A METHOD EMPLOYED IN LONG-HOLE DRILLING AND A DRILL ROD SYSTEM

Abstract: Method employed in long-hole rock drilling in which the drilling rod is made up of extension pieces which are joined to one another by a thread system. A central flushing channel is made in the extension pieces through which water or air is brought to the hole to be drilled and with the aid of which the drilled material particles are conveyed out of the drilled hole through the side flushing channel between the drill rod and the wall of the drilled hole. In accordance with the invention the steel cross-sectional surface area (Az) of the drill rod corresponding to the diameter of the hole to be drilled is selected in accordance with the power of the drilling machine to be used and thereafter the outside diameter and central flushing channel diameter of the tubular drill rod are selected so that the cross-sectional surface area (A3) of the central flushing chamber is essentially equally large as the cross-sectional surface area (A1) of the side flushing channel. A subject of the invention is also a percussive drilling arrangement to be used in the performance of the drilling method presented above. In accordance with the invention the drill rod is tubular and is manufacturd of such steel tube that the relationship of the inner diameter to the outer diameter is in the range 0.7...0.9. As a further subject of the invention is a thread system to be used in the performance of the previously presented method. In accordance with the invention the thread helix angle and form height of the threads of the screwed components of the tubular extension pieces are in the main constants independent of the outside diameter of the tube, so that the thread pitch and number of thread starts increases with the growth in outside diameter of the tube.

Description: A method employed in long-hole drilling and a drill rod system The subject of the invention is a method employed in long-hole drilling in which a bit which drills a full hole is used and to which percussive energy is transferred through a steel drill rod which is made up of joined extension pieces according to the depth of the hole and which are joined one to another by means of a threading system in which the extension piece has an internal thread at one end and on the other end has a corresponding exter¬ nal thread so that the extension pieces externally for a continu¬ ous, stepless drill rod and, in continuation of the drilling rod there is provision made in its axial direction for an in¬ ternal hole or central flushing channel so that, according to the invention, intermediate pressurized fluid flushing media such as water or air can be brought to the hole to be drilled and with the aid of which the particles are conveyed out of the hole through the annular space or side flushing channel between the outer surface of the drill rod and the wall of the drilled bore, when in this method the diameter of the bore to be drilled varies between 30 mm and 300 mm and the drilling machine proper is arranged so as to operate outside the hole to be drilled. In rock drilling a pneumatic drill, that is a drill operating on compressed air, is used. In a pneumatic drill the greater part of the energy is used percussively although a considerable part of it is also consumed by the flushing action. In recent times hydraulic drilling machines have, however, come onto the market and in these the energy used for percussion is fundamentally less than in pneu¬ matic drilling machines. The development of fully hydraulic drilling machines has made it possible to economically produce high striking efficiency, so that the drilling of larger holes has become possible. Because in the hydraulic drilling machine relatively less percussive energy is used the significance of the energy consumed in flushing has become more important. Thus a drawback which has long been experienced in drilling has become emphasized. This drawback is the low efficiency ratio of the flushing system, this occurring especially In the drilling of larger holes In excess of 75 mm diameter. When drilling large holes with the drill rods used to-day an exceptional quantity of flushing air is needed and thus the situation has been arrived at in which the flushing uses even more energy than in percussion. This is caused by the fact that with conventional drill rods it is not possible to achieve sufficient flushing action to correspond with the increased drilling efficiency. The drill rod has two functions in percussive rock drilling. Firstly it transfers the striking, rotation and feeding forces from the drilling head to the drilling bit. Secondly It acts as a part of a conveying system that removes the loosened rock material from the drilled hole. This transfer is carried out by a flushing system, which consists of the drill rod flushing hole or central flushing channel, through which the flushing substance is led to the bottom of the drilled hole. The drill bit connected to the lower part of the drill rod directs the flow of the flushing substance to the bottom of the drilled hole so that the hole is cleaned as efficiently as possible. The flushing substance and loosened rock material are led out of the hole through the side flushing channel, which is formed by the space between the hole which has been drilled and the drill rod. In order that the loosened rock material may be carried away efficiently enough, the flow velocity of the flushing air or water between the hole to be drilled and the drill rod must be sufficiently high. When using air flushing the velocity