion skirts should be applied in order to close the fore and aft ends of this air cushion. Such means are previously known as suggestions and also as a prototype realisation in chain- and band track systems. In these, however, the air cushion must have to be equipped also with side skirts. With the mattress track system of this invention the side skirts are not necessary, because the mattresses closes the air cushion from the sides. Such a solution is thus especially attractive in connection with mattress track systems.

Claims: Claims : 1. A pneumatic mattress track system to be used as construction element in a vehicle, consisting of a hull (1), rollers (2) fore and aft, an endless hollow mattress running around these, either in the form of a continuous hose (14) or as discrete bags (5), the hull facing wall of which in the following is called "band (3)" and an air cushion space (4) between the hull (1) and band (3) into which pressurized air is fed, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the part of the mattress which runs under the hull is filled automatical¬ ly with air from the air cushion through inlet orifices (7) in the band (3) , the orifices consisting for example of the very tiny natural openings in a permeable ma¬ terial. 2. A system according to claim 1-, c h a r ¬ a c t e r ! z"e d in that the inlet orifices (7) are situated in one or several rows in the direction of motion, and that in line with each row there is a groove (9) in the roller (2) , through which mattress air can escape when the mattress parts pass the roller. 3. A system according to claim 1 , c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that the space between band (3) and hull (1) in the return path of the band from aft to fore is closed by sideplates (12) sufficiently to create counterpressure which prevents the mattress from emptying too much. 4. A system according to claim 1 , c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that one way flaps (15) have been situated in the orifices (7) in order to stop air from leaving the mattress. 5. A system according to claim 1, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that the bottom (11) of the hull is concave, thus giving sideward support to the mattress. 6. A system according to claim 1 , c h a r - a c t e r i z e d in that the band (3) is equipped with transverse stiffeners (8) the ends of which are equipped with wheels or glide shoes (18), that lean against out¬ side guides (19) thus giving sideward support to the mattress (5) or (14). 7. A system according to claim 1, c h r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that wheels or glide shoes (18) have been situated along the edges of the band (3) , these leaning against inside guides (20) , thus giving side- ward support to the mattress (5) or (14) through the tensile forces set up in the band. 8. A system according to claim 1, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that longitudinal grooves (28) with air supply pipes (30) and seals (29) against the band (3) have been made in the bottom (11) of the hull, in which in each bag (5) there is fastened transversally to band (3) a tubelike bag (25)., in which the common fastening strip of bag (25) and band (3) is equipped with holes in such a way that hole (27) is in line with groove (28) functioning as air inlet orifice of bag (25) , and in which other holes (26) feed air further on from bag (25) to the air cushion space (4) , with the purpose of securing the air lubrication in the critical parts between band (3) and bottom (11). 9. A system according to claim 1, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that there are, in the direction of motion in the bottom surface (11) of the hull, grooves (31), into which air is fed through orifices (6), and in which the inlet orifices (7) of the mattress have been arranged in rows conforming to the grooves with the purpose of effectivating the filling of the mattress. 10. A system according to claim 1, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that the space (36) between the aft roller (2) and the end wall of hull (1) is closed by side plates (38) and made tight by a seal (37) between the hull cover (40) and band (3) and in which air is drawn from space (36) by fan (39) , with the purpose of emptying also bags (5) in order to save space for other purposes.

Inventors: BURMEISTER FREDRIK KULLERVO, BURMEISTER, FREDRIK, KULLERVO
Applicants: BURMEISTER FREDRIK KULLERVO, BURMEISTER, FREDRIK, KULLERVO
Application year: 1984
Main classification: B62D55
IPC codes: B60V1, B60V3, B62D55