GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS

Abstract: A genetically modified microorganism capable of ex­ pressing as a metabolite a compound having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity and comprising genetic material coding for the said metabolite. DNA sequences and recombinant DNA molecules useful in the production of such genetically modified microorganisms.

Description: GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS This invention relates to the genetic modification of microorganisms, to novel microorganisms so obtained, to novel genetic material employed in the modification and to a vector therefore, and to metabolite expressed by said novel microorganisms. The techniques of recombinant genetic technology have been discussed in the literature, including the patent literature, and usually comprise, at their simplest, the steps of obtaining, from a donor cell, the DNA coding for a desired metabolite, cleaving a suitable vector to provide an insertion site wherein the aforesaid DNA may be incorporated into the vector, inserting the aforesaid DNA into the vector to form a recombinant DNA molecule, transforming a host bacterium, to which the aforesaid DNA is foreign, with the recombinant DNA molecule and culturing the transformed bacterium to cause it to produce the desired metabolite. Interferons are known compounds which are produced by a variety of living cells both in vivo and in vitro in tissue cultures in response to certain inducers. Interferons are believed to have anti-viral activity and consequently are potentially important in the treatment of virus induced disease but their potential has not yet been developed because they are produced only in small quantity by existing techniques. The production of interferons by genetically modified bacteria has, therefore, been suggested as a means of meeting needs for the material. In formation on the biological properties of interferons has come predominantly from studies of material produced by cell culture techniques. Recent results using recombinant DNA techniques have shown that human leucocyte interferon (IFN-a) is a family of at least 8 different molecules (Goeddel et al, Nature, 1981, 290, pages 20-26). Furthermore, Allen and Fantes (Nature, 1980, 287, pages 408-411) have demonstrated that microheterogeneities in interferon preparations from Namalwa cells can be ascribed to the presence of at least five homologous proteins with different amino acid sequences and hence to different structural genes. Despite these advances, very little is known about the distinct physiological properties of individual human IFN species. Recently, copy DNA (cDNA) coding for compounds having interferon activity has been prepared using mRNA from human leucocyte cells. Expression of the aforementioned cDNA in E.coli to produce, for example, Hu IFN-al,has been reported (Stewart et al, Gene, 1980, 11, pages 181-186). We have now found that expression of cDNA coding for compounds having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity can be effected in methylotrophic and autotrophic organisms, and that such cDNA can be prepared using mRNA from Namalwa cells. Methylotrophic and autotrophic organisms often do not infect man and are particularly safe for large scale biosynthesis. The availability of cloned IFN genes has facilitated the production of structural variants of interferon by the construction of hybrid genes. Cleavage at a common restriction site (Streuli et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1981, 78, pages 2848-2852) within the coding sequence of two different interferon genes allows fusion of the NH2- terminal sequence from one with the COOH-terminal sequence of the other. However, the number and type of molecules which can be synthesised by this approach is limited. The determination of nucleic acid sequences in DNA can now be performed with precision by routine, albeit sometimes lengthy, techniques and genes of small proteins, e.g.- human somatostatin, human insulin A and B chains and rat proinsulin, have been chemically synthesised. We have now chemically synthesised genes which express compounds having interferon activity, the structures of which genes are based on the amino acid sequence of Hu IFN-a1, reported by Mantel et al, Gene, 1980, 10, pages 1-10 and Nagata et al, Nature, 1980, 287, pages 401-408 and Hu INF-a2, reported by Streuli et al, Science, 1980, 209, pages 1343-1347. These genes may be inserted into a vector and hence into a microorganism to obtain expression of the gene with the production of compounds having interferon activity by the host cell. According to one aspect of the present invention, therefore, we provide a genetically modified microorganism capable of expressing as a metabolite a compound having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity and comprising genetic material coding for the said metabolite, which genetic material comprises a synthetic DNA molecule or a copy DNA molecule derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene, with the proviso that when the said genetic material comprises a copy DNA molecule derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene and the genetically modified microorganism is derived from E.coli the naturally occurring gene is a component of Namalwa cellos. In this specification the terms and symbols listed below have the following meanings ascribed to them: IFN - interferon; Hu IFN - human interferon; DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - genetic material of all self-replicating organisms; cDNA - DNA formed by reverse transcription of mature messenger ribonucleic acid; ds cDNA - double strand cDNA; mRNA - messenger ribonucleic acid formed by transcription of the coding strand of DNA; bp - base pair; AS1 - Methylophilus methylotrophus; TcR - tetracycline resistance; ApR - ampicillin resistance. By "a compound having interferon activity" we mean a polypeptide that displays a biological or ismunological activity of Hu IFN. As examples of such activity we would mention inter alia antiviral, anti-proliferation (of cells) and immunomodulating activities; and the neutralisation thereof by antiinterferon sera. In the drawings accompanying this specification: Figure 1 illustrates the nucleotide sequence of a Hu IFN-a1 gene of the present invention and the amino acid sequence derived from it; Figure 2 illustrates the nucleotide sequence of a Hu IFN-a2 gene of the present invention and the amino acid sequence derived from it; Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the expression control region of a prokaryotic gene; Figure 4 illustrates construction of a suitable site in a plasmid for insertion of an E.coli lac promoter therein; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the structure of promoter vector pPMSO; Figure 6 illustrates the nucleotide sequence of a synthetic trp promoter of the present invention; Figure 7 is a diagrammatic representation of a promoter vector comprising a synthetic trp promoter; ; Figure 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the structure of plasmids pSTPl and pSTP2; Figure 9 is a schematic outline of the construction of recombinant DNA molecules pIFS201-230 of the present invention; Figure 10 illustrates reconstruction of a Hu IFN-al gene and incorporation thereof into a vector to form pJDW22; Figure 11 illustrates details of the construction for fusing a synthetic trp promoter and a Hu IFN-al gene to form a recombinant molecule of the present invention; Figure 12 is a schematic representation of the preparation of oligonucleotides for use in the present invention; Figure 13 is a schematic representation of a recombinant DNA molecule according to the present invention comprising a synthetic Hu IFN-a1 gene and a broad host range plasmid; ; Figure 14 is a schematic representation of a recombinant DNA molecule according to the present invention comprising a synthetic Hu IFN-a1 gene, a synthetic trp promoter, and a broad host range plasmid; Figure 15 illustrates restriction groups of cDNA clones of the present invention; and Figure 16 illustrates a partial DNA sequence of a cDpy DNA clone of the present invention. Most genetic manipulation of microorganisms (i.e. modification of their genetic material, usually by insertion of foreign DNA) has involved the E.coli K12 organism or its biologically attenuated variants. E.coli, however, is found in man and there are advantages in employing an organism that is not normally found in man and which is less likely to infect him. We have found it especially convenient to employ as the host organism an autotrophic bacterium (e.g. one capable of using as its sole or principal carbon source inorganic carbon, e.g. carbon dioxide, or a bicarbonate), or a methylotrophic bacterium (e.g. one capable of using as its sole or principal carbon source methane or 'methyl' carbon, for example from methanol). However, with the hereinbefore defined proviso, we do not exclude the possibility that the microorganism may be a fungus or alga or a bacterium which is not an autotrophe or a methylotrophe, e.g. a strain of E.coli, Salmonella, Bacillacea, e.g. B.subtilis, Pneumococcus, Streptococcus, or Saccharomyces, e.g. S.cerevisiae. Many autotrophic bacteria are known and have been described in the literature. Examples are Thiobacillus spp, Hydrogenomonas spp, Chromatrium spp, Rhodospirillum spp, Nitrobacter spp, Rhodopseudomonas spp, Paracoccus spp and Alcaligenes spp. Several examples of the methylotrophic class of bacteria are known and have been described in the literature, for example Methylophilus spp, Pseudomonas spp, and Methylomonas spp. Specifically we may mention as examples: Methylophilus methylotrophus (AS1) - NC1B 10508 - 10515 and 10592 - 10596, all inclusive; - NRRL B 5353 - B 5364 inclusive; - FRI 1215-1227 inclusive; Pseudomonas methylonica - the characteristics of which are described in UK Specification No 1451020 and a culture of which is deposited as follows: : FRI 2247 and 2248 Pseudomonas methanolica - UK Specification No 1352728 - ATCC 21704; Pseudomonas sp - UK Specification No'1326582 - ATCC 21438 and 21439; Methylomonas methanolica - UK Specification nO 1420264 - NRRL B 5458; Pseudomonas utilis - UK Specification No 1444072 - FRI 1690 and 1691; Pseudomonas inaudita - UK Specification No 1444072 - FRI 1693 and 1694; Methylomonas clara - USP 4166004 - ATCC 31226 NB: NCIB is the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Aberdeen; NRRL is the Collection maintained by the US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois; ATCC is the American Type Culture Collection; FRI is the Fermentation Research Institute, Japan. Typically, such micro-organisms may be aerobically cultured in an aqueous medium containing methanol as a source of assimilable carbon, together with necessary inorganic nutrients. Of the methylotrophes, our preferred microorganism for the purpose of the invention is Methylophilus and specifically M.methylotrophus. This organism, we have found, can be grown rapidly and efficiently, its toxicology has been investigated at length, and because it does not infect man and the higher organisms it is particularly safe for large scale biosynthesis, and its genetic composition is well known. Both anaerobic and aerobic varieties of microorganism are found, as well as both facultative and obligate organisms, and the selection of organism will be made in the light of the preferred processing conditions as well as the biochemical or biosynthetic capabilities of an organism having otherwise acceptable characteristics. In general we prefer to use an obligate organism as this may allow closer control over the process involving it. According to a further aspect of the present invention we provide synthetic genetic material coding for a compound having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity will hereinafter be referred to for convenience as "interferon". Genetic material coding for an interferon as hereinbefore