PROGRESSIVE FLOW CRACKING OF COAL/OIL MIXTURES WITH HIGH METALS CONTENT CATALYST

Abstract: Process for coal liquification, hydrogenation and cracking by contacting a cracking catalyst bearing at least about 1500 nickel equivalents of heavy metals with a charge stock comprising slurried and/or dissolved coal in a progressive flow reactor, such as a riser. The conditions of contact are such that hydrogen is formed in the reaction stream, such as by dehydrogenation of the oil in the presence of the high metals containing catalyst. Optionally, a hydrogen donor material may be present in the reaction zone so as to yield mobile hydrogen in the absence of added molecular hydrogen. The reaction stream has a lineal velocity of at least 25 feet per second, the vapor residence time is up to about 10 seconds, the temperature is in the range of about 900 to about 1400<o>F, the pressure is in the range of about 50 lbs. per square inch absolute, and the volume percent conversion is at least about 50% per pass.

Description: Progressive Flow Cracking ' Of Coal/Oil Mixtures With High Metals Content Catalyst Background of the Invention The quest for technically feasible and economic techniques for converting coal to suitable liquid fuels has continued for more than 100 years. Recent political and economic developments have impelled accelerated research in this field. The soaring price of crude oil has induced increased researc on coal liquifaction and gasification. As illustrated by U. S. Patents 3,607,718, 3,652,446, 3,870,621 and 4,054,504 it has been suggested that liquified coal can be upgraded into useful fuels by fluid catalytic cracking and hydro-crac ing processes. Riser cracking of coal liquif ction liquids has been suggested in U. S. Patents 4,081,351 and 4,108,758. The available riser cracking processes generally involve careful pretreatment of the coal, such as for instance by completely dissolving the coal and separating out undesirabl components , prior to introducing the coal into the cracking zone. Moreover, it has been suggested to hydrogenate the coal upstream of the riser, i.e. during the solubilization process. The present invention is aimed at providing a pro¬ cess in which at least a portion of the hydrogenation of the coal can be accomplished in the riser itself, while making use of catalysts bearing metals accumulations generally regarded as harmful in the past. Summary of the Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a process for the cracking of coal/oil mixtures in which a wide variety of coals may be used. O Still another object is to provide a process of coal/oil cracking in which it is possible to proceed with or without complete dissolution of the coal prior to its introduction into a progressive flow cracking zone. Still another Object is to provide a process in which, one or more' of the common pretreatments of coal, such as for example desulfurization, denitrification, degasing, de- ashing and the like, are not required. Still another object, is to .provide a process in which coal may be introduced into a progressive flow cracking zone in admixture with a petroleum charge stock for catalytic crack¬ ing, which charge stock may or may not be suitable for completely dissolving the coal admixed therewith. Yet another object is to crack coal/oil mixtures in a pro¬ gressive flow cracking operation in the presence of hydrogen generated within the cracking zone thereby promoting the yiel of liquid products from the coal. A still further object is to conduct progressive flow cracking of coal/oil mixtures in contact with particulate catalysts having substantial cracking activity and substan¬ tial dehydroge ation activity. The invention involves introducing a charge stock comprising slurried and/or at least partially dissolved coal and hydro¬ carbon oil feed into a progressive flow catalytic cracking zone, such as for example a riser cracking zone. Therein, the charge stock mixture in at least a partially vaporized and/or atomized condition is formed into a stream or a suspension providing a lineal velocity of at least about 25 feet per second, comprising the coal, oil and hydro¬ carbon cracking catalyst which is also introduced into the cracking zone. - K The invention employs a cracking catalyst bearing a sufficie accumulation of heavy metal deposits of at least about 1500 Nickel Equivalents which is brought in contact with the oil-coal mixture and, optionally, with a hydrogen donor material in a reaction zone under conditions whereby hydrogen is formed in the stream by dehydrogenation of the oil and/or hydrogen donor material charged. The hydrogen generated under the conditions of the progressive flow reaction zone, provides hydrogen in the mixture for promotin the production of liquid products from the coal. In the cracking operation of the invention, mobile hydrogen is formed under a combination of vapor conditions comprising vapor residence time in the catalytic cracking contact zone in the range of up to about 10 seconds, when employing a temperature in the range of about 900 to about 1400°F and a total pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute. It is intended that the operating conditions selected are sufficient for causing a conversion of the oil to the extent of at least about 50 volume percent per pass in the cracking zone. The resultant products of coal liquification, hydrogenation and cracking, as well as products of charged oil cracking, are separated from the cracking catalyst following traverse of the cracking zone. Best Mode and Various Other Embodiments In the practice of the present invention, coals of a rank lower than anthracite, such as sub-anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite or brown coal and peat (.which is included within the term "cal" as used herein) , are preferred in that they generally tend to give somewhat higher yields of liquid products than anthracite. However, the selection of coal for purposes of the present invention is less critical than in other prior art processes and the use of anthracite coal is also contemplated. Because complete dissolution of the coal is not a critical requirement of the present invention, the coal may be intro¬ duced into the progressive flow cracking zone either in substantially undissolved, partly solid or fully dissolved form. Preferably, the coal-oil mixture is introduced into the reaction zone in at least partly solid form within a period of ten minutes or less, preferably 5 minutes or less and still more preferably 1 minute or less, after initial contact between the coal and oil feed. In general, if the coal is supplied to the cracking zone in a form which includes substantial ash, and if the ash is to be recovered from the cracking catalyst by elutriation, then it is desirable to crush the coal to a particle size smaller than the fluidized catalyst employed in the cracking zone. For example, a coal particle size of about 200 mesh or smaller is preferred. While the invention contemplates the possibility of such treatments of the coal as hydrogenation, denitrification, desulfurization, degasing and deashing prior to entry of the coal into the riser, and the above mentioned prior art patents (.as well as other literature cited therein) describe such treatments in detail, it is considered an advantage of the present invention that it can be operated while omitting one or more or even all of the aforementioned treatments. The oil feed may be any petroleum hydrocarbon oil susceptibl of at least 50 volume percent per pass conversion in a pro¬ gressive flow catalytic cracking zone under the temperature, pressure and residence time conditions set forth herein. For example, one may employ a naturally occurring hydrocarbon oil or other oil, such as an oil which is the result of one or more refining operations as defined in U. S, Patents 4,081,351 to Heinemann and 4,108,758 to Schoennagel et al, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, Various hydrocarbon oils such as crude oil, crude oil fractions, shale oils and the like, do of course include certain non-hydrocarbon materials such, as sulfur or its compounds, nitrogen compounds , heavy metal com pounds and alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds, but such, do not deprive the oils of their essentially hydrocarbo character. Moreover, it should be understood that such oils may be subjected to various pre-treatments as necessary to reduce the quantities of the above mentioned non-hydrocarbons materials present in the oil. Among the preferred hydrocarbo oils for practicin^ ' the invention are desalted crude, a 400° fraction of desalted crude and conventional FCC gas oils characterized by relatively low carbon residues on pyrolysis Ce.g. less than about 1) and by relatively low contents of heavy metals. However certain benefits can be realized by employing carbo-metallic oils characterized by a carbon resid on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a heavy metals content of at least about 4, such carbo-metallic oils ' being described in greater detail below. Among the non-hydrocarbon materials in crude oil are a number of components which can affect the operation of FCC processes Certain of these, such as the lighter metals, can be economi¬ cally removed by desalting operations, which are part of the normal procedure for pretreating crude oil for fluid cataly¬ tic cracking. Other materials, such as coke precursors, asphaltenes and the like, tend to break down into carbonaceou deposits during the cracking operation, which materials depos on the catalyst, impairing contact between the hydrocarbon feedstock and the catalyst, and generally reducing its potenc or activity level. OM In general, the coke-forming tendency or coke precursor content of an oil can be ascertained by determining the weight percent of carbon remaining after a sample of that oil has been pyrolyzed. The industry accepts this