ENHANCED SCATTERING IN VOLTAGE SENSITIVE ENCAPSULTED LIQUID CRYSTAL

Abstract: Encapsulated liquid crystal material in a support medium illuminated from the viewing side or direction or though a louvred light guide from the back side will appear bright or white relative to background when in distorted alignment, e.g. in the absence of an electric field. Incident light impinging on the liquid crystal material is isotropically scattered into the support medium, and using the principle of total internal reflection and possibly also optical interference a relatively large part of the isotropically scattered light is directed back to illuminate the distorted liquid crystal material tending to brighten the same so that light it scatters back to the viewing direction out of the support medium causes the liquid crystal material to appear relatively light or bright as compared to the background where there is no liquid crystal material or where the liquid crystal material is in parallel alignment in field-on condition, i.e aligned with respect to an electric field, and, thus, substantially transmissive. Original incident light where there is no liquid crystal material, that light which is isotropi­ cally scattered toward the back or non-viewing side of the display and within a certain cone or solid angle, and that light passing through aligned (field-on) liquid crystal material will tend not to be totally internally reflected; such light will pass through the support medium and may be absorbed by a remote black or colored material.

Description: The present invention relates generally to liquid crystals, apparatus incorporating liquid crystals, and to methods of making and using such liquid crystal apparatus. Liquid crystal material currently is used in a wide variety of devices, including, for example, optical devices such as visual displays. A property of liquid crystals enabling use in visual displays is the ability to scatter and/or to absorb light when the liquid crystals are in a random alignment and the ability to transmit light when the liquid crystals are in an ordered alignment. Frequently a visual display using liquid crystals displays dark characters on a grey or relatively light background. In various circumstances it would be desirable, though, using liquid crystal material to be able to display with facility relatively bright characters or other information, etc. on a relatively dark background. It would be desirable as well to improve the effective contrast between the character displayed and the background of the display itself. An example of electrically responsive liquid crystal material and use thereof is found in U.S. Patent No. 3,322,485. Certain types of liquid crystal material are responsive to temperature, changing the optical characteristics, such as the random or ordered alignment of the liquid crystal material, in response to temperature of the liquid crystal material. Currently there are three categories of liquid crystal materials, namely cholesteric, nematic and smectic. U.S. Patent No. 3600060 discloses an article of manufacture comprising a pair of spaced electrodes and located therebetween a cholesteric liquid crystalline member chromatically responsive to the electric field imposed due to the electrodes and comprising a plurality of individual minute, naked droplets of cholesteric liquid crystal material confined in a substantially continuous polymeric matrix. The present invention employs operationally nematic liquid crystal material, i.e. it acts as nematic material and not as the other types. Operationally nematic means that in the absence of external fields structural distortion of the liquid crystal is dominated by the orientation of the liquid crystal at its boundaries rather than bulk effects, such as very strong twists as in cholesteric material, or layering as in smectic material. Thus, for example, chiral ingredients which induce a tendency to twist but cannot overcome the effects of boundary alignment still would be operationally nematic. Such material should have a positive dielectric anisotropy. Although various characteristics of the various liquid crystal materials are described in the prior art, one known characteristic is that of reversibility. Particularly, nematic liquid crystal material is known to be reversible, but cholesteric material ordinarily is not reversible. Preferably, the invention employs a nematic liquid crystal material or a combination of nematic and some cholesteric material, provided that the combination is operationally nematic material. It is also known to add pleochroic dyes to liquid crystal material. One advantage to using pleochroic dye with the liquid crystal material is the eliminating of a need for a polarizer. However, in the nematic form a pleochroic device has relatively low contrast. In the past cholesteric material could be added to the nematic material together with the dye to improve contrast ratio. See for example the White et al article in Journal of Applied Physics , Vol. 45, No. 11, November 1974, at pages 4718-4723. However, although nematic material is reversible, depending on whether or not an electric field is applied across the same, cholesteric material ordinarily would not tend to its original zero field form when the electric field would be removed. Another disadvantage to use of pleochroic dye in solution with liquid crystal material is that the absorption of the dye is not zero in the field-on condition; rather, absorption in the field-on condition follows an ordering parameter, which relates to or is a function of the relative alignment of the dyes. Usually liquid crystal material is anisotropic both optically (birefringence) and, for example in the case of nematic material, electrically. The optical anisotropy is manifest by the scattering of light when the liquid crystal material is in random alignment, and the transmission of light through the liquid crystal material when it is in ordered alignment. The electrical anisotropy may be a relationship between the dielectric constant or dielectric coefficient with respect to the alignment of the liquid crystal material. In the past, devices using liquid crystals, such as visual display devices, have been relatively small. Use of encapsulated liquid crystals disclosed in our PCT published Specification No WO/83/01016 has enabled the satisfactory use of liquid crystals in relatively large size displays, such as billboards, etc., as is disclosed in such application; and another large (or small) scale use may be as an optical shutter to control passage of light from one area into another, say at a window or window-like area of a building. The present invention relates to improvements in such encapsulated liquid crystals and to the utilization of the light scattering characteristic of the liquid crystal material as opposed, for example, to the light absorption (usually with pleochroic dye) characteristic thereof. The invention also relates to the use of such material and characteristics, for example, to obtain a relatively bright character or information displayed on a relatively dark or colored background in both small and large displays as an optical shutter, and so on. Such large displays and shutters may be about one square foot surface area or even larger. In accordance with the present invention the liquid crystal material is of the encapsulated type. As used herein with respect to the present invention, encapsulated liquid crystal material means liquid crystal material in a substantially closed containment medium, such as discrete capsules or cells, and preferably may be in the form of an emulsion of the liquid crystal material and the containment medium. Such emulsion should be a stable one. Various methods for making and using encapsulated liquid crystal material and apparatus associated therewith are disclosed below and in our above mentioned PCT Specification. One typical prior art display may include a support medium and liquid crystal material supported thereby. The display is relatively flat and is viewed from a viewing side from which a so-called front surface is viewed. The back surface of the support medium may have a light reflective coating tending to make the same appear relatively bright in comparison to relatively dark characters formed at areas where there is liquid crystal material. (Back, front, top, bottom, etc. are only for convenience; there is no constraint that in operation the viewing direction must be, for example, as shown from only the top, etc.). When the liquid crystal material is in ordered alignment incident light from the viewing direction passes through the liquid crystal material to the light reflective coating and also where there is no liquid crystal material passes directly to the light reflective coating; and no character is observed from the viewing direction. However, when the liquid crystal material is in random alignment, it will absorb some and scatter some incident light thereby to form a relatively dark character on a relatively light color background, for example of gray or other color depending on the type of light reflective coating. In this type of display it is undesirable for the liquid crystal material to scatter light because some of that scattered light will be directed back in the viewing direction thereby reducing the darkness or contrast of the character relative to the background of the display. Pleochroic dye often is added to the liquid crystal material to increase absorbence and, thus, contrast when the liquid crystal material is in random alignment. According to one aspect, the invention provides an apparatus for controllably affecting the transmission of light comprising liquid crystal material microencapsulated in a containment medium, a support for supporting said liquid crystal material, and means for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal material, characterised in that the liquid crystal material is operationally nematic, and is operative for selectively primarily, in the absence of the field, scattering light or, in response to the field, transmitting light, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a reflecting means for effecting total internal reflection of light scattered by said liquid crystal material back to this liquid crystal material, the apparatus being operative such that unscattered light substantially is not totally internally reflected. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of displaying a character or other information on a background using liquid crystal material microencapsulated in a containment medium, a support for supporting said liquid crystal material and means for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal material, characterised in that the liquid crystal material is arranged in a pattern, is operationally nematic and is operated, in the absence of the field, to scatter light or, in response to the field, to transmit light, and in that light scattered by said liquid crystal material is reflected back to the liquid crystal material by total internal reflection to brighten the same liquid crystal material, and to substantially transmit without total internal reflection such light that is transmitted without being scattered. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method of making the apparatus in accordance with the invention, comprising forming encapsulated liquid crystal material as operationally nematic material, and placing the encapsulated liquid crystal material in or on a support that has an optical total internal reflection characteristic. Various preferred features and embodiments of the invention will be described below. By scattering light, the liquid crystal yields a white or bright appearance character,information etc.,especially relative to background,when in a field-off or distorted alignment condition and a coloured or dark appearance, e.g. the same as background, when a liquid crystal material is in field-on parallel or ordered alignment condition. Preferably the liquid crystal material is nearly completely isotropically scattering when in distorted alignment. Isotropic scattering means that when a beam of light enters the liquid crystal material there is virtually no way to predict the exit angle of scattered light. As it is used herein with respect to the invention, the terms distorted alignment, random alignment and field-off condition mean essentially the same thing; namely, that the directional orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is distorted to an effectively curved configuration. Such distortion is effected, for example, by the wall of respective capsules. The particular distorted alignment of liquid crystal material in a given capsule usually always will be substantially the same in the absence of an electric field. On the other hand, as it is used herein with respect to the invention, parallel aligned, ordered alignment, and field-on condition means that the liquid crystal material e.g. in a capsule is generally aligned with respect to an externally applied electric field. The liquid crystal apparatus according to the invention may produce relatively bright or white characters, information, etc., on a relatively dark background; the bright character is produced by liquid crystal material that is randomly aligned; the background is caused, for example, by liquid crystal material that is in ordered alignment and, thus, substantially optically transparent and/or by areas of the display where there is no liquid crystal material. When the liquid crystal material is in parallel or ordered alignment, only the relatively dark background, e.g., formed by an absorber, would appear. The foregoing may be accomplished using relatively low power requirements, minimum liquid crystal material, and illumination either from the viewing side or direction or from the back or non-viewing side of the display. The principles of the invention also may be used in an optical shutter or light control device to control brightness, for example. In a preferred embodiment the liquid crystal material is of the encapsulated type that will cause substantially isotropic scattering of light incident thereon, including the scattering of some of such light back in the viewing direction toward, for example, the eye of an observer. The liquid crystal is operationally nematic, and preferably has a positive dielectric anisotropy, and an ordinary index of refraction that substantially matches that of the containment or encapsulating medium therefor. In one embodiment, a large quantity of light that is isotropically scattered by the liquid crystal material is totally internally reflected by the support medium back to the liquid crystal material thereby illuminating the same and causing further isotropic scattering and brightening of the appearance of the liquid crystal material, for example to the eye of an observer. The internal reflectance characteristic of the support medium may be effected by the interface of such back surface with another medium, such as a solid, liquid, or gas, even including air, with the constraint that the index of refraction of the support medium is greater than the index of refraction of such other medium. The support medium may comprise several components, including, for example, the containment/encapsulating material (or that with which the liquid crystal material is in emulsion), additional quantities of such encapsulating or other material, a mounting medium, such as a plastic-like film or glass, etc., all of which will be described in further detail below. The back surface of the support medium may be optically transmissive so that light that reaches such surface in a direction substantially normal thereto will be transmitted. A light absorbing black or colored material beyond such back surface can help darken or color the apparent background on which the characters formed by liquid crystal material appear. Ordered alignment of the liquid crystal material will at least substantially eliminate the isotropic scattering so that substantially all the light passing through the liquid crystal material will also pass through the back surface of the support medium. In an alternate embodiment, a tuned dielectric coating may be applied, e.g. by evaporation techniques, to the back surface of the support medium to effect selective constructive and destructive optical interference. The thickness of such tuned dielectric coating will be a function of lambda (λ) divided by 2, lambda being the wavelength of light employed with the apparatus. Constructive interference will enhance the internal reflection, especially by reducing the solid angle within which light would not be totally internally reflected in the support medium; and, therefore, such interference will further brighten the appearance of the liquid crystal material characters. Incident illumination for a liquid crystal display embodying the invention may be from the front or viewing side. Alternatively, incident illumination may be from the back side, preferably through a mask or director to direct light fully transmitted by the liquid crystal material out of the field or angle of view at the viewing side. However, light scattered by the liquid crystal material within the viewing angle would be seen. Moreover, a cholesteric material may be added to the nematic liquid crystal material to expedite return of the latter to distorted alignment pattern following in general the configuration of the capsule or cell wall when the electric field is turned off, especially when the capsules are relatively large. Also, if desired, a viscosity controlling additive may be mixed with the liquid crystal. Further, an additive to the liquid crystal may be used to help force a preferred alignment of the liquid crystal structure in a capsule. These and other embodiments of the invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, these being indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed. In the annexed drawings: Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of a liquid crystal device in accordance with the present invention; Figs. 2 and 3 are enlarged schematic illustrations of an embodiment of a liquid crystal capsule in accordance with the present invention respectively under a no-field or field-off condition and under an applied electric field or field-on condition; Figs. 4 and 5 are schematic representations of a liquid crystal apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention, respectively in a no-field condition and in an applied electric field condition; Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of a liquid crystal apparatus in accordance with the present invention using an air gap to cause total internal reflection; Figs. 7 and 8 are schematic representations of another embodiment of liquid crystal apparatus in accordance with the present invention employing optical interference principles respectively under a no-field condition and under an applied electric field condition; Fig. 9 is an isometric view of a liquid crystal display apparatus in accordance with the present invention and which may be formed of any of the embodiments disclosed herein; Fig. 10 is a fragmentary schematic elevation view of another embodiment of liquid crystal apparatus using continuous layers of liquid crystal material and interrupted electrodes; Fig. 11 is a schematic isometric view, partly broken away, of the embodiment of Fig. 10; Fig. 12 is a schematic view of an approximately proportioned liquid crystal display according to the invention showing a more accurately representative size relationship of the support medium layers and encapsulated liquid crystal layer for several embodiments herein; Fig. 13 is a schematic illustration of a nematic liquid crystal capsule with cholosteric material additive, which may be used with several embodiments herein; Figs. 14 and 15 are schematic illustrations of still another embodiment of liquid crystal apparatus with a light control film director provided with incident illumination from the non-viewing side, respectively, in the field on and field off conditions; Fig. 16 is a schematic illustration similar to Figs. 14 and 15 but with the light control film director cemented to the support medium; and Fig. 17 is a schematic illustration like Figs. 2 and 3 showing an alternate embodiment of encapsulated liquid crystal. Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, encapsulated liquid crystal material used in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. In Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a liquid crystal apparatus 10 in accordance with the present invention. The apparatus 10 includes encapsulated liquid crystal material 11 represented by a single capsule in Figs. 1-3. Although the capsules illustrated in the drawings are shown in two dimensions and, therefore, planar form, it will be appreciated that the capsules are three dimensional, most preferably spherical. The capsule 11 is shown mounted in a preferably transparent support medium 12 having upper and lower portions 12a, 12b which may be integral with each other. The apparatus 10 also includes a pair of electrodes 13, 14 for applying an electric field across the liquid crystal material when a switch 15 is closed to energize the electrodes from a conventional voltage source 16. A primary feature of the present invention is that such encapsulated liquid crystal material will isotropically scatter light impinging thereon when in a field-off random alignment condition; and in the field-on orderly aligned condition, such material will be substantially optically transparent. The capsule 11 may be one of many capsules that are discretely formed or, more preferably, that are formed by mixing the liquid crystal material with a so-called encapsulating material or containment medium to form an emulsion, preferably a stable one. The emulsion may be applied to or sandwiched between the support media portions 12a, 12b, and electrodes 13, 14, as is illustrated. If desired, the support medium 12 and the so-called encapsulating material or containment medium may be the same material. As a further alternative, the upper and lower support medium portions 12a, 12b, or one of them, may be a plastic-like, glass, or like, preferably transparent, mounting material. In this latter case the electrodes 13, 14 may be applied to such mounting material and the encapsulated liquid crystal material/emulsion, including many capsules 11, for example, may be sandwiched between such mounting material 12a, 12b to form the apparatus 10, as will be described in further detail below. A reflectance medium 18 forms an interface 19 with the lower support medium portion 12b to obtain the desired total internal reflection function. Due to the total internal reflection principle of operation, the liquid crystal material in the capsule 11 will be illuminated by incident light, for example represented by a light beam 17, and with light that it isotropically scatters in the apparatus 10 so that from the viewing area 20 beyond the upper support medium portion 12a, the liquid crystal material 11 will appear white or relatively bright when under a no-field condition, e.g. the switch 15 is open. Although such isotropic scattering (and some absorption, especially with a pleochroic dye present in the encapsulated liquid crystal material) occurs in our invention disclosed in the above mentioned PCT Specification No. WO/83/01016, the total internal reflection principle of the present invention enhances scattering and, thus, brightens the visual/optical appearance of characters formed by the encapsulated liquid crystal material. A light absorbing layer 21 of black or colored material may be applied to the bottom or back surface of the reflectance medium 18 remote from the interface 19 to absorb light incident on the layer 21. The electrode 13 may be vacuum deposited indium tin oxide applied to the lower support medium portion 12b, and the electrode 14 may be electrically conductive ink applied directly to the liquid crystal material or could be like the electrode 13. Other electrode material and mounting means therefor also may be used for either electrode. Examples include tin oxide and antimony doped tin oxide. Preferably the electrodes are relatively thin, for example, about 200 angstroms (20nm) thick, and transparent so that they do not significantly affect the optics of the liquid crystal apparatus 10. The encapsulated liquid crystal material 11 includes liquid crystal 30 