METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COLD DRAWING SEAMLESS METAL TUBES HAVING UPSET PORTIONS AT BOTH ENDS

Abstract: A method of, and a draw bench for, cold drawing seam­ less metal tubes each having an upset portion on both ends, which comprises a die control device (20), a plug control device (60) including a plut (100) having large and small diameter bearing portions, and a draw unit (110). The die control device and the plug control device are movable with each other for changing the cross-sectional reducing area between the reducing die and the plug.

Description: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for cold drawing seamless metal tubes, and more particularly to a draw bench for producing seamless metal tubes by cold drawing, and to a method of using this draw bench Such seamless metal tubes may advantageously be used as drilling tubes, casings, inner rods and outer rods for geological, mineralogical, metallurgical or geothermal researches and/or drilling for civil engineering or water wells, as well as for other purposes. US 2240456 discloses an apparatus for producing tubes in which the tube is drawn through a die having a plug disposed within it which may be moved relative to the die to vary the form of the tube produced. US 2240456 is considered to be the closest prior art. Referring first to the prior art generally, Figures 1(a) to 4(b) show seamless metal tubes which have been produced by conventional steps using a conventional draw bench. A hot forged thin wall midbody 7c of a metal tube is welded at each end to a thick wall end tube 7b in order to obtain a larger diameter seamless metal tube or pipe 7 having an upset portion 7b at each end. Alternatively, the seamless metal tube may be produced by casting or lathing, but metallic filaments in such a seamless metal tube have to be axially cut at welded or lathed portions or at blowholes, which are likely to cause cracks in the seamless metal tube after heat treatment at high temperature. Thus a draw bench for drawing a seamless metal tube has been proposed. For example, a small diameter and thin wall seamless metal tube having a diameter of 25-35 mm and a wall thickness of 2.1-3.2 mm, such as is used for a bicycle frame, may be cold drawn through the draw bench shown in Figures 2(a) to 4(b). The conventional draw bench, which is shown particularly in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), for drawing such seamless metal tubes comprises a bed 12 to be fixed to the floor, a die holder 26 which is mounted at a middle portion on the bed 12, and a closed periphery reducing die 2 which is concentrically mounted in the die holder 26. A pair of tongs 6 and a bearing are arranged on the entry side of the bed 12 for horizontally supporting a plug fixing rod 88. Secured to a front portion of the rod 88 is a plug 4 which is inserted into the reducing die 2 when drawing. A draw unit 110 is arranged on the exit side of the bed 12 and comprises a carriage 112 mounted on rollers travelling on the bed 12, the carriage 112 carrying a hook 118 and a chuck 114 for gripping the front tip 7a of the mother tube or workpiece 7. The carriage 112 is driven by an endless chain 120 passing around a driven sprocket wheel (not shown) mounted on the bed 12. A driving sprocket wheel is coupled by any convenient means with an electric motor (not shown). The hook 118 is engaged with the endless chain 120 when drawing, and the front tip 7a of the mother tube 7 engaged by jaws 116 of the chuck 114 is strongly pulled by the carriage 112 to draw a tube 7 having an upset portion 7b at each end. The embodiments of Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show two conventional ways of drawing seamless metal tubes which have the same outer diameter but unequal inner diameter upset portions at each end. In Figure 3(a) a plug 4 is held adjacent to a tapered entry in the axial bore of the reducing die 2, at a clearance from the inner periphery of the mother tube 7, to draw a tube 7 having a smaller inner diameter upset portion 7b at each end, while the plug 4 in Figure 3(b) is held right in the bore of the reducing die 2 to draw a tube 7 having a larger inner diameter. As shown in Figure 4(a), a reducing die 2 can have an internal surface including an inlet portion 2b which tapers forwardly toward a bearing or throat portion 2a, and an oppositely inclined outlet portion 2c. When the enlarged front portion 4a of a plug 4 is held right in the bearing portion 2a of the reducing die 2, the mother tube 7 is drawn through the bearing portion 2a and over the enlarged front portion 4a to form a drawn tube having a small outer diameter. In Figure 4(b), the enlarged front portion 4a of the plug 4 is passed leftwards through the bearing portion 2a and located adjacent to the outlet portion 2c. Then the mother tube 7 is drawn through the bearing portion 2a and around the small diameter portion 4b of the plug 4 to