INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND CAM DRIVE MECHANISM THEREFOR

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has n number of cylinders, a piston in each cylinder connected to a crankshaft (2), each piston being in phase or out of phase with the others by A<o> or a multiple thereof (A = 720/n), cams for actuating inlet and exhaust valves to each cylinder, and a cam drive mechanism (5) which rotates the cams in phased relationship with the crankshaft (2) to open the valves in sequence for a desired angle of rotation of the crankshaft. The cam drive mechanism also includes means for combining the rotational movement of the cams with a phased oscillatory movement of the camshaft (3) and cams of variable amplitude about the axis of rotation at a frequency f times the crankshaft frequency so that over the period which the valves are opened and/or their timings variable, f has the following values: f = 2n when the number of cylinders n = 1; f = n or n/2 when n = 2; and f = n/2 when n = 3 or more. The selection of the frequency of the oscillations allows all the cams to be mounted on the same camshaft.

Description: -1- Internal Combustion Engine and Cam Drive Mechanism Therefor. Technical Field This invention relates in general to interna combustion engines, and " .more particularly to cam driv mechanisms therefor. Background Art A conventional internal combustion engin comprises a set of cylinders arranged in line, a pisto 10 reciprocable in each cylinder and connected to a crank shaft, each piston being either in phase or out of phas with the others by a phase angle A° or an integral multipl thereof, a plurality of rotatable cams for actuating inle and exhaust valves of each cylinder, and a cam driv 15 mechanism for rotating the cams in a predetermined phas relationship with the crankshaft to open each valve i sequence through a desired angle of rotation of the crank shaft. . In a conventional. 4-stroke engine, the cam driv mechanism rotates the cams once for every two rotations o 20 the crankshaft- Such drive mechanism suffer from the disadvantag that the periods (i.e., angles of rotation of the crank¬ shaft) for which the valves are opened during each cycle of the engine are fixed. In practice, the optimum periods 25 vary with the operating conditions of the engine. For example, when the engine is operating at high speeds, maximum power would be achieved by opening the inlet and exhaust valves for relatively longer periods within each cycle, whereas at low engine speeds and low loads, shorter 30 operating periods improve the fuel efficiency of the engine. An improvement of fuel efficiency at low speeds could also be obtained by altering the operation of the exhaust and inlet valves to reduce the period for which both valves are open together. -2- British Patent Specification No. 1522405 disclose a cam drive mechanism that includes means for varying th angle of rotation of the camshaft through which the valves are opened to suit varying engine operating conditions. This is achieved by combining the rotational movement o the cams with oscillations about their axis of rotatio which also have a predetermined phase relationship with the crankshaft and varying the amplitude of these oscillations to match the change in the period for which the valves are opened to the engine conditions. The drive mechanism described in British Patent Specification No. 1522405 comprises an intermediate drive shaft driven at half the speed of the crankshaft and connected to the camshaft by an eccentric coupling. Dis placement of the axis of rotation of the intermediate drive shaft radially with respect to the axis of the camshaf produces a combined rotational and oscillatory movement in the camshaft, the frequency of the oscillatory movemen being equal to -the frequency of rotation of the camshaft. However, in the construction described in that specifica tion, the required phases of these oscillations differ for each cam and, therefore, an individual eccentric coupling driving an individual camshaft is required for each cylinder. Hence, the drive mechanism is relatively complicated and expensive to produce in a multi-cylinder engine. •DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention is based upon the apprecia¬ tion that, in an engine having a set of n_ number of cylinders in which each piston is either in phase with or A° (or an integral multiple of A° ) out of phase with the other pistons in the set, the combination of the rotational movement of the cams with angular oscillations (displace¬ ments) of a frequency of n/2 of that of the crankshaft. Oh.PI produces, for the valves of all the cylinders, the sam variation timing of the valves in relation to the rotatio of the camshaft. This permits all the valves to be drive from the same camshaft, While allowing variations in thei timings to suit engine operating conditions. According to the present invention therefor, ther is provided a cam drive mechanism for driving a camshaft o a 4-stroke internal combustion engine, the engine compris ing one or more sets of in cylinders, wherein II is a posi tive integer, a piston connected to a crankshaft an reciprocable in each cylinder and being either in phase o out of phase with any other piston in the set to which i belongs to by a phase angle A°, or an integral multipl thereof, and a camshaft carrying a plurality of rotatabl cams for actuating inlet and/or exhaust valves to eac cylinder in the set, the cam drive mechanism comprisin means for rotating the camshaft with a rotational movemen that is a combination of a regular circular motion abou its axis, which has a predetermined phase relationship wit the crankshaft, and an oscillatory motion about its axi which also has a predetermined phase relationship with th crankshaft, and means for varying the amplitude of th oscillatory motion whereby the timing of the valves may b varied; characterized in that the speed of the circular motion is half the speed of rotation of the crankshaft, and the oscillatory motion has a frequency f_ times th frequency of rotation of the crankshaft wherein: f = 2Ώ_ when the number of cylinders n_ = 1; 2 f = n_ when r = 3 or more. 2 The invention also