VITAL GLUTEN

Abstract: Vital gluten is disclosed having an enhanced content of monoglycerophospholipid e.g. 30 mol % or more of the total phospholipid content, as well as processes for the produc­ tion thereof and use thereof as an improved food improving agent. The novel vital gluten is obtained by enhancing the monoacylglycerophospholipid content relative to the di­ acylglycerophospholipid content, e.g. by treating the wheat flour dough used to obtain the vital gluten, with phospholi­ pase A thereby to convert endogenous diacylglycerophos­ pholipid enzymatically into endogenous monoacylglycer­ ophospholipid. Further enhancement can be obtained also by adding exogenous mono or diacylglycerophospholipid to the dough.

Description: VITAL GLUTEN The present invention relates to vital gluten. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for producing vital gluten and novel vital gluten as well as a food improving agent containing the same. The vital gluten of the present invention is used as a food improving agent for processed food products of wheat flour such as bread, pasta and noodles, marine fish jelly products such as kamaboko and fish stick, meat processed foods such as hamburgers and sausages. A basic process for producing vital gluten comprises a kneading step of adding water to wheat flour and kneading to prepare a dough, a washing and separation steps of removing starch and water-soluble components from the dough to separate wet gluten and a drying step of drying and pulverizing wet gluten. Several processes are industrially carried out depending upon procedures of these steps and equipments. In the most general process, wet gluten is obtained by adding 0.6 to O.9 part of water to 1 part of wheat flour and kneading them to form a dough, then allowing to stand the dough for 30 to 60 minutes, and then washing starch off This wet gluten is sometimes used as it is but used as dry powders in most cases. For example, vital gluten is obtained either by dispersing wet gluten using ammonia and drying by a spray drying method, or by pulverizing and drying wet gluten by an air flow drying method such as flash drying method. For improving the functionality of vital gluten, various methods have been proposed so far. For example, in USP 3,880,824, it is disclosed that vital gluten obtained by reacting vital gluten powders with ionic or non-ionic lipids in an inert organic solvent has excellent dispersibility in water. In this USP, phospholipid is listed as an example of ionic lipids. However, the method of this USP involves an economical drawback since powdery vital gluten is to be subjected to secondary processing and it is further pointed out that lrp'iYs not bound to vital gluten proteins so that improvement in bread baking is poor (USP 4,200,569). In USP 4,200,569, it is disclosed that the bound form of vital gluten proteins and an anionic surfactant provides an excellent action of improving bread. It is further described that sodium dodecyl sulfate and diacetyl tartarate are shown as anionic surfactants but phospholipid such as soybean lecithin is inapplicable. However, these surfactants are all chemically synthesized products and sodium dodecyl sulfate which is disclosed to be particularly effective is not generally used in food processing. In Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No 102148/82, it is disclosed that vital gluten powders having good dispersibility in water are obtained by adding a phospholipid mixture to water-containing vital gluten, homogenizing and then drying and pulverizing According to this process, dispersibility in water is improved but food improving action, particularly action of improving bread is not so improved. Phosphollpids which are generally termed are substances in which aliphatic acids are ester-bound to the hydroxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of glycerol and to the hydroxy group at the 3-position thereof are bound, via phosphoric acid, organic bases such as choline, ethanolamine, etc., or sugar alcohols such as inositol or glycerol, etc., or amino acids such as serine. They are collectively referred to as diacyl glycerophospholipids. Monoacyl glycerophospholipids are phospholipids obtained by removing 1 molecule of aliphatic acids from diacyl glycerophospholipids. Gluten proteins are liable to bind to phospholipids in an aqueous environment. Accordingly, during the process for production of gluten, about O.2% (w/w) of phospholipid (excluding phospholipid enclosed in starch particles) present in wheat flour are bound to gluten proteins; in vital gluten, generally about 1% (w/w) of phospholipid is contained as bound phospholipid. As a result of investigations on interaction between gluten proteins and phospholipids and influences on food improving action, the present inventors have found that in case that phospholipids are monoacyl glycerophospholipids, not ordinary diacyl glycerophospholipids, the complex of the phospholipids and gluten proteins exhibits an excellent food improving action and accomplished the present invention The phospholipids used in USP 3,B80,824 are diacyl glycerophospholipids; with the phospholipids, the same food improving effect as in the novel vital gluten of the present invention