RESPIRATOR INTENDED FOR CONNECTION TO HUMAN OR ANIMAL AIRWAYS

Abstract: A first device (10) for supplying and receiving respiratory gas to and from the airways so that the lungs can be ventilated is combined with a second device (24) that provides a valve-regulated separate supply of gas to the airways independently of the respiratory gas flow provided by the first device. The second device (24) incorporates at least one line (25, 26, 27), used to supply gas under pressure. Furthermore there are a number of valves connected in parallel to this line, which provide a pulsating gas supply, and a control unit (42) that can be used to control at least some of the gas pulse characteristics.

Description: TITLE: RESPIRATOR INTENDED FOR CONNECTION TO HUMAN OR ANIMAL AIRWAYS This invention comprises a respirator intended for con- nection to human or animal airways. Conventional respirator treatment makes use of frequen¬ cies and tidal volumes which correspond to those en¬ countered in a patient who is breathing spontaneously. In this connection, however, it is difficult in some patients to obtain a satisfactory gas exchange in all parts of the ' lungs without having to apply injurious pressure which can cause a rupture or affect the blood vessels in such a way as to inhibit blood circulation through the lungs. To avoid such injurious pressures and provide more uni¬ form ventilation of the lungs, certain proposals for respirator design have been cade previously. One previously known respirator (AGA Bronchovent, AGA Medical AB, Lidingδ, Sweden) is equipped with a trache- al main duct (tube) which is provided with a branch duct used to supply the respiratory gas at a pressure of up to 1 kg/c to the tracheal main duct passage through which the respiratory gas flows, whereupon the 5 branch duct opens into the tracheal main duct via a restrictor which provides high flow resistance. This respirator is said to be more effective than a conven¬ tional respirator, probably due to the fact that the respiratory gas is supplied in such a way that turbu- 10 lence builds up, thereby enhancing gas diffusion. It is also said that it provides better mucus transport and reduces the tendency toward spontaneous breathing. However, it entails risk for the patient because of the high pressure that is applied to the respiratory 15 gas. Moreover, it is difficult to humidify the respira¬ tory gas. For this previously known- respirator, the breathing frequency has been increased to approximately two breaths per second as compared with 1/2 - 1/4 breaths per second which is normal, and this results in 20 smaller tidal volumes and lower pressure in the lungs. The improved ventilation is probably attributable to the turbulence that occurs in the respiratory gas. For a more detailed description of this known respirator, refer to Anesthesia and Analgesia, Vol. 59 , No. 8, 25. August 1980, p. 594-603. Another previously proposed respirator (Klain Jet Ven¬ tilator, Acutronic AG, Jona, Switzerland) uses what is called jet injection. Here, gas exchange in the lungs 30 is accomplished by means of a gas jet that is supplied to the lungs in pulses having a frequency of up to 40 Hz through a passage in the tracheal duct or through a slender cannular tube placed directly in the trachea, while expiratory gas leaves the lungs via another pas- 35 sage in the tracheal duct or through the trachea. This respirator provides uniform and low pressure in the lungs, and this is advantageous in connection with sur¬ gery, since there is no movement of the thorax and there is minimal effect on blood circulation through the lungs. However, a respirator of this design has many disadvantages. The gas jet can injure and, in the worst case, penetrate the mucous membranes in the tra ¬ chea, and it can injure the cilia. It is difficult to humidify the respiratory gas, and it is impossible to ascertain whether or not ventilation is taking place by observing the movement of the chest. Here, there is no easy way to determine how much of the respiratory gas has been in the lungs or- to. me-asαre .the composition of the gas in the alveoli. For information about this respirator, refer to Crit. Care Med. 5:280-287, 1977. Finally, a respirator has been proposed for which the tracheal duct comprises intersecting tubes through which the respiratory gas passes continuously. A pulsa- tor which operates at right angles to the flowing gas transports the gas through the tracheal duct passage at a frequency of up to 40 or 50 Hz. As far as it is known, this respirator has thus far only been used on an experimental basis for animals and not on humans. Increased transport of mucus was herewith observed, but it has been impossible to check the effect of ventila¬ tion, and the effect of the high frequencies on blood circulation and biological substances is unknown. For further information, refer to Proc. Am. Soc. Ξxp. Biol. 38 (part II): 951, 1979; and to Science, Vol. 209, 609 and 610, 1980. In addition to the