contained within the confines or interior volume 31 of a capsule 32. Each capsule 32 may be a discrete one or alternatively the liquid crystal 30 may be contained in a stable emulsion of a containment medium or so-called encapsulating material 33 that tends to form a multitude of capsule-like environments for containing the liquid crystal material. For convenience of illustration, the capsules 32 are shown as discrete capsules in and preferably formed of the overall quantity of containment medium or encapsulating material 33. Preferably the capsule 32 is generally spherical, and the liquid crystal 30 is nematic or operationally nematic liquid crystal material having positive dielectric anisotropy. However, the principles of the invention would apply when the capsule 32 is of a shape other than spherical; such shape should provide the desired optical and electrical characteristics that will satisfactorily coact with the optical characteristics of the liquid crystal material 30, e.g. index of refraction, and will permit an adequate portion of the electric field to occur across the liquid crystal 30 itself for effecting desired ordered or parallel alignment of the liquid crystal when it is desired to have a field-on condition. The shape also should tend to distort the liquid crystal material when in a field-off or random alignment condition. A particular advantage to the preferred spherical configuration of the capsule 32 is the distortion it effects on the liquid crystal 30 therein when in a field-off condition. This distortion is due, at least in part, to the relative sizes of the capsules and the pitch of the liquid crystal; they preferably are about the same or at least about the same order of magnitude. Moreover, nematic liquid crystal material has fluid-like properties that facilitate the conformance or the distortion thereof to the shape of the capsule wall in the absence of an electric field. On the other hand, in the presence of an electric field such nematic material will relatively easily change to ordered alignment with respect to such field. Liquid crystal material of a type other than nematic or combinations of various types of liquid crystal material and/or other additives may be used with or substituted for the preferred nematic liquid crystal material as long as the encapsulated liquid crystal is operationally nematic. However, cholesteric and smectic liquid crystal material generally are bulk driven. It is more difficult to break up the bulk structure thereof for conformance to capsule wall shape and energy considerations in the capsule. Turning to Figs. 2 and 3, a schematic representation of the single capsule 32 containing liquid crystal 30 is shown, respectively, in the field-off and field-on conditions. The capsules 32 have a generally smooth curved interior wall surface 50 defining the boundary for the volume 31. The actual dimensional parameters of the wall surface 50 and of the overall capsule 32 are related to the quantity of liquid crystal 30 contained therein and possibly to other characteristics of the individual liquid crystal material therein. Additionally, the capsule 32 applies a force to the liquid crystals 30 tending to pressurize or at least to maintain substantially constant the pressure within the volume 31. As a result of the foregoing, and due to the surface wetting nature of the liquid crystal, the liquid crystals which ordinarily in free form would tend to be parallel, although perhaps randomly distributed, are distorted to curve in a direction that generally is parallel to a relatively proximate portion of the interior wall surface 50. Due to such distortion the liquid crystals store elastic energy. For simplicity of illustration, a layer 51 of liquid crystal molecules whose directional orientation is represented by respective dashed lines 52 is shown in closest proximity to the interior wall surface 50. The directional orientation of the liquid crystal molecules 52 is distorted to curve in the direction that is parallel to a proximate area of the wall surface 50. The directional pattern of the liquid crystal molecules away from the boundary layer 52 within the capsule is represented by 53. The liquid crystal molecules are directionally represented in layers, but it will be appreciated that the molecules themselves are not confined to such layers. Thus, the organization in an individual capsule is predetermined by the organization of the structure 52 at the wall and is fixed unless acted on by outside forces, e.g. an electric field. On removal of the electric field the directional orientation would revert brick to the original one, such as that shown in Fig. 2. Nematic type material usually assumes a parallel configuration and usually is optical polarization direction sensitive. However, since the material 52 in the encapsulated liquid crystal 11 is distorted or forced to curved form in the full three dimensions of the capsule 32, such nematic liquid crystal material in such capsule takes on an improved characteristic of being insensitive to the direction of optical polarization of incident light. The inventor has discovered, moreover, that when the liquid crystal material 30 in the capsule 32 has pleochroic dye dissolved therein, such dye, which ordinarily also would be expected to have optical polarization sensitivity, no longer is polarization sensitive because the dye tends to follow the same kind of curvature orientation or distortion as that of the individual liquid crystal molecules 52. The liquid crystal 30 in the capsule 32 has a discontinuity 55 in the generally spherical orientation thereof due to the inability of the liquid crystal to align uniformly in a manner compatible with parallel alignment with the wall 50 and a requirement for minimum elastic energy. Such discontinuity is in three dimensions and is useful to effect a distorting of the liquid crystal 30 further to decrease the possibility that the liquid crystal 30 would be sensitive to optical polarization direction of incident light. The discontinuity protrusion 55 would tend to cause scattering and absorption within the capsule, and the tangential or parallel alignment of the liquid crystal molecules with respect to portions of the interior wall surface 50 of the capsules both cause scattering and absorption within the capsule 32. When the electric field is applied, for example, as is shown in Fig. 3, the discontinuity will no longer exist so that such discontinuity will have a minimum effect on optical transmission when the encapsulated liquid crystal 11 is in a field-on or aligned condition. Although the foregoing discussion has been in terms of a homogeneous orientation of the liquid crystal material (parallel to the capsule wall), such is not a requisite of the invention. All that is generally required is that the interaction between the wall and the liquid crystal produce an orientation in the liquid crystal near that wall that is generally uniform and piecewise continuous, so that the spatial average orientation of the liquid crystal material over the capsule volume is strongly curved and there is no substantial parallel direction of orientation of the liquid crystal structure in the absence of an electric field. It is this strongly curved orientation that results in the scattering and polarization insensitivity in the field-off condition. In the field-on condition, or any other condition which results in the liquid crystal being in ordered or parallel alignment, as is shown in Fig. 3, the encapsulated liquid crystal 11 will transmit substantially all the light incident thereon and will tend not to be visible in the support medium 12. On the other hand, in the field-off condition when the liquid crystal is in distorted alignment, sometimes referred to herein as random alignment, for example as is shown in Fig. 2, some of the incident light will be absorbed, but also some of the incident light will tend to be scattered isotropically in the support medium 12. Using total internal reflection such isotropically scattered light can be redirected to the encapsulated liquid crystal 11 thus brightening the same tending to cause it to appear white to a viewer or viewing instrument. The index of refraction of the encapsulating medium 32 and the ordinary index of refraction of the liquid crystal 30 should be matched as much as possible when in the field-on or liquid crystal orderly aligned condition to avoid optical distortion due to refraction of incident light passing therethrough. However, when the liquid crystal material is in distorted or random alignment, i.e. there is no field applied, there will be a difference in the indices of refraction at the boundary of the liquid crystal 30 and wall of capsule 32; the extraordinary index of refraction of the liquid crystal is greater than the index of refraction of the encapsulating medium. This causes refraction at that interface or boundary of the liquid crystal material and of the containment or encapsulating medium and, thus, further scattering. Light that is so further scattered will be internally reflected for further brightening in the liquid crystal appearance. Such occurrence of different indices of refraction is known as birefringence. Principles of birefringence are described in Optics by Sears and in Crystals And The Polarizing Microscope by Hartshorne and Stewart, the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Preferably the encapsulating or containment medium 32 and the support medium 12 have the same index of refraction to appear optically substantially as the same material, thus avoiding a further optical interface. As long as the ordinary index of refraction of the liquid crystal material is closer to the index of refraction of the so-called encapsulating medium, than is the extraordinary index of refraction, a change in scattering will result when going from field-on to field-off conditions, and vice-versa. Maximum contrast results when the ordinary index of refraction matches the index of refraction of the medium. The closeness of the index matching will be dependent on the desired degree of contrast and transparency in the device, but the ordinary index of refraction of the crystal and the index of the medium will preferably differ by no more than 0.03, more preferably 0.01, especially 0.001. The tolerated difference will depend upon capsule size. Desirably the electric field E shown in Fig. 3 is applied to the liquid crystal 30 in the capsule 32 for the most part rather than being dissipated or dropped substantially in the encapsulating material. There should not be a substantial voltage drop across or through the material of which the wall 54 of the capsule 32 is formed; rather, the voltage drop should occur across the liquid crystal 30 within the volume 31 of the capsule 32. The electrical impedance of the encapsulating medium preferably should in effect be large enough relative to that of the liquid crystal in the encapsulated liquid crystal 11 that a short circuit will not occur exclusively through the wall 54, say from point A via only the wall to point B, bypassing the liquid crystal. Therefore, for example, the effective impedance to induced or displacement current flow through or via only the wall 54 from point A to point B should be greater than the impedance that would be encountered in a path from point A to point A' inside the interior wall surface 50, through the liquid crystal material 30 to point B' still within the volume 31, ultimately to point B again. This condition will assure that there will be a potential difference between point A and point B. Such potential difference should be large enough to produce an electric field across the liquid crystal material that will tend to align the same. It will be appreciated that due to geometrical considerations, namely the length through only the wall from point A to point B, for example, such condition still can be met even though the actual impedance of the wall material is lower than that of the liquid crystal material therein. The dielectric constants (coefficients) of the material of which the encapsulating medium is formed and of which the liquid crystal is comprised, and the effective capacitance values of the capsule wall 54, particularly in a radial direction and of the