is not obtained. Further soybean lecithin which is a phospholipid-nixture is employed in Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 102148/82; most of soybean lecithin is diacyl glycerophospholipids and the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids is 5 molE or less so that the proportion of the complex comprising monoacyl glycerophospholipids is small in the complex of such a phospholipid mixture and gluten proteins and its action is diluted with the action of the complex comprising diacyl glycerophospholipids and far behind the effect of the present invention. The present invention is described in detail below. The first process of the present invention is a process which comprises converting endogeneous phospholipids into monoacyl glycerophospholipids. In wheat flour approximately D (w/w) of phospholipids are present as described above {phospholipids enclosed in starch particles are not dissolved out of starch particles during the production of gluten and accordingly not bound to gluten proteins). The phospholipids are bound to gluten proteins during the production of gluten, approximately 1/3 of which is monoacyl glycerophospholipids and the remaining about 2/3 is diacyl glycerophospholipids. The conversion of diacyl glycerophospholipids into monoacyl glycerophospholipids is achieved by reacting diacyl glycerophospholipids with phospholipase A (hereinafter referred to as PL-A) at the step prior to drying in the production of vital gluten The most preferable step of incorporating Pt-A into wheat flour is a step of adding water to wheat flour and kneading them, from the consideration of the time when enzyme acts and the state where phospholipid as a substrate is present. An amount of Pt-A required varies depending upon time and temperature of kneading but as a matter of course, as the amount is large, diacyl glycerophospholipids are liable to be converted into monoacyl glycerophospholipids. In general, 100 to 10,000 units per 1 kg of wheat flour, as expressed by activity indication method later described, are employed. PL-A is an enzyme which is widely distributed in animals and microorganisms. Pt-A derived from swine pancreatin is industrially used, as described later This first process is the simplest and industrially easily workabLe process but the content of endogeneous phospholipids in wheat flour that is necessary for forming a complex is small. Accordingly7 in vital gluten obtained by this process, the proportion of the complex of monoacyl glycerophospholipids and gluten proteins is low in the whole vital gluten and the binding ability of gluten proteins is not sufficiently exhibited. A method for exhibiting the potential ability of gluten proteins is a method which comprises adding exogeneous phospholipids and Pt-A to wheat flour to thereby enhance the content of the complex of monoacyl glycerophospholipids and gluten proteins in vital gluten The second process of the present invention is a process which comprises, in production of vital gluten7 adding exogeneous phospholipids and reacting diacyl glycerophospholipids with PL-A at a step prior to drying. For the same reason as described in the first process, the most preferable step of the incorporation is the kneading step. As exogeneous phospholipids1 it is satisfactory to use soybean lecithin belonging to diacyl glycerophospholipids that are most inexpensive and industrially utilizable. Other phospholipids may also be employed. The amount lncorporaçed is in the range of 0.1 to 10% (w/w), preferably in the range of 0.5 to 5% (w/w). Further, it is preferable that phospholipids are incorporated after previously dispersing them in water The amount of PL-A added varies depending upon keading conditions but as a matter of course, as the amount is large, monoacyl glycerophospholipids increase. In general, 50,000 to 100,000 units are employed per 1 kg of phospholipid added. The third process of the present invention is a process which comprises previously converting exogeneous phospholipids into phospholipids having a high content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids and then adding -them in the steps of production of vital gluten to bind to gluten proteins. This process involves the following advantages (1) By controlling conditions for the conversion reaction, the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids in phospholipids can freely be chosen. (2) The conversion reaction can be practiced without being limited by pH and temperature of wheat flour dough. Accordingly, in the case of conversion using PL-A, the conversion can be practiced under weakly alkaline condition which is optimum reaction environment of the enzyme and at relatively high temperatures. As a result, the reaction time can be shortened and the necessary amount of enzyme can be reduced (3) The process is applicable not only to the kneading step but also to separated wet gluten prior to drying or ordinary vital gluten powders. For example, the vital gluten of the present invention can-be produced either by mixing and dispersing the conversion-treated phospholipid in wet gluten followed by an air flow drying method such as flash drying, or by incorporating and dispersing the conversion-treated phsopholipid in a