TRANSFORM MODULATION SYSTEM

Abstract: A single carrier is amplitude-modulated by a signal which is a transform (as the sine function) of the audio signal, and one set of sidebands is removed. In a receiver (76), the signal can be recovered by first deriving the Hilbert transform of the sine transform, and multiplying it by the signum of the derivative of the original audio signal to obtain the cosine transform. The sine and cosine transforms are then decoded to obtain the original audio signal.

Description: TRANSFORM MODULATION SYSTEM Background of the Invention This invention relates to the field of radio trans¬ missions systems and, more particularly, to a system for providing all of the advantages of present FM systems within one-half the normal bandwidth. It is well known that angular modulation systems have advantages over amplitude modulation systems, not¬ ably in the areas of signal-to-noise ratio and in the ability to. "capture" a receiver. However, due to the steadily increasing demand for more communication chan- nels throughout the radio spectrum, the smaller bandwidth required by AM-SSB systems has begun to appear more desirable in spite of the considerable disadvantages. Thus, there has developed a need for a system having the advantages of FM within the bandwidth of an AM-SSB system. Known angular modulation systems are of two main types. One system uses direct frequency modulation of an oscillator which could not be a stable oscillator such as a crystal oscillator except with a very low modulation index. The usual phase modulated system uses a stable oscillator with narrowband modulation, then multiplies the frequency of the modulated signal to obtain the de¬ sired broadband signal. OMPI Summary of the Invention It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a transmission system having the advantages of FM transmission and approximately one-half the band¬ width. Another object is to provide an improved system of FM transmission. These objects and others which will become apparent are obtained in a system wherein the modulating signal is one of the transform signals of an FM system, with one set of sidebands removed. The second transform signal can be recovered at the receiver to provide the original input signal. Brief Description of the Drawing FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an FM system. FIGS. 2A, B and C are block diagrams of three embodiments of the decoder of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of still another embodi¬ ment of the decoder of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the transform modula¬ tion system with waveforms. FIG. 5 is a more detailed diagram relating to FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is a chart of waveforms related to FIGS. 5 and 8. FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a portion of the diagram of FIG. 5. FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an additional element to be used with FIG. 7. FIG. 9 is a comparison chart of system characteris¬ tics. FIG. 10 is a block diagram related to the trans¬ mitter portion of FIG. 5. OMPI Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Background Theory In order to facilitate a better understanding of the specific embodiments of the present invention, it may be preferable to begin by discussing the existing systems of modulation as used with analog signals. These fall into two basic categories, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Amplitude modulation as used in standard broadcasting, is a double sideband signal (AM-DSB) system including the carrier frequency and requires a- bandwidth double the audio bandwidth since there is a sideband on each side of the carrier frequency for each frequency in the modulating signal. Suppressing the carrier frequency (AM-DSB-SC) improves the signal-to-noise ratio by as much as 6 dB. Single sideband AM transmission, as used for other than the broadcast band, reduces the required bandwidth by half, is typically used with a suppressed carrier (AM-SSB-SC) , and the signal-to-noise ratio is better than with AM-DSB or AM-DSB-SC. The second basic method of modulation is angular modulation which may be either frequency (FM) or phase (PM) modulation. In angular modulation, only the frequency (or phase) of the carrier frequency is varied by the modulating signal. The required bandwidth depends on the modulating index and, for normal broadcasting, is at least ten times the audio bandwidth which provides a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. This may be termed wideband FM, usually referred to merely as FM. In narrowband FM (FM-NB) the modulating index may be as low as 1.0, making the bandwidth approximately the same as for AM-DSB, but the signal-to-noise ratio is still greater than for any form of AM assuming that both AM and FM use pre-e phasis and de-emphasis. In transform modulation (TM) the advantages of both AM and FM are combined; i.e., for any given transmission bandwidth, the signal-to-noise ratio will be considerably greater with TM than with any form of AM or FM (PM) and the "capture" characteristic of FM is retained. This can best be seen by first recognizing that an FM signal can be represented by either: (1) a = A c sin [ω c t + ra sinω a t ] where A Q is the carrier amplitude, ω a is 2ιrf a , the audio frequency, and nif is Δ F/f a where Δ F is the peak fre- quency