aforementioned disadvantages, long- term high frequency ventilation, which occurs in con- nection with (for example) jet injection and the pul- OMPI sator method, is disadvantageous due to the fact that the functioning of the lungs deteriorates. For example, the lungs become stiffer and the oxygenation of arteri¬ al blood deteriorates, and as a result fluids can accu- ulate in the pleural sac. The primary objective of this invention is to provide a respirator intended for connection to human or animal airways which can ventilate the patient in the cohven- tional manner, and which also provides optimal and re¬ liable application of any one of the new techniques for which application attempts were made in connection with the aforementioned ventilation principles, and which also permits the combining of old and new techniques. Here, the intention is to provide a respirator which permits adequate and suitably distributed alveolar ven¬ tilation of the patient*s lungs, and ' this means that ventilation is controllable with regard to volume and composition of the respiratory gas with small tidal breathing movements, i.e. with the desired small respi¬ ratory volumes and thus low pressure in the airways, so that the lungs and airways are protected, particular¬ ly in patients with stiff lungs and so that there is only a slight effect on the blood vessels and the asso- ciated inhibition of blood circulation through the lungs, without entailing the disadvantages of the known respirators. A second objective is to provide a respirator with which gases having a specified composition can be added to the respiratory gas in an accurately quantifiable manner (supply can be determined with regard to volume and time) , so that by analyzing the respiratory gas that is expired, it will be possible to draw conclu- sions about the way in which the lungs are functioning. Another objective of the invention is to make it pos¬ sible to provide accurate metering of the supply of therapeutical or otherwise pharmaceutically active sub¬ stances with regard to quantity and time in the breath- ing cycle. For example, anaesthetic gases can be added to the gas mixture delivered to the patient in pulses, and such pulses can have a higher concentration of the anaesthetic gas than that normally permitted in the ' res¬ piratory gas. Since the concentration of the anaesthe- tic gas is proportional to the concentration in the res¬ piratory gas that is expired, the dosage can be easily controlled by measuring the aforesaid concentration in the alveolar gas when, as it is being expired, it reaches the airway opening, and by adapting the an- aesthetic gas pulses in the inspired gas to the extent required. Another ' objective of the invention is to make certain that it will be possible to measure the alveolar gas concentration even when the aforesaid new techniques are applied to enhance gas exchange in the lungs. Finally, the invention is intended to provide a respi¬ rator so arranged that during the end of expiration, the expiratory gas in the tracheal duct or the line con¬ nected to the Y-fitting on the ventilator can be flushed out using fresh or unused respiratory gas to prevent the used respiratory gas from re-entering the patient's alveolar space. By way of accomplishing this purpose, the respirator that comprises this invention has been given the charac¬ teristics mentioned in atent claim 1. The invention will be explained in greater detail in the following paragraphs which are written with refer¬ ence to the attached drawings where: FIG. 1 is a general drawing of the respirator that comprises this invention FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the device used in the respirator to provide, a valve-regulated separate supply of gas to the airways, and FIG. 3 is a wiring diagram of the system used to control the valves in the device shown in FIG. 2. With reference to the diagram shown in FIG. 1, lung ven¬ tilator 10, a servoventilator of type 900B made by SIEMENS-ELEMA AB, Solna, Sweden, for example, is con¬ nected to Y-tube 11, which via humidifier 12, by way of example a servohumidifier 150 made by SIEMENS-ELEMA AB,Solna, Sweden, and a receptor 13 for a gas analyzer, by way of example type 930 made by SIEMENS-ELEMA AB, Solna, Sweden, is joined to tracheal duct 14. The tra¬ cheal duct is to be inserted in the trachea which is indicated by 15, and can at one end - the end that is to be inserted into the trachea - be provided with an expandable sleeve 16 of known design to provide a seal between the outside of the tracheal duct and the inside of the trachea. However, it is not necessary to have such a seal; instead, the tracheal duct can be inserted relatively loosely into the trachea. Moreover, it shall be noted that the tracheal duct can be replaced with a hose that joins lung ventilator 10 to a breathing mask of the conventional type that is designed to be applied over the patient's nose and mouth. The lung OMH ventilator operates in the known manner to