value as a measure of the extent to which a given oil tends to form non-catalytic coke when employed as feed¬ stock in a catalytic cracker. Two established tests are recognized, the Conradson Carbon and Ramsbottom Carbon tests, the former being described in ASTM D189-76 and the latter being described in ASTM Test No. D524-76. In conventional FCC practice, Conradson carbon values on the order of about 0.05 to about 1.0 are regarded as . indicative of acceptable feed. A particular, embodiment of the present invention is concerned with the use of hydro¬ carbon feedstocks which have higher Conradson carbon values and thus exhibit substantially greater potential for coke formation than the usual feeds. For purposes of this application, the term "heavy metals" re¬ fers to nickel, vanadium, copper and iron, although trace amounts of other heavy metal elements may sometimes be pres¬ ent. During the cracking process, the heavy metal inventory of the feed transfers almost quantitatively from the feed¬ stock oil to the catalyst particles. Although the heavy metals initially tend to deposit and agglomerate near the surface of a porous catalyst matrix, significant proportions of these metals migrate to the interior of the catalyst matrix where they can deposit a crystalline zeolite cracking component or other catalytic promoters carried within the matrix. - 7 - From the standpoint of most operators of FCC units,- accumulations of vanadium and other heavy metals, especially nickel, are regarded as catalyst "poison". They tend in varying degrees to promote dehydrogenation and aromatic condensation, resulting in what has generally been regarded " heretofore as excessive production of carbon and gases with consequent impairment of liquid fuel yield. An oil such, as a whole crude topped crude or a crude fractio such as residual oils and residues or other oils that are particularly abundant in nickel and/or other metals exhibiting similar behavior, while containing relatively large quantities of coke precursors, is referred to herein as a carbo-metallic oil, and represents a particular challenge to the petroleum refiner. Since the various heavy metals are not of equal catalyst poisoning activity, it is convenient to express the poi¬ soning activity of an oil containing a given poisoning metal or metals in terms of the amount of a single metal which is estimated to have equivalent poisoning activity. Thus, the heavy metals content of an oil can be expressed by the following formula (patterned after that of W. L. Nelson in Oil and Gas Journal, page 143, October 23, 1961) in which the content of each metal present is expressed in parts per million of such metal, as metal, on a weight basis, based on the weight of feed: Nickel Equivalents = Ni + -j~ + ~ Fe. + + τ Cu 23 According to conventional FCC practice, the heavy metal content of feedstock for FCC processing is restircted to a relatively low level, e.g., about 0.25 ppm Nickel Equiva¬ lents or less. The present invention is concerned with the processing of feedstocks containing heavy metals promoting dehydrogenation which are in excess of this value and which have a significant potential for accumulating on and poison¬ ing catalyst activity-selectivity characteristics under given operating conditions. The above formula can also be employed as a measure of the accumulation of heavy metals on cracking catalyst, excep that the quantity of metal employed in the formula is based on the weight' of catalyst Cmoisture free basis) instead of t weight of feed. In conventional FCC practice, in which a circulating inventory of catalyst is used again and again in the processing of fresh feed, with periodic or continuing minor addition of fresh, catalyst and withdrawal of spent catalyst, the metal content of the catalyst is maintained at a level which, may for example be in the range of about 200 to aEtout 600. ppm Nickel Equivalents. The process of the present invention is concerned, however, with the use of catalyst compositions having a s-uhstantially larger content of deactivating metals, and which, therefore has a much ' great than normal tendency to promote dehydrogenation, aromatic condensation, gas production or coke formation. Such, high, metals accumulation is normally regarded as quite undesirable in FCC processing. The invention may be practiced with any hydrocarbon cracking catalyst having the requisite heavy metals content and capable of producing at least a 50 volume percent per pass conversion of the charge stock in progressive flow catalytic cracking under the conditions set forth herein, and at a catalyst to oil weight ratio in the range of about 3 to about 18. Particularly preferred are those cracking catalysts conventionally used in fluid catalytic cracking, such as for instance the silica alumina cracking catalysts which can be used alone or in admixture with other catalysts. ' However, irrespective of whether the charge stock contains carbo-metallic oil or not, the most preferred catalysts are the crystalline alumino silicates prepared from either natural or synthetic zeolites, and especially those zeolite catalysts characterized by matrices with feeder pores having large minimum diameters and large mouths to facilitate diffusion of high molecular weight molecules through the matrix to the portal surface area of the molecular sieve particles within the matrix. Such, catalysts are referred to in greater detail herein¬ after. The heavy metals content of the catalyst tends to dehydro- genate components of the charge stock ( ncluding feed, products or both) and/or hydrogen donor materials (other than hydrogen itself) which have also been brought into con¬ tact with the catalyst. Illustrative hydrogen donors are water (.which may be " introduced into the reaction zone and/ or to the feed upstream of the reaction zone) in the form of liquid water or steam, naphtha, tetralin, decalin, and/or gasiform donor materials contributing either non-molecular mobile hydrogen and/or carbon-hydrogen fragments Csuch. as C,-C 5 materials and the lo "molecular weight fraction of crude petroleum) . For additional information on hydrogen donors and techniques for using same, reference is made to U. S. Patents 3,168,459, issued February 2, 1965; 3,842,291, issued November 19, 1S74; 3,856,659,issued December 24, 1974; 3,886,060, issued May 27, 1975; 3,951,781, issued April 20, 1976; 3,974,062, issued August 10, 1976; 4,002,557, issued January 11, 1977; 4,035,285, issued July 12, 1977; and 4,090,949, issued May 23, 1978, to Owen or Owen et al, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. The relative quantities of coal and oil employed in this process can vary widely, it being necessary only that there be sufficient oil to render the resultant mixture of coal and oil readily pumpable and sufficiently uniform so as not to impair operation of the cracking unit, at least when preheated. Thus, weight ratios of oil to coal of at least about 1:1, more specifically at least about 3:1 and still more specifically at least about 5:1, are contemplated. When the coal is at least partly in solid form upon entering the ^_ cracking zone, the oil to coal ratio is preferably at least 7:1 and most preferably at least about 9:1. There is no particular upper limit on the aforementioned ratio, since it involves progressively . less effort to disperse progressively, smaller amounts of coal in the oil. However, in most instances the oil to coal ratio will be in the range of up to about 1000:1, more typically up to about 100:1 and preferably up to about 33:1. As noted above, "the invention may be practiced with a wide variety of oils. Some of these oils may be sufficiently low in their content of heavy metals so that they will not accumulate the requisite heavy metals on the catalyst when the cracking unit is operated at catalyst replacement rates typical of normal FCC operations. In such case the requisit heavy metals may be provided on the catalyst by any suitable means, such as by pre-i pregnation of the catalyst prior to introduction into the cracking zone, or for example by injecting additives containing the heavy metals into the cracking zone. Although the invention may thus be prac¬ ticed with a wide variety of oils, catalysts and operating conditions, relatively high Nickel-Ξquivalents-containing oils in combination with crystalline zeolite containing cracking catalysts under selected cracking conditions as employed in the RCC process constitute beneficial conditions for carrying out the present invention. For example, one can charge any oil, with at least about 4 ppm Nickel Equiva¬ lents of heavy metals characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis less than one. Such oil can supply and maintain the above-mentioned heavy metals content of at least about 1500 Nickel Equivalents in the cracking catalyst. It is however an advantage of the invention that one can conduct the process using carbo-metallic oils having the above- mentioned metals level in conjunction with a carbon residue of more than one, e.g. a carbo-metallic oil. Therefore, pre and other embodiments of the carbo-metallic oils, zeolite cracking catalysts and RCC cracking conditions will now be described in greater detail, A carb.o-metal.lic converter feed comprises or is composed of oil which boils above about 650°F. Such oil, or at least the 650°F+ portion thereof, is characterized by a heavy metal content of at least about 4, preferably more than about 5, and most preferably at least about 5.5 ppm of Nickel Equivalents by weight and by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1% and more preferably at least about 2% by weight. In accordance with the in¬ vention, the carbo-metallic feed, i the 1 form of a pump- able liquid, is brought into contact with hot conver¬ sion catalyst in a weight ratio of catalyst to feed in the range of about 3 to about 18 and preferably more than about 6. The feed in