çdispersion of wet gluten followed by a spray drying method v urther, the vital gluten of the present invention may also be produced using ordinary vital gluten powders by incorporating and mixing the conversion-treated phospho lipid therewith. As methods for converting ordinary diacyl glycerophospholipids to phospholipids having a high con tent of monoacyl glycerophospholipids, three methods are presently known and these methods may be adopted The methods are enzymatic method using phospholipase A and chemical method involving heat treatment with acids Or alkalis The enzymatic method using phospholipase may be practiced at low temperatures under neutral or weakly alkaline conditions1 as compared to the chemical methods For this reason, there is neither chance of color forma tion in reaction liquid nor serious :restriction on materials and structures of reaction equipments and this is the most excellent method. The conditions for the con version treatment with the enzyme are as follows but the method may also be carried out under conditions outside the following conditions: Concentration of phospholipid: 5 - 20% (w/w) Amount of enzyme added: 1000 - 50,000 units/kg of phospholipid Ca concentration = 0 - 100 mM Reaction pH : 6 Reaction temperature : 20 Reaction time : 10 - 120 minus. The methods for conversion using acids or alkalis are introduced in, e.g.r USP 3,576,831 and 3,505,074a In these methods, the conversion reaction is carried out by heating at 25 to 1000C at pH 2 to 12; according to the results obtained by the present inventors, the reaction time is prolonged under these conditions; when the method is carried out at high temperatures above 1000C, the conversion reaction can be effected for a short period of time as shown in the examples later. The raw phospholipid and the amount added in the third process described above are the same as in the second process. As the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids in the conversion-treated phospholipids is high, the functionality of the resulting vital gluten is improved; it is preferable that the content is 30 molE or more The vital gluten obtained in accordance with the present invention is characterized in that phospholipids are bound to gluten proteins and the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids in the bound phospholipids is high. In ordinary vital gluten, the content of the bound phospholipids is approximately 18 as shown in analytical result of commercially available vital gluten in the examples later and the proportion of monoacyl glycerophospholipids therein is approximately 20 to 40 mol%. Further, in ordinary phospholipids (e.g., soybean phospholipids) used as raw materials in the second and third processes of the present invention, the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids is low and less than 4%. Accordingly, even though such phospholipids are bound to gluten proteins as they are, the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids in the bound phospholipids is low and the functionality is poor although the amount of the bound phospholipids increases. In the vital gluten obtained by the present invention, it is possible to make the content of the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipids in the bound phospholipids 50 mol% or more. Such vital gluten is novel vital gluten that is produced by the present invention for the first time and confirmed in its usefulness. Inter alia, vital gluten obtained by the second and third processes which has the bound phospholipid content of 28 (w/w) or more and improved functionality exhibits a strong action of improving food quality and is particularly useful as novel vital gluten. Further even though the content of the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipids is less than 50 mol%, the functionality is still superior to conventional vital gluten if the content of the bound phospholipids is 2% (w/w) or more andtthe content of the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipids is 30 mol% or more. Such gluten is also a novel vital gluten that is produced for the first time and confirmed in usefulness The function of gluten protein in wheat flour7 in particular, the binding ability of phospholipids which is an important function for the present invention, greatly varies depending upon raw wheat flour used for the production of vital gluten. This variation is similar to the binding ability of lipids in a bread dough and generates by the protein content of wheat flour and the quality of wheat flour in baking bread. The range and factors of this variation are introduced in, e.y , Food Technology, sol. 22, page 1157 (1968) Accordingly, the novel vital gluten of the present invention can be produced by controlling various conditions of the three processes explained in detail hereinabove, depending upon wheat flour as raw material, although the various conditions for obtaining the novel vital gluten of the present invention cannot clearly be set forth. The effects and advantages of the present invention are described. (1) The most characteristic feature of the vital gluten of the present invetnion lies in its excellent actions of improving food quality. Although conventional vital gluten has also