supply and lead away the respiratory gas to and from the airways via tracheal duct 14 in order to ventilate the lungs. The respiratory gas is supplied to the lung ventilator from a mixer 17 that mixes the respiratory gas and is connected to a line 18 that carries pure oxygen (0 2 ) and also to a line 19 that carries air or nitrous oxide. Tracheal duct 14 contains a passage or line 20 which is separated from the rest of the passage through the tracheal duct, i.e. from the passage that carries the respiratory gas obtained from lung ventilator 10, and this line 20 opens into the inside end of the tracheal duct at 21. This line, via humidifier 22 and a sterile filter 23, is connected to a device 24 that' provides a valve-regulated separate supply of gas to line 20, re¬ gardless of the rate of flow of the respiratory gas which passes through the tracheal duct and is con- trolled by lung ventilator 10, but is nonetheless coor¬ dinated with the aforesaid rate of flow and/or breath¬ ing movements of the patient being treated in the respi¬ rator. Device 24 is connected to gas mixer 17 via line 25, but it is also connected to lines 26 and 27 and can be connected to the desired number of additional lines that supply respiratory gas at a pressure other than that of the respiratory gas obtained from the lung ven¬ tilator, and it is also used to supply gases of diffe¬ rent types than the respiratory gas such as a test gas, anaesthetic gas or gas that is therapeutically active. Device 24 includes means for regulating the supply of gas through line 20, to pulsate this gas flow for exam¬ ple,and this regulation can be implemented in different ways depending on different regulation parameters which will be described below. Pressure intake 28 is provided in the inside end of tracheal duct 14, and this pressure intake communicates with the passage or line 29 in the tracheal duct which, like line 20, is separated from the rest of the passage through the tracheal duct and is connected via sterile filter 30 to device 24 in order to control this device, depending upon the pre sure at the inside end of the tracheal duct. In addition, device 24 is connected/ via an electrical connection, to lung ventilator 10 in or- der to control device 24, depending upon the function¬ ing of the lung ventilator during coordination of the gas supply regulated by device 24 with the flow of res¬ piratory gas obtained from the lung ventilator and/or with the patient's breathing movements, as described in greater detail in the following paragraphs. Opening 21 which is used for the supply of gas from de¬ vice 24 can, like pressure intake 28, be arranged in a hose running to a breathing mask or tracheal duct of the conventional design or arranged anywhere in the pas¬ sage through which the respiratory gas flows, although preferably as close to the patient's lungs as possible. Means can be provided for the supply of pharmaceutical- ly active substances to the gas passing through line 20, for example in the form of nozzles that supply sub¬ stances in liquid form. The way in which device 24 is controlled will be ex- plained in greater detail below. However, the design and construction of device 24 will first be described with reference to FIG. 2. Lines 25, 26 and 27 are each connected to one of three distributors 32, 33 und 34 via one of three pressure regulators 35, 36 and 37. These pressure regulators can perhaps be omitted if sources of gas at suitable pres¬ sure are available. A number of miniature solenoid valves 38a - 38_ are provided, and these valves can be, for example, of type LIF LF AA 1200118H made by the Lee Company, Westbrook, Connecticut, USA. These valves are connected, via hoses 39 provided with quick couplings, to distributors in such a way that valves 38a - 38d are connected to distributor 32, valves 38e and 38f are connected to distributor 33 and valves 38g - 38 are connected to distributor 34, although it is possible to connect the valves in some other config¬ uration, thus permitting an arbitrary number of valves to be connected to the desired distributor. Instead of hoses 39 with quick couplings, permanent connec¬ tions with or without multiway valves can be provided between solenoid valves 38a - 38-^ and distributors 32, 33 and 34, and it is also possible to have all con- nections on each distributor provided with solenoid valves so that reconnection is not necessary. Each solenoid valve has its own individual sterile filter 23 which connects it to humidifier 22. The purpose of joining each of lines 25, 26 and 27 to line 20 via two or more miniature solenoid valves is threefold: first, it permits gas flow from any of lines 25, 26 or 27 to line 20 to be regulated by opening one or more of the valves 38 connected to the line in ques- tion, i.e. 25, 26 or 27; secondly, gas flow from line 25, 26 or 27, on condition that the gas pressure is very high relative to the pressure in line 20, can be started and stopped quickly in order to provide pulses at very high