said mixture undergoes.a conversion step which includes cracking while the mixture of feed and catalyst is flowing through a progressive flow type reactor. The reactor includes an elongated reaction chamber which is at least partly vertical or inclined and in which the feed material, resultant products and catalyst are maintained in contact with one another while flowing as a dilute phase or stream for a predetermined riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about - 10 seconds. The feed, catalyst, and other materials may be introduced into the reaction chamber at one or more points along its length. The reaction is conducted at a temperature .of about 900° to about 1400°F, measured at the reaction chamber exit, under a total pressure of about 10 to about 50 psia (pounds per square inch absolute) under conditions sufficiently severe to provide a conversion per pass in the range of about 50% or more and to lay down coke on the catalyst in an amount in the range of about 0.3 to about 3% by weight of catalyst and preferably at least about 0.5τj. The overall rate of coke production, based on weight of fresh feed, is in the range of about 4 to about 14 by weight. At the end of the predetermined residence time, the cata- lyst is separated from the products, is thereafter stripped to remove high boiling entrained hydrocarbon components and other entrained or adsorbed hydrocarbons and is then regen¬ erated with, an oxygen-containing combustion-supporting gas under conditions of time, temperature and atmosphere suffi¬ cient to reduce the carbon on the regenerated catalyst to about 0.25% or less and preferably about 0.05% or less by weight. Depending on how, the process of the invention is practiced, one or more of the..--following additional advantages may be realized. If desired, and preferably, the process may be operated without added molecular hydrogen in the reaction chamber. If desired, and preferably, the process may be operated without prior hydrotreating of the feed and/or without other process :-for removal of asphaltenes, porphyrins and metals from the feed, and this is true even where the carbo-metallic oil as a whole contains more than about 4, or more than about 5 or even more than about 5.5 ppm Nickel Equivalents by weight of heavy metal and has a carbon residue on pyrolysis greater than about 1%, greater than about 1.4% or greater than about 2% by weight. More¬ over, all of the converter feed, as above described, may be cracked in one and the same conversion chamber. The crackin reaction may be carried out with a catalyst which has pre¬ viously been used (recycled, except for such replacement as required to compensate for normal losses and deactivation to crack a carbo-metallic oil-containing feed under the abov described conditions. Heavy hydrocarbons not cracked to form gasoline in a first pass may be recycled with or with¬ out hydrotreating for further cracking in contact with the same kind of feed in which they originated and were first subjected to cracking conditions, and under the same kind of conditions. Operation in a substantially once-through or single pass mode (e.g. less than about 15% by volume of recycle based on volume of fresh feed) is preferred. The present invention provides a process for the continu¬ ous catalytic conversion of a wide variety of carbo- metallic oils to lower molecular weight products, while maximizing production of highly valuable liquid products, and making it possible, if desired, to avoid vacuum distil¬ lation and other expensive treatments such as hydrotreating. The term "oils", includes ' not only those predominantly hydrocarbon compositions which are liquid at room tempera¬ ture (i.e., 68°F)_ f but also those predominantly hydrocarbon compositions which re asphalts or tars at ambient temp¬ erature but liquify when heated to temperatures in the range of up to about 800°F. The invention is applicable to carbo-metallic oils, whether of petroleum origin or not. For example, provided they have the requisite boiling range, carbon residue on pyrolysis and heavy metals content, the invention may be applied to the processing of such widely diverse materials as heavy bot¬ toms from crude oil, heavy bitumen crude oil, those crude oils known as "heavy crude" which approximate the proper¬ ties of reduced crude, shale oil, tar sand extract, tmospheri and vacuum reduced crude, extracts and/or bottoms (raf- finate) from solvent deasphalting, aromatic extract from lube oil refining, tar bottoms, heavy cycle oil, slop oil, other refinery waste streams and mixtures of the foregoing. Such mixtures can for instance be prepared by mixing available hydrocarbon fractions, including oils, tars, pitches and the like. Persons skilled in the art are aware of techniques for demetalation of carbo- metallic oils, and demetalated oils may be converted using the invention; but it is an advantage of the invention that it can employ as feedstock carbo-metallic oils that h^ e had no prior demetalation treatment. Likewise, the inven¬ tion can be applied to hydrotrεated feedstocks; but it is an advantage of the invention that it can successfully convert .carbo-metallic oils which have had substantially no prior hydrotreatment. However, the preferred applica¬ tion of the process is to residual oils and reduced crude, i.e. , that portion or fraction of crude oil boiling at and above 650°F, alone or in admixture with vacuum gas oils or tower bottoms. While the use of material that has been subjected to vacuum distillation is contemplated, it is an advantage of the invention that it can satisfactorily proce material which has had no prior vacuum distillation, thus saving on capital investment and- operating costs as compare conventional FCC processes that require a vacuum distillati unit. In accordance with the invention one provides a carbo- metallic oil feedstock, at least about 70%, more pref¬ erably at least about 85% and still more preferably about 100% (by volume) of which boils at and above about 650°F. All boiling temperatures herein are based on standard at¬ mospheric pressure conditions. In carbo-metallic oil partly or wholly composed of material which boils at and above about 650°F, such material is referred to herein as 650°F+ material; and 650°F+ material which is part of or has been separated from an <- * il containing component boiling above and below 650°F may be referred to as a 650°F-r- fraction. But the terms "boils above" and n 650°F-r-" are not intended to imply that all of the material characterized by said terms will have the capability of boiling. The carbo- metallic oils contemplated by the invention may contain material which may not boil under any conditions; for example, certain asphalts and asphaltenes may crack thermally during distillation, apparently without boil¬ ing. Thus, for example, when it is said that the feed comprises at least about 70% by volume of material which boils above about 650°F, it should be understood that the 70% in question may include some material which will not boil or volatilize at any temperature. These non-boilable materials when present, may frequently or for the most part be concentrated in portions of the feed which do not boil below about 1000°F, 1025°F or higher. Thus, when it is said that at least about 10%, more preferably about 15%, and still more preferably at least about 20% (by volume) of the 650°F+ fraction will not boil below about 1000°F or 1025°F, it should be understood that all or any part of the material not boiling below about 1000°F or 1025°F, may or may not be volatile at and above the indicated temp¬ eratures. Preferably, the contemplated feeds, or at least the 650°F+ material therein, have a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 2 or greater. For example, the Conradson carbon content may be in the range of about 2 to about 12 and most frequently at least about 4. A particularly common range is about 4 to about 8. Those feeds having a Conradson carbon content greater than about 6 may need special means for controlling excess heat in the regenerato Preferably, the feed has an average composition character- ized by an atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio in the range of about 1.2 to ' about 1.9, and preferably about 1.3 to about 1.8. The carbo-metallic feeds employed in accordance with the invention, or at least the 650 0 F+ material therein, may contain at least about 4 parts per million of Nickel Equivalents, as defined above, of which at least about 2 parts per million is nickel (as metal, by weight) . Carbo- metallic oils within the above range can be prepared from mixtures of two or more oils, some of which do and some of which do not contain the quantities of Nickel Equivalents and nickel set forth above. It .should also be noted that the above values for Nickel Equivalents and nickel repre¬ sent time-weighted averages for a substantial period of operation of the conversion unit, such as one month, for example. It should also be noted that the heavy metals have in certain circumstances exhibited some lessening of poisoning tendency after repeated oxidations and reductions on the catalyst, and the literature describes criteria for establishing "effective metal" values- For example, see the article by Cimbalo, et al., entitled "Deposited Metals Poison FCC Catalyst", Oil and Gas Journal, May 15, 1972, pp 112-122, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. If considered necessary or desirable, the contents of Nickel Equivalents and nickel in the carbo- metallic oils processed according to the invention may be expressed in terms of "effective metal" values. Notwith¬ standing the gradual reduction in poisoning activity noted by Cimbalo, et al. , the regeneration of catalyst under normal FCC regeneration conditions may not, and usually does not, severely impair the dehydrogenation, demethana- tion and aromatic condensation activity of heavy metals