A METHOD OF POLYSULPHIDE TREATMENT IN ALKALINE PULPING OF LIGNOCELLULOSE MATERIAL

Abstract: Preparation of polysulphide for treatment of wood chips so that the wood consumption is reduced in kraft digestion of paper pulp. In an impregnation stage the wood chips are caused to react with black liquor, or black liquor components containing digestion liquor prepared of white liquor, while introducing oxygen of appropriate concentration in an impregnation vessel. The content of monosulphide, and to a certain extent other sulphur compounds present in the liquors, thereby forms polysulphide in contact with the wood chips which instantaneously absorb the polysulphide. Generation of polysulphide is promoted by wood reactions. Black liquor having a reduced concentration of hydroxide is withdrawn from the wood chips before delignification thereof in digestion liquor prepared of white liquor and residual impregnation liquor from the wood chips. The withdrawn black liquor is conveyed to a plant for regeneration of hydroxide in white liquor and sulphide, which wholly or partly is recovered in the form of white liquor, and which sulphide is repeatedly polysulphide-oxidized. The yield increment of pulp from the digester, as well as after the bleaching stage, is greater in oxidative polysulphide processing in presence of wood chips than in separate processing thereof in liquor before the charging into wood chips. This is interpreted such that more polysulphide is formed in the presence of chips than without.

Description: A Method of Polysulphide Treatment in Alkaline Pulping of Lignocellulose Material It has been known for a long time in pulping by alkaline digestion of wood and other cellulose-containing materials, e.g. according to the soda and sulphate or kraft processes, that the yield of the cellulose portion of the pulp can be increased by the use of polysulphide in the digestion liquor. Methodical studies of polysulphide digestion have been published by Rene Berthier (A.T.I.P., Bull. No. 4:93-196, 1953) . This pioneer work deals with not only increase of pulp yield and polysulphide analysis, but also the regeneration of polysulphide from monosulphide by carbonation for release of hydrogen sulphide which is converted into elementary sulphur. This sulphur is reacted with monosulphide to form polysulphide. Berthier also dealt with the subject of recovering sulphur dioxide in flue gas fro combustion of black liquor in furnaces for recovery of sulphide-containing soda smelt. The sulphur dioxide is then converted with hydrogen sulphide originating from the smelt for generating elementary sulphur. - In Swedish patent No. 160 736 (1957) Venemark dis- ' closed a kraft pulping process in which a sodium sulphide liquor prepared of fraction smelt is used for the produc¬ tion of polysulphide, the white liquor from the other fraction is charged to the digestion in a conventional manner. Peckham and May developed Berthier~s work " further (Tappi 43, No. 1:45-48, 1960), and within short time also Scopp's U.S. patent No. 2 944 928 was disclosed. In his article (Paper Trade Journal, October 3, 1960) Scopp men- tioned the preparation of polysulphide "... prior to, or during the reaction with the wood chips". He also noted the easiness of bleaching of polysulphide pulps. As far as is known no kraft mill has been provided with polysulphide regeneration of the Berthier and Vene- mark type, and the efforts have merely a make-up of ele¬ mentary sulphur for reaction with sulphide. However, there is a balance between make-up sulphur and sulphur losses from the process. In order to make the best possible use of sulphide produced from any sulphur make-up it is pro¬ posed in the Norwegian patent 102 304 (Papirindustrins Forskningsins i utt - Research Institute of Paper Industry) to treat fresh kraft white liquor and recirculated black liquor charged to a digestion step in such a way that the su phide content .of the mixture is partially oxidized with air oxygen. The oxidation is carried out such that a con¬ siderable portion of the (mono-)sulphide of the mixture is transformed into polysulphide. The liquor mixture is then charged to the wood. Union Camp Corporation discloses in Swedish patent Application No. 72 03993-6 (published specification No. 381 691) a method invented by Barker. Chips are impregnated with white liquor, and then black liquor is added. The sul¬ phide of the liquor mixture is oxidized to polysulphide by - means of a gas containing gaseous oxygen. The delignifica¬ tion of the wood then takes place with the entire volume of liquor and chips. After the delignification black liquor is recovered from the pulp in a conventional washing step which means that the portion of black liquor that is not recycled to the digestion plant for the polysulphide oxida¬ tion is conveyed from the pulp washing to the evaporation and combustion stages. According to Swedish patent No. 71 14168-3 which descri the MOXY-process, white liquor monosulphide is transformed t polysulphide at high efficiency by means of oxygen and a ce tain catalyzer. In traditional batch digestion of bleachable pulp nor- mal liquor charge is (on moisture-free basis) : 3 per ton of softwood: 1.5 m of white liquor and 3 