PREPARATION OF ALKYLIDENE DIESTERS

Abstract: Alkylidene diesters such as ethylidene diacetate are selectively produced in high yields by reacting an ether and/or an ester under substantially anhydrous conditions with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in contact with a catalyst system comprising a rhodium compound, a halo­ gen component, a palladium cocatalyst and a promoter component which is an agent for liberation of carboxylic acid anions. The process is carried out in the liquid phase in a solvent comprising a carboxylic acid at a temperature in the range of 150 to 190°C. and at a carbon monoxide partial pressure in the range from about 1.0 to 1100 kg/­ cm² and a carbon monoxide/hydrogen mole ratio of 6:1 to 1:2 for the ester reaction and 10:1 to 1:2 for the ether reaction. When ethylidene diacetate is the product, it can then be decomposed to produce vinyl acetate and acetic acid by well-known techniques. Since one mole of acetic acid is also produced in the synthesis of the diacetate, the invention makes possible an overall process or the production of vinyl acetate which produces acetic acid rather than consumes it.

Description: PREPARATION OF ALKYLIDENE DIESTER S BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a new process for the production of alkylidene diesters at high selectivities and yields and, more particularly, to the high yield production of ethylidene diacetate which is readily convertible to vinyl acetate. It is known to produce vinyl esters of the type having the general formula EMI1.1 in which R, R1 and R3 may be either hydrogen or alkyl and R2 is an alkyl group. The oldest commercial process for producing vinyl acetate, the most important of these esters, for example, involves the reaction of acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride to produce ethylidene diacetate which is then catalytically decomposed to give vinyl acetate. Because of the high cost of producing the acetic anhydride starting material, however, most vinyl acetate now made commercially is produced by processes which start with either ethylene or acetylene and with acetic acid. A method is described in our copending application S. N. 591,919 whereby the ethylidene diacetate can be produced directly from more readily available raw materials than those of the prior art. The diester can then be catalytically cracked to the vinyl ester produced, two moles of acetic acid are simultaneously produced, one in the synthesis of the diester and one in its conversion, and no acetic acid is consumed in the process. This process, while quite satisfactory in most respects, exhibits coproduction of acetic anhydride with ethylidene diacetate which may be desirable in some situations. The present invention provides a process which gives improved selectivity and yield of diesters, minimizing the coproduction of acetic anhydride. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, a highly selective process for production of alkylidene diesters from ether or ester raw materials is provided. The novel selective catalyst system employs a palladium and rhodiumcontaining cocatalyst systemi, a halogen component which is bromine, iodine, a bromide, or an iodide, and a component which is an agent for liberation of carboxylic acid anions. Another feature of the present invention is the inclusion of minor amounts of a specific acid as a reactant as described below. The critical distinction between the catalyst system of the invention and the known p-rocesses is the presence of the palladium cocatalyst, while a second important distinction is the inclusion of a component for liberation of carboxylic acid anions. It is these components, and particularly the palladium cocatalyst component, which enable the carbonylation of the ether or ester feedstock at particularly high selectivities to the alkylidene diester while maintaining high levels of conversion of the feedstock. Quite surprisingly, it has been found that other metals from Group 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements (as published in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 59th ed. Weast, Ed., CRC Press, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL, 1978, Inside Front Cover) do not have the beneficial cocatalyst effect exhibited by palladium in this carbonylation reaction, although some of the other Group 8 metals have been known in the art to be quite similar to palladium in their catalytic action in other reaction systems. Contacting of the ether or ester raw material with the catalyst and a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions at a temperature in the range of from about 159s C. to about 1900 C. and at a carbon monoxide partial pressure in the range from about 1.0 to about 1100 kg/cm2. The alkylidene diester, if desired, can then be decomposed to the corresponding vinyl ester by methods well known in the art. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS To achieve high convers-ions and selectivities to the alkylidene diester, a soluble palladium compound is an essential part of the present invention as Co- catalyst since the addition of such compounds to the system has a significant effect on the diester/acid anhydride ratio. Suitable compounds for use as cocatalyst include but are not limited to palladium chloride, palladium acetate, palladium iodide, palladium acetylacetonate and the like. The amount of the palladium com-pound employed may vary from about 0.1 to about 10 moles per mole of the rhodium compound of the catalyst system and preferably is from about 0.25 to about 4 moles per mole of the rhodium compound employed. In addition to the palladium cocatalyst which is an essential component of the present invention, the catalyst system includes a rhodium compound and a halogen component in which the halogen component is either bromine, iodine, a bromide compound or an iodide compound. Generally, the rhodium compound of the catalyst system of the present invention is believed to be present in the form of a coordination compound of rhodium with at least one of the ligands of such coordination compound provided by halogen ligands, carbon monoxide ligands and the like. Generally, it is preferred that the catalyst system contain as a promoting component, an excess of halogen over that present as 1 igands in the rhodium coordination compound. The terms "coordination compound" and "coordination complex" used throughout this specification mean a compound or complex formed by combination of one or more electronically rich molecules or atoms capable of independent existence with one or more electronically poor molecules or atoms, each of which may also be capable of independ-ent existence. The essential rhodium compound and the halogen component of the catalyst system of the present invention may be provided by introducing into the reaction zone a coordination compound o-f rhodium containing halogen ligands or they may be provided by introducing into the reaction zone separately a rhodium compound and a halogen compound. The rhodium compound can be provided by any material that will produce rhodium ions. Among the materials which may be charged to the reaction zone to provide the rhodium compound of the catalyst system of the present invention are rhodium metal, rhodium salts, rhodium oxides, rhodium carbonyl compounds, organorhodium compounds, coordination compounds of rhodium and the like. Specific examples of materials capable of providing the rhodium constituent of the catalyst system of the present invention may be taken from the following nonlimiting partial list of suitable examples. RhCl3 [(n-C4H9)4N][Rh(CO)2X2] where X=C1 ,Br ,I RhBr3 [(n-C4H9)2As]2[Rh2(CO)2Y4] where Y=Br ,I RhI3 [(n-C4H9)4P][Rh(CO)I4] RhCl3#3H2O Rh[(C6H5)3P]2(CO)Br RhCl3#3H2O Rh[(n-C4H9)3P]2(CO)Br Rh2(CO)4C12 RhC(n-C4H9)3P32(CO)I Rh2(CO)4Br2 RhBr[C6H5)3P]3 Rh2(CO)4I2 RhIE(C6H5)3P33 [Rh(CO)I4]Na [Rh(CO)Br4]Na Rh2(CO)8 RhCl[(C6H5)3P]3 Rh[(C6H5)3P]2(CO)I RhCl[(C6H5)3P]3H2 Rh[(C6H5)3P]2(CO)Cl [(C6H5)P]3Rh(CO)H Rh metal RH2O3 Rh(NO3)3 Li[Rh(CO2I2] RhCl[(C6H5)3P]2(CH3I)2 [Rh(C2H4)2Cl]2 Rh(SnCl3)[(C6H5)3P]3 K4Rh2Cl2(SnCl3)4 RhCl(CO)[(C6H5)3As]2 K4Rh2Br2(SnBr3)4 RhI(CO)[(C6H5)3Sb]2 K4Rh2I2(SnI3)4 Na[Rh(CO)2I2] [Rh(CO)2I2]K With those materials listed above as capable of providing the rhodium component which do not contain a halogen component from the group consisting of bromine and iodine, it will be necessary to produce into the reaction zone such a halogen component. For example, if the rhodium component introduced is rhodium metal or Rh203, it will be necessary to also introduce a halogen component such as methyl iodide, hydrogen iodide, iodine and the like. Rhodium precursor materials that can be utilized to produce the rhodium compounds useful in our invention are almost limitless. The only requirement is that the rhodium precursor material is capable of producing rhodium ions. The rhodium ions can, of course, be generated from the rhodium precursor material in situ in the reactor utilized in our process. As noted above, while the halogen component of the catalyst system may be in combined form with the rhodium, as for instance, as one or more ligands in a coordination compound of rhodium, it generally is preferred to have an excess of halogen present in the catalyst system as a promoting component. By excess is meant an amount of halogen greater than two atoms of halogen per atom of rhodium in the catalyst system. This promoting component of -the catalyst system consists of a halogen and/or halogen compound