RODENT BAIT

Abstract: A rodent bait comprising food and a poison, said poison being wholly in the form of, or contained in, one or more discrete poison-providing particles of such activity with respect to the rodent specie for which the bait is intended that each poison-providing particle provides a lethal dose with respect to an adult rodent of that specie, each poison-­ providing particle being substantially homogeneous and being of a particle size which is such that a rodent of the specie for which the bait is intended will take the particle into its mouth without prior nibbling.

Description: RODENT BAIT The present invention is concerned with rodent baits, i.e. edible compositions for killing rodents. Conventionally such .compoSitionS are foods comprising an edible component attractive to the rodent and a poison mixed with the edible component so as to provide a barogeneous dispersion of the poison throughout the composition. The effectiveness of such a oomposition depends on the rodent being attracted to it and feeding on it until a lethal amount of poison is consumede Consequently, the rodent nust not be repelled in the first instance by suspicion arising as a result of the smell and/or appearance of the composition; it must not have its suspicions aroused during feeding so that insufficient Composition is consumed to have the required lethal effect; and it must not suffer acute discomfort after consuning a non-lethal dose of the composition as a result, for example, of being disturbed during feeding or of its appetite being satisfied after consumption of only a non-lethal amount of the composition. These are particularly serious problems with rodents since they appear to have the ability to relate subsequent illness or acute discomfort to bait consumed prior thereto as a result of which they develop an aversion knawn in the art as bait shyness. Although the word "bait" is often used colloquially to describe the ccmpositions referred to above, it is a conventional term of art and as such it denotes a unit of poisoned food intended to eliminate a number of individual rodents. It is believed it will be clear when the word "bait" is being used in that sense herein. which effort has been devoted by those in the art to endeavouring to devise envircrmentally acceptable, yet effective, baits, which will kill rodents with the minimum risk to other forms of life when used in accordance with the supplier's directions. As has been pointed out by W.E. Howard: "Principles of Vertebrate Animal Control", 1966, it is obviously desirable from the ecological aspect to use as little toxicant as possible. With that in mind Ikrward suggested expanding research efforts on methodology and indicated a number of areas for such research including, inter alia, testing the use of non-toxic baits mixed with a lesser amount of single-bait - lethal baits; testing dilution baiting (the dilution of toxic baits with a different non-toxic material); determining the most effective size and amount of bait to use, depending upon the strength of poison and the density of the animals to be controlled. In his paper toward drew attention to areas in which research might be directed, but he did not propose or point the way to a solution to the basic problems which had given rise to the need for further research. Since 1966, the art has reached the stage of having two main kinds of poison. On the one hand there are the acute, fast acting poisons which, when effective, leave bodies visible and, in the case of readily detoxified poisons, reduce the danger of secondary toxicity (when such bodies are consumed by predators), but which have the disadvantage of bait shyness (and the need therefore for pre-baiting with the food carpent only in order to engender confidence), of constituting a potential environmental problem when used in the hitherto known manner, and being of relatively high cost in terms of active poison per unit kill. On the other hand there are the anticoagulant compounds which, in respect of the just-mentioned problems, provided a major step forward in the art, but these are slow-acting and can therefore be consumed in massive overdose amounts with the real chance of secondary toxicity problems due to predators or scavengers feeding on the bodies, and the practical problem that because death follows some time after consumption bodies are unlikely to be visible, but may be hidden under floors etc. Such anticoagulants are slow to detoxify in the bodies of the rodents which have consumed them. The research fran which the present invention has arisen was carried out with, inter alia, the objective of reducing the amount of toxicant put into the environment, but the approach taken differed