frequency - in practice, up to 100 Hz - and to permit fast regulation of the flow or pressure due to the fact that the movable parts in these minia¬ ture solenoids valves have very low massjand thirdly, risk that the patient will be injured as a result of a mechanical or electrical malfunction of an individual valve is eliminated. With regard to the last point men¬ tioned, the aforesaid purpose is achieved due to the fact that the flow channel in each miniature solenoid valve is narrow so that only a limited flow can pass through, and this means that a high pressure cannot build up quickly in the patient if a valve were to re¬ main in its open position when it actually should be closed. This provides time for the existing safety de¬ vices in the lung ventilator to go into operation and open a passage to the external air and issue an alarm to the personnel who are responsible for respirator treatment. And, conversely, gas is supplied even if one valve of the two or more that are connected in parallel were to remain in the closed position when it actually should be open. Valves 38 permit gases from lines 25, 26 and 27 to be supplied individually at the desired flow rate through¬ out the desired time interval and at the desired time, and they also make it possible for these gases to be mixed in the desired proportions. Via sterile filter 30, line 29 is connected to pressure transducer 40 which issues an electric signal via line 41, and this signal is proportional to the pressure sensed at 28. The pressure transducer can be of type 63 95 628 E037E made by SIEMENS-ELEMA AB, Solna,Sweden. Control unit 42 shown in FIG. 1 is connected to device 24. In this control unit, which is shown in greater de- tail in FIG. 3, each individual miniature solenoid - 11 - valve 38 is connected to an individual changeover switch 43a - 43^ . Each such changeover switch permits connection of the associated solenoid valve's solenoid to one of three programming units 44A- 44C, which are shown in FIG. 3, via lines A, B and C. Moreover, the changeover switch has a zero position designated 0 at which the valve is disconnected. Each programming unit 44A - 44C is provided with de- vices 45 and 46 that are used to select the start sign¬ al and stop signal and also with a selector switch 47 having three positions designated I - IV.At position I, valves 38 which are connected to the programming unit in question by the setting of changeover switches 43 are disconnected as a group, while at position TI, these valves are continuously activated between the times determined by the start and stop signals se¬ lected by means of devices 45 and 46. At position III, valves 38 are connected to a pulse transmitter 48 so that they are activated on a pulsating basis from pulse transmitter 48 between the start time and stop time. At position IV, valves 38 are connected to pulse trans¬ mitter 49 so that they are activated on a pulsating basis from pulse transmitter 49 between the start time and stop time. Devices 45 and 46 make it possible for the associated programming unit to be connected to one - as desired - of six lines 50a - 50f to which control signals are sent in the form of pulses from lines 51a - 51e, of which line 51a is connected to a manually actuatable device 52 that permits a signal pulse to be issued ma¬ nually, and line 51b is connected to an external device that can be used to issue signal pulses, for example a signal transmitter that issues signals in synchro- OMH - 12 - nism with the patient's heart rate. The other lines 51c - 51e are connected to lung ventilator 10 which is also shown in FIG. 1. For the type of lung ventilator made by Siemens-Ele a AB, servoventilator 900B selected here as an example, line 51c receives a signal pulse which represents the start of the inspiration phase, line 51d receives a signal pulse which represents the start of the pause between the inspiration and expira¬ tion phases and line 51e, finally, receives a signal pulse which represents the start of the expiration phase. The signals on lines 51a - 51e can be sent to program¬ ming units 44A, 44B and 44C in different ways, and six selector switches 53a - 53f are provided to select the way in which they are sent. Each of these selector switches is connected via five inputs to the lines 51a- - 51e respectively. Each of selector switches 53a and 53b is connected to its own delay circuit, 54 and 55 respectively, both of which receive clock pulses via line 31, see also FIG. 1, from servoventilator 10, and they are connected to lines 50a and 50b respectively. The clock pulses on line 31 divide up a breath,i.e. a ventilation cycle, consisting of an inspiration phase, a pause and an expiration phase, into 100 equal parts or intervals, in such a way that an actuator (thumbwheel) can be used to set a delay of 0 - 99 % of the breathing cycle. In FIG. 3, a delay of 1 % is set on delay circuit 54, and a delay of 78 % is set on delay circuit 55. Selector switches 53c and 53d are each connected