liquid crystal across which the electric field E is imposed, all should be so related that the wall 54 of the capsule 32 does not substantially drop the magnitude of the applied electric field E. Ideally the capacitance dielectric constants (coefficients) of the entire layer 61 (Fig. 4) of encapsulated liquid crystal material should be substantially the same for the field-on condition. The liquid crystal 30 will have a dielectric constant value that is anisotropic. It is preferable that the dielectric constant (coefficient) of the wall 54 be no lower than the dielectric constant (coefficient) of the anisotropic liquid crystal material 30 to help meet the above conditions for optimum operation. It is desirable to have a relatively high positive dielectric anisotropy in order to reduce the voltage requirements for the electric field E. The differential between the dielectric constant (co-efficient) for the liquid crystal 30 when no electric field is applied, which should be rather small, and the dielectric constant (coefficient) for the liquid crystal when it is aligned upon application of an electric field, which should be relatively large, should be as large as possible. It should be noted, in particular, though, that the critical relationship of dielectric values and applied electric field should be such that the field applied across the liquid crystal material in the capsule(s) is adequate to cause alignment of the liquid crystal structure with respect to the field. The lower dielectric values of commonly used liquid crystals are, for example, from as low as about 3.5 to as high as about 8. The capsules 32 may be of various sizes. The smaller the size, though, the higher the requirements will be for the electric field to effect alignment of the liquid crystal in the capsule. Preferably, though, the capsules should be of uniform size parameters so that the various characteristics, such as the optical and electrical characteristics, of an apparatus, such as a display, using the encapsulated liquid crystal will be substantially uniform. Moreover, the capsules 32 should be at least 1 µm in diameter so they appear as discrete capsules relative to an incident light beam; a smaller diameter would result in the light beam "seeing" the capsules as a continuous homogeneous layer and would not undergo the required isotropic scattering. Examples of capsule sizes are from, say, 1-30 µm diameter. A preferred liquid crystal material in accordance with the best mode of the invention is that nematic material NM-8250, an ester sold by American Liquid Xtal Chemical Corp., Kent, Ohio, U.S.A. Other examples may be ester combinations, biphenyl and/or biphenyl combinations, and the like. Several other types of liquid crystal material useful according to the invention include the following four examples, each being a recipe for the respective liquid crystal materials. The so-called 10% material has about 10% 4-cyano substituted materials; the 20% material has about 20% 4-cyano substituted materials, and so on. 10% Material Pentylphenylmethoxy Benzoate 54 grams Pentylphenylpentyloxy Benzoate 36 grams Cyanophenylpentyl Benzoate 2.6 grams Cyanophenylheptyl Benzoate 3.9 grams Cyanophenylpentyloxy Benzoate 1.2 grams Cyanophenylheptyloxy Benzoate 1.1 grams Cyanophenyloctyloxy Benzoate 9.94 grams Cyanophenylmethoxy Benzoate 0.35 grams 20% Material Pentylphenylmethoxy Benzoate 48 grams Pentylphenylpentyloxy Benzoate 32 grams Cyanophenylpentyl Benzoate 5.17 grams Cyanophenylheptyl Benzoate 7.75 grams Cyanophenylpentyloxy Benzoate 2.35 grams Cyanophenylheptyloxy Benzoate 2.12 grams Cyanophenyloctyloxy Benzoate 1.88 grams Cyanophenylmethoxy Benzoate 0.075 grams 40% Material Pentylphenylmethoxy Benzoate 36 grams Pentylphenylpentyloxy Benzoate 24 grams Cyanophenylpentyl Benzoate 10.35 grams Cyanophenylheptyl Benzoate 15.52 grams Cyanophenylpentyloxy Benzoate 4.7 grams Cyanophenylheptyloxy Benzoate 4.23 grams Cyanophenyloctyloxy Benzoate 3.76 grams Cyanophenylmethoxy Benzoate 1.41 grams 40% MOD Pentylphenylmethoxy Benzoate 36 grams Pentylphenylpentyloxy Benzoate 24 grams Cyanophenylpentyl Benzoate 16 grams Cyanophenylheptyl Benzoate 24 grams The encapsulating medium forming respective capsules 32 should be of a type that is substantially completely unaffected by and does not affect the liquid crystal material. Various resins and/or polymers may be used as the encapsulating medium. A preferred encapsulating medium is polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which has a good, relatively high, dielectric constant and an index of refraction that is relatively closely matched to that of the preferred liquid crystal material. An example of preferred PVA is an about 84% hydrolized, molecular weight of at least about 1,000, resin. Use of a PVA of Monsanto Company identified as Gelvatol 20/30 represents the best mode of the invention. A method for making emulsified or encapsulated liquid crystals 11 may include mixing together the containment or encapsulating medium, the liquid crystal material, and perhaps a carrier medium, such as water. Mixing may occur in a variety of mixer devices, such as a blender, a colloid mill, which is most preferred, or the like. What occurs during such mixing is the formation of an emulsion of the ingredients, which subsequently can be dried eliminating the carrier medium, such as water, and satisfactorily curing the encapsulating medium, such as the PVA. Although the capsule 32 of each thusly made encapsulated liquid crystal 11 may not be a perfect sphere, each capsule will be substantially spherical in configuration because a sphere is the lowest free energy state of the individual droplets, globules or capsules of the emulsion, both when originally formed and after drying and/or curing. The capsule size (diameter) preferably should be uniform in the emulsion for uniformity of operation with respect to effect on incident light and response to electric field. Exemplary capsule size range may be from about 0.3 to about 100 µm preferably 0.3 to 30 µm especially 3 to 15 µm for example 5 to 15 µm. Various techniques may be employed to form the support medium 12, which may be of the same or similar material as the encapsulating or containment medium. For example, the lower support medium 12b may be formed using a molding or casting process. The electrode 13 and liquid crystal material may be applied for support by that medium 12b. The electrode 14 may be applied, e.g. by printing. Thereafter, the upper support medium portion 12a may be poured or cast in place to complete enclosing the encapsulated liquid crystal material and the electrodes. Alternatively, the support medium portions 12a, 12b may be a substantially transparent plastic-like film or a plate of glass, as is described in Example 1, for example. The reflectance medium 18, if a solid, for example, may be applied to the support medium portion 12b by a further casting or molding technique, and a lower coating 21 of black or colored light absorbing material may be applied to the back surface of the reflectance medium 18, i.e. the surface remote from the interface thereof with the lower support medium portion 12b. Alternatively, the reflectance medium may be an air or other fluid gap between the support medium portion 12b and the absorber 21, or a tuned dielectric layer may be applied by conventional evaporation technique directly to the bottom surface of the lower support medium portion 12b in place of the reflectance medium 18, as will be described further below. The following are several examples of materials and methods for making liquid crystal display devices and operational characteristics thereof in accordance with the present invention. Example 1 An example of the isotropically scattering material was produced by mixing about 2 grams of 8250 (an ester by American Liquid Xtal) nematic liquid crystal with about 4 grams of a 20% solution of Airco 405 polyvinyl alcohol (the other 80% of such solution was water). The material was mixed in a small homogenizer at low shear to form an emulsion. Using a doctor blade at abut a 5 mil (125 µm) setting the emulsion was coated on an electrode of Intrex material already in position on a polyester film base of about 5 mils (125 µm) thickness. Such film was that known as Mylar. Another sheet of such film with such an electrode was placed on the encapsulated liquid crystal layer, thus sandwiching the latter between the respective electrodes and films. The individual encapsulated operationally nematic liquid crystal capsules or particles were about 4 to 5 µm in diameter and the total layer of encapsulated liquid crystal material was about 20 to 30 µm thick. The device made according to Example 1 was tested. The resulting material scattered light in a zero electric field (hereinafter usually referred to as a zero field or field off condition) condition. In an applied field of 10 volts the scattering decreased and at 40 volts scattering stopped altogether. Although a homogenizer was used, other types of mixers, blenders, etc., may be used to perform the desired mixing. Example 2 An example of the isotropically scattering material was produced by mixing about 2 grams of 8250 nematic liquid crystal with about 4 grams of a 22% solution (78% water) of Gelvatol 20/30 (by Monsanto) polyvinyl alcohol. The material was mixed in a small homogenizer at low shear to form an emulsion. The emulsion was coated on Intrex film electrode and Mylar film polyester base, as in Example 1, with a doctor blade at a 5 mil (125 µm) setting and the sandwich was completed as in Example 1. The nematic capsules or particles were about 3 to 4 µm in diameter, and the encapsulated liquid crystal layer was about 25 µm thick. The device made according to Example 2 was tested. The resulting material scattered light in a zero or field-off electric field condition. In an applied field of 10 volts the scattering decreased and at 40 volts scattering stopped altogether. Example 3 An example of the isotropically scattering material was produced by mixing about 2 grams of E-63 (a biphenyl by British Drug House, a subsidiary of E. Merck of West Germany) nematic liquid crystal with about 4 grams of a 22% solution of Gelvatol 20/30 (by Monsanto) polyvinyl alcohol. The material was mixed in a small homogenizer at low shear to form an emulsion. The emulsion was coated on Intrex film electrode and Mylar film polyester base with a doctor blade at a 5 mil (125 µm) setting and the sandwich was completed as above. The thickness of the encapsulated liquid crystal layer was about 25 µm; the nematic capsules or particles were about 4 to 5 µm in diameter. The device made according to Example 3 was tested. The resulting material scattered light in a zero field or field-off condition. In an applied field of 7 volts the scattering decreased and at 35 volts scattering stopped altogether. Example 4 An example of the isotropically scattering material was produced by mixing about 2 grams of 8250 liquid crystal with about 4 grams of a 22% solution of Gelvatol 20/30 polyvinyl alcohol. The material was mixed in a small homogenizer at low shear to form an emulsion. The emulsion was coated on Intrex film electrode and Mylar polyester film base with a doctor blade at a 5 mil (125 µm) setting and the sandwich was completed as above. The thickness of the encapsulated liquid crystal layer was about 25 µm; the nematic capsules or particles were about 4 to 5 µm in diameter. To improve the emulsion stability and coating uniformity 0.001% of GAP LO 630 non-ionic surfactant (detergent) was added before the mixing step. Improved performance instability of the emulsion and in coating of the emulsion onto the electrode/polyester film base were noted. The operational results were otherwise substantially similar to those described above with respect to Example 1. Thus, it will be appreciated that in accordance with the invention a surfactant, preferably a non-ionic surfactant, a detergent, or the like may be mixed with the encapsulated liquid crystal material prior to depositing on the electrode coated film, as was just described above. Example 5 The steps of Example 1 were followed using the same materials as in Example 1 except that 1/8 inch (3mm) glass plate was substituted for the Mylar film. Operation was substantially the same as was described with respect to Example 1. Example 6 A mixture was formed of 8250 nematic liquid crystal and a solution of 15% AN169 Gantrez in 85% water. Such Gantrez is poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride), a polymaleic acid product, of GAF Corporation. The mixture was of 15% liquid crystal and 85% Gantrez as the containment medium. The mixture was homogenized at low shear to form an emulsion, which was applied to an electrode/support film as above; such support film was about 1.2 miles (30 µm) thick. After drying of the emulsion, the resulting liquid crystal emulsion responded to an electric field generally as above, scattering when in field-off condition, showing a threshold of about 7 volts to begin reducing scattering, and having a saturation level of substantially no scattering at about 45 volts. Another example of an acid type containment medium useful in the invention is carbopole (carboxy polymethylene polymer by B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company), or polyacid. Other types of support media 12 that may be used include polyester materials; and polycarbonate material, such as Kodel film. Tedlar film, which is very inert, also may be used if adequate adhesion of the electrode can be accomplished. Such media 12 preferably should be substantially optically transparent. Several different polymer containment media that may be used are listed in Chart I below. The chart also indicates several characteristics of the respective polymers. Containment Medium Viscosity % Hydrolyzed Molecular Weight Temperature & % Solutions 20/30 Gelvatol, by Monsanto Company 4-6 CPS 88.7 - 85.5 10,000 4% at 20°C 40/20 Gelvatol, by Monsanto Company 2.4-3 CPS 77 - 72.9 3,000 4% at 20°C 523, by Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. 