should be at least 25 m/s and with water flushing 1 m/s. If the flow rate of the intermediate flushing substance is not high enough, the drill bit has to crush the rock material several times before it is fine enough to be carried out of the hole by the flushing substance. The markedly increased efficiency of hydraulic drilling machines has led to this situation. When the flushing efficiency OMPI cannot correspond efficiently enough to the drilling efficiency, it diminishes the penetration force of the drill, thus also dim- ishing the efficiency of drilling. v 5 Drill rod dimensions are determined in two stages according to an established method. Firstly the drill rod diameter is deter¬ mined in order that it can withstand percussive rotational and feeding forces imposed on it by the drilling machine. Secondly the size of the flushing hole is selected. When that portion of 10 the area of the hole to be drilled has been allocated to the drill rod, sufficient for the mechanical forces it must trans¬ mit, the rest is to be used as efficiently as possible for removal of the loosened rock material from the hole. 15 The size of the flushing hole in the drill rod is normally 7-15 % of the area derived from the outside diameter of the rod. A larger flushing hole is particularly needed in downward-fed long-hole drilling. 20 The optimum design dimensions for a flushing system should meet the two following conditions. Sufficient flow velocity of the flushing substance should be attainable in the side wall channel with the least possible pressure and flushing medium quantity, that is with the corresponding least possible energy consumption. 25 The side flushing channel must also be sufficiently large that the loosened rock material can pass through even when drilling with a worn drill bit. The first of the conditions is- fulfilled when the flow resistance of the flushing system is at a minimum. For fulfillment of the second condition the difference between % 30 the drill rod must be at least 10-15 mm. Then even the largest loosened rock fragments are removed without impediment from the hole. Since the size of the flushing hole in a drill rod (the central 35 flushing duct) in accordance with modern practice is normally 7-15 % of the rod area given by its outside diameter, the proportion of the surface area of the hole to be drilled sponding to the central flushing hole is only 2-7-%. In drilling the rather larger holes the portion between the drill rod and the hole to be drilled, that is the flushing channel cross- sectional area, is many times greater in comparison with that of the central flushing duct. This means that with the commonly used conventional drill rod the central flushing duct constitutes a throttling section in the flushing system which is an ample source of energy consumption, and through which it is not possible to lead a sufficient quantity of flushing substance. When on the other hand, the side flushing channel is large in comparison with the central flushing duct the flow rate of flushing substance in the side flushing channel cannot be made sufficiently high to lift the loosened rock particles out of the drilled hole. The intention of this invention is to eradicate the previously mentioned drawbacks and to achieve a method whereby dimensions can be allocated to the drill rods, in accordance with the new saved flushing energy and more efficient flushing. The method according to the invention is characterized in that the cross- sectional area of the steel drill rod is selected in accord¬ ance with the power of the drilling machine used within the defined limits of the diameter of the hole to be drilled and thereafter the external diameter of the tubelike drill rod and its internal bore, that is the diameter of the central flushing channel, so that the internal bore cross-sectional area is fundamentally equally as large as the annular space between the drill rod outer surface and the wall of the hole to be drilled, that Is the minimisation of the flow resistance of the medium intended for flushing the drilled particles through the side flushing channel section and of the energy consumed by the flushing action. A subject of the invention is also the performance of previously presented method when a percussion drill rod system is to be used, in which the drill rod is composed of extension pieces in which there is an internal thread in one end and a corresponding external thread at the other end. The drill rod system accoring to the invention is characterized in that the drill rod is tubular and that it is made of such steel tube that the relationship of the inner diameter to that of the external diameter is of the order 0.7...0.9, and that at each end of the aforementioned steel tube there are parts which have been fastened into position by means of welded joints and onto which threads have been machined, at one end an internally threaded part and at the other end the corresponding external thread. As a further subject of the invention is a threaded system to be used for the performance of the previously presented method as a means of joining the extension components of the percussion drill rod to one another. The threaded system according to the inven- tion is characterized in that the pitch angle and form depth of the threads of the screwed portions of the tubular extension pieces are in the main constants, irrespective of the tube outside diameter, so that the thread pitch and number of starts of threads increase in accordance with the increase in diameter of the tube. The thread system in accordance