defined will hereinafter be referred to for convenience as an interferon gene As examples of interferon genes of which the microorganism of the present invention may be comprised we would mention inter alia genes Hu IFN-(rl and Hu IFN-a2. A gene for Hu IFN-ll which we have prepared is based on the reported DNA sequence for Hu IFN-a1 (aforementioned publications by Mantei et al and Nagata et al). The gene comprises a double-stranded DNA, the coding strand of which contains the codons for the 166 amino acid sequence of Hu IFN-a1, preceded by an initiator codon (ATG) and the single-stranded cohesive terminus for a BamHI restriction endonuclease (to allow ligation at a suitable site in a plasmid vector). The structural gene is followed by a termination codon and the single-stranded cohesive terminus for a SalI restriction endonuclease. A gene for Hu IFN-a2 which we have prepared is based on the reported DNA sequence for Hu IFN- 2 (Streuli et al, Science, 1980, 209, 1343-1347). The gene comprises a double-stranded DNA, the coding strand of which contains the codons for the 165 amino acid sequence of the Hu IFN-a2 preceded by an initiator codon (ATG) and the single-stranded cohesive terminus for a BamHI restriction endonuclease (to allow ligation at a suitable site in a plasmid vector). The structural gene is followed by a termination codon and the single-stranded cohesive terminus SalI restriction endonuclease. The degeneracy of the genetic code permits substantial freedom in the choice of codons which can be used to construct a gene coding for the specified amino acid sequences of Hu IFN-al and Hu IFN-a2. The choice of codons was guided by four considerations: (i) The design of oligonucleotides, designated 1-67 in Figure 1 and 1-68 in Figure 2, which can be aligned, through hydrogen bonding, to the complementary strand. These oligonucleotides vary in size from 10-21 nucleotides; (ii) The presence of self-complementarity (in five or more bases). in a particular fragment was avoided, together with the possibility of complementarity of the fragments one with another; (iii) Sequences recognised by certain restriction endonucleases were avoided, particularly if these enzymes were to be used at a latter stage; and (iv) Where changes were required as a result of consideration (i) to (iii), codons were normally chosen as those preferred in the expression of microbial genomes. These considerations led to changes from the published nucleotide sequence, which changes are marked 1.) in Fies 1 and 2;.it trill be arpreciated that alternative termini can be used. To facilitate synthesis of the Hu IFN genes shown in Figures 1 and 2, it is often convenient to join a few of the aforementioned oligonucleotides to form fragments (designated A-K in Example 1 and A-M in Example 8) comprising for example 4-6 oligonucleotides. These fragments may then be assembled into sequences (designated I-IV in Example 1 and I-III in Example8) and the sequences joined to form the genes. However, we do not exclude the possibility that alternative synthetic strategies can be used. For example, fragments A to K have been ligated and the slowest migrating band (which had migrated a distance equivalent to a 500+ 20 base pair fragment) from a polyacrylamide slab or a 1.4% agarose gel was eluted to give the required gene; the mixture of products obtained in the ligation of fragments A to K, could be used in a cloning experiment, since only the intact gene, with the restriction sites at both ends, will ligate to give the circular plasmid. Where the human interferon gene of which the microorganism is comprised is a copy gene derived from mRNA the mRNA can be isolated from a variety of cells which are known to produce human interferon Three of the important sources of human interferon are human buffy coat cells and lymphoblastoid cells, for Hu IFN and human fibroblast cultures for Hu IFN-5. The Hu IFN's from these sources comprise a physically heterogeneous population of molecules. Preferably the mRNA is isolated from a Namalwa lymphoblastoid cell line, which is known to produce predominantly Hu IFN-a with a minor amount of Hu IFN-B. Production of Hu IFN's by these cells may be induced by treatment with a suitable inducer, e.g. Sendai virus. Preferably the mRNA is at least partially enriched for IFN-coding sequences before it is used to prepare double-strand copy DNA. We have mapped a sample of our cDNA clones which express a metabolite having interferon activity using the restriction enzymes PvuII, BglII and EcoRI. The results are shown in Figure 15. The restriction map of clone pcIF24.tissimilar to that of leucocyte IFN E but contains an additional PvuII site in a position which corresponds to that present in the sequences of leucocyte A, D, and H (Goeddel et al, Nature, 1981, 290, 20-26). This PvuII site is in the sequence for the signal peptide of the IFN coded for by this clone. Clone pcIFS6.2 does not contain anyrestrictionenzyme sites for the hereinbefore mentioned three restriction enzymes and we have also found that it has no restriction sites for the restriction enzymes HpaII, BstII, or TaqI. We have found a AluI site. A partial DNA sequence for clone pcIF56.2 is shown in Figure 16. Fran Figure 16 it can be seen that there is an extensive open reading frame but there is no DNA sequence in common with any known IFN gene. According to a further aspect of the present invention we provide a copy DNA molecule coding for a metabolite having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity which copy DNA molecule is derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene which is a component of lymphoblastoid cells. Methods for the introduction of foreign genetic material into bacteria have been widely described in the literature. Such methods comprise formation of recombinant DNA, which comprises a vector and the foreign genetic material, and introduction of the recombinant DNA into the microorganism. According to a further aspect of the present invention we provide a recombinant DNA molecule comprising (a) a synthetic interferon gene as hereinbefore defined and a suitable vector there for or (b) a copy DNA molecule coding for a metabolite having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity which copy DNA molecule is derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene which is a component of lymphoblastoid cells and a suitable vector there for. Introduction of the recombinant DNA into the microorganism may be facilitated by subjecting the microorganism to an appropriate tratment, e.g. treatment with a calcium chloride solution. Where the genetically modified organism of the present invention comprises a methylotrophe or an autotrophe the recombinant DNA comprising an interferon gene is preferably introduced thereto by transfer from another organism by cell conjugation, more preferably by transfer of the recombinant DNA from a strain of E.coli. We have found that the infection of microorganisme in the preparation of genetically modified microorganisms cf the present invention is most conveniently carried out using as vector a plasmid of one of incompatibility groups N, P, Q, or W which plasmid is combined with genetic material coding for a metabolite having interfercn activity to form a recombinant DNA molecule. Plasmids of the Group 0 are preferred. The concept of incompatibility groups is discussed in "DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes" Ed. by Bukhari, Shapiro and Adhya, Publ. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory 1977 at p 601 et seq (see also tables of plasmids in incompatibility groups at pp 607 to 608). While many broad host-range conjugative plasmids suc as RP4 (of the Inc P group I) can be used as the vector for cloning, they are relatively large, exist in fairly low copy number and may, therefore, not be ideal for some cloning purposes. Preferably small, high copy number, broad host range plasmids are used for cloning. R3OOB (of the Ine 9 group) is an example of this category, but despite its advantages as a cloning vector it has relatively few sites for the restriction enzymes used in forming a recombinant DNA molecular. It is, therefore, sometimes advantageous to construct a composite vector, by which we mean a plasmid that is not a naturally occurring plasmid, capable of both stable maintenance in the host and containing a convenient and suitable site at which foreign DNA coding for interferon may be inserted such that expression thereof in the organism may be obtained. This may conveniently be accomplished by introducing segments of DNA from other plasmids containing both a selectable marker (e.g. antibiotic resistance) and suitable restriction enzyme sites. As examples of suitable composite vectors for use in the present invention we would mention pGSS15, pGSS8 and pGSS6, which have been described in European Patent Specification No 37273A2, and pPM50, pPM51 and pPM52, which are described hereinafter. Vectcrs pGSS15 pGSS8 and pGSS6 are suitable for use in E.coli and methylotrophes and autotrophes; pPM5O, pPM51 and pPM52 are suitable for use in E.coli. The method of constructing such a composite vector is preferably one of broad applicability, e.g. capable of making composite vectors based on a wide range of the plasmids mentioned above and on a wide range of expressing sites, e.g. within an antibiotic resistance gene; linked to a strong promoter fcr the bacterium;or within a transposon. Where the interferon gene is carried by a nonconjugative plasmid and it is desired to transfer the recombinant DNA from a first microorganism to a second microorganism the recombinant DNA may be mobilised efficiently by a suitable wide hostrange conjugative plasmid, for example from one of the aforementioned groups. For example,a wide host range mobilising plasmid, e.g. R751, may be introduced into an E.coli strain comprising a non-conjugating vector carrying an interferon gene, the strain may then be used as donors in genetic crosses with M.methylotrophus. It is now known that prokaryotic gene expression control regions are comprised of several essential components: (i) a transcriptional control region; consisting of a nucleotide sequence which is recognised by RNA polymerase and effects binding of the polymerase to the DNA duplex (polymerase binding site), and an adjacent sequence which triggers the polymerase to initiate production of the mRNA transcript. The whole region is generally termed the "promoter region". Overlapping the promoter region are other nucleotide sequences to which bind protein molecules that regulate the transcription process. This is the "operator" region. (ii) a translation control region; consisting of a sequence of nucleotides present on the mRNA transcript which effects binding of the ribosomes to the RNA, probably through homology to the 3' end of the 16S ribosomal RNA, and in close proximity an ATG or GTG triplet codon (AUG or GUG on the RNA) at which initiation of translation occurs. The overall structure is shown in Figure 3, although the transcriptional and translational control region need not necessarily be immediately adjacent. Thus, it will be appreciated that in order to achieve expression the interferon gene must be positioned to lie within the transcriptional unit of a chosen promoter such that the polypeptide is produced by translation from the mRNA transcript. Depending upon the precise nature of the fusion two types of polypeptide product are possible. If the foreign DNA segment contains a complete coding sequence for the interferon gene, then insertion such that the ATG translation initiation sequence of the interferon gene is fused adjacent to a ribosome binding site will give production of a polypeptide equivalent to that for which the interferon gene codes (DNA fragments containing genes with their own ribosome binding site, e.g. cloned prokaryotic genes, could probably be inserted at any position within the transcription unit). Alternatively, the construction can be arranged so that