DERIVED NISIN PRODUCING MICROORGANISMS, METHOD OF PRODUCTION AND USE AND PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREBY

Abstract: Derived microorganisms containing foreign DNA en­ coding for nisin production and a method for producing the derived microorganisms by transferring DNA to a recipient microorganism are described. The recipient microorgan­ isms are preferably bacteria lacking in the ability to produce nisin. Nisin inhibits the growth of spoilage bacteria and is used in various materials for preservation, including foods and particularly at refrigeration temperatures. Nisin is also used in animals for improving the health of the animal. The foreign DNA is obtained from a donor microorganism and encodes for nisin production when transferred to the recip­ ient microorganism.

Description: The present invention relates to novel derived microorganisms and to a method for producing the derived microorganisms which contain foreign DNA encoding for nisin production. In particular, the present invention relates to derived bacteria containing foreign DNA encoding for nisin production. Nisin The Merck Index (8th Edition) at page 6375 generally characterizes nisin as a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptococcus lactis , citing various publications including Mattick, Hirsch, Nature 154, 551 (1944); Lancet 250 , 417 (1946); and 253 , 5(1947); Berridge et al., Biochem. J. 52, 529 (1952); and U.S. Pat. 2,935,503(1960). The chemical structure is indicated to contain 34 amino acid residues, eight of which are rarely found in nature, including lanthionine (two alanines bonded to sulfur at the beta-carbons) and beta-methyllanthionine as described by Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 4634 (1971). Nisin is indicated to form crystals from ethanol and to be soluble in dilute acids. It is stable to boiling in acid solution. The Merck Index indicates that nisin is used in food processing and as a preservative, especially for cheese and canned fruits and vegetables. A chemical structure of one form of nisin has been described by Gross and Morrell of the National Institute of Health in Chem. and Eng. News Page 18 (Sept. 24, 1973). The structure includes alpha-beta unsaturation in amino acids near the terminal amino and acid groups. It is speculated that the activity of nisin is related to reaction of the unsaturated amino acids with the sulfhydryl groups of enzymes in the affected microorganisms. Nisin generally has a published molecular weight range between about 6800 and 7500. Nisin is classed as an antibiotic produced by N-group lactic acid producing Streptococci . The inventors prefer the phrase "inhibitory substance" to "antibiotic" where nisin is generated in situ in a food by the microorganism, particularly by bacteria. Use in Foods Nisin in foods inhibits clostridial spoilage which is a major problem resulting from food storage. In addition, nisin inhibits psychotrophic bacteria which are particularly a problem with refrigerated foods. Thus nisin inhibits Streptococci of Groups A, B, E, F, H, K, M and N, Staphylococci, Micrococcus, Bacillus (some species) Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Lactobacillus, Octinomyces and Erysipelothrix . Nisin is particularly effective where the food has been partially heat treated. It is not affected by the presence of foods containing blood serum or milk. It is thus useful in settings where these substances are present in substantial amounts. At this time nisin can not be added to foods in the United States but is used in many countries elsewhere in the world; however, approval is being sought in the United States. It should be noted that nisin occurs naturally in fermented food products where nisin producing strains of Streptococcus lactis are present, particularly in milk products. Use in foods is described by Reddy et al J. of Food Science 35 , 787-791 (1970) and in Reddy et al J. Food Science 40 , 314-318 (1975). GB-A-713,251 discloses the use of nisin or nisin-producing bacteria cultures in a process of manufacturing or preserving cheese. Lipinska et al., Int. Diary Congr., Proc. 17th, Munich 1966, 4, 633-640, teache the use of nisin in a mixture containing Streptococcus cremoris , Streptococcus diacetilactis and two strains of Streptococcus lactis for incubation of milk in order to produce cheese. An assay procedure in foods is described by Trainer, J., et al J. Sci Fd Agriculture 15 522-528 (1964). The Assay of Nisin In Foods. Fowler, G. G.; Garvis, B.; Tramer, J., Aplin & Barret Ltd., Yeovil, Somerset, U.K. Technical Series. Society for Applied Bacteriology, 1975, No. 8 pp 91-105. Strains Various strains of Streptococcus lactis are known to produce nisin, but S. cremoris and S. lactis subspecies diacetilactis do not. Such strains are described in: McClintok, H. et al. J. Dairy Research 19 , 187-193 (1952); Campbell, L. L. et al Food Tech 13 :462-464 (1959); Hurst J. Gen Microbiology 44 :209-220(1966); Mattick and Hirsch 12th Intern. Dairy Congress 2 (Sect 3) 546-550 (1949); Campbell et al, Food Preservation by Use of Chemicals 110-119 (about 1960); McClintock et al, J. Dairy Res 19 :187-193 (1952) (French); Rayman, Applied and Environmental Tech 41 :375, 380 (1981); Scott et al Journal of Food Science 40 :115-126 (1981); and in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,935,503; 3,093,551; 2,785,108; and 3,295,989. Various technical articles have appeared describing nisin producing Streptococcus lactis strains. Includes are Geis A, et al Applied Environmental Microbiology 45 :205-211 (1983); Kozak et al J. of Gen. Microbiology 83:295-302 (1974); Pack, et al, J. Bacteriology 149 420-425 (1982); McKay, L. et al Applied and Environmental Microbiology 40 :84-91 (1980); Hurst A, J. Gen Microbiology 44:209-220 (1966); Scherwitz, K., et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45 :1506-1512 (1983); LeBlanc, D., et al., J. of Bacteriology 137 :878-884 (1979) and LeBlanc D., et al in Plasmids and Transposons. Fuchs et al Journal of General Microbiology 88 : 189-192 (1975) describe some observations indicating that the nisin coding gene may be located on a streptococcal plasmid. Environmental Effects and Maintenance Mechanisms, Edited by Colin Stuttard and Kenneth R. Rozee, Academic Press, 31-41 (1980). Some of these publications describe the plasmids in Streptococcus lactis and in particular a 28 Mdal plasmid which may encode for nisin production. Le Blanc et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 : 3484-3487 (1978) disclose "conjugal" transfer of plasmid DNA among oral Streptococci; however, none of the publications describe the transfer of the nisin encoding plasmid to non-nisin producing recipient bacteria or to other microorganisms. A summary regarding nisin appears in Hurst, A., Advances Applied Microbiology 27 :85-123 (1981). This publication describes what is generally known about nisin. A major problem described in the prior art is the phage susceptibility of nisin producing strains of Streptococcus lactis . Another problem is that the nisin is expressed at relatively low levels in the naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus lactis and the strains are difficult to grow. Still another problem is that nisin alone has some limitations of inhibitory activity against food spoilage microorganisms. It is an object of the present invention to provide nisin producing derived microorganisms containing foreign DNA which encodes for nisin production. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a large collection of nisin producing derived microorganisms which have unrelated phage susceptibilities and which generate relatively large amounts of nisin. Also, provided are nisin producing derived microorganisms which can be adapted to become phage insensitive derivatives by direct challenge with phage for selection of insensitive clones without loss of desired functional characteristics, particularly nisin production. Further still it is an object of the present invention to provide nisin producing derived microorganisms which can be combined with other inhibitory substance producing microorganisms. The present invention broadly relates to a novel nisin producing derived microorganism which contains foreign DNA, either chromosomal or extrachromosomal, which encodes for nisin production, which foreign DNA was obtained from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus and which derived microorganism is obtainable by mating a nisin-producing donor bacterium with a nisin-sensitive recipient bacterium resulting in the nisin-producing derived microorganism. The present invention particularly relates to a novel nisin producing derived bacterium. The following definitions are used herein: (1) the phrase "donor microorganism" means a parental Streptococcus strain containing transferable DNA which encodes for nisin production, preferably strains of Streptococcus lactis bacteria which naturally produce nisin. (2) The phrase "recipient microorganism" means a parental bacterium strain which does not naturally produce nisin or which produces relatively low amounts of nisin and may or may not be sensitive to (inhibited by) nisin. (3) The phrase "derived microorganisms" means nisin producing strains that result from introducing foreign DNA into a recipient bacterium, preferably from mating a donor bacterium which is nisin producing with a recipient bacterium which is non-nisin producing or low nisin producing to increase nisin production. (4) The phrase "foreign DNA" means DNA which does not naturally occur in the recipient bacterium. The foreign DNA is introduced into the recipient bacterium by the method of the present invention. (5) The phrase "inhibitory substance" means an antimicrobial agent including nisin produced by a microorganism which prevents the growth of other microorganisms. The present invention particularly relates to a nisin producing derived bacterium selected from Streptococcus species, Pediococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Micrococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Staphylococcus species, Clostridium species Flavobacterium species, Brevibacterium species, E. coli and Pseudomonas species. Conventional conjugal mating of donor and recipient bacteria can be used for the transfer of the foreign DNA. The present invention also relates to a method for engineering a nisin producing derived microorganism which comprises: (a) transferring DNA which DNA encodes for nisin production in a donor Streptococcus to a recipient bacterium which is sensitive to nisin by mating a donor bacterium with a recipient bacterium to result in a nisin producing derived microorganism, wherein the DNA is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for nisin production in the recipient bacterium; and (b) isolating the nisin producing derived microorganism. The present invention also relates to a nisin containing product elaborated by the nisin producing microorganism with the foreign DNA. The nisin containing product can contain in addition other inhibitory substances preferably those simultaneously elaborated by the nisin producing derived microorganism. The present invention further relates to two or more of the nisin producing derived microorganism strains containing the foreign DNA as a mixture, which strains have different phage susceptibilities so as to enable the production of nisin without stringent anti-bacteriophage precautions. The strains can be packaged mixed or separately. Finally the present invention relates to the use of nisin producing microorganisms in the manufacture of a preparation, containing the microorganisms alone or in a mixture with other microorganisms, for use in the treatment of animals. The present invention is based upon the fact that DNA encoding for nisin production in a donor microorganism can be incorporated into a recipient microorganism as foreign DNA to provide a new nisin producing derived microorganism. The resulting nisin producing derived microorganism is able to preserve foods and other materials and to provide inhibitory substances in animals, particularly birds and mammals, to maintain or improve their health. The nisin producing derived microorganisms containing the foreign DNA can be combined with non-nisin producing, nisin insensitive bacteria or other microorganisms preferably those which can produce other inhibitory substances structurally different from nisin. Sometimes nisin can be encoded for in the naturally occurring nisin producing Streptococcus lactis by a plasmid. Also the plasmid DNA encoding for nisin can be incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient bacterium by natural ligation processes, which makes the removal of the characteristic in the derived microorganism difficult. Thus, in the present invention, the foreign DNA after transfer can be chromosomal or extrachromosomal in the derived microorganism. The plasmid can be transferred by conjugal mating of related or unrelated genera and species. The resulting nisin producing derived microrganism may have multiple copies of the foreign DNA in each cell which can greatly increase the amount of nisin produced per cell subject to cellular limitations as to concentration of nisin. As is known in the art, the derived microorganisms are provided in various preserved forms which increase viability during storage and shipment. Such forms include: liquid non-concentrated or concentrated cultures, frozen or non-frozen cultures and stabilized dried or lyophilized cultures. The cultures usually contain biologically pure forms of the derived microorganisms. Amounts of the microorganism over about 10⁶ cells per gram, and preferably over about 1 x 10⁹ cells per gram in preserved form are preferred. Generally, concentrations over 10⁹ cells per gram require means for removal of