distinctly from that which would be required in any of the research areas suggested by inward. The present invention breaks new aground by making use of a feeding habit which has been observed in relation to the rodents it is necessary to control, namely that they will not nibble at particles if they are small enough. Such small particles are taken into the stomach as such, and the feeding specie appear8 to lose the ability to discriminate between food and a particle of a lethal poison (i.e. a poison lethal in the amount of ane such particle). This is surprising because, when the bait is a hateously sly poisoned food as hitherto employed, a rodent is sufficiently attuned to the detection of an undesirable component in its food that it is able to detect and reject food about the fitness (to eat) of which it is in any doubt. That is a fundamental problem encountered when formulating baits comprising mixtures of food and poison, and it has been necessary to ensure that the poison content of the individual food particles of the baits hitherto used is low enough to be undetected by the feeding animal. That places a restriction on the maximum concentration of poison that can be hcmcsenecusly distributed in a food, so reliance has to be put on the rodent consuming an appreciable amount of poisoned food in order to accumulate in its body a lethal concentration of poison. The problem is accentuated by the likelihood of a rodent only nibbling a bait on the first encounter, but absorbing sufficient toxicant to cause unpleasant symptoms which discourage further feeding on that particular type of bait, on subsequent occasions. To overcome this problem, pre-baiting with unpoisoned food particles is often necessary to accustom the rodent to the food carponent of the bait, although that subterfuge does not eliminate the possibility of the rodent failing to eat sufficient lethal composition at a given feeding session simply because it is not hungry enough when it encounters the bait. It will be appreciated that the chance of bait shyness and/or wastage of poison arising with the conventional bait is high because each bait particle will contain some poison, and in general baits in which the poison is homcgenesusly distributed throughout the bait need to provide mDre toxicant than is required to kill a given nuirber of rodents. The present invention provides a rodent bait comprising food and a poison, said poison being wholly in the form of, or contained in, one or more discrete poison-providing particles of such activity with respect to the rodent specie for which the bait is intended that each poison-providing particle provides a lethal dose with respect to an adult rodent of that specie, each poison-providing particle being substantially homcgeneous and being of a particle size which is such that a rodent of the specie for which the bait is intended will take the particle into its mouth without prior nibbling. Thus each such particle is ingested orally as an individual particle; the required particle size can be determined by routine experiment. The term "lethal dose" reans a dose which normally is capable of killing an adult rodent of the specie concerned when taken orally thereby; to those in the art this means a dose which presents an insignificant chance of survival to the largest rodents of the specie concerned which is likely to be encountered. It.will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention is predicated on the new concept of concentrating the poison canponent of the bait in particles each of which is lethal per se, and ensuring that the poison particles are taken as a whole into the mouth of the rodent, ie. without prior nibbling of the poison particles. As a result the rodent feeds on the bait and cosones the food camponent thereof, which it can nibble or not depending on its particle size, until soon or later it ccaes to a poison particle. When it does so, it consumers that particle whole, and once having it into its mouth and swallowed it, death follows inevitably in view of the lethal dose nature of the particle. In short the rodent either consumes innocuous edible material or a lethal dose of poison. Preferably there is no significant delay between ingestiai of the particle and death, as this reduces continued feeding which may lead to ingestion of a further poison-providing particle. This fundamentally new approach to the formulation of rodent baits has the advantage that the bait as a whole need only comprise relatively few lethal particles in order to be effective against a nuiruer of rodents because whilst sooner or later in the feeding session each rodent can be expected to take into its mouth a poison particle it is very unlikely to consume