includes an internal combustion engine comprising one or more sets of ri cylinders, a piston -4- connected to a crankshaft reciprocable in each cylinder an being either in phase with or out of phase by an angle A° or an integral multiple thereof; with any other piston i the set to which it belongs, and a plurality of rotatabl cams for actuating inlet and/or exhaust valves to eac cylinder; characterized in that, for each set of cylinders the cams are mounted on a respective common camshaft an each camshaft is driven by a cam drive mechanism accordin to the invention. Thus, where there is more than one cylinder, th engine may be of the type in which there is only one set o pistons, and the valves of all the cylinders in the engin are driven by the same common camshaft. For example, th engine may comprise a plurality of cylinders arranged in line, or two banks of cylinders arranged in a V-configura tion, the valves of which are all driven from a single centrally positioned camshaft. Alternatively, the engin may be of the flat or V-type in which the cylinders ar arranged in two sets, all the valves in each set bein operable by their respective common camshaft. In th latter case, a cam drive mechanism would be required fo each camshaft. In a further alternative, the engine may be of th twin camshaft type in which the inlet valves are all drive from one common camshaft and the outlet valves are drive from another camshaft. Again, two cam drive mechanism would be required. The invention is especially suitable for engine where the number of cylinders n_ is 3 or more, an especially to engines where r_ - 4. The cam drive mechanism may be of any suitabl construction. One general type of cam drive mechanis comprises a rotatable drive member driveable by th crankshaft, and a connection for transmitting rotational OMP movement of the drive member to the camshaft that permit relative angular movement between the camshaft and th drive member, and means for causing oscillations in th relative angular orientation of the drive member and th camshaft. For example, in one embodiment of the inventio incorporating a cam drive mechanism of this type, the driv mechanism includes an epicyclic gear train having a su gear member, planet gear members, a planet carrier member and a ring gear member, one member being driveable by th crankshaft, another member being adapted for connection t the camshaft, with means for oscillating a third member t vary the relative angular orientation between the other tw members. For example, if the sun gear is arranged to b driven by the crankshaft and the planet gear carrier is arranged to drive the camshaft, oscillation of the ring gear will vary the relative angular orientations between the sun and planet gear carrier. In this arrangement, the oscillating means preferably comprises a link connected at one end to the said third member and at the other end to a rotary member driveable by the crankshaft. The rotary member may comprise a simple crank, in which case the means for varying the amplitude of the oscillations may comprise a pivot slideable along the link with means for adjusting the position of the pivot along the link. In an alternative embodiment of the invention incorporating a cam drive mechanism of the aforementioned general type, the connection between the drive member and the camshaft comprises an axially reciprocable helically εplined element, and means for axially reciprocating the said element to effect the variation in the relative angular orientation of the camshaft and the drive member. The helically splined element may, for example, comprise a tube having internal and external splines engaging with the drive member and the camshaft, one of the sets of splines being helical. ι A cam mechanism may conveniently be used to effect reciprocation of the splined element. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cam. mechanism comprises a ball bearing race, one track of which is formed by a radial face of the splined element, the other track being formed by a fixed radial face, one of the tracks having circum¬ ferential undulations, ball bearings positioned between the two races, and means for biasing the splined element towards the radial face. With this construction, the axial depths of the undulations preferably vary in the radial direction and the means for varying the amplitude of the oscillations varies the radial position of the ball bear¬ ings in relation to the one radial face. In a further alternative embodiment of the inven¬ tion of the aforementioned general . type, the cam drive means comprises a first drive wheel adapted to be driven by the crankshaft, a second drive wheel adapted to drive the camshaft, a drive belt interconnecting the two drive wheels and means for cyclically varying the relative lengths of the runs of drive belt between the two drive wheels to effect the combination of the rotary movement with the oscillations. The means for cyclically varying the relative lengths of the runs of the drive belt or chain preferably comprises two idler wheels over each of which passes a respective one of the runs of the drive belt or chain, the idler wheels being mounted for movement in synchronism to displace the drive belt or chain in opposite radial directions. A second general type of cam drive mechanism which may be used in the present invention comprises a rotatabl drive member adapted to be connected between the crankshaf and the camshaft by means of an eccentric coupling whic superimposes the oscillations on the rotational movemen produced by the drive member, and the means for varying th amplitude of the oscillations comprises means for varyin the eccentricity of the eccentric coupling. In one embodiment of the invention incorporatin this second general type of cam drive mechanism, th rotatable member is adapted to be driven from the crank shaft at f_ times the speed thereof where is as define previously, and the eccentric coupling comprises a rotat able intermediate member driven by the drive member, th intermediate member and the drive member are eccentric t each other, and the intermediate member is drivingl connected to the camshaft through an appropriate change speed gear to drive