PHOTOELECTRIC BRAIN SCANNER AND ITS USE

Abstract: A photoelectric brain scanner for experimental animals generally comprises a flexible cord assembly (3) having a pair of optical conductions (301, 302) in-and-out coated with a light insulator and also having a probe (33) for penetrating into brain tissues at one end and twin inlet/outlet plugs (31) at the other end, means for driving the probe in the longitudinal direction, and a photoelectric processor which provides light to be transmitted into the brain tissues to present the scanning results, e.g. as a chart.

Description: PHOTOELECTRIC BRAIN SCANNER AND ITS USE The present invention generally relates to a system for scanning the brain tissues of an experimental animal. In particular, it is concerned with an apparatus having, as its essential components, a flexible cord assembly of a coated pair of optical conductors providing a probe for penetrating into brain tissues, a means for driving the probe and a photoelectric processor which provides light to be transmitted into the brain tissues and processes the light signal returned from the tissues to 'present the scanning results, e.g. as a chart. It has been suggested to scan the brain tissues of an experimental animal by detecting the difference in reflectance in a particular site of the brain tissue while a pair of glass optical fibres is advanced through the brain. Light is transmitted through one of the pair of the optical fibres to a spot in the tissue where the light is reflected or dispersed. Only the reflected light is picked up at the distal end of the pair and sent back through the other of the pair to be sensed and read. As the tip of the pair of fibres advances, the read-out signal varies accordingly, and may be recorded by any means such as e.g. a pen-writing recorder. Since the brain tissue usually has characteristically different conditions for light dispersion or reflection at its specific locality, the above-mentioned read-out value or recorded chart, i.e., "brain map", supplies detailed information about the brain tissue. Thus, a spot in the tissue can be specified and made an indicator for conducting subsequent experiments. The spot is a limited brain region where (an) electrode(s) or (a) cannula(e) is/are accurately placed or embedded. Drugs which can participate in or induce a biochemical reaction therein may be infused into the spot through the cannula. In addition to the pick-up of spontaneous biological electrical signals from the brain tissue, the embedded electrode may be used to supply the brain with electrical energy which stimulates the nerve fibres or initiates an electrochemical reaction therein. The fundamental concept of this valuable technique has already been disclosed by the present inventors (see, for instance, Journal of Neuroscience Method, 2, (1980), 9-17). The present inventors have now developed a practically useful system for scanning brain tissues. According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a photoelectric brain scanner comprising a) a flexible cord assembly of a pair of optical conductors inand-out coated with a light-insulator and having a probe at one end for penetrating into the brain tissues and twin inlet/outlet plugs at the other end, b) a means for driving said probe in the longitudinal direction, and c) a photoelectric processor including i) a light source coupled with said inlet, ii) a photoelectric transducer coupled with said outlet and producing an electric signal in response to the light incident thereon, iii) twin sockets each having a casing to shield from exterior light and for holding said plugs vertical, iv) an amplifier whose input is said electric signal, v) a recorder whose input is the output signal of said amplifier, vi) a means for adjusting those signals in order and vii) a power source. In the above-mentioned scanner, the probe for penetrating into the brain tissues may comprise an armoring-pipe which encloses the penetrating part of the pair of optical conductors in and out therein. The overall armoring-pipe may comprise a plurality of pipes where diameters permit them to be arranged concentrically but offset longitudinally to form a multiple "notched" configuration with the largest diameter at the root section and the smallest diameter at the penetrating section. The penetrating section may preferably retain a detachable guide, e.g. a cannula guide, at least temporarily at a predetermined position, usually at a position adjacent to the "notch". The cannula guide is preferably held in position by a pair of clamps. The roots of the clamps may be fixed to the pipe at the root section and the tips thereof may extend to the penetrating section. Since the clamp is usually made of a resilient material it does not hinder the accomodating of the cannula guide but retains the cannula guide once it has been accomodated by pressing inwardly on it. The guide can then rest at the predetermined position of the penetrating section until it is forcibly pulled out. Alternatively, the upper-part of the penetrating section may be expanded to form a lobe or the like and said expanded part is made sufficiently large to retain the inserted guide by outward pressure in order to fulfil the same object. At the other end of the optical conductors of the flexible cord assembly are twin inlet/outlet plugs each covered with an armoring-pipe. This armoring-pipe may also comprise at least two pipes of differing diameters arranged concentrically but offset longitudinally to form a "notched" configuration of