PREPARATION OF (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PYRIDINES

Abstract: (Trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds are prepared by contacting (trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds with hydro­ gen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of FeCl₂, FeF₂ and mix­ tures thereof.

Description: PREPARATION OF ( TRIFLUOROMETHYL )PYRIDINES The present invention relates to a method of preparing (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds by reacting (trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of a metal halide or metal halide/phosphorus halide catalyst under liquid phase conditions. Fluorination of (trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds has been carried out by vapor phase fluorination which requires the use of high temperatures. Such vapor phase reactions suffer from disadvantages including, for example, energy costs associated with elevating the temperature of the reactants, the decomposition of starting materials and end products associated with high temperature vapor phase reaction systems and, furthermore, low conversion and/or low selectivities to the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine products. It is known to prepare (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds by reacting a (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound with gaseous hydrogen fluoride at a temperature from 00-500C. While this method may produce small quantities of (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds, it is an unacceptable commercial means of producing (trifluoromethyl )pyridine compounds. It is clearly evident that a more efficient method of preparing (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds is desirable in order to commercially produce such compounds. In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that a (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compound can be prepared in a liquid phase halogen (fluorine -chlorine) exchange reaction of an appropriate (trichloromethyl )pyridine compound. The (trichloromethyl ) - pyridine compound, containing one or two trichloromethyl groups, may optionally have substituents in other pyridine ring positions in addition to the trichloromethyl substituents. The present method is conducted by contacting a (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of a metal halide or a metal halide/phosphorus halide catalyst under liquid phase conditions sufficient to form the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compound. The present method provides a commercially efficient means of producing (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds in a liquid phase reaction system. The liquid phase condition provides a reaction where the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compounds are produced in a selective manner. Additionally, the present liquid phase reaction may be run continuously by the addition of starting materials to a reaction vessel while the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine product, which generally has a boiling point less than the temperature at which the reaction is conducted, is collected by the condensation of (trifluoromethyl)pyridine vapors. In the practice of the present invention a (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound is contacted with hydrogen fluoride and a catalytic amount of a metal halide or a metal halide/phosphorus halide catalyst, hereinafter referred to as "catalyst", under liquid phase reaction conditions, and, optionally, under superatmospheric pressure. (Trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds employed as the starting material are unsubstituted or substituted-(trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds containing one or two trichloromethyl groups. The trichloromethyl groups may be in a, ss or y ring positions. The pyridine ring optionally contains other substituents, besides the CC13 groups, which do not affect the halogen exchange reaction of this invention. Such substituents include, for example, C1, Br, I, or F. Preferred (trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds include mono- or dichloro -ss-trichloromethyl pyridine, such as, 2,3-dichloro-5 -(trichloromethyl)pyridine; 2-chloro-5-(trichloromethyl )pyridine; and 2,6-dichloro-3-(trichloromethyl)pyridine. Hydrogen fluoride is employed as the source of fluorine in the present reaction. The hydrogen fluoride is introduced into the present reaction as hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) or as hydrofluoric acid. The hydrogen fluoride is bubbled into the reaction as a gas or fed into the reaction as a liquid. Hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) has a boiling point of 19.50C and the liquid and gas consist of associated molecules. Hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) is a well-known compound and commercially available, generally in cylinders and tank cars. Hydrogen fluoride is also supplied as hydrofluoric acid which is