TRAINING APPARATUS

Abstract: The training apparatus uses a number of disc readers (2 - 8) to provide video output signals which may be used to depict apparent motion along a basic route. A video switch (11) is controlled by a processor (10) to select the video signal to be displayed. By running the disc readers (2 - 8) in synchronism with each other the output signal selected reflects changes in the selected route which would be caused by (e.g.) a vehicle driver varying the position of a steering wheel. A chroma-key switch (15) is used to superimpose images generated by the processor (10) in the background picture to simulate (e.g.) changes in light signals, parked vehicles and the like.

Description: Training Apparatus The present invention relates to training apparatus and in particular, but not exclusively, to such apparatus for training vehicle drivers. Teaching people to drive a vehicle may be an expensive exercise in terms of fuel for the vehicle, an instructor's time and, in some cases, in damage to the vehicle and to prope Ar*;ty of other people. Some attempts have been made to teach driving by use of simulators using a display screen on which a motion picture of a road is shown. However, such systems are not entirely satisfactory since the driver under training has his route restricted by the sequence of filming. For example in filming a typical route the camera operator would be unlikely to meander within the confines of a road. However, this is the kind of steering error which a trainee driver may make. It is an object of the present invention to provide training apparatus capable of providing a logical visual response to actions of a user of the apparatus. Training apparatus of the kind in which a moving picture (e.g. a television-type display) is used to depict apparent motion to users of the apparatus is hereinafter referred to as training apparatus of the kind specified. According to one aspect of the present invention in training apparatus of the kind specified having a video disc reader arranged to scan a recorded video track to provide a video output signal representing a series of frames depicting apparent motion, the video signal is further processed before display using a chroma-keying or luminance keying technique to superi - .pose variable visual effects (e.g. changes in light signals) in the picture displayed. According to a second aspect of the present invention in training apparatus of the kind specified, a plurality of video-disc reading heads are each arranged to scan respective recorded video tracks in synchronism with each other to provide respective video output signals, each of the respective video output signals representing a respective series of frames depicting apparent motion in respective parallel lines spaced transversely of the direction of the apparent motion, and selection means is responsive to control means which is responsive to user action to select one or other of said video signals so that each frame displayed is that most closely depicting a view in the direction selected by the control means. The training apparatus may have one or more video-disc readers each having a plurality of reading heads which constitute said reading heads. Alternatively and preferably each of said reading heads may be of a different one of a plurality of video disc readers. A second plurality of video disc readers may be provided each having a respective reading head and each being used to read a respective one of a further set of video discs, each of the video discs of said further set providing a video output signal to depict apparent motion in respective parallel lines transverse of the direction of apparent motion at turning points of an available route. Said second plurality of video disc readers may run in synchronism with' each other and may be responsive to said selection means to read a track associated with the commencement of the next possible turning point whilst the first plurality of video disc readers are in use to depict apparent motion along the basic route. The selection means may be responsive to further control means to vary the rate of display of a series of frames so as to give an apparent acceleration or deceleration in the speed of the apparent motion. Said first control means may be manually operable steering means and said further control means may be manually operable speed selection means. The selection means may also be responsive to a third manually operable control means in combination with the further control means to increase or decrease •U.7 the rate of apparent acceleration or deceleration. Training apparatus in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:- Figure 1 is a block schematic diagram of the apparatus , Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the information tracks of video discs used in the apparatus of Figure 1 , Figures 3 and 4 are diagrams used to show a method of selection of a video disc reader to supply a video signal, and Figure 5 is a street plan used to show typical recording and selection sequences. Referring to Figure 1 the apparatus comprises nine video disc readers 1 to 9 (only five of which are shown) a processor 10, which controls the synchronism and frame selection of the video disc readers and a video-switch 11 which, also under control of the processor 10, selects which of the *NTSC, 'SECAM' or 'PAL' coded colour signals from the video disc readers 1 to 9 is to be used to determine the picture displayed by a projection television 12. The output signal from the video switch 