in an analog manner to a delay circuit, 56 and 57 respec- tively. Delay circuit 56 which is connected to line 50c permits the setting of a delay of 10 - 200 s, and delay circuit 57 which is connected to line 50d permits the setting of a delay of 100 - 2000 ms. In FIG. 3, the aforesaid delay circuits are set for 50 and 500 ms respectively. Finally, it is possible to provide direct connections between lines 51a - 51e and lines 50e or 50f by means of selector switches 53e and 53f respec¬ tively. pulse transmitter 48 is provided with a setting device 58 (thumbwheel) that is used to set the desired fre¬ quency between 1 - 99 Hz (set to 53 Hz in the illustra¬ tion) and another setting device 59 (thumbwheel) that is used to set the portion of each period which is to be utilized actively (set to 25 % in the illustration) . Pulse transmitter 49 is connected to line 43 which runs to lung ventilator 10 - see FIG. 1 - and is provided with setting device 60 (thumbwheel) that is used to set the length of the period that equals the ventilation cycle set in the servovalve (divided into a hundred parts) , and another setting device 61 that is used to select the number of parts of the preset period length that are to be used actively. Since there are one hun¬ dred parts, the setting is expressed as a percentage, and in FIG. 3, the setting is exemplified by 5 % on setting device 60 and 3 % on setting device 61, which means that of the five parts that are selected by means of setting device 60, only three parts are active, as selected by means of setting device 61. Finally, control unit 42 contains measurement instru¬ ment 62 that is connected to line 41 and is used to in¬ dicate the measured pressure, and setting device 63 that is used to select the maximum permissible pres- sure. Means (not shown) are provided for disconnecting OMPI all miniature solenoid valves or as many of them as required to prevent the preset pressure from being sig¬ nificantly exceeded. This is carried out with a delay of less than 5 ms. The aforesaid control unit 42 makes it possible to con¬ trol the gas supply to line 20 with regard to gas composition and also with regard to the frequency at which gas pulses occur, the pulse-arrival time iri the breathing cycle and the duration and shape of the pulses, with regard to the flow rate and/or pressure. The aforesaid control unit 42 also makes it possible to coordinate the issuing of gas pulses with the functioning of lung ventilator 10. In this connection, it shall be noted that means can be provided for indicating the amount of gas that is supplied to line 20 from each of lines 25, 26 and 27. Since the through¬ put per unit of time (flow) in each miniature solenoid valve is known due to the fact that the pressure drop across the valve is high relative to the pressure in line 20,the gas volume can be determined by integrating the valve-open intervals for the number of valves that are activated simultaneously. The supply of inspired gas to the alveoli is a prereq¬ uisite for the exchanging of gas with blood in the lungs. The transport of fresh gas to the alveoli pro¬ ceeds from the airway opening and is accomplished by means of convection through the airway tree. As the tree branches more and more, the collective cross- sectional area increases, and the transport speed at¬ tributable to convection decreases rapidly. The abrupt, visible increase in the aforesaid cross-sectional area at the periphery of the lungs comprises the boundary zone between fresh inspired gas and old alveolar gas. At the outermost points in the lungs, the transport of inspired gas is carried out almost exclusively by means of diffusion through this boundary zone. During conventional respirator treatment, inspired breath volumes are utilized incompletely because of the gas which, during the previous breath participated in the gas exchange and during expiration filled the air¬ ways and tracheal duct, is returned to the alveoli ' ini- tially during inspiration. The portion of fresh in¬ spired gas which reaches far down into the lungs is thus mixed incompletely with the alveolar gas by means of diffusion, and this further limits the utilization of the inspired gas volume. The respirator described in this invention permits a substantial increase in the degree of utilization of the inspired gas by providing two separate supply paths, and by providing different ways to supply in- spired gas.Since the gas is supplied via line 20 during expiration, the tracheal duct and airway up to Y-tube 11 can be flushed free of previously used gas. This supply, which proceeds via line 20, can be directed as desired and pulsated so that essential pacts of the patient's airways can also be flushed free of used gas. During the end of the expiration phase, the exchange of alveolar gas can also take place, thus contributing to the patient's total ventilation. The supply of gas through line 20 can also be regulated during expiration, so that during expiration the intend¬ ed pressure