DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE ARRANGEMENT

Abstract: A differential drive arrangement distributes driving torque solely by way of viscous fluid coupling means. In one arrangement, in a motor vehicle drive transmission, a crown wheel is mounted co-axially on the housing of a coupling means from which nearside and offside half-shafts extend driven by separate sets of 'inner' annular plates interleaved with those of an 'outer' set of annular plates driven by the housing. In another arrangement, two separate viscous fluid couplings are used, the housings being driven by a common crown wheel. In each case, there is no conventional differential gear. The differential drive arrangement may be for transient four-wheel-drive where one pair of road wheels is positively driven by a convention­ al differential gear; or the differential drive arrangement may be for 'continuous' duty.

Description: THIS INVENTION relates to a differential drive arrangement. The invention is particularly concerned with motor vehicle drive transmissions in which context a differential drive arrangement has one input element and two output elements. However, the invention also concerns a differential drive arrangement having two input elements and one output element. Differential gears are well known, including both spur gear and planetary gear types. These arrangements suffer the disadvantage that they are unable to transmit drive if either of the two Output elements (or either of the two input elements) is free, assuming that the differential gear arrangement is not equipped with a 'limited slip' device. Clutch type differential drive arrangements including both friction and one-way clutches have been proposed incorporating twin clutch devices in which differential action is achieved by providing mechanical declutching means operable or operative to permit overrun action of one or other of two output elements. Although they do not suffer the disadvantage of gear type differential drive arrangements, clutch type differential drive arrangements have rarely proved to be practical due to their being prone to mechanical wear, tendency to 'grab' or else to 'slip', and generally unreliable or unsatisfactory performance. According to the present invention, there is provided a differential drive arrangement comprising at least three mutually relatively rotatable members, and wherein drive trans:tlssion between said members is by way of viscous fluid coupling means. The viscous fluid coupling menus is tolerant of relatively small differences in rotational speed and also tolerant of relatively small values of rate of change of rotational speed, but conversely the viscous fluid coupling means responds or reacts to relatively large differences in rotational speed and to relatively high values of rate of change of rotational speed. Thus, the viscous fluid coupling means smoothly permits moderate differential action, but otherwise is capable of relatively high torque transmission independently through each of two output members, or each of two input members. Such a differential arrangement avoids the shortcomings of the known or previously proposed arrangements. in viscous fluid coupling means, torquf transmission and differential rotation occur simultaneously by virtue of viscous shear forces and 'fluid slip' respectively. We have found that, at least in the context of motor vehicle drive transmissions, sustained transmission of useful driving torque can be achieved by viscous fluid coupling means simultaneously with a continuous, but relatively small, rotational speed differential across the coupling means. The torque transmitting capacity of a conventional viscous fluid coupling means is dictated principally by the viscosity of the fluid and the area and mutual proximity of those elements of the coupling means which are directly 'coupled' by the fluid. However, the performance of such a conventional coupling means is affected by temperature variation and/or rate of fluid shear. A preferred form of viscous fluid coupling means is the device called ta control coupling' which is described in our British Patent Specification No. 1357106. One characteristic of the said device is that the value of torque transmitted by or developed in the device persists with surprising stability over wide ranges of temperature and rate of fluid shear within the device. We have found that another characteristic of the said device is that rapidly increasing values of torque are transmitted by or developed in the device simultaneously with the onset of rapidly increasing pressure within the device. Such pressure increase is induced by continuing to work the device at the point when thermal expansion of the viscous fluid has caused the latter to occupy all of the space available for viscous fluid within the device. In a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention required to distribute drive on a 'continuous' basis (i.e. where the differential drive arrangement is the sole or principal drive transmission), the viscous fluid coupling means is preferably designed to have as small a 'slip speed' as possible consistent with allowing at least a minimum differential action required during transmission of drive to the anticipated load. In a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention required to distribute drive on an 'intermittent' basis (i.e. where the differential drive arrangement is secondary to a positive primary drive in a motor vehicle transmission), the viscous fluid coupling means may have a higher 'slip speed' consistent with allowing substantially full differential action. Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a motor vehicle drive tranmission incorporating a differential drive arrangement as aforesaid. Preferably, the differential drive arrangement is arranged and connected for transmitting drive from a motor to one pair of road wheels, and another pair of road wheels is driven from said motor by way of a differential gear. Still further, accordIng to the present invention, there is provided a vehicle live axle assembly comprising viscous fluid coupling means having mutually independently rotatable members arranged and connected for delivering driving torque respectively to nearside and offside road wheels. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig 1. is a part-sectional view in plan of part of a vehicle live axle assembly incorporating a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention; Figs. 2 and 3 are elevational views to a slightly larger scale than Fig. 1 of annular plates incorporated in the differential drive arrangement of Fig. 17 Fig. 4 is a diagramatic representation of the differential drive arrangement of Fig. ll Fig 5. is a diagramatic representation of a modification of the arrangement of Fig. 4; ; Fig 6. is a diagramatic representation of a motor vehicle drive transmission incorporating a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention, Fig 7. is a diagramatic representation of another motor vehicle drive transmission incorporating a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention; and Fig 8. is a part-sectional elevation in plan similar to Fig. 1, but incorporating a locking means. In Fig. lt a cro-m wheel 10 and associated pinion gear 11 together consistitute the final drive reduction gearing in a vehicle live axle assembly in a conventional manner. Thereapart, the assembly is non-conventional in that driving torque delivered to respective road wheels (not shown) by way of half-shafts 12 and 13 is transmitted solely by way of viscous fluid coupling means incorporated in a differential drive arrangement which is indicated generally by reference numeral 14. The half-shafts 12 and 13 constitute two relatively rotatable members of the differential drive arrange menu, and a third rotatable member is constituted by a housing 15 which is of hollow cylindrical configuration and has a flange 16 to which the crown wheel 10 is bolted. The axle assembly includes a principal casing 17 which rotatably carries the housing 15 by means of tapered roller bearings 18 and 19 which are coaxial with the shafts 12 and 13 and engage externally on short tubular lands 20 and 21 incorporating annular seals 20A and 2lA through which the shafts 12 and 13 project rotatably. The right-hand end wall of the housing 15 is formed separately from the remainder of the housing and is provided with a sealing ring 22 and is held in position by means of a ciralip 23. A screwed plug 24 provides a means of introducing a viscous fluid into the interior of the housing 15 which is pressure-tight and fluid-tight when the plug is replaced. The differential drive arrangement also incorporates three sets of annular plates within the housing 15. One of these sets consists of plates 25 (see Fig. 2) which engage with splines formed on the interior wall of the housing 15. The other two sets of annular plates are denoted by reference number 26 and are associated respectively with shafts 12 and 13. The plates 26 are as shown in Fig. 3 and engage splined inner end portions of the shafts 12 and 13. The plates 25 are termed 'outer' plates, and the plates 26 are termed 'inner' plates. Each of the outer plates is provided with a plurality of circular through openings 27, and each of the inner plates is provided with a plurality of open-ended slots 28. The openings 27 and the slots 28 constitute different surface configurations of the annular plates. It is envisaged that each individual annular plate of any of the three sets of plates may have faces with mutually different surface configurations. In addition to the annular plates, the housing 15 contains a viscous fluid which is preferably a silicone fluid, and preferably a dimethyl silicone fluid, which is introduced into the housing 15 through the opening accommodating the screwed plug 24. General technical information as to the construction and operation of the viscous fluid coupling means is contained in our British Patent Specification No. 1357106. In the present case, where the axle assembly is intended for incorporation in the drive transmission of a passenger car of medium size, the following information provides a general indication of appropriate quantities and sizes. The viscosity of the fluid is envisaged as being of the order of 200,000 centistokes. The nominal diameter of the housing 15 is approximately 4 inches, the annular plates would provide approximately 80/90 working faces, and would have an average inter-plate spacing of 0.01 inches. The volume of viscous fluid within the housing 15 at approximately 25-C would be between 108 and 148 less than the total volume of space available for fluid within the housing. The annular plates may be free to shift axially, or they may be axially located by means of spacers as described in our British Patent Specification No. 1357106. It is envisaged that the axle assembly described with reference to Fig. 1 will be used in a vehicle drive transmission such as is illustrated in Fig. 7. In the Fig. 7 transmission, a motor 29 provides drive to a pair of front wheels 30 by way of a gear box 31, propeller shaft 32 with universal joints 33, and a conventional final drive 34 incorporating a positive differential gear. The drive to the front wheels 30 constitutes a 'primary' positive drive. The gearbox 31 also provides drive to a rear propeller shaft 35 with universal joints 36 to drive the pinion gear 11. In Fig. 7, the axle assembly of Fig. 1 is represented diagramatically as driving road wheels 12A and 13A, and parts of the differential drive arrangement corresponding with those in Fig. 1 are given the reference numerals used in Fig. 1. In the operation of the vehicle transmission of tig. 7 incorporating