liquid growth medium from the cells usually by centrifugation or reverse osmosis. Various stabilizing agents such as glycerol, milk powder and the like are used for freezing and lyophilization. The derived microorganism cells are usually grown in a growth medium including a source of carbon, nitrogen and essential minerals. All of this is well known to those skilled in the art as can be seen from the large body of patent art. The present invention particularly relates to a biologically pure nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium which is not sensitive to nisin and containing plasmid derived DNA, encoding for nisin production from a donor nisin producing Streptococcus lactis wherein the DNA has been transferred to a nisin sensitive recipient bacterium resulting in the nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium. The recipient bacterium is preferably Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis . The donor bacterium for S. lactis is preferably Streptococcus lactis ATCC 11,454 which transfers the nisin trait only to isogenic strains as can be seen from Table 1. Sucrose utilization also is transferred with the nisin trait. A related known nisin producing strain is NRRL-B-15,470 (NIRD 1404) which could be used. The derived donors are S. lactis , NRRL-B-15,459 and NRRL-B-15,460 which can transfer the nisin, sucrose trait intergenetically. All of the nisin producing derived microorganisms which are transconjugants can potentially be used as donors of the nisin trait. The reason may be that the plasmid encoding for nisin and sucrose may have been modified in the primacy transfer. The intergenetic recipient bacterium is preferably Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,005, NRRL-B-15,006, NRRL-B-15,018, NRRL-B-12,070 (DRC3, cit⁻,lac⁺), and NRRL-B-12071 (DRC3, lac⁺, cit⁻), and S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454, NRRL-B-15,452, NRRL-B-15,455, NRRL-B-15,456, NRRL-B-15,457. The resultant nisin producing derived bacterium with the foreign DNA is preferably selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,464, (and related transconjugants from similar matings 15,465, 15,466 and 15,467), 15,468 and 15,469 and isogenic bacterial derivatives thereof as described more fully hereinafter with the appropriate antibiotic resistance marker(s) removed by selection. The present invention particularly relates to a biologically pure nisin and lactic acid producing bacterium which is not sensitive to nisin and which is derived by conjugal mating of a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis donor bacterium containing a plasmid, which codes for the nisin production in the donor bacterium, with a non-nisin producing and nisin sensitive lactic acid producing recipient bacterium. The conjugal mating results in the nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium wherein, in some instances, the original plasmid from the donor encoding for nisin production can not be removed as a plasmid from the nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium because of recombination with the host chromosome of the recipient bacterium. The recipient bacterium can be inhibited by nisin prior to the transfer. The plasmid which encodes for nisin production (and sucrose fermentation) from the donor bacterium preferably measures about 29 Mdal in length and may exist as 29 or altered form i.e. reduced or enlarged or recombined with host chromosome DNA in the derived bacterium. The present invention particularly relates to the method for producing a nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium which is not sensitive to nisin and which comprises: conjugally mating a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis donor bacterium containing a plasmid which codes for the nisin production in the donor bacterium with a non-nisin producing and nisin sensitive lactic acid producing recipient bacterium, and isolating the nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium produced by the mating. Further, the present invention relates to an improvement in a method of preserving a material such as a food by incorporating a lactic acid producing derived bacterium into the material which comprises incorporating in the material a nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium which is not sensitive to nisin and containing DNA derived from a plasmid which codes for nisin production from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus lacti s and which has been transferred to a nisin sensitive recipient bacterium to produce the nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium. The foreign DNA encodes for nisin production and is either integrated into the chromosome or extrachromosomal in the nisin producing derived bacterium. The materials can include all sorts of microbially degradable products for agricultural, industrial, food and other uses including silage, cutting oil and foods. The foods include fresh meat, comminuted, fermented and non-fermented meat; fresh chicken, fish, milk and other dairy products, commercially prepared salads, vegetables, dressings, sauces and other foods subject to spoilage during refrigerated storage. Also, the present invention particularly relates to an improved preserved material produced by incorporating into the material a lactic acid producing derived bacterium or a product produced by the derived bacterium, which comprises (1) a material containing a nisin and lactic acid producing derived bacterium, which is not sensitive to nisin and containing DNA derived from a plasmid which encodes for nisin production from a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis donor bacterium which has been transferred to a nisin sensitive recipient bacterium to produce the nisin and lactic acid derived bacterium or (2) incorporating in the material a nisin containing product of such derived bacterium or (3) incorporating in the material a nisin containing product of such derived bacterium along with a microorganism which produces other inhibitory substances in addition to nisin. EXAMPLE 1 In order to determine if sucrose utilization and nisin production could be transferred by conjugation, S. lactis ATCC-11454 (utilizes sucrose and produces nisin) was used as the donor strain in a mating experiment where S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis and S. lactis (neither strain utilizes sucrose and neither strain produce nisin) were the recipient strains. The mating conditions were as described by Gonzalez and Kunka, (Gonzalez, Carlos F., and Blair S. Kunka. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 46:128-132 (1983)) except that the mating filters were not overlayed with agar. Instead, the filter with the cells facing the agar surface were placed in a BBL™ - Anaerobic Jar with CO₂/H₂ atmosphere for 3 to 4 hours. Transconjugants were selected for the chromosomal resistance of the recipient and ability to utilize sucrose or resistance to nisin (1000 units/ml). An isogenic strain of S. lactis ATCC 11,454 was constructed. Strain S. lactis ATCC-11,454 (utilizes lactose and sucrose, and produces nisin) was temperature cured of a resident 29 Mdal plasmid by exposure to an elevated growth temperature (40°C). This cured strain utilized lactose but did not utilize sucrose and did not produce nisin. Subsequently, this strain was subjected to an additional heat curing at 40°C to remove an additional resident 32 Mdal plasmid to result in constructed strain S. lactis ATCC 11,454, which was lactose negative (Lac⁻), sucrose negative (Suc⁻) and did not produce nisin (Nis⁻). This constructed strain was designated as S. lactis NRRL-B-15,453 (Lac⁻, Suc⁻, Nis⁻). NRRL-B-15,453, then was exposed to increasing concentrations of streptomycin to obtain a chromosomal mutation for the antibiotic at a concentration of 1000 g/ml. This NRRL-B-15,453 Sm r (streptomycin resistant) strain was designated as NRRL-B-15,454. Strain NRRL-B-15,454 was then used as a recipient in the conjugal mating experiments. Table 1 describes the experiments and the results. In these experiments, transfer of sucrose utilization and nisin production only was observed with the isogenic recipient S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454. Transfer of sucrose utilization and nisin production intragenerically from S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454 to S. lactis NRRL-B-15,452 and S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,006-Sm r was not observed. Intraspecies Conjugal Matings Donor Recipients Transfer frequencies per donor S. lactis ATCC 11454 S. lactis NRRL-B-15452 NO " S. lactis NRRL-B-15454 1 x 10⁻⁵ " S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15006-Sm r NO NO - Not Detected Sm r - Resistance to streptomycin at concentration of 1000 µg/ml. Mating conditions as described by Gonzalez and Kunka, 1983 (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:81-89). See Example 1 in text for exception. Transfer frequency is expressed as the number of nisin resistant and nisin producing colonies per donor colony forming units (CFU). Donor CFU were determined before mating. Transconjugants were selected for the chromosomal resistance of the recipient and ability to utilize sucrose or resistance to nisin (1000 units/ml). EXAMPLE 2 S. lactis ATCC 11,454 was exposed to increasing concentrations of rifamycin to obtain a rifamycin resistant (Rif r ) mutant (resistant to 400 µg/ml). The mutant was used as a recipient in a conjugal mating experiment with a S. sanguis V683 strain which contains the conjugative plasmid pIP501. The resultant transconjugant ( S. lactis ATCC 11,454 Rif r (pIP501)) was isolated and was designated as S. lactis NRRL-B-15,458. S. lactis NRRL-B-15,458 along with S. lactis ATCC 11,454 were used as donors in isogenic and intrageneric matings to determine conjugal transfer of the nisin genes. The mating conditions for the experiments were as described in Example 1 above. Table 2 describes results of matings in which strain S. lactis NRRL-B-15,458 was used as a donor and S. lactis NRRL-B-15,452, S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454 (an isogenic strain of S. lactis ATCC 11,454) and S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,006-Sm r were used as recipients. Transer of plasmid pIP501 was observed to occur in two S. lactis strains, while no transfer was detected to S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis . Transfer of sucrose utilization and nisin production was observed only to isogenic strain S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454 and was at a frequency of 1.4 x 10⁻³. Conjugal Transfer of Nisin Genes Donor Recipient Transfer frequency per donor S. lactis NRRL-B-15458 S. lactis NRRL-B-15452 pIP501 2 x 10² Nisin NO " S. lactis NRRL-B-15454 (isogenic strain) 2.7 x 10⁻⁵ 1.4 x 10⁻³ " S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15006-Sm r NO NO NO - Not Detected Mating conditions as described in Example 1 When S. lactis NRRL-B-15,458 was mated with S. lactis NRRL-B-15,454 (isogenic strain) two different phenotypes of transconjugants were obtained. One phenotype was lactose negative, sucrose positive and produced nisin. This isolate was designated as S. lactis NRRL-B-15,459. The other transconjugant was lactose negative, sucrose positive, produced nisin and contained plasmid pIP501. This isolate was designated as S. lactis NRRL-B-15,460. These derived strains, unlike the donor strain, were streptomycin resistant, rifamycin sensitive and did not produce acid from lactose. However, unlike the recipient parental strain the derived strains were now nisin producers and were able to utilize sucrose as a source of carbon to produce acid. Therefore, only isogenic transfer of the sucrose utilizing nisin producing trait was observed by strains S. lactis ATCC 11,454 and its pIP501 derivative S. lactis NRRL-B-15,458. EXAMPLE 3 S. lactis NRRL-B-15,459 was tested for ability to transfer nisin production to S. lactis NRRL-B-15,452. Recipient strain NRRL-B-15,452 was negative for production of nisin, sensitive to nisin and unable to utilize sucrose as a source of carbon to produce acid. The mating conditions were as described in Example 1 and results are described in Table 3. Intrageneric Transfer of Nisin and Sucrose Utilization Genes Donor Recipient Nis⁺, Suc⁺ Transconjugants per donor S. lactis NRRL-B-15459 S. lactis NRRL-B-15452 6 x 10⁻⁵ Conditions as described in Table 1 Suc⁺ = Sucrose positive; able to utilize sucrose to produce acid. Nis⁺ = Nisin positive; able to produce nisin. S. lactis NRRL-B-15,459 was able to transfer nisin production, resistance and the ability to utilize sucrose to a non-isogenic strain of S. lactis NRRL-B-15,452. EXAMPLE 4 S. lactis NRRL-B-15,460 was tested for ability to transfer nisin production to S. lactis NRRL-B-15,452, S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,455 and NRRL-B-15,456. Recipient strains NRRL-B-15,452, NRRL-B-15,455 and NRRL-B-15,456 are negative for production of nisin, sensitive to nisin and unable to utilize sucrose as a source of carbon to produce acid. The mating conditions were as described in Example 1 and the results are described in Table 4. S. lactis NRRL-B-15,460 was able to transfer nisin production, nisin resistance and ability to utilize sucrose to a non-isogenic strain of S. lactis NRRL-B-15452 and to S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15455. Many transconjugant, derived strains were isolated from the conjugal matings described in Examples 3 and 4. Derived S. lactis NRRL-B-15461 is typical of a transconjugant of S. lactis NRRL-B-15452. Derived S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15469 is typical of a transconjugant of S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15456. Table 5 summarizes phenotypic charactistics of