will be maintained in the airways, and this pressure can suitably be measured via line 29 by means of pressure transducer 40. The intended pressure during expiration can also be regulated in order to maintain __OMH a suitable lung volume that will optimize the func¬ tioning of the lung.The lung volume and the functioning of the lung can, when using a respirator like the one described in this invention, be measured in the manner described below. The mixing of the inspired gas with alveolar gas by means of diffusion can be enhanced by means of this invention due to the fact that a pulsating flow can be supplied through line 20, which causes the gas in the lungs to oscillate and thus leads to improved (forced) diffusion. During expiration, the gas pulses can be formulated in such a way with regard to frequen¬ cy, flow rate and pressure that they flush out the air- ways in the best manner, while the gas pulses occurring during inspiration can be formulated in such a way that they lead to improved diffusion in the best way. By improving, in the aforesaid manner, the extent to which the gas in each breath is utilized, sufficient gas exchange can be achieved in the lungs at low breath volumes and thus lower pressure and less injurious ef¬ fect on the lungs attributable to respirator treatment. Moreover, it is possible to avoid the aforesaid injuri- ous effect on the airway epithelium which occurs when the lungs are ventilated using only pulses of gas at high frequency that introduce large amounts of energy into the trachea. The analysis of gas obtained from the alveoli in order to control ventilation correctly is possible when this invention is used due to the fact that at the end of an individual inspiration, all gas flow through line 20 can be shut off so that unmixed gas from the alveoli reaches, during the next expiration, the analyzer con- - 17 - nected to receptor 13. The disadvantage entailed by the fact that parts of the lungs, as a result of long-term ventilation alone at a very high breathing frequency, collapse and thus oxyge¬ nate the blood insufficiently is avoided by the respi ¬ rator described in this invention due to the fact that the lungs are exposed to a sufficiently slow breathing frequency combined with faster gas pulses so that the surface film in the alveoli, because of its time-depen¬ dent hysteresis with regard to surface tension vis-a¬ vis the alveolar volume, absorbs the energy that is needed in order to retain stable and uniform expansion of the lungs. * Fast adaptation of the functional mode of the respira¬ tor described in this invention to the pressure -in the ■ airways can be achieved by combining the respirator's design characteristics. The transmission time for pres- sure pulses and flow pulses can be kept low due to the fact that compact device 24 can be located close to the patient. The delay encountered in connection with a change in the functional mode is very small thanks to the very fast response times of the mechanical co po- nents (miniature solenoid valves 38) in device 24. These character stics are of value due to the fact that, among other things, the respirator must be able to follow the breathing of a patient who breathes spon¬ taneously with the support of the respirator. In addition to the possibility of supplying anaesthetic gas in the conventional way via lung ventilator 10, the respirator which comprises this invention makes it possible, as mentioned above, to supply anaesthetic gas through line 20. The flow of anaesthetic gas throuqh this line can be controlled by opening a specific num¬ ber of miniature solenoid valves 38 in device 24, and the volume of the supplied anaesthetic gas can also be regulated by controlling the time throughout which the anaesthetic gas is supplied. Due to the fact that the anaesthetic gas is supplied only during a certain phase, immediately after the beginning of inspiration for example, all anaesthetic gas reaches the alveoli, which is a distinct advantage. As a result, the quanti- ty of anaesthetic gas that is supplied to the alveoli, and thus the blood, can be accurately controlled. An¬ other advantage that is gained is that all anaesthetic gas is utilized. In situations where the gas analyzer connected to receptor 13 can measure the content of anaesthetic gas, the anaesthetic gas content in the alveolar gas can also be determined in the manner men¬ tioned above with regard to the measurement of alveo¬ lar gas. Since receptor 13 is flushed free of anaesthe¬ tic gas during inspiration, the analyzer can be reset during this period, thus eliminating the need for spe¬ cial resetting devices and measures. The statements set forth above regarding anaesthetic gas also apply to gases having effects other than anaesthetic such as gases that are therapeutically active. The respirator comprising this invention permits the functioning of the lungs and circulation organs to be studied in great detail. Test gas can be supplied with precision through channel 20 with