more than one such particle because of the lethal nature of the first, if the poison is an acute poison. Also, the inability to detect the presence of lethal particles results in the rodent feeding normally without bait shyness so that even if it does not happen to consume a poison particle at the first feed, it will not be deterred fran feeding again on the same kind of bait. The present invention makes it possible for the first time to use safely rodent poisons which are lethal and fast acting in very small quantities. Hitherto, the poison content of acute baits, in which the poison is hangenously distributed throughout the food component in accordance with conventional practice, has normally been in the concentration range 0.2 to 2.0% (2000 to 20,000 ppm). This is a high concentration from the environmental hazard point of view. In contrast, the maximum concentration of poison envisaged in carrying out the present invention is of the order of 200 ppm, and at that concentration there is at least a tenfold safety advantage over the prior art. A maximum concentration of 200 ppm, which provides for baits containing, for example 200 particles at 1 mg. of poison per poison particle or 2000 particles at 0.1 mg of poison per poison particle, per kilogram of bait, gives adequate scope for formulating all the kinds of bait likely to required in practice so although, of course, it is not a critical upper limit, there is normally no reason to exceed that maxImum concentration, and in practice lesser amounts can usually be employed. Whilst it is possible for the bait to include only one such poison particle, normally it will contain a niter of such particles. If as is preferred, the poison5 used are ones whichrapidly become detcxified in the rodent body, although a lethal particle taken orally by the rodent will kill it, a larger memmal such as a dog (for which the lethal dose would be much larger) happening to feed on the bait would feel lethal symptoms rapidly and stop eating or, because it would take so long for a dog to find and eat a significant number of baits, the poison would detoxify in the dog's body as it was doing so and would never reach a lethal level. Baits in accordance with the invention can be formulated so as to be specific to particular rodents. For example, an adult rat weighing 250 grams will eat about 20 grams of food per day. Each bait for rats could coirprise say 200 grams and could contain sufficient poison particles to kill say 10 rats. On a one per rat basis that would require 10 such particles because if the particles are distributed as hcrrogeneously as possible in the food component of the bait, on average a rat will come to one and consume it in the course of eating 20 grams. Baits for mice would contain particles of smaller size. An adult mouse will eat about 2-3 grams of food per day, so that the mouse bait would contain one poison particle per 2-3 grams of food. overall alecunt of poison in the bait can be the same as in the rat bait, for exairple, 50 ppm, but it would be dispersed therein in the form of a larger flutter of smaller size discrete particles. The quantity of poison present in each poison-providing particle will of course vary depending on the target species and on the poison. The toxicity of a poison is often expressed as an LD95 -- the dosage required to kill 95% of a population. Desirably, each particle should contain a quantity of poison of at least the 1D95 dosage. If desired a major proportion or all of the food ccarponent of the bait can be in the form of particles below the critical size in order to induce "scoap feeding" in preference to nibbling, but this is optional and it is only essential for the poison to be in the form of such particles. It is, of course, essential for each such poison particle to constitute a lethal dose. The full benefit of the new concept inherent in the present invention arises when the poison emplcged is fast-acting and rapidly detoxified. A fast acting poison helps to ensure that only one lethal poison particle is consumed by each rodent, and rapid detoxification reduces the amount of poison present in the bodies. In order to achieve the requirement that each poison particle should constitute a lethal dose it is, of course, necessary to employ poisons which are highly toxic. With the conventional baits hitherto used, such poisons have not been acceptable owing to the much larger amount of poison needed for a conventional bait and the resulting envirormental toxic hazard which such a bait, or the residue remaining after partical consumption, would present. A preferred poison is that known as aldicarb, but other are available, including, in sore countries, scilliroside. Examples of