such as hydrogen halide, alkyl- or aryl halide, metal halide, ammonium halide, phosphonium halide, arsonium halide, stibonium halide and the like. The halogen of the promoting component may be the same or different from that already present as 1 igands in the coordination compound of rhodium. Iodine and iodide compounds are the preferred halogen components used in our invention. While the bromine or iodine components used in our invention may be in combined form with the rhodium, as for instance, one or more ligands in a complex or coordination compound of the rhodium, it is generally preferred to charge the iodine or bromine component to the catalyst preparation zone or the reactor separately. The bromine or iodine component utilized in our invention can be provided by many different iodine or bromine precursor materials. Suitable precursor materials include bromine, iodine, any bromide compound or any iodide compound. Accordingly, suitable halogen providing or promoting components may be selected from the following nonlimiting list of halogen and/or halogen containing compounds. RX where R = any alkyl e.q., CH3I, C6H5Br, or aryl group CH3CH2I, etc. where X = Br or I X2or X3 where X = Br or I e.q., Br2, 12, 13,etc. HX where X = Br or I e.q., HBr, HI O O # # RCX where R = any alkyl e.q., CH3CI, etc. or aryl group and X = Br or I R4MX, R4MX3, or R3MX2 where R = any alkyl e.q., (C4H9)NI or aryl group (C6H5)3PI2 and/or combinations or R, M M = N, P, As, or Sb and X X = Br or I Other nonl imiting examples of such compounds of bromine and iodine include ethyl iodide, ethyl bromide, benzyl iodide, benzyl bromide, sodium iodide, sodium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide, calcium iodide, l-decyl iodide, l-decyl bromide and the like. Although any amount of the promoting halogen component of the catalyst system of the present invention may be employed, the amount employed is such as to produce a ratio of atoms of halogen to atoms of rhodium in the catalyst system of from above 2:1 to 50,000:1 and higher. However, the preferred ratio is 5:1 to 5,000:1 and higher. A more preferred ratio of halogen atoms to rhodium atoms is 10:1 to 2500:1. The active palladium and rhodium-containing catalyst system is preferably employed in the form of a catalyst solution. The solution can also include liquid reactants, products and mixtures thereof which function as solvent or reaction media. The catalyst solutions essentially comprised of (1) the reactant feed component-product diester medium, (2) a rhodium compound, (3) a palladium cocatalyst, (4) a halogen component generally in excess of the rhodium as hereinbefore set forth, and (5) promoter means for liberation of anions of the carboxylic acid of- which the ester is to be produced may be further modified by the addition of a high-boiling inert solvent as a further component. Such an inert solvent should have a physical property sufficiently different from that of the product diester to permit easy separation. One convenient physical property is boiling point. A boiling point difference of 250 C. or more is preferred. Inert solvents within the present category include paraffin and cycloparaffin hydrocarbons of from 10 to 30 carbon atoms, aromatic hydrocarbons of from 10 to 40 carbon atoms, tertiary amines of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and esters of the aforesaid acids, heterocyclic aromatic compounds of 5 to 20 carbon atoms, as well as the chlorine, bromine and iodine-containing derivatives of all of the above said solvents. The following list exemplifies such solvents: dodecane, hexadecane, tetral in, octanoic acid, benzoic acid, decal in, N-methylpyrrolidone, and the like An especially suitable solvent is l-methylnaphthalene since it provides for catalyst recycle with a minimum loss in catalyst activity. In accordance with the present invention, however, it is important that the solvent system employed contain at least about 2%, and preferably at least 5% of the carboxylic acid of which the diester is to be produced. For example, if ethylidene diacetate is the desired diester product, preferably at least 5% acetic acid is employed in the solvent system. Similarly, if ethylidene dipropionate is desired as the product, propionic acid should be present preferably in a concentration of at least 5%. The reaction rate is dependent upon catalyst concentration and temperature. Concentrations of the rhodium-containing component of the catalyst system in the liquid phase between 10-6 mole per liter and 10- mole per liter are normally employed with the preferred range being 10 4 mole/liter to 10 2 mole/liter. Higher concentrations may, however, be used if desired. In the reaction system of this invention, it has been found that in addition to