21-25 87-89 - 4% at 20°C 72/60 Elvanol, by DuPont Co. 55-60 99 - 100 - 4% at 20°C 405 Poval, by Kurashiki 2-4 CPS 80 - 82 - 4% at 20°C Other Gelvatol PVA materials that may be used include those designated by Monsanto as 20-90; 9000; 20-60; 6000; 3000; and 40-10. A preferred quantity ratio of liquid crystal material to containment medium is about one part by weight liquid crystal material to about three parts by weight of containment medium. Acceptable encapsulated liquid crystal emulsion operative according to the invention also may be achieved using a quantity ratio of about one part liquid crystal material to about two parts containment medium, e.g., Gelvatol PVA. Moreover, although a 1:1 ratio also will work, generally it will not function quite as well as material in the ratio range of from about 1:2 to about 1:3. Turning now to Figs. 4 and 5, a portion 60 of a liquid crystal display device in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. The portion or device 60 is a completion of the liquid crystal apparatus 10 described above with reference to Fig. 1 in that plural encapsulated liquid crystals 11, indeed plural layers thereof, are contained in a support medium 12. The sizes, thicknesses, diameters, etc., of the several parts shown in Figs. 4 and 5 are not necessarily to scale; rather the sizes are such as is necessary to illustrate the several parts and their operation. The electrodes 13, 14 are employed to apply a desired electric field to effect selective alignment of the liquid crystal material in the manner shown in Fig. 3, for example. Means other than electrodes may be employed to apply some type of input to the display device 60 for the purpose of effecting ordered or random alignment of the liquid crystal. The encapsulated liquid crystals 11 are arranged in several layers 61 within the display portion 60. The layers 61 may be divided into several portions representing the various characters or portions of characters intended to be displayed by the display 60. For example, the longer lefthand portion 61L of the layers 61 shown in Fig. 4 may represent a section view through one part of a well known 7-segment display pattern, and the relatively short righthand portion 61R of the layers 61 shown in Fig. 4 may represent a part of another 7-segment character display. Various patterns of liquid crystal material may be employed in accordance with the present invention. A zone 62 of support medium 12 fills the area between the liquid crystal layer portions 61L, 61R. Subsequent reference to layers 61 will be in the collective, i.e. referring to layer 61 as including the several levels or layers comprising the same. As an example, the composite thickness of such layer 61 may be from about 0.3 mils (7.5 µm) to about 10 mils (250 µm); uniform thickness is preferred for uniform response to electric field, scattering, etc. Such an arrangement or pattern of encapsulated liquid crystal material layer portions 61L and 61R separated at zone 62 by support medium 12 or other material is facilitated, or even made possible due to the encapsulating or confining of the liquid crystal in discrete containment media, such as is formed by the preferred stable emulsion. Therefore, especially on a relatively large size device such as a display, billboard, optical shutter, etc., encapsulated liquid crystal material may be applied to the support medium 12 only where it is required to provide the selectable optical characteristics. Such patterning can reduce the amount of such material required for a particular application. Such patterning is further made possible due to the desired functional operation described in detail below. The display 60 may be used, for example, in an air environment, such air being represented by the reference numeral 63, and the air forms an interface 64 at the viewing side or from the viewing direction 20 with the support medium 12. The index of refraction N of the external medium 63 is different from the index of refraction N' of the encapsulating medium 12, the latter usually being larger than the former. As a result, a beam of light 65, which arrives generally from the viewing direction 20, passing through the interface 64 into the support medium 12 will be bent toward the normal, which is an imaginary line 66 perpendicular to that interface 64. That light beam 65a inside the support medium 12 will be closer to normal than the incident beam 65 satisfying the equation relationship N Sine ϑ = N' Sine ϑ', wherein ϑ is the angle of the incident light beam 65 with respect to the normal and ϑ' is the angle of the light beam 65a with respect to normal. Such mathematical relationship will apply at the interface 19, as follows: N' Sine ϑ' = N'' Sine ϑ''. To achieve the desired total internal reflection in accordance with the invention, the index of refraction N'' of the reflectance medium 18 is smaller than the index of refraction N' of the support medium 12. Accordingly, if the light beam 65a, for example, were able to and did pass through the interface 19, it would be bent away from the normal at the interface 19 to the angle ϑ'' with respect to normal. Actually, since the light beam 65, 65a is not scattered off course by the liquid crystal material in layers 61, i.e., because it passes through the zone 62, it will indeed likely exit through the interface 19. In operation of a liquid crystal display 60 (Fig. 4) the operationally nematic liquid crystal 30 is in distorted or random alignment due to existence of a field-off condition. Incident light beam 70 enters the support medium 12 at the interface 64 and is bent as the light beam 70a that impinges as incident light on the layer 61 of encapsulated liquid crystal. The random or distorted encapsulated liquid crystal material will isotropically scatter the tight incident thereon. Therefore, there are several possibilities of how such incident light beam 70a would tend to be scattered, as follows: A. One possibility is that the incident light beam 70a will be directed according to the dotted tine 70b toward the interface 19. The angle at which the tight beam 70b impinges on the interface 19 is within the illustrated solid angle α (defined in the planar direction of the drawing of Fig. 4 by the dashed lines 71) of a so-called cone of illumination. Light falling within such solid angle α or cone of illumination is at too small an angle with respect to normal at the interface 19 to be totally internally reflected at that interface; therefore, the light beam 70b will pass through interface 19 while bending away from the normal to form the light beam 70c. Light beam 70c passes into the reflectance medium 18 and is absorbed by layer 21. B. Another possibility is that the light beam 70a will be isotropically scattered in the direction of the tight beam 70d outside the cone angle α. Total internal reflection will occur at the interface 19 causing the light beam 70d to be reflected as tight beam 70e back to the layer 61 of encapsulated liquid crystal material where it will be treated as another independently incident light beam thereto, just like the light beam 70a from which it was derived. Therefore, such tight beam 70e will undergo isotropic scattering again as is described herein. C. Still another possibility is that the incident light beam 70a, or that derived therefrom, such as the light beam 70e, will be isotropically scattered toward the interface 64 at an angle that is so close to normal at that interface 64 that the light beam will pass through the interface 64 into the "medium" 63, such as the air, to be viewed by an observer or observing instrument. The solid angle α' of a cone of illumination, like the cone angle α mentioned above, within which such scattered light beam 70e must fall to be emitted out through the interface 64 is represented by the single dot phantom lines 72. Light beam 70f represents such a light beam that is so emitted from the display 60. It is that light, e.g. the sum of such emitted light beams 70f, which exits at the interface 64 that causes the layer 61 of encapsulated liquid crystals 11 to give the appearance of a white or bright character as viewed from the viewing direction 20. D. Still a further possibility is that the light beam 70a may be isotropically scattered in the direction of the light beam 70g. Light beam 70g is outside the solid cone angle α' and, therefore, will undergo total internal reflection at the interface 64, whereupon the reflected beam 70h will impinge back on the layer 61 as an effectively independent incident light beam, like the beam 70e mentioned above and having a similar effect. The index of refraction of the electrodes 13,14 usually will be higher than that (those) of the containment medium and support medium and the containment and support media indices of refraction preferably are at least about the same. Therefore, the light passing from the containment medium into the electrode material will bend toward the normal, and that passing from the electrode into the support medium will bend away from the normal; the net effect of the electrode thus being nil or substantially negligible. Accordingly, the majority of total internal reflection will occur at the interfaces 19,64. As viewed from the viewing direction 20, the zone 62 will appear dark or colored according to the composition of the absorbent layer 21. This is due to the fact that the light beam 65, 65a, 65b, representing the majority of light that passes through zone 62, will tend to pass through interface 64, support medium 12, the interface 19 and the reflectance medium 18, being bent toward or away from the normal, at respective interfaces as shown, ultimately being substantially absorbed by layer 21. Briefly referring to Fig. 5, the field-on or ordered alignment condition and operation of the encapsulated liquid crystal layer 61 in the display device 60 are shown. The encapsulated liquid crystals 11 in the layer 61 of Fig. 5 are like those seen in Fig. 3. Therefore, like the light beam 65, 65a, 65b which passes through the zone 62 and is absorbed by the layer 21, the light beam 70, 70a, 70i will follow a similar path also being transmitted through the aligned and, thus, effectively transparent or non-scattering layer 61. At the interface 19, the light beam 70a will be bent away from the normal and subsequently light beam 70i will be absorbed by the layer 21. Accordingly, whatever visual appearance the light beam 65 would tend to cause with