suitable acute poisons are: CARBAMTEs - eg. aldicarb: 2 methyl-2-(methyl thio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamsyl) (irethy carrcy 1) oxide. ORG2 PHOSPHATES - eg. 3-hydroxycrotonic acid methyl ester of dimethyl phosphate and Tetraethyl pyrophosphate M1Stt1JNEJS ACUTE TOXICANTS - eg. Crimidine: 2 chloro-4-(di methylamino) -6?rethylpyrimidine and Sodium fluoroacetate and Tetramine: 2,6-Dithia-1,3,5,7-tetrazatricyclo[3.3.1.l.3,7]de- cane-2,2,6,6 ,-tetroxide. It will be appreciated that although potent poisons of the kind exemplified, for example aldicarb, are preferred, other poisons can be utilised in carrying out the present invention provided that such poisons are lethal at the dose level of a particle of below critical size. The poison particles are formed as hard, dense particles of such a nature (shape, smell) that a rodent does not have any reason to be suspicious of them to the point of rejection, but will conspire them along with the food particles or nibbled food it obtains frcm the bait. Preferably, the bait is formed into blocks or pellets. The food base and the selected number of poison particles are made into a homogeneous mixture, which is then lightly compressed into pellets or blocks. Each such pellet or block will comprise a matrix of edible material in which the poison is dispersed discontinuously in discrete, highly concentrated particles of a size below the aforesaid critical size, the number of such particles ranging, for example, fram 1 to 10 depending on the size of the pellet or block. When such pellets or blocks are consumed by rodents, the rodent will, of course, see them essentially as pellets or blocks of food, and it will nibble and break pieces off and eat thn and in due course the poison particle(s) will also be consumed. As soon as a rodent has consumed one of the poison particles contained within the pellet or block it will have taken a lethal dose of poison, so that little or no further feeding will occur. Any remaining bait, normally containing at least one further poison particle, will be available for consurtption by a further rodent. The food base of the bait can be any conventional edible bait component such as oatmeal, fishmeal and cornmeal, and, if desired, binders such as gelatin can be present. The poison particles can be crystals of the selected poison where appropriate, or powdered poison bound with a binder such as gelatin, a wax or a resin. The poison particles may comprise a food material, for example sucrose, attractive to rodents. The poison particles may also be coloured to facilitate identification. Preferably the particles consist either of poison alone or of poison together with a binder. It is important that the poison-providing particles are substantially hoeogencus. Particles provided with coatings are ineffective, as demonstrated in the Examples following. The poison-providing particles are preferably prepared by oohnbining the ingredients for the particles with liquid solvent to form a paste; extruding the paste through an orifice; cutting the extrudate into particles; and drying the particles. A bait according to the invention is then prepared by mixing the particles with food, and preferably coipressing the resulting mass into pellets or blocks. The following Examples illustrate the invention. Toxic particles were made up according to the following forimilations A, B and C. FORMULATIN A Aldicarb 1500 itg Gelatin 350 mg Sucrose 100 mg Chlorazol Sky Blue 50 mg The last three ccprrponents were dissolved in 1.3 ml distilled water and the solution was mixed with the aldicarb to give a stiff paste. The paste was extruded through a 1 rtirn orifice. The extrudate was air dried at 300C for 24 hours, then cut by hand to give three particles sizes as stated below. At least fifty particles of each size were weighed and the aldicarb content calculated on the basis of dry weight: Aldicarb content Particle Size of each particle 1 ttrn x 2 mm - 1.25 mg 1 mm x 1 mm - 0.5 mg app. 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm - 0.2 mg Because of the hand cutting process, considerable variation may be expected. In the case of the smallest this was estimated to be + 30%, with the largest + 10%. FORMULATION B Aldicarb 200 mg Lactose 300 ing 0.2 ml 8% w/v gelatin in water The aldicarb was dissolved in acetone then slurried onto the lactose. The mixture was air dried. when dry the gelatin solution was added and the resulting mixture was ground to a paste, which was extruded through a 1 mm orifice. The extrusions were air dried, then cut by hand to give two particle sizes, namely 1 mm x 1 mm and 1 mm x 4 mm cylinders. At least fifty particles of each size were weighed and the aldicarb content calculated