A process for the manufacture of absorbent materials

Abstract: Absorbent material comprising clay mineral particles, the particles comprising compacted massees of relatively smaller particles is found to have high absorbency which may be further increased by the use of additives such as silicates, pyrophosphates swelling clays, polysaccharides or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Preferred are smectites, attapulgite or sepiolite preferably in the form of particles in below 1.4 mm, preferably below 710 microns in the size range compacted into larger particles in the 710 micron to 4 mm size range. The absorbent particles are suitable for use as pet litter.

Description: This invention relates to a process for the manufacture of absorbent material based on clay minerals. Clay minerals in particulate form are commonly used to absorb liquids. For such use the clay is mined or quarried and the resulting so-called raw clod is crushed to produce for example, largest particles of the size order of about 1-3 cm, is dried if necessary to render it capable of absorbing a reasonable quantity of liquid, for example to a water content of not more than 20% by weight and preferably about 5% to 15% by weight, and is screened, which usually also involves some breakdown of the clay particles which have become physically weaker during the drying process, to give a final product in about the 710 microns to 4 mm size range or thereabouts. Reference hereafter to a material having a specific size range is to the majority and preferably at least 75% by weight of the material being in the form of particles having sizes within that range unless otherwise stated. The size ranges stated are, where appropriate, conversions into nominal aperture widths in metric units of British Standard mesh size ranges (see British Standard 410.1962) and should be interpreted accordingly. The resulting particulate clay mineral product is useful for absorbing aqueous liquids a major use being as a pet for example cat litter. For such a use the liquid capacity of the absorbent is of the greatest importance if a product is to be acceptable to the purchaser since it determines the frequency with which the absorbent, in use, must be changed for fresh material. United States Patent Specification No. 4187803 discloses a process for pelletising sorptive mineral fines by mixing the fines with water to fill the pore space therein, compacting the fines into pellets without allowing the water to be forced from the pores and thereafter drying the resulting pellets. This process essentially requires the evaporation of a volume of water equal to the pore volume of the fines. According to the present invention there is provided a process for preparing an absorbent clay mineral in a particulate form useful as litter comprising compacting particles of a non-swelling clay mineral having a water-absorbency of at least 60% as measured by the Absorbency % Test as defined herein, the clay mineral containing water in a quantity not exceeding 15% by weight and having a particle size in the 105 to 710 microns size range and the compaction being conducted at a pressure of 5 to 200 KN/cm² or, in the case of a roll press at a pressure from 25 to 500 KN/cm of roll length, and breaking the compacted product to produce particles in the 710 microns to 4 mm size range. The compacted particles preferably comprise fractions in the 1.68 mm to 4 mm and 710 microns to 1.68 mm ranges preferably in a ratio of 2-12:1, particularly preferably in a ratio of 5-12:1 and ideally in a ratio of 7:1. The relatively smaller particles of which the compacted particles are made up are preferably in the smaller than 1.68 mm range and very suitably in the 105 microns to 710 microns size range. It has been found that such compacted particles can have a substantially higher absorbency than particles prepared from raw clod as described above. The fine particles required for the practice of the above aspect of the invention may be produced by suitably grinding the raw clod or the dried particles subjected to screening. Very suitably, however, the fine particles may be fines removed in the course of processing clay minerals for other uses, thereby providing an economical use of such fines. To attain optimum properties in the resulting absorbent material the fine particles should be dried to the final required moisture content of preferably, not more than 15% wt before compaction. It is thought that this, and the use of pressure compaction to form the absorbent particles, materially contributes to the properties of the absorbent particles in use. Clearly, however, if the fine particles are too dry, e.g. materially below 5% wt moisture, the effects of compaction may be affected adversely. The compaction of the fines may be performed by a variety of presses suitable for use in relation to particulate materials. The use of a press operating by passing the material between rollers rotating in opposite directions, a roll press, however, has proved particularly efficacious in obtaining a suitable combination of physical strength and absorbency in the product. The fine particles are passed through rolls urged together under a total pressure of at least 5 KN, preferably at least 25 KN and not more than 500 KN particularly preferably not more than 200 KN per cm of roll length. The rolls may be smooth, or profiled to produce either an elongated, for example a rod-shaped, compacted product or a compacted