A METHOD FOR CLARIFYING COAL LIQUORS WITH WATER-SOLUBLE, HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS HAVING LOW CONCENTRATION OF CATIONIC MOIETIES

Abstract: Coal liquors are clarified by contacting them with high molecular weight copolymers of a nonionic water-soluble monomer, e.g., acrylamide, and a cationic comonomer, e.g., methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or methacrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.

Description: A METHOD FOR CLARIFYING COAL LIQUORS WITH WATER-SOLUBLE, HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS HAVING LOW CONCENTRATION OF CATIONIC MOIETIES This invention relates to a method for clarifying coal liquors or slurries by employing watersoluble polymers. Clarification of coal liquors or slurries is an important aspect in the economy of operating a coal production plant. Generally, such plants are operated on a closed system basis in that the water used to wash the raw coal is recycled for reuse. Since such water serves primarily to remove coal fines and clays mixed with the raw coal thereby forming coal liquors, it is critical that the water be relatively clear and contain only minor amounts of suspended solids when it is reused in the washing procedure. Otherwise, undesirable large volumes of water would be necessary to process the coal. Since the coal fines and clay which are removed from these coal liquors are often used as filler materials and in other applications which require inexpensive inert materials, it is essential that such coal liquor clarification be very inexpensive. Previously, the coal industry has employed various anionic and cationic, water-soluble polymers to remove both coal particles and colloidal clay particles. For example, as taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,408,293, it is a common practice to prefloc the coal liquor or coal slurry with anionic polymers in order to coagulate the coal particles and subsequently treat the prefloc slurry with cationic polymer in order toflocculate the coal particles. Unfortunately, as indicated in this patent, very careful control over the quantities of anionic and cationic polymers employed must be exercised in order to obtain efficient clarification of the coal liquor. Also, significant quantities of the various polymers need to be employed in order to achieve such desirable coal liquor clarification. In view of the foregoing deficiencies of the prior art procedures for coal liquor clarification, it is highly desirable to provide a method which does not require careful control over the quantities of polymers to be employed and which does not require the use of such substantial quantities of materials in order to achieve the desired clarification. The present invention is directed to a method for-clarifying coal liquors which comprises contacting an aqueous suspension of coal particles with a clarifying amount of a water-soluble, high molecular weight copolymer of a nonionic water-soluble monomer and a water-soluble cationic comonomer wherein the copolymer contains an amount of cationic moiety that is (1) sufficient to increase the coal liquor flocculant capability over that of a polyacrylamide having the same molecular weight, but (2) less than 40 mole percent of the copolymer. Surprisingly, it is found that the practice of the present invention utilizing the copolymers having relatively low cationic content provides coal liquor clarification more efficiently than prior art techniques employing high molecular weight nonionic polymers or low molecular weight polymers having relatively high cationic content. In addition, it is found that the present invention can be practiced successfully without any prior treatment of the coal liquor with an anionic polymer. The practice of the present invention is found to successfully clarify any of a wide variety of coal liquors containing coal particles and colloidalsize clay particles and other suspended particles common to coal liquors. For the purposes of this invention, the term ncoal liquor" is meant to include any aqueous suspension of coal particles including particles of hard coal such as anthracite as well as soft coal such as lignite. Such suspensions advantageously contain from 0.25 to 50, preferably from 2 to 30, most preferably from 2 to 10, weight percent of total solids. Such liquors contain coal particles and may contain colloidal-size clay particles wherein the proportion of clay to coal may vary from 95:5 to 5:95, usually from 80:20 to 20:80 on a weight basis. Cationic copolymers suitably employed in the practice of this invention are copolymers of nonionic, water-soluble monomers such as acrylamide and methacrylamide with a