actions of improving food quality1 the effect is far behind that of the vital gluten of the present invention. The action that is particularly noted among the actions of improving food quality by the vital gluten of the present invention is actions of improving food quality for processed food products of wheat ilour. (2) Among the vital gluten of the present invention, the vital gluten containing phospholipids in a relatively high concentration is excellent in dispersibility in water. (3) The technology of producing the vital gluten of the present invention can easily be carried out without adding any major modification to the steps of producing vital gluten presently adopted. The test methods and PI-A preparation adopted in the present invention are explained below (1) Method of measurement of SI-L activity The method for measuring this activity is based on quantitative determination of free fatty acids formed by enzyme reaction using as a substrate purified soybean phospholipid mixture with a quantitative analysis kid for free fatty acids commercially available. The composition for enzyme reaction is shown in Table 1. The solution of phospholipid used as a substrate is prepared by dispersing a 2% {w/w) of an aqueous guri- fied soybean phospholipid mixture (made by Tsuru Lecithin Co., Ltd., trademark, SIS-White) using a high speed rotary homogenizer. Table 1 A O.1% > (w/w) PL-A solution 02 ml B O.1M calcium chloride solution C 0.2M acetate-sodium acetate buffer 0,5 ml (pH 5.5) D deionized water 0.2 ml E aq. phospholipid dispersion 1,0 ml After a liquid mixture of A, , C and D is pre-. liminarily warmed at 300 C for 5 minutes, m preliminarily warmed at 300C likewise is added thereto and enzyme reaction is proceeded at 30 C. Ten minutes after, heating is conducted for 15 minutes in boiled water to stop the reaction. Quantitative determination of free fatty acids in the reaction mixture is conducted using Determiner NEFA (made by Kyowa Medex Co. Ltd.). One unit of PL-A activity is defined as the amount for forming 1 vmole of free fatty acids for 1 minute. (2) Method of measurement of bound phospholipids When lipids in living body are classified depending upon the state where they are present, the lipids are generally classified into bound lipids that are bound to proteins and free lipids that are not bound. The free lipids are extracted with a non-polar organic solvent but the bound lipids are not extracted with any non-polar organic solvent but extracted with a polar organic solvent. In the present invention, the phospholipids extracted from the vital gluten with petroleum ether at an initial extraction are termed free phospholipids and the phospholipids subsequently extracted with a chloroform-methanol-sulfuric acid (2 :1: 0.001, by volume) are termed bound phospholipids. The method is as follows. Vital gluten is weighed and extracted four times with a 10-fold weight amount of petroleum ether to remove free phospholipids. Extraction is performed four times by adding 10-fold weight amount of a chloroform-methanol- sulfuric acid solvent mixture to the residue to obtain a bound phospholipid fraction. The phospholipids in the extracts are digested with acids and colorimetrically determined as inorganic phosphorus in a conventional manner. The value obtained by multiplying 31.7 with the amount of inorganic phosphorus is expressed as the amount of the phospholipids. This coefficient is adopted from J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., vol 55, page 521 (1978). In case that the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in the phospholipids is high, this coefficient becomes small but for purpose of convenience, this coefficient is adopted so as to compare the phospholipid content on the molar basis. The bound phospholipid content is expressed by weight % in powdery vital gluten. (3) Method for measurement of the bound monoacyl glycero phospholipids in the bound phospholipids After the free phospholipids are removed from vital gluten using petroleum ether, the bound phospholipids are extracted with a chloroform-methanol-sulfuric acid (2 1: 0.001, by volume), With the extract, the phospholipids are separated by thin layer chromatography in accordance with the method described in J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 30, page 1131 (1979). Spots of diacyl glycerophospholipids and monoacyl glycerophospholipids are combined respectively, and quantitatively determined as inorganic phosphorus to thereby determine the respective contents Df the phospholipids. The bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content is expressed as mol% in the bound phospholipids The measurement and indication of monoacyl glycerophospholipids in the phospholipid raw materials are also performed in a similar manner, (4) Method for test of bread baking Bread was prepared in accordance with the most common 70% sponge dough method by the procedure shown below. Vital gluten was used in an amount of 2% (w/w) based on wheat flour and an amount of water in dough mixing was 90 ml in the case of adding no vital gluten and 100 ml in the case of adding vital gluten Raw materials for sponge dough: EMI11.1 <tb> <SEP> Semi-strong <SEP> wheat <SEP> flour <SEP> 350 