SNOW MAKING MACHINE

Abstract: The apparatus utilizes water and compressed air sup­ plies (40,41) conventionally provided at the site, and receives its motive power through a water turbine, (27) which extracts a fraction of the energy available in the pressurized water supply (31) by first passing the water through the turbine motor (27) driving an axial fan (25). The water exiting from the turbine (27) is then mixed with compressed air in a plurality of nozzles (34) and discharged into the air stream created by the turbine-driven axial fan (25). The equipment makes possible the production of large volumes of high quality snow with greatly reduced requirements for com­ pressed air utilization.

Description: SNOW MAKING MACHINE The manufacture of man-made snow at commercial ski areas is widely practiced, as a means for not only extending the useful season of the ski area, but also improving the quality and uniformity of the surface during the primary season. Typically, in the production of man-made snow, the snow making areas are furnished with supplies of compressed air and water under pressure. Usually, these are in the form of permanent distributional installations, with provisions being made for connection of the snow making equipment at appropriate locations. The Pierce, Jr. U.S. Patent No. 2,676,471 is representative of such an installation. One of the common techniques for the production of man-made snow is the mixture and discharge of water and compressed air through a simple discharge gun as, for example, the type shown in the Lindlof US. Patent No. 3,716,190. The water is partially atomized within the gun, when it is mixed with the high pressure compressed air, and the high velocity discharge of the water/compressed air mixture serves to complete the atomization and to convey the atomized water particles then an appropriate distance from the discharge nozzle. Snow making guns of this type are simple and reliable, but suffer a disadvantage in requiring a substantial consumption of compressed air, which is an expensive component of the snow making process. Another common form of snow making apparatus incorporates an engine driven fan, which directs a stream of air at relatively high velocity through a confining shroud and out over the snow making area. A plurality of atomizing water nozzles are distributed around the periphery of the shroud, discharging streams of atomized water at an angle, forwardly and into the fan-driven air stream. Typically, small amounts of compressed air are injected into the water streams immediately prior to discharge from the atomizing nozzles, to facilitate the atomizing process. This technique either eliminates or greatly minimizes the requirement for a compressed air distribution system over the ski area, but in turn suffers the disadvantage that the equipment is both very expensive, and inconvenient to operate. Typically, such equipment incorporates a self-contained internal combustion engine. Thus, each snow making unit requires a substantial capital investment. Moreover, the equipment is large, heavy and difficult to move easily around the snow making site. There is an additional inconvenience of having to provide constant maintenance for the internal combustion engines, as well as constant delivery of fuel, etc. Thus, although snow making equipment provided with engine-driven fans has certain significant advantages, it also has important compensating disadvantages. Illustrative of snow making equipment utilizing self-contained engine-driven fan is the Dewey US. Patent No. 4,083,492. In an effort to avoid the inconvenience and investment cost of providing internal combustion engines with each snow making unit, some of the commercially available fan-type snow making units have employed electric motors for powering the fan. While this has certain conveniences in comparison to the use of self-contained internal combustion engines, it requires the installation and maintenance of heavy-duty electrical service throughout the ski area, and also presents certain maintenance and safety problems. Accordingly, notwithstanding the apparent advantages, the use of electrically driven fans has not proven to be particularly successful commercially. Illustrative of snow making equipment utilizing electrically driven fans is the Jakob, et al. US. Patent No. 3,760,598, the Hanson U.S. Patent No. 4,004,732, and the Kircher et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,105,161. It has also been proposed heretofore, as for example in the Rambach U.S. Patent No. 3,945,567, to utilize compressed air from the primary compressed air supply source to supply motive power to a fan-type snow maker. Insofar as the applicant is aware, however, such a technique has never achieved any degree of commercial success, possibly because of limitations imposed on the operation of the system by the use of compressed air as a driving medium. In this respect, the relationship of air to water in the atomizing process, for optimum results, is a variable function of temperature and humidity, particularly temperature. Thus, the utilization of compressed air as a motive source for the fan tends to impose limitations upon the flow of compressed air to the system, requiring that the pressurized water serve as the primary variable on the control of the process. This leads to significant inefficiencies in the overall operation and importantly limits the capacity of the equipment to make snow under marginal conditions. In accordance with one of the significant aspects of the present invention, a novel and improved high efficiency, fan-type snow making apparatus is provided, which derives motive power for driving a fan from the high pressure water supply, prior to discharging of the water through snow making nozzles. This utilization of a turbine powered by the high pressure water source produces unique and advantageous results in reducing or eliminating the difficulties associated with the prior snow making equipment listed above. In accordance with a separate advantageous feature of the apparatus of the invention, the snow