deviation, or by (2) a = A c { [cos ( _ sinω a t)]sinω c t+ [sin(mf sinω a t)j cos ω c t) } Equation 2 is thus seen to be a form of double sideband, suppressed carrier, quadrature modulated AM system with both sidebands required for coherent decoding of the original input signal. .In distinction to known AM quad- rature signals, however, each of the modulating signals, cos ( f sin ω a t) and sin (mf sin ω a t) is a "transform" of the original audio signal multiplied by the modulation index. Thus, each of the modulating signals has a limit¬ ed peak magnitude, limited by the maximum values of sine and cosine. This amounts to "folding" each signal back upon itself. It is this folding process which provides both the capture characteristic and the higher signal-to- noise ratio of FM since, when the signal is "unfolded" the level of any noise introduced during transmission remains unchanged. In order to provide an ideal signal it is necessary to determine what function of the original signal, when used to modulate the carrier single sideband, would allow coherent decoding at a receiver. Such a function must have the following characteristics: It must somehow "fold" the signal back upon itself in order to maintain a constant peak amplitude of the carrier; it must do the "folding" in a manner which produces the minimum number of sidebands (narrowest possible bandwidth) ; and, of course, it must be a function which is possible to obtain and to decode. As will become apparent, the ideal way to obtain such a function is to transform the signal ra- sin ω t to sin (m f sin ω t) which has a constant peak amplitude for values of m greater than r/2. When a single carrier is amplitude modulated with this transform signal (herein termed "TM" for "transform modulation") , and one set of sidebands is removed before transmission, the signal-to- noise ratio of the received signal is the same as an FM signal with the same modulation index (and twice the bandwidth) and better than an AM signal of the same band¬ width. FIG. 1 illustrates how an understanding of the equa¬ tion (2) as given above can be used to provide a new trans¬ mission system for standard FM. A signal f(t) is coupled from a terminal 10 to two function generators 12, 14, which provide the complementary functions f, (t) and f 2 (t) which are s±n f(t) and cos f(t) which will be referred to herein- below. The signals from function generators 12, 14 may be coupled through lowpass filters 15 which would pass all fre quencies necessary to allow recovery of sin f(t) and cos f(t) with satisfactory accuracy. These signals are coupled as inputs to a form of AM quadrature system 16 (shown in dashed line) and are, within the limits of the transmis¬ sion system, the output signals of the system 16. The sys¬ tem 16 includes an encoding or modulation portion having a frequency source 18 for providing sin ω t, a phase shifter 20 for producing a quadrature signal cos ω t, a multiplier 22 coupled to function generator 12 and frequency source 18, a multiplier 24 coupled to function generator 14 and phase shifter 20, and an adder 26 coupled to combine the outputs of multipliers 22,- 24. The adder output is connected by a link 28 to a demodulation portion of the system 16 which may contain a frequency source 30, a OMPI phase shifter 32, a multiplier 34 coupled to the link 28 and source 30, a multiplier 36 coupled to the link 28 and the phase shifter 32. The frequency source 30 may be synchronized with the frequency source 18. It will be seen that the outputs of the multipliers 34, 36, are essentially fι(t) and f2(t). The FM signal in the link 28 can be an RF signal which may be amplified, translated in frequency and transmitted, thus the link 28 may be merely one wire or a complete transmitting/receiving system. Keeping in mind that the modulating signals were not simply f(t), the input signal at terminal 10, but the sine and cosine functions of f(t) , it will be seen that the signal at the link 28 is the signal of Equation 2 above, a constant amplitude, frequency-modulated signal. A decoder 38 receives the two signals sin f(t) and cos f(t) and derives f(t). It will, of course, be understood that the link 28 could couple to any other - form of standard FM receiver. FIGS. 2A, B and C are possible embodiments of the decoder 38 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2A, the fχ(t) signal is coupled to a differentiating circuit 40 with output signal [(df(t)/dt)j cos f(t) coupled to a divider 42. In the divider, this signal is divided by cos f(t) and the output is coupled to an integrator 44 with output signal f(t) which is the original input at terminal 10 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2B, the output of the differentiator 40 is coupled to one input of an op amp 46, trie output of which is coupled to the integrator 44. The output of the op amp 46 is also coupled back to a multiplier 48. The second input of the multiplier 48 is the input signal f2(t), and the feedback forces the output of the multi- CMPI plier, coupled to the op amps, to equal the differentia¬ tor output. Thus, the input and output signals of the integrator 44 are as in FIG. 2A. In FIG. 2C, f- (t) is coupled to the op amp 46, and the amplifier output is coupled back to a multiplier 50. The signal f, (t) is coupled to a second input of multi¬ plier 50, and the output is coupled to another integrator 