the above-mentioned rhodium catalyst, halogen promoter component, palladium cocatalyst and acetic acid-containing solvent, an agent capable of generating carboxylic acid, such as acetate, anions is necessary if high selectivity to the corresponding diester, such as ethylidene diacetate (EDA) is to be achieved at high conversions of charge stock (ether or ester). As used herein, the terms "agent capable of generating carboxylic acid anions" and "means for generating carboxylic acid anions" are interchangeable and are intended to include such substances as socalled "Lewis bases" having a free electron pair (i.e., proton acceptors) as well as carboxylate salts which are soluble in the charge stock-solvent-catalyst system. Exemplary of such substances are tertiary phosphines, tertiary amines, tertiary stibines and tertiary arsines, alkali metal salts of the carboxylic acid of which the diester is the desired product, and mixtures of such substances. Nonl imiting examples of these compounds in dude triphenylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-nbutylamine, pyridine, quinoline, tri-n-butylstibine, tri-n-butylarsine, lithium acetate, and the like. The molar ratio of such substances to the rhodium component present may be from 1000:1 to 1:1, preferably from about 20:1 to about 2:1. Suitable feedstocks that can be utilized in this invention to produce alkylidene diesters are compounds which contain an ether group (-C-O-C-) or an ester group EMI10.1 Generally, these suitable feed materials can be represented by the structural formulas R-O-R' and EMI10.2 wherein R and R' are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms each. Mixtures of such ethers and esters can also be used as feed materials. Nonlimiting examples of suitable ether reactant materials that can be utilized in the process of the invention include dimethyl ether diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, diisobutyl ether, ethyl propyl ether, amyl ether and the like. Nonlimiting examples of suitable ester reactants utilized in the invention are methyl acetate , ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, butyl acetate, methyl butyrate and the like. The carbonylation reaction of the present invention is carried out by c-ontacting the feedstock in the liquid phase with gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a liquid reaction medium comprising a carboxylic acid and which contains the catalyst system such as, e.g., RhC13, a halogen-containing promoting component such as methyl iodide, a palladium cocatalyst such as PdC12, and an agent for liberating carboxylic acid anions. If the amount of the carboxylic acid is less than about 2%, additional acid will have to be added as a feedstock. The contacting is carried out under the aforementioned suitable conditions of temperature and pressure. The temperature will be in the range of 150 to 1900 C. Especially preferred temperatures lie in the range from 160 to 1750 C. Partial pressures of the carbon monoxide in the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture of the order of 1.0 kg/cm2 to 1100 kg/cm2 may be employed; however, the partial pressure of the mixture preferred is from 1.5 to 225 kg/cm2 whereas an even more preferred range is from about 35 to 55 kg/cm 2 Higher pressures may be used if desired under proper conditions. However, such pressures are rarely used because high reaction rates with good product yields can be obtained by operating at the lower pressures without danger of catalyst decomposition thus providing important economic advantages over prior art methods for producing the alkylidene diesters. As employed herein, the term pressure is expressed as gauge pressure units (kg/cm2-G) as opposed 2 to absolute pressure units (kg/cm -A). A typical carbonylation rea-ction selective to the diester requires at least one mole of carbon monoxide per mole of ester feed. When an ether ts employed as feed material, the stoichiometric mole ratios of 2 moles of carbon monoxide per mole of ether is required. Excess of carbon monoxide over the aforesaid stoichiometric amounts, however, may be present. Carbon monoxide streams containing inert impurities such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, paraffinic hydrocarbons hav- ing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms may be employed, if desired, from an available gas plant stream; however, in such cases, total reactor pressure will have to be increased to maintain a desired carbon monoxide partial pressure. Carbon monoxide concentration in the feed gas mixture may range from 1 to 100% but preferably over 10% by volume of carbon monoxide should be present. A key variable to achieve high diester levels is the quantity of hydrogen present. The stoichiometric ratio