the fusion point occurs within the coding sequence of a prokaryotic gene and the interferon gene expressed from the chosen promoter. In this case both transcriptional and all translational control sequences are provided by the "promoter" fragment and the product is a hybrid polypeptide having the amino terminal portion of a prokaryotic protein fused to a carboxy-terminal portion consisting of the interferon gene product. Constructions of this type require detailed knowledge of the translation reading frames of the two genes in order to ensure that they are brought into phase by the fusion event, and, thus, are not preferred. Promoters which may be used in the recombinant DNA used in the present invention will be chosen with regard to the organism in which they are required to promote expression of the interferon gene. We have found that known E.coli promoters may be used to promote expression of interferon in strains of E.coli and methylotrophes, e.g. M.methylotrophus, and M.methylovora, and autotrophes, e.g. Alcaligenes eutrophus. As examples of suitable promoters we would mention lac and try (the promoters of the E.coli lactose and tryptophan operon respectively), and mutant strains thereof, e.g. lac UV5, and synthetic analogues of trp Lid102. Genetic and biochemical studies have extensively characterised the promoter region of the E.coli lac operon; the complete nucelotide sequence has been determined and used to locate several mutations which affect transcriptional activity from this promoter. This has enabled the identification of the various portions of the sequence involved in RNA polymerase and lac repressor binding, initiation of the mRNA transcript, binding of the ribosomes to the mRNA and initiation of translation of the B-galactosidase gene. Inspection of this data shows that cleavage of lac operon DNA with the restriction endonuclease AluI (which recognises the sequence AGCT and cuts in the centre on both strands) produces a 95bp fragment containing all features of the promoter region with the exception of the B-galactosidase ATG translation initiation codon. The AluI site which cuts the transcript sequence is located immediately before the ATG triplet. Therefore any gene inserted adjacent to this AluI site should be expressed at a similarly high level to the normal B-galactosidase. Where this 95bp fragment is to be used as a promoter to drive expression of an interferon gene the AluI site is preferably converted into a nucleotide sequence which is cleaved by restriction endonucleases which produce cohesive ended molecules. This increases the efficiency with which other DNA fragments can be ligated to this fragment, since efficiency of accurate ligation of flush-ended molecules, such as those produced by AluI cleavage, is much reduced as compared to that for cohesive-ended molecules. Generation of cohesive ends was achieved by ligation of the AluI fragment to a plasmid pAT153 (Nature, 1980, 283, 216-218) which had been cleaved with restriction endonuclease EcoRI and/or BamHI, and then treated with DNA Polymerase I in order to convert the cohesive ends of the molecule to flush ends. Because of the particular sequences of the AluI and EcoRI or BamHI cleavage sites, ligation of the AluI fragment to the gilled-in" vector results in regeneration of the cohesiveend restriction endonuclease site. This is shown in Figure 4 for regeneration of the BamHI site. We have found two AluI fragments which are particularly useful as promoters for interferon genes, one of which fragments carries the UV5 mutation in the promoter which releases the transcription activity from sensitivity to catabolite repression. Derivatives of pAT153 carrying the aforementioned promoter/operator fragment were identified by use of 5-bromo.-4-chloro-3- indolyl-B-D-galactoside indicator plates which allow the identification of cells producing ss-galactosidase at high level. The many copies of the pAT153 derivative cause titration of the lac repressor away from the chromosomal lac operon resulting in constitutive synthesis of B-galactosidase. Two derivatives of pAT153 have been constructed which have the AluI lac promoter fragment inserted at either the EcoRI site (pPM52) or BamHI site (pPM51) so that cleavage with these enzymes generates the fragment with the appropriate cohesive ends. These fragments are therefore potentially useful as portable promoters for insertion at suitable sites into other plasmids carrying cloned genes but not expressing them. Since the fragments have identical ends 50% of the inserts should be in the correct orientation for driving expression of the cloned gene. A third derivative (pPm5O) has been made in which the AluI fragment is positioned between the EcoRI and BamHI sites in an orientation such that transcription is directed towards the BamHI site. As the fragment now has different cohesive ends it can be used as a portable promoter with directional specificity for insertion. Perhaps more usefully the pPM5O plasmid can be used as a pronoter vector for cloning DNA fragments at the BamHI site. This vector may be used for cloning interferon genes particularly the synthetic human leukocyte interferon genes hereinbefore described. Figure 5 illustrates the structure of pPM50, the positions therein of cleavage sites for restriction endonuclease EcoRI (E)1 BamHI (B) and SalI (S), the location and direction of the lac operator/promoter region (Lac OP), and the region of the plasmid which has been used for insertion of the synthetic Hu IFN-a1 gene. Where the microorganism of the present invention comprises a trp promoter, the promoter is preferably a deletion mutant of the E.coli trp promoter, e.g. a trp OLD102 (Christie et al, Journal of Molecular Biology, 1980, 143, 335-341), which is a mutant obtained by deletion of the trp E and trp D genes, and more preferably is a synthetic analogue of such a mutant. We have used a synthetic trp promoter fragment having the structure shown in Figure 6. It consists of the entire known essential region of the trp promoter (Platt in The Operon, edited by Miller and Reznikoff, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1978, pages 263-302), operator and mRNA coding sequences as far as the Taq I site downstream of the first rbs. For convenience a single stranded cohesive terminus for the enzyme EcoRI is added upstream of the trp promoter sequence. The cohesive single stranded end generated by the tetranucleotide recognition sequence of Taq I is the same as that generated by the hexanucleotide recognition sequence enzyme Cla I and, by choice, the flanking base pair, on the promoter proximal side of the synthetic trp promoter Tag I single stranded end (Christie et al, Journal of Molecular Biology, 1980, 143, 335-341), is such as to regenerate a C1a I site on fusion to a DNA fragment cut with the latter enzyme. Plasmids such as pBR322 (Bolivar et al, Gene, 1977, 2, pages 95-113), pAT153 (Twigg et al, Nature, 1980, 283, pages 216-218) and pGSS15 (Barth et al in Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity and Ecology of Bacterial Plasmids, edited by Levy et al, 1980, pages 439-448) carry a single Cla I site 25 base pairs from their EcoRI site (Sutcliffe, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, 1978, 43, pages 77-90). They therefore provide convenient vectors for cloning the synthetic trp promoter fragment in such a way that it can be conveniently used to receive heterologous gene carrying DNA fragments, e.g. a gene for Hu IFN-al, by insertion at the Cla I site (promoter vector) or to provide a source of a portable promoter (EcoRI/ClaI) fragment which can be introduced into another vector upstream of the interferon gene. By use of appropriate synthetic oligonucleotides, as described hereinafter, the synthetic trp promoter can be readily joined to the interferon gene to regenerate precisely. the structure of the natural translation initiation signal of the trp All102 operon. Plasmid pAT153 can conveniently be used for recombination with the synthetic trp promoter. It can be cleaved with EcoRI and ClaI restriction endonucleases to produce cohesive ends capable of hybridising with and being joined to the EcoRI and TaqI cohesive ends of the synthetic trp fragment as shown in Figure 7. Two E.coli clones which contained plasmids with the anticipated size of insert to be carrying the synthetic trp promoter fragment were obtained from a ligation mixture containing EcoRI/ClaI digested pAT153 and the synthetic trp promoter fragment. These plasmids had single EcoRI and ClaI sites and cleavage with both enzymes produced approximately 88 base pair fragments, whereas cleavage of the parental pAT153 plasmid with these enzymes produced a 24 base pair fragment. These two plasmids have been assigned the designations pSTP1 and 2. The structure of pSTPl and pSTP2 is shown in Figure 8. They may be used both as sources of a "portable trp promoter" which can readily be transplanted into other plasmids and as "promoter vectors" to allow foreign genes to be introduced into the Clal site just downstream of a potentially very powerful promoter. In the synthetic Hu IFN-al gene shown in Figure 1 there is a BamHI restriction enzyme site at the position in which a ClaI site is desirable for joining with the synthetic trp promoter. Also the nucleotide sequence between the BamHI site and the translation initiation codon for the IFN gene is not the same as that of the corresponding region of the trp operon in the trp ELD102 deletion, which is known to result in a very high efficiency translation initiation sequence and was therefore one of the sought after features in using the trp promoter expression system. It will be appreciated that where it is desired to combine the synthetic trp promoter with the Hu IFN-a1 gene shown in Figure 1, it is necessary to modify the promoter and/or the gene to effect recombination thereof. Figure 9 illustrates, in outline, a series of manipulations by which such recombination can be effected; it will be readily apparent to the skilled man that various alternative modifications can also be employed. The synthetic Hu IFN-al gene was separated, as two fragments, from plasmid pIFSl (as hereinafter described) and recombined with vector pJDW21 (pJDW21 was constructed from pAT153 by insertion of an EcoRI/ HindIII fragment of a derivative of bacteriophage AV19 ì. Details of the recombination to form pJDW22 are shown in Figure 10. A fragment of pJDW22 containing the synthetic Hu IFN-al gene was combined with a fragment of pSTP2 containing the synthetic trp promoter to form pJDW30. Modification of pJDW30 as shown in Figure 9 gave desired recombinant DNA molecules pIFS201-230 which have the synthetic trp promoter and synthetic Hu IF-sl gene in the correct orientation for transcription of the gene. Naturally produced (i.e. by the living cell) interferon is thought to comprise at least a protein component and a sugar-based component. It is likely that the desirable interferon activity is located primarily in the protein component, perhaps modified, for example in its specificity or otherwise by non-protein components. The interferon gene employed according to the present invention codes specifically for a metabolite which may itself have interferon activity, or may be a precursor for a compound having interferon activity, for example after modification, either in vivo or in vitro, to promote, enhance or modify its activity. In vitro modification may involve the use of biochemical techniques for example emulating those in the living cell, although more conventional chemical techniques are not excluded. The modification of interferons has been described for example in UK Patent Specification Nos 1471461, 1471462 and 1471463. We have found that a metabolite which is expressed by a synthetic interferon gene of the present invention under control of a lac W 5 promoter, which metabolite has interferon activity, has a molecular weight of about 16000-17000. Conventional Hu IFN-a1 has a molecular weight of approximately 