transconjugant strains resulting from matings described in Example 4. Transconjugants obtained from each mating were analyzed for selected and unselected markers. Analysis of plasmid content of transconjugants confirmed them as recipient types. Additionally transconjugants were tested for sensitivity to their respective recipient homospecific phages. The transconjugants were lysed by their homospecific phages while donor controls showed no sensitivity. Phenotypic characteristics of Parental Recipient Strain and Derived Strains of Table 4 Matings Strain # status Phenotypic Characteristics Nisin Production Nisin Resistance Sucrose Utilization S. lactis NRRL-B-15452 Parental Recipient - - - S. lactis NRRL-B-15461 Derived + + + S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15455 Parental Recipient - - - S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15464 Derived + + + S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15456 Parental Recipient - - - S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15469 Derived + + + Nisin production - Assay (see text) Nisin resistance - Growth on medium containing Nisaplin™ at 1000 µg/ml. Sucrose - utilization - medium BM containing sucrose at .5% (Gonzalez and Kunka Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 46: 81-89, 1983). EXAMPLE 5 S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15464, a transconjugant, derived strain from a first mating subsequently was used as a donor in an isogenic mating with S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15018 Sm r (Streptomycin resistant) and S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15005 Fus r (fusidic acid resistant). Table 6 describes the results of the mating experiments. Transfer of sucrose utilization and nisin production traits were observed in the two isogenic recipient strains. Transconjugants from each mating were examined for their plasmid content. Additionally, analyses for non-selected traits were conducted. Transconjugants were confirmed as recipient types. EXAMPLE 6 Production of nisin by strain S. lactis subsp. diacetilactis NRRL-B-15464 in comminuted meat incubated at 10°C. To determine production of nisin by individual colonies of test strains, the colonies were replicated in petri dishes containing peptonized milk agar which had previously been flooded with an 18 hour culture of S. cremoris ATCC 14365. Strain ATCC 14365 is a nisin sensitive strain used to assay nisin production (J. Gen. Microblol. 4:71, 1950). After 18 hours of incubation, the appearance of zones of inhibition is indicative of nisin production. The method is that of Kozak et al J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:295-302 (1974). The nisin content of meat was determined by "The Quantitative Agar Diffusion Assay used for the estimation and differentiation of nisin in food" as described by Fowler et at. (The Assay of Nisin in Foods. Fowler, G.G., Jarvis, B., Tramer, J. Aplin & Barret Ltd., Yeovil, Somerset, UK, Technical Series, Society for Applied Bacteriology, 1975, No. 8, pp. 91-105. A standard curve was prepared by adding a known concentration of purified nisin to meat. The meat sample was then treated by the method of Tramer et al. The food extract was assayed by the agar diffusion method and a log nisin concentration vs. zone diameter size curve was plotted. S. cremoris ATCC 14365 was used as the indicator organism. Additionally, strain S. lactis ATCC 11454, a nisin producing and therefore nisin insensitive, also was used as an indicator organism. Highly purified nisin (obtained from Aplin & Barrett, Ltd.) was added to meat samples and nisin concentrations were calculated using a standard curve. The inoculum of test organism was prepared by growing NRRL-B-15464 in 500 ml M17 broth (Terzaghi and Sandine Appl. Microbiol. 29:807-813, 1975) for 18 hours. Cells were obtained and washed twice by centrifugation at 10,000 RPM at 10°C for 10 minutes and resuspended in Standard Methods phosphate buffer (E. H. Marth, (Ed.) Standard Methods for Examination of Dairy Products, 14th ed. p. 62, Amer. Public Health Assoc. Washington, D. C. Cell suspension was adjusted spectophotometrically to approximately 1.5 x 10⁹ colony forming units/ml. Actual number was determined to be 1.7 x 10⁹ CFU/ml. A fresh picnic (pork) (skin on bone in) was purchased from a local meat supply company. The skin was asceptically removed and the meat comminuted in a sterilized meat chopper. The meat then was apportioned into 50 and 100 g quantities and placed in sterile containers. Containers were set up as follows: A. Eleven containers with 100 g meat and glucose added to a final concentration of 0.5% by weight. For analysis, these samples were split into two aliquots. One aliquot was assayed without further treatment. The remaining aliquot was used to construct a standard curve by adding a known amount of purified nisin (100-200 units/g of meat). B. Three containers with 50 g of meat glucose to a final concentration of 0.5% by weight of meat and 100 units of added nisin per gram of meat. This sample was assayed daily for nisin. C. Eleven containers with 100 g of meat, glucose to a final concentration fo 0.5% by weight of meat and strain S. lactis NRRL-B-15464 to a final concentration of 1.7 x 10⁷ CFU/g of meat. Results are shown on Table 7. EXAMPLE 7 Nisin content in milk was determined by the method used for meat described in Example 6. The inoculum of test organisms was prepared by growing microorganisms in M17 broth for 18 hours. Cells were obtained and washed twice by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm at 10°C/10 minutes and resuspended in Standard Methods phosphate buffer pH7.2. Suspension was adjusted spectrophotometrically to 1.5 x 10⁸ colony forming units/ml. Non-fat dry milk (10% w/v) was steamed for 30 minutes cooled and glucose added to a final concentration of 0.5% by weight of milk. Fifty ml of milk-glucose was inoculated at a rate of approximately 10⁶ CFU/ml and incubated at 32°C. Samples were assayed daily. Nisin assay protocol: (1) 30 ml of sample was assayed (2) the pH was adjusted to 2 with 5N HCl (3) The sample was boiled for 5 minutes (4) Chilled (5) The sample was centrifuged 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 10°C and (4) Supernatant was assayed by Quantitative Agar Diffusion Method (see above). The assay organism was ATCC 14365 which is sensitive to nisin. ATCC 11454 is insensitive to nisin and a nisin producing strain. A standard curve was constructed on a daily basis by adding nisin to a milk sample at 100 units/ml. The results are shown on Table 8. The derived micoorganisms can produce nisin (and possibly other substances which inhibit microorganisms) at refrigeration temperatures which is a distinct advantage in the preservation of foods. This is shown by the results in Table 7 where control meat without a derived microorganism started to spoil at day 3 and became putrid by day 7 as compared to meat with a derived microorganism which did not even start to spoil until day 10. The preferred Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis is NRRL-B-15469 with the fusidic acid resistance marker removed by selection and S. lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15464 with the rifamycin resistance marker removed by selection. Neither of these derived strains are capable of utilizing lactose. The reference to "NRRL" herein is to the National Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois. The designated strains are freely available to those requesting them by reference to the strain name and number.