accumulated on cracking catalyst. It is known that about 0.2 to about 5 weight percent of "sulfur" in the form of elemental sulfur and/or its com¬ pounds (but reported as elemental sulfur based on the weigh of feed) appears in FCC feeds and that the sulfur and modi¬ fied forms of sulfur can find their way into the resultant gasoline product and, where lead is added, tend to -reduce its susceptibility to octane enhancement. Sulfur in the product gasoline often requires sweetening when process¬ ing high sulfur containing crudes. To the extent that sulfur is present in the coke, it also represents a po¬ tential air pollutant since the regenerator burns it to SO- and SO-. However, we have found that in our pro¬ cess the sulfur in the feed is on the other hand able to inhibit heavy metal activity by maintaining metals such as Ni, V, Cu and Fe in the sulfide form in the reactor. These sulfides are much less active than the metals them¬ selves in promoting dehydrogenation and coking reactions. Accordingly, it is acceptable to carry out the invention with a carbo-metallic oil having at least about 0.3%, ac¬ ceptably more than about 0.8% and more acceptably at least about 1.5% by weight of sulfur in the 650°F-- frac¬ tion. The carbo-metallic oils useful in the invention may and usually do contain significant quantities of heavy, high boiling compounds containing nitrogen, a substantial por¬ tion of which may be basic nitrogen. For example, the total nitrogen content of the carbo-metallic oils may be at least about 0.05% by weight. Since cracking catalysts owe. heir cracking activity to acid sites on the catalyst surface or in its pores, basic nitrogen-containing com¬ pounds may temporarily neutralize these sites, poisoning the catalyst. However, the catalyst is not permanently damaged since the nitrogen can be burned off the catalyst during regeneration, as a result of which the acidity of the active sites is restored. The carbo-metallic oils may also include significant quanti¬ ties of pentane insolubles, for example at least about 0.5% by weight, and more typically 2% or more or even about 4% or more- These may include for instance as¬ phaltenes and other materials. Alkali and alkaline earth " metals generally do not tend to vaporize in large quantities under the distillation condi¬ tions employed in distilling crude oil to prepare the vacuum gas oils nor- ally used as FCC feedstocks. Rather, these metals remain for the most part in the "bottoms" fraction (the non-vaporized high boiling portion) which may for instance be used in the production of asphalt or other by-products. However, reduced crude and other carbo- metallic oils are in many cases bottoms products, and therefore may contain significant quantities of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium. These metals deposit upon the catalyst during cracking. Depending on the composition of the catalyst and magnitude of the regen¬ eration temperatures to which it is exposed, these metals may undergo interactions and reactions with the catalyst (including the catalyst support) which are not normally experienced in processing VGO under conventional FCC processing conditions. If the catalyst characteristics and regeneration conditions so require, one will of course take the necessary precautions to limit the amounts of alkali and alkaline earth metal in the feed, which metals may enter the feed not only as brine associated with the crude oil in its natural state, but also as components of water or steam which are supplied to the cracking unit. Thus, careful desalting of the crude used to prepare the carbo-metallic feed may be important when the catalyst is particularly susceptible ' to alkali and alkaline earth metals. In such circumstances, the content of such metals (herein¬ after collectively referred to as "sodium") in the feed can be maintained at about 1 ppm or less, based on the weirht of the feedstock. Alternatively, the sodium level of the feed may be keyed to that of the catalyst, so as to main¬ tain the sodium level of the catalyst which is in use sub¬ stantially the same as or less than that of the replacement catalyst which is charged to the unit. According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the in¬ vention, the carbo-metallic oil feedstock constitutes at least about 70% by volume of material which boils above about 650°F, and a ~ least about 10% of the material which boils above about 650°F will not boil below about 1025°F. The average composition of this 650°F+ material may be further characterized by: (a) an atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio in the range of about 1.3 to about 1.8; (b) a Conradson carbon value of at least about 2; (c) at least about four parts per million of ϊfickel Equivalents, as defined above, of which at least about two parts per million is nickel (as metal, by weight) ; and (d) at least one of the following: (i) at least about 0.3% by weight of sulfur (ii) at least about 0.05% by weight of nitrogen, . and (iii) at least about 0.5% by weight of pentane insolu- bles. Very commonly, the preferred feed will include all . of (i) , (ii) , and (iii) , and other components found in oils of petroleum and non-petroleum origin may also be present in varying quantities providing they do not pre¬ vent operation of the process. Although there is no intention of excluding the possibility of using a feedstock which has previously been subjected to some cracking, the present invention has the definite advantage that it can successfully produce large conver¬ sions and very substantial yields of liquid hydrocarbon fuels from carbo-metallic oils which have not been subject¬ ed to any substantial amount of cracking. Thus, for example, and preferably, at least about 85%, more preferably at least about 90% amd most preferably substantially all of the carbo-metallic feed introduced into the present pro¬ cess is oil which has not previously been contacted with cracking catalyst under cracking conditions. Moreover, the process of. the invention is suitable for operation in a substantially once-through or single pass mode. Thus, the volume of recycle, if any, based on the volume of fresh feed is preferably about 15% or less and more preferably about 10% or less. In general, the weight ratio of catalyst to fresh feed (feed which has not previously he n exposed to cra'cking catalyst under cracking conditions) used in the process is in the range of about 3 to about 18. Preferred and more preferred ratios are about 4 to about 12, more pref¬ erably about 5 to about 10 and still .more prefer bly about 6 to about 10, a ratio of about 10 presently being con¬ sidered most nearly optimum. Within the limitations of product quality requirements, controlling the catalyst to oil ratio at relatively low levels within the aforesaid ranges tends to reduce the coke yield of the process, based on fresh feed. In conventional FCC processing of VGO, the ratio ber een the number of barrels per day of plant through-put and the total number of tons of catalyst undergoing circula¬ tion throughout all phases of the process can vary widely. For purposes of this disclosure, daily plant through-put is defined as the number of barrels of fresh feed boiling above about 650°F which that plant processes per average day of operation to liquid products boiling below about 430°F. The present invention may be practiced in the range of about 2 to about 30 tons of catalyst inventory per 1000 barrels of daily plant through-put- Based on the ojective of maximizing contact of feed with fresh catalyst, it has been suggested that operating with about 2 to about 5 or even less than 2 tons of catalyst inventory per 1000 barrels of daily plant through-put is desirable when operating with carbo-metallic oils. However, -in view of disclosures in "Deposited Metals Poison FCC Catalyst", Cimbalo, et al. , op ct., one may be able, at a given rate of catalyst replacement, to reduce effective metals levels on the catalyst by operating with a higher inventory, say in-the range of about 12 to about 20 tons per 1000 barrels of daily through-put capacity. In the practice of the invention, catalyst may be added continuously or periodically, such as, for example, to make up for normal losses of catalyst from the system. Moreover, catalyst addition may be conducted.in conjunc¬ tion with withdrawal of catalyst, such as, for example, to maintain or increase the average activity level of the catalyst in the unit- For example, the rate at which virgin catalyst is added to the unit may be in the range of about 0-1 to about 3, more preferalby about 0.15 to about 2, and most preferably to about 0.2 to about 1.5 pounds per barrel of feed. If on the other hand equilibrium catalyst from FCC operation is to be utilized, replacement rates as high as about 5 pounds per barrel can be practiced. Where circumstances are such that the catalyst employed in the unit is below average in resistance to deactivation OMPI and/or conditions prevailing in the unit are such as to promote more rapid deactivation, one may employ rates of addition greater than those stated above; but in the op¬ posite circumstances, lower rates of addition may be em¬ ployed. By way of illustration, if a unit were operated with a metal(s) loading of 5000 ppm Ni + V in parts by weight on equilibrium catalyst, one might for example employ a replacement rate of about 2.7 pounds of catalyst intro¬ duced for each barrel (42 gallons) of feed processed. How¬ ever, operation at a higher level such as 10,000 ppm Ni ÷ V on catalyst would enable one to substantially reduce the replacement rate, such as for example to about 1.3 pounds of catalyst per barrel of feed. Thus, the levels of metal(s) on the catalyst and catalyst replacement rates may in gen¬ eral be respectively increased and decreased to any value consistent with the catalyst activity which is available and desired for conducting the process. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it appears that a number of features of the process to be described in greater detail below, such as, for instance, the residence time and optional mixing of steam with the feedstock, tend to restrict the extent to which cracking conditions pro¬ duce metals in the reduced state on the catalyst from heavy metal sulfide(s), sulfate(s) or oxide(s) deposited on the catalyst particles by prior exposures of carbo-metallic feedstocks and regeneration conditions- Thus, the process appears to afford significant control over.the poisoning effect of heavy metals on the catalyst even when the ac¬ cumulations of such metals are quite substantial. Accordingly, the process may be practiced with catalyst bearing accumulations of heavy metal(s) in the form of elemental metal(s), oxide(s), sulfide(s) or other compounds which heretofore would have been considered quite intoler¬ able in conventional FCC-VGO operations. Thus, ODerα ion of the process with catalyst bearing heavy metals accumu¬ lations in the range of about 3,000 or more ppm Nickel Equivalents, on the average, is contemplated. The con¬ centration of Nickel Equivalents of metals on catalyst can range up to about 50,000 ppm or higher- More specifically, the accumulation may be in the range of about 3,000 to about 30,000 ppm, preferably in the range of 3,000 to 20,000 ppm, ' and more preferably about 3,000 to about 12,000 ppm. Within these ranges just mentioned, operation at metals levels of about 4,000 or more, about 5,000 or more, or about 7,0C0 or more ppm can tend to reduce the rate of catalyst ' replacement required. The foregoing ranges are based on parts per million of Nickel Equiva¬ lents, in which the metals are expressed as metal, by weight, measured on and based on regenerated equilibrium catalyst. However, in the event that catalyst of adequate activity is available at very low cost, making feasible very high rates of catalyst replacement, the carbo-metallic oil could be converted to lower boiling liquid products with catalyst bearing less than 3,000 ppm Nickel Equiva¬ lents of heavy metals. For example, one might employ equi¬ librium catalyst from another unit, for example, an FCC unit which has been used in the cracking of a feed, e.g. vacuum gas oil, having a carbon residue on pyrolysis of less than 1 and containing less than about 4 ppm Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals. The invention described in this specification may be employed in the processes and apparatuses for carbo-metallic oil con¬ version described in co-pending U.S. Applications Serial Nos. 94,091, 94,092, 94,216, 94,217 and 94,277, all filed November 14, 1979; and Serial Nos. 246,751, 246,782 and 246,791, all filed March 23, 1931; said applications being in the name of George D. Myers alone or jointly with Lloyd E. Busch and assigned or to be assigned to Ashland Oil, Inc., and the entire disclosure of each of said applications being incorporated herein by reference- While the processes describ in these applications can handle reduced crudes or crude oils containing high metals and Conradson carbon values not susceptible previously to direct processing, certain crudes such as Mexican Mayan or Venezuelan and certain other types of oil feeds contain abnormally high heavy metals and Conradso carbon values. If these very poor grades of oil are processed in a carbo-metallic process, they may lead to uneconomical operations because of high heat loads on the regenerator and/or high catalyst-addition rates to maintain adequate catalyst activity and/or selectivity. In order to improve the grade of very poor grades of oil, such as those contain¬ ing more than 50 ppm heavy metals and/or more than 8 weight percent Conradson carbon and preferably more than 100 ppm heavy metals and/or more than 10 weight percent Conradson carbon, these oils may be pretreated with a sorbent to reduce the levels of these contaminants to the aforementioned or lower values. Such upgrading processes are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,263,128 of April 21, 1981, in the name of David B. Bartholic, the entire disclosure of said patent being incorporated herein by reference. O In any event, the equilibrium concentration of heavy metals in the circulating inventory of catalyst can be controlled (including maintained or varied as desired or needed) by manipulation of the rate of catalyst addition discussed above. Thus, for example, addition of catalyst may be . maintained at a rate which will control the heavy metals accumulation on the catalyst in one of the ranges set forth above. In general, it is preferred to employ a catalyst having a relatively high level of cracking activity, providing high levels of conversion and productivity at low residence times. The conversion capabilities of the catalyst may be expressed in terms of the conversion produced during ac¬ tual operation of the process and/or in terms of conversion produced in standard catalyst activity tests. For example, it is preferred to employ catalyst which, in the course of extended operation under prevailing process conditions, is sufficiently active for sustaining a level of conversion of at least about 50% and more preferably at least about 60%. In this connection, conversion is expressed in liquid volume percent, based on fresh feed. Also, for example, the preferred catalyst may be defined as one which, in its virgin or equilibrium state, exhibits a specified activity expressed as a percentage in terms of MAT (micro-activity test) conversion. For purposes of the present invention the foregoing percentage is the vol¬ ume percentage of standard feedstock which a catalyst under evaluation will convert to 430°F end point gasoline, light¬ er products and coke at 900°F, 16 WHSV (weight hourly space velocity, calculated ona moisture free basis, using clean catalyst which has been dried at 1100°F, weighed and then conditioned, for a period of at least 3 hours at about 25°C and 50% relative humidity, until about one hour or less prior to contacting the feed) and 3C/0 (catalyst to oil weight ratio) by ASTM D-32 MAT test D-3907-S0, using an ap¬ propriate standard feedstock, e.g. a sweet light primary gas oil, such as that used by Davison, Division of W. R. Grace, having the following analysis and properties: API Gravity at 60°F, degrees 31.0 Specific Gravity at 60°F, g/cc 0.8703 Ramsbottora Carbon, wt. % Q.09 Conradson Carbon, wt. % 0.04 Carbon, wt. % 84.92 Hydrogen, wt. % 12.94 Sulfur, wt. % 0.68 Nitrogen, ppm 305 Viscosity at 100°F, centistokes 10.36 Watson K Factor 11.93 Aniline Point - ■ 182 Bromine No. 2.2 Paraffins, Vol. % 31.7 Olefins, Vol. % 1.6 . Naphthenes, Vol- % 44.0 Aromatics, Vol. % 22.7 Average Molecular Weight 284 Nickel Trace Vanadium Trace Iron Trace Sodium Trace Chlorides Trace B S & W Trace Distillation ASTM D-1160 IBP 445 10% 601 30% 664 50% 701 70% 734 90% 787 FBP 834 O - 29B - The gasoline end point and boiling temperature-volume per¬ cent relationships of the product produced in the MAT con¬ version test may for example be determined by simulated distillation techniques, for example modifications of gas chromate graphic "Sim-D", ASTM D-2887-73. The results of such simulations are in reasonable agreement with the re¬ sults obtained by subjecting larger samples of material to standard laboratory distillation techniques. Conversion is calculated by subtracting from 100 the volume percent (based on fresh feed) of those products heavier than gaso¬ line which remain in the recovered product. On pages 935-937 of Hougen and Watson, Chemical Process Principles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y. (1947), the con¬ cept of "Activity Factors" is discussed- This concept leads to the use of "relative activity" to compare the ef¬ fectiveness of an operating catalyst against a standard catalyst. Relative activity measurements facilitate recog¬ nition of how the quantity requirements of various cata¬ lysts differ from one another. Thus, relative activity is a ratio obtained by dividing the weight of a standard or reference catalyst which is or would be required to pro¬ duce a given level of conversion, as compared to the weight of an operating catalyst (whether proposed or actually used) which is or would be required to produce the same level of conversion in the same or equivalent feedstock under the same or equivalent conditions- Said ratio of catalyst weights may be expressed as a numerical ratio, but preferably is converted to a percentage basis. The standard catalyst is preferably chosen from among cata¬ lysts useful for conducting the present invention, such as for example zeolite fluid cracking catalysts, and is chosen for its ability to produce a predetermined level of conver¬ sion in a standard feed under the conditions of temperature, W HΞ V , catalyst to oil ratio and other conditions set forth - 30. - in the preceding description of the MAT conversion test and in ASTM D-32 MAT test D-3907-80. Conversion is the volume percentage of feedstock that is converted to 430°F end point gasoline, lighter products and coke- For standard feed, one may employ the above-mentioned light primary gas oil, or equivalent. For purposes of conducting relative activity determinations, one may prepare a- "standard catalyst curve", a chart or graph of conversion " - " (as above defined) vs. reciprocal WHSV - ' for the standard catalyst and feedstock. A sufficient num¬ ber of runs is made under ASTM D-3907-80 conditions (as modified above) using standard feedstock at varying levels of WHSV to prepare an .accurate "curve" of conversion vs. WHSV for the standard feedstock. This curve should tra¬ verse all or substantially all of the various levels of conversion including the range of conversion within which it is expected that the operating catalyst will be tested. From this curve, one may establish a standard WHSV for test comparisons and a standard