19000. Without the intention of being limited by the following explanation we believe that about 18-20 amino acids, probably the first 18-20 amino acids, of naturally occurring Hu IFN-a1 are missing. According to a further aspect of the present invention we provide a polypeptide of molecular weight about 16000-17000 which exhibits IFN activity. A genetically modified organism according to the present invention may be employed in a variety of applications, depending, of course, upon its physiology and upon the nature of the inserted DNA. Most conveniently it will be used in a biosynthetic mode, in a suitable nutrient medium, metabolite preferably being passed out of the cell into the surrounding culture solution and extracted therefrom in the conventional way. Alternatively, where, for example, the metabolite is not passed out of the cell at a commercially useful rate, the organism may be cultured and harvested as the intact cell conveniently with subsequent extraction of the cells for example, after separation from the medium. Such techniques are well known and require no further explanation. The interferon expressed may be used as obtained, it may be purified in known or appropriate manner, and it may be mixed with suitable inert or appropriately active diluents, which typically will be liquid but may be solid, to produce a pharmacologically acceptable composition. Interferons of the present invention are potentially useful as antiviral, or anticancer agents or as modulators in the immune response of, for example, mammals and particularly man. Various aspects of the present invention will now be described with reference to the following Examples which are illustrative of the invention. Example 1 This example illustrates the preparation of a Hu IFN-al gene, formation of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising the gene and a lac promoter and expression of the gene in E.coli. Synthesis of Dimer Anions Fully protected nucleoside and oligonucleotide phosphotriester building blocks were prepared essentially as previously described by J Stawinski et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 4, 353-371 (1977), or Katagiri et al, J Amer Chem Soc, 97, 7332-7337 (1975), and T Hirose et al, Tetrahedron Letters, 2449 (1978), according to the reaction sequence shown in Figure 12. The benzoyl protecting group was used with cytidine residues. The dimer blocks were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Waters Prep 500, using a gradient of methylene chloride to 6,8 or 108 methanol in methylene chloride. Removal of cyanoethyl protecting groups followed the procedure of Sood and Narang (Nucleic Acids Research, 4, 2757-2765 (1977)), except that the phosphodiester products were freed from cyanoethanol by partition between chloroform and saturated brine. The organic phase was evaporated, and the products were precipitated from pyridine solution with diethyl ether/n-pentane (3/2). Oligonucleotide assembly on the polyacrylamide solid phase, cleavage from the resin and removal of protecting groups, were as described, using a bench-top manual solvent delivery system in M. J Gait et al, Nucleic Acids Research 8, 1081-1096 (1980); and A F Markham et al, Nucleic Acids Research 8, 5193-5205 (1980). The intermediate removal of the 5'-dimethoxytrityl group was carried out by 2 x 5 second treatment with 5% benzenesulphonic acid in chloroform/methanol (7/3). The coupling reaction was carried out for one and a half hours in the presence of the coupling agent (2,4 ,6-tri-isopropylbenzenEsulphonyl tetrazole or l-(mesitylene-2-sulphonyl)-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole). The resin was dried by azeotropic evaporation from anhydrous pyridine (1 ml) prior to the coupling reaction. Synthesis and purification of oligodeoxynucleotides Sixty seven oligodeoxynucleotides designated 1 to 67, as indicated by the arrows above and below the oligonucleotide sequence in Figure 1, were synthesised by a solid phase procedure (from a library of dimers) on a polyacrylamide support (Markham et al, Nucleic Acid Research, 1980, 8, 5193-5205; Gait et al, Nucleic Acid Research, 1980, 8, 1081-1096). Functionalised polydimethylacrylamide resin (100 mg), substituted with the appropiate 5'-0-dimethoxytrityl-2'-deoxynucleotide via a 3'-0-succinamido linkage (approx 26 mol total functionality) was swollen in dimethylfomamide then treated with phenylisocyanate as described in nrQrkham et al. Each cligonucleotide assembly involved addition of protected dinucleotide (or mononucleotide) units by the following cycle. The resin was washed sequentially with pyridine (x5); chloroform/methanol (7/3, x6); 5% benzenesulphonic acid in chloroform/methanol (7/3, for 2x5 secsto remove dimethoxytrityl group); dimethylformamide (x4); pyridine (x8). Each washing operation involved a solvent volume of 6 ml. The resin was dried by co-evaporation with anhydrous pyridine (1 ml) and the dinucleotide anion (100 mg, approx 3 equivalents previously dried by pyridine co-evaporation) was added in anhydrous pyridine (4 ml) followed by the coupling agent, mesitylene-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole (60 mg, approximately 8 equivalents) or 2,4,6-trisopropylbenzenesulphonyl tetrazole (70 mg, approx 8 equivalents). The coupling reaction was allowed to proceed, with shaking, for 1-1.5 hours. The cycle was repeated with the appropriate dinucleotide anions until the required sequence was obtained. The resin was finally washed (5 volumes each) with dimethylformamide, methylene chloride diethyl ether, then dried in vacuo. (Reactions can be carried out on half the scale described, using 50 mg of functionalised resin and 50 mg of dinucleotide anion.) Each oligonucleotide was cleaved from the solid phase (40 mg of oligomer-substituted resin) and all protecting groups were removed (procedure B, Gait et al, Nucleic Acid Research, 1980, 8, 1081-1096) by sequentially reacting with 0.3M 1,1,4 ,4-tetramethylguanidinium 4-nitrobenzaldoximate indioxan/water (1/1, 2 ml) at room temperature for 60 hours; concentrated ammonia at 50 C for 5 hours; 80% aqueous acetic acid for 30 minutes at room temperature. The deprctected oligomer was dissolved in pyridine (0.05 ml), ethanol/ water (3/7, 2-4 ml) and suitable aliquots were purified initially by HPLC on Partisil 10-SAX. Columns were eluted at a flow rate of 2 ml min-1 with a gradient from 1 may to 0,4 M potassium phosphate, pH 6.8 in 5% ethanol or pH 6.5 in 30% ethanol, over a period of 50 minutes at ambient temperature. The most retained peak(s) were collected, evaporated, redissolved in water (5 ml) and applied to a tr-Bondapak C18 reverse-phase column. The oligonucleotide was further purified by first eluting with 0.1 M ammonium acetate, then with a gradient of 10-25% 0.1M ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (1/1) over 40 minutes with a flow rate of 2 ml min-1 at ambient temperature. After addition of excess triethylamine, oligonucleotidecontaining fractions were lyophilized and redissolved in water (1 ml). Aliquots of each solution (80 pmol of oligonucleotide) were evaporated and phosphorylated with 1.1 units of T4-induced polynucleotide kinase in 10 1 of a solution containing 160 pmol [y-32P]ATP (12.5 Cimmol1), 0.1 mM spermidine, 20 irLM. dithiothreitol (DTT), 10 mM MgC1, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) and 0.1 mM EDTA for 45 minutes at 370C. Reactions were terminated by addition of 270 ul of 50 mM Tris-borate (pH 8.3), 1 mM EDTA in 80E formamide and heating to 90 C for 5 minutes. A 7ul aliquot was examined on a 20% polyacrylamide gel in 7 M urea. Ligation of Chemically Synthesised Oligonucleotides (a) Ligation strategy. Aliquots of the chemically synthesised oligonucleotides, 2 to 65 and 67 (400pmole of each), were phosphorylated with 6.5 units of T4-induced polynucleotide kinase in 25 ul of a solution containing 803 pmol [y-32P]ATP (8.5 Cimmol-1). 100 u spermidine, 20 mMDTT, 10 mM MgC12, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) and 0.1 mM EDTA for 30 minutes at 370C. Each oligonucleotide was ethanol precipitated and fractionated by electrophoresis on a 20% polyacrylamide gel in 7 M urea. The 32p- labelled oligomers were sliced from the gel and eluted. Eleven separate T4 ligase-catalysed joining reactions were performed to give the double-stranded fragments A to K shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 EMI28.1 <tb> <SEP> Number <SEP> of <SEP> bases <SEP> in <tb> Frag- <SEP> Oligonucleotides <SEP> Top <SEP> Strand <SEP> Bottom <SEP> Strand <tb> ments <tb> <SEP> A <SEP> 1-5 <SEP> 44 <SEP> 32 <tb> <SEP> B <SEP> 6-11 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 47 <tb> <SEP> C <SEP> 12-17 <SEP> 46 <SEP> 44 <tb> <SEP> D <SEP> 18-23 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 46 <tb> <SEP> E <SEP> 24-29 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 45 <tb> <SEP> F <SEP> 30-37 <SEP> 60 <SEP> 59 <tb> <SEP> G <SEP> 38-43 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 45 <tb> <SEP> H <SEP> 44-49 <SEP> 47 <SEP> 47 <tb> <SEP> I <SEP> 50-56 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 60 <tb> <SEP> J <SEP> 57-61 <SEP> 46 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> K <SEP> 62-67 <SEP> 42 <SEP> 55 <tb> In Fragments A and K oligonucleotides 1 and 66, respectively, were not phosphorylated. For the construction of each fragment, the terminal oligonucleotides were present in excess over the internal oligonucleotides. For example, fragment B was constructed by annealing, in 50 ul water, 38 pmol of oligonucleotides 6 and 11, 36 pmol of 7 and 10 and 34 pmol of 8 and 9, heating to 100 C and cooling slowly to room temperature. Each mixture was dried in vacuo and ligated in 20 ul of a solution containing T4 DNA ligase (26 units), 74 m.! Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6.6 mM MgC12, 10 mM DTT, 2.9 mM ATP, 1.6 mM mercaptoethanol and 1.6 ug bovine serum albumin for 24 hours at 220C. (b) Aliquots (1%) of the reaction mixtures were examined on a 155 polyacrylamide gel in 7 M urea. (c) The DNA from each of the remaining mixtures was ethanol precipitated and fractionated on a 15% polyacrylamide gel in the absence of urea. The DNA from each band was eluted from the gel; An aliquot of each band was re-run in denaturing conditions. In each group, the most slowly migrating band had oligonucleotide strands of the correct size. (d) Sequences (I-IV) were constructed from 1.0 pmol of fragments A-K as shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 EMI29.1 <tb> <SEP> Fragments <SEP> fragment <SEP> Number <SEP> of <SEP> bases <SEP> in <tb> Top <SEP> { <SEP> Top <SEP> Strand <SEP> | <SEP> Bottom <SEP> Strand <tb> <SEP> I <SEP> X <SEP> A+B+C <SEP> 135 <SEP> 123 <tb> <SEP> II <SEP> j <SEP> D+E <SEP> 90 <SEP> 91 <tb> <SEP> III <SEP> F+G+H <SEP> 152 <SEP> 151 <tb> <SEP> IV <SEP> I+J+K <SEP> 133 <SEP> 145 <tb> Annealing was carried out at 450C and the mixtures were ligated as hereinbefore described. The fragments were isolated by electrophoresis on a 10% polyacrylamide gel in the absence of urea. (e) The ligation of sequences I-IV (0.1 pmol of each), to give the complete gene, was carried out as previously described for the preparation of sequences I-IV, to give the product, at approx 500bp. A first sample of the product after precipitation was purified by two procedures (a) on a 3.5% polyacrylamide slab, or (b) on a 1.4% agarose slab. In both cases, - the band corresponding to 514 base pairs was eluted from the gel, ethanol precipitated and phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase (hereinafter referred to for convenience as SIF Gene A). A second sample of the product after precipitation was phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase (hereinafter referred to for convenience as SIF Gene B). Construction of Composite Vector Vector plasmid pAT153 (7 g) (Twigg et al, Nature 1980, 283, pages 216-218) was digested sequentially for 60 minutes at 370C with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Bam HI in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6 mM MgC12 and 1 mM DTT containing 50 mM (Eco RI) or 150 mM (Bam HI) NaCl. Reactions were terminated by extraction with phenol/ chloroform (3/1) and ethanol precipitation. The DNA was resuspended in 30 ;1 DNA polymerase I buffer (6 m! Tris HCl (pH 7.4), 7 =! MgC12, 1 m! DTT) containing 40 uM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP to synthesise 3'-oligonucleotide extensions complementary to the protruding 5'-oligonucleotide extension generated by the endonuclease treatment. The reaction was initiated by addition of DNA polymerase I-Klenow fragment (1.5 units) and incubated at 110C for 90 minutes. 