on the basis of dry weight: Aldicarb content Particle Size of each particle 1.0 x 1.0 - 0.2 ing 1.0 x 4.0 - 1.1 mg FORMULATION C Active Toxicant 80.0% w/w Gelatin B.P. 14.7% Sucrose 4.83% Sodium Alginate 0.24% Warning Dye 0.24% The gelatin was dissolved in an amount of water sufficient to give an extrudable mix. The other ingredients were milled to very fine powders, mixed together then mixed with the gelatin/water mix and thoroughly homcgenised. The resultant dough-like mix was extruded under high pressure through orifices of various diameter against a cutting wheel to give cylindrical particles of the desired dimensions. The particles were air dried to constant weight. The following are typical weights of active ingredient delivered by such particles of various lengths and diareters. Diameter Length weight m.m. m.m. m.g. 1.5 3.0 5.4 1.5 1.5 2.6 1.0 1.0 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.36 0.50 0.50 0.11 0.45 0.45 0.09 0.40 0.40 0.06 0.20 0.5 0.02 Except where otherwise stated, baits according to the invention were produced by thoroughly hand mixing the particles with medium oatmeal, and the baits were fed to caged rats and mice as the sole feed. Water was made freely available to them. The baits remaining in each cage were weighed daily? and fresh baits provided each day. Example 1 (comparative) Totally homoneneous baits were produced by slurrying an acetone solution of aldicarb on tedium oatmeal to give a concentrate, then diluting the concentrate with medium oatmeal by hand mixing, to give an aldicarb concentration of 100 ppm. The toxicity of the resulting bait was determined by tests on 5 female Wistar rats and 10 male TAC mice. The results are given in Table 1. Th & 1 Bait Consumption (g) Kill Day Rat mouse Rat Mouse 1 10 20 0 cut of 5 0 out of 10 2 10 50 0 out of 5 0 out of 10 3 15 40 0 out of 5 0 out of 10 4 40 - 0 out of 10 Example 2 The toxicity of aldicarb particles made to formulation A was determined by tests on 5 Wistar females exposed to medium oatmeal containing one 1.25 mg pellet per 20 grams of oatmeal. The results are given in Table 2: TABLE 2 Day Bait Consurrption (g) Kill 1 55 2 out of 5 2 35 2 out of remainIng 3 3 0 Raining rat killed Example 3 5 Heterozygous anti-coagulant resistant rats were allowed to feed on bait consisting of medium oatmeal containing one 1.25 mg particle made to formulation A per 20 grams of oatmeal. The bait was weighed daily, but in this example it was not changed daily. The results are given in Table 3: TABLE 3 Day Bait Consumption (g) Kill 1 50 3 out of 5 2 15 1 out of retraining 2 3 10 Remaining rat killed Example 4 (comparative) 10 Male L CA mice were fed with bait consisting of medium oatmeal containing one 0.5 mg particle made according to formulation A per 10 grams of oatmeal. The results are given in Table 4: : TA & 4 Day Bait Consumption (g) Kill 1 75 1 out of 10 2 60 0 out of remaining 9 3 60 2 out of remaining 9 4 40 1 out of remaining 7 Example 5 10 Male LACA mice were permitted to feed on bait consisting of medium oatmeal containing one 0.2 mg particle of formulation A per 2 grams of oatmeal. The results are given in Table 5: TABLE 5 Day Bait Consumption (g) Kill 1 60 4 out of 10 2 15 3 out of remaining 6 3 10 3 out of remaining 3 Example 6 5 e LACA mice were starved for 24 hours and then permitted to feed on 50 g of medium oats containing dispersed therein 10 particles of formulation B each containing 0.2 mg of aldicarb. The results are given in Table 6. TABLE 6 Day Bait Consumption (g) Kill 1 30 2 out of 5 2 15 2 out of remaining 3 Example 7 3 Male heterozygous resistant rats were permitted to feed on 50 g medium oatmeal containing 10 particles of formulation B each containing 1.1 mg of aldicarb. The results are given in Table 7. VIABLE 7 Day Bait Consumption (g) Kill 1 10 All killed 2 DISCUSSICN It will be apparent fran comparative Example 1 that when aldicarb was homogeneously dispersed throughout the edible component of the bait as in a coventional bait formulation, no kills were recorded in either rats or mice after 3 and 4 days exposure respectively. Fran Table 1 it will be noted that the bait consumption was low; compare Table 1 with Tables 2 to 7. This is probably due to a bait shyness effect and is characteristic of conventionally formulated acute poisons. The rats took only about 12% of their normal daily requirement, the mice about 20% on the first day, but on subsequent days the take increased. It is thought that this may be due to an induction effect in which detoxifying enzymes were induced by the first, sub-lethal, dose. Fram Tables 2, 3 and 7 it will be apparent that when dispersed as discrete particles of a size such that rats will not nibble them, but will take