1.4 m of black liquor. OiWPI per ton of hardwood: 1.3 m of white liquor and 3 0.9 m of black liquor. The black liquor charged to the digestion step is often of the same kind as that conveyed from the pulp wash to the evaporation plant. The total recovered black 3 liquor volume from the pulp wash is 4 a 5 m per ton of wood, and thus only one fourth of the black liquor sub¬ stance is as indicated above recycled to the digestion stag Thus only about one fourth of the monosulphide present in the digestion stage would, at the most, be available for oxidation of black liquor to polysulphide according to known technique. It is known that polysulphide is rever¬ ted to monosulphide during the digestion. Sulphide absorbed from the liquor by the wood as organic compounds is solubi- lized towards the end of the digestion stage and some sul¬ phide is split off. Thio-sulphate generated by non-desired reactions during the preparation of polysulphide may revert partially to monosulphide in the digestion stage. In high yield digestion of pulp, e.g. for kraft liner, the supplying of various sulphides from charged white liquor will be less than has been set forth above, but more batch digester volume available .for black, liquor recycle. The present invention relates to a method of preparing poly-sulphide of practically the whole volume of the used digestion liquor or black liquor, respectively, from the 4 preceding digestion, the white liquor then being completely or partially charged to the lignocellulose material or pulp being delignified. Recovered black liquor is not diverted directly from the pulp to the stages of alkali regenera- tion, i.e. "evaporation and combustion steps, but from stages for pretreatment of the wood chips to said alkali generation steps. Polysulphide treatment of wood chips can be carried out batchwise or continuously when connected to batch diges- tion. In:.con inuous .digestion only continuous pre-treatment should be of interest. According to an appropriate embodi¬ ment, polysulphide treatment liquor is circulated through the chips via an external pipe system and oxygen is injected immediately before the liquor enters the treatment vessel. Since according to the invention ultimate black liquor is recovered after the polysulphide reaction with chips, other liquors used in the digester liquor circulation system sub¬ sequently to the polysulphide stage are referred to as digestion liquor or spent digestion liquor or just spent liquor. A digestion method preferred for the invention is the digestion method described in Swedish patent No. 73 15894-1. The present invention is applicable in general for such an operation of :a cooking liquor system formultiple digesters, irrespective of the presence of a possible subsequent bleach ing. Sulphide—carrying white liquor is thus dosed to diges¬ tion liquor containing black liquor components and which cooking liquor being circulated through a multiple of diges¬ ters with various contents of partially delignified wood or pulp, respectively. A digester filled with fresh wood chips is charged with digestion liquor and then shut off from the common cooking liquor circulation system of the digesters. A mixture temperature of wood chips and digestion liquor is arrived at, and a rapid consumption of the alkali of the black liquor takes place. At an appropriate point of time during this stage oxygen or oxygen containing, gas.is injected and conveyed through the content of the digester, preferably into circulating liquor, whereby the generation of polysulphide will be at a maximum. This takes place when about half of the sum of monosulphide and reactable organic sulphide compounds has been converted. If the oxidization is continued the polysulphide is oxidized further to thio- sulphate. Exact measurement of the degree of polysulphide gene- ration is more difficult to carry out in presence of wood chips according to the present method than in previously known methods. Black liquor is successively reused according to the invention and the carbohydrate components of the wood react 5 directly with the generated polysulphide. Therefore it is not purposeful to perform analyses of separate liquor samp¬ les afterwards. A measure of the efficiency of the polysul¬ phide generation is obtained by relating the increase of the yield of cellulose in the pulp to the content of the 10 liquor of the polysulphide stage of 1) total amount of sulphur in various sulphur compounds of black liquor solids present in digestion liquor and 2) sodium. These substances have to a large extent passed previous digestion stages while a minor portion thereof may have been immediately 15. transferred from white liquor charged to digestion liquor. The wood chips rapidly absorb or consume, respectively, the content of hydroxide of the digestion liquor. For cer¬ tain wood species it may be preferred to let the wood first react with the content of hydroxide of the spent digestion 20 liquor. During this reaction the pH of the spent digestion liquor is lowered and during the polysulphide oxidation Ph is further decreased. With certain wood species the yield gain is improved as compared to that normally obtained by polysulphide reaction alone. The comparison