the camshaft at half the speed of the crankshaft. The change speed gear will be a reduction gear having a ratio of 2f_ : 1. Although either the drive member or the inter¬ mediate member may be movable, preferably the intermediate member is movable relative to the drive member so that adjustment of the cam drive mechanism does not involve movement of any drive belt or chain between the crankshaft and the drive member. Any convenient linkage may be used between the drive member and .the intermediate member. Preferably the drive member is connected to the intermediate member by a pin which is mounted in one member eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of that member and which engages in a radial slot in the other member. This con¬ nection is less susceptible to wear than, for example, alternative connections involving pivoted links. The intermediate member may be connected to the reduction gear Olv-FI ^___τ through any suitable connection which transmits the rota¬ tional movement thereof but which can accommodate the movement of the intermediate member. For example, the intermediate member may _e connected to the reduction gear via universal joints, or sliding rotary connections such as an Oldha s coupling. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the intermediate member is connected to a rotatable member of the reduction gear by a pin which is mounted in one of the members eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of that member, and which engages a radial slot in the other member. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 schematically illustrates the front elevational view of. one engine constructed in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a schematic partial cross section through the engine of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a sketch showing the kinematics of a detail of the engine of Figures 1 and 2; Figures 4 and 5 are graphical illustrations of the operation of the inlet and exhaust valves of the engine in Figures 1 to 4; Figures 6 to 10 are graphical illustrations of the operation of the valves in engines differing from the engine of Figures 1 to 5 and embodying the invention; Figure 11 is a sketch of part of an alternative engine constructed in accordance with the invention; Figure 12 is a sectional view taken along line VII-VII of Figure 11; Figure 13 is a sectional view taken along line VIII-VIII of Figure 11; Figure 14 is a sketch of a further alternative engine constructed in accordance with the invention; - - Figure 15 is a sketch of a still furthe alternative engine constructed in accordance with th invention; and. Figure 16 is a sectional view taken along the lin X -X of Figure 15. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION ' Other features and advantages of the inventio will become more apparent upon reference to the succeeding detailed description thereof, and to the drawing illustrating the preferred embodiments thereof. Referring to Figures 1 to 3, therefore, th invention will first be described in relation to a 4-strok internal combustion engine 1 which has a single set of fou cylinders arranged in line, each having a piston connecte to a crankshaft 2 in a conventional manner. Each cylinde has an inlet valve and an outlet valve, and all eigh valves are arranged to be opened in sequence by means of respective cam and rocker," all the cams being mounted on single rotatable camshaft 3. Since the person skilled in the art will be familiar with the construction and arrangement of crank¬ shaft, pistons, valves and cams, all of which are conven¬ tional, these components are only illustrated schematically in the drawings. T e camshaft 3 is driven from the crankshaft 2 by a cam drive mechanism which comprises an epicyclic gear train, indicated generally at 5 in Figures 1 and 2. The gear train 5 comprises a sun gear 6 which is fixed to a drive wheel 7 which is, in turn, coupled to a drive sprocket 8 on the crankshaft 2 by a timing belt or chain 9. The sun gear 6 engages with a number (three illustrated) of planet gears 12 mounted on a carrier 13 which is fixed to the camshaft 3. The planet gears 12 also mesh with a ring gear 14. The gear ratio of the gear train 5 is such as to drive the camshaft at half the speed of the crankshaft. As best seen in Figures 1 and 3, the ring gear 14 is connected to one end of a link 15, the other end o which is connected to a rotatable crank wheel 16 by a sliding coupling 17. The crank wheel 16 engages with the timing belt or chain 9 so as to be . driven from the crank¬ shaft 2 at twice the speed of rotation of the crankshaft. The link 15 carries a pivot 18 which is slidable along the length of the link 15. The pivot is also slidably mounted on a control lever 19 which has a fixed pivot at one end to the engine for movement through an angle X between the positions illustrated in broken and solid lines in Figure 3. The pivot 18 is itself slidable along a track 20 arranged along the line between the centers of the ring gear 14 and the crank wheel 16. When the control lever 19 occupies the position illustrated in broken lines in Figure 3, the sliding pivot 18 will lie at the end of link 15 adjacent the ring gear 14. The rotational movement of the crank wheel 16 there¬ fore produces little or no movement of the ring gear 14 since rod 15 merely pivots about its end which is now essen¬ tially stationary. The gear train 5 therefore rotates the camshaft with a circular motion having a fixed phase with the crankshaft and a speed equivalent to half the crankshaft speed. As the control lever 19 is moved back through the angle X, rotation of the crank wheel 16 produces oscilla¬ tions back and forth of the ring gear 14 at a frequency equal to twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft 2; i.e., at the same frequency as the drive of crank wheel 16. The amplitude of the oscillations will increase pro¬ gressively as the control lever 19 moves towards the posi¬ tion illustrated in solid lines in Figure 3. The oscilla¬ tions of the ring gear 14 also cause the planet gears 12 to roll back and forth around the sun gear, varying their relative angular orientation, and transmitting the oscilla tory movement