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> Yeast <SEP> food <SEP> 0.5 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> (containing <SEP> ascorbic <SEP> acid) <tb> <SEP> Bakers <SEP> yeast <SEP> 1D <SEP> g <tb> Vital <SEP> gluten <SEP> - <SEP> 10 <SEP> g <tb> EMI12.1 <tb> <SEP> &verbar; ;G <SEP> 200 <SEP> ml <SEP> of <SEP> water <tb> <SEP> 200 <SEP> ! <SEP> ml <SEP> of <SEP> water <tb> Sponge <SEP> mixing <tb> <SEP> 1 <tb> Fermentation <SEP> of <SEP> sponge <SEP> (280C, <SEP> 4 <SEP> hours) <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> Raw <SEP> Raw <SEP> materials <SEP> for <SEP> dough <tb> <SEP> Semi-strong <SEP> wheat <SEP> flour <SEP> 150 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> Sugar <SEP> 30 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> Salt <SEP> 10 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> Skim <SEP> milk <SEP> powder <SEP> 10 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> -Shortening <SEP> 20 <SEP> g <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> 90 <SEP> 90 <SEP> ml <SEP> or <SEP> 100 <SEP> ml <SEP> of <SEP> water <tb> <SEP> I <tb> Dough <SEP> mixing <tb> <SEP> 1 <tb> Floor <SEP> time <SEP> (280C, <SEP> 20 <SEP> minutes) <tb> <SEP> 1 <tb> Dividing <tb> <SEP> t <tb> Bench <SEP> time <SEP> (room <SEP> temperature, <SEP> 15 <SEP> minutes) <tb> <SEP> 1 <tb> Molding <tb> <SEP> (I <tb> Proofing <SEP> (400C, <SEP> 50 <SEP> minutes) <tb> <SEP> 1 <tb> Baking <SEP> (220"C, <SEP> 25 <SEP> minutes) <tb> <SEP> t <tb> B;ead <tb> The specific volume (cc/g) of bread was measured by the rape seed displacement method. The degree of staling of bread was measured using a Baker's Compressimeter after allowing to stand at 130C overnight and expressed by relative degree of staling as the value of bread without adding vital gluten being 100. (5) L-A Preparation After swine pancreatin (product by Miles Co.) was rendered a 10% (w/w) aqueous dispersion, pH was adjusted to 3.5 with 6N hydrchloric acid. The dispersion was heated at 750C for 20 minutes to inactivate proteases and lipases contained in pancreatin. After the same amount of lactose as that of pancreatin was dissolved therein, freeze-drying was performed to obtain a Pt-A preparation The Pt-A activity of this enzyme preparation was 420 units/g. Certain specific embodiments of the invention are illustrated by the following representative examples, Example 1 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the first process and the improving action in bread baking are shown. The results of evaluation of three vital glutens presently commercially available are also shown together. To 1 kg of strong wheat flour were added 800 ml of water and 5 g (2100 units) of PL-A preparation. After a dough was prepared by kneading, the dough was allowed to rest at 300C for 60 minutes. Starch was removed by washing 5 times using 2 Q of water per once to obtain wet gluten. - After freeze drying it, it was pulverized to obtain 130 g of vital gluten powders. To prepare vital gluten for comparison, no Pt-A was added to flour, and 135 g of vital gluten powders was obtained by a similar procedure. The results of evaluation of these two vital glutens and commercially available vital glutens are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Vital Commercially Available Vital Gluten Vital Gluten sample and Bread No Gluten (The present Baking Test Addition (control) invention) No, 1 No.2 No.3 3 Bound phospholipid - 0.90 0.71 0.64 S.42 t.63 content (wt%) Bound monoacyl glycerophospho- - 29 72 30 32 33 lipid content (mol%) Specific volume 4.45 4.65 4.75 4.65 4.64 4.65 of bread (cc/g) Degree of staling 100 93 by 93 94 94 of bread (Notes) commercially available vital gluten No. 1 - made by Riken Vitamin Co. Ltd., Emasoft Sx-100 No 2 - made by Showa Sangyo Co., Ltd., Showa Powder Gin A No. 3 - made by Glico Ziyo Shokuhin Co., Ltd., A Glu-R In the vital gluten of the present invention, the content of the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipids is higher than that in other vital glutens and, the action of improving bread is also excellent. Example 2 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the second process and the improving activity in bread baking are shown. To 1 kg of strong wheat flour were added 700 ml of water, 100 g of a 10% (w/w) aqueous dispersion of purified soybean lecithin (made by True Lecilhin Co., Ltd., SLP-White) and 5 g (2100 units) of PI-A preparation, and 133 g of vital gluten powders was obtained in a manner similar to Example 1. For comparison, 135 g of vital gluten to which neither soybean lecithin nor PL-A were added (vital gluten I) and 133 g of vital gluten to which soybean lecithin alone was added (vital gluten II) were obtained, respectively, by the similar procedure. The results of evaluation of these vital glutens are shown in Table 3 Table 3 Vital Vital Vital Gluten Sample and Bread No Gluten I Gluten II (The present Baking Test Addition (control) (control) invention) Bound phospho lipid content - 0.92 4¯68 68 4.36 (wt %) Bound monoacyl glycerophospho- - 29 11 55 lipid content (mol%) Specific volume 4.34 449 4.55 4.70 (cc/g) Degree of staling 100 95 93 B3 of bread In vital gluten II to which phospholipid alone was added, the amount of the bound