regard to a parti- cular time in the breathing cycle and to volume. The analyzer connected to receptor 13 is required to ana¬ lyze the gases included in the test gas. By studying the dilution of a given amount of test gas that is not dissolved in physiological fluids, sulphur hexafluo- ride, SFg, for example, the volume of alveolar gas - 19 - can be determined. If the test gas also contains car¬ bon monoxide, CO, the diffusion capacity of the lungs can be determined in accordance with principles which are otherwise known in and of themselves. By studying the extent to which one or more soluble gases remain in the body beyond the point which calculations show can be attributed to dilution in the alveolar gas, one can determine the flow of blood through the lung capil¬ laries which, as a rule, is approximately the same as the heart's minute volume. One can also determine the quantity of fluid in the lungs. Supplying pulses of test gas which can be made to occur during different parts of the inspiration phase for different breaths and then measuring the cycle during the following ex- piration permits accurate studies to be made of the way in which the different parts of the inspiration volume reach functioning parts of the " lungs. From these data, information can be obtained regarding the functioning of both the airway and lung blood circulation. The version of the respirator described in accordance with this invention can be modified within the scope of the patent claims which follow while retaining the advantages and possibilities offered by the respira- tor's functions and utilization as described above. OMPI

Claims: - 20 - claims 1. Respirator intended for connection to human or animal airways that incorporates a first device (10) that supplies respiratory gas to and receives respira¬ tory gas from the airways so that the lungs can be ven¬ tilated and a second device (24) that provides a sepa¬ rate valve-regulated supply of gas to the airways inde¬ pendently of the respiratory gas flow provided by the first device, wherewith the second device (24) incorpo¬ rates at least one line (25, 26, 27) used to supply gas under pressure and a means (38) to provide a pul¬ sating gas supply, and incorporates a control unit (42) for the second device (24) that can be used to determine at least some of the gas pulse characteris¬ tics, characterized in that the aforesaid means (38) includes a number of Valves .connected in parallel to the line (25, 26, 27) . 2. respirator as per claim 1, characterized in that the aforesaid control unit (42) is connected to the first device (10) in order to regulate the pulsating gas supply in coordination with the supply and reception of respiratory gas by r.eans of. the first device (10) . 3. A respirator as per claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each line (25, 26, 27) opens into a distributor (32, 33, 34) provided with a number of connections to which an arbitrary number of valves can be connected. 4. A respirator as per claim 3, characterized in that each connection on each distributor is connected to its own valve- OMH 5. A respirator as per any of claims 1 - 4, charac- terized in that the flow channel in each valve is nar¬ row. 6. A respirator as per any of claims 1 - 5, charac¬ terized in that a pressure transducer (40) is arranged in or close to the open end of the tracheal duct con¬ nected to the first device (10) and that this pressure transducer (40) is intended to control the first " and/ or, via the control unit (42) , the second device (10 and/or 24) . 7. A respirator as per any of claims 1 - 6, charac¬ terized in that it incorporates a transducer (13) which senses the gas concentration in the respiratory gas supplied to and obtained from the airways. 8. A respirator as per claim 7, characte ized in that the concentration transducer (13) is mounted be- tween the aforementioned first device (10) and the lo¬ cation (21) of the outlet of the separate valve-regu- latet gas supply ' obtained from the aforesaid second device (24) in the path through which the respiratory gas flow. 9. A respirator as per claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the concentration transducer (13) is arranged to control the aforesaid means (38) of providing a pul¬ sating gas supply. 10. A respirator as per claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the concentrarion transducer (13) is arranged to control the aforesaid first device (10) . 11. A respirator as per any of claims 1 - 10, charac- OMH - 22 - terized in 'that the aforesaid second device (24) in¬ cludes a humidifier (22) for the separate valve-regu¬ lated gas supply. 12. A respirator as per any of claims 1 - 11, charac¬ terized in that it incorporates a means of supplying pharmaceutically active substances to the seperately supplied gas.

Inventors: JONSON BJOERN, OLSSON SVEN GUNNAR
Applicants: JONSON BJOERN, OLSSON SVEN GUNNAR, SIEMENS ELEMA AB
Application year: 1982
Main classification: A61M16
IPC codes: A61M16