52. The integrator 52 output is thus forced to be f 2 ^ t - ) and is coupled to the op amp 46 and, again, the integrator 44 functions as above. In FIG. 3, sin f(t) + any extraneous noise is repre¬ sented by "Q" and cos f(t) + noise by "I" for simplicity in the drawing figure. As is known, the frequency modu¬ lation on the carrier is the rate of change of carrier phase angle φ or T dQ 0 dl dφ - dt ~ ; u 5t ~ Q 2 * - 2 Deriving this rate-of-change signal-usually requires a limiter/discriminator combination. To implement the derivation of the modulating signal f(t), the signal Q is squared in a multiplier 53 and signal I is squared in a multiplier 55. Signals I 2 and Q2 are summed in an adder 56 and the sum is coupled to a divider 58. Signal Q is also coupled to a multiplier 59 and to a differentiator 60, the output of the latter being coupled to a multiplier 62. Signal I is also coupled to the multiplier 62 and to a differentiator 64, the output of the latter being coupled to the multiplier 59. The output signals of multipliers 59 and 62 are coupled to a subtractor 66 and the subtrac- tor output signal is thus ~~ dt g dt It will be seen that the combination of multipliers 59, 62, differentiators 60, 64 and subtractor 66 (within dashed line 67) performs the discriminator function. This CMPI signal is coupled to the divider 58 having an output of dφ/dt and the integral of that signal, from the inte¬ grator 44, is f(t), the original signal. It will be seen that the decoder of FIG. 3 detects only frequency (or phase) modulation and ignores amplitude variations in the signal caused by noise or interference and has all the characteristics of.other FM systems. FIG. 4 illustrates a system (TM) providing the S/N ratio and "capture" characteristics of FM systems, in- eluding that of FIG. 1, but requiring only one-half the bandwidth of a comparable FM signal. The input signal at terminal 68 is f 3 (t) or m- sin ω t, shown as a sinusoidal waveform 70, where m f is the modulation index. The output of the function generator 12 is now sin[f,(t)] or f.(t). This latter output signal is shown in the wave¬ form 72 and is "folded back" upon itself within the constraints of the sine values -1. The waveform 72 is the modulating signal coupled to a single sideband (SSB) transmitter 74. The transmitted signal may be received by an SSB receiver 76 with extraneous amplitude modula¬ tions caused by noise or interference. Therefore, the demodulated signal 78 may be f . (t) + n, n = noise, rather than being identical to waveform 72. When the waveform 78 is "unfolded" in a function generator 80 which essentially derives the arc sine of the generator input signal, the output at a terminal 82 is the waveform 84, f 3 (t) + n. Thus, as in angular modulation, the original waveform 70 has been restored with only a slight amount of noise, giving a signal-to-noise ratio improvement factor of m-, and with the important advantage that one single set of sidebands produces the same improvement over AM as does FM with the same modulation index and twice the bandwidth. The diagram of FIG. 5 shows many similarities to FIG. 1; i.e., an input signal f(t) at the terminal 10 is transformed in the function generator 12 to sin f(t), - filtered in filter 15, and coupled to the system 16, and the sin f(t) output of the system 16 is coupled to the decoder 38. However, instead of coupling the signal f(t) to the second function generator 14 (as in FIG. 1) , the sin f(t) output from function generator 12 is also coupled to a phase-shifting network 88 which is not fre¬ quency selective and which shifts the phase of each audio component by 90°, an operation known mathematically as taking the Hubert transform of a signal. The output signal of the network 88 is then coupled to the multi- plier 24, making the composite signal at the link 28 an SSB signal. This method of modulating a DSB-SC transmit¬ ter with the modulating signal on one input terminal and the Hilbert transform of the modulating signal on a second terminal is known as the phase-shift method of generating an SSB signal, thus the signal at link 28 is an SSB transmission of sin f(t) or TM. When the TM sig- nal is demodulated in a quadrature 'detector, one output is sin f(t) and the other, from the multiplier 36 is the Hilbert transform of sin f(t). The output signal of the multiplier 36 is coupled to a phase-inverting switch 90, which is controlled by a control signal sgn [df(t)/dt] from a terminal 92, producing an output signal which is approximately cos f(t). The control signal will be discussed with respect to FIG. 7. As in FIG. 1, the sin f(t) and cos f(t) signals are processed in the decoder 38 to provide an output of f(t). In this circuit it would be desirable, as is known in the art, to send a small signal at the carrier frequency of source 18 through the link 28 for the purpose of synchronizing the source 30 by the usual phase locked means. This small amount of carrier can also be used for AGC as in AM-SSB. In the waveforms of FIG. 6, line A represents sin f(t) where f(t) = m X- sin ωcLt, ω3.t is a single tone audio frequency and m- is the modulating index (10 radians in this example) . The "folding" effect of the sine-of-the-sine function is apparent in line A. Line B represents the Hilbert transform of the signal of Line A. ^fs^X Line C is the signal at terminal 92 and may be expressed as sgn[df(t)/dt] , representing ±1, depending on the sign of the given function. While line D is approximately cos f(t) the more accurate cos f(t) signal of line E is to be preferred, and a means of deriving line E will be shown in and described with respect to FIG. 8. In FIG. 7, a terminal 94 couples the signal sin f(t) from the multiplier 34 to the decoder 38. A terminal 96 couples the Hilbert transform signal from multiplier 36 to the phase-inverting switch 90 and also to a zero crossing detector 97 comprising a limiter 98, a differen¬ tiator 100 and a full wave rectifier 102. The detector 97 detects the zero crossings of the signal at the termi¬ nal 96, and is coupled to one input of an AND gate 104. A terminal 106 of the decoder 38 provides a signal df(t)/dt to a full wave rectifier 108. The rectified output is coupled to a differentiator 110 and to an adder 112 which has a second input from the differentiator 110. The combined output of the adder 112 thus includes small positive pulses which precede the zero crossings of the signal from the terminal 106. These positive pulses trigger a one-shot multivibrator 114, the output of which is coupled to a second input, of the AND gate 104. . The output of the AND gate then represents only those zero crossings in the output of the detector 97 which coincide closely with the zero crossings of the signal at terminal 106. The coincident crossings are shown within the windows 116 indicated in line B of FIG. 6. The AND gate output triggers a flip-flop 118 which provides the signal of line C of FIG. 6. In FIG. 8, a circuit 120 has been added between the phase-inverting switch 90 and the decoder 38 (FIG. 7) to prevent the output signal of the switch 90 from approach¬ ing zero at the same time the signal at terminal 94 goes to zero, since this event would cause the decoder 38 to lose coherence and produce a large burst of noise. An CMPI output terminal 122 of decoder 38 provides a signal (I 2 + Q2) to a comparator 124 having a reference terminal 126. The comparator output is coupled to a phase- inverting switch 128 which is controlled by a signal (sgn [cos f(t)]) from a F/F 130. The signal from the phase-inverting switch 90 is combined with the output of the phase-inverting switch 128 in an adder 132, the out¬ put of which is essentially cos f(t) as seen in FIG. 6E. The adder output is coupled to decoder 38 and, through a limiter 134 and a differentiator 136, to the F/F 130, pro¬ viding a signal sgn [cos f(t)] which controls the switch 128. When the signals at terminals 94 and 96 both approac zero, the comparator 124, through the switch 128, pro¬ vides a signal which brings the cos f(t) signal to the proper polarity. In this circuit the small carrier signal referred to with respect to FIG. 5 can also be rectified and amplified to provide the reference voltage at terminal 126 of the comparator 124. With this .type of reference voltage, the receiver can determine when there is no transmission, and squelch as necessary. FIG. 9 is a chart comparing the characteristics of AM-SSB, FM and TM and is based on the foregoing explana¬ tion and drawing. The block diagram of Fig. 10 relates to the trans- mitter portion of FIG. 5 and is included here for further understanding of the transmitter operation. The function generator 12 of FIGS. 1 and 5 has an input signal f(t) and an output signal sin f(t). It may be seen that, with an FM signal at the link 28 of FIG. 1, the output of the multiplier 34 is also sin f(t). In FIG. 10, the block 140 represents an Armstrong type of frequency modulation generator, which produces a signal such as the signal at link 28 of FIG. 1, and includes a carrier frequency source 142, a phase shifter 144, a multiplier 146, an adder 148 and a frequency multiplier 150. The frequency source 30 derives a synchronous reference signal from the carrier source 142 and the frequency multiplier 152 is essentially identical to the frequency multiplier 150 of the Armstrong type frequency modulation generator 140. The output signal of the multiplier 150 is coupled through a phase shifter 154 to the multiplier 34 to provide the output signal sin f(t) . The block 140 is therefore the equivalent of blocks 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 88 (FIG. 5) . It is apparent that, lacking the phase shifter 154, the output of the multiplier 34 would be cos f(t) , as is the output of the multiplier 36 or the function input to multiplier 24 of FIG. 1. Thus, there has been shown and described a new system of modulation which can provide all of the desir¬ able characteristics of both AM and FM with minimum band- width requirements, and a new way of providing standard FM has been disclosed. Other modifications and varia¬ tions are possible, and it is' intended to cover all such as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. What is claimed is: C H