hydrogen fluoride in aqueous solution. In the practice of the present invention, hydrogen fluoride is contacted with the other reactants and preferably hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) is employed as the hydrogen fluoride source. Hydrogen fluoride is supplied at a ratio of at least 3 moles per mole of mono-(trichloromethyl )pyridine compound and preferably an excess of this amount is employed. When bis-(trichloromethyl)pyridine compounds are employed as starting materials at least 6 moles of HF per mole of bis (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound are required to fluorinate the 2 trichloromethyl groups while it is preferred to supply an excess of this amount. Suitable metal halides include metal chlorides and metal fluorides. Suitable metal chlorides include FeC12, Fecal3, NbC15, TaC15, WC16, SnCl4, TiC14 or mixtures thereof. Suitable metal fluorides include SbF3, FeF2, FeF3, AgF, KF, CrF2 or mixtures thereof. The metal halide catalysts are added to the present reaction in catalytic amounts, generally from 0.1 to 20 mole percent based on the amount of (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound starting material present, and preferably from about 0.5 to about 10 mole percent. Preferred metal halide catalysts include Fecal3 and FeF3. Especially preferred metal halide catalysts are FeCI2, FeF2 and mixtures thereof. Also, acceptable as a catalyst is a metal halide/phosphorus halide combination. Such a dombination is achieved by supplying a phosphorus halide to the reaction mixture in addition to the metal halide catalyst. A preferred phosphorus halide is PCl5. Catalysts bonded to inert supports or precursor compounds which form the catalysts in situ are also useful in the present invention. Examples of inert supports to which the catalysts may be bonded include graphite, alumina, silica, silica alumina, various clays and molecular sieves which are all well known in the art. The present reaction is conducted under liquid phase conditions at a temperature usually under 2500C, preferably at a temperature between 500C and 1900C. It is especially preferred to conduct the present reaction at a temperature between 1600C and 1800C. The present halogen exchange reaction is typically conducted in the presence of agitation sufficient to maintain an essentially homogenous mixture of the reactants. The present reaction may advantageously be carried out at superatmospheric pressure in the range of from 5-1200 psig (135.8-8375.04 kP), but it is convenient to conduct the reaction at ambient atmospheric pressure. A most preferred pressure is about 15 psig (204.75 kP). In conducting the present reaction the order of addition of the reactants is not critical. Preferably, the (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound and the catalyst are admixed to form a reaction mixture and thereafter the hydrogen fluoride is added into this mixture, with stirring, until the reaction is completed, generally in from 1 to 100 hours. The exact time that the reaction is complete will vary on a variety of factors, such as, temperature, catalyst concentration, HF flow rate, degree of agitation and pressure. The hydrogen fluoride is fed into the reaction mixture as a liquid or, alternatively, may be bubbled or sparged into the reaction mixture as a gas. In a preferred operation, 2,3-dichloro-5 (trichloromethyl)pyridine is mixed with a catalytic amount of FeCl3 or FeCl2 and then hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) is continuously added into the reaction mixture while the temperature is increased to from 1500C to 1900C and preferably from 1600C to 1800C. The reaction is usually completed in from 1 to 48 hours. The hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) and HCl which escapes from the reaction mixture as vapor is conveniently collected employing conventional techniques such as by condensation. A unique aspect of the present invention is presented when the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine compound which is being prepared has a boiling point below the temperature at which the reaction is conducted. When this occurs, the (trifluoromethyl)pyridine product vaporizes as it is formed and is conveniently collected in a pure form, separate from any (trichloromethyl)pyridine starting materials which generally have boiling points greater than the temperature at which the reaction is conducted. This allows the reaction to be run continuously by the substantially continuous addition or feeding of (trichloromethyl)pyridine compound and hydrogen fluoride to the reaction mixture. The following examples further illustrate the invention. No attempt has been made to balance any chemical equations described herein. Example 1 EMI7.1 A 480 ml Teflon PFA# reaction flask fitted with a PFA reflux condenser, an HF bleed tube, a magnetic stirrer and an optical pyrometer, was charged with 220 g of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 9.5 g of FeCL3. Anhydrous HF gas was introduced into the reaction mixture below the surface of the liquid as the mixture was heated to a temperature of 1750C and maintained for a period of 14 hours. The anhydrous HF gas was bubbled into the reaction mixture throughout this 14 hour period. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with 100 g of ice water. The organic layer was separated, neutralized with NaHCO3 and dried over Na2 SO4. Analysis of the crude product employing standard gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) procedures indicated the product contained 58.1% 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine, 24.4% 2,3 -dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine, 7.4% 2,3 -dichloro-5- (dichlorofluoromethyl )pyridine and 10% 2-fluoro-3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. The crude product was then distilled resulting in 85 g of 2,3-dichloro5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine which had a boiling point of 1700-1720C. Example 2 EMI7.2 Into a 240 ml Teflon PFAW reactor was charged 70 g of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 2.33 g of tin tetrafluoride. Anhydrous HF gas was introduced into the reaction mixture below the surface of the liquid as the mixture was heated to a temperature of 1700C over a period of 11 hours. The anhydrous HF was bubbled into the reaction period throughout this 11 hour period. Analysis of the crude product employing standard GLC procedures indicated the product contained 64% 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (includes isomers), 9.6% 2,3-dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine, 2.2% 2,3-(dichlorofluoromethyl)pyridine and 24.2% 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine. Example 3 EMI8.1 A 480 ml Teflon PFAX reaction flask fitted with a PFA reflux condenser, an HF bleed tube, a magnetic stirrer and an optical pyrometer was charged with 220 g of 2,6-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pryidine and 6.71 g (5 mole %) of FeC13. Anhydrous HF gas was introduced into the reaction mixture below the surface of the liquid as the mixture was heated to a temperature of 1800C and maintained for a period of 19.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with 150 g of ice water. The organic layer was separated, neutralized with NaHCO3 and dried over MgSO4. Analysis of the crude product employing standard GLC procedures indicated that the reaction was completed. The crude product was then distilled under reduced pressure (1100C/85 mm) resulting in 125 g of 2,6-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine which corresponds to a yield of 70% of theoretical. Example 4 EMI9.1 R = CF3, CF2Cl, CFCl2 or CC13 X = Cl or F 2,3-Dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine was reacted with HF (anhydrous) and various metal halide or metal halide/phosphorus halide catalysts under various temperature and time conditions. The products were analyzed employing standard GLC procedures to determine the area percent of the reaction products (area under the curve) and conversion of starting materials. The reaction products included compounds of Formula (V) above wherein R represents -CF3 (the desired product), -CF2Cl, -CFCl2 or -CCl3 (starting material) and X represents C1 or F. Also produced is the ring fluorinated compound which is represented by Formula (V) above when R represents CF3 and X represents F. The results are indicated below in Table 1. TABLE 1 Amount of Reaction Reaction Catalysts Time Temperature Run &num; Catalysts (mole %) (hrs) ( C) 1 SbF3/PCl5 3.5/3.5 48 #185 2 TiCl4/PCl5 2/2 23 #200 3 AgF/PCl5 2/2 45 #180 4 KF/PCl5 < 100/100 49 #185 5 SnCl4 4.5 14 #180 6 CrF2 6.5 35 170 7 WCl6 1.7 34 175 8 TaCl5 1.2 22 165 9 CoCl2 4 22 175 10 NbCl5 1.6 15 175 TABLE 1 Components Produced in Area Percent X = Cl* X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl X = F Run &num; R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 R = CF3 1 49 43 2 2 5 2 66 17 1 1 15 3 51 37 8 1 2 4 3 12 71 11 3 5 43 15 2 1 39 6 65 22 2 1 10 7 50 37 8 1 4 8 59 32 5 0.5 3.5 9 1 12 67 20 10 43 25 12 1 19 TABLE 1 (Continued) Amount of Reaction Reaction Catalysts Time Temperature Run &num; Catalysts (mole %) (hrs) ( C) 11 MnF3 4 29 175 12 SnCl4 - - 190 13 SnF4 4.5 11 170 14 FeCl3 5.2 18 170 15 FeCl3 5.2 16.5 190 16 FeCl3 0.5 15 170 17 FeCl3 10 15 170 18 FeCl3 7 14 175 TABLE 1 (Continued) Components Produced in Area Percent X = Cl* X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl X = F Run &num; R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 R = CF3 11 1 15 73 11 12 o.h. 53 34 5 - 8 pot 47.5 43.5 5.7 - 2 13 66.5 10 2 1 20.5 14 48 47 1 0.1 4 15 46 42 1 - 11 16 13.3 60.6 17.6 2.3 < 1 17 70.1 8.3 3.4 - 18.2 18 60 24 4 - 8 *includes the isomer where X = F and R = CF2Cl Example 5 Substantially the same procedure of Example 4 was carried out employing various catalysts under varying temperature and time conditions. The results are'reported in Table 2. TABLE 2 Amount of Reaction Reaction Catalysts Time Temperature Run &num; Catalysts (mole %) (hrs) ( C) 1 - - 12 170 1a - - 