3H-dTTP (3 uCi mmol) was added to follow the extent of. reaction by trichloroacetic acid precipitation of 5-ul samples. The reaction was terminated by extraction with phenol/chloroform (3/1) and ethanol precipitation. Plasmid pPM18 is a derivative of plasmid pACYC184 (Chang et al, J Bact, 1978, 134 pages 1141-1156) which has a 6.6 kb EcoRI fragment derived from #plac 5 (Shapiro et al Nature 1979, 224, 768-774) inserted at the EcoRI site in the plasmid chloramphenicol resistance gene. The Xplac5 fragment carries the promoter region of the E.colilactose operon and part of the S-galactosidase gene. Plasmid pPM18 (15 ug) was digested with restriction endonuclease AluI in 6 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 6 X MgC12, 50 mM NaCl, 6 mM ss-mercaptoethanol and the 95 bp fragment containing the E.coli lactose operon/promoter region isolated by electroelution from a 5% polyacrylamide gel and purified by chromatography on DE52DEAE-cellulose. The "filled-in" EcoRI/BamHI cleaved pAT153 was blunt-end ligated to the 69-bp AluI fragment in a volume of 50 1 in 20 nLM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 10 mM MgC12, 10 mM DTT, 5 ITuM ATP, with T4 DNA ligase (5 units) at 10 C for 16 hours. The ligated mixture was transformed to E.coli strain C600 (Bachmann, Bact Rev, 1972, 36, pages 525-557) and ampicillin-resistant transformant colonies selected on antibiotic (25 ug ml-1) minimal X-gel (20 ug ml1) medium. Colonies containing recombinant plasmids with the lac promoter/operator sequence were identified by their blue colouration on the X-gel medium, due to constitutive expression of the chromosomal B-galactosidase gene. Plasmid DNA isolated from eight independent blue colony transformants, was screened by digestion with restriction endonuclease EcoRI and Bam HI and one found to contain a single cleavage site for each enzyme separated by approximately 100 bp. Nucleotide sequence determination of the 100 bp fragment showed that it contained the lac promoter/operator sequence flanked by EcoRI and BamHI sites and orientated such that transcription would proceed towards the Barn HI site. This plasmid pPM50 was used as a composite vector for the subsequent cloning of synthetic interferon genes. Construction of Recombinant DNA pPM50 (4 ug) was digested with restriction endonucleases BamHI and SalI in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.6), 6 mM MgC12, 150 mM NaCl and 1 mM DTT at 370C for 60 mins. The reaction was terminated by extraction with phenol/ chloroform and the products subjected to electrophoresis through 18 agarose in 40 me Tris-HC1 (pH 7.8), 6 mM sodium acetate, 1 zn EDTA buffer. A 3.2 kb fragment, the larger one present, was isolated by electroelution and chromatography on DE52 DEAE-cellulose. The purified 3.2 kb fragment (1 pg) was ligated in separate experiments to the synthetic interferon genes SIF Gene A and SIF Gene B with T4 DNA ligase (0.4 units) in a total reaction volume of 30 ul containing 20 mM Tris-HC1 (pH 7.6), lO mM MaC12, 10 mM DTT at 12.50C for 16 hours. The reaction mixtures were separately used to transform competent cells of E.coli K-12. Transformation of E.coli K-12 with Recombinant DNA Cells of E.coli K-12, strain MRC 8 (F, dap 103, hsd R, met B1, gim 533, upp 1, dap 101, sup E, rec A), were rendered competent by treatment with calcium as follows: a fresh overnight culture of the recipient strain was diluted 1:5 in LB. and grown at 370C with vigorous aeration, for approximately 100 min, then cooled rapidly on ice. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 min and resuspended in 0.5 volume of ice cold 10 mM calcium chloride. After pelleting once more the cells were resuspended in 0.05 volume of 75 mM calcium chloride and kept on ice. 200 ul of these competent cells were mixed with 0.l-lg of reccobinant DNA contained in the reaction mixture described in the section "Construction of Recombinant DNA" in 100 ul of SSC (150 mM sodium chloride, 15 mM tri-sodium citrate) and incubated on ice for 30 mins. The mixture was heated at 420C for 2 mins, followed by a further 20 mins on ice. The cells were then diluted 1:10 in LB and incubated at 37 C for 45-60 mins, to allow expression of plasmid encoded functions, then were concentrated by centrifugation and resuspended in 100 ul of bacterial buffer (KH2P04, 3 g; Na2HP04, 7g; NaC1, 4 g; MgS04.7H20 0.2 g per litre) before being plated out on selective L-agar media containing 50 ug/ml ampicillin, N-acetyl glucosamine (0.02%) and diaminopimelic acid (50 ug ml¯l). This procedure typically produced 104-106 antibiotic resistance colonies per ug of recombinant DNA. Transformant colonies containing recombinant DNA which comprised the synthetic interferon gene were identified by Grunstein-Hogness colony hybridisation using a radioactivity 32P-labelled oligonucleotide from within the synthetic sequence (coding for amino acids 78-97) by hybridisation probe. Two postively responding colonies were detected among the transformants arising from the ligation of the 3.2 kb vector plasmid to SIF Gene A and a further 12 positively responding colonies were detected among the transformants arising from the ligation of the 3.2 kb vector plasmid to SIF Gene B. Analysis of the plasmid DNA isolated from these colonies showed that all 14 contained equivalent-size plasmids (hereinafter referred to for convenience as pIFS1-14). Four of these plasmids were selected for more detailed analysis (pIFS 1,2,4,14). Restriction enzyme analysis of pIFS1,2,4 and 14 and nucleotide sequence analysis of pIFSl confirmed that the structure of these recombinant DNA molecules was in agreement with the theoretical sequence shown in Figure 1. Positive clones were grown in Luria broth containing tetracycline (10 vg/ml) or ampicillin (25 vg/ml). Overnight cultures were innoculated into fresh medium and grown to early stationary phase (approX 1 x 109 cells/ml). The cells were harvested and resuspended in 0.01 volumes of 50 L Tris-HC1 pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA, 158 sucrose. Lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml and the suspension kept on ice for 30 mins before freezing at -200C. The frozen lysate was thawed at room temperature and sonicated for 15 sec. The sonicated lysate was aliquoted and stored at -200C or below until thawed for bioassay. Interferon Bioassay Serial two fold dilutions were made in 96 well microtitre plates (Falcon plastics). T98G cells (a human neuroblastoma cell line), MDBK (bovine) cells, or L cells (murine) were added to each well and the cultures incubated overnight at 370C in a C02 incubator. T98G cultures were challenged with encephalomyocarditis virus and MDBK cultures with vesicular stomatitis virus (0.5 PFU/cell) and scored for cytopathic effect 24-48 hours later. The titre of a sample (expressed as units/0.15 ml bacterial extract) was defined as the reciprocal of the maximum dilution reducing the cytopathic effect by 50t or more. In this assay the NIH human reference standard G-023-901-527 (20,000 Iu/ml) diluted 1 in 50 and containing by definition 400 Iu/ml gave a titre of 120 units/0.l5 ml in T98G cells. The MDBK cell line is approximately 20-fold more sensitive than the T98G cells for the IFN-a1 species (see Table 3). Antiserum Neutralisation This was performed in an interferon assay as described above. For each serum tested, 10 ul of the appropriate dilution was added to two rows of the microtitre plate. In order to determine whether an interferon-like polypeptide is produced, we have assayed extracts of E.coli cells containing the pIFS plasmids for the production of an antiviral activity. The results, presented in arable 3 for two of these clones, clearly show that a significant level of antiviral activity was detected in cells containing the recombinant plasmids. No such activity was found in cells containing only the vector plasmid pPM5O (pAT153 carrying the wild type lac promoter). Since the nucleotide sequence of the chemically synthesised interferon gene was altered from that of the natural gene, as defined by the sequence of the a1 cDNA (Nagata et al as hereinbefore mentioned), it was important to establish that the polypeptide which we had prepared produced antiviral activity which was substantially indistinguishable in at least many tests from that produced in E.coli cells expressing a1 cDNA (Stewart et al as hereinbefore mentioned). The following properties have therefore been investigated: (i) Stabilitv at pH2. Stability at pH2 was one of the first described characteristics of IFN-a and R (Isaacs et al, Proceedings Royal Society B, 1957, 147, 268-273) and we tested whether the synthetic IFN-1 gene product displayed this prcperty. For this purpose, 10 ul of the bacterial extract were diluted either in Sorensen buffer at pH2, or in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH7.4 and kept at 40C for 24 hours, after which time the antiviral activity was determined. Table 3 shows that, like natural interferon, the synthetic gene product is acid stable. (ii) Neutralisaticn of the antiviral activity. The antiviral activity was further characterised in a neutralisation assay in the presence of five different antiinterferon sera. The results in Table 3 show that the activity of the product from the two clones tested was neutralised by the anti-Namalwa IFN serum and two different anti-IFNa sera but not by two different anti-IFNB sera. This demonstrates that the antiviral activity can be correlated with the synthesis of a .catpound having the biological activity of an IFN. (iii) Antiviral activitv on bovine and murine cells. The effect of various human interferons on heterologous cells has been extensively documented. The bacterially derived synthetic gene product was assayed on human, bovine and murine cells. The spectrum of activity is shown in Table 3 and corresponds in profile to that reported for the IFN-al produced by E.coli containing al cDNA (Stewart et al as hereinbefore mentioned). TABLE 3 Characterisation of antiviral activity of E. cool containing IFS plasmids* Stability to acid pH* Neuralisation by antiserat Activity on cells of different species Plasmid pH7.4 pH2.0 No anti anti-leuco- anti-fibro T98C cells 1. cells MDBX cells Serum Namaiwa IFN cyle TFN blast IFN (humun) (murine) (bovine) pIFS 520 1200 1200 < 75 < 75 1200 1200 600 25.600 pIFS11 1040 1040 1200 < 75 < 75 1200 - - * expressed as antiviral units/0.15 ml cell extract. @ assayed on T98C cells. Stimulation of 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activitv Interferon treatment of cells has been shown to stimulate the activity of the enzyme 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (Williams and Reed in Biology of the Interferon Systen, Edited by De Maeyer et al, Elsevier, Holland, 1981, pages 111-114). Example 2 This example describes the preparation of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising the gene prepared in Example 1 and a lac W5 promoter (Mercereau-Puijalan, Nature, 1978, 275, Dages 505-510) and e:epression of the gene in E.coli. The procedure for the preparation of a recombinant DNA molecule described in Example 1 was repeated except that the lac UV5 promoter was used instead o; the wildtype lac promoter. The recombinant DNA molecules prepared were assigned the designations pIFS101-108. The expression