value of reciprocal WHSV corre¬ sponding to that level of conversion which has been chosen to represent 100% relative activity in the standard cata¬ lyst. For purposes of the present disclosure the afore¬ mentioned reciprocal WIISV and level of conversion are, re¬ spectively, 0.0625 and 75%. In testing an operating cata¬ lyst of unknown relative activity, one conducts a suffi¬ cient number of runs with that catalyst under D-3907-30 conditions (as modified above) to establish the level of conversion which is or would be produced with the operat¬ ing catalyst at standard reciprocal WHSV. Then, using the above-mentioned standard " catalyst curve, one establishes a hypothetical reciprocal WHSV constituting the recipro¬ cal WHSV which would have been required, using the standard catalyst, to obtain the same level of conversion which was or would be exhibited, by the operating catalyst at stan- MP - 31 - dard WHSV. The relative activity may then be calculated by dividing the hypothetical reciprocal WHSV by the reciprocal standard WHSV, which is 1/16, or .0625. The result is relative activity expressed in terms of a decimal fraction, which may then be multiplied by 100 to convert to percent relative activity. In applying the results of this deter- ■ mination, a relative activity of 0.5, or 50%, means that it would take twice the amount of the operating catalyst to give the same conversion as the standard catalyst, i.e., th • production catalyst is 50% as active as the reference catal - 32 - The catalyst may be introduced into the process in its vir¬ gin form or, as previously indicated, in other than virgin form; e.g. one may use equilibrium catalyst withdrawn from another unit, .such as catalyst that has been employed in the cracking of a different feed. Whether characterized on the basis of MAT conversion activity or relative acti- - vity, the preferred catalysts may be described on the basis of their activity "as introduced" into the process of the present invention, or on the basis of their "as withdrawn" or equilibrium activity in the process of the present invention, or on both of these bases. A preferred ac¬ tivity level of virgin and non-virgin catalyst "as intro¬ duced" into the process of the present invention is at least about 60% by MAT conversion, and preferably at least about 20%, more preferably at least about ' 40% and still more preferably at least about 60% in terms of relative activity. However, it will be appreciated that, parti¬ cularly in the case of non-virgin catalysts supplied at high addition rates, lower activity levels may be accep¬ table. An acceptable "as withdrawn" or equilibrium ac¬ tivity level of catalyst which has been used in the process of the present invention is at least about 20% or more, but about 40% or more and preferably about 60% or more are pre¬ ferred values on a relative activity basis, and an activity level of 60% or more on a MAT conversion basis is also con¬ templated. More preferably, it is desired to employ a catalyst which will, under the conditions of use in the unit, establish an equilibrium activity at or above the in¬ dicated level. The catalyst activities are determined with catalyst having less than 0.01 coke, e.g. regenerated catalyst- One may employ any hydrocarbon cracking catalyst having the above indicated conversion capabilities. A particular¬ ly preferred class of catalysts includes those which have MPI - 33 - pore structures into which molecules of feed material may enter for adsorption and/or for contact with, active cataly¬ tic sites within or adjacent the pores. Various types of catalysts are " available within this classification, includ¬ ing for example the layered silicates, e.g. smectites. Although the most- widely available catalysts within this classification are the well-known zeolite-containing catalysts, non-zeolite catalysts are also contemplated- The preferred zeolite-containing catalysts may include any zeolite, whether natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic, alone or in admixture with other materials which do not significantly impair the suitability of the catalyst, pro¬ vided the resultant catalyst has the activity and pore structure referred to above. For example, if the virgin catalyst is a mixture, it may include the zeolite compon¬ ent associated with or dispersed in a porous refractory inorganic oxide carrier, in such case the catalyst may for example contain about 1% to about 60%, more preferably about 15 to about 50%, and most typically about 20 to about 45% by weight, based on the total weight of catalyst (water free basis) of the zeolite, the balance of the catalyst being the porous refractory inorganic oxide alone or in combination with any of the known adjuvants for promoting or suppressing various desired and undesired reactions. For a general explanation of the genus of zeolite, mole¬ cular sieve catalysts useful in the invention, attention is drawn to the disclosures of the articles entitled "Refinery Catalysts Are a Fluid Business" and "Making Cat Crackers Work On Varied Diet" , appearing respectively in the July 26, « 1978 and September 13, 1978 issues of Chemical Week magazine. The descriptions of the aforementioned pu b lications are incorporated herein by reference. - 34 - For the most part, the zeolite components of the zeolite- containing catalysts will be those which are known to be useful in FCC cracking processes. In general, these are crystalline aluminosilicates, typically made up of tetra coordinated aluminum atoms associated through oxygen atoms with adjacent silicon atoms in the crystal structure. However, the term "zeolite" as used in this disclosure contemplates not t only aluminosilicates, but also substances in which the alumi-rum has been partly or wholly replaced, such as for instance by gallium and/or other metal atoms, and further includes substances in which all or part of the silicon has been replaced, such as for instance by germanium. Titanium and zirconium substitution may also be practiced. Most zeolites are prepared or occur naturally in the sodium form, so that sodium cations are associated with the electr negative sites in the crystal structure. The sodium cation tend to make zeolites inactive and much less stable when exposed to hydrocarbon conversion conditions, particul¬ arly high temperatures. Accordingly, the zeolite may ' be ion exchanged, and where the zeolite is a component of a catalyst composition, such ion exchanging may occur before or after incorporation of the zeolite as a component of the composition- Suitable cations for replacement of sodium in the zeolite crystal structure include ammonium (decomposable to hydrogen), hydrogen, rare earth metals, alkaline earth metals, etc. Various suitable ion exchange procedures and cations which may be exchanged into the zeolite crystal structure are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of the naturally occurring crystalline alumino- silicate zeolites which may be used as or included in the catalyst for the present invention are faujasite, "gJRE - 35 - mordenite, clinoptilote, chabazite, analcite, crionite, as well as levynite, dachiardite, paulingite, noselite, ferriorite, heulandite, scolccite, stibite, harmotome, phillipsite, brewsterite, flarite, datolite, gmelinite, caumnite, leucite, lazurite, scaplite, mesolite, ptolite, nephline, matrolite, offretite and sodalite. Examples of the synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites which are useful as or in the catalyst for car¬ rying out the present invention are Zeolite X, U.S. Patent No. 2,882,244;. Zeolite Υ, IT.S. " Patent NO. 3,130,007; and Zeolite A, U.S. Patent No. 2,882,243; as well as Zeolite B, U.S. Patent No. 3,008,803; Zeolite D, Canada Patent No. 661,981; Zeolite E, Canada Patent No. 614,495; Zeolite F, U.S. Patent No. 2,996,358; Zeolite H, U.S. Patent No. 3,010,789; Zeolite J. U.S. Patent No. 3,011,869; Zeolite L, Belgian Patent No. 575,177; Zeolite M, U.S. Patent No. 2,995,423; Zeolite 0, U.S. Patent No. 3,140,252; Zeolite Q, U.S. Patent NO. 2,991,151; Zeolite S, U.S. Patent No. 3,054,657; Zeolite T, U.S. Patent No. 2,950,952;. Zeolite W, U.S. Patent No. 3,012,853; Zeolite Z, Canada Patent No. 614,495; and Zeolite Omega, Canada Patent No. 817,915- Also, Z -4HJ, alpha beta and ZSM-type zeolites are useful. Moreover, the zeolites described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,140,249; 3,140,253; 3,944,482; and 4,137,151 are also, useful, the disclosures of said patents being incorporated herein by reference. The crystalline alu inosilicate zeolites having a fauja- site-type crystal structure are particularly preferred for use in the present invention. This includes particularly natural faujasite and Zeolite X and Zeolite Y. The crystalline aluπrinosilicate zeolites, such as synthetic faujasite, will under normal conditions crvstallize as OMP - 36 - regularly shaped, discrete particles of about one to about ten microns in size, and, accordingly, this is the size range frequently found in co merical catalysts which can be used in the invention- Preferably, the particle size of the zeolites is from about 0.1 to about 10 microns and more preferably is from about Q.l to about 2 microns or less. For example, zeolites prepared in situ from calcined kaolin may be characterized by even smaller crystallites. Crystal¬ line zeolites exhibit both an interior and an exterior surface area, the latter being defined as "portal" surface area, with the largest portion of the total surface area being internal. By portal surface area, we refer to the outer surface of the zeolite crystal through which reactants are considered to pass in order to convert to lower boiling products. Blockages of the internal channels by, for ex¬ ample, coke formation, blockages of entrance to the in¬ ternal channels by deposition of coke in the portal surface area, and contamination by metals poisoning, will greatly reduce the