reduce the outer diameter of the drawn tube. Then, when the mother tube 7 is further advanced, the inner diameter of the mother tube 7 is widened by the enlarged front portion 4a of the plug 4 so as to draw a tube 7 having the same inner diameter as that of the enlarged front portion 4a of the plug 4 and having an outer diameter upset portion 7b larger than that of the drawn tube 7 produced by means of the reducing die 2 of Figure 4(a). Seamless metal tubes 7 drawn through conventional reducing dies 2 as described above have the following disadvantages: (1) The seamless mother tube 7 having a small inner diameter is drawn through the reducing die 2 of Figure 3(a) without any internal radial pressure, thus resulting in corrugation in and around the drawn tube. (2) In Figure 4(b), the mother tube 7 is drawn through the reducing die 2 with the plug 4 held in the bearing portion 2a and in the tube 7, to obtain a drawn tube 7 having one outer diameter but two different inner diameter upset portions 7b. The tube drawn through the bearing portion 2a and over and around the small diameter portion 4b of the plug 4 is widened by the enlarged front portion 4a of the plug 4 to obtain a drawn tube similar to that shown in Figures 7(a), (b) and (c), wherein d₄ denotes a large diameter bearing portion of the plug 4, d₂ a bearing portion diameter of the reducing die 2, d₁ a large diameter of the drawn tube 7, and d₃ a small diameter bearing portion of the plug 4 respectively. Accordingly, d₄ becomes an inner diameter of the drawn tube 7 and d₂ becomes a small outer diameter of the drawn tube 7. However, the large diameter d₁ of the drawn tube 7 is not directly related to the bearing portion diameters of the reducing die 2 and the plug 4, but is given by the following functional formula: d₁ = f (d₂, d₃, d₄) However, we cannot determine the values of d₁, d₂ and d₄ independently. In order to arrive at the most preferable values for d₁, d₂ and d₄, it is necessary to select the value sufficiently near the most suitable value among the various solutions of the functional formula of d₁ = f (d₂, d₃, d₄) We cannot, however, obtain the most suitable values for the diameters of d₁, d₂ and d₄. (3) The configuration of the drawn tube is limited to only two kinds, i.e. (a) one having one outer diameter but two unequal inner diameters; (b) another having one inner diameter but two unequal outer diameters. (4) The drawing force of the plug 4 is so small that the plug may be driven in its movement by a hydraulic cylinder, while on the other hand it is necessary to provide a balancing unit or a plurality of hydraulic cylinders to balance the reaction upon the strong drawing force of the plug 4, thus making the device complicated and expensive. Viewed from a first aspect the present invention provides a draw bench for drawing seamless metal tubes having an upset portion at each end, which comprises: a bed; a front stopper mounted at the central region of said bed and reinforced by a reinforcing member; a die control device which is arranged on said bed adjacent to said front stopper, said die control device comprising a rail mounted to extend longitudinally on said bed adjacent to said front stopper, a carriage movably mounted on said rail, a die holder provided on said carriage and having a central large diameter opening, a cylindrical holder secured to a rear face of said die holder and including a closed periphery reducing die concentrically abutting upon said central large diameter opening of said die holder and having an internal surface, a pair of hydraulic cylinders extending laterally at diametrically opposite peripheral portions on said rear face near its peripheral portion, rams each longitudinally connecting said hydraulic cylinders to the rear face of said front stopper, and a hydraulic unit connected to each hydraulic cylinder by means of a pipe; a plug control device arranged on said bed at the entry side thereof and coaxial with said die control device, said plug control device including a base rigidly mounted on said bed, said base including a rear stopper having a lateral opening and a rear post, a leading screw compressed-air cylinder rotatably and extending slidably through said lateral opening, a pair of nuts threaded on the extending portions of said leading screw compressed-air cylinder for restricting longitudinal transfer of said compressed-air cylinder, a plug locating main push-pull rod connected to a front end portion of said compressed-air cylinder, a compressed-air supply pipe connected to a rear portion of said cylinder, a compressed-air exhaust pipe connected to a front portion of said cylinder, a hydraulic cylinder laterally mounted on said rear post and connected to said rear portion of said compressed-air cylinder, and a hydraulic unit connected by means of a pipe to said hydraulic cylinder for longitudinal transfer of said plug; a plug secured to a front portion of said main