which the diameter at the root section is larger than that of the smaller diameter section. Each of the plug armoring-pipes contains a single optical conductor (e.g. a glass fibre). The pair of optical conductors in the flexible cord assembly branch apart near said plug positions. The branched position and joints between the armoring-pipes and the flexible cord running through the armoring-pipes are usually reinforced by sheaths having approximately the same flexibility as that of the optical conductor. The material for this purpose may be, e.g, a thermal-shrinking polyvinyl chloride. In the photoelectric processor, both the light source and the photoelectric transducer are usually positioned such that they are functionally directed substantially upwardly (preferably in an upright or vertical direction) and are covered with sockets having cylindrical casings which stand upright thereon. Each of the sockets has a centre guide tube for holding the respective plug vertical while permitting a margin of displacement for the plug. In other words, the plug is permitted a limited extend of angular displacement in its "held" state. The socket is high enough to guide the plug tip down to the focussing region of the light source or to the light receiving surface of the photoelectric transducer. This object can effectively be attained by approximating the depth of the throughhole through the centre guide tube down to said region or to the surface to the length of the smaller diameter section of the plug armoring-pipe. The light source may be an incandescent lamp (preferably with an interior lens), a light emitting diode, a semiconductor laser device or the like, and a photomultiplier or a semiconductor photo detector may be used as the photoelectric transducer. In practice, only a fraction (e.g. barely one several tenth) of the whole light flux produced can be transmitted along the optical conductor and a fraction (e.g. barely only one several tenth) of the light receiving surface can be utilized for receiving the light incident thereon. This drawback can however be offset by amplifying the fractional photoelectric current by means of an internal amplifier for the photoelectric transducer and by a subsequent amplifier. What is important here is the centering of the optical axis of the light source to the axis of the optical conductor and maintaining the light receiving surface perpendicular to the axis of the optical conductor while shielding these optical connections from exterior light. It is also important to design these components so that the connection of the plug with and disconnection of that from the photoelectric processor can be performed in a simple and easy operation with sufficient accuracy and so that rotating movement of the plug armoring-pipe in the connected state relative to the processor may be performed to a limited extent without adversely affecting the transmission of a light signal therethrough. The light source and the photoelectric transducer may be driven by a stabilized power source placed in the processor, an electric signal produced in the photoelectric transducer being supplied via an amplifier (containing one or more normal operational amplifiers) to a recorder which may produce a desired chart. The previously-described extremely thin single optical conductors are usually made of glass and are easy to insert into and pierce through the rigid thin pipes, and no problem results therefrom in the structuring the probe and plugs encased in the rigid armoring-pipe. Thus, the thinnest of commercially available rigid pipes, for instance, a stainless steel thin pipe of about 300-320 Am outside diameter and about 120-150 Fm inside diameter, may be selected for structuring these armoring pipes. Inside the rigid pipe assembly which constitutes the armoring-pipe of the probe, usually two optical conductors are arranged in parallel with each other and glued together with an adhesive agent of the instant hardening type in such a manner that the distal ends are even. Each of the thin pipe assemblies which constitute a plug armoring-pipe encloses a single optical conductor for gluing. By virtue of the previously described "notched" configuration, the plugs ensure a stable connection with the light source or with the photoelectric transducer. Thus, by simply inserting the plug armoring-pipes into the centre throughholes of the sockets until the shoulders of the notches rest on the upper edges of the respective guide tube, the respective plug reaches the light receiving surface of the photoelectric transducer or the focussing region of the light source, as appropriate. This accomodated state is maintained without any additional means for retaining the plugs, and the latter are permitted a limited extent of angular displacement without producing any adverse effect on the optical connections. This feature of this invention is of particular importance because the scanning operation inevitably entails occasionaly minute movements of an associated implement such as a stereotaxic instrument which carries and holds the animal (e.g. a rat) brain thereon and of a probe driving implement as an attachment to the stereotaxic instrument with respect to the photoelectric processor. Such movement may cause troubles in the plug's accomodated state. Since the optical conductor enclosed in the flexible cord assembly is extremely thin and fragile if it is made of glass, particular care should be exercised in handling the same. Moreover, the signal/noice ratio may adversely be affected