is based on 5 pulps of the same degree of delignification from same lot of wood chips. In other cases it appeared to be more appropriate to inject oxygen containing gas or, alternatively, oxygen at once and then let the wood react with hydroxide and poly- 0 sulphide. The polysulphide utilized by reactions with wood reverts to monosulphide in the digestion stage and the spent liquor therefrom is essentially reoxidized to poly¬ sulphide. To preserve heat for the subsequent digestion stages 5 and reduce steam consumption it is advantageous to utilize 30 the temperature of the digestion liquor in the stages of pretreatment of the wood. Therefore concentrated oxygen, preferably comprising at least 90% of 0~ should be applied for the polysulphide oxidation. To obtain a uniform distri- bution thereof an appropriate volume of gas, advantageously digester relief gases with water vapour may be recirculated through the polysulphide producing liquor in contact with chips, and oxygen is injected therein in same rate as it is consumed. (This technique was used by the inventor to measure the absorption of air oxygen of black liquor accor¬ ding to Swedish patent No. 74 00366-6). It is previously known that certain concentrations of polysulphide cause corrosion of carbon steel and ordinary material in digesters and equipment for treatment of black liquor. Resistant steel alloys are nowadays used but other¬ wise the concentration of polysulphide should either be kept at a"sufficiently high level, or should the polysulphide be removed. Thus the black liquor extracted from the chips may be advantageously further oxidized to convert the sulphidic compounds into thio-sulphate. Alternatively polysulphide can be reacted with sulphite, possibly from other sections of the process, to form thio-sulphate. In Swedish patent No. 227 464, Swedish published spec. No. 369 611 and Swedish patent application No. 74 06537-6 (U.S. patent No. 4 155 806) this inventor disclosed methods of continuous digestion with in-digester washing. The flow of the washing liquor through the digester is in counter- current fashion such that the bed of wood chips is impreg¬ nated by a spent digestion liquor either.'.containing black liquor solids or, alternatively, spent white liquor which has reacted more or less completely with the chips. It • should in such case be advantageous to supply oxygen which is dispersed in the polysulphide reaction liquor and the chips material with a gas that is circulated in a closed circuit. Such gas may possibly have about the same compo- sition as air. It is according to the invention possible to continue the consumption of alkali (hydroxide) of the wood chips so far that hydrogen sulhpide is released which, however, when oxygen is supplied, is oxidized by sulphur and polysulphide reactions. Especially continuous digestion is suited for this process. The invention features an additive yield- increasing effect from hydrogen sulphide and polysulphide. In certain cases hydrogen sulphide gas may be expelled from black liquor that is depleted of hydroxide, and the gas is then. recirculated to the liquor system of the diges¬ ter. Thio-sulphate reacts only to a small extent with the chips and will consequently be removed with the black liquor to be regenerated to monosulphide in white liquor. According to Swedish patent applications Nos. 73 15894- and 74 06537-6 chips are reacted with black liquor which is removed prior to digestion to produce pulp which is subjec¬ ted to further delignification with oxygen in oxy-stages in the presence of hydroxide-generating sodium compounds. Oxy-liquor is extracted from the obtained oxy-pulp. This delignification method may advantageously be applied to the present invention in such a way that oxy-liquor is passed completely or partially through the polysulphide stage. Thereby a yield increment of oxy-pulp was indicated as compared to that obtained in the case wherein oxy-liquor was not conveyed to the polysulphide stage. The surprising effect has not yet been explained but should be due to higher conversion to polysulphide and/or sorption by pulp of carbohydrates from the oxy-liquor. It is considered that oxidation products in the oxy-liquor may cooperate in the oxidation of sulphide to polysulphide. The concentration of oxydizable sulphur compounds in the surrounding black liquor decreases in the course of reaction of the various sulphides with wood. Approximately between 1/5 and 1/2 of the reacted sulphide compunds accompany the wood to the subsequent digestion stage in which they are re-dissolved in digestion liquor. They will recirculate according to a liquor volume equilibriu .in the digester system which, according to the invention, is deter- mined by the reactions of digestion liquor and black liquor, respectively, with charged wood material. This equilibrium is governed by the fact that black liquor which is subjected to regeneration of its chemicals is first utilized for poly¬ sulphide reactions with the chips. The known methods, how- ever, utilize only the fraction of black liquor required for subsequent digestion. It is known that polysulphide treatment of chips affects increased hydroxide demand. According to the in¬ vention, this