the axle assembly of Fig. 1, normal straight ahead movement of the vehicle is by virtue of the primary positive drive to the front wheels 30. The various transmission ratios including the crown wheel and pinion ratio and also including nominal road wheel diameters, are so selected that during straightahead motion of the vehicle the rotational speed of the housing 15 matches the rotational speeds of the half shafts 12 and 13. Thus, there is no differential action required of the rear differential drive arrangement. During normal negotiation of road curves and corners, differential action of the front wheels 30 is provided for by the differential gear in the final drive 34. Differential action of the rear wheels 12A and 13A is provided for by slip between the interleaved plates within the housing 15. Normal differential action between vehicle road wheels is of a relatively low order in terms of rotational speed difference, and moreover the rate at which such rotational speed difference is established is also of a relatively low order. The viscous fluid coupling means of the differential drive arrangement is tolerant of the rotational speed differences associated with normal differential action and the power absorbed by the viscous fluid is not significant. Under drive, in the event that the road wheels 30 tend to spin, there is immediate acceleration of both of the propeller shafts 32 and 35 and therefore immediate acceleration of the crown wheel 10. This acceleration is sensed by the viscous fluid coupling means and immediately torquf is transmitted to the half shafts 12 and 13 with the result that the vehicle transmission is instantly converted from normal two-wheel-drive into a transient four-wheel-drive. Because of the damping properties of the viscous fluid coupling means, the transient nature of the operation of the transmission is not objectionable; and it has been found that vehicle handling characteristics remain acceptable. In a similar manner, in the event of the front road wheels 30 tending to lock during breaking on a slippery road surface, any sudden deceleration of the propeller shafts 32 and 35 will be opposed by a transient transmission of torque through the differential drive arrangement from the half shafts 12 and 13, always assuming of course that the grip of the road wheels 12A and 13A is not instantly affected. In the differential drive arrangement of Fig. 1, it can be seen that the gear ratio of the crown wheel and pinion provides a speed reduction. Thus, the viscous fluid coup: --g means, although required to transmit the higher driving torque as compared with the average propeller shaft torque, is subjected to smaller values of 'slip' attributable to departures from designed transmission ratios due to incorrect tyre pressures or the use of incorrect tyre sizes, unevenly worn tyre treads etc. In the transmission of Fig. 7, the viscous fluid coupling means requires to be designed to a higher 'stiffness' than is usually associated with the use of a viscous coupling in combination with a positive differential gear. Nevertheless, such a 'stiffer' viscous fluid coupling means is tolerant of normal differential action for practical purposes. It is important to appreciate that the mathematical parameters of normal differential action in a vehicle transmission are distinct from those of differential action associated with the onset of wheel spin or wheel lock. It is also envisaged that the axle assembly of Fig. 1 may be used in a vehicle transmission such as that illustrated in Fig. 6. In this case, as in Fig. 7, the same reference numerals are used for parts corresponding with those seen in Fig. 1. The transmission of Fig. 6 is a two-wheel-drive only transmission in which drive is transmitted only to one pair of road wheels 12A and 13A. In this case, it is necessary to design the viscous fluid coupling means to an even greater 'stiffness' value compared with that required in the Fig. 7 arrangement. Nevertheless, it is envisaged as being feasible to match a 'stiffness' of coupling means with a useful drive capability at the road wheels and simultaneously to allow sufficient continuous slip to accommodate normal differential action} Such a vehicle transmission permits considerable simplification of parts manufacture and provides a smooth-operating and cheap transmission arrangement. The differential drive arrangement of Fig. 1 is shown aiagramatically in Fig. 4, and the same manner of diagramatic representation is used in Fig. 5 in which parts corresponding with those in Fig. 4 are given the same reference numerals used in Fig. 4. In Fig. 5, the differential drive arrangement may be regarded as consisting of drive shaft means 12 and 13 each incorporating an in-line viscous fluid coupling means 15B and 15C respectively. These drive shaft means are in driving connection with a common rotatable member consisting of a further drive shaft 10A which carries the crown wheel 10. Each of the viscous fluid coupling means 15B and 15C is constructed using the same principles incorporated in the Fig. 1 arrangement, and as taught in our British Patent Specifiction No. 1357106. The differential drive arrangement of Fig. 5 operates in a manner similar to that of Fig. 4, however, the arrangement of Fig. 5 provides a possibility of dealing with asymmetrical differential drive arrangements In that the 'stiffness' values of the viscous fluid coupling means 153 and 15C may be mutually di#ferent. A differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention may be used in a context other than trlEt of a motor vehicle drive transmission. For example, the coupling of two prime movers to a common output shaft may be achieved. Moreover, it is feasible to couple more than two prime movers to a common output shaft in a configuration where each of a plurality of input drive shaft means incorporates an in-line