by exterior light if it is used in the naked state. Thus, it is preferred to coat the optical conductor in the flexible segment with a suitable material to protect against mechanical impact. This coating can also give suitable light-insulation in the flexible cord segment. The coating is preferably a flexible tube made of a light insulator of relatively low coefficient of friction in order to facilitate the coating (sheathing) operation. Suitable materials are, e.g., polyolefins such as polyethylene and fluorine-containing polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene. As previously described, the branched position of the flexible segment of the cord and the joints between the armoring-pipes and the flexible coating are preferably reinforced by sheaths having approximately the same flexibility as that of the optical conductor in order to give sufficient deflective strength to the conductor. A suitable material for this is preferably polyvinyl chloride containing a controlled amount of plasticizer, particularly, a thermal-shrinking vinyl resin such as that conventionally used for cylindrical solid resistors or wound-type film capacitors. In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the armoring-pipe of the probe is desirable structured to retain a detatchable cannula-electrode or other probe guide at least temporarily. The term "cannula-guide" as used throughout this specification including the claims should be broadly construed such that the function of the guide is not necessarily restricted to the guiding of a cannula or cannulae, but may have other or alternative guiding functions useful to those skilled in the art. The guide may also be a simple thin stainless steel pipe with both ends open, similar to that used for the armoring pipe. During the scanning operation, the detachable cannula guide accomodated on the penetrating section of the armoring-pipe may be glued to the cranial bones around its periphery with dental cement or the like, and when the operation is completed by pulling the probe out from the brain the guide is then left unmoved on the cranial bones as a cannula guide which may subsequently be used in accurately positioning a cannula for e.g. drug infusion. The present invention will now be described and illustrated in more detail by referring to preferred embodiments shown in the attached drawings, in which most of the components are designated by the same reference numerals throughout the drawings. Fig. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing the entire arrangement of a photoelectric brain scanner of the present invention together with associated imple ments Fig. 2 is a side sectional view of sockets and associated components inside the housing of the photoelectric processor seen in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing the flexible cord assembly of the scanner shown in Fig. 1. Each of Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C, is a sectional view showing the parts which constitute the flexible cord assembly, 4A specifically representing the probe for penetrating into brain tissue, 4B representing the branched position of the flexible cord, and 4C representing the plug, respectively. Each of Figs. 5A, 5B and 5C is an enlarged schematic view of the armoring-pipe of the probe with a clamp means built in accordance with a preferred aspect of the present invention and showing the manner of accomodating the cannula guide thereto at varying stages of the accomodating or detaching operation. Finally, Figs. 6A and 6B are enlarged partial schematic views representing the section of the probe encased in the armoring-pipe equipped with an alternative for retaining the cannula guide. In Fig. 1 which illustrates the entire arrangement for the brain tissue scanning operation, there is a stereotaxic instrument 2 which may be any commercially available type, a photoelectric processor 1, a flexible cord assembly 3 and means 4 for driving the probe which, in combination, constitute a photoelectric brain scanner. in accordance with the present invention In the photoelectric processor 1, there are twin sockets 11 and 12 having centre-guide-tubes 115 and 125 which provide throughholes 111 and 121 for receiving twin plugs 31 of the flexible cord assembly 3, respectively. Both the sockets 11 and 12 are mounted on an abutment 13 placed in the housing of the processor 1 in the proximity of the side wall covering a light source 15 (an incandescent lamp, LNS-SB12-71X, available from Hamai Denkyu K.K.) and a photoelectric transducer 16 (Optical detector, 509-50, available from Bell Howell Co., Ltd.). On the front panel of the housing of the processor 1, is a pen-writing recorder 17 (SR 6402, available from Watanabe Sokki K.K.) and a mains power switch 18 which also serves as a working indicator. Numeral 19 represents a nob for gain adjustment of the amplifier (not shown) and numeral 20 indicates a nob for zero-point adjustment of the recorder 17. Numeral 21 represents a change-over switch for the means for driving the probe (probe driving means) 4 which functions as the power supply control as well as the driving direction selector and numeral 22 represents a nob for adjusting the driving speed. The probe driving means 4 consists of a reduction geared motor 42 detachably mounted on a commercially available stereotaxic instrument 2 for the rat brain (Takahashi Shoten) throug#h a bracket 41, a rotating adaptor 44 attached to the axis of the fine adjustment device 45 of the stereotaxic instrument 2 and a flexible