demand is compensated for by the fact that the hydroxide that remains in the black liquor portion which finally is discharged to regeneration of chemicals is first utilized in neutralizing reactions with wood. When con sidering the consumption of hydroxide it should, however, be reminded that a yield increasing prepreatment stage, e.g. with sulphide, hydrosulphide and/or oxidation to polysul¬ phide, results in less formation of alkaline degradation products of cellulose. Example 1 3 White liquor containing 112.5 kg - of EA per m (EA = effective alkali = NaOH + 1/2 a 2 S calculated as equivalent NaOH based on Na) and having a sulphidity Na S x 100 2 % Na 2 S + NaOH " of 31.4% was used. Sulphidity is calculated as equivalent NaOH based to Na. The chemical charges to "the digestion are reported per ton of wood chips moisture-free basis, 174.8 kg of EA and 26.1 kg of S in the state of sulphide compounds and in total 31.8 kg of sulphur present in various sulphur compounds were charged. 3 An amount of 4.5 m of black liquor was formed of white liquor, wood moisture, steam condensate, oxy-liquor used as washing liquid and substance of digestion products. 1.3 3 of preformed black liquor was charged for re-use in the subsequent digestion stage, whereby a ratio wood: liquor of 1:3.5 was obtained. White and black liquor were mixed in a separate vessel into which air was injected to form air bubbles. Analyses showed that 12 kg of polysulphide sulphur per ton of wood had been formed. In order to maintain the previously applied charge of alkali for a target,.kappa-number of 36 the maximum temperature was raised from 170 to 173°C. During a period of test operation the wood consumption and the produced amount of pulp were measured and was found that the quan¬ tity of pulp had increased by 2% as compared to previous results of consumption of the same wood quantity moisture- free basis. Example 2 The method was modified in such a way that white and black liquor was first charged to the wood chips. The mixed liquor was circulated through the batch of chips and simul¬ taneously air -was supplied into the digester from below for one hour. During this period the temperature dropped to about 80 C. The capacity of the digestion plant was reduced to 85% of normal in spite of the fact that the maximum digestion temperature was raised from 170 to 176°C and the charge of white liquor was increased to 190 kg of EA per ton ofwood. The charge of black liquor was consequently 3 reduced to about 1.1 whereby the liquor mixture con¬ tained 1.7 x 100 = 60% of white liquor. 1.1 + 1.8 The available amount of sulphide was equivalent to 28 + — —=—:— = 35 kg of sulphur per ton of wood. The generation of polysulphide could not be determined by analysis of the liquor mixture, due to its instantaneous reaction with the chips. The pulp was alkali-oxygen delignified. The amount of oxy-pulp increased by 1% as calculated on the obtained pulp from the same quantity of wood as according to Example 1. Example 3 The batch digestion plant was equipped with a diges¬ tion liquor accumulator as described in Swedish patent No. 73 15894-1. Used liquor in the form of digestion liquor the digesters with chips. Each digester was completely with the digesters with chips. Each digester was completely filled with liquor and finally the same pressure was reached as that in the digestion liquor accumulator. Oxygen containi gas was introduced from a gas circulation system through nozzles in the bottom zone of the digester while the liquor was circulated through the digester content. Gas and some foam were removed at the top and recirculated. The consumed volume of oxygen was replaced by concentrated oxygen. The circulating gas contained about 25% by volume of 0 2 which was favourable with -regard to even generation of polysul¬ phide during the period of 30 minutes devoted thereto. The temperature was kept at about 120°C. When the through flow of gas bubbles had been terminated, the digester content was exposed to two hydrostatic pressure changes, and efter that a gas relief. A surplus volume of black liquor was withdrawn from the digester to the chemical regeneration plant and the surplus derived from the volumes added to the liquor accumulator by supply of white liquor, wood moisture and washing liquid, etc. Samples of wood chips drained of black liquor and samples of surrounding black liquor were analysed with regard to their content of sulphur compounds. The result showed that 20 kg more sulphur in various com¬ pounds per ton of wood was taken up by the chips than what corresponded to the concentration of surrounding black liquor. During the digestion the sulphur in the polysul¬ phide is released from the wood and again forms monosul- phide which together with monosulphide of the recirculated black liquor is again reacted with new wood to polysulphide During the liquor recirculation in the process thio- sulphate is enriched which only to a small extent reacts with the wood but can to some extent revert to sulphide via reactions in which a number of other sulphur compounds participate. Sulphur compounds which do not affect the pulp yield were gradually passed to the chemical generation plan with the removed black liquor