11 is passed by way of a single connection to a suitable 'PAL 1 , 'SECAM' or 'NTSC decoder 1 which provides colour control signals for 'red', 'green' and 'blue' outputs by way of connections 17, 18 and 19 respectively to a high speed video switch 21 which may be used to modify the colou output signals to the projection television 12 using the technique known as "chroma keying". The decoder 14 is also arranged to provide television synchronisation signals by way of connection 20. Eed, green, blue and synchronisation signals are transferred from the chroma keying switch 21 to the projection television by way of connections 22 to 25- The chroma keying switch 21 is controlled by the processor 10 which provides on/off signals and colour detection signals by of a data bus 30 and red, green, blue and synchronisation signals for images to be over- layed by way of connections 26 to 29- In use, each of the video disc readers 1 to 9 uses a respective pre-recorded video disc to provide output signals in respect of a series of frames showing a landscape along dedicated routes. The video disc readers 2 to 8 have pre-recorded discs the frames for which are recorded on parallel tracks of the routes. These are referred to herein as "straight" sections althou as will become apparent, "straight" sections of the routes may include curves or corners. The video disc readers 1 and 9 have discs the frames for which are recorded at junctions of the routes, the video disc reader 1 being dedicated to left hand turns from the straight sections and the video disc reader 9 being dedicated to right hand turns. The frame to be selected for display is determined by the processor 10 in response to signals received by way of a number of inputs 0 to 3 which may be connected to signal transducers (not shown) deriving signals from a steering control, an acceleration control, braking controls and the like. Having thus determined the frame to be displayed the processor 10 causes the appropriate frame to be selected by each of the video disc reader 2 to S and/or the video disc reader 1 or 2 by way of respective data buses 31 to 39. Synchronisatio signals to ensure that all of the video disc readers 1 to 9 are running at the same speed and in the same phase may also be transferred from the processor 10 by way the data buses 31 to 39• Referring also to Figures 2 in which each frame recorded on a video disc is shown as a square, seven video discs 102 to 108 for the video disc readers 2 to 8 are recorded in parallel along straight sections of selected routes which are designated SI to S7. Corresponding video discs 101 and 109 for the video disc readers 1 and 9 at respectively left hand and right hand junctions of the straight sections. Thus referring also to the street plan of Figure 5 "t e parallel recording of a route from A. to B_ is carried out in a contiguous manner from A to 3 through sections SI to S7. or simplicity only one direction of travel is shown in respect of each section but it will be appreciated that for completeness recording must be carried out in each direction, where reference is made herein to sections recorded in the opposed direction the sections are designated with a prime ('). ^-us a route from B to A would be recorded in a contiguous series of sections S 1 to SI'. In operation, if the processor 10 is pro¬ grammed to start from _A it causes each of the readers 2 to 8 to select the first frame of SI, the reader 1 is caused to select the first frame of LI and the reader 9 is caused to select the first frame of Rl, LI and Rl being respectively the next left hand and right hand turns directly accessible from the route involving SI. The video switch 11 is caused to select the signal from one of the readers 2 to 8 in accordance with the notional position of the viewer at the start point A. On receipt of an appropriate- control signal on one or more of the leads 40 to 43 the processor 10 causes each of the video disc readers 2 to 9 to advance one frame at a time along the section SI and in response to steering signals on one of the leads 40 to 43 causes the video switch 11 to select an appropriate signal for display in dependence upon the notional position of the viewer. If when the intersection of sections SI, S2 and S26 is reached no steering signals are received by - the processor 10, after display of the last frame of SI, the first frame of S2 will be selected. However, if on approaching the junction the viewer commences a right turn the processor 10 causes the video switch 11 to select signals from the reader 9» The reader 9 is then caused to step through the frames of Rl. Concurrently with the display of the frames of El, the processor 10 causes the video disc readers 2 to 8 to select their respective first frames of section S26. Thus, as soon as the steering signals indicate notional straight travel in the section S26 the appro¬ priate frame from one of the readers 2 to 8 may be displayed. Once the notional position of the viewer is i-Q- the section S26 the disc reader 1 is reset to the first frame of Lll whilst the disc reader 9 is reset to the first frame of R14. Once the disc readers 2 to 8 commence the first frame of section S27 (assuming that a right turn into section S28 has not been made), the. disc reader 9 is set to the first frame of R15- Thus, regardless of the route chosen by the viewer, a continuous motion picture is provided to the television projector 12 reflecting the notional position and movement (if any) of the viewer. If a stop is selected then the same frame is continuously