51.5 #200 2 FeCl3 12.2 13 170 (7.5 w%) 3 FeCl3 12.2 13 145 (7.5 w%) 4 FeF3 7 12 170 5 PCl5 1.5 14.5 150 6 FeCl3/PCl5 12.2/1.5 12.5 150 7 FeCl3/PCl4 12.2/1.5 8 170 8 TiCl4 5.9 24 180 9 AlCl3 15 28 175 10 ZrCl4 7 22 175 TABLE 2 Components Produced in Area Percent X = Cl X = F X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl X = F Run &num; R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 R = CF3 1 - - Trace 27 73 1a - 3 58 36 3 2 63 2 18 < 1 - 12 3 18 19 47 1 - 3 4 45 8 38 3 - 9 5 - 16 48 36 - 6 48 5 35 2 - 8 7 54 3 38 - - 8 8 8 17 64 5 - 9 < 1 10 46 37 - 10 - - 3 56 47 - Example 6 EMI17.1 R represents CC1 , CFCl2, CF2Cl or CF3 X represents C1 or F. A mixture containing 180 g of 2,6-dichloro -4-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 12.2 g of FeCl3 (11 mole %) was reacted with an excess molar amount of HF at 1750C at atmospheric pressure for 7 hours employing substantially the same procedures as set forth in Examples 1-5. Analysis of reaction product indicated the formation of the following compounds as represented in Formula (VI) above (G.C. area %): : R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 X = Cl X = F X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl 19.8% 5.0% 67.1% 6.8% None Example 7 EMI17.2 R = CF3, CF2Cl, CFC12, CCl3 X = Cl or F Substantially the same procedures of Example 6 were employed except 165 g of 3,4,5-trichloro-2-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 9.82 g of FeCl3 (11 mole %) was reacted with a molar excess of HF for 26 hours at 1750C and atmospheric pressure. The product distribution in G.C. area % was as follows: R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CF3 X = Cl X = Cl X = C1 2 X = F 30.5% 68.5% 0.5% 0.5% Example 8 EMI18.1 R = CCl3, CCl2F, CClF2 or CF3 X = Cl or F. Substantially the same procedures of Examples 1-5 were employed except that 165 g. of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 5.76 g of FeCl3 (30-40%) in graphite (equivalent to 2 mole % FeCl3) was reacted with an excess molar amount of HF at 1750C at atmospheric pressure for 98 hours. Analysis of the reaction product indicated the formation of the following compounds as represented in Formula VIII above (G.C. area %) at the various times when samples were taken as listed in Table 3. TABLE 3 EMI19.1 R = CF3 R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 Sample Time (hr) X = F X = Cl X = F X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl 1 2 nd* nd nd 1.7 21.0 76.4 2 5 nd nd nd 6.7 57.8 35.5 3 17 nd 1.8 5.3 38.8 50.3 2.8 4 33 4.2 15.6 19.0 56.1 4.2 0.9 5 36 5.6 18.8 21.6 53.1 2.6 0.8 6 45 6.4 19.3 21.5 49.9 2.3 0.6 7 53 9.0 24.4 22.2 41.6 1.3 0.1 8 60 11.2 34.6 26.6 24.2 1.2 nd 9 74 13.0 40.1 21.1 22.9 1.2 nd TABLE 3 (Continued) Components in Area Percent R = CF3 R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 R = CCl3 Sample Time (hr) X = F X = Cl X = F X = Cl X = Cl X = Cl 10 82 17.9 41.7 19.6 17.3 0.5 nd 11 87 20.4 49.6 18.2 11.4 0.3 nd 12 95 22.3 54.0 15.5 7.6 0.2 nd 13 98 23.6 50.7 14.4 6.6 0.2 nd * "nd" means "not detected" Example 9: Preparation of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoro methyl)pyridine A 71 milliliter (ml) Parr bomb (Inconel) was charged with 16 grams (g) of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (91% purity), 7 g of anhydrous HF and 0.9 g of anhydrous FeC13. The bomb was closed and heated to a maximum of 1830C for 23 hours with rocking agitation. The maximum pressure obtained was 1150 psig (8030.26 kP). The reactor was allowed to cool to OOC in an ice bath and the excess pressure present (about 280 psig (1930.53 kP)) was sparged into water and by analysis found to be due to HC1. A total of 15.5 g of dark brown liquid was recovered from the bomb and analyzed employing standard gas chromatagraphy procedures. The results of the analysis corresponded to the following molecular distribution: Percent (area under curve) 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 87.2 2, 3-dichloro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine 6.0 3-ch1oro-2-fluoro5-(trifluoromethy1 )pyridine 2.5 2, 3-dichloro-5-(dichlorofluoromethyl )pyridine 1.2 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine 0.8 unidentified 2.3 100% Example 10: Preparation of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoro methyl)pyridine A 300 ml nickel vessel, fitted with a condenser, HF feed port, sampling port, thermocouple and a pressure gauge attached to the HF feed line, was charged with 163.4 g of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine (98% purity), 6.4 g of anhydrous FeCl3 and sufficient anhydrous HF to maintain 15 psig (204.75 kP) pressure at a reactor temperature between 1700-1800C. Excess pressure due to HC1 generation was bled out of the top of the reaction vessel through the condenser which was kept at OOC. After 4 hours at a reaction temperature between 1700C and 1800C, almost 100% of the starting material had been converted to fluorinated methyl pyridines of the following distribution: : Percent (area under curve) 2, 