which also contained a certai amount of polysulphide and regenerable .sulphide.. . In the digestion trials the wood chips were weighed and moisture content measured. The quantity of bleached pulp obtained therefrom was determined in the same way. On basis of consumed wood quantity it was calculated that the method according to the invention produced 2.5% more pulp than when the chips only were reacted with the black liquor portion which was recirculated to the digestion stage. Polysulphide treatment according to the invention pro¬ duced pulp which was bleached more easily than conventional pulp to the target brightness of 92 SCAN. Therefore more delignification could be transferred from digestion to the oxy-stage. Thus it was found advantageous to adjust to the . maximum digestion temperature down to 170°C that was used in conventional digestion and reduce the charge of EA to 160 kg per ton of wood. Example 4 The process was applied on with a practically closed system in regard to both gaseous and liquid emissions of sulphur compounds. Chlorine dioxide for pulp bleaching was produced electrolyticallywith supply of hydrochloric acid. Sodium hydroxide liquor for bleaching was regenerated according to Swedish patent No. 69 09674-1. Losses of sulphur and sodium compounds were met with make-up Na 2 S0 4 and oil having a high content of sulphur. In the process generated H 2 S and S0 2 etc.. were converted to elementary sulphur which was charged to the polysulphide- oxidized black liquor in the chips pretreatment stage after the removal of excess black liquor. The sulphidity of the white liquor for digestion was maintained at about 50% by diverting some recovered S0 2 to the bleachery, i.a. to the washing stage for chlorine dioxide bleached pulp. Digestion took place in a multiple batch digestion plant according to the Swedish patent No. 73 15894-1. By these measures 10% more pulp was obtained than in conventional sulphate digestion without polysulphide. (End of examples) Recent-development work on the invention has demon¬ strated that the measuring of redox potential in batch- wise respectively continuously operating polysulphide reaction stages provides proper means of optimizing the reaction to obtain the greatest increase of pulp yield. It has been proposed by Ants Teder (Svensk Papperstidning - Swedish Paper Journal - 1968, p. 149-160) to record the relationship between zero-sulphur (by Teder denominated surplus sulphur) respectively two-sulphur (sulphide) in poly sulphide Na 2 S-," in relation to alkalinity- Separate analyses have shown that spent digestion liquor oxidation in presence of wood produces polysulphide with values of zero-sulphur of n = 1.5 - 2.5 which comprises Na 2 S that has been consen- tively recirculated via preceding digestion batches of simi¬ larly polysulphide treated chips. Proposals have been presented concerning recovery of sulphite from black liquor combustion gas containing S0 2 which sulphite is included in the white liquor supplied for completion of the digestion stage. The reoxidation of monosulphide to polysulphide, however, is hampered by reac¬ tions with sulphite. Because sulphite forms thio-sulphate it promotes ultimate oxidation of finally " removed black liquor of sulphide to thio-sulphate and sulphate by means' of air or oxygen. It is advantageous to ultimately oxidize sulphide and polysulphide already in connection with the removal of the surplus of black liquor from the chips treat ment stage. Such oxidation, so called polishing, prevents discharge of volatile and evil^smelling sulphur compounds from evaporation and combustion at high efficiency. Fones and Sapp have dealt with the oxidation of black liquor with oxygen in connection with discharge of kraft pulp digesters (Tappi, April 1960, Vol. 43, 369) . When the oxidation of black liquor takes place in a pressurized vessel the oxi- dation heat can be utilized as from the black liquor gene¬ rated steam in the evaporation effects (Rydholm, Swedish Paper Journal, 31 May 1968, 417, respectively Magnotta et al. Pulp & Paper, August 1981, 150) . In the Swedish patent No. 74 07539-1 some with oxygen gas in an evaporation plant • oxidized black liquor is used for absorption of evil-smel¬ ling gases containing sulphur, and the liquor enriched of sulphur is ultimately oxidized in a closed system in con¬ nection with final evaporation of all black liquor conveyed to the combustion furnace. According to the invention, the polysulphide reaction of the chips can be carried out with spent digestion liquor, i.e. in the digestion used liquor, and consisting of - either black liquor removed from the pulp, a surplus of said black liquor being directly or indirectly conveyed to a plant for regeneration of the alkali of the white liquor - or digestion liquor used for delignificating reac¬ tion of polysulphide treated chips, respectively spent digestion liquor, which from digested pulp is recirculated to the digestion stage and is then reinforced with fresh white liquor while a surplus of such (spent) digestion liquor is reacted with fresh chips to form an ultimate spent liquor or black liquor which is subsequently conveyed to the chemical recovery plant for regeneration of alkali.