with the invention makes it possible that the thread is as shallow as possible for each tube diameter value. Thus the diameters of the central flushing channel do not fundamentally lessen at the threaded section, as occurs with conventional drill rods. The invention is described in the following examples by the aid of reference to the attached drawings, in which Fig. 1 depicts the distribution of the cross-sectional area of the hole to be drilled when drilling with conventional drill rods and in drilling with the tubular drill rod in accordance with the invention. Fig. 2 depicts the cross section of the hole to be drilled in accord- ance with the invention when drilling with a tubular drill rod. Fig. 3 illustrates several examples of the relationship between percussive power and drill rod in using hydraulic-and pneumatic drilling machines. Fig. 4 illustrates in simplified form drilling of a hole with a conventional drill rod. Fig. 5 illustrates a vertical section of the extension of the drill rod in the area shown in Fig 4. Fig. 6 depicts the sectional view as taken along line XI-XI. Fig. 7 corresponds to Fig. 4 and shows the drill rod according to the invention. Fig. 8 corresponds to Fig. 5 and shows in vertical section the drill rod extension section. Fig. 9 shows a section taken along the line IX-IX In Fig. 7. Fig. 10 illustrates a vertical section of the drill rod in accordance with the invention. Fig. 11 depicts an enlarged and part-section of the extension sleeve of the drill rod shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 12 Illustrates in section an enlarged view of the drill rod thread connections In accordance with the invention. Fig. 13 corresponds to Fig. 12 and illustrates other modes of appli- cation. Fig. 14 illustrates the external thread of the drill rod in accordance with the invention, as seen from the side. The distribution of cross-sectional area of the holes to be drilled is drawn up in Fig. 1 In drilling with four conventional drill rods and three tubular drill rods in accordance with the invention. From this diagram it may be seen that in drilling-with conventional drill rods the proportion of the side flushing channel is many times larger than that of the central flushing channel. This design does not constitute an economic solution to flushing. Instead, in drilling with the three tubular drill rods in accordance with the invention, the side flushing channel and central flushing channel are fundamentally of the same order of size. In practice there cannot be an individual rod for every size of hole to be drilled, so that these three selected tube sizes cover the necessary range sufficiently well. Each optimum drill rod section in which the central flushing channel and side flushing channel are precisely of the same size, can be seen on the diagram at reference number 19. The cross section of the hole 8 to be drilled, is shown in Fig. 2. The circle represented by the broken line, the diameter of which is D , represents the limiting line, at which the internal and external surface areas are of identical magnitude. It also corresponds to the 50 % line shown in Fig. 1. If the drill tube could be infinitely thin-walled, then the broken line would represent the drill tube. In practice the tubular drill rod diameter exceeds the broken line shown in Fig. 2 in both direc¬ tions. In the circumstances of this example the surface area of the drawn drill rod 3 is 30 % that of the hole 8 to be drilled. In Fig. 3 the striking power to be attained with various drill rods, calculated on the basis of the surface area of the drill rod cross-section is shown. From the figure it can be observed that these values are greater with a hydraulic drilling machine than with a pneumatic machine. In Figs. 4 and 7 conventional drill rod constructions are compared in accordance with the invention. The conventionally sited flushing channel is also narrow. The channel 10 remaining between the drill rod 3 and the wall 9 of drilled hole 8 is instead remarkably large. The drill rod 3 constructed in accordance with the invention shown in Fig. 7 is tubular in cv:?ι_ Vv'Il-'ϋ form and noticeably greater in diameter than the conventional drill rod. In consequence the central flushing channel can be made to correspond to the cross-sectional area of channel 10 left between the cross-sectional area dependent on drill rod 3 and the hole wall 9. In order that flow speed may be optimal in the side flushing channel, the entire length of the assembled rod part is smooth on the external surface. The material needed in the region of the connections is located inside the tube at the central flushing channel. Drill rod connections in accordance with the invention and those of conventional type are shown in vertical cross section in Figs. 5 and 8. In the conventional construction shown in Fig. 5 the connection of rod 3 Is composed of an external removable sleeve 16. This type of connection is however awkward in practical circumstances because positioning of the removable sleeve onto the correct section of the joint is uncertain. Further the sleeve can loosen pieces of rock from the wall 9 of the bore 8, as often happens when drilling broken rocks. Withdrawal of the drill rod from the hole is then awkward. Instead of this Fig. 8 depicts the drill rod connection according to the invention, the diameter of which is the same as that of the drill rod proper 3. The drill rod is then of the same thickness and smooth in all sections. The internal central flushing channel 7 of the rod and the side flushing channel 10 outside it are in cross