respect to an observer at the viewing location 20, so too will the light beam 70 cause the same effect when passing through the orderly aligned encapsulated liquid crystal material. Thus, when the display 60, and particularly the encapsulated liquid crystal material therein, is in the orderly aligned or field-on condition, the area at which the liquid crystal is located will have substantially the same appearance as that of the zone 62. It is noted that if either the incident beam 65 or 70 were to enter the support medium 12 at the interface 64 at such a large angle with respect to the normal there, and, therefore, ultimately to impinge on the interface 19 at an angle greater than one falling within the so-called cone of light angle α, such beam would be totally internally reflected at the interface 19. However, such reflected light probably would remain within the support medium 12 due to subsequent transmission through the layer of liquid crystal material 61 and subsequent total internal reflectance at the interface 64, etc. In Fig. 6, the preferred reflectance medium 80 air is illustrated. In Fig. 6 primed reference numerals designate elements corresponding to those designated by the same unprimed reference numerals in Figs. 4 and 5. The display 60' has an interface 19' formed with air 80. To achieve absorbence of the light transmitted through the interface 19' and medium 80, a black or colored absorber 81 may be positioned at a location displaced from the interface 19'. The preferred absorber 81 is carbon black which may be mounted on a support surface positioned generally as is shown in Fig. 6. The preferred liquid crystal is NM-8250; the preferred containment medium is PVA; and the preferred support medium 12 is polyester. Moreover, it is preferred that the index of refraction of the support medium 12a, 12b and that of the containment medium for the liquid crystal be at least substantially the same; this helps to assure that the total internal reflection will occur primarily at the interfaces 19', 64' and not very much, if at all, at the interface between the containment medium and support medium; this minimizes optical distortion while maximizing contrast. The display 60' functions substantially the same as the display 60 described above with reference to Figs. 4 and 5. Referring, now, to Figs. 7 and 8, a modified liquid crystal display 90 includes a support medium 12 with a layer of encapsulated liquid crystal material 61, as above. However, at the interface 19 there is a tuned dielectric interference layer 91. The thickness of the dielectric layer 91, which is exaggerated in the drawings, preferably is an odd whole number function or multiple of lambda divided by two such as 3λ/2, 5λ/2, etc., wherein λ is the wavelength of the light in the support display 60. The tuned dielectric interference layer 91 may be applied to the back surface of the support medium 12 by conventional evaporation technique. Such dielectric layer may be comprised of barium oxide (BaO), lithium fluoride (LiF) or other material that provides the desired optical interference function. Preferably such layer has a smaller index of refraction than the medium 12 to obtain an interface 19 at which total internal reflection of light within cone angle α will be internally reflected. A comprehensive description of optical interference is found in Optics by Born and Wolf, Fundamentals of Physics , 2nd Ed., 1981, Resnick and Halliday, pgs. 731-735, and in University Physics by Sears and Zemansky, the relevant disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In the field-off/random liquid crystal alignment condition shown in Fig. 7 the display 90 will function substantially the same as the display 60 described above with respect to: (a) isotropic scattering of light by the encapsulated liquid crystal material layer 61; (b) the total internal reflection of that light falling outside the solid angle cone α, this due to the interface 19 seen in Fig. 7, (or α' with respect to light isotropically scattered to the interface 64), and; (c) the transmitting of light, such as the light beam 70f, toward the viewing direction 20 to give the appearance of a white character on a relatively dark background. By use of the tuned dielectric interference layer 91 and optical interference, in the field-off condition the illumination effected of the encapsulated liquid crystal layer 61 is further enhanced. Specifically, the effective cone of light angle α becomes reduced to the angle  shown in Fig. 7. Generally, an incident light beam 92 impinging on the interface 64 will be deflected as the light beam 92a which then is incident on the layer 61. If the light beam 92a were isotropically scattered as beam 92b at an angle outside the original angle α, the total internal reflection operation described above with reference to the display 60 will occur. However, if the light beam 92a is isotropically scattered as light beam 92c at an angle falling within the cone of light α but outside the cone of light , it will actually be reflected and constructive optical interference will occur further to enhance the illumination of the encapsulated liquid crystal layer 6L. More particularly when the light beam 92c enters the tuned dielectric interference layer 91, at least a portion 92d actually will be reflected back toward the interface 19. At the interface 19, there will be constructive interference with another incident light beam 93 increasing the effective intensity of the internally reflected resultant light beam 94, which is directed back toward the encapsulated liquid crystal layer 61 enhancing the illumination thereof. The result of such constructive interference is that the display 90 yields more light beams scattered up to or reflected up to the layer 61 than in the display 60. However, there is a disadvantage in that the viewing angle at which the display 90 will function effectively is less than the viewing angle at which the display 60 will function effectively. Specifically, incident light entering the support medium 12 at an angle equal or less than the angle δ with respect to the interface 64, will tend to be totally reflected because the back or reflective surface of the tuned dielectric interference layer 91 will tend to act as a mirror so that some contrast will be lost in the display 90. The angle δ, if it exists at all, in connection with the display 60 would tend to be smaller than the angle δ of the display 90. Light beams 95 and 96 (Fig. 7) that pass through the zone 62 of the display 90 and light beams 92' (Fig. 8) that pass through the orderly aligned (field-on) liquid crystal layer 61 and fall within the cone angle  will undergo destructive optical interference. Therefore, from the viewing area 20 the zone 62 and the area where there is ordered field-on liquid crystal will appear relatively dark, i.e. as a dark background relative to the white or brightly illuminated liquid crystal layer 61 portion that is field-off and scattering. If desired, an absorber (black or colored) may be used beyond the layer 91. Also, the color of background may be altered as a function of the thickness of the layer 91. Turning now to Fig. 9, an example of a liquid crystal device 100 in accordance with the invention is shown in the form of a liquid crystal display device, which appears as a square cornered figure eight 101 within the substrate or support medium 12, which in this case preferably is a plastic material, such as Mylar, or may alternatively be another material, such as glass, for example. The shaded area appearing in Fig. 9 to form the square cornered figure eight is comprised of one or more layers 61 of encapsulated liquid crystals 11 arranged in one or more layers on and adhered to the substrate 12. An enlarged fragmentary section view of a portion of the figure eight 101 is illustrated in Fig. 4 as the display 60, 60' or 90 described above with reference to Fig 4-8. Each of the seven segments of the figure eight 101 may be selectively energized or not so as to create various numeral characters. Energization here means the placing of the respective segments in a condition to appear bright relative to background. Therefore, energization means field-off or random alignment condition of, for example, segments 101a and 101b to display "1" while the other segments are in field-on, ordered alignment. Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate, respectively in fragmentary section and fragmentary isometric-type views, an embodiment of the invention representing the preferred arrangement of the liquid crystal layer 61'' and electrodes 13'', 14'' in the support medium 12''. In Figs. 10 and 11, double primed reference numerals designate parts corresponding to those designated by unprimed reference numerals in Figs. 4 and 5, or primed reference numerals in Fig. 6. In particular, it is preferred according to the illustration of Figs. 10 and 11 that the display device 60''have the layer 61'' and the electrode 13'' substantially continuous over the entire or at least a relatively large portion of a display device. The electrode 13'' may be connected, for example, to a source of electrical ground potential. The electrode 14'' may be divided into a plurality of electrically isolated electrode portions, such as those represented at 14a, 14b, each of which may be selectively coupled to a source of electric potential to complete application of an electric field across that liquid crystal material which is between such energized electrode portion 14a or 14b and the other electrode 13''. Therefore, for example, an electric field may be applied across the electrodes 14a, 13'' causing the encapsulated liquid crystal material falling substantially directly therebetween to be in ordered, field-on alignment and, thus, effectively optically transparent in the manner described above. At the same time, it may be that the electrode 14b is not connected to a source of electric potential so that the liquid crystal material between such electrode 14b and the electrode 13'' will be in distorted or random alignment and, therefore, will appear relatively bright from the viewing direction 20''. A small gap 120 between electrodes 14a, 14b provides electric isolation therebetween to permit the just-described separate energization or not thereof. Briefly referring to Fig. 12, the preferred embodiment and best mode of the present invention is shown as the display 60'''. In Fig. 12 the various portions designated by triple primed reference numerals correspond to those portions designated by similar reference numerals, as are described above. The display device 60''' is made generally in accordance with the numbered examples presented above. In particular, the lower support medium 12b''' is formed of Mylar film having an indium doped tin oxide Intrex electrode 13''' thereon; and the layer 61''' of encapsulated liquid crystal material was applied to the electrode coated surface, as is shown. Several electrode portions 14a''', 14b''', etc. with a respective gap 120''' therebetween, were applied either directly to the surface of the layer 61''' opposite the support medium 12b''' or to the support medium 12a''', and the latter was applied in the manner shown in Fig. 12 to complete a sandwich of the display device 60'''. Moreover, the reflectance medium 80''' was air, and a carbon black absorber 21''' mounted on a support shown in Fig. 12 was placed opposite such air gap 80''' from the support medium 12b''', as can be seen in the figure. Operation of the display device 60''' is according to the operation described above, for example, with reference to Figs. 4-6 and 10. Referring to Fig. 13, an encapsulated liquid crystal 130 of the type described in Example 7 below is schematically shown. Such capsule 130 includes a spherical capsule wall 131 of containment material 132, operationally nematic liquid crystal material 133 inside the capsule, and a cholosteric chiral additive 134. The additive 134 is generally in solution with the nematic material 13, although the additive is shown in Fig. 13 at a central location because its function primarily is with respect to the liquid crystal material remote from the capsule wall, as is described further below. The capsule 130 is shown in field-off, distorted