shaft 43 which couples said rotating adaptor 44 with the rotating shaft of the motor 42 and is supplied with electric current from the main circuity in the processor 1 under the control of switch 21 and nob 22. Fig. 2 shows details of the sockets 11 and 12 together with their associated components. Cylindrical casings 113 and 123 are threaded into flanges 112 and 122 fastened to the abutment 13 at their bottom ends, while their top ends project from the ceiling (top panel) of the housing of the processor 1 through throughholes 101 and 102 and are closed with lids 114 and 124, respectively, which are secured to the casings by threading. Piercing through the centres of these structural elements, guide-tubes 115 and 125 are fixed in the casings 113 and 123. The guide-tubes 115 and 125, in turn, provide throughholes 111 and 121 for accomodating the plug armoring-pipes 31 of the flexible cord assembly 3. The socket 11 shown in the left side of Fig. 2 is shown with plug armoring-pipe 31 inserted midway. Since the armoring-pipe 31 has a notched configuration and the length of the smallest diameter section 311 is adjusted as previously described, the tip of the plug armoring-pipe 31 reaches the focussing region of the light source 15 when the armoring-pipe 31 is inserted until the shoulder of the notch touches the top edge of the guide tube 115. In the case of the right side socket 12, wherein the photoelectric transducer 16 is shown, the length is so adjusted that the distal end of the optical conductor may be brought in close contact with the light receiving surface of the photoelectric transducer 16. A cap schematically shown and referenced by numeral 126 may be provided to cover the top open end of the guide tube 125 in the non-used state and a similar means may also be provided in the left side socket to cover the open end of the guide tube 115. In this embodiment, since the sockets 11 and 12 comprise flanges 112 and 122, the guide-tubes 115 and 125, the casings 113 and 123, and the lids 114 and 124 for easy assembly and disassembly, cleaning operations for the light source IS and the upper surface of the photoelectric transducer 16 as well as detaching operations for the top wall (ceiling) of the processor 1 are also made very easy. However, these casings, guide-tubes and lids may be structured integrally as a solid body. What is essential is the functions of accurately guiding the plug armoring-pipes 31 to direct them to the light source 15 or the optical transducer 16 and of maintaining stable optical connections between them in the accomodated state while permitting a limited extent of angular displacement. The flexible cord assembly 3 generally shown in Fig. 3 comprises of a probe for penetrating into the brain tissues 33, twin plugs 31 and a flexible cord 32 which connects the probe 33 with the terminals 31. In addition to the flexible and light-insulating coating 321 and 322 which covers the flexible cord 32 of the assembly 3, there are sheaths 314 and 334 near the joints 34 and 36 and sheath 351 near the branched position 35 of the flexible cord 32. The cross-sectional views of Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate the details of the parts which constitute the flexible cord assembly. In the probe 33 shown in Fi#g. 4A, a pair of glass fibres 301 and 302 are enclosed in a multiply-notched armoring-pipe comprising thin stainless steel pipes 331, 332 and 333 concentrically arranged and glued together with glass fibres 301 and 302. The thinnest pipe 331 usually has an outside diameter of about 320 ssm, and the other pipes 332 and 333 have correspondingly larger diameters so that they can be set in close fitting. At the root section, the inter mediate diameter pipe 332 may be shorter than the other pipes 331 and 333 so that the tip of the flexible and light-shielding coating 321 can suitably be sandwiched between the butt ends of the pipes 331 and 333. The region 36 where the flexible coating joins the armoring-pipe is reinforced by protective sheath 334. At the branched position 35 shown in Fig. 4B, the pair of glass fibres 301 and 302 and the flexible and lightshielding coating 321 are likewise separated into twin single glass fibres 301 and 302, respectively covered with coatings 323 and 322. These components near the branched position 35 are also reinforced by the protective sheath 351. In the plug 31, only one of which is shown in Fig. 4C for brevity, the glass fibre 301 is enclosed in an armoring-pipe comprising a stainless steel pipe of smaller diameter 311 and one of large diameter 312 concentrically arranged but offset longitudinally with respect to each other to form a notched configuration. The construction thereof is similar to but simpler than that of the probe 33 and all of the components at the joints 34 are reinforced by a protective sheath 313. Also at this joint 34 the tip of smaller diameter stainless steel pipe 312 and the coating 322 are butted together and sandwiched between the smaller diameter pipe 311 and sheath 313. Figs. 5A, SB and 5C show an embodiment illustrating a preferred aspect of the present invention wherein a pair of clamps 37 is associated with the probe 33 and are used to retain a detachable cannula guide 39. In Fig. 5A, a cannula guide 39 in the form of a simple stainless steel pipe with both ends open is shown to be ready for accomodation around the periphery of the smallest diameter section 331 of the probe 33, the direction of the guide's movement being indicated by an arrow. In Fig. 5B, the guide 39 is