of the ring gear to the camshaft 3 throug the planet carrier. The combined ciccular and oscillatory movement o the camshaft is illustrated graphically in Figure 4 Figure 4(a) illustrates the phase relationship between th opening and closing movements of the inlet and exhaus valves and the crankshaft 2 during one complete revolutio of the crankshaft, the angle of rotation of the crankshaf being plotted in degrees on the abscissa of the graph, th movement of the inlet and exhaust valves in millimeter being plotted on the ordinate. The solid-line curves A and B respectively illus trate the .movements of the exhaust and inlet valves whe the ring gear 14 is not subjected to any oscillation. Th exhaust valve begins to open at 50° before the pisto reaches the bottom dead center (BDC) position and closes again about 35° after the piston has reached the top dead center (TDC) position. The exhaust valve is therefore opened through 265° of the rotation of the crankshaft 3. The inlet valve begins to open about 35° before the piston has reached TDC and closes about 50° after the piston has again reached BDC. The inlet valve is therefore also opened through 265° of rotation of the crankshaft. If the control lever 19 in Figure 3 is adjusted to oscillate the ring gear 14, similar oscillations are pro¬ duced in the camshaft 3. The phase relationship of these oscillations with the crankshaft is illustrated in Figure 4(b). It will be observed that the frequency of the oscillations is twice that of the crankshaft; hence, two cycles of oscillations occur for each rotation of the crankshaft. The broken line curves C and D in Figure 4(a) respectively illustrate the movements of the exhaust and inlet valves when the rotational movement of the camshaft generated by the crankshaft is combined with the oscilla¬ tions. As illustrated, the oscillations modify the circu¬ lar movement of the camshaft so that the exhaust valve now opens about 30° before BDC and closes about 20° after TDC, and the inlet valve opens about 20° before TDC and closes about 30° after BDC. The valves are therefore each now open during 230° of rotation of the crankshaft. By varying the amplitude of the oscillations, the periods for which the inlet and exhaust valves are opened may be varied. Figure 5 illustrates the effect of the oscilla¬ tions of the camshaft on the inlet and exhaust valves for the three other cylinders of the engine. The phase relationship between the opening of the inlet and exhaust valves of the first, second, third and fourth cylinders are illustrated at (a) to (d) respectively. The shaded areas represent the opening of the exhaust valves, the unshaded area representing the opening of the inlet valves. Figure 5(e), like Figure 4(b), illustrates the phase relationship between the rotation of the crankshaft and the oscillations of the camshaft. Figure 5(a) is similar to Figure 4(a), but illus¬ trates a full 360° of movement of the camshaft. Since the camshaft is driven at half the speed of the crankshaft, this represents 720° rotation of the crankshaft. During this period, four complete cycles of oscillations are generated. The oscillations result in reductions in the angle of rotation of the crankshaft through which the exhaust or inlet valves are opened, as illustrated by the arrows in Figure 5(a), as explained previously. Referring to Figure 5(b), the piston in the second cylinder of the engine is out of phase with the first cylinder by 180° based on the two complete revolutions of the crankshaft required to complete one combustion cycle in the engine. The exhaust and inlet valves therefore open -13- 180° after those of the first cylinder. Since the oscill tions applied to the crankshaft have a frequency of twi the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft, the differenc in- phase of the valves in the second cylinder relative those of the first cylinder is equivalent to one complet cycle of oscillation. Consequently, the oscillations var the angle of rotation of the crankshaft through which th valves of the second cylinder are opened by exactly th same amount as the valves of the first cylinder. Referring to Figure 5(c), the third cylinder i 540° out of phase with the first cylinder and 360° out o phase with the second cylinder. The exhaust and inle valves therefore open 540° and 360° after those of th first and second cylinders respectively. These phas differences correspond to three and two complete cycles o oscillations. Again, therefore, the angles of rotation o the crankshaft through which the valves of the thir cylinder are opened are varied by the oscillations b exactly the same amount as the first and second cylinders. Similarly, as seen in Figure 5(d), since th fourth cylinder is 360°, 180° and 180° out of phase wit the first, second, and fourth cylinders, respectively which each correspond to an integral number of cycles o oscillation, the exhaust and inlet valves of the fourt cylinder are subjected to the same variation in openin period as the valves of the other three cylinders. It will be appreciated that the above condition will apply in engines with any number of cylinders, pro vided that the pistons are in phase or out of phase with each other by 180° or an integral multiple thereof. I such an engine, therefore, all the valves can be driven from a common crankshaft. Figures 6 to 10 illustrate the operation of alternative embodiments of the invention applied to engines having varying numbers of cylinders. In general, in a 4-stroke engine having ri pistons out of phase with each other by equal amounts, the difference A in phase angle between any two pistons, in relation to the two complete rotations of the crank'shaft required to operate the 4-stroke engine cycle, will be 720/n degrees of crankshaft rotation or an integral multiple thereof. The operation of- the valves for each cylinder will also be out of phase with each other by this amount. In order to ensure that all the valves are affected similarly by the oscillations, the phase difference A must correspond to an integral number of complete cycles of oscillation. In most cases, it is convenient for the phase difference A to correspond to a single complete cycle of oscillation. In such