section fundamentally of equal size. From the cross section of the conventional drill rod shown in Fig. 6 the small size of the central duct 7 inside rod 3 can be seen. In the construction shown in Fig. 6 in accordance with the invention the central flushing chamber 7 is essentially larger. In the construction according to the invention neither are there removable sleeves so that the extension of the drill rod can be performed simply by fitting the extension pieces one upon another. The drill rod 2 of Fig. 10 comprises the fastening connection to the drilling machines, several drill rod extension pieces 3 and the drill bit 1. All these components are joined to one another by threads which are so formed that the outer diameter of the drill rod is the same size over almost all its length. The central flushing channel 7 in the tubular construction is noticeably larger. The drill rod extension rod can be seen in Fig. 11 enlargened and in part section. It is made up of the steel tube 14 at both ends of which are threaded parts 11 and 12 connected by welded joints 13. The upper end of the tube 14 is connected by means of internal screwed threads 4 of female threaded part 11 and correspondingly at the bottom end by the externally furnished threads 5 of the male threaded part 12. The outer surface of the tube is smooth and forms with its threaded parts connected an integral straight cylindrical surface. The inner part of the drill rod instead forms in the area of the threaded parts 11 and 12 thicker walls. The central chamber 7 naturally then narrows slightly at these places but however remains sufficiently large. In Figs. 12 and 13 two different threads are presented which are used in accordance with the invention to connect the drill rods together. In Fig. 12 is shown a single start thread which is used with drill rods of smaller diameter. In larger drill rods, for example with a diameter in excess of 70 mm a two-start thread is used as shown in Fig. 13. In the largest drill shatfs of all, as for example in excess of 152 mm diameter one may even use three- start threads. The height of the thread form is near to a constant in each thread. With maximum advantage this is 2-3 mm. The helix angle of the thread 5 in Fig. 14 is 7°. This angle is mainly a constant in all the drill tubes according to the inven¬ tion, even though the number of starts changes. An optimum flushing solution is achieved in the method according to the invention In which cross-sectional areas of the central and side flushing channels are essentially identical. The flow resistance and power consumption caused by flushing are then at a minimum. The efficiency of flushing is also fundamentally increased because the drill rod outer surface is straight and smooth, optimal flow of the flushing medium and exited rock -material then occurring. There is also a guiding effect with the drill rod according to the invention and for this reason the straightness of holes to be drilled is better than normal. In the method according to the invention the optimum solution is thus concluded when the drill rod diameter is selected in accordance with the size of the hole or bore to be drilled and not according to the drilling machine used. In practice this is possible because of the fact that only a few sizes of holes can be drilled with machines of normally recognised power rating classes. To the professional person it is clear that the various modes of application of the invention can be modified within the framework of the patent claims hereinafter presented.

Claims: Claims 1. A method employed in long-hole rock drilling in which a full- hole drilling drill bit (1), to which percussive energy is trans¬ mitted by a steel drill rod (2) transmission, the drill rod of which is made up, in accordance with the depth of the hole (8), with connected extension pieces (3) which are connected to one another by a screw thread system in which the extension piece has at one end an internal thread (4) and at the opposite end a corre¬ sponding external thread (5) so that the extension pieces form in their external surface (6) a continuous stepless drill rod and in the extension pieces of which drill rod is an axially orientated internal hole or central flushing channel (7), so that through the central flushing channel (7) of the drill rod in accordance with the method, a pressurised intermediate flushing medium such as water or air is brought to the hole (8) to be drilled, and with the aid of which the drilled particle material is conveyed away through the annular space or side flushing channel (10) between the drill rod (2) and the wall (9) of the drilled hole (8) and in which method the diameter (D-) of the holes to be drilled varies between some 30 mm to 300 mm and in which method the drilling machine proper is arranged to operate outside the hole to be drilled, characterised in that within the known stated boundaries of the diameter (D.) of a hole (8) to be drilled, the steel cross sectional area (A ) of the drill rod (2) is selected in accordance z with the power of the drilling machine to be used, after which are chosen the external diameter (D ) of the tubular drill rod (2) and the diameter (D_) of its internal duct or central flushing channel (7) so that the cross-sectional area (A_) of the drill rod inside hole is essentially of equal size to the area (A.) of the annular space or side flushing channel (10) between the drill rod outer surface (6) and the wall (9) of the hole to be drilled, in order to minimise the flow resistance of the intermediate ma¬ terial intended for the flushing of the drilled particle material and the consumption of flushing energy. 