condition with the liquid crystal material distorted in the manner described above, for example, with reference to Fig. 2. The liquid crystal material most proximate the wall 131 tends to be forced to a shape curved like the inner boundary of that wall, and there is a discontinuity 135 analogous to the discontinuity 55 shown in Fig. 2. Example 7 The steps of Example 1 were followed using the same materials and steps as in Example 1 except that 3% cholesterol oleate (chiral additive), a cholosteric material, was added prior to the mixing step, and then such mixing was carried out at very low shear. The resulting capsules were somewhat larger than those produced in Example 1. The encapsulated liquid crystal material was still operationally nematic. In operation of the material formed in Example 7, it was found that the chiral additive improved (reduced) the response time of the operationally nematic encapsulated liquid crystal material, particularly in returning to the distorted alignment generally following the wall shape of the individual capsules, promptly after going from a field on to a field off condition. In such relatively large capsules, say about on the order of at least 8 µm total diameter, when going to the field off condition, it is the usual case that the liquid crystal material adjacent the capsule wall would return to the distorted alignment following the capsule wall shape or curvature faster than would the liquid crystal material closer to the center of the capsule; this disparity tends to slow the overall response time of the material. However, the chiral additive induces a tendency for the structure to twist. This influence on the nematic material is most noticeable remote from the capsule wall and, thus, speeds up the return of such relatively remote material to distorted alignment, preferably influenced by the shape of the capsule wall. Such chiral additive may be in the range of about 0.1% to about 8% of the liquid crystal material and a preferred range of about 2% to about 5%. The amount may vary depending on the additive and the liquid crystal and could even be outside the stated range as long as the capsule remains operationally nematic. It will be appreciated that the encapsulated liquid crystal 130 of Fig. 13 may be substituted in various embodiments of the invention described in this application in place of or in conjunction with the otherwise herein described encapsulated liquid crystal material. Operation would be generally along the lines described in Example 7. Another additive also may be used to reduce and/or otherwise to control the viscosity of the liquid crystal during manufacturing of a device 60, for example. The reduced viscosity may have a positive effect on emulsion formation and/or on the process of applying the emulsion to an electrode covered support medium 12. An example of such an additive may be chloroform, which is water-soluble and leaves the emulsion on drying. Example 8 An emulsion was prepared using about 15 grams of 22% (the rest was water) low viscosity, medium hydrolysis PVA; about 5 grams of 8250 liquid crystal (of American Liquid Xtal) containing about 3% (percentages are with respect to the weight of the liquid crystal) cholesterol oleate, about 0.1% of a 1% (the rest was water) solution of L.O. 630 surfactant, and 15% chloroform. Such material was mixed at high shear for about 3 minutes. The capsules produced were about 1 to 2 µm in diameter. A layer of such encapsulated liquid crystal was applied to an electrode covered support medium using a doctor blade at a gap 5 setting. The material was dried and operated generally as the materials described above. A modified liquid crystal display device 140 in accordance with the present invention is shown schematically in Figs. 14 and 15. In the device 140 the primary source of illumination is derived from a light source 141 at the so-called back or non-viewing side 142 of the display device. More specifically, the display device 140 includes a layer 61 of encapsulated liquid crystal between a pair of electrodes 13, 14 supported on upper and lower support media 12a, 12b generally in the manner disclosed above, for example with reference to Fig. 12. The reflectance medium 80 is an air gap, as was described in connection with the preferred embodiment above. A light control film (LCF) sold by 3-M Company is shown at 143; the one preferred is identified by product designation LCFS-ABRO-30°-OB-60°-CLEAR-GLOS-.030. The light control film 143 is a thin plastic sheet preferably of black substantially light absorbing material that has black micro-louvers 144 leading therethrough from the back surface 145 toward the front surface 146 thereof. Such film or like material may be used in connection with the various embodiments of the invention. Such film may in effect tend to collimate the light passing therethrough for impingement on the liquid crystal material. The micro-louvers function like a venetian blind to direct light from the source 141, for example light beams 150, 151, into and through the display device 140, and particularly through the support medium 12 and liquid crystal layer 61, at an angle that would generally be out of the viewing angle line of sight of an observer looking at the display device 140 from the viewing direction 20 - this when the liquid crystal is aligned or substantially optically transparent. Such field-on aligned condition is shown in Fig. 14 in which the light beams 150, 151 pass substantially through the display device 140 out of the line of view. Moreover, light, such as light beam 152, incident on the display device 140 from the viewing direction 20 will generally pass through the support medium 12 and aligned, field-on liquid crystal layer 61 for absorption by the black film 143, which functions as the absorber 21''' in connection with Fig. 12, for example. However, as is seen in Fig. 15, when the liquid crystal layer 61 is in the field-off condition, i.e. the liquid crystal is distorted or randomly aligned, the light beams 150, 151 from the source 141 are isotropically scattered by the layer of liquid crystal material 61 causing total internal reflection and brightened appearance of the liquid crystal material in the manner described above. Thus, for example, the beam 151 is shown being isotropically scattered as beam 151a, totally internally reflected as beam 151b, and being further isotropically scattered as beam 151c which is directed out through the interface 64 toward the viewing direction 20. The display device 140 of Figs. 14, 15 is particularly useful in situations where it is desirable to provide lighting from the back or non-viewing side. However, such display device also will function in the manner described above, for example with respect to the display device 60''' of Fig. 12, even without the back light source 141 as long as adequate light is provided from the viewing direction 20. Therefore, the device 140 may be used in daylight, for example, being illuminated at one or both sides by ambient light with or without the light source 141, and at night or in other circumstances in which ambient lighting is inadequate for the desired brightness, for example, by using the illumination provided from the source 141. A display device 160 in Fig. 16 is similar to the display device 140 except that the light control film 161 is cemented at 162 directly to, or is otherwise placed in abutment with the support medium material 12b. Total internal reflection would occur in the manner described above when the display device 160 is illuminated with light from the viewing direction 20 due primarily to the interface 64 of the support medium 12a with air. There also may be some total internal reflection at the interface 162. However, since the LCF film is directly applied to the support medium 12b, a relatively large quantity of the light reaching the interface 162 will be absorbed by the black film. Therefore, in the display device 160 it is particularly desirable to supply a back lighting source 141 to assure adequate illumination of the liquid crystal material in the layer 61 for achieving the desired bright character display function in accordance with the invention. Briefly referring to Fig. 17, there is shown an alternate embodiment of encapsulated liquid crystal material 200, which may be substituted for the various other embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. The encapsulated liquid crystal material 200 includes operationally nematic liquid crystal material 201 in a capsule 202 having preferably a generally spherical wall 203. In Fig. 17 the material 200 is in field-off condition, and in that condition the structure 204 of the liquid crystal molecules is oriented to be normal or substantially normal to the wall 203 at the interface 205 therewith. Thus, at the interface 205 the structure 204 is generally oriented in a radial direction with respect to the geometry of the capsule 202. Moving closer toward the center of the capsule 202, the orientation of the structure 204 of at least some of the liquid crystal molecules will tend to curve in order to utilize, i.e. to fill, the volume of the capsule 202 with a substantially minimum free energy arrangement of the liquid crystal in the capsule, for example, as is seen in the drawing. Such alignment is believed to occur due to the addition of an additive to the liquid crystal material 201 which reacts with the support medium to form normally oriented steryl or alkyl groups at the inner capsule wall. More particularly, such additive may be a chrome steryl complex or Werner complex that reacts with PVA of the support medium (12) that forms the capsule wall 203 to form a relatively rigid crust or wall with a steryl group or moeity tending to protrude radially into the liquid crystal material itself. Such protrusion tends to effect the noted radial or normal alignment of the liquid crystal structure. Moreover, such alignment of the liquid crystal material still complies with the above strongly curved distortion of the liquid crystal structure in field-off condition because the directional derivatives taken at right angles to the general molecular direction are non-zero. An example of such material 260 is presented below: EXAMPLE 9 To a 5 g sample of 8250 nematic liquid crystal was added .005 gm of a 10% solution of Quilon M, a chrome steryl complex manufactured by DuPont, along with 3 g of chloroform. The resulting material was homogenized at low shear with 15 g of a 22% w/w solution of Gelvatol 20/30 PVA (the remaining 78% of such Gelvatol solution was water). The result was an encapsulated liquid crystal in which the capsule wall reacted with the Quilon M to form an insoluble shell. By observation with polarized light it was determined that the capsule wall aligned the liquid crystal in a radial direction. A film was cast on a Mylar support medium already having an Intrex electrode thereon, as above, using a doctor blade with a gap setting of 5 mils (125 µm). The resulting film had a thickness of 1 mil (25 µm) on drying. An auxiliary electrode was attached. The material began to align in the capsule at 10 volts and was fully aligned at 40 volts. Such alignment would be like that shown in Fig. 3 above. The invention may be used in a variety of ways to effect display of data, characters, information, pictures, etc. on both small and large scale. According to the preferred embodiment and best mode of the invention, the liquid crystal material is placed in the support medium 12 at only those areas where characters, etc., are to be formed. In the alternative, the layer 61 may extend across the entire support medium 12, and only those areas where characters are to be displayed will have electrodes for controlling field-on/field-off with respect to the proximate portions of the liquid crystal layer 61. As an optical shutter, the invention may be used to adjust the effective and/or apparent brightness of light viewed at the viewing side. Various other designs also may be employed, as may be desired, utilizing the enhanced scattering effected by the total internal reflection and/or optical interference principles in accordance with the present invention. The invention may be used, inter alia, to produce a controlled optical display.