3-dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine 52.7 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl ) - pyridine 33.1 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 8.4 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine 4.9 2, 3-dichloro-5-(dichlorofluoromethyl )pyridine 0.3 unidentified products 0.5 100% From the above Examples it is seen that underfluorinated materials, i.e., (chlorodifluoromethyl ) - pyridines and (dichlorofluoromethyl )pyridines, are present in the reaction product mixture. These underfluorinated materials are separated from the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine products, employing known separatory techniques, and recycled into the present fluorination reaction to form the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine products. Over-fluorinated materials are also formed in the present reaction, i.e., fluoro-(trifluoromethyl)pyridines or ring fluorinated pyridine compounds. These over-fluorinated materials are also readily separated from the desired (trifluoromethyl)pyridine product. When the over-fluorinated compounds are ring fluorinated pyridine compounds wherein the fluoro attached to the pyridine ring has displaced a chloro, the ring-fluoro is displaced by chloro by reacting the over-fluorinated product with a chlorinating agent, advantageously HC1, and optionally at superatmospheric pressures. This reaction with HC1 or other chlorinating agent forms the desired chloro-(trifluoromethyl)pyridines from the over-fluorinated fluoro-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine by-products. The reaction with HC1 also forms chloro-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridines from an isomeric fluoro-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine by-product. It is very desirable to reduce the amount of isomeric, i.e., fluoro-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine, product because of the difficulty in separating it from the desired chloro-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine product. In one embodiment of the present invention, the reaction product in the preparation of 2-chloro -5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine or 2,3-dichloro-5 - (trifluoromethyl )pyridine, which contains 2-fluoro -pyridines, such as, 2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine, 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine, 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine and 2-fluoro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine, in addition to the desired 2-chloro- and 2,3-dibromo-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and metal halide catalysts, is contacted with a chlorinating agent such as HC1 at elevated temperatures to convert the 2-fluoro-pyridines to their corresponding 2-chloro analogs. The desired 2-chloro -5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine is then readily separable from the reaction mixture by distillation since the 2-fluoro isomer, i.e. 2-fluoro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyI)- pyridine, is converted to 2-chloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine which has a boiling point different from the desired product. The catalyst may be added separately or may be already present in reaction product mixture as a catalyst in the preparation of 2-chloro-5 - (trifluoromethyl )pyridine. Example 11 - Preparation of 2,3-Dichloro-5-(trifluoro methyl )pyridine EMI24.1 A 45 milliliter (ml) Tef1on-lined Parr bomb, which was equipped with a pressure gauge, rupture disk and needle valve, was charged with 2 grams (g) of 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine and then pressurized with anhydrous HCl to 200 psig (1480.29 kP). The bomb was placed in a heated rocker and kept at 1100C for 20 hours. The maximum pressure was 220 psig (1618.19 kP). The bomb was removed from the heater and allowed to cool to room temperature, at which time it was placed in an ice bath. The bomb was vented to a caustic scrubber and 2.5 g of a light tan liquid consisting of HF and 84.3% 2,3-dichloro-5 -trifluoromethylpyridine (by wt.). This represents a 97.7% yield of 2, 3-dichloro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine (by wt.) with 0.4% of 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridine remaining. No additional products were observed by analysis with gas chromatography. Example 12 To a high pressure nickel reactor were added 8 grams of a mixture containing 92.6 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine, 4.5 percent by weight 2, 3-dichloro-5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine and 2.9 percent by weight unidentified related compounds. To this mixture was added 0.7 g Fez13 (anhydrous). The reactor was then pressurized to 80 psi (551.58 kP) with anhydrous HC1 at room temperature. The mixture was then heated to 1800C with rocking agitation for 20 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the excess pressure was released. The reactor was opened and the contents analyzed