suggested by the chemistry of the ester reaction is a CO/H2 mole ratio of 2:1 and of the ether reaction is 4:1. Mol ratios of CO/H2 in the range from 6:1 to 1:2 can be employed in the ether reaction. Preferred ratios of CO/H2 are in the range from 2.5:1 to 1.5:1 for the ester reaction and from 5:1 to 3:1 for the ether reaction. In the production of ethylidene diacetate, acetic anhydride is produced along with the ethylidene diacetate when less than the theoretical amount of hydrogen is employed, the ethylidene diacetate acetic anhydride (EDA/Ac2O) ratio varying as the amount of hydrogen varies. Methane make, resulting from the side reactions EMI12.1 increases with increasing hydrogen levels and under high hydrogen conditions, considerable H2 consumption occurs so that its reactor partial pressure is drastically reduced. The liquid reaction medium employed may include any solvent compatible with the catalyst system and may include ether or ester or mixtures of ether and ester feedstocks and/or the desired alkylidene diester. According to a preferred embodiment, however, the solvent system includes at least 2% acetic acid, and preferably at least 5% acetic acid as a component. The acetic acid may be obtained from any source, but it is convenient to use acetic acid which is coproduced in the process, one mole of acetic acid being made per mole of ethylidene diacetate produced. Additional acid may be added if necessary. The process of the present- invention is carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions. It is necessary, therefore, for suitable results to utilize ether and ester feedstocks as well as carbon monoxide and hydrogen streams that are essentially free of water. During start-up procedures for the process of the present invention, some residual water may be present in the reactor system. No substantial amounts of the alkylidene diesters will be produced until all the water has been removed from the reactor system or until all of the water has been consumed in the production of undesired by-product materials. Any conventional method for drying or dehydrating the feedstocks and reactants can be utilized to render them suitable for use in the process of the invention. As employed herein, the term "substantially anhydrous" means not more than 0.05 mole of water per mole of total ether or ester feed material present in the reactor. The process of the present invention may be operated either as a batch or as a continuous process. In carrying out the present invention on a commercial scale, it is desirable to operate the process in a continuous mode. Such a continuous process can be very easily carried out in the liquid phase by preforming a liquid homogeneous phase that contains the rhodium component, the halogen component, the palladium cocatalyst, and the agent for generating acetate anions. For example, a rhodium component such as rhodium iodide and a palladium compound can be added to a small amount of an inert solvent or to a small amount of the reactant material such as dimethyl ether or to a small amount of the desired product such as ethylidene diacetate. The halogen component, such as methyl iodide, can also be added to this mixture as can the means for generating acetate anions and carbon monoxide can be thereafter bubbled through the liquid mixture to preform the liquid homogeneous phase that contains the components of the catalyst system. It is desirable to include a solvent material that has a boiling point above the boiling point of the diester product to contain the rhodium and palladium compounds and the halogen component. By using such a solvent component it is possible to separate the diester product from the reaction mixture without undesirable precipitation of the rhodium compound, the palladium compound, or the acetate ion-generating means from the reaction mixture. This preformed phase can then be added to the reactor along with at least one of the reactant materials such as methyl acetate. In most instances, it is desirable to also add an additional solvent to the reaction mixture. The reactor used in the present invention can be constructed of any suitable corrosion-resistant material and can be equipped with a gas sparger below the surface of the liquid reaction mixture. The carbon monoxide-hydrogen gas mixture can be bubbled into the liquid reaction mixture continuously. The bubbling of the gas mixture through the liquid reaction mixture provides some degree of agitation but in most instances it will be desirable to mechanically agitate the reaction mixture with paddle wheels and the like to obtain the desired contact between the carbon monoxide and the liquid phase. A small amount of the reaction mixture can be continuously withdrawn from the reactor and passed to