of interferon from a sample of these recombinant DNA molecules, namely pIFS101, was shown by the bioassay method described in Example 1. The antiviral activity expressed as antiviral units/0.l5 ml bacterial extract as assayed on MDBK cells was 1.3 x 106. The molecular weight of pIFS101 determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was about 16000-17000. Examples 3-6 These examples describe transfer of the synthetic gene prepared in Examples 1 and 2 from E.coli to other organisms and production therein of interferon. The DNA sequences comprising synthetic interferon gene/promoter prepared in Examples 1 and 2 were recloned into plasmid pGSS15 (Barth et al, Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity and Ecology of Bacterial Plasmids, Eds Levy SB, Clotures, R C and Koenig, E L (Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York) as shown in Figure 13. pGSS15 was digested to completion with EcoRI and SalI and the digest products separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The synthetic gene promoter fragments were obtained from an EcoRI and SalI digest of pIFSl and pIPS105 separately and were separately ligated te the replicon (I) and Tcr(II) bands purified from pGSSl5. After transformation of E.coli, hybrids were selected as being Tcr, Aps, giving a positive Xg reaction (Davies, J and Jacob, F, J Mol Biol, 36, 413-417) indicating the presence of the lac promoter sequence and hybridising to a nick translated 60 base pair fragment from the synthetic gene sequence. A wide host range mobilising plasmid, R751 (Bennett et al Journal of Bacteriology, 1976, 126, pages 1-6) was introduced into E.coli PA340rK'mK+ carrying the pGSS15-sIFN recombinants. These were then used as donors in genetic crosses with a range of recipient hosts as described previously for M.methylotrophus (Windass et al, Nature, 1980, 287, 396-401). The host/recombinant DNA combinations used are shown in Table 4. The genetically modified microorganisms express material having interferon activity. TABLE 4 Example No Recipient Host Transformant 3 Methylomonas pGSSl5-IFSl methylotrophus 4 Pseudomonas pGSSl5-IFSlO5 methylonica UK Specification No 1451020 5 Methylomonas pGSS15-IFS105 methylonica UK Specification No 1420264 6 Alcaligenes pGSSlS-IFSlO5 eutropha ATCC 17698 Example 7 This example describes the formation of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising the gene prepared in Example 1 and a synthetic trt promoter and expression of the gene in E.coli and M.methylotrophus. The synthetic promoter sequence is shown in Figure 6, and includes all the known control regions to achieve expression of 2 gene, containing an initiation codon at a sizable distance downstream. The sequence comprises a double- stranded DNA, preceded by a single-stranded cohesive terminus for an 1coRI restriction endonuclease ana terminated by a single-stranded cohesive terminus for either a TagI or ClaI restriction endonuclease. Thirteen oligodeoxynucleotides designated 1-13, as indicated by the arrows above and below the oligonucleotide sequence of Figure 6 were prepared as described in Example 1, except that the solvent used for hplc ion-exchange chromatography was phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 30% formamide. Ligation cf fragments 1-5 to form fragment I The 5'-hydroxy termini of the chemically synthesised oligonucleotides 2 to 5 shown in Figure 6 (0.4 n mol) were separately phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase as described in Example 1, to a specific activity of 8.4 Ci mm'ol¯l. Each oligonucleotide was precipitated with ethanol and subjected to electrophoresis on a 20% polyacrylamide cel containing 7 N urea. The 32P-lzbelle oligonucleotides were detected by autoradiography, excised fro the gel and electroeluted in 1.5 ml of 10 mM Tris-borate (pH 8.3), 0.2 =! EDTA by the method described by McDonnell et al, Journal of Molecular Biology (1977), 110, 19-146, except that the dialysis bags were clipped rather than tied, the electrophoretic polarity was reversed for 15 seconds at the end of the electroelution and the solutions were not extracted with phenol. The eluates were chromatographed on DE52 cellulose. After electroelution, the electrophoretic buffer was applied to 75 1 of DE-52 cellulose contained in a 1 Gelson ppette tip which had been plugged with siliconised glass wool. The eluate from this column was pass aged 3 times through the column to ensure all the oligonucleotide fragment had been absorbed. After washing with water (1 ml) the oligonucleotide was eluted with 3 100 1 volumes of 2 M sodium chloride containing 50 irLM.. Tris-HCl (ph 7.5) 1 mM EDTA and precipitated by addition of ethanol (1 ml) and cooling to -700C for 16 hours. As an alternative to the DE52 chromatography the eluate in the dialysis bag was extracted with butanol to a volume of approximately 20 ul. Water (160 ul) and 3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.6 (20 ul) were added with mixing then the oligonucleotide was precipitated by addition of ethanol (1 ml) and cooling at -700C for at least 1 hour. The products were Cerenkov counted, aliquots of 32P-labelled oligonucleotides 2 to 5 (64, 60, 56 and 60 pmol respectively) were combined and dried in vacuo. The mixture was dissolved in sterile distilled water (50 ul) and heated to 100oC for 5 minutes. The solution was allowed to cool slowly to room temperature, lyophilised and ligated with T4 DNA ligase (26 units) in 20 ul containing 76 mM Tris HC1 (ph 7;6), 6.6 mM magnesium chloride, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 2.9 mM ATP, 1.6 mb1 mercaptoethanol and 1.6 ug bovine serum album-in. The reaction temperature was initially 370C for 30 minutes, then reduced to 18 C and maintained at this temperature for 5 hours. The temperature was further reduced to 70C over 4 hours then increased to 220C for 5 hours. 0.3 M sodium acetate (250 ul) was added and the product was precipitated by addition of ethanol (750 ul) and cooling to -700C. The solid was collected by centrifugation and washed with ethanol (1 ml). Oligonucleotide 1 (80 pmol) was added, the solution lyophilised, and the ligation was repeated. The product (fragment I) was isolated as described above for group A, in Example 1, by electrophoresis on a 15% polyacrylamide gel in 50 mM Tris-borate pH 8.3, 1 mM EDTA. The slowest migrating band was eluted from the gel and ethanol-precipitated. An aliquot of this was examined on a denaturing gel and shown to consist of two strands of 41 and 30 bases. Ligation of fragments 6-13 to form fragment II Each of oligonucleotides 6 to 11 and 13 shown in Figure 6 was phosphorylated with a mixture of ATP and [y-32P]ATP as described for fragment I. The following aliquots were combined and ligated as described above for fragment I. Oligonucleotide Amount pmol 6 76 7 72 8 68 9 64 10 68 11 72 12 144 13 200 The product was isolated as described above, examined on a denaturing gel and shown to consist of two strands 45 and 54 bases as shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Number of Bases in EMI42.1 <tb> <SEP> Frag- <SEP> Oligonucl- <SEP> Top <SEP> Strand <SEP> I <SEP> Bottom <SEP> Strand <tb> ments <SEP> eotides <tb> <SEP> I <SEP> 1-5 <SEP> 41 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> II <SEP> 6-13 <SEP> 45 <tb> ¯ <SEP> ' <SEP> I <SEP> . <SEP> I <SEP> <tb> Synthesis of promoter Aliquots of fragment I (3.0 pmol) and fragment II (0.6 pmol) were combined and ligated as described for fragment I except that the mixture was heated to 490C in the ligase buffer, then cooled in a covered Dewer flask to 230C to anneal the cohesive ends. DNA ligase was added to the mixture which was allowed to cool to 200C by placing the covered Dewar flask in a room at 2 0C. The total annealing and reaction time was 54 hours. The reaction was continued for a further 15 hours at 120C. The DNA was precipitated from the reaction mixture with ethanol and the product was purified on a 12% polyacrylamide gel, and the slowest migrating band was eluted and ethanol precipitated. The purified product was phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase as described in Example 1. The product was examined on a denaturing gel and shown to consist of two strands of 84 and 86 bases. Synthesis of linker fragments Two oligonucleotides d(CGACGATGTGT) and d(GATCACACATCGT) were synthesised as described in Example 1. These were used to join the synthetic promoter sequence to the synthetic interferon gene fragment shown in Figure 9 It will be appreciated that the gene fragment could be synthetic, plasmid derived, or cDNA derived. 1 ug (s0.4 pmol) EcoRI and ClaI digested pAT153 DNA was mixed with approximately 5 ng (X0.085 pmol) phosphorylated synthetic trp promoter fragment and trated with T4 DNA ligase (BRL) under the conditions recommended by the manufacturers. After transformation of E.coli strain JA221 with 1/3 of this mixture, 10 ampicillin resistant colonies were obtained. Two of these colonies carried an approximately 85 base pair EcoRI/Clal fragment in place of the small (25 base pair) pAT153 EcoRI/ClaI fragment. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the EcoRI/ClaIinserts in these two plasmids confirmed that they have the structure of the chemically synthesised trp promoter. Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a Hu IFN-a1 gene and a synthetic trp promoter To prepare the synthetic Hu IFN-al gene for coupling to the trp promoter, the region of the IFN gene 5' to the translation initiation codon was removed by trimming back to a Sau3A site in the region of the gene coding for amino acids 3 and 4 (Asp and Leu) of the IFN al polypeptide. To do this, a 131 base pair Sau3A/ BSTEII fragment, encoding amino acids 3-45, and a 370 base pair BstEII/SalI fragment, encoding amino acid 45 to the end of the IFN gene, were isolated from plasmid plFSl by preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These two fragments were then joined, to reconstruct the synthetic IFN gene without the region encoding the first two amino acids. This entailed ligation of the large BglII/SalI fragment of plasmid pJDW21, to produce a plasmid designated pJDW22. (pJDW21 was constructed from pAT153 by insertion of an EcoRI/HindIII fragment of a derivative of bacteriophage XJW19, which carries the trp ZLD102 deletion (phage stock number JW30). pJDW21 has a single Bt1II site in the trp C gene it carries). Introduction of the synthetic trp promoter fragment into pJDW22 and its fusion to an IFN gene were achieved in two stages. Firstly, the EcoRI/ClaI trp promoter fragment from plasmid pSTP2 were inserted into EcoRI/ClaI treated pJDW22, to produce a plasmid designated pJDT.f30. This was possible because there is a ClaI site in pJDW22 between the EcoRI and BglII site of pJDW22 about 1200 bp from the BalIl site. pJDW30 carries the synthetic trp promoter and the partial synthetic a1 IFN gene in the correct orinetation to allow transcription of the IFN gene from both this promoter and the natural trp promoter of pJDW21. There are however 1200 bp between the synthetic trp promoter and the partial IFN gene and the reading frame of the trp C gene, into which the IFN gene was inserted, cannot allow a hybrid trpC/IFN polypeptide to be.produced. Fusion of the synthetic IFN gene and trp promoter was achieved by isolation of the large C1aI/BII fragment of pJDW30 by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis and ligation to two 5'-phosphorylated synthetic oligonucleotides as indicated in Figure 9 These oligonucleotides are complementary to each other and enable ClaI and BglII cohesive ends to be joined together. They regenerate the coding sequence for the first two amino acids of the synthetic Hu IFN-a1 (Met and Cys) and generate the same sequence between the trp attenuator ribosome binding site and the IFN gene translation initiation codon as that found in the trp ALD102 hybrid ribosome binding site. The plasmids derived from this construction have been designated pIFS201- pIFS230. Construction of a wide host range plasaid comprising a Hu IFN-a1 gene and a synthetic trp promoter and transfer thereof to AS1 Construction of a wide host range plasmid derived from pGSSl5, designated pIFS5bl-506, and transfer thereof to AS1 was carried out as described in Examples 3-6. Figure 14 is a diagrammatic representation of the construction of pIFS501-506. E.coli strain JA221 carrying the recombinant DNA molecules pIFS201-204 and pIFS501-503 and AS1 carrying the recombinant DNA molecules pIFS501-503 were grown to stationary phase at 370C in Spitzizen salts medium, supplemeted with 0.2: glucose; 0.05% casein hydrolysate; 20 ug/ml L-leucine; 100 ug/ml L-tryptophan; 4 pg/ml thiamine and either 33 ug/ml ampicillin or 10 vg/ml tetracylcine as appropriate. 