Claims: Claims 1. A transmission system comprising: first input means for receiving an audio signal; function generating means for providing a first transform function of the audio signal; single sideband transmission means for transmit¬ ting the transform function; second input means for receiving the transmitted signal; demodulating means for detecting the transform function and the Hilbert transform thereof; and decoder means for deriving the audio signal from the output signals of the demodulating means. OMPI 2. A transmission system comprising: means for receiving an information signal; function generating means for providing a sine function of the information signal; means for transmitting the sene function signal; means for receiving- the sine function, signal; and decoder means for deriving the information signal from the received sine function signal. OMPI 3. A transmitter comprising: means for receiving an information signal; function generating means for providing at least one transform function signal from the information signal; filter means coupled to the function generating means for producing a band-limited output signal; and means for transmitting the band-limited signal. 4. A transmitter according to claim 3 wherein the function generating means provides sine and cosine trans¬ form functions of the information signal and the filter means filters the transform function signals separately. 5. A transform modulation receiver comprising: input means for receiving a signal modulated with a single transform function of an information signal demodulating means for deriving from the re- ceived signal two transform function signals; and means for deriving the information signal from the two transform function signals. OMPI 6. A transform modulation receiver according to claim 5 wherein the two transform function signals are substantially the sine and cosine function of the infor¬ mation signal. 7. A transform modulation receiver according to claim 6 wherein the demodulator means includes first multiplier means coupled to the input means, a reference frequency generator coupled to the first multiplier means for providing said single transform function signal, a τr/2 phase shift means coupled to the reference frequency generator, second multiplier means coupled to the input means and to the phase shift means for providing the Hilbert transform of said single transform function sig¬ nal, a switching signal source coupled to the deriving means for providing a signal related to the polarity of the derivative of the information signal, switching means coupled to the switching signal source for providing substantially the second transform function signal, and wherein the deriving means is coupled to the first multi- plying means and the switching means. 8, A sine function generator comprising: an FM signal generator coupled to receive an input information signal; and demodulator means for deriving the sine of the information signal from the FM signal. OMPI 9. A discriminator circuit comprising: input means for receiving signals which contain angular modulation information; discriminator means for deriving a first inter- mediate signal which is proportional to the instantaneous frequency of the received signal; means for deriving a second intermediate signal which is a function of the envelope of the received sig¬ nal; and divider means for dividing the first inter¬ mediate signal by the second intermediate signal. 10. A baseband discriminator comprising: first input means for receiving signals of the form sin f(t) where f(t) is an information signal; second input means for receiving signals of the form cos f(t); and circuit means coupled to the first and second input means for providing an intermediate signal which is the derivative of one of the received signals and dividing said intermediate signal by the other of the received signals to provide an output signal which is proportional to the derivative of f(t). OMPI 11. A signum detector comprising: first input means for receiving first input signals of the form sin f(t) where f(t) is an information signal; second input means for receiving second input signals which are the Hilbert transform of sin f(t) ; discriminator means having a first input coupled to the first input means; zero crossing detector means coupled to the second input means for detecting all zero crossings in the second input signals; zero crossing predictor means coupled to the discriminator means for predicting each zero crossing in the discriminator output signal; selector means coupled to the detector means and the predictor means for selecting those detected zero crossings which essentially coincide with the predicted zero crossings; and means coupled to the second input means and to the selector means for inverting the phase of the second input signal in response to the output of the selector means, and wherein the output of the phase inverting means is coupled to a second input of the discriminator means. 12. A cosine signal corrector comprising: first input means for receiving a first input signal which is approximately cos f(t) where f(t) is an information signal; second input means for receiving a second input 2 signal which is approximately equal to [sin f(t) plus cos 2 f(t)]; third input means for providing a reference signal; comparator means coupled to the second and third input means for providing an error signal in re¬ sponse to the error in the second input signal; adder means coupled to the output of the com¬ parator means and to the first input means for adding the error signal to the approximate cos f(t) signal; and circuit means coupled to the output of the adder means for deriving sgn cos f(t) and coupled to the output of the comparator means for inverting the phase of the error signal in response to sgn cos f(t) .

Inventors: PARKER N
Applicants: MOTOROLA INC
Application year: 1981
Main classification: H03K3
IPC codes: H03C3, H04B1, H04B14