phospholipid is higher than that of the vital gluten of the present invention but the proportion of monoacyl glycerophospholipids therein is low and the improving action in bread baking is also weak. To the contrary, in the vital gluten of the present invention, both the bound phospholipid content and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content are high and excellent improving action in bread baking is exhibited. Further, in the case of dispersing these vital glutens in water, the vital gluten of the present invention showed extremely good dispersibility as compared to vital glutens I and II. Example 3 In this exaxple, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process in which phospholipids previously reacted with PL-A are added upon kneading of wheat flour and the improving action in bread baking are shown. To 100 g of a 10% {wZw) aqueous dispersion of purified soybean lecithin used in Example 2 was added calcium chloride at 20 mML After 400 mg (168 units) of PL-A was added, the mixture was allowed to react at pH 9*D and 500C for 60 minutes to obtain a phospholipid dispersion having a high content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids, the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipids being Slmol8. To I kg of strong wheat flour were added 700 ml of water and the reaction liquid described above and 133 g of vital gluten powders was obtained in a manner similar to Example 1 The results of evaluation of this vital gluten are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Sample and Bread Baking Test No Addition Vital Gluten Bound phospholipid 4.0 content (wt%) Bound monoacyl 60 glycerophospholipid content (mol%) Specific volume of 4.45 4¯80 bread (cc/g) Degree of staling 100 78 of bread In the vital gluten of the present invention, both the bound phospholipid content and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content are high and the improving action in bread baking is extremely excellent. Example 4 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process in which after wet gluten was prepared, phospholipids previously reacted with PL-A are added and the improving action in bread baking are shown. After 497 g of wet gluten was obtained from 1 kg of strong wheat flour, 900 ml of water and 22 ml of 28% (w/w) ammonia water were added thereto and stirred to be homogeneously dispersed. To the dispersion was added a PL-A reacted liquid of soybean phospholipids prepared in a manner similar to Example 3. liter stirring for 30 minutes, 140 g of vital gluten was obtained by the spray drying method. For comparison, 130 g of vital gluten to which neither soybean phospholipids nor Pt-A were added (vital gluten I) and 140 g of vital gluten to which soybean phospholipids alone were added (vital gluten II) were obtained, respectively, by the similar procedure. The results of evaluation of these vital glutens are shown in Table 5. Table 5 Vital Vital Vital Gluten Sample and Bread No Gluten I Gluten II (The present Baking Test Addition (control) (control) invention) Bound phospholipid content - 1.02 4.89 4.05 (wt %) Bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid - 30 12 58 content (mol%) Specific volume 4,29 4.43 4.48 4.68 (cc/g) Degree of staling 100 96 93 80 of bread In vital gluten af the present invention1 both the bound phospholipid content and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content are high and the improving action in bread baking are also excellent. To the contrary, in the vital gluten obtained by adding phospholipids without reaction with PL-A, the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content is low although the bound phospholipid content is high and the improving action in bread baking is also poor Example 5 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process using phospholipids wherein the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content was enhanced by heat treatment using an acid is shown After the pH of 100 g of a 10% (w/w) purified soybean lecithin dispersion used in Example 2 was adjusted to 3.0 with 4N hydrochloric acid, it was heated at 12DOC for 60 minutes. Then the pH was reverted to 6.0 with 4N sodium hydroxide. The monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in this converted phospholipids was 45 mol%. Using the phospholipid dispersion, 133 g of vital gluten powders was obtained in a manner similar to Example 2. The bound phospholipid content was 3.90% (w/w) and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content was 53 molt. Further this vital gluten showed excellent improving action in bread baking. Example 6 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process musing phospholipids wherein the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content was enhanced by heat treatment using an alkali is shown. The pre of 100 g of a 108 (w/w) purified soybean lecithin dispersion used in Example 2 was rendered 11 with 4N sodium hydroxide. after it was heated at 1200C for 60 minutes, the pR was reverted to 6.0 with 4N hydrochloric acid. The monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in this converted phospholipids was 34 mol$, Using the phospholipid dispersion, 134 g of vital gluten powders was obtained