them whole, the aldicarb is wholly effective against rats. Moreover, the overall concentrations of aldicarb so used are less than those which killed no rats when homDgeneously dispersed throughout the edible component of the bait as in conventional baits. Examples 4 and 5 provide a deronstration of how those in the art can readily determine the upper limit of poison particle size in relation to the rodent specie concerned. The results in Table 4 show that 0.5 mg aldicarb particles were too large for the average mouse because only 4 out of 10 mice were killed, as coy pared with the 100% kill achieved in Example 5 in which the smaller 0.2 mg aldicarb particles were used. The mice actaally consumed 235 grams of bait in Example 4, which shws clearly their ability to discriminate and normally to reject the too large (0.5 mg) particles. The fact that a 40% kill was achieved in Example 4 reflects the fact that some variation in particle size undoubtedly occurred (as indicated in the preamble to the examples), and, of course, that one can expect some experimental latitude in routine experiments of this nature, anyway. However, it will be clear from Examples 4 and 5 that routine experiment will readily indicate the nominal poison particle size which will ensure that an average rodent of the specie the bait is intended to kill will consume the poison particles whole, and, therefore, will be killed. Example 8 This Example demonstrates that baits according to the invention can be effective against the target pest while remaining safe to animals substantially larger than the target pest. Particles of a size suitable for consumption whole (without nibbling) by mice, ie. about 0.5 urn diameter spheres, containing 0.1 mg of aldicarb per particle were produced by a precipitation process. Suitably larger particles appropriate for rats, ie. about 1 itra x 1 mm cylinders, containing 1.0 mg of aldicarb per particle were produced by extrusion. The mouse bait particles were distributed in medium oatmeal at the concentration of one per two grams of oatmeal (50 ppm), and the rat bait particles were distributed in medium oatmeal at the concentration of one per twenty grams of oatmeal (50 ppm). Ten male 12-18 gram LaC mice and five female 300-350 gram Wistar rats were permitted to feed on the mouse bait; and five female 300-350 gram Wistar rats were allowed to feed on the rat bait. The baits were topped up when necessary to keep a supply of food material available, and water was supplied freely. The results are given in Table 8: TABLE 8 mouse bait particles Rat bait particles Day Rat mouse Rat Consump- Kill Consump- Kill Consump- Kill tion (g) tion (g) tion (g) 1 95 0/5 25 4 out 70 2 out of 10 of 5 2 80 0/5 10 5 cut of 20 2 out of remain- remain ing 6 ing 3 3 70 0/5 0 Ihfiaining O Remaining mouse died rat died 4 65 0/5 5 to 7 175 0/5 All the baits contained 50 ppm of aldicarb. Exartple 1 shows that 100 ppm of aldicarb homogeneously distributed throughout the edible component as in conventional practice does not kill either rats or mice. All rats feeding on the 1 rrg particles and all mice feeding on the 0.1 mg particles died by the end of the third day, but the rats feeding on the rraise bait were not killed even after seven days of feeding thereon. This result indicates that animals significantly larger than mice would not be killed by accidental consumption of an aldicarb bait in accordance with the invention which is intended for use against mice. By extrapolation one can assume that the corresponding rat bait would be safe to any animal significantly larger than a rat. Example 9 Three baits were produced containing the toxicant aldicarb, each at 100 ppm (0.01%) concentration. Aldicarb was presented in the bait either harogeneously dispersed in the manner of a conventional rodenticide, as discrete 0.4 x 0.4m.m. particles, (formulation C) or as discrete 1.0 x 1.0 m.m. particles. The diluent was medium grade oatmeal in all cases. Tests were carried out on mice with a body weight approximately 20 g, rats with a body weight approximately 250g, and rabbits with a body weight approximately 2,500g. Baits were offered with no choice of alternative food for five days. The results after 5 days are given in Table 9. TABLE 9 Aldicarb Presentation Take Kill Take . Kill Take Kill 100 ppm as: g/day % g/day % g/day % HCtfEENECUS 1.6 0 1.9 0 14.2 0 0.4 x 0.4m.m. 1.0 100 3.4 0 - 1.0 x 1.0m.m 1.8 30 9.9 100 11.4 0 These results show that when aldicarb was dispersed homogeneously through the diet base in the manner of a conventional rodenticide, none of the test animals died. All mice died when offered 100 ppm aldicarb dispersed on 0.4 x 0.4m.m. particles, only 30% of exposed mice were killed by 100 ppm