making nozzles are of the compressed air-water type, similar in principle to the conventional snow making guns that do not use fans. In this respect, the compressed air is introduced into the water supply upstream of the nozzle discharge, enabling mixing and partial atomization to occur prior to discharge from the nozzle extremity. In one form of the invention, the atomized mixture is discharged directly into the fan-driven stream of distributional air. The use of motive power from the high pressure water supply, advantageously when combined with the nozzle arrangement, provides for the making and effective widespread distribution of a high quality snow with outstanding efficiencies in terms of the consumption of high pressure compressed air from the primary source. Of course, there is energy utilization from the water supply, but this is more than offset by significant reductions in the consumption requirements for compressed air, the most expensive component of the snow making process. In one form of the invention, all of the compressed air-water atomizing nozzles are placed directly in the fan-induced air stream, and preferably within the confines of a shroud which surrounds the fan. In this particular embodiment, the atomized air/water mixture is discharged directly into the distributional air stream for atomization and snow particle formation. When this feature is present, the constant bathing of the atomizing nozzles in the distributional air stream serves to keep the - nozzles clean and free of ice accumulation, which can otherwise have a deleterious effect on the atomizing efficiency and effectiveness of the nozzles. For a more complete understanding of the above and other features and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention and to the accompanying drawing. Fig. 1 is a simplified, side elevational view of a snow making apparatus of the type incorporating principles of the invention. Fig. 2 is a front elevational view of the atomizing and discharging unit of the apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view as taken generally on line 3-3 of Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is a simplified top plan view of the apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a simplified schematic flow diagram of the apparatus of the invention. Referring now to the drawing, the reference numeral 10 designates generally a support structure for the snow making equipment, which typically may be a skid suitable for being towed into position for use, either manually or by the usual snow cat equipment normally available at commercial ski areas. The support structure 10 advantageously may include a swivel arrangement 11, for accommodating rotational movement of the snow generator, generally designated by the numeral 12. A support frame 13 is mounted on the swivel unit 11 and is adapted for adjustable angular positioning by a pivoted support 14, enabling the snow generator to be disposed at a desirable angle to the ground surface. Mounted on the frame 13 is a generally cylindrical-metal shroud 15 having a downstream or discharge end IS and an upstream or intake end 17. Desirably, the intake end is provided with an outwardly flared collar 18 to accommodate a relatively efficient flow of air through the shroud. Internally the shroud is a support tube 19, which is positioned concentrically within the shroud by means of a plurality of radial fins 20. The support tube 19 has a bearing platform 21 mounted rigidly within, to which are bolted a pair of spaced bearing blocks 22, 23. The bearing blocks journal a shaft 24 which carries, positioned just within the upstream end of the shroud 15 and axial fan 25. In the illustrated structure, the shaft 24 carries at its upstream extremity a pulley 26, which is driven from a turbine motor 27 via the output shaft 28 of the latter, a drive pulley 29 and a flexible belt 30. In a practical embodiment of the invention, an axial fan may be a twelve inch Vaneaxial fan, as manufactured by Hartzell Propeller Fan Co., Piqua, Ohio, designed to move approximately 2400 cmf of air at approximately 3500 rpm, with a power input of approximately one horsepower. This level of power is easily derived from a multistage turbine 27 having a water flow-through of approximately 33 gallons per minute at a pressure drop of approximately 140 psi. In a prototype unit, the turbine 27 was a Gould multistage pump, modified slightly for operation as a turbine motor. Desirably, all of the water flow to the snow generator is supplied through a line 31 leading to the intake of the turbine 27. The use of the water turbine 27 has proven most advantageous in the efficient production of man-made snow. The discharge outlet 32 of the turbine is connected to a circular manifold 33, mounted at the back of the shroud 15 and connected, in a manner to be described, to a plurality of water atomizing nozzles. In the illustrated form of the snow generator, there are shown a series of nine (for example) atomizing nozzles 34, arranged in a generally circular array, at the forward end of the shroud 15, and, in this illustrated form of the invention, slightly inside the inner wall of the shroud. To this end, discharge lines 35 for the outgoing air/water mixture may pass through the wall of the shroud, near the discharge end thereof. In this particular form of the invention, the discharge nozzles may be located totally within the confines of the shroud, or slightly in front of the end Thereof, as shown in Fig. 3, for example. To advantage, the water atomizing arrangements comprise an elongated mixing tube 36 for each discharge nozzle, which may be mounted along the outside of the shroud 15, extending axially forward from the water manifold 33. Each mixing tube is of relatively large diameter (e.g., 1.5. inches) than the discharge line leading therefrom and is connected at its upstream end to the water manifold 33 through a short delivery tube 37 provided with a restricted orifice. Also entering the upstream end of the mixing tube 36 is an air nozzle 38 carrying compressed air and discharging through