already accomodated midway around the section but does not reach its rest position since it is slightly blocked by the tips 38 of the clamps 37. In Fig. 5C, the guide 39 is placed at a rest position adjacent to the lower notch, i.e., the butt end of the pipe 332, where the guide 39 is pressed inwards by the tips 38 of the pair of resilient clamps 37 attached to the root section of the pipe 333 by soldering or like means At the rest position, the guide 39 may be glued to the cranial bones of the experimental animal with e.g. dental cement, and when a searching operation is completed by pulling the probe 3 out from the brain guide 39 is left glued to the bones by reversing the order of events shown in Figs. SA, B and C. Figs. 6A and 6B illustrate another embodiment of the guide retaining means, wherein at least one lobe 371 is provided on the penetrating section 331 of the probe armoring-pipe 33. Fig. 6B shows the state wherein the guide 39 is rested at a position adjacent to the lower notch and retained there by being subjected to outward pressure by the lobe 371. The function of the lobe 371 may obviously be provided for by any expanded part provided on the penetrating section 331.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A photoelectric brain scanner which comprises; a) a flexible cord assembly comprising two optical conductors respectively providing "in" and "out" pathways and coated with light-insulator and forming a probe at one end of the assembly for penetrating into brain tissues and having. an inlet plug and an outlet plug at the other end of the assembly, b) means for driving the probe, and c) a photoelectric processor including i) a light source associated with the inlet to the "in" pathway, ii) a photoelectric transducer coupled with the outlet to the "out" pathway and producing an electric signal in response to light incident thereon, iii) two sockets, each one having a casing to shield out exterior light and for holding one of the plugs, iv) an amplifier .adap- to receive as an input the electric signal, v) a recorder adapted to receive as an inapt output signals from the amplifier, vi) means for adjusting said signals and vii) a power source. 2. A scanner as claimed in claim 1, wherein the probe comprises a notched armoring-pipe which covers the outside of the conductors. 3. A scanner as claimed in claim 2, wherein the armoring-pipe detachably retains a cannula guide thereon. 4. A scanner as claimed in claim 3, wherein armoring-pipe is provided with at least one clamp made of resilient material for retaining the cannula guide and/or there is at least one lobe formed on the armoring-pipe to retain the cannula guide. 5. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the inlet and outlet plugs each comprise a notched armoring-pipe which covers a tip portion of a single optical conductor providing an in" or 'out" pathway. 6. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the optical conductors branch apart near the plugs. 7. A scanner as claimed in claim 6, wherein the flexible cord assembly includes sheaths made of a material having approximately the same flexibility as that of the optical conductors, e.g. a thermal-shrinking polyvinyl chloride, in the region of the branching apart of the conductors and around joints between the armoring-pipes and the coated conductors. 8. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the light source and the photoelectric transducer are functionally positioned in a substantially upward direction in the photoelectric processor. 9. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein each of the sockets has a casing respectively to cover the light source or the photoelectric transducer and a center guide tube for holding one of the plugs in position, e.g. substantially vertically whilst permitting a margin of displacement for the respective plug. 10. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, where each socket is positioned respectively either to guide a plug tip down to the focussing region of the light source or to the light receiving surface of the photoelectric transducer. 11. A scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the means for driving the probe comprises, on a sterotaxic instrument, a reduction geared motor, a rotating adapter attached to the axis of a fine adjustment device of the stereotaxic instrument, and a flexible shaft which couples the rotating adaptor with the shaft of the motor. 12. A method of performing a brain scan on animal brain tissues which comprises activating the power source of a scanner as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, positioning the probe in the tissues, allowing light to pass from the light source through the "out" pathway of the flexible cord assembly, allowing light received by the "in" pathway of the flexible cord assembly to pass therethrough so as to activate the photoelectric transducer and recording by the recorder the resultant output of the amplifier. 13. A method of attaching a cannula or other guide to the cranial bones of an experimental animal which comprises using a scanner as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4,bringing the guide detachably mounted on the probe into contact with the cranial bones, gluing the guide to the cranial bones and removing the probe from the guide.

Inventors: IKEDA, MASATO, KUROKAWA, KENJI, MATSUSHITA, AKIRA, MIYAZAKI, HIROSHI, YOSHIDA, NORIHIKO
Applicants: SHIONOGI & CO., LTD.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: A61B5
IPC codes: A61B5, H02M3