aldicarb offered as 1 x imam. particles. No rabbits died when exposed to any of the three formulations. When homogeneously dispersed, the aldicarb is being slowly and continuously absorbed at such a rate that it is detoxified before death can occur. A single 0.4m.m. x 0.4m.m. particle delivers a dose of 3rrg/kg to a 20g mousse, but only 0.24rrg/kg to a 250g rat and 0.025mg/kg to a 2.5kg raltit. When absorbed in such low dosages the bait is not lethal because detoxification proceeds more rapidly than the lethal effect. A lm.m. x 1m.m. particle delivers 3.4mg/kg to a 250g rat but only 0.34mg/kg to a 2.5kg rabbit, thus all rats are killed but not rabbits. A lxlm.m. particle is capable of delivering a dose of 42.5mg/kg to a 20g mouse yet only 30% of the mice died. Particles of this size are discriminated against by mice and rejected. The results prove that by modifying the form in which it is presented, a 100 ppm aldicarb bait can be produced which is selectively toxic to the target pest purely on the basis of that target body weight. Example 10 This example demonstrates the rautine experiments used to determine the optimum particle size for use against specific target pests. Rats were offered medium oatmeal diet containing aldicarb particles (formulation C) at the rate of one per 10 g diet base and mice were offered the particles at the rate of one per 4g diet base. The results after 5 days are given in Table 10. TABLE 10 Particle Take Diameter/ per Kill Body Weight Length death (%) (g.) (m.m.) (g.) 60-80 Weaner 1.5 x 3.0 22.7 80 RATS 1.0 x 1.0 6.1 100 0.75 x 0.75 7.2 100 300-400 Adult 1.5 x 3.0 3.5 100 RATS 1.0 x 1.0 5.7 100 0.75 x 0.75 35.6 50 12-lOg. Weaner 0.2 x 0.5 10.7 60 1ICE 0.4 x 0.4 5.9 100 0.5 x 0.5 10.8 70 0.75 x 0.75 12.3 57 20-25g Adult 0.2 x 0.5 132.0 0 MICE 0.4 x 0.4 3.5 100 0.5 x 0.5 6.2 100 Weaner rats were totally killed by 0.75 x 0.75m.m. and 1.0 x l.Om.m particles with no evidence of discrimination but obviously the larger 1.5 x 3.0m.m. and 1.5 x 1.5m.m. particles were discriminated against since, despite the larger dose available, the quantity consumed per kill was in excess of that expected and incanplete kill was obtained. large adult rats were not killed by the smaller 0.75 x 0.75 m.m. particle but did not discriminate against the larger 1.0 x l.m.m. and 1.5 x 3,0m.m. particles. Thus the optimrm particle size required to deliver a lethal dose of aldicarb to both the smallest and largest rat in a population is about 1.0 x I.Omm. Weaner and adult mice were completely killed by 0.4 x 0.4 m.m. particles and the amount of bait eaten per kill corresponds approximately with the dilution rate of one particle per 4g. Incomplete kills occurred in both groups with 0.2 x 0.5m.m. particles indicating insufficient toxicant to deliver a lethal dose. 0.5 x 0.5m.m. particles killed all adults but failed to kill all weaners and the amount of bait eaten per kill indicates sorting. The sorting is even more pronounced when weaner mice are offered 0.75 x 0.75m.m. particles. Thus the cptinum size of particle required for mice is about 0. 4m.m. x 0.4m.m. Example ill This Example illustrates the use of various acute poisons in the baits of the present invention. Particles containing various acute poisons were made according to Formulation C, and feeding trials were carried out with rats and with mice. All the compounds tested are knawn acute rodenticides and are generally recognised as being dangerous to non-target animals at the con concentration normally employed and to cause bait shyness in target animals if used without pre-baiting. The reccnmended normal concentrations in conventional baits are: Tetramine 1,000 ppm Sodium fluoroacetate 1,000 - 5,000 ppn Scilliroside 500 ppm Crimidine 1,000 ppm The results obtained are given in Table 11, and show that all four conventional rodenticides can be used in the baits of the present invention at much lower concentrations than normally recommended, and without bait shyness occurring. TABLE 11 PARTICLE DIAMETER BAIT DAYS x LENGTH CONC KILL TO TOXICANT m.m. p.p.m. % KILL TETRAMINE - MOUSE 0.4 x 0.4 15 90 5 RAT 0.75 x 0.75 36 100 - 2 SODIUM FLUOROACETATE - RAT 1.5 x 1.5 250 100 2 SCILLIROSIDE - RAT 1.5 x 1.5 50 100 2 CRIMIDINE - MOUSE 0.45 x 0.45 22.5 100 5 RAT 1.5 x 1.5 250 100 3 Example 12 This Example demonstrates various food bases for the baits according to the invention. Aldicarb lm.m. x lm.m. particles (formulation C) were dispersed at the rate of one per 10g bait in the following baits 1. Aldicarb particles 0.0085 Warning Dye 0.025 Sodium Chloride 0.50 monosodium Glutamate 0.57 Medium Oats 98.89 Tested as loose granular powder. 