total zeolite surface area. Therefore, to mini¬ mize the effect of contamination and pore blockage, crys¬ tals larger than the normal size cited above are preferably not used in the catalysts of this invention- Commercial zeolite-containing catalysts are available with carriers containing a variety of metal oxides and combina¬ tion thereof, include for example silica, alumina, mag¬ nesia, and mixtures thereof and mixtures of such oxides with clays as e.g. described in U.S. Patent No. 3,034,948. One may for example select any of the zeolite-containing molecular sieve fluid cracking catalysts which are suitable for production of gasoline from vacuum gas oils. However, certain advantages may be attained by judicious selection of catalysts having marked resistance to metals. A metal resistant zeolite catalyst is, for instance, described in U. S . Patent No. 3,944,482, in which the catalyst contains OMP - 37 - 1-40 weight percent of a rare earth-exchanged zeolite, the balance being a refractory metal oxide having specified pore volume and size distribution- Other catalysts de¬ scribed as "metals-tolerant" are described in the above mentioned Cimbala, et al. , article. In general, it is " preferred to employ catalysts having an overall particle size in the range of about 5 to about 160, more preferably about 40 to about 120, and most preferably about 4j r to about 80 microns. For example, a useful catalyst may have a skeletal density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot and an average particle size of about 60-70 microns, with less than 10% of the particles hav¬ ing a size less than about 40 microns and less than 80% having a size less than about 50-60 microns. Although a wide variety of " other catalysts, including both zeolite-containing and non-zeolite-containing may be employed in the practice of the inventio •the following are examples of commercially available catalysts which may be employed in practicing the invention: TABLE 1 Specific Weicrht Perc :ent Surface Zeolite m /g Content Al 2 0 3 Si0 2 Na 2 0 Fe 2 0 i0 2 AGZ-290 300 11.0 29.5 59.0 0-40 0.11 0.59 GRZ-1 162 14-0 23.4 69.0 0.10 0.4 0.9 CCZ-220 129 11.0 34.5 60.0 0.60 0.57 1.9 Super DX 155 13.0 31.0 65.0 0.30 0.57 1.6 F-37 240 10-0 44.0 50.0 0.30 0.70 1.6 FOX-90 240 8.0 44.0 52.0 0.65 0.65 1.1 HFZ 20 ' 310 20.0 59.0 40.0 0-47 0.54 2.75 HEZ 55 210 19.0 59.0 35.2 0-60 0.60 2.5 OMP P - 38 - The AGZ-290, GRZ-1, CCZ-220 and Super DX catalysts referred to above are products of W. R. Grace and Co. F-87 and FOC-90 are products of Filtrol, while HFZ-20 and HEZ-55 are produc of Engelhard/Houdry. The above are properties of virgin catalyst and, except in the case of zeolite content, are adjusted to a water free basis, i.e. based on material ignited at 1750°F. The zeolite content is derived by compar son of the X-ray intensities of a catalyst sample and of a standard material " composed of high purity sodium Y zeolite in accordance with draft #6, dated January 9, 1978, of proposed ASTM Standard Method entitled "Determination of the Faujasite Content - f a Catalyst". Among the above mentioned commercially available catalysts, the Super D family and especially a catalyst designated GRZ-1 are particularly preferred. For example, Super DX has given particularly good results with Arabian light crude. The GRZ-1, although substantially more expensive than the Super DX at present, appears somewhat more metals- tolerant. Although not yet commercially available, it is believed that the best catalysts for carrying out the present inven¬ tion are those which are characterized by matrices with feeder pores having large minimum diameters and large mouths to facilitate diffusion of high molecular weight molecules through the matrix to the portal surface area of molecular sieve particles within the matrix- Such matrices prefera¬ bly also have a relatively large pore volume in order to soak up unvaporized portions of the carbo-metallic oil feed. Thus significant numbers of liquid hydrocarbon mole¬ cules can diffuse to active catalytic sites both in the matrix and in sieve particles on the surface of the matrix. In general it is preferred to employ catalysts having a total pore volume greater than 0.2 cc/gm, preferably at least 0.4 cc/gm, more preferably at least 0.6 cc/gm and OMPI - 39 - most preferably in the range of 0.7 to 1.0 cc/gm, and with matrices wherein at least 0-1 cc/gm, and preferably at least 0.2 cc/gm, of said total pore volume is comprised of feeder pores having diameters in the range of about 400 to about 6000 angstrom units, more preferably in the range of about 1000 to about 6000 angstrom units. These catalysts and the method for making the same are described more fully in copending international application Serial No. PCT/US81/00492 filed in the U.S. Receiving Office on April 10, 1981, in the names of Ashland Oil, Inc., et al., and entitled "Large Pore Catalysts for Heavy Hydrocarbon Conversion" , the entire disclosure of said application being incorporated herein by reference. Catalysts for carrying out the present invention-may also employ other metal additives for controlling the adverse effects of vanadium as described in PCT International Applica tion Serial No. PCT/US81/00356 filed in the U.S. Receiving Office on March 19, 1981, in the names of Ashland Oil, Inc., et al., and entitled "Immobilization of Vanadia Deposited on Catalytic Materials During Carbo-Metallic Oil Conversion". The manner in which these other metal additives are believed to interact with vanadium is set forth in said PCT internatio application, the entire disclosure fo which is incorporated herein by reference. Certain of the additive metal compounds disclosed in this referenced PCT application, particularly those of titanium and zirconium, will also passivate nickel, iron and copper. The passivating mechanism of titanium and zirconium on nickel, iron and copper is believed to be simi¬ lar to that of aluminum and silicon, namely, an oxide and/or spinel coating may be formed. Whore the additive is introduc directly into the conversion process, that is into the riser, into the regenerator or into any intermediate components, the additive is preferably an organo- etallic compound o ' f titaniu or zirconium soluble in the hydrocarbon feed or in a hydro¬ carbon solvent miscible with the feed- Examples of preferred organo-metallic compounds of these metals are tetraisopropyl- titanate, TI ( C-.H--0) 4 , available as TYZOR from the Du Pont ( OMP *. WP - 40 - Company; zirconium isopropoxide, Zr (C 3 H 7 0) 4 ; and zirconium 2,4-pentanedionate - Zr (C 5 H--0 2 ) 4 . These organo-metallics are only a partial example of the various types available and others would include alcoholates, esters, phenolates, naphthenates, carboxylates, dienyl sandwich compounds, and the like. Other preferred process additives include titanium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrachloride and zirconium acetate, and the water soluble inorganic salts of these metals, in¬ cluding the sulfates, nitrates and chlorides, which are rela¬ tively inexpensive- _# Because the atomic weight of zirconium differs relative to the atomic weights of nickel and vanadium, while that of ti¬ tanium is about the same, a 1:1 atomic ratio is equivalent to about a 1.0 weight ratio of titanium to nickel plus vana¬ dium, and to about a 2.0 weight ratio of zirconium to nickel plus vanadium. Multiples of the 1:1 atomic ratio require the same multiple of the weight ratio. For example a 2:1 atomic ratio requires about a 2.0 titanium weight ratio and about a 4.0 zirconium weight ratio. Additives may be introduced into the riser, the regenerator o other conversion system ccmpcnents to passivate the non-selec tive catalytic activity of heavy metals deposited on the con¬ version catalyst. Preferred additives for practicing the pre ent invention include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Applica¬ tion Serial No. , filed simultaneously herewith in t name of William P. Hettingεr, Jr., and entitled PASSIVATI G HEAVY METALS IN CARBO-METALLIC OIL CONVERSION, the entire dis¬ closure of said U.S. application being incorporated herein by reference. -gSREA " - 41 - A particularly preferred catalyst also includes vanadium traps as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 252,967 filed April 10, 1981, in the names of William P. Hettinger, Jr. r et al., and entitled "Trapping of Metals Deposited on Catalytic Materials During Carbσ-Metallic Oil Conversion". It is also preferred to control the valence state of vanadium accumulations on the catalyst during regeneration as disclosed in the U.S. Patent Application entitled "Immobilization of Vanadium Deposited on Catalytic Materials During Carbo-Metallic Oil Conversion" filed in the names of William P. Hettinger, Jr., et al. , on April 20, 1981, as well as the continuation-in-part of the same ap¬ plication subsequently filed on April 28, 1981. The entire disclosures of said U.S. Patent Applications are incorporated herein by reference. - 42 It is considered an advantage that the process of the present invention can be conducted in the substantial absence of tin and/or antimony or at least in the pres¬ ence of a catalyst which is substantially free of either or both of these metals. The process of the present invention may be operated with the above described carbo-metallic oil and catalyst as sub- stantially the sole naterials charged to the reaction zone, although charging of additional materials is not excluded. The charging of recycled oil to the reaction zone has alread been mentioned. As described in greater detail below, still other materials fulfilling a variety of functions may also be charged. In such case, the carbo-metallic oil and catalyst usually represent the major proportion by weight of the total of all materials charged to the reaction zone. - Certain of the additional materials which may be used per¬ form functions which