push-pull rod; and a draw unit for drawing the mother tube which is to be drawn through the reducing die and around said plug, said unit including a carriage mounted on said bed on the exit side thereof, and a chuck with jaws for gripping the mother tube mounted on said carriage, said chuck and said carriage being axially aligned with said die, and said carriage being linked by means of a chain and a sprocket wheel with a geared reducer for longitudinal transfer of said chuck, whereby said die and said plug are longitudinally movable with respect to each other for diametrically changing the reducing area between the internal surface of said die and said plug, and said die and said plug may be held at selected positions. Viewed from a second aspect the invention provides a method of making seamless metal tubes having an upset portion at both ends using a draw bench in accordance with the first aspect of the invention which comprises the steps of: defining a reducing area between two relatively opposed movable members, the first member being a closed periphery reducing die and the second member being a plug secured at the front end portion of a main push-pull rod, said reducing die having an internal surface including an inlet portion which tapers rearwardly, a small diameter bearing portion, and an oppositely tapered outlet portion, said plug having a large diameter bearing portion between a rearwardly tapered portion and a small diameter bearing portion shaped forwardly; characterised in that it further comprises moving the reducing die and the plug longitudinally with respect to each other to selected positions to form radially extending, longitudinally unequal reducing areas; securing the reducing die and the plug at the selected positions; and drawing the mother tube through the reducing die and around the plug which is concentrically arranged with respect to the reducing die and in that, at at least one of the selected positions, the large diameter bearing portion of the plug is radially aligned with the outlet portion of the reducing die. Referring now to the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 is a cross-section of a seamless metal tube made by a conventional process such as by casting, lathing or hot forging, with its midbody partially cut away; Figure 2(a) is a side elevation of a conventional draw bench, with the chain drive portion of its draw unit partially cut away; Figure 2(b) is an enlarged detailed vertical sectional view of a reducing die, a plug and a mother tube as shown in Figure 2(a), particularly showing the manner in which the mother tube is drawn through the reducing die and around the plug; Figure 3(a) and 3(b) are fragmentary axial sectional views of the reducing die and the plug of Figure 2(a), showing some conventional drawing steps for drawing seamless metal tubes; Figures 4(a) and 4(b) are similar fragmentary axial sectional views of the reducing die and the plug of Figure 2(a), showing other conventional drawing steps for drawing ordinary seamless metal tubes; Figure 5(a) is a side elevation, partly in section, of a draw bench which embodies one form of the present invention; Figure 5(b) is a greatly enlarged detailed vertical sectional view of the die control device of the draw bench of Figure 5(a); Figure 5(c) is a greatly enlarged detailed vertical sectional view of the hydraulic cylinder which is secured to a rear face of the die holder shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b); Figure 6 is a greatly enlarged detailed vertical sectional view of the plug control device of the apparatus of Figure 5(a); Figures 7(a) is an enlarged vertical section of a reducing die, a mother tube and a plug as used in practising this invention, with the large diameter bearing of the plug approaching an inlet portion of the reducing die; Figure 7(b) is a view similar to Figure 7(a) but with the large diameter bearing of the plug located at the small diameter bearing portion of the reducing die; Figure 7(c) is again a view similar to Figure 7(a), showing the large diameter bearing of the plug located at the forwardly tapered outlet portion; Figure 8(a) is a cross-section of a seamless metal tube which has been drawn through a draw bench according to this invention, and having an inner upset portion at each end; Figure 8(b) is a similar cross-section of a seamless metal tube drawn through the present draw bench, and having an inner upset portion at one end and an outer upset portion at the other end; Figure 8(c) is a similar cross-section of a seamless metal tube drawn through the present draw bench, and having an outer upset portion at both ends; and Figure 9 is a cross-section of two seamless metal tubes, partially cut away, which are screw-threadedly joined to each other through the upset portions at their ends. The method of this invention is characterised in that the cross-sectional reducing area between the reducing die and the plug is