quaternized ethylenically-unsaturated monomer such as acryloylalkyl trialkyl ammonium salts, e.g., acryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; methacryloylalkyl trialkyl ammonium salts, e.g., methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; acrylamido- and methacrylamidoalkyl trialkyl ammonium salts, e.g., acrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and methacrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Such copolymers have generally high molecular weight with preferred copolymers having weight average molecular weights (Mw) in excess of 100,000, more preferably in excess of 500,000, most preferred copolymers have molecular weights (Mw) in the range of from 1 million to 25 million. These cationic copolymers have sufficient cationic moiety to increase the capability of the copolymer to flocculate coal liquors over that of a polyacrylamide having the same molecular weight. However, such cationic copolymers contain less than 40 mole percent of cationic monomers. Preferred cationic copolymers have from 1 to 30 mole percent of cationic moiety, more preferably from 2 to 20, most preferably from 5 to 15, and especially from 5 to 12, mole percent. In addition to the aforementioned nonionic comonomer and cationic copolymer, the cationic copolymers of this invention may also contain up to 1.5 mole percent, preferably less than 5 mole percent, of anionic comonomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, as well as acrylamidoalkyl sulfonic acids and methacrylamido sulfonic acids, e.g., acrylamidomethylpropyl sulfonic acid. In practice, the coal liquor is contacted with an amount of the aforementioned cationic copolymer which is sufficient to remove the suspended coal particles from the aqueous phase. In preferred embodiments wherein the coal liquor also contains suspended clay particles, the copolymer is added in amounts sufficient to remove both suspended coal particles and clay particles from the aqueous phase. Preferably, such amounts are in the range from 0.2 to 100 weight parts of the copolymer per million weight parts of the coal liquor, more preferably from 0.5 to 25 ppm, most preferably from 1 to 10 -ppm. The mode of adding the cationic copolymer to the coal slurry is not particularly critical as long as a uniform dispersion of the copolymer in the coal slurry is achieved. Advantageously, however, the cationic copolymer is dissolved in an aqueous solution in concentrations from 0.2 to 1.5 weight percent, most preferably from 0.3 to 0.6 weight percent prior to addition to the coal liquor. It is understood that the cationic copolymer may be added to the coal liquor as a water-in-oil emulsion, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent RE 28,474, which contains sufficient water-soluble surfactant to cause inversion when combined with the coal slurry. Alternatively, the emulsion may be inverted to form an aqueous solution and then added to the coal liquor. Although not required, it is sometimes advantageous to pretreat the coal liquor with an anionic, water-soluble copolymer prior to contacting the liquor with the cationic copolymer. Alternatively, the anionic copolymer can be added to the coal liquor after the cationic copolymer is added. In either instance, the anionic copolymer is usually dissolved in an aqueous medium to form an aqueous solution of the copolymer having from 0.25 to 0.5 weight percent of the anionic copolymer and then added to the coal liquor. Typically, the anionic copolymer is added in an amount sufficient to cause preliminary flocculation of the coal particles. Such quantities are preferably in the range from 0.3 to 10 weight parts of the anionic copolymer per million weight parts of the coal liquor, most preferably from 0.5 to 2 ppm. As an additional advantage of the practice of this invention, it is found that significantly less of the anionic polymer is used in the pretreatment than is if some other cationic polymer is employed. In fact, in many instances, the treatment with anionic copolymer is not required. In the practice of this invention, it is found that the coal liquors can be clarified to a level such that the transmittance of light through the liquor is often in excess of 75 percent and under preferred conditions is in excess of 85 percent. In addition, it is also found that settling rates and the degree of compaction are significantly improved by practicing the present invention as compared to prior art procedures utilizing conventional cationic polymers having low molecular weight, e.g, Mw < 50,000 and relatively high concentration of cationic monomer, e.g., > 60 mole percent. The following examples are given for the purposes of illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting its scope. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. General Procedure for Clarification of Coal Liquor Coal-clay suspensions obtained from various coal preparation plants were dewatered and dried in an oven operated at l500F (660C). The dried tailings were dispersed in tap water to 5 percent solids by mixing 3 liters of water with the desired amount of coal tailings for 3 minutes at high speed on a commercial Waring Blendor to form a coal liquor. Each of the polymer flocculants tested was diluted to a concentration of 0.25 percent (active polymer weight) and allowed to equilibrate. The resulting solutions were then diluted to a concentration of 0.025 percent immediately before use. A 250-ml portion of the mixed coal liquor was poured into a 250 ml volumetric cylinder. An amount of the 0.025 percent flocculant solution as indicated in Table I was added to the liquor and then the cylinder was stoppered. The cylinder was rotated end-over-end 4 consecutive times, set in front of a light source and unstoppered. The height of the compacted column, the settling rate for the solid liquid interface to settle to various levels and clarity of the supernatant liquid at the end of 3 minutes were determined and recorded in Table I. Clarity of the supernatant liquid was determined using a Hach Chemical Company Spectrophotometer. Clarity is defined in terms of percent of light transmittance using light having a wave length of 450 nanometers. Relative performance of the various polymer flocculants was calculated according to the following equation: relative performance equals the performance of the test polymer divided by the performance of a standard polymer wherein polymer performance is equal to (7.8 times clarity of the supernatant in percent transmittance at 3 minutes times the square root of the sum of 1 plus the settling rate of the solids in inches per minutes) divided by (the concentration of the active polymer flocculent in parts per million based on the weight of the coal liquor times the fourth root of the height in inches of the compacted column after 3 minutes). Example 1 Following the foregoing procedure, a copolymer of 92.5 mole percent of acrylamide and 7.5 mole percent of methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride having a weight average molecular weight of "5 million and prepared in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Patent RE 28,474 was tested for flocculating capability for coal liquors. An aqueous solution of 0.3 weight percent of the copolymer in 4 percent NaCl exhibited a viscosity at 250C of 15 cps (0.015 Has). The results of these tests are recorded in Table I. Following the same procedure, several cationic polymers of the prior art were similarly tested for flocculating capability and the results of these tests are also recorded in Table I. TABLE I Cationic Sample Coal Liquor (1) Flocculant (2) %Licht Trans No. Type pH Type Dosage, ppm mittance (3) 1 BEH 6.9 AAM/METAC 2.5 95 C1* BEH 6.9 PAPA 2.5 46 C2* BEH 6.9 PVBTMAC 2.5 56 2 PAT 7.5 AAM/METAC 1.5 75 3 PAT 7.5 AAM/METAC 2.0 86 C3* PAT 7.5 PAPA 2.0 26 C4* PAT 7.5 PVBTMAC 2.0 24 4 ALB 8 AAV/METAC 5.5 81 C5* ALB 8 PVBTMAC 6.0 10 TABLE I(cont'd) Sample Settling Rate (4) Compaction (5) Relative No. in./min. in. Performance (6) 1 16 1.8 1.00 C1* 2 7.5 0.14 C2* 2 3.8 0.20 2 40 0.6 1.16 3 40 0.6 1.00 C3* 4 1.1 0.09 C4* 4 1.1 0.08 4 11 3.0 1.00 C5* 0.5 11.3 0.03 TABLE I (cont'd) *Not an example of the invention. (1) Coal liguor having pH as indicated. The letter symbols indicate the type of coal liguor wherein: BEH - coal liguor containing 21 percent coal and 79 percent ash wherein the ash is 78 percent silica/22 percent clay wherein the clay 16.64 percent illite/36 percent mixture of kaolinite and chlorite. PAT - coal liquor containing 39 percent coal and 61 percent ash wherein the ash is 60 percent silica/40 percent clay wherein the clay is 32 percent illite/68 percent kaolinite ALB - coal liquor containing 15 percent coal and 85 percent ash wherein the ash is 64 percent silica/36 percent clay wherein the clay is 50 percent illite/19 percent mixture of kaolinite and chlorite/31 percent montmorillonite. (2) Cationic polymer flocculant used in parts per million parts of coal liquor wherein AAM/METAC is the acrylamide/methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (92.5/7.5) having a Mw of ¯ 5 million. PAPA is a polyethylene polyamine having a Mw of ¯ 80,000. PVBTMAC is polyvinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride having a Mw of ¯ 80,000. (3) - (6) are as defined in the aforementioned General Procedure. As evidenced by the data shown in Table I, the cationic acrylamide copolymer