a separation zone. The separation zone can be a conventional simple distillation column wherein the diester product such as ethylidene acetate can be vaporized from the reaction mixture along with any unreacted feed materials such as the methyl acetate or dimethyl ether; or other volatile materials. The remaining liquid phase, containing the catalyst system components can then be recycled to the reactor. In some instances, it may also be desirable to utilize a flash tank for separating the diester product and the unreacted reactants from the reaction mixture. This can be conveniently accomplished by withdrawing a portion of the reaction mixture from the reactor and passing it to the tank maintained under reduced pressure either with or without the addition of heat, thus causing the diester product and the unreacted feed components and volatile materials to vaporize, leaving the rhodium and palladium compounds, the agent for liberation of acetate ions, and the halogen component (if nonvolatile) contained in the unvaporized liquid in the flash tank. This liquid in the flash tank can be recycled to the reactor. It is, of course, understood that the diester product can be further purified by conventional purification techniques that do not form a part of this invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made in the foregoing disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following examples are presented to illustrate embodiments of the invention. However, they should not be construed as limiting the invention in any manner whatsoever. The term "selectivity" as employed in the following examples refers to molar selectivity and may be defined as the quotient of the moles of ethylidene acetate (EDA) made during the course of the reaction, divided by the sum of the moles of EDA made plus the difference between the moles of acetic anhydride (Ac20) found in the reaction product and the moles of Ac20 input as a starting material. Expressed algebraically, % selectivity, then, is as follows: % Selectivity = ############## x 100 moles moles Ac20 made + moles EDA made It will be noted that in those instances where acetic anhydride is consumed in the reaction, the term "moles Ac20 made" is considered to be zero, and percent selectivity to EDA is reported as 100%. The term "yield" as employed in the following examples is the multiplication product of conversion times selectivity times 100. Algebraically, then, % yield is as follows: % Yield = conversion x selectivity x 100 EXAMPLE 1 A 300-ml autoclave fitted into a system allow- ing constant pressure and temperature reactions in which pressure drop was measured from a higher pressure reservoir was employed as the reactor. The system was designed so that a liquid could be added to the pressuresealed autoclave. Pressure in the reservoir, autoclave temperature and differential pressure were automatically recorded. The reservoir could be repressured during the reaction to allow for reactions requiring consumption of larger amounts of CO and hydrogen. The reactor was charged first with the weighed quantities of the solid materials, e.g., a rhodium salt and, where indicated, a palladium salt, then the liquid components in the desired amounts were added, i.e., the reactant methyl acetate, acetic acid and the promoter component where used. The autoclave was sealed and pressure-tested. At this point, when dimethyl ether was used as a reactant it was added to the autoclave through a valved side port under pressure (3.2 kg/cm ) in the acetic acid solution from a pressure bottle. The autoclave was then pressured to 4.5-8.1 kg/cm2 with a mixture of C0 and H2 and heated to the reaction temperature, The methyl iodide promoter for the catalyst was then added from a liquid reservoir at 35.2-50.2 kg/cm2 to initiate reaction. The autoclave was pressured to the desired level with the CO-H2 mixture and the reaction allowed to proceed under stirring at a rate of 750 rpm for the desired reaction period. At the end of the reaction period, the reservoir was sealed from the autoclave and cooling was begun. At 25 C., the excess pressure was vented from the autoclave and the liquid product was analyzed by gas chromatography. Using the above-described procedure, the reactor was charged with 0.001 mole RhC13-x H2O, 0.313 mole methyl acetate (MeOAc), 1.203 mole acetic acid (AcOH), 0.0015 mole PdC12, and 0.006 mole triphenylphosphine (3P), The liquid reservoir contained 0.10 mole of methyl iodide (MeI). The reaction was run for 6 hours at 1750 C. using an analyzed CO/H2 mixture (CO-65.8 mole X, H2-34.1 mole , CO2-0.l mole %) at a pressure of 35.2 kg/cm2. Gas chromatographic analysis of the product showed: : Mole % MeI 4.32 MeOAc 0.77 AcOH 88.60 EDA 6.31 Calculations indicated that 96 