displayed whilst the rate of change of the frame displayed may be varied. Referring now to Figures 1 and 3 variations in the notional track taken by a vehicle, are catered for by se- lecting the frame for display from one of the disc readers 2 to 8 in accordance with variations in the notional steerin Thus if the steering of a vehicle varies in one of the sections, say SI, as shown by the line ^^^^ then over a period of time to tO t33 (where each of the periods tn may vary) the frames for display are selected by the processor 10 by use of the video switch.11 in accordance with the following table: Frame No. " Video Frame . No. Video Frame No. Video Disc Disc Disc Reader Reader Reade to 0 SI 6 tl2 0 SI 6 t23 23 SI 5 tl 1 SI 6 tl315 SI 5 t24 24 SI 5 t2 2 SI 6 tl414 SI 4 t25 25 SI 6 t3 3 S 7 tl5 15 SI 4 t26 26 SI 6 t4 4 SI 7 tl6 16 SI 3 t27 27 SI 7 t5 5 SI 8 tl7 17 SI 3 t28 28 SI 7 t6 6 SI 8 tl8 18 SI 3 t29 29 SI 7 t7 7 SI 8 tl9 19 SI 5 t30 30 SI 7 t8 8 SI 8 t20 20 SI 3 t31 31 SI 7 t9 9 SI 8 t21 21 SI 3 t32 32 SI 7 tio 10 SI 8 t22 22 SI 4 t33 33 SI 7 til 11 SI 7 Considering the frame and video disc reader selection for a turn say from Sll- to S24 of Figure 5 using the right hand turn R9 and referring also to Figure 4 the notional path 51-51' the selection by the processor 10 and using the video switch 11 is as follows: Time Frame No. Video Time Frame No. Video disc Disc Reader Reader to O Sll- 2 tio 2 Rl 9 tl 1 Sll- 2 til 3 Rl 9 t2 2 Sll- 2 tl2 4 Rl 9 3 3 Sll- 3 tl3 5 Rl 9 t4 4 Sll- 4 tl4 0 S24 7 t5 5 Sll * 5 tl5 1 S24 7 t6 6 Sll * 6 tl6 2 S24 6 t7 7 Sll- 7 tl7 3 S24 5 tδ 0 Rl 9 tlδ 4 S24 4 t9 1 Rl 9 It will be realised that whilst as herein described only one video disc reader 1 or 9 bas been allocated to the respective left hand and right hand turn functions a number of-readers could also be used for this function to provide a greater variation in the notional turning route. It will be realised that, as thus far described, a certain amount of jitter will occur in the displayed picture when the displayed frame changes from that provided by one of disc readers 1 to 9 to another of the disc readers. Such jitter may be compensated for by interpolation of the signals from the two video disc readers as the point of changeover is approached. Thus a line of frame store (not shown) may be used to which signals from two of the video disc readers 1 to 9 may be passed,the line or frame store intermingling the two sets of signals for passing to the chromakey switch 21. Alternatively slight optical distortion of the image produced by the projection television may be employed as the point of changeover is approached. Thus far only a basic training aid has been considered which whilst permitting notional travel along any route within the confines of the area recorded has not permitted any variations in the conditions so met. For example, referring again to Figure 5 there may be traffic lights at the junction of the sections S5 and S12. If on approaching such a junction the user is aware that the lights will always be set to 'go' the training value is lessened. Similarly other vehicles may be parked at the roadside, or moving along a road section. Again referring to Figure 1 to simulate such features the processor 10 is arranged to generate colour images which are used by the chromakey switch 21 to superim¬ pose the features and changes in them in the scenario. If,, for example, traffic lights are recorded with all colours showing, say, red, amber and green then the chromakey switch 21 may be caused to black out any one or two of these specific colours in the data passed to the projection television 12. Accordingly on one notional approach to traffic lights the 'red' and 'amber' may be blacked out, whilst on another approach the 'red' and 'green" may be blacked out or the 'amber' and 'green" or solely the 'green'. Thus the traffic lights displayed are capable of showing any phase which may be encountered in practice. In a similar manner by selection of a colour or colours over which superimposition of an image may occur other road hazards, vehicles and the like may be introduced.. Such features as vehicles, pedestrians and the like may be produced by use of a further video disc reader (not shown). Thus the particular features will be recorded against a fixed colour background: and the video disc used to provide signals to the chrom- akey switch 21.. The chromakey switch 21 then mixes the signals from the video disc readers 1 - 9 with the W signal from the additional video disc reader before supplying the signals to the projection television 12. The ability to introduce such features as that provided by the chromakey switch 21 also permits the apparatus to be used in the training of railway loco¬ motive drivers. It will be apparent that the 'steering" aspects of Figure 1 are not required in respect of railway vehicles since a fixed path is followed. Thus only two of the video disc readers 1 to 9 will be required, one for notional straight motion on a track and one for transfer by points to another track. The chromakey switch 21 under control of the pro¬ cessor is arranged to show changes in colour light signal relevant to the track being displayed. Whilst herein described the picture is produced by the projection television 12 it will be appreciated that other means responsive to signals derived from the data held by the video disc readers 1 to 9 may be employed. In an alternative mode of operation the chromakey switch 21 is replaced by a luminance key switch (not shown) which operates on the luminance