in a manner similar to Example 2. The bound phospholipid content was A.' 05% (w/w) and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content was 43 mol%. Further this vital gluten showed excellent improving action in bread baking, Example7 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process in which phospholipids previously reacted with -PL-A are added in kneading of wheat flour, the evaluation of its dispersibility in water and the effects thereof used on sausage are shown, After the pH of a 10% (wsw) aqueous dispersion of purified soybean lecithin was rendered' 9.0 with sodium hydroxide, 0.4% (w/w) of PL-A preparation and calcium chloride were added at the concentration of 10 mM. liter reacting at 50DC for 60 minutes, the reaction was stopped by heating at 900C for 20 minutes to obtain a phospholipid dispersion having the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in the total phospholipids of 64 mol%. Next, this dispersion was mixed with the unreacted 10% (w/w) lecithin dispersion to obtain a phospholipid dispersion having the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in the phospholipids of 0, 16, 32, 48 or 64 molt, respectively To 1 kg of strong wheat flour were added 600 g of water and 200 g each of the aforesaid phospholipid dispersion and kneaded to prepare dough. She dough was washed with water to obtain wet gluten. After freeze drying it, it was pulverized to obtain vital glutens I to V. The bound phospholipid content, the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content in the bound phospholipids and the dispersibility of these vital glutens in water are shown in Table 6. The dispersibility in water was judged from a dispersed state of the vital glutens when 50 tL1 of water was added to 10 g of the vital glutens and the mixtures were mixed with a glass rod. Table 6 Bound monoacyl Bound phospho- glycerophospho Vital lipid content lipid content tispersibility in gluten (wt%) (mol%) water I 5.50 6 bad II 5.12 19 slightly good III 4.85 34 good IV 4.93 51 very good V 4.45 68 very gooa In the vital glutens to which phospholipids having the low monoacyl glycerophospholipid content were bound, heterogenous gluten masses are formed and dispersed only with difficulty when mixed by adding water thereto. However, as the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content becomes high, the vital glutens become dispersed rapidly and homogenously. Pork sausage was prepared by way of trial in the following recipe. Minced pork meat 1000 g Salt 25 g Sodium nitrite 100 mg Lard 30D g Ice 150 g Sugar 30 y Sodium glutamate 2 g White pepper Nutmeg Vital gluten 25 g As vital glutens, IV was used and I was used ior control First, minced meat, salt and sodium nitrite were mixed, Thereafter vital gluten and 50 g QE ice were added thereto and mixing was conducted with a silent cutter. In the case rf vital active gluten IV, no powdering was observed but' powdering was caused with vital gluten I for control. Next, lard, seasonings, spices and 100 g of ice were added to prepare a meat emulsion. Then, the emulsion was filled in a casing. After heating at 750C for 30 minutes, it was cooled to obtain pork sausage. In sausage obtained by adding vital gluten I for control, separation of fats was observed but in sausage using vital gluten IV, no separation of fats was notes Example 8 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process in which after wet gluten was prepared, phospholipids previously reacted with PL-A were added, the evaluation of its dispersibility in water and the effects thereof used on noodles are shown. To 1000 g each of wet glutens obtained from strong wheat flour were added 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g of a phospholipid dispersion having the monoacyl glycerophospholipid content of 64 mol% obtained in a manner similar to Example 7, respectively, and water to become 2000 g in the total amount of water was added. Further 50 ml of conc. ammonia water was added to disperse glutens and vital gluten powders (I - V) were obtained by the spray drying method The bound phospholipid contents, the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid contents in the bound phospholipids and dispersibility in water of these active glutens are shown in Table 7 Table 7 Bound monoacyl Bound phospho- glycerophospho- Dispersibi- Vital lipid content lipid content lity in gluten (wt%) (mol%) water I 1.02 28 no good II l55 40 slightly good III 2.21 51 good IV 3.10 68 very good V 4.05 70 very good Bs is evident from the results, the vital glutens having bound phospholipids of high monoacyl glycerophospholipid contents in 2% (w/w) or more are excellent in dispersibility in water. Chinese noodles were prepared by way of trial in the following recipe. Semi-strong wheat flour 9800 g Brine (powder) 100 g Water 3200 g Salt 50 g Vital gluten 200 g As vital glutens1 IV was employed and I was employed for comparison. In the noodle dough obtained by adding vital gluten IV, it formed a noodle belt having strong resistance to stretching and good flexibility when it was formed to the noodle belt by roll molding; no breakage of the noodle belt was noted and excellent mechanical resistance was noted as compared to a noodle belt to which