mole x of the MeOAc has been converted to EDA, with no detectable Ac2O formation, giving a selectivity to EDA of 100% and a yield of 96x. EXAMPLES 2-13 To show the criticality of the inclusion of the essential palladium cocatalyst according to the present invention in order to improve selectivity to EDA versus acetic anhydride in the carbonylation reaction, a series of experiments was performed using the reactor system of Example 1. In this series, the cocatalyst was omitted from the system, and then other metals of Group 8 of the Periodic Table of the Elements were substituted for the palladium cocatalyst. Although some of the Group 8 metals which were substituted for the essential palladium cocatalyst of the present invention have been known in the art to possess catalytic properties similar to palladium, the results shown in the following Table 1 show the unexpected criticality of the palladium cocatalyst in the catalyst system of this invention. In each of the following runs the reactor was charged with 0.001 mole RhCl 3 x H2O, 0.315 mole MeOAc, 1.20 mole AcOH, 0.012 mole 3P, and 0.0015 mole of PdC12 or the metal compound being substituted for the palladium cocatalyst. From the liquid reservoir in each case was added 0.100 mole Mel. In each run, a blend of 90% CO, 10% H2 was employed. System pressure was 35.2 kg/cmê in each case, and system temperature was 175 C. REACTION TIME. SELECTIVITY TO EXAMPLE COCATALYST hrs. EDA. Mole % 2 PdCl2 2.5 22.8 3 None 15.8 10.1 4 PtCl2 4.7 10.7 5 RuCl3 3.8 9.0 6 IrCl3 " 10.1 7 RhC13 (excess) 4.2 11.5 8 Fez 13 3.5 10.5* 9 CoCl2 4.0 10.2 10 NiC12 5.7 9.3 l0a " 1.1 11.7 11 H2PtC16.6H2O 4.0 10.0 12 H2OsCI6.2H2O 70.5 13 Reel, 3.5 9.9 *In Example 8, using FeC13 as the cocatalyst, a heavy white precipitate appeared in the reactor which may have lowered the reported 10.5% selectivity to EDA. As can be seen from the results in the Table, only the palladium cocatalyst provided a significant improvement over the system of Example 3 which contained no cocatalyst. This result is quite surprising in view of the recognitition in the art that metals such as nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum and ruthenium are quite similar to palladium in catalyzing reactions such as, e.g., hydrogenation reactions. EXAMPLE 14 Using the reactor system described in Example 1, the following example was run to show the effect of lithium acetate (LiOAc) as the agent for liberation of acetate ions in lieu of the triphenylphosphine used in Example 1. The reactor was charged with 0.001 mole RhC13-x H2O, 0.938 mole MeOAc, 0.164 mole AcOH, 0.100 mole Ac20, 0.0015 mole PdCl2, and 0.010 mole LiOAc. The liquid reservoir contained 0.10 mole of Mel. Temperature, pressure and CO/H2 ratio were as in Example 1. Analysis of the reaction products showed 99.2% selectivity to EDA with 74.7% conversion of MeOAc, resulting in a 74.1% yield. EXAMPLES 15-19 To show the effect of omitting one or more components of the reaction system of the invention, a series of runs was made using the reactor described in Example 1. Temperature, pressure and CO/H2 ratio were as in Example 1. The results are shown in the following Table 2. As can be seen from the results shown in the Table, deletion of one or more of the necessary components according to the invention (i.e., the palladium catalyst, the acetic acid, and the promoter component) results in a decrease in either the selectivity of the reaction to EDA or the conversion of the ester charge stock or both. TABLE 2 MeOAc PdCl2 MeI LiOAc #3P Reaction Time Example moles AcOH moles Ac2O moles moles moles moles moles hrs. 15 0.315 1.20 0 0 0.100 0.010 0.006 3.5 16 0.938 0 0.20 0.0015 0.100 0.010 0 7.0 17 0.938 0.164 0.10 0.0015 0.100 0 0 " 18 0.315 1.20 0 0 0.100 0 0.006 3.5 19 0.315 1.20 0 0.0015 0.100 0 0 3.0 Conversion Selectivity Yield Example MeOAc (Mole %) to EDA (Mole%) EDA (Mole %) 15 91.5 60.5 55.3 16 52.6 100.0 52.6 17 31.8 100.0 31.8 18 97.2 77.0 74.8 19 64.7 51.7 33.4 EXAMPLE 20 To illustrate the carbonylation of an ether feedstock according to the present invention, the following experiment was performed using the reactor of Example 1. Using the procedure of Example 1, the reactor was charged with 0.001 mole RhC13-x H2O, 0.309 mole dimethyl ether (Me20), 0.978 mole acetic acid (AcOH), 0.190 mole acetic anhydride, 0.0015 mole PdC12, and 0.010 mole lithium acetate. The liquid reservoir contained 0.10 mole of methyl iodide (MeI). The reaction was run for 6 hours at 1750 C. using an analyzed CO/H2 mixture (CO-79 mole %, H2-21 mole %) at a pressure of 42.2 kg/cm2. Gas chromatographic analysis of the product showed 100% selectivity of reaction of the dimethyl ether to EDA, with greater than 99% conversion of the ether.