signal element of the selected video-signal output. The luminance key switch may be arranged to. switch at ' a presettable luminance level. Both luminance key switch and chromakey switching may be used in tandem for superimposition of differing effects. Other applications of the apparatus will also become apparent. For example by sending a small team to film, say, a forest or jungle in a grid pattern, a larger number of people may be familiarised with the forest or jungle by use of the apparatus described. The chromakey switch 21 may be used to superimpose visual effects within such scenarios. Thus the apparatus may also find use in tactical briefing rooms and/or for military training purposes for example. The apparatus may also find use in the display of mimic diagrams in * a moving or static layout with superimpositio of symbols and other features.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Training apparatus of the kind specified having a video-disc reader arranged to scan a pre-recorded video track to provide a background video output signal representing a series of frames depicting apparent motion wherein said background video output signal is further processed using a chroma-keying or luminance keying technique to provide a modified video output signal from the apparatus which, when used to provide a display of the series of frames, may have variable visual effects superimposed therein. 2. Training apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein a plurality of video-disc reading heads are each arranged to scan respective pre-recorded video tracks in synch¬ ronism with each other to provide respective video output signals, each of the respective video output signals representing a respective series of frames depicting apparent motion in respective parallel lines spaced transversely of the direction of the apparent motion and selection means is responsive to user operable control . means to select one of the respective video output signals as said background video output signal for further processing. 3 - Training apparatus of the kind specified wherein a plurality of video-disc reading heads are each arranged to scan respective pre-recorded video tracks in synchronism with each other to provide respective video output signals, each of the respective video output signals representing a respective series of frames depicting apparent motion in respective parallel lines spaced transversely of the direction of the apparent motion, and selection means is responsive to control means which is responsive to user action to select one or other of said video signals so that each frame displayed is that most closely depicting a view in the direction selected by the control means. -4. Training apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 or Claim 3 having at least one video-disc reader which has a plurality of reading heads which constitute said reading heads . 5. Training apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 or Claim 3 in which each of said reading heads is of a different one of a plurality of video-disc readers. 6. Training apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 5 wherein a second plurality of video-disc reading heads are each arranged to scan respective pre-recorded video tracks to provide respective video -* output signals which when displayed depict apparent motion at turning points of an available route. 7- Training apparatus as claimed in Claim 6 wherein at least one of said second plurality of video-disc reading heads is arranged to scan a video track which is associated with the commencing frame of the next possible turning point of a route whilst the first said plurality of video disc reading heads are in use to depict apparent motion along that route. 8. Training apparatus as claimed in Claim 6 or Claim 7 wherein at least one of said second plurality of video-disc reading heads is arranged to scan a video track which is associated with the commencing frame of the next possible apparent left hand turning point of a route and at least one other of said second plurality of video-disc reading heads is arranged to scan a video track which is associated with the commencing frame of the next possible apparent right hand turning point of that route whilst the first said plurality of video-disc reading heads are in use to depict apparent motion along that route. 9. Training apparatus as claimed in Claim 6 or Claim 7 in which said second plurality of video-disc reading heads are arranged to scan respective video tracks in synchronism with each other to provide respective video output signals as aforesaid which output signals depict apparent motion in respective parallel lines transverse of the direction of apparent motion at s possible turning points of a said route. 10. Training apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 9 in which said user-operable control means represents steering means arranged to control the route of the apparent motion depicted by the apparatus. 11. Training apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 10 in which the selection means is also responsive to further control means which further control means is operable by a user to vary the rate of display of a series of frames so as to depict an apparent acceleration or deceleration in the speed of the apparent motion. , _ OMPI

Inventors: GRANT LESLIE GRAHAM, GRANT, LESLIE, GRAHAM
Applicants: MARCONI INSTRUMENTS LTD, MARCONI INSTRUMENTS LIMITED
Application year: 1983
Main classification: G09B9
IPC codes: G09B5, G09B9, H04N5, H04N9