2. A drilling method in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that the cross-sectional area (A_) of the inner hole or central flushing channel (7) of the tubular drill rod (2) is 0.6...1.4 times the cross-sectional area (A.) of the annular space or side flushing channel (10) between the outer surface (6) of the drill rod and the wall (9) of the hole (8) to be drilled. 3. A drilling method in accordance with claim 2, characterised in that the cross-sectional area (A_) of the internal duct or central flushing channel (7) of the drill rod (2) is some 0.9...1.1 times the cross-sectional area (A.) of the annular space or side flushing channel (10) between the outer surface (6) of the drill rod and the wall (9) of the hole (8) to be drilled. 4. A drilling method in accordance with claim 1,2 or 3, character¬ ised in that the external diameters (D„).of drill rods (2) are selected as follows: 76 mm; 102 mm; 152 mm; the diameter (D ? ) of the internal holes (7) of the aforementioned drill rods being correspondingly for example, about 60 mm, 85 mm and 110 mm and that with the aforementioned drill rod having a diameter of 76 mm, holes (8) are drilled the diameters (D.) of which area are 89...110 mm, that with the aforementioned drill rod of 102 mm diameter holes are drilled the diameter of which are in the range 115...152 mm and that with drill rods the diameter of which are 152 mm, holes are drilled in the range 178-250 mm. 5. A drilling method according to one of the claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the drilling machine size is selected so that the penetration speed, that is the drill drilling speed of drill bit (1) is essentially constant for different sizes of hole (8) to be drilled. 6. A drilling method according to one of the claims 1 to 5, in which a hydraulic drilling machine is used, characterised in that the power range of the aforementioned drilling machine and also the aforementioned steel cross-sectional area (A„) of the drill rod (2) are selected thus that the percussive energy trans- mitted by the drill rod per cross-sectional surface area unit 2 is in the range 5-20 W/mm , the most suitable average value being 2 about 10 W/mm : 7. A percussive drill rod arrangement to be used in the perform¬ ance of a drilling method in accordance with one of the claims 1-6, in which the drill rod (2) is made up of extension pieces (3) at the one end of which is an internally threaded part (11) and at the other end of which is a corresponding externally threaded part (12), characterised in that the drill rod (2) is tubular and that it is manufactured of such steel tube (14) in which the relationship of the inside diameter (D_) to the outer diameter (D„) is in the area 0.7...0.9 and that at both ends of the steel tube are machine-screwed components, one with an internally threaded part (11) and at the opposite end of the tube one with an external thread (12) these being welded into place at joint (13). 8. A drill rod (2) appertaining to a drill rod-system in accordance with claim 7, characterised in that the screwed parts (11,12) of the extension pieces (3) are fastened to the steel tube (14) by a friction-welded joint (13). 9. A drill rod in accordance with claim 7 or 8, characterised in that the inside diameters (D, ) , of the screwed component (12) of the extension piece (3) furnished with external threads (5) , is in the threaded section some 0.4 to 0.7 of the diamater (D„) of the drill rod tube (14). 10. A drill rod In accordance with claim 7,8 or 9, characterised in that a shoulder (18) is formed in the neighbourhood of the threads (4,5) of the extension piece (3) which abuts the corre¬ sponding shoulder of another extension piece when the extension pieces are being joined together. 11. A screwed connection system to be used in the performance of a method in accordance with one of the claims 1-7 in the joining of the extension pieces (3) of a percussive drill,rod (2) to one another, characterised in that the helix angle (α) and the thread form height (h) of the threads (4,5) of the screwed portion (11,12) of the tubular extension pieces (3) are in the main constants independent of the outside diameter (D_) of the tube, so that the thread. itch and number of thread starts (n) increase with the growth in diameter (D„) ot the tube. 12. A thread system in accordance with claim 11, characterised in that the threads (4,5) of the screwed components (11,12) are selected as follows: with the tube outside diameter (D„) being less than 70 mm, the thread is single start and its pitch less than 23 mm, with tube outside diameter being 70-152 mm the thread is double-started and its pitch is 23-45 mm, with tube outside diameter greater than 152 mm the thread is triple-started and its pitch over 45 mm. 13. A thread system in accordance with claim 11 or 12, character¬ ised in that the helix angle (α) of the threads (4,5) is 6 -8 , at its most advantageous value about 7 and the thread form height (h) is 1.5 to 4 mm. 14. A thread system in accordance with claim 11,12 or 13, character¬ ised in that the thread form height (h) of threads (4,5) is 2-3 mm. 15. A thread system in accordance with one of the claims 11-14, characterised in that the flank angle (β) of the thread (4,5) is 25 -45 , most advantageously at about 35 .

Inventors: ALA-JOKIMAEKI ANTERO, HELASUO KALEVI, ALA-JOKIMAEKI, ANTERO, HELASUO, KALEVI
Applicants: AIRAM AB OY, OY AIRAM AB
Application year: 1983
Main classification: E21B21
IPC codes: E21B17, E21B21