a nozzle or orifice 39. Within the mixing tube, there is highly turbulent mixing of the water and compressed air which then exits the mixing tube through the outlet tube 35 leading to the discharge nozzle 34. Typically and desirably, the discharge nozzle 34 is provided with a plurality (e.g., seven) of discharge orifices, from which issue a plurality of streams of air mixed with highly atomized water particles, expelled at relatively high velocity by the compressed air. In a typical ski area installation with snow making facilities, valved water and air supplies 40, 41 (Fig. 5) are provided adjacent the snow making areas, arranged with quick detachable couplings 42, 43 for connection to the snow making apparatus. In a typical operational system, the water inlet system of the snow maker may include an inlet pressure gauge 44, a flow meter 45, a throttling valve 46, turbine inlet pressure gauge 47 and outlet pressure gauge 48. Downstream of the turbine 27, the water supply divides and enters the manifold 33 from opposite ends, for maximum uniformity of water distribution to the several nozzles. As reflected in the schematic of Fig. 5, all of the incoming water supply is, in the illustrated apparatus, directed through the turbine 27. The compressed air system of the snow making apparatus includes an incoming pressure gauge 49, flow meter 50, throttling valve 51 and manifold pressure gauge 52 on the downstream side of the throttling valve. The air manifold 53, which may be a circular manifold similar to the water manifold 33, is arranged to distribute the incoming compressed air uniformly to the several air injector nozzles 38. In typical operation of the illustrated embodiment of the novel system, approximately 33 gallons per minute of water was delivered to the inlet of the turbine 27 at a pressure on the order of 250 psi. In this prototype unit, approximately 140 psi was dropped through the turbine to drive the fan at around 3200 rpm. The discharge water, at a pressure on the order of 100 psi, was then directed to the water manifold and discharged into the mixing chambers 36, from which the air/atomized water mixture is discharged from the nozzles 34. In the illustrated form of the invention, the mixture is discharged directly into the distributional stream of ambient air. As is well known and recognized, the percentage of compressed air required to be mixed with water in the snow making process is highly variable, as a function of both the temperature and humidity. The higher the temperature and/or relative humidity, the greater proportions of air are required to form ice crystals from the water particles. In all cases, however, the amounts of compressed air per unit of water required with the apparatus of the invention are significantly lower than with conventional air/water atomizing guns under corresponding conditions. For example, under relatively favorable snow making conditions, it is possible, with the illustrated embodiment of the apparatus of the invention, to produce large quantities of quality snow utilizing as little as 90 cfm of air to approximately 33 gallons per minute of water, an extremely favorable ratio. Under extremely unfavorable snow making conditions, approximately 180 cfm of air is used with approximately 33 gallons per minute of water. Compressed air is supplied to the generator at pressures in the range of 85-110 psi. Desirably, some of the output of the turbine unit 27 may be utilized for other functions, such as driving a small alternator 55. The output of the alternator may be utilized to provide for electrical control functions and/or to effect oscillation of the snow generator for wider distribution of the snow over the area to be covered. In this respect, it is anticipated that a high efficiency turbine unit may readily derive approximately one horsepower via a pressure drop of less than 190 psi at 33 gallons per minute, such that the system can easily accommodate. the extraction of minor amounts of energy to service an ltern.ator 55. One of the advantageous aspects of the system of th&commat; the Invention is that it enables the production of snow to be maximized under all conditions. In this respect, one feature of the illustrated embodiment of the present invention is that the flow of water to, and its discharge from, the snow generator may be maximized at @ constant value, and the primary variable in the process is the amount of air supplied. This, of course, is adjusted to a level as low as the ambient conditions will permit. This feature, which exists in the particular illustrated embodiment, is most advantageous when these particular ambient conditions exist. In general, the volumes of compressed air required to be supplied are significantly less than would have to be supplied to a conventional air/water gun of similar capacity. In the illustrated embodiment, the arrangement of the atomizing nozzles directly within the distributional air stream issuing from the fan 25 also serves to increase the overall efficient operation of the system. Because the nozzles are continuously bathed in a relatively high velocity flow of air through the shroud, the nozzles remain clean and free of ice build up, which can significantly substantially degrade performance of the nozzles. A rather surprising characteristic of the snow generator of the invention is the fact that it is extremely quiet in operation. Typically, the operation of air/water snow making guns is accompanied by a great deal of penetrating, annoying noise. In the operation of the snow generator of the invention, possibly because of the reduced requirements for compressed air usage, the noise level of the equipment in operation was sufficiently low as to not be disagreeable and annoying even at locations immediately adjacent to the discharge nozzles. It should be understood, of course, that the specific form of the invention herein illustrated and described is intended to be representative only, as certain changes may be made therein without departing from the clear teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the invention.