cases, for each 360° cycle of the crankshaft therefore there must be: 360 = 360 n = ii oscillations A 720 2 The frequency of. the oscillations must therefore be n/2 times the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. In the case of an engine in which the camshaft operates the valves of two cylinders; i.e., where _n = 2, the. engine will also operate satisfactorily when the phase difference A between the two cylinders corresponds to two complete cycles of oscillation. In this case, the frequen- cy of oscillation is ri times crankshaft frequency. Where the crankshaft operates a single cylinder (ri = 1), satis¬ factory results can be obtained where the cam drive mecha¬ nism produces four complete cycles of oscillation when the frequency of oscillation is 2n_ times that of the crank- shaft. Thus, for a camshaft drive mechanism arranged to drive a camshaft which operates the valves of ri cylinders, the frequency of the oscillations should be f_ times the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft, where f = 2 n_ when n = 1; f = n/2 or ri when ri = 2; and f = n/2 when n = 3 or more. Referring now to Figure 6, the operation of 6-cylinder in-line engine is illustrated. In this engine each piston is out of phase with the other by a phase angl A or 120°. In order to fensure that the oscillations com bined with the circular motion of the camshaft produce th same variations in the opening periods of the valves i each cylinder, the frequency of oscillations (n/2 a explained above) is increased to 6/2 or 3 times that of th crankshaft. The effect of the oscillations is illustrated i Figure 6, the first cylinder exhaust valve being indicate by a shaded line, as previously. It can be seen that bot the opening and closing of the exhaust valve is advanced b about 20° in the cycle, and both the opening and closing o the intake valve is retarded by about 20°. Thus, although the period in each cycle for which each valve is open is substantially unchanged, the period during which both the intake valve and the exhaust valve are open simultaneously is reduced. Such a reduction improved fuel efficiency at low engine speeds and low loads. The areas indicated at (b_) illustrate the opera¬ tion of the second cylinder, which is 120° out of phase with the first cylinder. Since the phase angle difference between the two cylinders corresponds to an integral number of cycles of oscillations, the operation of the intake and exhaust valves of the second cylinder will be affected in exactly the same ■ manner as those of the first cylinder. Since all the remaining cylinders are 120°, or an integral multiple thereof, out of phase with the others, the same effect will be produced in each cylinder. Figure 7 is a diagram similar to Figure 6 illus¬ trating the operation of another embodiment of the inven¬ tion as applied to an engine in which the camshaft operates the valves of two cylinders, the position of which is out Oϊv-FI -16- of phase by a phase angle A of 360°. In this case, the oscillations have a frequency n/2 or 2/2 = 1 times the frequency of the crankshaft. The areas indicated at (a) illustrate the operation, of the valves of the first cylinder. It can be seen that a similar effect to that for the 6-cylinder engine is produced in that the absolute periods for which the exhaust and inlet valves are opened are unchanged, but the period for which both valves are opened together is reduced, improving fuel efficiency at low speeds and low loads. Engines of this type are also capable of operation in accordance with the invention by a cam drive mechanism in which the oscillatory movement has a frequency of twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. In such a case, the variations in the operation of the outlet and exhaust valves will be exactly as illustrated in Figure 4. It will be appreciated that the above description of the operation of engines having a camshaft which drives two cylinders is applicable either to two cylinder engines, or to 4-cylinder engines in which the cylinders are arranged in twos; e.g., horizontally opposed pairs, the valves of each pair being driven by its respective cam¬ shaft. Figure 8 is a diagram similar to Figure 6 illustrating the operation of another embodiment of the invention as applied to a 3-cylinder engine. In-line 3- cylinder engines are uncommon; however, 6-cylinder engines in which the cylinders are arranged in two banks of three cylinders in each bank are usually driven from separate camshafts. Figure 8, therefore, illustrates the operation of one such bank of cylinders. In either case, the three cylinders will be out of phase with each other by a phase angle of 240°, and the oscillations will have a frequency of n/2 or 3/2 = 1.5 times the frequency of the crankshaft. OMPI The effect of the oscillations on the fir cylinder, as illustrated at (a), is again to reduce t periods for which the exhaust and inlet valves are ope simultaneously without re'ducing the individual periods f which the valves are respectively open. It can also b seen that, as illustrated at (b), the 240° by which t second cylinder is out of phase with the first correspond to an integral number of cycles of the oscillation. Hence the valves of the second cylinder will be subjected to th same variations in opening and closing times. The sam will also be true of the third cylinder. Figure 9 illustrates an alternative mode of opera tion of the camshaft of the bank of three cylinders illus trated in Figure 8. In this case, the phase relationshi of the oscillations to the crankshaft is altered. Thus, i Figure 8, the oscillatory movement starts to advance th timing of the valves at a point B which at 50 coincide with the TDC position of one of the other of the cylinders If the phases of the oscillations are altered so that th point B occurs at or near the opening of the intake valve the timings of the opening and closing of the exhaus valves are advanced by the same amount, while the timing of the opening and closing of the intake valves remai substantially the same. The period during which bot valves are open is therefore still reduced without makin any substantial change in the timing of the intake valve. Figure 10 illustrates a