of Sample Nos. 1-4 is a superior flocculant to commercial cationic coal liquor flocculants such as polyalkylene polyamines and polyvinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride polymers. Example 2 Following the general procedure mentioned hereinbefore, the cationic acrylamide copolymer of Example 1 was tested for flocculant activity when combined with an anionic acrylamide preflocculant copolymer or an anionic acrylamide postflocculant copolymer as indicated in Table II. The results of these tests are recorded in Table II. For purposes of comparison, the conventional cationic polymers employed in Example 1 were also used in combination with anionic preflocculants and anionic postflocculants. The results of these tests are also reported in Table II. TABLE II Cationic Prefloc (7) Flocculant (2) Postfloc (8) Sample Coal Liquor (1) Dosage Dosage Dosage No. Type pH Type ppm Type ppm Type ppm 5 BEH 7 -- -- AAM/METAC 2 -- - 6 BEH 7 AAM/AA(a) 0.5 AAM/METAC 1.5 -- - C6* BEH 7 AAM/AA(a) 0.5 PVBTMAC 1.5 -- - 7 PEV 7.2 -- -- AAM/METAC 2.5 -- - 8 PEV 7.2 AAM/AA(a) 1 AAM/METAC 1.5 -- - C7* PEV 7.2 AAM/AA(a) 1 PVBTMAC 1.5 -- - 9 PAT 7.5 -- -- AAM/METAC 1.5 -- - 10 PAT 7.5 -- -- AAM/METAC 1.5 AAM/AA(b) 0.5 C8* PAT 7.5 -- -- PVBTMAC 2.0 -- - C9* PAT 7.5 -- -- PVBTMAC 2.0 AAM/AA(b) 0.5 C10* PAT 7.5 -- -- PAPA 2.0 -- - C11* PAT 7.5 -- -- PAPA 2.5 AAM/AA(b) 0.5 TABEL II (cont'd) % Light Seetling Compac- Relative Sample Tramsmit- Rate (4) tion (5) Perfor No. tance (3) in./min. in. mance (6) 5 62 9.4 2.5 1.00 6 71 9.0 2.6 1.11 C6* 47 2.8 5.3 0.38 7 83 12.6 2.1 1.00 8 87 13.2 2.1 1.07 C7* 70 6.3 2.1 0.62 9 75 40 0.6 1.16 10 89 35 0.5 1.00 C8* 24 4 1.1 0.08 C9* 58 17 0.6 0.35 C10* 26 4 1.1 0.09 C11* 61 17 0.6 0.37 TABLE II (cont'd) * Not an example of the invention. (1) Same as (1) in Table I except that PEV - coal liquor containing 82 percent coal and 18 percent ash wherein the ash is 57 percent silica/43 percent clay wherein the clay is 37 percent illite/63 percent kaolinite and chlorite. (2) - (6) Same as (2) - (6) in Table I. (7) Preflocculant in parts per million parts of coal liquor is added to the liquor prior to addition of the cationic flocculant. AAM/AA (a) is a copolymer of 75 weight percent acrylamide and 25 weight percent acrylic acid having a Mw of ¯ 10 million. (8) Postflocculant in parts per million parts of coal liquor is added to the liquor subsequent to addition of the cationic flocculant. AAM/AA (b) is a copolymer of 496 weight percent acrylamide and 54 weight percent acrylic acid having a MW of ¯ 9 million. As evidenced by the data shown in Table II, the cationic copolymer of the present invention is a superior flocculant to conventional anionic copolymers whether employed alone or in combination with an anionic preflocculant or postflocculant. In fact, as shown by Table II, the cationic copolymer of the present invention performs almost as well in the absence of an anionic copolymer as in its presence.

Claims: c L A I M S 1. A method for clarifying coal liquors which comprises contacting an aqueous suspension of coal particles with a clarifying amount of a watersoluble, high molecular weight copolymer of a nonionic water-soluble monomer and a water-soluble cationic comonomer wherein the copolymer contains an amount of cationic moiety that is (1) sufficient to increase the coal liquor flocculating capability over that of a polyacrylamide having the same molecular weight, but (2) less than 40 mole percent of the copolymer. 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the aqueous suspension contains from 0.25 to 50 weight percent of total solids. 3. The method of Claim 2 wherein said total solids comprise coal particles and colloidal-size clay particles. 4. The method of Claim 3 wherein the copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of at least 1 million and contains from 5 to 12 mole percent of the cationic comonomer. 5. The method of Claim 4 wherein the nonionic monomer is acrylamide. 6. The method of Claim 5 wherein the cationic comonomer is an acryloylalkyl trialkyl ammonium halide or a methacryloylalkyl trialkyl ammonium halide. 7. The method of Claim 6 wherein the cationic comonomer is methacryloylethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. 8. The method of Claim 5 wherein the cationic comonomer is methacrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. 9. The method of Claim 1 wherein the copolymer has a weight average molecular weight greater than 100,000.

Inventors: EASTERLY, JAMES PEARN, JR., FOSHEE, WILLIAM CHARLES, LAMPHERE, JACK CALVIN
Applicants: THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Application year: 1982
Main classification: C02F1
IPC codes: C02F1, B03D3, B03B1