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A process for the production of alkylidene diesters which comprises contacting a reactant selected from the group consisting of ethers having the formula R-O-R' and esters having the formula 0 R-C-0-Rt wherein R and R' are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups containing from I to 5 carbon atoms each and mixtures of said compounds with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a catalyst system which includes a rhodium compound, a halogen component selected from the group consisting of bromine, iodine, bromides and iodides, at a carbon monoxide partial pressure in the range from 1 to 1100 kg/cmê. said contacting being effected in the liquid phase under substantially anhydrous conditions, characterized in that the process employs a cocatalyst palladium compound, a promoter for liberation of anions of the carboxylic acid whose ester is to be produced selected from the group consisting of tertiary phosphines, tertiary arsines, tertiary stibines, tertiary amines, the lithium salt of the carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof, a solvent comprising at least 2% of the carboxylic acid whose ester is to be produced, at a temperature in the range of 1500 to 1900C and wherein the hydrogen constitutes from 5 to 40 mole percent of the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture. 2. The process of Claim 1 characterized in that the amount of said palladium compound is in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 moles per mole of the rhodium compound in said catalyst system. 3. The process of Claim 1 characterized in that the reaction promoter is present in amounts from about 1000:1 to about 1:1 times the molar amount of rhodium component. 4. The process of Claim 3 characterized in that said reactant is an ester1 one mole of carbon monoxide is employed per mole of ester and the amount of hydrogen employed is from 20 to 40 mole percent of the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture. 5. The process of Claim 4 characterized in that said rhodium compound of said catalyst system is selected from the group consisting of rhodium salts, rhodium oxides and rhodium carbonyl complexes. 6. The process of Claim 5 characterized in that halogen component is an iodide. 7. The process of Claim 6 characterized in that said ester is methyl acetate, said rhodium compound is selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium trijodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is triphenylphosphine, and said acid is acetic acid. 8. The process of Claim 6 characterized in that said ester is methyl acetate, said rhodium compound is selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium triiodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is lithium acetate, and said acid is acetic acid. 9. The process of Claim 6 characterized in that said ester is methyl acetate, said rhodium compound is selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium triiodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is a mixture of triphenylphosphine and lithium acetate, and said acid is acetic acid. 10. The process of Claim 3 characterized in that said reactant is an ether, two moles of carbon monoxide are employed per mole of ether and the amount of hydrogen employed is from 15 to 30 mole percent of the carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture. 11. The process of Claim 10 characterized in that said rhodium compound of said catalyst system is selected from the group consisting of rhodium salts, rhodium oxides and rhodium carbonyl complexes. 12. The process of Claim 11 characterized in that said halogen component is an iodide. 13. The process of Claim 12 characterized in that said ether is dimethyl ether, said rhodium compound is selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium trilodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is triphenylphosphine, and said acid is acetic acid. 14. The process of Claim 12 characterized in that said ether is dimethyl ether, said rhodium compound is- selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium triiodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is lithium acetate, and said acid is acetic acid. 15. The process of Claim 12 characterized in that said ether is dimethyl ether2 said rhodium compound is selected from rhodium trichloride, rhodium triiodide, and dirhodium tetracarbonyl diiodide, said iodide is methyl iodide, said cocatalyst is palladium chloride, said reaction promoter is a mixture of triphenylphosphine and lithium acetate, and said acid is acetic acid.

Inventors: PAULIK, FRANK EDWARD, SCHULTZ, ROBERT GEORGE
Applicants: MONSANTO COMPANY
Application year: 1982
Main classification: C07C69
IPC codes: C07C69, C07B61, B01J23, B01J27, C07C67