further alternative mod of operation of the camshaft of the bank of three cylinder illustrated in Figure 8. In this case, the phase relation ship of the oscillations to the crankshaft is altered s that the part B is at or near the closure of the exhaus valve. As a result, the timings of the opening and closin of the intake valve are retarded by the same amount, while the timings of the opening and closing of the exhaus OMPI valves remain substantially unchanged, so that the period during which both valves are open is again reduced. The invention is also applicable to engines in which a camshaft drives tϊe valves for a single piston, for example, single-cylinder engines or 2-cylinder engines in which the cylinders are horizontally opposed. The opera¬ tion of the camshaft is as described in relation to the embodiments of the invention described hitherto except that the oscillations have a frequency of twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. The variations in the opera¬ tions of the inlet and exhaust valves will be exactly as illustrated in Figure 4. In all the embodiments of the invention described so far, the combination of the oscillatory movement with the circular movement of the camshaft has had the effect of reducing the periods for which the intake and exhaust valves are open simultaneously. It will be appreciated that this period could, in fact, be increased, if desired, by shifting the phase of the oscillations by one-half of one cycle. The desirability of such an arrangement would depend upon whether, in the absence of the oscillatory motion, the circular motion of the camshaft alone opens the inlet and exhaust valves together for a long or short period. Figures 11 to 13 illustrate an alternative cam drive mechanism. In this construction, a drive wheel 25 connected to the drive sprocket (Figure 1) on the camshaft 3 by a timing belt or chain 9 is slideably mounted on a tube 26 by means of axial splines 27. The tube 26 has helical splines on its internal surface which engage with similar splines formed on one end of the camshaft 3. Axial movement of the tube 26 relative to the drive wheel 25 therefore causes rotation of the camshaft 3 relative to the drive wheel 25. The axial movement of the tube 26 is affected by cam mechanism which comprises a ball bearing race 30 i which a set of ball bearings 31 are held between a radia end face 33 of the tube 26, forming one track of the race, and a fixed vertical face 32. The end face 33 of the tube 26 is provided wit circumferential undulations, in the form of four peaks 34 and four troughs 35, the depths and heights of which increase in the radially outward direction. The ball bearings are retained between the two races by means of a cage which allows the radial position of the ball bearings to be adjusted, and a spring 37 which biases the tube 26 towards the end face 33. As seen in Figure 13, the cage comprises two slotted plates 38, 39, the slots in one disc being radially disposed and the slots in the inlets dis¬ posed at 45° thereto. Rotation of one disc over the other causes the ball bearings to move radially along the radial slots. In use, the drive wheel 25 is driven at half the speed of the crankshaft and the tube 26 rotates with the drive wheel 25 transmitting the rotation of the drive wheel 25 to the camshaft 3. In addition, the movement of the ball bearings over the undulations on the end face 33 of the tube 26 causes the tube 26 to oscillate axially at a frequency of twice that of the crankshaft. The axial oscillations are transformed into oscillatons about the axis of the crankshaft by the tube 26, the amplitude of the oscillations being controlled by the radial position of the ball bearings 31. The combined rotational and oscilla- tory movement is therefore equivalent . to that described with reference to Figures 4 and 5. It will be appreciated that oscillations of different frequencies,- as required by the alternative embodiments of the invention described with reference to Figures 6 to 10, can be obtained by modifying the shape of the end face 33 of the tube 26 to promote more or fewer undulations. Figure 14 illustrates a still further alternative cam drive mechanism for a 4-cylinder engine in which the camshaft 3 is connected directly to a first drive wheel 40, which is, in turn, driven by a timing belt or chain 41 that runs over the second drive wheel 42 connected to the crankshaft 2. The two runs 44, 45 of the timing belt or chain each pass over a respective idler wheel 47, 48. The idler wheels 47, 48 are mounted on opposite ends of a link 50 which is reciprocable by an eccentric drive comprising a rotatable drive member 51 driven by the crankshaft at twice the speed of the crankshaft and connected to the link 50 by a pin and slot connection 53. In operation, the drive member 51 oscillates the link 50 at a frequency of twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. Each oscillation causes synchronous movement of the idler wheels 47, 48 to move the runs of the drive belt radially in opposite directions from the line joining the centers of the first and second drive wheels 40, 42, so that the lengths of the runs 44, 45 increase and decrease alternatively without producing any net change in the length of the belt or chain. This produces an oscil¬ lating movement in the first drive wheel 40 which is trans¬ mitted to the camshaft 3, the amplitude of which varies with the amplitude of the reciprocations of the link 50. The movement of the camshaft 3 will also be analagous to that described with reference to Figures 4 and 5. Varia¬ tions in the amplitude of the reciprocations may be pro¬ duced by varying the eccentricity of the drive pin of the drive member 31. The frequency of the oscillations may be changed to match the requirements of engines with more or fewer cylinders by changing the rate of rotation of the drive members in relation to the rate of rotation of the crankshaft. Figures 15 and 16 illustrate a still furthe alternative cam drive mechanism for a 4-cylinder engine i which a rotatable drive member 60 driven from the crank shaft of the engine by a 1 - timing belt or chain 9 at twice the speed of the engine is coupled to the camshaft 3 by