Claims: An apparatus for controllably affecting the transmission of light comprising liquid crystal material (30,133,201) microencapsulated in a containment medium (33,132), a support (12) for supporting said liquid crystal material (30,133,201), and means (13,14) for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal material, characterised in that the liquid crystal material (30,133,201) is operationally nematic, and is operative for selectively primarily, in the absence of the field, scattering light or, in response to the field, transmitting light, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a reflecting means (18,19,80,19') for effecting total internal reflection of light scattered by said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) back to this liquid crystal material (30,133,201), the apparatus being operative such that unscattered light substantially is not totally internally reflected. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein one support (12a) is positioned on a viewing side (20) through which at least some light scattered by said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) is emitted, and an other support (12b) is positioned on the opposite side of the liquid crystal material (30,133,201) relative to said viewing side. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the total internal reflection of light is effected on the outer surfaces (19,19') of said supports (12a,12b). The apparatus of either of claims 2 and 3, further comprising light director means (143,161) for directing incident light into said other support (12b), said director means (143,161) comprising means for directing such incident light into said other support (12b) at a direction substantially out of the usual viewing line of sight from said viewing side. The apparatus of claim 4, said director means (143,161) comprising a light control film having light transmitting and light absorbing portions, and means for coupling said film to said outer side of said other support (12b) to form an interface therewith. The apparatus of any one of claims 3-5, further comprising a tuned dielectric interface layer (91) on said outer side (19) of said other support (12b) for effecting optical constructive interference of at least some of the light incident from said support on said interference layer (91) or the interface thereof with said support at an angle exceeding a predetermined cone angle, and destructive interference of light incident at an angle within such cone angle, said layer (91) comprising means for forming an interface therewith to effect total internal reflection of light in said support incident on such interface at an angle exceeding a further predetermined cone angle at which light would be transmitted through such interface (91), such further predetermined cone angle being larger than the first mentioned predetermined cone angle. The apparatus of any one of claims 2-6, further comprising optical absorbing means (21,81) for absorbing light transmitted through said outer side (19,19') of said other support (12b). The apparatus of any one of claims 1-7, said liquid crystal material (11,30) having an extraordinary index of refraction different from that of said containment medium (33) to effect such scattering in the absence of the field. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-8, said liquid crystal material (11,30) comprising liquid crystal material having positive dielectric anisotropy and an extraordinary index of refraction substantially matched to that of said containment medium (33) to maximise optical transmission in the presence of an electric field and to effect substantially isotropic scattering in the absence of the field. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-8, wherein said liquid crystal material (11,30) has positive dielectric anisotropy and wherein the dielectric constant of said containment medium (33) is at least about as large as the lower dielectric constant of said liquid crystal means. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-10, wherein said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) microencapsulated in said containment medium (33,132) comprises at least one layer (61) thereof in or on said support (12). The apparatus of any one of claims 1-11, wherein said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) microencapsulated in said containment medium (33,132) comprises an emulsion of liquid crystal material in said containment medium. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising additive means (134) in said liquid crystal material (133) for expediting the distortion and return to random alignment upon the removal of such field. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said additive means (134) comprises a chiral additive. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-14, further comprising means reactive with said containment medium for tending to force at least a portion of at least some of said liquid crystal material (201) into substantially normal alignment with the surfaces of said containment medium. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said means reactive comprises a chrome steryl complex, a chrome alkyl complex or a Werner complex. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-16, wherein electrode means (13,14) are provided for applying the electric field to align said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) with respect thereto. The apparatus of claims 1-17, further comprising a light source (141) for illuminating said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) The apparatus of any one of claims 1-18 wherein the containment material and support comprise the same material. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-19 wherein the containment material and support are an integral structure. A method of displaying a character or other information on a background using liquid crystal material (30,133,201) microencapsulated in a containment medium (33,132), a support (12) for supporting said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) and means (13,14) for applying an electric field to said liquid crystal material (30,133,201), characterised in that the liquid crystal material (30,133,201) is arranged in a pattern, is operationally nematic and is operated, in the absence of the field, to scatter light or, in response to the field, to transmit light, and in that light scattered by said liquid crystal material (30,133,201) is reflected back to the liquid crystal material (30,133,201) by total internal reflection to brighten the same liquid crystal material (30,133,201), and to substantially transmit without total internal reflection such light that is transmitted without being scattered. The method of claim 21, wherein light is substantially isotropically scattered, and constructive optical interference is effected with respect to at least some of such isotropically scattered light to direct the same incident on such liquid crystal material (30,133,201). The method of either of claims 21 and 22, further comprising illuminating such liquid crystal material (30,133,201) from opposite a viewing side (20) thereof using incident light directed at an angle ordinarily out of the viewing line of sight. The method of any one of claims 21-23, further comprising absorbing at least some of the light transmitted by such liquid crystal material (30,133,201). A method of making the apparatus of claim 1, comprising forming encapsulated liquid crystal material (11,130,200) as operationally nematic material, and placing the encapsulated liquid crystal material (11,130,200) in or on a support (12) that has an optical total internal reflection characteristic. The method of claim 25, further comprising providing a further medium (18,80) at an interface with such support (12) and selecting the index of refraction of such support (12) to be greater than the index of refraction of such further medium (18,80). The method of claim 26, said providing comprising providing an air interface. The method of claims 26-27, further comprising applying a light absorbing coating (21,81) beyond such further medium for absorbing light transmitted through such further medium. The method of any one of claims 25-28, said forming comprising forming an emulsion of an operationally nematic liquid crystal material (30,133,200) and a containment medium (33,132) to provide capsule-like containment volumes (11,130,200) of such liquid crystal material (30,133,200), the walls (50,131,203) of such volumes tending to distort the structure of such liquid crystal material when generally randomly aligned in the absence of the field. The method of any one of claims 25-29, further comprising mixing with such liquid crystal material an additive that expedites return to distorted random alignment upon removal of the field. The method of any one of claims 25-30, further comprising applying a tuned dielectric interference layer (91) to the outer surface of the support (12) on the side opposite the side (20) at which the apparatus ordinarily is viewed. The method of any one of claims 25-31, wherein a control agent is added to such liquid crystal material (30,133,200) to control the viscosity thereof. The method of claim 32, wherein the control agent is chloroform mixed with such liquid crystal material (30,133,200). The method of any one of claims 25-33, wherein a surfactant is added to such liquid crystal material (30,133,200). The method of claim 34, wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant. The method of any one of claims 25-35 wherein an aligning material is mixed with the operationally nematic liquid crystal material (30,133,200). The method of claim 36, wherein the aligning material is a chrome alkyl complex. An optical display device including the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 20. An optical shutter including the apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 20.

Inventors: FERGASON, JAMES LEE
Applicants: MANCHESTER R & D PARTNERSHIP
Application year: 1984
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: G09F9, G02F1, C09K19