20 ml aliquots of these cultures were then centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 6 minutes, the cell pellets were then resuspended in 20 ml Spitzizen salts containing no supplements and again centrifuged. The washed cell pellets thus obtained were then resuspended in 200 ml of the above medium but containing only 2 ug/ml L-tryptophan. They were then incubated at 370 with vigorous aeration. Under these conditions the cells grew with a generation time of 45-50 minutes from an initial A650 of 0.13-0.16 to an A650 of 0.52-0.54, at which time they became tryptophan deficient and growth ceased. 45 minutes after growth ceased an aliquot was taken to obtain a viable cell count and the remainder of the cells were harvested and prepared for interferon assays as described in Exule 1. Bioassay results are shown in Table 6. Example 8 This example describes the preparation of a Hu IFN-a2 gene. Sixty eight oligodeoxynucleotides designated 1 to 68, as indicated by the arrows above and below the TABLE 6 IFN Activities in E.coli JA221 and AS1 Extracts Host Plasmid Promoter IFN units/1010 cells JA221 pIFS201 trp 107 JA221 pIF202 trp 1.4 x 107 JA221 pIFS203 trp 5.5 x 106 JA221 pIFS204 trp 5.5 x 106 JA221 pIFS lac UV5 2 x 105 JA221 pIFS501 trp 5 x 105 JA221 pIFS502 trp 1 x 106 JA221 pIFS503 trp 7 x 105 AS1 pIFS501 trp 2.4 x 106 AS1 pIFS502 trp 3.0 x 106 AS1 pIFS503 trp 5 x 106 oligonucleotide sequence in Figure 2 were prepared as described in Example 1. HPLC purification was as described as Example 7 i.e. using 0.3 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in 30% or 60% formamide. Ligation of oligonucleotides to Fragments A-M The 5'-hydroxy termini of certain of the chemically synthesised oligonucleotides were separately phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase and [y-32P]ATP as described in Example 1, and isolated following gel electrophoresis as described in Example 7. The phosphorylated and 5'-hydroxy oligonucleotides were assembled into thirteen groups A to M as follows. TABLE 7 EMI47.1 <tb> Frag- <SEP> Oligo- <SEP> Fragment <SEP> not <SEP> Number <SEP> of <SEP> bases <SEP> in <tb> ments <SEP> nucleo- <SEP> phosphorylated <tb> <SEP> tides <SEP> Top-Strand <SEP> Bottom <SEP> Strand <tb> <SEP> A <SEP> # <SEP> 1- <SEP> 5 <SEP> 1 <SEP> # <SEP> 44 <SEP> 32 <tb> <SEP> B <SEP> 6-10 <SEP> 10 <SEP> 30 <SEP> 46 <tb> <SEP> C <SEP> # <SEP> 11-15 <SEP> 11 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> D <SEP> 16-20 <SEP> 20 <SEP> j <SEP> 30 <SEP> 45 <tb> <SEP> E <SEP> 21-25 <SEP> 21 <SEP> 45 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> F <SEP> 26-30 <SEP> 30 <SEP> 30 <SEP> 45 <tb> <SEP> G <SEP> 31-35 <SEP> 31 <SEP> 46 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> H <SEP> 36-40 <SEP> 40 <SEP> t <SEP> 29 <tb> <SEP> I <SEP> I <SEP> 41-45 <SEP> i <SEP> 41 <SEP> 46 <SEP> 30 <tb> <SEP> J <SEP> 46-50 <SEP> 50 <SEP> 29 <SEP> # <SEP> 44 <tb> <SEP> K <SEP> 51-55 <SEP> ! <SEP> 51 <SEP> <SEP> 45 <SEP> 31 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> L <SEP> 56-60 <SEP> # <SEP> 60 <SEP> 30 <SEP> 44 <tb> <SEP> M <SEP> 61-68 <SEP> 68 <SEP> 58 <SEP> 55 <tb> The oligonucleotides required for each of the groups A to M were joined using the enzyme T4 DNA ligase, to give the double-stranded fragments A to M. These were purified by gel electrophoresis in a 15% polyacrylamide slab in the absence of urea. Assembly of A-M into the Interferon Gene Sequences (I to III) were constructed by similarly ligating the fragments A to L after phosphorylating the 5'-hydroxy termini of fragments B to L, with T4 polynucleotide kinase and ATP (containing 0.15% of [y-32P]ATP in groups as shown in Table 8. Sequence Fragments Number of bases in Top Strand Bottom Strand I ABCD 149 153 II EFGH 150 150 TABLE 8 III IJKL 150 149 The sequences I to III were purified by gel electrophoresis in a 10i polyacrylamide slab and ligated with fragment M to give the Hu IFN-a2 gene (Figure 2), which was purified by gel electrophoresis in a 6% polyacrylamide slab. Example 9 This example describes the production of interferons by E.coli cells which comprise a copy interferon gene prepared from the mRNA of Namalva cells. Induction of Interferon in Namalwa cells for mRNA extraction Namalwa cells were grown as suspension cultures in spinner flasks using RPMI 1640 supplemented with 106 foetal calf serum and 1 nM L-glutamine. For induction, the cells (2 x 106 ml) in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2% foetal calf serum and L-glutamine (1 mM) were treated with butyric acid (1 mM) for 48 hour, spundown, washed once with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% newborn calf serum and resuspended in the same medium at 3 x 107 cells/mi. Sendai virus (strain AE 101) in PBS was then added at a concentration of 3000 HAU/ml and the cell suspension incubated at 370C for 1 hour. Nine volumes of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% newborn calf serum and L-glutamine (1 mM) were then added and the cultures were incubated at 370C for nine hours. The induced cells were harvested, washed twice with ice cold PBS and resuspended in 2 volumes of 50 mM HEPES (pH 7.6), 240 ml KC1, 10 mM Mugs04,3 mM DTT, 250 mM sucrose, 2% NP-40 and 10 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex (BRL). The suspended cells were lysed by vortexing in this buffer for 1 minute and the lysate centrifuged for 15 minutes at 23,000 g. The resulting 23,000 g supernate was made 10 mM with vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex and 20 mM with streptomycin sulphate (from a fresh lOX stock) to precipitate polysomes. The preparation was left at O C for 3 hours. At the end of this time, the precipitated polysomes were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 5000 g. The pellet was then resuspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 0.4M NaCl1 1% SDS and passed twice through 1 ml.oligo dT-cellulose (PL Biochemicals) columns. The poly A polysomal RNA was eluted from the column, precipitated with ethanol, translated in reticulocyte lysates (Amersham), and the translation reaction was titered for interferon activity. 0.2 vg of mRNA in a 20 U1 reaction yielded ¯80 units of interferon. The interferon activity obtained in this way was totally neutralised by antiserum prepared against Namalwa interferon. The total poly A+ RNA was further fractionated on a 5-308 sucrose gradient prepared in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 3 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 0.5 SDS. The gradient was centrifuged in an SW27 rotor at 26,500 rpm for 17. hours. The gradient was collected from the bottom and all fractions sedimenting faster than 18S and slower than 9S were pooled. The fractions in between were ethanol precipitated and individually translated in reticulocyte lysates. The translation reactions were titrated and a peak of interferon mRNA was found at approximately 12-16S. This mRNA was pooled and ethanol precipitated to be used for cDNA production and cloning. Synthesis of double-stranded cDNA from sucrose gradient enriched mRNA Single-stranded cDNA was prepared in a 50 ul reaction containing Sug of 12-16S fraction mRNA, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 50 mM NaCl, 8 mM MgCl2, 10 mM DTT, 5 uCi 3HdCTP (2lci/mmol, Amersham International), 1 mM dATP, 1 mM dGTP, 1 mM dCTP, 1 mM TTP, 5 ug oligo dT12¯l8 (PL Biochemicals) and 17 units AMV reverse transcriptase (batch G380). The reaction mixture was incubated at 420C for 60 minutes, then diluted with 50 ul 5 mM Tris HC1 (pH 8.3), 5 mM DTT; a further 17 units of reverse transcriptase was then added and a further 30 minutes incubation at 470 was given to try to ensure complete copying of any potentially secondary structures in the mRNA (Dr. A. Dunn, personal communication). The reaction was terminated by addition of 2 ul 0.4 M EDTA, 2 ul 10% SDS and phenol extraction. cDNA and residual RNA were then separated from unincorporated nucleotides by gelfiltration on Sephadex G50 Fine in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5); 1 mM EDTA. Excluded fractions were then made 0.2 M in NaOH and incubated at 670 for 10 minutes before neutralisation and ethanol precipitation overnight at -20 . The second strand cDNA synthesis was performed essentially as described by Kay et al, Nucleic Acids Research, 8 2691 (1980) using 1.lug single-stranded cDNA as a template and a32P dCTP to follow the reaction. 0.45 ug double-stranded cDNA was treated with approximately 300 units S1 nuclease (BRL) for 10 minutes at 350 in 250 mM NaC1; 30 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 4.5 mM ZnC12. The reaction was terminated by addition of EDTA and SDS and phenol extraction, as above; cDNA was separated from nucleotides by Sephadex G50 Fine gel filtration. After ethanol precipitation, the double-stranded cDNA was then fractionated by electrophoresis on a 5% polyacrylamide gel in TBE buffer (Maniatis et al,Biochemistry, 14,3787, (1975), a fraction greater than 600 bp in size was recovered from the gel by electroelution, DE52 chromatography and ethanol precipitation. 44 ng of size fractionated cDNA was tailed with approximately 25 dCMP residues/3' terminus with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT; PL) (Roy Choudhury et al Nucleic Acids Research 3 863 (1976)). It was then recovered by phenol extraction, gel filtration and ethanol precipitation. Construction of recombinant plasmids The double-stranded, size fractionated, dCMP tailed cDNA, prepared as described above, was mixed with an approximately equimolar amount (150 ng) of pAT153 DNA, which had previously been PstI cleaved and tailed with approximately 25 dGMP residues/3' terminus, in 20or1 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.2 mM EDTA. The mixture was incubated for 5 minutes at 650, 2 hours at 440 and then allowed to cool slowly (in a switched-off water bath) to room temperature overnight, to allow annealing of the oligo dC and dG tails to occur. It was then stored on ice for several days during which time aliquots were used to transform E.coli strain MRV8 cells, which had been made competent by treatment with 0.1 M CaC12 supplemented with N-acetylglucosamine (0.4 mg/ml) and 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (0.1 mg/ml). 