Claims: Claims for the following Contracting States : BF, CH, DE, FR, GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE A nisin producing derived microorganism which contains foreign DNA, either chromosomal or extrachromosomal, which encodes for nisin production, which foreign DNA was obtained from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus and which derived microorganism is obtainable by mating a nisin-producing donor bacterium with a nisin-sensitive recipient bacterium resulting in the nisin-producing derived microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred is selected from Streptococcus species, Pediococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Micrococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Staphylococcus species, Clostridium species, Flavobacterium species, Brevibacterium species, E. coli species and Pseudomonas species. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the donor microorganism from which the DNA has been transferred is a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis strain. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the donor microorganism from which the DNA has been transferred is Streptococcus lactis and the recipient microorganism is Streptococcus diacetilactis . The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the donor microorganisms from which the DNA has been transferred is selected from Streptococcus lactis ATCC 11,454, NRRL-B-15,458, NRL-B-15,459, NRRL-B-15,460, NRRL-B-15,461, NRRL-B-15,462 and NRRL-B-15,470 and isogenic derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,005, NRRL-B-15,006, NRRL-B-15,018, NRRL-B-12,070 and NRRL-B-12,071 and isogenic derivatives thereof and/or from Streptococcus lactis NRRL-B-11,452, NRRL-B-15,453 and NRL-B-15,454 and isogenic derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred produces compounds inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria, and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria, and the donor Streptococcus from which the DNA has been transferred produces nisin which are both expressed by the derived nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 7 which is inhibitory against Gram-positive bacteria and in particular spore-forming bacteria and also is inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 7 selected from derived Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,464, NRRL-B-15,465, NRRL-B-15,466, NRRL-B-15,467, NRRL-B-15,468 and NRRL-B-15,469, and isogenic bacterial derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the recipient bacterium is non-nisin producing and nisin sensitive, and wherein the introduced DNA is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for a nisin production and is either integrated into the chromosome or is extrachromosomal in the resulting nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 10 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred is inhibited by nisin and wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism is not inhibited by nisin. A method for engineering a nisin producing derived microorganism which comprises: (a) transferring DNA which DNA encodes for nisin production in a donor Streptococcus to a recipient bacterium which is sensitive to nisin by mating a donor bacterium with a recipient bacterium to result in a nisin producing derived microorganism, wherein the DNA is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for nisin production in the recipient bacterium; and (b) isolating the nisin producing derived microorganism. The method of Claim 12 wherein the recipient bacterium is inhibited by nisin and wherein the isolated nisin producing derived microorganism is not inhibited by nisin. The method of claim 12 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus species, Pediococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Micrococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Staphylococcus species, Clostridium species, Flavobacterium species, Brevibacterium species, E. coli species and Pseudomonas species. The method of Claim 12 wherein the donor Streptococcus is selected from Streptococcus lactis ATCC 11,454, NRRL-B-15,458, NRRL-B-15,459, NRRL-B-15,460, NRRL-B-15,461, NRRL-B-15,462, NRRL-B-15,470, and isogenic derivatives thereof. The method of Claim 12 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,005, NRRL-B-15,006, NRRL-B-15,018 NRRL-B-12,070, NRRL-B-12,071, and isogenic derivatives thereof. The method of Claim 12 wherein the derived microorganism is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,464, NRRL-B-15,465, NRRL-B-15,466, NRRL-B-15,467, NRRL-B-15,468 and NRRL-B-15,469, and isogenic derivatives thereof. In a method of preserving a material by incorporating a microorganism into the material the improvement which comprises incorporating into the material a nisin producing derived microorganism according to any of Claims 1 to 11. The method of Claim 18 wherein the material is any substance subject to microbial degradation or spoilage selected from agricultural, industrial and food materials. A process for producing nisin, wherein a nisin producing derived microorganism according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is cultivated and nisin is isolated from the culture medium. The process according to Claim 20, wherein the isolated nisin is characterized by a bioassay method, which uses nisin sensitive Streptococcus cremoris ATCC 14365. A process for producing nisin containing in addition other inhibitory substances, wherein a nisin producing derived microorganism according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is cultivated and nisin and other inhibitory substances are isolated from the culture medium. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 in a concentrated form, as a liquid non-concentrated culture, concentrated frozen or non-frozen culture, stabilized dried culture and lyophilized culture. The nisin producing microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 in a non-concentrated form. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 in a concentrated form which is frozen, non-frozen, non-lyophilized powder, lyophilized powder or stabilized, non-lyophilized dry powder. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 admixed with a non-nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 mixed with non-nisin producing Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis which has been selected for resistance to nisin. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11 as a mixture of nisin-producing derived microorganisms which have different phage susceptibilities so as to enable the assured production of nisin without stringent anti-bacteriophage precautions. Use of nisin producing microorganisms according to any of Claims 1 to 11 in the manufacture of a preparation, containing the microorganisms alone or in a mixture with other microorganisms, for use in the treatment of animals. An improved method for preservation of a fresh or fermented food product by providing a microorganism in admixture with the food, the improvement which comprises: holding the food at refrigeration temperatures in the presence of the nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 1 to 11. A bacterial composition which comprises in admixture: (a) a nisin producing Streptococcus ; and (b) a nisin resistant Streptococcus diacetilactis of Claim 4 wherein the bacteria in the composition are in biologically pure form. The composition of Claim 31 wherein the nisin producing Streptococcus lactis is naturally occurring. The composition of Claim 31 in preserved form containing at least about 10⁶ cells per ml. The composition of Claim 31 in preserved form containing at least about 10⁹ cells per ml. A method for engineering a nisin producing derived microorganism which comprises: (a) transferring DNA which encodes for nisin production from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus to a recipient bacterium which also produces nisin by mating a donor bacterium with a recipient bacterium which results in a nisin producing derived microorganism which has an enhanced capability for nisin production; and (b) isolating the derived nisin producing derived microorganism. Claims for the following Contracting State : AT A method for engineering a nisin producing derived microorganism which comprises: (a) transferring DNA which DNA encodes for nisin production in a donor Streptococcus to a recipient bacterium which is sensitive to nisin by mating a donor bacterium with a recipient bacterium to result in a nisin producing derived microorganism, wherein the DNA is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for nisin production in the recipient bacterium; and (b) isolating the nisin producing derived microorganism. The method of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium is inhibited by nisin and wherein the isolated nisin producing derived microorganism is not inhibited by nisin. The method of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus species, Pediococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Micrococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Staphylococcus species, Clostridium species, Flavobacterium species, Brevibacterium species, E. coli species and Pseudomonas species. The method of Claim 1 wherein the donor microorganism from which the DNA is transferred is a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis strain. The method of Claim 1 wherein the donor Streptococcus is selected from Streptococcus lactis ATCC 11,454, NRRL-B-15,458, NRRL-B-15,459, NRRL-B-15,460, NRRL-B-15,461, NRRL-B-15,462, NRRL-B-15,470, and isogenic derivatives thereof. The method of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,005, NRRL-B-15,006, NRRL-B-15,018 NRRL-B-12,070, NRRL-B-12,071, and isogenic derivatives thereof. The method of Claim 1 wherein the derived microorganism is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,464, NRRL-B-15,465, NRRL-B-15,466, NRRL-B-15,467, NRRL-B-15,468 and NRRL-B-15,469, and isogenic derivatives thereof. The method of Claim 1 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA is transferred produces compounds inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria, and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria, and the donor Streptococcus from which the DNA is transferred produces nisin which are both expressed by the derived nisin producing microorganism. The method of Claim 8 wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism is inhibitory against Gram-positive bacteria and in particular spore-forming bacteria and also is inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria. The method of any of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the recipient bacterium is non-nisin producing and nisin sensitive, and wherein the DNA to be introduced is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for a nisin production and will be either integrated into the chromosome or will be extrachromosomal in the resulting nisin producing microorganism. The method of Claim 10 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA is to be transferred is inhibited by nisin and wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism is not inhibited by nisin. In a method of preserving a material by incorporating a microorganism into the material the improvement which comprises incorporating into the material a nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11. The method of Claim 12 wherein the material is any substance subject to microbial degradation or spoilage selected from agricultural, industrial and food materials. A process for producing nisin, wherein a nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is cultivated and nisin is isolated from the culture medium. The process according to Claim 14, wherein the isolated nisin is characterized by a bioassay method, which uses nisin sensitive Streptococcus cremoris ATCC 14365. A process for producing nisin containing in addition other inhibitory substances, wherein a nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is cultivated and nisin and other inhibitory substances are isolated from the culture medium. A process for providing the nising producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 in a concentrated form, as a liquid non-concentrated culture, concentrated frozen or non-frozen culture, stabilized dried culture and lyophilized culture, in a manner known per se. A process for providing the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 in a non-concentrated form, in a manner known per se. A process for providing the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 in a concentrated form which is frozen, non-frozen, non-lyophilized powder, lyophilized powder or stabilized, non-lyophilized dry powder, in a manner known per se. A method of preparing a composition wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is mixed with a non-nisin producing microorganism. The method of claim 20 wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is mixed with non-nisin producing Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis which has been selected for resistance to nisin. A method of preparing a composition wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 is mixed with nisin-producing derived microorganisms which have different phage susceptibilities so as to enable the assured production of nisin without stringent anti-bacteriophage precautions. Use of nisin producing microorganisms produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11 in the manufacture of a preparation, containing the microorganisms alone or in a mixture with other microorganisms, for use in the treatment of animals. An improved method for preservation of a fresh or fermented food product by providing a microorganism in admixture with the food, the improvement which comprises: holding the food at refrigeration temperatures in the presence of the nisin producing derived microorganism produced according to any of Claims 1 to 11. A method of preparing a bacterial composition wherein the following components are mixed: (a) a nisin producing Streptococcus ; and (b) a nisin resistant Streptococcus diacetilactis wherein the bacteria in the composition are in biologically pure form. The method of Claim 25 wherein the nisin producing Streptococcus lactis is naturally occurring. The method of Claim 25 wherein the mixture is preserved and contains at least about 10⁶ cells per ml. The method of Claim 25 wherein the mixture is preserved and contains at least about 10⁹ cells per ml. A method for engineering a nisin producing derived microorganism which comprises: (a) transferring DNA which encodes for nisin production from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus to a recipient bacterium which also produces nisin by mating a donor bacterium with a recipient bacterium which results in a nisin producing derived microorganism which has an enhanced capability for nisin production; and (b) isolating the derived nisin producing derived microorganism. A nisin producing derived microorganism which contains foreign DNA, either chromosomal or extrachromosomal, which encodes for nisin production, which foreign DNA was obtained from a nisin producing donor Streptococcus and which derived microorganism is obtainable by mating a nisin-producing donor bacterium with a nisin-sensitive recipient bacterium resulting in the nisin-producing derived microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred is selected from Streptococcus species, Pediococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Propionibacterium species, Micrococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Staphylococcus species, Clostridium species, Flavobacterium species, Brevibacterium species, E. coli species and Pseudomonas species. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the donor microorganism from which the DNA has been transferred is a nisin producing Streptococcus lactis strain. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the donor microorganism from which the DNA has been transferred is Streptococcus lactis and the recipient microorganism is Streptococcus diacetilactis . The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the donor microorganisms from which the DNA has been transferred is selected from Streptococcus lactis ATCC 11,454, NRRL-B-15,458, NRRL-B-15,459, NRRL-B-15,460, NRRL-B-15,461, NRRL-B-15,462 and NRRL-B-15,470 and isogenic derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the recipient bacterium is selected from Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,005, NRRL-B-15,006, NRRL-B-15,018, NRRL-B-12,070 and NRRL-B-12,071 and isogenic derivatives thereof and/or from Streptococcus lactis NRRL-B-11,452, NRRL-B-15,453 and NRRL-B-15,454 and isogenic derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 30 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred produces compounds inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria, and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria, and the donor Streptococcus from which the DNA has been transferred produces nisin which are both expressed by the derived nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 36 which is inhibitory against Gram-positive bacteria and in particular spore-forming bacteria and also is inhibitory against Gram-negative bacteria and in particular psychrotrophic bacteria. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 36 selected from derived Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis NRRL-B-15,464, NRRL-B-15,465, NRRL-B-15,466, NRRL-B-15,467, NRRS-B-15,468 and NRRL-B-15,469, and isogenic bacterial derivatives thereof. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 38, wherein the recipient bacterium is non-nisin producing and nisin sensitive, and wherein the introduced DNA is foreign to the recipient bacterium and encodes for a nisin production and is either integrated into the chromosome or is extrachromosomal in the resulting nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of Claim 39 wherein the recipient bacterium to which the DNA has been transferred is inhibited by nisin and wherein the nisin producing derived microorganism is not inhibited by nisin. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 in a concentrated form, as a liquid non-concentrated culture, concentrated frozen or non-frozen culture, stabilized dried culture and lyophilized culture. The nisin producing microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 in a non-concentrated form. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 in a concentrated form which is frozen, non-frozen, non-lyophilized powder, lyophilized powder or stabilized, non-lyophilized dry powder. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 admixed with a non-nisin producing microorganism. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 mixed with non-nisin producing Streptococcus lactis subspecies diacetilactis which has been selected for resistance to nisin. The nisin producing derived microorganism of any of Claims 30 to 40 as a mixture of nisin-producing derived microorganisms which have different phage susceptibilities so as to enable the assured production of nisin without stringent anti-bacteriophage precautions. A bacterial composition which comprises in admixture: (a) a nisin producing Streptococcus ; and (b) a nisin resistant Streptococcus diacetilactis of Claim 4 wherein the bacteria in the composition are in biologically pure form. The composition of Claim 47 wherein the nisin producing Streptococcus lactis is naturally occurring. The composition of Claim 47 in preserved form containing at least about 10⁶ cells per ml. The composition of Claim 47 in preserved form containing at least about 10⁹ cells per ml.

Inventors: GONZALEZ, CARLOS F., GRYCZKA, ALFRED J.
Applicants: MICROLIFE TECHNICS, INC.
Application year: 1983
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12R1, A23L3, A61K38, C12N1, C12N15, A23L1, A23K1, C07K14, A23B4, C12P21