vital gluten I for control was added. After boiling the obtained Chinese noodles at 980C for 3 minutes, soup was added and its texture was evaluated by expert panels. After further allowing to stand at room temperature for 1 hour1 the texture was again evaluated. As the result, the noodles of the present invention (vital gluten IV was used) had good resistance to masticating and excellent elasticity in both cases. Example 9 In this example, the trial production of vital gluten by the third process in which phospholipids previously reacted with PL-A are added to dried gluten powder is illustrated. To 400 ml of a 15% (wJw) aqueous dispersion of purified soybean lecithin used in Example 2 was added calcium chloride at 20 mMN Further, 1200 mg (504 units) of PL-A was added thereto, and the mixture was allowed to react at pE 9.0 at 550C for 2 hours to obtain a modified phospholipid dispersion wherein the content of monoacyl glycerophospholipid is 75 molt. Then, 100 ml of the modified phospholipid dispersion and 1000 g of commercially available vital gluten No. 1 shown in Table 2 were mixed with stirring and the mixture was lyophilized and pulverized into a powdery gluten. Further, to the powdery gluten was added 100 ml of the modified phospholipid dispersion, and mixed with stirring. The mixture was lyophilized and pulverized into a powdery gluten. The above-mentioned procedure where to the resultant powdery gluten was added 100 ml of the modified phospholipid dispersion and powdered through lyophilization was repeated further two times Totally7 400 ml of the modified phospholipid was added. The bound phospholipid content of the vital gluten thus obtained was 3.5% (w/w) and the bound monoacyl glycerophospholipid content was 68 mol% Further, this vital gluten showed excellent dispersibility in water and excellent improving action in bread baking as compared with commercially available vital gluten.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A process for the production of vital gluten which comprises forming a dough comprising wheat flour and water, kneading the dough, washing the dough to remove starch and other water-soluble components therefrom and to recover z wet gluten, and drying the wet gluten, characterised in that before or after drying the gluten is treated to enhance the monoacylglycerophospholipid component of the bound phospholipid content of the gluten relative to the diacylglycerophospholipid component of said bound phospholipid. 2. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the monoacylglycerophospholipid content of the gluten is increased relative to the diacylglycerophospholipid content by incorporating phospholipase A into the dough before drying thereby to convert endogenous diacylglycerophospholipids enzymatically into endogenous monoacylglycerophospholipids. 3. A process according to claim 2, characterised in that the total phospholipid content of the gluten is additionally enhanced by the incorporation of exogenous glycerophospholipids into the dough before drying. 4. A process according to claim 3, characterised in that the exogenous glycerophospholipid component is or comprises diacylglycerophospholipids which are enzymatically converted in situ into monoacylglycerophospholipids by said phospholipase A. 5. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the monoacylglycerophospholipid content of the gluten is enhanced by adding exogenous monoacylglycerophospholipids to the dough prior to drying. 6. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the exogenous monoacylglycerophospholipids added to the dough are themselves obtained enzymatically by reacting a diacylglycerophospholipid feedstock with phospholipase A. 7. A process according to claim 5, characterised in that the exogenous monoacylglycerophospholipids added to the dough are themselves obtained chemically by treating a diacylglycerophospholipid feedstock with acid or alkali. 8. A modification of the process claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7, characterised in that the exogenous monoacylglycerophospholipid is incorporated into the gluten after drying. 9. Vital gluten characterised by a bound phospholipid content 2% (W/W) or more and a bound monoacylglycerophospholipid content which is at least 30 mol % but less than 50 mol % of the total bound phospholipid content. 10. Vital gluten characterised in that the content of bound monoacylglycerophospholipid is 50 mol % or more of the total bound phospholipid content. 11. Vital gluten according to claim 10, characterised by a total bound phospholipid content of 2% (W/W) or more. 12. A food improving agent comprising as an essential ingredient vital gluten, characterised in that the vital gluten is a product obtained by a process claimed in any one of claims 1-8, or as claimed in any one of claims 9-11. 13. A foodstuff containing vital gluten as an improving agent, characterised in that the vital gluten is a product obtained by a process claimed in any one of claims 1-8 or as claimed in any one of claims 9-11.

Inventors: INOUE, SEIJIRO, OHTA, SHIGENORI, TEZUKA, TOSHIHIKO
Applicants: KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO., LTD.
Application year: 1984
Main classification: A21D8
IPC codes: A21D2, A21D8