2. Aldicarb particles 0.0085 . Warning Dye 0.125 Sodium Chloride 0.50 Monosodium Glutamate 0.45 Glycerol 2.5 Powdered Wax 30.0 Wheat flour 66.42 Compressed into water resistant blocks in a should, each block being 20g weight. 3. Aldicarb particles 0.0085 Linseed Oil 2.7 Chicken Meal 97.29 Extruded into pellets of 4m.m. diameter and 7-15m.m. length. Adult rats were offered the three formulations with no alternative food. The results, given in Table 12, show that all three baits are effective. TABLE 12 Day Day Day Day Day Formulation 1 2 3 4 5 1 9.0 2.1 Cumulative % kill 80 100 2 10.5 11.1 Cumulative % kill 70 100 3 8.6 11.5 17.1 8.3 17.6 Cumulative % kill 60 80 80 80 100 Example 13 (coaaarative) This Example illustrates the effect of providing poison-providing particles with a coating. Particles containing Aldicarb, prepared according to Formulation C and with a size 1 x 1 mm, were coated with shellac or with PUk by conventional means. Further particles were provided with a polymeric coating by exposing the particles to formaldehyde vapour: this causes the gelatin binder to polymerize on the surface. Feeding tests were carried out on male Wistar rats, and the results are given in Table 13. TABLE 13 Coating System: Formaldehyde Uncoated Shellac Gelatin P.V.A. Rat 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Hours: 1 M M C o 0 0 O C O C C O 2 D D C M M M O C O M M C 3 D OCM CCC DMM 4 MCC CCO MM 5 M M C M M M C C 6 C C C C C C D M 7 X X X X X X X O No visible effect M Mild convulsion - limb twitching, laboured respiration C Intensive convulsions, loss of limb coordination, eyes bulging D Dead X Animal killed for humane reasons. (UK legislation provides that experimenters may not permit animals to suffer obvious distress for prolonged periods). The results show that substantially hatogeneous poison-providing particles are very much more effective in the baits according to the invention than are coated particles. It is an advantage of the invention that animals having consumed a toxic particle shall be rapidly affected, thus reducing the possibility of continual feeding leading to the absorption of another lethal dose. The use of coatings is antagonistic to this aim. Furtherore, it is well knawn that the average residing time of food in a rodent gut (i.e. the time from eating to defecation). is between 6 and 12 hours. A particle releasing toxicant at the slow rate indicated in the results above could be eliminated before the lethal dose is absorbed.

Claims: 1. A rodent bait comprising food and a poison, said poison being wholly in the form of, or contained in, one or more discrete poison-providing particles of such activity with respect to the rodent specie for which the bait is intended that each poison-providing particle provides a lethal dose with respect to an adult rodent of that specie, each poison-provding particle being substantially hcacger}cus and being of a particle size which is such that a rodent of the specie for which the bait is intended will take the particle into its mouth without prior nibbling. 2. A bait as claimed in claim 1, wherein the poison is aldicarb. 3. A bait as claimed in claim 1, wherein the poison is tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, scilliroside or crimidine. 4. A bait as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the poison-providing particles contain a poison and a binder. 5. A bait as claimed in claim 4, wherein the poison-providing particles also contain a food material attractive to the rodent. 6. A bait as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in the form of a pellet or block. 7. A bait as claimed in any one of.the preceding claims, wherein the number of poison-providing particles in relation to the amount of food material is such as to provide one particle for each average weight of food consumed per day by an average adult rodent of the rodent specie against which the bait is intended to be used. 8. A rodent bait as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of poison in the bait as a whole does not exceed 200 ppm. 9. A rodent bait as claimed in claim 1 and substantially as hereinbefore described. 10. A process for making a bait as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, which comprises combining the ingredients for the poison-providing particles with liquid solvent to form a paste; extruding the paste though an orifice; cutting the extrudate into particles; drying the particles; and mixing the particles with food. 11. A process as claimed in claim 10, which comprises the subsequent step of ccmpressing the bait into pellet or blocks.

Inventors: HADLER, MALCOLM RONALD
Applicants: SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V.
Application year: 1983
Main classification: A01N47
IPC codes: A01N25, A01N43, A01N47, A01N45, A01N37