by standard gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) procedures. The results indicated the resulting product contained 83.5 percent by weight 2,3-dichloro -5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine, 11.8 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine and the balance unidentified by-product. Example 13 A 200 ml PERFLUOROALKOXYe (PFA) reaction flask fitted with a PFA reflux condenser, an HCl bleed tube, a magnetic stirrer and an optical pyrometer was charged with 60 g of a mixture containing 54.8 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl )- pyridine and 45.2 percent by weight 2,3-dichloro-5 -(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and 2.25 g of FeC13 (5 mole percent). Anhydrous HCl gas was introduced into the reaction mixture below the surface of the liquid as the mixture was heated to a temperature of 1700C. This temperature was maintained for a period of 15 hours after which the reaction mixture was quenched with 40 g of ice. The organic layer was separated, neutralized with NaHCO3 and dried over Na2SO4. Analysis of the product indicated that it contained 68.5 percent by weight 2, 3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine, 5 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl )- pyridine and 26.4 percent 2,3-dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine. Example 14 A 335 ml nickel reaction vessel, equipped with a mechanical agitator, nickel reflux condenser and an HCl bleed tube, was charged with 105 g of 3-chloro-2 -fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and 7.5 g of anhydrous FeCl3. Anhydrous HCl gas was continuously sparged into the reaction mixture at a rate of about 25 ml/min throughout the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture was kept between 140 and 1600C for 22.5 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with 100 ml of ice water. The organic layer was separated, neutralized with NaHCO3 and dried over MgSO4. Analysis of the resulting product employing standard GLC procedures indicated 86 percent by weight was 2,3-dichloro -5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine which was then isolated in a pure form by distillation. Example 15 A 335 ml nickel vessel was charged with 105 g of a mixture containing 88 percent by weight 2 ,3-dich? ro-5- (trifluoromethyl )pyridine and 12 percent by weight. 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl ) - pyridine and 7 g of anhydrous FeCI3. Anhydrous HCl gas was continuously sparged into the reaction mixture at a rate of about 20 ml/min as the mixture was heated to a temperature of 1700C and maintained at this temperature for 7 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with 100 ml of ice water. The organic layer was separated, washed twice with 100 ml of water, neutralized with NaHCO3 and dried over MgSO4. Standard GLC analysis indicated the resulting product contained 90.1 percent by weight 2, 3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine, 0.5 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl )- pyridine, 2.2 percent by weight 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5 -(trifluoromethyl)pyridine and 7.2 percent by weight 2, 3-dichloro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl )pyridine. Example 16 The reaction product mixture from the preparation of 2, 3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine, made by fluorinating 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine with HF and'5 mole % FeCl3, in the liquid phase, was heated to reflux (1450C-1700C) at atmospheric pressure. HCl gas was bubbled into the mixture at a rate of 25-30 cc/min. The initial composition of the mixture is indicated at time "O" in Table 4 in weight percent. The final composition of the mixture is indicated in sample 9 in Table 4 after a 54 hour reaction period. TABLE 4 Compounds Present in Mixture in Weight Percent EMI28.1 Sample <SEP> Time <SEP> (hr) <SEP> # <SEP> # <SEP> # <SEP> # <tb> <SEP> 0 <SEP> 81.5 <SEP> 9.9 <SEP> 4.4 <SEP> 0.8 <tb> <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 79.0 <SEP> 11.4 <SEP> 4.2 <SEP> 0.9 <tb> <SEP> 2 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 75.5 <SEP> 15.5 <SEP> 4.0 <SEP> 1.1 <tb> <SEP> 3 <SEP> 10 <SEP> 65.4 <SEP> 25.3 <SEP> 3.3 <SEP> 1.5 <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> 14 <SEP> 53.3 <SEP> 38.0 <SEP> 1.9 <SEP> 2.2 <tb> <SEP> 5 <SEP> 27 <SEP> 19.2 <SEP> 70.8 <SEP> 1.1 <SEP> 4.6 <tb> <SEP> 6 <SEP> 32 <SEP> 14.7 <SEP> 74.3 <SEP> 0.3 <SEP> 4.7 <tb> <SEP> 7 <SEP> 46 <SEP> 9.0 <SEP> 78.3 <SEP> -* <SEP> 4.9 <tb> <SEP> 8 <SEP> 50 <SEP> 8.2 <SEP> 78.0 <SEP> -* <SEP> 5.0 <tb> <SEP> 9 <SEP> 54 <SEP> 7.7 <SEP> 75.8 <SEP> -* <SEP> 4.6 <tb> *None detected. In another aspect of the present invention, 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine is prepared from 2,3-dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine employing the procedures described herein whereby the conditions are controlled to optimize the formation of the over-fluorinated product, i.e., 3-chloro-2 -fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. This over -fluorinated product is useful as a starting material in the preparation of 3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridinyloxy(or thio)phenoxy propionic acid and derivatives thereof which are exceptional herbicides. Example 17 EMI29.1 Substantially the same procedures of Example 6 were employed except that 143 g of 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (98% pure) and 4.37 g of FeCl3 (5 mole %) was reacted with an excess molar amount of HF for 21 hours at 1750C and atmospheric pressure. The product distribution in G.C. area % was as follows: 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. . . . . 