product of more equal dimensions. The compacted product is desirably broken up for example by passing it through further rolls, spaced slightly apart and with projecting members which intermesh in use of the rolls, and suitably screened to give the required final particle size with recycling of fines and oversized particles if, and to the extent, desired. Alternatively a normal piston and cylinder press, or the like, may be used. It has, also been found according to the present invention, that a further marked increase in absorbency of the compacted particles may be attained by the use of a relatively restricted quantity of additive. Additives which have been found efficacious according to the invention belong to the group of materials known for their effect as soil antiredeposition agents in the detergent field and the group of materials known for their property of gelling or thickening water, most of which go into the colloidal state in water. The materials belonging to these two groups of substances may be inorganic or organic compounds but, as is explained below, have in common at least certain members of a specific class of organic compounds. The book "Synthetic Detergents" by Davidsohn and Milwidsky, Edition 6, published by George Godwin in 1978 ascribe soil antiredeposition properties, or the like property of encouraging soil particles to remain in suspension, to the following groups of substances. (a) Soluble silicates, preferably those solid silicates which form colloids when dissolved in water such as Crosfield's "M" or "C" grade soluble powder. (b) Condensed phosphates of which only the pyrophosphates are sufficiently stable in solution in water for practical use for example tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. (c) Bentonite which is a clay belonging to the montmorillonite group, and which has the ability to form a gel, for example Wyoming bentonite. (d) Carboxy methyl cellulose which has marked gel-forming abilities. (e) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone. A consideration of the above groups and the testing of certain representative members thereof led to the hypothesis that materials capable of thickening water, in general, could also be useful as additives in the present invention and the testing of certain representative members of groups of gel-forming substances confirmed this hypothesis. These groups of substances are as follows: (f) Soluble polysaccharides, which group encompasses both the soluble cellulose ethers such as carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose and methyl hydroxy propyl cellulose and the soluble gums which hydrate in water to form viscous sols or dispersions such as the alginates or starches of which last material a cold water dissolving grade would desirably be used. (g) Natural or synthetic swelling clays which encompasses bentonite and also other swelling montmorillonites, such as that sold under the trade name VEEGUM by Vanderbilt Corp., and the synthetic hectorite sold under the trade name LAPONITE by Laporte Industries Limited which last material is also known for its soil antiredeposition properties in British Patent No. 1376379. In the light of the above the additives used according to the present invention are therefore preferably water-soluble or dispersible materials selected from (1) silicates, preferably alkali metal silicates (2) pyrophosphates, preferably alkali metal pyrophosphates (3) natural or synthetic swelling clays, preferably montmorillonites (4) polysaccharides, preferably cellulose derivatives, alignates or starch (5) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone Particularly, preferably the additives are selected from groups (1) or (4) above. A swelling clay is defined as one which gives a Bingham Yield Value, referred to and as defined in United States Patent No. 3586478 and in many other patents and textbooks, of at least 20 dynes/cm² as a 2% dispersion in water. It is envisaged that one or more of the above defined additives be used, preferably, in less than 10% and, particularly preferably, less than 5% by weight of the compacted absorbent additive-containing particles. The effect of a given percentage of additive will tend to vary according to the particular additive, the particular clay mineral and the particular production conditions used. Excellent results have been obtained, however, using less than 4% of additive by weight of the compacted particles. The additive is present, preferably, in at least 0.2%, particularly preferably in at least 0.5%, by weight of the compacted particles. The clay mineral utilised according to the present invention may, very suitably, be selected from the groups of smectites, attapulgite, sepiolite or the hormites in general. The smectites may be considered to consist of a notional series of minerals having structures intermediate to that of talc, Si₈Mg₆O₂₀(OH)₄, and pyrophyllite, Si₈Al₄O₂₀(OH)₄, talc and pyrophyllite themselves not being members of the group. As is usual in the clay mineral field some at least of the Mg or Al ions may be replaced by ions of lower valency and the resulting negatively charged structure may be associated with a cation such as an alkali metal cation. The X-ray diffraction pattern common to smectites is identified in "X-ray identification and crystal structure of clay minerals" Mineralogical Society, G. Brown, 1961. The smectite is an alkaline earth metal montmorillonite, for example such as that available from