Claims: 1. Snow making apparatus of the air/water atomizing type; which comprises (a) an open-ended shroud, (b) a fan for directing a flow of air through and out of said shroud, (c) a plurality of air/water atomizing nozzles arranged about said shroud and arranged to discharge atomized water and compressed air into said flow of air, (d) a water driven turbine driving said fan, (e) water delivery means for supplying water to said atomizing nozzles and including said turbine in series, (f) compressed air delivery means forming said water delivery means upstream of said atomizing nozzles, and (g) means for varying the rate of flow of compressed air supplied by said air delivery means relative to the supply of water delivery by said water delivery means. 2. Snow making equipment according to claim 1, further characterized by (a) elongated mixing chambers being connected in series with said atomizing nozzles, (b) said air delivery means and said water delivery means discharging into upstream portions of said mixing chambers. 3. Snow making equipment according to claim 1, further characterized by (a) water/air discharge lines leading to and mounting said atomizing nozzles, (b) said discharge lines extending outside said shroud and then radially inward thereof to mount said nozzles within the projected envelope of said shroud. 4. Snow making equipment according to claim 3, further characterized by (a) said discharge lines passing through the wall of said shroud near the forward end thereof. 5. A snow making apparatus of the air/water type, which comprises (a) a fan for generating a flow of relatively high velocity distributional air, (b) a generally cylindrical shroud surrounding said fan, (c) a plurality of water/air atomizing nozzles arranged to discharge atomized water and compressed air directly into the stream of distributional air and substantially in the direction of movement thereof, (d) a water driven motor for rotating said fan, (e) means for furnishing water under pressure to said motor, (f) means for directing the flow of exhaust water from said motor to said atomizing nozzles for discharge therefrom, (g) compressed air supply means for mixing compressed air with said water at points upstream thereof, and (h) means to vary the rate of flow of compressed air relative to the flow of said water while maintaining the flow of water relatively constant and maximized. 6. Snow making equipment according to claim 5, further characterized by (a) means for routing all of the water to be ejected by said nozzles through said motor. 7. Snow making equipment according to claim 5, further characterized by (a) mixing chamber means associated with said nozzles and provided with water and compressed air inlet means, (b) outlet means, of reduced diameter in relation to said mixing chambers means, for conveying water/air mixture to said nozzles. 8. Snow making equipment according to claim 7, further characterized by (a) a separate mixing chamber and outlet means associated with discharge nozzles, (b) said mixing chambers being mounted externally of said shroud, and (c) said outlet means comprising separate tubes connected to said mixing chambers externally of said shroud and extending to points radially within said shroud or the forward projection of its walls, (d) said tubes mounting said nozzles directly within the stream of air produced by said fan. 9. Snow making equipment according to claim 8, further characterized by (a) said tubes extend through the wall of said shroud adjacent its forward end. 10. Apparatus for providing artificial snow comprising (a) a fan for creating a relatively high velocity flow of ambient air, (b) a water driven motor for operating said fan, (c) means to route water under pressure from a source thereof through said water driven motor, (d) a plurality of water atomizing nozzles for discharging fine atomized water particles, (e) means connecting the discharge of said motor to said nozzles, whereby the pressurized water delivered to said nozzles is first employed to drive said fan, and (f) means for introducing compressed air into said water between said motor and said nozzles. 11. Apparatus according to claim 10, further characterized by (a) said nozzles being mounted directly within the flow of ambient air created by said fan.

Inventors: ALBERTSSON, STIG L.
Applicants: ALBERTSSON, STIG L.
Application year: 1983
Main classification: F25C3
IPC codes: F25C3