Claims: Claims 1. Method of polysulphide treatment of lignocellulose material in alkaline pulping comprising digestion with 5 white liquor which contains sulphide, wherein used liquor containing some black liquor solids, .consisting of either digestion liquor from injection digestion or black liquor from conventional digestion, is recirculated to fresh- supplied chips material, the method relating to treatment 10 of the chips with polysulphide which increases the yield of cellulose compounds and which polysulphide is produced by oxidation of the content of monosulphide of the liquors, characterized by the steps of a) charging the chips with a volume of used liquor, said 15 volume containing sulphide and being in surplus with rela¬ tion to the volume that can be accommodated in the subse¬ quent digestion stage, the surplus volume of liquor being then removed from the chips before said digestion stage " in the form of black liquor and conveyed to a plant for 20 regeneration of white liquor; b) charging white liquor to the chips in a stage subse¬ quent to the removal of surplus liquor according to a) with regard to the alkali content deriving from white liquor used in the digestion stage; 25 c) oxidizing of monosulphide in the charge of liquor and chips according to a) with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas..mixture to generate polysulphide before and/or after the removal of surplus liquor according to a) ; d) delignification into pulp of the polysulphide-treated 30 chis .from d) with white liquor in the subsequent digestion stage in which the polysulphide forms monosulphide in used liquor " , which wholly or to a large extent is reacted with chips according to a) for reoxidation to polysulphide. 35 2. Method according to claim 1, in which the pulp diges- '5 tion is performed batch-wise, characterized by charging the white liquor to and/or during the digestion of the chips which have reacted with polysulphide, the used liquor charged in step a) containing white liquor pulping reac- tion products. 3. Method according to claim 1, in which the pulp diges¬ tion is performed continuously, characterized by charging the major portion or all of the white liquor after removal of black liquor from the chips when the treated ' chips , to- gether with polysulphide-black liquor enclosed therein or adhering, have reached the digestion zone -of the digester in counter-current with freely flowing digestion liquor and black liquor respectively. 4. Method according to any of claims 1-3, characterized by charing a fraction of white liquor having a low content of sulphide to the digestion stage, while a fraction of high sulphide white liquor respectively sulphide liquor, separated during the . production of the low sulphide white liquor, and being charged to the used liquor which contains black liquor forming solids and which used liquor is recir¬ culated for the production of polysulphide. 5. Method according to claim 4, characterized by charging the white liquor enriched of sulphide after the removal of black liquor from the chips subjected to a first poly- sulphide oxidation, *a second oxidation being performed after the addition of sulphide enriched liquor and the oxidized liquor mixture being subsequently conveyed to the digestion stage together with the chips. 6. Method according ' to claim 1, characterized in that alkali of used liquor for step a) as far as possible is consumed by the acid components of the chips, and that the alkali-exhausted liquor formed thereby is removed and conveyed to an alkali regeneration plant. 7. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that polysulphide is prepared in the white liquore before it is Λ . - charged to the chips, preferably by adding either elemen¬ tary sulphur or by oxidation of the white liquor by means of oxygen or a gas mixture containing oxygen, as in the Moxy process. " ΪJ E

Inventors: MANNBRO NILS V, MANNBRO, NILS, V
Applicants: MANNBRO NILS V, MANNBRO, NILS, V
Application year: 1982
Main classification: D21C1
IPC codes: D21C3, D21C11