Laporte Industries Limited as Surrey Powder. The clay mineral is not itself a swelling clay as defined above since such a characteristic could impair the physical integrity of the compacted absorbent particles. The mixing of the additive with the clay mineral may suitably be accomplished in a hopper by means of a low speed mixer. The hopper may very suitably be the compactor feed hopper in which a feed screw can double as a mixer. The invention will now be illustrated by means of the following non-limiting examples. In the examples a number of samples of clay mineral particles, as identified, were subjected to the following tests:- Absorbency % Test 10g of clay mineral in its pre-dried state and containing approximately 10% by weight of moisture is placed in a sintered glass crucible and wetted by adding water to totally submerge the granules and the excess is poured off. After a delay of 10 minutes the crucible and contents are subjected to a partial vaccuum of 71cm Hg. Under these conditions droplets of water are seen to leave the clay mineral. When no droplets have appeared for 1 minute the clay mineral is weighed and its increase in weight, due to absorbed water is expressed as a % of 10g. Watch Glass Test There is a further test of absorbency which is particularly useful for the higher absorbency clay minerals. 20 ml of clay mineral is placed on a large watch glass and 20 ml water is added. When the water is absorbed the glass is inverted and if the water falls off, the clay mineral fails the test. If the water is not absorbed immediately the time taken to do so is noted. Further 2.5 ml increments of water are added. After each incremental addition of water the glass is inverted until the point is reached when the test is failed. The results are expressed as: Pass Immediate absorbtion of 20ml H₂O. Water does not fall off on glass inversion. Pass (secs) Where the 20ml H₂O was not absorbed immediately the number of seconds required for it to do so is noted followed by a Pass as defined above. Pass (ml) Where the water fell off on inversion of the glass after one or more further increments of water was added. The total quantity of water added is identified (20+2.5 x No of increments) In some cases the incremental extension of the test was not performed so an unqualified pass is not to be taken as an indication that a test involving the addition of a first further increment of water has been failed. Unless otherwise stated the particles tested consisted of an approximately 150 micron particle size fraction of clay mineral mixed with the additive indicated and converted into the 710 micron to 4 mm size range by compaction and breaking up as described above. The compactor used was a laboratory piston and cylinder compactor having a operating at a pressure of 5 KN/sq cm. The pressure is maintained within the range 5 KN to 50 KN preferably 20 KN to 200 KN per sq cm, when operating static press of this type. The additives are expressed by weight of the compacted granules and are Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) Courlase 740G ex Courtaulds Ltd. Courlase A 610 ex Courtaulds Ltd. Sodium silicate Soluble grade M ex Crosfields Ltd. Sodium Alginate The test results are summarised in the following Table. In the tests of the compacted particles based on Surrey Powder the use of the following additives gave no appreciable improvement in comparison with compacted particles containing no additive:- Silica gel - 3% Polyvinyl alcohol - 3% Sodium aluminate - 3%

Claims: A process for preparing an absorbent clay mineral in a particulate form useful as litter comprising compacting particles of a non-swelling clay mineral having a water-absorbency of at least 60% as measured by the Absorbency % Test as defined herein, the clay mineral containing water in a quantity not exceeding 15% by weight and having a particle size in the 105 to 710 microns size range and the compaction being conducted at a pressure of 5 to 200 KN/cm² or, in the case of a roll press at a pressure of 25 to 500 KN/cm of roll length, and breaking the compacted product to produce particles in the 710 microns to 4 mm size range. A process as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the clay mineral is a smectite, attapulgite or sepiolite. A process as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the compacted product comprises fractions in the 1.68 mm to 4 mm size range and in the 710 microns to below 1.68 mm size range in a ratio of 2:1 to 12:1. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the clay mineral has an initial moisture content of at least 5% by weight. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim wherein the compacted clay mineral has a content of at least 0.2% but less than 5% by weight of a water dispersible or water soluble additive selected from silicates, pyrophosphates, natural or synthetic swelling clays, polysaccharides and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. A process as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the additive is selected from the silicates or the polysaccharides. A process as claimed in Claim 6 wherein the additive is selected from alkali metal silicates, cellulose derivatives, alginates or starch.

Inventors: CRAMPTON JOHN R, WHITING HOWARD, CRAMPTON, JOHN R., WHITING, HOWARD
Applicants: LAPORTE INDUSTRIES LTD, LAPORTE INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Application year: 1983
Main classification: C09K3
IPC codes: C09K3, A01K1