an eccentric coupling indicated generally at 62. The eccen¬ tric coupling 62 comprises an intermediate member 63 which is in the form of a disc having a radial slot 64 extending axially therethrough. The disc is rotatably mounted in a bearing 65 which may be reciprocated in the radial direc¬ tion by means of a control link 66 so that the axis of rotation of the intermediate member 63 may be positioned eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of the drive member 60 by an mount e_. The intermediate member 63 is connected to the drive member 60 by means of a first drive pin 67 which is mounted eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of the drive member 60. The pin 67 carries a roller or alternatively a sliding block which engages in the slot 64 of the intermediate member. The intermediate member is drivingly connected to the camshaft by a 4 : 1 speed reduction gear indicated generally at 68. It includes a rotatable member 70 carry¬ ing a pinion 73 at one end that engages a pinion 74 on the end of the camshaft 3. The other end of the rotatable member 70 carries a second drive pin 72 that is positioned eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member 70. The pin 72 carries a roller or alternatively a sliding block that engages in the end of the slot 64 of the intermediate member opposite to that of the first drive pin 67. In operation, when the axis of rotation of inter¬ mediate member 63 is aligned with the axis of rotation of the drive member 60 and the rotatable member 70, rotation of the drive member 60 at twice the speed of the crank- t o O PI_ εhaft is transmitted directly through the intermediate member 63 to the rotatable member 70, and, hence, to the camshaft. Since the reduction gear 68 reduces the speed by a .ratio of 4 : 1, the camshaft is driven at half the speed of the engine. If the intermediate member 63 is displaced radially with respect to drive member 60 and the rotat¬ able member 70, rotation of the drive member 63 through an angle θ_ will cause a rotation of the intermediate member 63 through an angle &2 - The angle &2 varies approximately sinusoidally in relation to the angle of rotation of the drive member 60, &2 being greater than &_ during the first 180° of rotation of the drive member and less than θ^ during the second 180° of rotation. As the intermediate member rotates, it transmits drive through the second drive pin 72 to the rotatable member. Since the axis of rotation of the intermediate member 63 is also eccentric to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member 70, rotation of the intermediate member through an angle &2 causes rotation of the rotatable member 70 through an angle Θ3, which also varies approximately sinusoidally in relation to the angle of rotation of the intermediate member. The angle rotation of the rotatable member 70 with respect to the drive member 60 is therefore (&_ - θ_ ), the value of which will vary approximately sinusoidally with the angle 8_ at a frequency equal to the frequency of rotation of the drive member 60. The resultant motion of the rotatable member 70 is therefore the combination of the rotational movement of the drive member 60 at twice the speed of the crankshaft and an oscillating movement having a frequency equal to twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. When this motion is transmitted to the camshaft 3 through the reduction gear 68, the camshaft 3 is rotated at half the speed of the crankshaft and oscillated at a frequency equal to twice the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. Its movement i therefore as illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. While the invention has been shown and describe in its preferred embodiments, it will be clear to thos skilled in the arts to which it pertains that many change and modifications can be made without departing from th scope of the invention. For example, a similar mechanis can be used to drive the crankshaft of engines with more or fewer cylinders. However, the size of the drive member 60 and the ratio of the reduction gear 68 would require modification to ensure that the oscillations with the required frequency were produced at the desired camshaft speed. In general, the drive member will be driven at f (defined previously) times the speed of the crankshaft so that the frequency of the oscillations introduced will be f times the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft, and the speed change gear 68 is a reduction gear having a ratio of 2f_ : 1 so that the frequency of rotation of the camshaft is half that of the crankshaft. Industrial Applicability It will be clear from the foregoing that this invention has industrial applicability to motor vehicles and provides an engine construction with variable valve timing by the use of only a single camshaft complete with the cam drive mechanism of the invention. O PI

Claims: -24- CLAIMS 1. A cam drive mechanism for driving the camshaf of a four-stroke internal combustion engine having one o more sets of r_ number of cylinders where n is -a positiv integer, a piston connected to a crankshaft and recipro 5 cable in each cylinder and being either in phase or out o phase with any other piston in the set to which it belong by a phase angle A°, or an integral multiple thereof, and camshaft carrying a plurality of rotatable cams for actuat ing inlet and/or exhaust valves for each cylinder in th O set, characterized in the cam drive mechanism comprisin means for rotating the camshaft with a rotational movemen which is a combination of a circular motion about its axi of rotation which has a predetermined phase relationshi with the ' circular movement of the crankshaft and a 5 oscillatory motion about .its axis of rotation to advanc and retard the angular position of the cams relative to th valves with which they are associated, the oscillator motion having a predetermined phase relationship with th crankshaft, and means for varying the amplitude of th 0 oscillatory motion whereby the timing of the opening an closing of the valves may be varied, characterized in tha the speed of the circular movement of the camshaft is hal the speed of the crankshaft and the frequency o oscillations of the camshaft is f_ times the frequency o 5 rotation of the crankshaft, wherein: f = 2n_ when the number of engine cylinders n = 1; f = ii or n/2 when ri = 2; f = li when n = 3 or more. 2 2. A mechanism according to claim 1, comprising rotatable drive member drivable by the crankshaft, and connection for transmitting rotational movement of the OMPI -25- drive member to the camshaft having means permitti angular movement of the camshaft relative to the dri member, and means for oscillating the camshaft relative the drive member. 