preferably changed in accordance with the desired forms of a mother tube to be drawn by longitudinally transferring the reducing die and the plug and fixing them at the selected positions. The apparatus of Figures 1 to 4 having already been described when discussing the prior art arrangements illustrated therein, we turn now to Figures 5(a) and 6 showing an embodiment of this invention. A draw bench 10 comprises a bed 12 which is usually fixed on the floor, and a front stopper 14 which is mounted at the middle portion of the bed 12 and is reinforced by a reinforcing member 18, the stopper 14 having a large central opening 16. As shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b), a die control device 20, which is arranged on the bed 12 adjacent to the front stopper 14, includes a rail 22 extending longitudinally on the bed 12, and a carriage 24 mounted movably on the rail 22. A die holder 26 rigidly secured on the carriage 24 has a large diameter central opening 28, and a cylindrical holder 46 including a closed periphery reducing die 2 is secured to a rear face of the die holder 26 in line with the central large diameter opening 28 thereof. A pair of hydraulic cylinders 34 extend in the axial direction at diametrically opposite peripheral regions of the rear face of the die holder 26, one end portion of each of the hydraulic cylinders penetrating through the die holder 26 and being connected to the rear face of the front stopper 14 by means of a ram 42. As particularly shown in Figure 5(c), a pair of axially extending cylindrical recesses 28 are formed in the rear face of the die holder 26 near its outer periphery, and a small opening 32 is formed through the floor 30 of each cavity 28. A large diameter flange 44 of a respective one of the rams 42 is inserted into each recess 28, the ram penetrating through the small opening 32 and being connected to the rear face of the front stopper 14. The front end of the piston rod 36 of each hydraulic cylinder 34 is coupled to a lug 40 which is provided at a central rear face of the large diameter flange 44, and the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 34 is secured to the rear face of the die holder 26 to abut around the recess 28 therein. In this way, the front face 44a of the large diameter flange 44 provided at the end of the ram 42 is brought into contact with the floor 30 of the cylindrical recess 28 when the piston (not shown) within the hydraulic cylinder 34 is advanced forwardly. The hydraulic cylinder 34 produces a pushing force which is larger than a tube drawing force, of for instance 150 - 200 tons. In order to secure the die holder 26 at the desired position, the large diameter flange 44 is preferably brought into contact with the recess floor 30. The hydraulic cylinders 34 are connected to a hydraulic unit 50 by a pipe 48. A plug control device 60 shown in Figure 6 is arranged on the bed 12 at the entry side thereof and is coaxial with the die control device 20. The plug control device 60 includes a base 62 which is rigidly mounted on the bed 12, a rear stopper 64 having an axially extending opening 66, and a rear post 68, the rear stopper 64 being reinforced on both sides by a pair of reinforcing members 65. A leading screw compressed-air cylinder 70 having a small radial opening 71 through its periphery extends rotatably through the opening 66, and a pair of nuts 72 and 74 are screwed on the respective outwardly extending portions of the compressed-air cylinder 70. A rear end cover 82 including a flexible compressed air supply pipe 76 is screwed on the rear end of the cylinder 70, and a front cover 84 having a central opening 86 and a small radial opening 87 is screwed on the front end of the cylinder 70. Prior to screwing on the front cover 84, a rear portion of a main push-pull rod 88 is closely fitted through the central opening 86 of the front cover 84 to allow a large diameter flange 89 to be located within the hollow cylinder 70 when the cover 84 is screwed on the front end of the cylinder. When the cover 84 is screwed on, the small radial opening 71 of the cylinder 70 is aligned with the radial small opening 87 in the cover, into which a flexible compress-air exhaust pipe 78 is connected. The large diameter flange 89 of the push-pull rod 88 is connected to a piston 80 within the cylinder 70. A front portion of an axially extending hydraulic cylinder 90 which is mounted on the rear post 68 is coupled to the rear end of the cylinder 70 by a ram 92, the rear end of which is connected to a hydraulic unit 96 by a pipe 94. As shown in Figures 7(a) - 7(c), a plug 100 is secured to a front end portion of the main push-pull rod 88 by a shank 98, and the plug 100 includes a large diameter bearing portion 102 of diameter d₄, a forwardly tapered portion 104, and a small diameter bearing portion 106 of diameter d₃. In use of the draw bench 10, the left-hand nut 74 is rotatably brought into contact with the