3000 tetracycline resistant (Tcr) transformants were obtained. Of these, 2450 (81.7%) apparently contain recombinant DNA as shown by their sensitivity to penicillin. Analysis of the cDNA clones (i) Colony hybridisation The transformed bacteria were plated onto nitrocellulose filters (Schliecher and Schnell, 82 mm, BA85) placed on L-broth agar plates containing 10 ug/ml tetracycline. The filters were hybridised, as described by Grunstein and Hogness, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 72, 3961, 1975, with a 32p- labelled nick translated probe (Rigby et al, Journal of Molecular Biology, 113, 237, 1977) generated from a chemically synthesised DNA fragment based on part of the sequence (corresponding to amino acids 78-97) of the Hu IFN-a1 gene shown in Figure 1. Groups of 10 filters were incubated with approximately 106 Cherenkov cpm in 5x Denhardts at either 370C or 5O0C, overnight. The filters were then washed four times for 15 minutes each in 5x Denhardts containing 1% SDS at the same temperature as the hybridisation had been performed and finally for 1 hour in 3 x SSC + 1% SDS. The filters were dried and exposed to Kodak X-omatic H film and a Kodak intensifying screen. From this hybridisation experiment four clones, hereinafter referred to for convenienceas pcIF24.40, pcIF24.47, pcIF29.43 and pcIF41.13, were.detected which carry cDNA species closely related to the leucocyte IFN gene family. (ii) Interferon Bioassays Bioassays were performed on extracts produced from pooled cultures of 10 individual colonies. Where the pools were positive, individual colonies were then investigated. In the case of pooled cultures, 10 ml cultures of individual clones were grown to early stationary phase (approx 109 cells/ml) and pools of 10 x 10 ml cultures prepared. For the assay of individual colonies, 100 mf cultures were grown. The cells were harvested and resuspended in 0.01 volumes of 50 mX1 Tris HCl (pH 8.0), 50 mM EDTA and 15% sucrose, lysozyme was added to a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml and the suspension kept on ice for 30 minutes. The samples were then frozen at -200C overnight, thawed at room temperature and sonicated for 15 seconds. Extracts were kept at -200C until used for bioassay. Serial two-fold dilutions of the samples were made in 96 well microtitre plates; T98G cells (a human neuroblastoma line) were added to each well (40,000'cells per well) and the cultures incubated overnight at 370C. The cultures were then challenged with ENC virus (0.6 PFu/cell) and scored for cytopathic effect 24-30 hours later. The titre ot the sample (expressed as units/O.l5 ml) is defined as the reciprocal of the maximum dilution reducing the cytopathic effect by 50% or more. In this assay, the NIH human reference standard G-023-901-527 (20,000 w/ml) diluted 1 in 50 and hence containing by definition 400 Iu/ml gave a titre of 120 unites/0.15 ml. 300 extracts, prepared from pools of 10 clones, were assayed for antiviral activity. 35 extracts were scored as having such activity. Of these 35 pools, 30 were re-tested in the presence of antiserum to Namaliva IFN and in 11 cases the activity was neutralised. Extracts of the individual members of 5 pools were assayed for antiviral activity and seven were found to be positive. A typical result for one clone pcIF56.2 is shown in Table 9. TABLE 9 EMI54.1 <tb> <SEP> Interferon <SEP> Titre <SEP> (units/1.5x106 <SEP> cells)a <tb> <SEP> Clone <SEP> Experiment <SEP> 1 <SEP> Experiment <SEP> 2 <SEP> Experiment <SEP> 3 <tb> <SEP> 56.2 <SEP> 600 <SEP> 1200 <SEP> 1200 <tb> 56.2+antiserum <SEP> b <SEP> 300 <SEP> 300 <tb> a: Assayed on T98G cells challenged with EMC virus. b: Not determined. Restriction endonuclease maps and DNA sequence analysis of the cDNA clones cDNA clones 24.40, 24.47, 29.43, 41.13 and 56.2 have been mapped using the restriction enzymes PruII, BglII and EcoRI. It has previously been shown that different IFN genes can be grouped into eight classes on the basis of their restriction maps with these enzymes (Goeddel et al, 1981, Nature, 290, 20-26). Figure 15 shows the restriction maps obtained for the 4 clones (pcIF24.40, pcIF24.47, ncIF29.43 and pcIF41.13) identified by hybridisation and for 1 clone (?cIF56,2) identified in the bioassay screen. Clone pcIF24 .40 appears to be very similar in its restriction map with that described for leucocyte IFNE although it also contains an additional PvuII site in a position which would correspond to that present in the sequences of leucocyte IFN A, D and H (Goeddel et al etc) This PvuII site is in the sequence for the signal peptide of the interferon coded for by these clones. The leucocyte IFNE cDNA sequence previously described did not extend this far. Clone pcIF56.2 does not contain any restriction enzyme sites for the three enzymes tested and on further analysis it was shown that there were also no restriction sites for HpaII, PstI, or TaqI. The only restriction site we have been able to assign to this cDNA to date. is a single AluI site (Figure 15). This and the fact that this clone does not hybridise to the synthetic oligonucleotide probe is indecative that this cDNA is not related to any of the interferon sequences previously described. Figure 16 shows a partial DNA sequence of this clone. It can be observed that there is an extensive open reading frame but there is no DNA or amino acid sequence in common with any previously described IFN. Characterisation of the products expressed by the cDNA clones Clone pcIFS6.2 aas identified by the direct bioassay screening approach. Because it does not have any sequence homology with other known IFN's it was important to demonstrate properties of this clone which are compatible with it expressing a product which has IFN activity. These properties can be summarised as follows: (i) The cloned DNA binds IFN mRNA from Namalwa cells in a filter binding assay (Nagata et al, 1980, Nature, 284, 316-320). (ii) The product expressed by this clone exhibits antiviral activity, stable at pH2 which - is neutralised by anti-Namalwa IFN serum - is retained on an antibody affinity column (anti-leucocyte IFN serum) - is partially retained on blue sepharose and poly U columns. (iii) The product stimulates the activity of the enzyme 2 51 -oligoabenylate synthetase. This evidence suggests that pcIF56.2 produces a nmelpolypeptide with biological properties expected for IFN. The cDNA clones were constructed by annealing deoxy C tailed cDNA to pAT153 DNA which had been cleaved in the ss-lactamase gene by PstI digestion and tailed with deoxy G residues. PstI sites are regenerated at both ends of the insert as a result of such recircularisation (Otsuka A, 1981, Gene, 13, 339). Plasmid DNA was isolated from clonep:IF25-40 and the cDNA insert was recovered by digestion with PstI and was mixed with plasmid pGSS15 DNA which had been linearised by digestion with PstI. The mixture was ligated and transferred into E.coli PA340.22. Transformants containing the cDNA insert were isolated and extracts of these bacteria were assayed for IFN activity. A number of these extracts, particularly from clone pGSSl5/24.40:Al1, have consistently been shown to have an antiviral activity stable at pH2. Furthermore this antiviral activity is neutralised both by the anti Namalwa IFN serum and two independent anti-leucocyte IFN sera1 but not by two independent anti-fibroblast IFN sera. This evidence would suggest that clone pGSS1S/ 24.40:All produces a product with the characteristics expected for Hu IFN-a. The expression of cDNA clones in M.methylotrophus (AS1) pGSS15/24.40 All was transferred from E.coli to AS1 as described in examples 3-6. The production of interferon in both organisms was confirmed by bioassays of bacterial extracts as described previously. These results are shown in Table 10. TABLE 10 EMI56.1 <tb> IFN <SEP> cDNA <SEP> in <SEP> j <SEP> <SEP> Antiviral <SEP> titre <tb> <SEP> (units/0.15 <SEP> ml) <tb> E.coli <SEP> 1200 <tb> M.methyllotrophus <SEP> 495 <tb>

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A genetically modified microorganism capable of expressing as a metabolite a compound having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity and comprising genetic material coding for the said metabolite, which genetic material comprises a synthetic DNA molecule or a copy DNA molecule derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene, with the proviso that when the said genetic material comprises a copy DNA molecule derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene and the genetically modified microorganism is derived from E.coli the naturally occurring gene is a component of Namalwa cells. 2. The microorganism as claimed in claim 1 wherein the microorganism is a bacterium. 3. A microorganism as claimed in claim 2 wherein the bacterium is an autotrophic or a methylotrophic bacterium. 4. A microorganism as claimed in claim 3 wherein the autotrophic or methylotrophic bacterium is chosen from the group consisting of Methylophilus methylotrophus, Pseudomonas methylonica, Pseudomonas methanolica, Pseudomonas sp, Methylomonas methanolica, Pseudomonas utilis, Pseudomonas inaudita, Methylomonas clara, and Alcaligenes eutropha. 5. A microorganism as claimed in claim 4 wherein the bacterium is a strain of Methylophilus methylotrophus. 6. A microorganism as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the said genetic material is carried by a plasmid of one of incompatibility groups N, P, O or W. 7. A microorganism as claimed in claim 6 wherein the plasmid is of incompatibility group Q. 8. A microorganism as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the said genetic material comprises a copy cDNA molecule derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene which is a component of lymphoblastoid cells. 9. A microorganism as claimed in claim 8 wherein the lymphoblastoid cells are Namalwa cells. 10. A microorganism as claimed in any one of claims 1-7 wherein the said genetic material comprises a synthetic DNA sequence of at least a structural gene of the DNA sequences shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2. 11. A copy DNA molecule coding for a metabolite having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity which copy DNA molecule is derived from mRNA produced by transcription of a naturally occurring interferon gene which is a component of Namalwa cells. 12. A DNA molecule which has the restriction map 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 bp EMI58.1 PstI PvuII PvuII EcoRI PvuII PstI 13. A DNA molecule which has the restriction map 0 200 400 600 bp EMI58.2 PstI AluI PstI and/or comprises the partial DNA sequence shown in Figure 16. 14. An oligonucleotide chosen from the DNA sequences designated 1-67 in Figure 1 and 1-68 in Figure 2. 15. A synthetic DNA molecule coding for a metabolite having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity. 16. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising DNA molecule as claimed in any one of claims 11-13 and a suitable vector therefor. 17. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising a synthetic DNA molecule as claimed in claim 15 and a suitable vector therefor. 18. A recombinant DNA molecule as claimed in claim 17 wherein the suitable vector comprises an E.coli lac or trp promoter. 19. A compound having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity whenever produced by a genetically modified microorganism as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10. 20. A compound having interferon activity and having a molecular weight of about 16000-17000. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in claim 19 or 20 and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent therefor. 22. A method for the preparation of synthetic genetic material as claimed in claim 15 which method comprises joining appropriate oligonucleotides claimed in claim 14. 23. A method for. the preparation of a recombinant DNA molecule as claimed in any one of claims 16-18 which method comprises joining a genetic material as claimed in any one of claims 11-13 or 15 to a suitable vector there for. 24. A method for the preparation of a genetically modified microorganism as claimed in claim 1 which method comprises transforming a suitable host microorganism with a recombinant DNA molecule claimed in any one of claims 16-18. 25. A method for the production of a compounds having interferon activity per se or capable of being modified in vivo or in vitro to provide a compound having interferon activity which method comprises the step of culturing a microorganism claimed in claim 1.

Inventors: ATHERTON, KEITH THURSTON, DE MAEYER, EDWARD, EDGE, MICHAEL DEREK, MARKHAM, ALEXANDER FRED, MEACOCK, PETER ANTHONY, WINDASS, JOHN DAVID
Applicants: IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PLC, UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER
Application year: 1982
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N15, C07K14, A61K38