67.7% (starting material) 3-chloro-2-fluorr-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. . . 30.3% Example 18 2,3-Dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine EMI29.2 A 360 milliliter (ml) TEFLONS PFA reaction flask, fitted with a PFA reflux condenser1 an HF bleed tube, a magnetic stirrer and an optical pyrometer, was charged with 180 grams (g) of 2,3 -dichloro-5-(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 4.3 g (5 mole percent) of FeCl2. Anhydrous HF gas was introduced into the reaction mixture (¯ 4 g/hr) below the surface of the liquid as the reaction mixture was heated to a temperature between 1700C and 175 C. This temperature (1700-1750C) was maintained for a period of 70 hours with constant agitation. Standard gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the product indicated that the reaction product contained: Weight % 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 90.2% 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl )pyridine 6.1% 2,3-dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine 3.6% 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5- (chlorodifluoromethyl ) - pyridine < 0.1% Example 19 A Parr bomb, equipped with a condenser and a pressure release valve, was charged with 1,200 g of 2, 3-dichloro-5- (trichloromethyl )pyridine and 28.6 g of FeCl2 (5 mole %). Anhydrous HF gas was introduced into the reaction mixture (¯ 3 g/hr) as the temperature was raised to 1750C. The pressure was maintained at 15 psig (204.75 kP). After 95 hours1 GLC analysis of the product (after the pressure was released and the product was allowed to cool to room temperature) indicated that the reaction product contained: Weight % 2,3-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 73.0% 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine 1.7% 3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl )- pyridine 0.5% 2,3-dichloro-5-(chlorodifluoromethyl)pyridine 17.5% 2,3-dichloro-5-(dichlorofluoromethyl)pyridine 2.3% Example 20 EMI31.1 R = CCl , CCl2F, CClF2 or CF3 X = Cl 3, or F Substantially the same procedures of Example 6 were repeated employing 180 g of 2,3-dichloro-5 -(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 5 mole % (5.5 g) of FeCl3. The reaction was run for 55 hours. After 55 hours, the temperature of the reactants was decreased to 1400C and HC1 was bubbled into the reaction mixture at a rate of 25 ml/minute for 15 hours. The product distribution in G.C. area was as follows: R = CF3 R = CF3 R = CF2Cl R = CF2Cl R = CFCl2 or CC13 X = C13 X = F ¯ X = F X = Cl X = Cl 2 3 79.4% 1.8% 0.1% 14.2% not detected

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A method of preparing a (trifluoromethyl) substituted pyridine compound from a (trichloromethyl) substituted pyridine compound which comprises contacting the (trichloromethyl) substituted pyridine compound with HF in the presence of a catalytic amount of a metal halide catalyst. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the catalyst is FeCl3, FeF3 FeCl2 or FeF2. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the catalyst includes a phosphorus halide. 4. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the metal halide catalyst is used in an amount of from 0.5 to -10 mole percent based on the amount of (trichloromethyl)pyridine starting material present. 5. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the reaction is carried out at superatmospheric pressure. 6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the pressure is in the range of from 5 to 1200 psig. (135.8 to 8375.04 KP). 7. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein any resulting ring fluorination is converted to ring chlorination by contacting the reaction mixture with a chlorinating agent. 8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the chlorinating agent is HC1. 9. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the reaction is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 800C to 1900C. 10. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the temperature is in the range of from 1600C to 1800C.

Inventors: FUJIOKA, GEORGE S., FUNG, ALEXANDER P., WERNER, JOHN A., WILSON, CHARLES A.
Applicants: THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Application year: 1983
Main classification: C07D213
IPC codes: C07D213