3. A mechanism according to claim 2 including planetary gear train having a plurality of gears includin a ring gear, one of the gears being the drive membe drivable by the crankshaft, means connecting another par of the gear train to the camshaft, and means for oscillat ing a third gear to vary the relative angular orientatio between the sun gear and the planet gear. 4.- A mechanism according to claim 3 wherein th oscillating means comprises a link connected at one end t the third gear and at the other end to a rotary membe drivable by the crankshaft. 5. A mechanism according to claim 4 wherein th rotary member comprises a crank wheel and the means fo controlling the amplitude of the oscillatory movemen comprises a pivot slidable along the link and means fo adjusting the position of the pivot along the link. 6. A mechanism according to claim 2 wherein th connection between the drive member and the camshaf comprises an axially reciprocable helically spline element, and means for axially reciprocating the sai element to effect variation in the relative angula orientation of the camshaft and the drive member. 7. A mechanism according to claim 6 wherein the means for axially reciprocating the splined element comprises a cam mechanism. O...PI Aλ 8. A mechanism according to claim 7 wherein the cam mechanism comprises a ball bearing race having one track formed by a radial face of the splined element, the other track formed by a fixed radial face, one of the tracks comprising circumferential undulations, ball bearings positioned between the two races, and means for biasing the splined element towards the fixed radial face. 9. A mechanism according to claim 8 wherein the undulations vary in axial depth in the radial direction, and the means for varying the amplitude of the oscillations comprises means for varying the radial position of the ball bearings relative to the said one radial face. 10. " A mechanism according to claim 1 wherein the cam drive mechanism comprises a first drive wheel adapted to be driven by the crankshaft, a second drive wheel adapted to drive the camshaft, drive belt means inter- connecting the two drive wheels, and means operatively connected to the drive means for cyclically varying the relative lengths of the runs of drive belt between the two drive wheels to effect the oscillations of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. 11. A mechanism according to claim 10 wherein the means for cyclically varying the relative lengths of the runs of the drive belt comprise two idler wheels each engaging a respective one of the runs of the drive belt passes, the idler wheels being mounted for synchronous movement to displace the drive belt in opposite radial directions. 12. A mechanism according to claim 11 wherein the idler wheels are mounted on an eccentric motion type linkage reciprocable by a rotatable drive member driven the crankshaft. 13. A mechanism as in claim 11 wherein each idle wheel is rotatably mounted on one part of a two-part i line linkage, the adjacent parts of the linkage including pin and slot connection, and means eccentrically mountin the pin, the latter means being rotated by the crankshaft. 14. A mechanism according to claim 1 wherein th drive means comprises a rotatable drive member adapted t be connected between the crankshaft and the camshaft b means of an eccentric coupling which superimposes oscilla tory motions on the rotational movement of the camshaf produced by the crankshaft, and the means for varying th amplitude of the oscillations comprises means for varyin the eccentricity of the eccentric coupling. 15. A mechanism according to claim 14 wherein th eccentric coupling comprises a rotatable intermediat member driven by the drive member, the intermediate membe and the drive member being mounted for relative movemen into a position to which the axis of rotation of th intermediate member and the drive member are eccentric t each other, the intermediate member being drivingl connected to the camshaft through a change speed gear. 16. A mechanism according to claim 15 wherein th intermediate member is mounted for movement relative to th drive member. 17. A mechanism according to claim 16 wherein the drive member is connected to the intermediate member by a pin and slot type connection with the pin being eccentri- %Wi Xt OMPI cally mounted with respect to the axis of rotation of the member to which it is attached. 18. A mechanism!, according to claim 17 wherein the intermediate member is connected to a rotatable member of the reduction gear by a pin mounted in one of the members eccentrically with respect to the axis of rotation of that member, and engaging a radial slot in the other member. 19. A mechanism according to claim 17 or claim 18 wherein the intermediate member is slotted. 20. An internal combustion engine comprising one or more sets of ii number of cylinders where ii is an integer; a piston connected to a crankshaft reciprocable in each cylinder and being in phase or out of phase by A°, or an integral multiple thereof, with any other pistons in the set to which it belongs; rotatable cams for actuating inlet and exhaust valves to each cylinder characterized in that, for each set of cylinders, the cams are mounted on a respective common camshaft and each camshaft is driven by a cam drive mechanism as called for in claims 1 or 2. 21. An engine according to claim 20 comprising a single set of four cylinders. C PI

Inventors: MA THOMAS TSIO HEI
Applicants: FORD FRANCE, FORD MOTOR CANADA, FORD MOTOR CO, FORD WERKE AG, MA THOMAS TSIO HEI, FORD FRANCE SA, FORD MOTOR CO CANADA LTD
Application year: 1982
Main classification: F01L1
IPC codes: F01L1, F02B75