front face 64b of the rear stopper 64 to determine the right stop position, while the right-hand nut 72 is rotatably brought into contact with the rear face 64a thereof to determine the left stop position. To carry out drawing, the reducing die 2 and the plug 100 are moved to their stop positions by the hydraulic units 50 and 96 respectively, which are connected by the pipes 48 and 94 to the hydraulic units 50 and 96. The reducing die 2 has an internal surface including an inlet portion 2b which tapers rearwardly, a small diameter bearing or throat portion 2a, and an oppositely inclined outlet portion 2c. A draw unit 110 is arranged on the exit side of the bed 12 and comprises a carriage 112 mounted on rollers travelling on the bed 12, the carriage 112 carrying a hook 118 and a chuck 114 for gripping the front tip 7a of the mother tube or workpiece 7. The carriage 112 is driven by an endless chain 120 passing around a driven sprocket 122 and a driving sprocket wheel (not shown) mounted in the bed 12. Drawing operations are schematically shown in Figures 7(a) - 7(c). The die holder 26 is located at the left stop position as shown in Figure 5(a) to locate the large diameter bearing portion 102 (d₄) of the plug 100 at the rearwardly tapered inlet portion 2b as shown in Figure 7(a), while the plug control device 60 is located at the right stop position as in Figure 6 for drawing the mother tube 7. In Figure 7(b) the die holder 26 is shown located at the left stop position and the plug locating main rod 88 is also located at the left stop position to hold the large diameter bearing portion 102 (d₄) of the plug 100 at the throat portion 2a of the reducing die 2, so as to draw the mother tube 7 to have an inner peripheral upset portion 7b at each end. A drawn tube 7 having an inner peripheral upset portion 7b at one end and an outer peripheral upset portion 7b at the other end, as shown in Figure 8(b), can be obtained by means of the successive steps shown in Figures 7(a), (b) and (c). A drawn tube 7 having an inner peripheral upset portion 7b at each end can be produced through the continuous steps shown in Figures 7(a), (b) and (a). Finally, a drawn tube having an outer peripheral upset portion 7b at each end as shown in Figure 8 (c) can be formed by the steps shown in Figures 7(c), (b) and (c). The die holder 26 and the plug locating main rod 88 are driven to move with each other by means of the hydraulic units 50 and 96 which are mounted on the bed 12, taking account of the relative speeds of the drawn tube 7, the reducing die 2 and the plug 100. After drawing, the plug 100 is again brought back to the starting position by the plug control device 60, while the die holder 26 is also returned to the starting position by the die control device 20. An example of a drawn tube 7 having an upset portion 7b at each end and formed in accordance with this invention is given below. As is clear from the foregoing description and the Example, the preferred draw bench in accordance with the present invention considerably improves the drawing steps, drawing rate, reduction of area and the like, and may advantageously be used to draw seamless metal tubes having upset portions at both ends. It will thus be seen that this invention, at least in its preferred embodiments, provides a novel and improved method of cold drawing seamless metal tubes having an upset portion at both ends; wherein a reducing area between a reducing die and a plug is radially changed to draw a seamless metal tube having upset portions at both ends; wherein the drawing action is sufficiently reliable and reproducible to ensure that each and every mother tube is ready to undergo drawing under reduction for forming unequal diameter upset portions at both ends; whereby a reducing die and a plug having unequal diameter bearing portions are movable with each other and are securable at selected positions in order to draw a seamless metal tube having upset portions at both ends; whereby the reducing die and the plug are longitudinally movable to a number of different positions but remain at a standstill once they assume the selected positions, to obtain a plurality of reducing areas between the reducing die and the plug; whereby seamless metal tubes may be formed each having an upset portion at both ends without forging, casting or welding; whereby seamless metal tubes may be formed each having an upset portion at both ends, which have no alteration in the structure, in the strength of the upset end portions and of the midbody of the drawn tube, but has dimensional stability in all areas thereof; wherein a draw bench for drawing such seamless metal tubes is provided which has no scales, but has tighter tolerance, thus enabling threading of the tubes without prior machining, and whereby precise threading can be achieved and threading efficiency can be remarkably improved, and which draw bench can be driven easily, quietly and smoothly.