viscous fluid coupling means. In Fig. 8, the differential drive arrangement is the same as that of Fig. 1 except that a lock out means is incorporated. In Fig. 8, parts corresponding with those -seen in Fig. 1 are given the same reference numerals as used in Fig. 1. In Fig. 8, the axle casing 17 is modified to -define a chamber 37 containing a lock out means indicated generally by reference numeral 38. The tubular land 21 is provided with an- externally splined extension 39 within the chamber 37. Adjacent the- extension 39, the half shaft 13 is provided with a splined step 40. An internally splined collar 41 serves as a clutch ring engaging the external splines on both the extension 39 and the step 40 thereby to lock the shaft 13 to the casing 15 of the differential drive arrangement. The collar 41 is axially shiftable by means of a pneumatic actuator 42 through an actuator fork 43 which embraces the collar 41 in an annular groove 44. The disengaged position of the collar 41 is shown in broken outline in Fig. 8. The purpose of the lock out means described above is to provide direct drive between the drive pinion 11 and the half shaft 13 on an emergency basis. It is to be understood that the lock out means described above may be duplicated at the opposite side of the axle casing to provide emergency direct drive to both of the half shafts 12 and 13. It will be appreciated that various alternative drive transmission layouts incotporating the present invention are possible. For example, the final drive 34 of Fig. 7 incorporating a differential gear may be disposed at the rear of the vehicle, with the differential drive arrangement 14 at the front. Also, for example in heavy vehicles, one of the axles in a 'tandem' arrangement may incorporate a differential gear and the second axle may incorporate a differential drive arrangement in accordance with the present invention. It is also envisaged that the road wheel diameter and/or the various drive transmission ratios may be chosen so that during normal travel a predetermined speed difference exists between the inner and the outer plates of the viscous fluid coupling means. Thus, during normal travel, some driving torque may be delivered to the road wheels associated with the differential drive arrangement even when neither wheel-spinning nor wheel-locking is occurring elsewhere in the vehicle transmission.

Claims: CLA IM' 1. A differential drive arrangement comprising at least three mutually relatively rotatable members, characterised in that drive transmission between said members t15, 12, 13) is by way of viscous fluid coupling means (25, 26). 2. A differential drive arrangement according to claim 1, characterised in that said rotatable members comprise respectively a housing (15) of hollow cylindrical configuration and two shafts (12, 13) each coaxial with the housing (15) and extending through opposite ends of the housing (15), and the viscous fluid coupling means comprises a viscous fluid in the housing (15) in contact with mutually interleaved annular plates (25, 26) in the housing (15), there being three sets of said plates (25, 26) and the plates of each of said sets being in driving connection with a respective one of the rotatable members (15, 12, 13). 3. A differential drive arrangement according to claim 1, characterised in that some of said rotatable members comprise a plurality of drive shaft means (12, 13) each incorporating an in-line viscous fluid coupling means (15B, 15C), each drive shaft means (12, 13) being in driving connection with a common rotatable member (10A) the latter being another of said rotatable members, and each viscous fluid coupling means (15B, 15C3 comprises a housing (15) of hollow cylindrical configuration, mutually interleaved annular plates (25, 263 within the housing (15), and a viscous fluid in contact with the annular plates (25, 263. 4. A differential drive arrangement according to claim 2 or 3, characterised in that the housing (15) is closed to prevent escape of viscous fluid from the housing. 5. A differential drive arrangement accor-1ing to claim 4, characterised in that the volume of viscous fluid in the housing (15) at a temperature of 250C is predetermined percentage less than the volume of the space available for fluid in the housing (15). 6. A differential drive arrangement according to anXz one of claims 2 to 5, characterised in that faces of the annular plates (25, 26) have mutually different configurations. 7. A differential drive arrangement according to claim 6, characterised in that some of the annular plates (26) have a plurality of outwardly presented slots (28). 8. A motor vehicle drive transmission characterised by incorporating a differential drive arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims. 9. A motor vehicle drive transmission according to claim 8, characterised in that the said differential drive arrangement (14) is arranged and connected for transmitting drive from a motor t29) to one pair of road wheels (12A, 13A), and another pair of road wheels (t39) is driven from said motor (29) by way of a differential gear (34). 10. A motor vehicle drive transmission according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the differential drive arrangement (14) is provided with locking means (38) operable to prevent differential rotation of at least one of said pair of road wheels (12A, 13A) with respect to the drive from the motor (29). 11. A vehicle live axle assembly characterised by comprising viscous fluid coupling means (14) having mutually independently rotatable members (12, 13) arranged and connected for delivering driving torque respectively to nearside and offside road wheels (12A, 13A).

Inventors: ROLT, ANTHONY P. R., SHELDON, ANTHONY JOHN
Applicants: HARRY FERGUSON LIMITED
Application year: 1982
Main classification: F16D35
IPC codes: F16D47, B60K17, F16D35, F16H48