Claims: A draw bench (10) for drawing seamless metal tubes having an upset portion at each end, which comprises: a bed (12); a front stopper (14) mounted at the central region of said bed (12) and reinforced by a reinforcing member (18); a die control device (20) which is arranged on said bed (12) adjacent to said front stopper (14), said die control device (20) comprising a rail (22) mounted to extend longitudinally on said bed (12) adjacent to said front stopper (14), a carriage (24) movably mounted on said rail (22), a die holder (26) provided on said carriage (24) and having a central large diameter opening (28), a cylindrical holder (46) secured to a rear face of said die holder and including a closed periphery reducing die (2) concentrically abutting upon said central large diameter opening (28) of said die holder (26) and having an internal surface, a pair of hydraulic cylinders (34) extending laterally at diametrically opposite peripheral portions on said rear face near its peripheral portion, rams (42) each longitudinally connecting said hydraulic cylinders (34) to the rear face of said front stopper (14), and a hydraulic unit (50) connected to each hydraulic cylinder (34) by means of a pipe (48); a plug control device (60) arranged on said bed (12) at the entry side thereof and coaxial with said die control device (20), said plug control device (60) including a base (62) rigidly mounted on said bed (12), said base (62) including a rear stopper (64) having a lateral opening (66) and a rear post (68), a leading screw compressed-air cylinder (70) rotatably and extending slidably through said lateral opening (66), a pair of nuts (72, 74) threaded on the extending portions of said leading screw compressed-air cylinder (70) for restricting longitudinal transfer of said compressed-air cylinder (70), a plug (100) locating main push-pull rod (88) connected to a front end portion of said compressed-air cylinder (70), a compressed-air supply pipe (76) connected to a rear portion of said cylinder (70), a compressed-air exhaust pipe (78) connected to a front portion of said cylinder (70), a hydraulic cylinder (90) laterally mounted on said rear post (68) and connected to said rear portion of said compressed-air cylinder (70), and a hydraulic unit (96) connected by means of a pipe (94) to said hydraulic cylinder (90) for longitudinal transfer of said plug (100); a plug (100) secured to a front portion of said main push-pull rod (88); and a draw unit (110) for drawing the mother tube which is to be drawn through the reducing die (2) and around said plug (100), said unit (110) including a carriage (112) mounted on said bed (12) on the exit side thereof, and a chuck (114) with jaws for gripping the mother tube mounted on said carriage (112), said chuck (114) and said carriage (112) being axially aligned with said die (2), and said carriage (112) being linked by means of a chain (120) and a sprocket wheel with a geared reducer for longitudinal transfer of said chuck (114), whereby said die (2) and said plug (100) are longitudinally movable with respect to each other for diametrically changing the reducing area between the internal surface of said die (2) and said plug (100), and said die (2) and said plug (100) may be held at selected positions. A draw bench as claimed in claim 1, wherein said closed periphery reducing die (2) has an internal surface including an inlet portion (2b) which tapers rearwardly, a small diameter bearing portion (2a), and a forwardly tapered outlet portion (2c). A draw bench as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said plug (100) has a large diameter bearing portion (102) between a rearwardly tapered portion and a small diameter bearing portion (106) shaped forwardly. A method of making seamless metal tubes having an upset portion at both ends using a draw bench as claimed in any of claims 1, 2 or 3, which comprises the following steps: defining a reducing area between two relatively opposed movable members, the first member being a closed periphery reducing die (2) and the second member being a plug (100) secured at the front end portion of a main push-pull rod (88), said reducing die (2) having an internal surface including an inlet portion (2b) which tapers rearwardly, a small diameter bearing portion (2a), and an oppositely tapered outlet portion (2c), said plug (100) having a large diameter bearing portion (102) between a rearwardly tapered portion and a small diameter bearing (106) portion shaped forwardly; characterised in that it further comprises moving the reducing die (2) and the plug (100) longitudinally with respect to each other to selected positions to form radially extending, longitudinally unequal reducing areas; securing the reducing die (2) and the plug (100) at the selected positions; and drawing the mother tube through the reducing die (2) and around the plug (100) which is concentrically arranged with respect to the reducing die (2) and in that, at at least one of the selected positions, the large diameter bearing portion (102) of the plug (100) is radially aligned with the outlet portion (2c) of the reducing die (2).

Inventors: SAKURAI, TOSHIO, SUNAGA, YUTAKA
Applicants: SANWA KOKAN CO. LTD.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: B21C1
IPC codes: B21C37, B21C1