offer significant advantages over the process as performed with only the carbo-metallic oil and catalyst. Among these functions are: controlling the effects of heavy metals and other catalyst contaminants; enhancing catalyst activity; absorbing excess heat in the catalyst as received from the regenerator; disposal of pollutants or conversion thereof to a form or forms in OMP - 43 - which they may be more readily separated from products and/or disposed of; controlling catalyst temperature; diluting the carbo-metallic oil vapors to reduce their partial pressure and increase the yield of desired pro¬ ducts; adjusting feed/catalyst contact time; donation of hydrogen to a hydrogen deficient carbo-metallic oil feed¬ stock for example as disclosed in copending application Serial No. 246,791, entitled "Use .of Naphtha in Carbo- Metallic Oil Conversion", filed in the name of George D. Myers on March 23,-1981, which application is incorpor¬ ated herein by reference; assisting in the dispersion of the feed; and possibly also distillation of products. Certain of the metals in the heavy metals accumulation on the catalyst are more active in promoting undesired re¬ actions when they are in the form of elemental metal, than they are when in the oxidized form produced by contact with oxygen in the catalyst regenerator. However, the time of contact between catalyst and vapors of feed and product in past conventional catalytic cracking was suf¬ ficient so that hydrogen released in the cracking reac¬ tion was able to reconvert a significant portion of the less harmful oxides back to the more harmful elemental heavy metals. One can take advantage of this situation through the introduction of additional materials which are in gaseous (including vaporous) form in the reaction zone in admixture with the catalyst and vapors of feed and products. The increased volume of material in the reaction zone resulting from the presence of such addi¬ tional materials tend to increase the velocity of flow through the reaction zone with a corresponding decrease in the residence time of the catalyst and oxidized heavy - 44 - metals borne thereby. Because of this reduced residence time, there is less opportunity for reduction of the oxi¬ dized heavy metals to elemental form and therefore less of the harmful elemental metals are available for con¬ tacting the feed and products. Added materials may be introduced into the process in any suitable fashion, some examples of which follow. For in¬ stance, they may be admixed with the carbo-metallic oil feedstock prior to contact of the latter with the catalyst.. Alternatively, the added materials may, if desired, be admixed with the catalyst prior to contact of the latter with the feedstock. Separate portions of the added ma¬ terials may be separately admixed with both catalyst and carbo-metallic oil. Moreover, the feedstock, catalyst and additional materials may, if desired, be brought to¬ gether substantially simultaneously. A portion of the added materials may be mixed with catalyst and/or carbo- metallic oil in any of the above described ways, while ad¬ ditional portions are subsequently brought into admixture. For example, a portion of the added materials may be added to the carbo-metallic oil and/or to the catalyst before they reach the reaction zone, while another portion of the added materials is introduced directly into the re¬ action zone. The added materials may be introduced at a plurality of spaced locations in the reaction zone or along the length thereof, if elongated- The amount of additional materials which may be present in the feed, catalyst or reaction zone for carrying out the above unctions, and others, may be varied as desired; but said amount will preferably be sufficient to substantially heat balance the process. These materials may for example be introduced into the reaction zone in a weight ratio rela¬ tive to feed of up to about 0.4, preferably in the range of about 0.02 to about 0.4, more preferably about 0.03 ΓRE - 45 - to about 0.3 and most preferably about Q..Q5 to about 0.25. For example, many or all of the above desirable functions may be attained by introducing H-O to the reaction zone in t form of steam or of liquid water or a combination thereof in a weight ratio relative to feed in the range of about 0.04 o more, or more preferably about 0.05 to about 0.1 or more. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it appears that - the use of H 2 0 tends to inhibit reduction of catalyst-borne oxides, sulfites - • and sulfides to the free metallic form which is believed to promote condensation-dehydrogenation " with consequent promotion of coke and hydrogen yield and accompanying loss of product. Moreover, H-O may also, to some extent, reduce deposition of metals onto the cata¬ lyst surface. There may also be some tendency to desσrb nitrogen—containing and other heavy contaminant-containing molecules from the surf ce of the catalyst particles, or at least some tendency to inhibit their absorption by the catalyst. It is also believed that added H_0 tends to increase the acidity of the catalyst by Bronsted-acid forma¬ tion which in turn enhances the activity of the catalyst. Assuming the H-0 as supplied is cooler than the regenerated catalyst and/or the temperature of the reaction zone, the sensible heat involved in raising the temperature of the H-,0 upon contacting the catalyst in the reaction zone or elsewhere can absorb excess heat from the catalyst. Where the H-,0 is or includes recycled water that contains for example about 500 to about 5000 ppπ_ of H 2 S dissolved there¬ in, a number of additional advantages may accrue- The ecologically unattractive H_S need not be vented to the atmosphere, the recycled water does not require further treatment to remove H-,S and the H_S may be of assistance in reducing coking of the catalyst by passivation of the f OM - 46 - heavy metals, i.e. by conversion thereof to the sulfide form which has a lesser tendency than the free metals to en¬ hance coke and hydrogen production. In the reaction zone, the presence of H 2 0 can dilute the carbo-metallic oil vapors, thus reducing their partial pressure and tending to increase the yield of the desired products. It has be.en reported that H 2 0 is useful in combination with other ma¬ terials in generating hydrogen during cracking; thus it may be able to act as a hydrogen donor for hydrogen deficient carbo-metallic oil-feedstocks. The H 2 0 may also serve cer-_ tain purely mechanical functions such as: assisting in the atomizing or .dispersion of the feed; competing with high molecular weight molecules for adsorption on the sur¬ face of the catalyst, thus interrupting coke formation; steam distillation of vaporizable product from unvaporized feed material; and disengagement of product from catalyst upon conclusion of the cracking reaction. It is particu¬ larly preferred to bring together H-0, catalyst and carbo- metallic oil substantially simultaneously. For example, one may admix H-0 and feedstock in an atomizing nozzle and immediately direct the resultant spray into contact with the catalyst at the downstream end of the reaction zone. The addition of steam to the reaction zone is frequently mentioned in the literature of fluid catalytic cracking. Addition of liquid water to the feed is discussed relative¬ ly infrequently, compared to the introduction of steam directly into the reaction zone. However, in accordance with the present invention it is particularly preferred that liquid water be brought into intimate admixture with the carbo-metallic oil in a weight ratio of about 0.04 to about 0.25 at or prior to the time of introduction of the oil into the reaction zone, whereby the water (e.g., in the form of liquid water or in the form of steam produced by vaporization of liquid water in contact with the oil) enters the reaction zone as part of the flow of feedstock - 47 - which enters such zone. Although not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the foregoing is advan¬ tageous in promoting dispersion of the feedstock. Also, the heat of vaporization of the water, which heat is absorbed from the catalyst, from the feedstock, or from both, causes the water to be a more efficient heat sink ' than steam alone. " Preferably the weight ratio of liquid water to feed is about 0.04 to about 0.2 more preferably about 0.05 to about 0.15. Of course, the liquid water may be introduced into the process in the above described manner or in other ways, and in either event the introduction of liquid water may be accompanied by the introduction of additional amounts of water as steam into the same or different portions of the reaction zone or into the catalyst and/or feedstock. For example, the amount of additional steam may be in a weight ratio relative to feed in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.25, with the weight ratio of total H^O (as steam and liquid water) to feedstock being about 0.3 or less. The charging weight ratio of liquid water relative to steam in such combined use of liquid water and steam may for example range from about 15 which is presently pre¬ ferred, to about 0.2- Such ratio may be maintained at a predetermined level within such range or varied as neces¬ sary or desired to adjust or maintain heat balance. Other materials may be added to the reaction zone to per¬ form one or more of the above described functions. For example, the dehydrogenation-condonsation activity of heavy metals may be inhibited by introducing hydrogen sulfide gas into the reaction zone. Hydrogen may be made available for hydrogen deficient carbo-metallic oil feedstocks by introducing into the reaction zone either a conventional hy d rogen donor diluent such as a heavy naphtha or relative¬ ly low molecular weight carbon-hydrocarbon fragment ccn ri- - 48 b tors, including for example: light paraffins; low mole¬ cular weight alcohols and other compounds which permit or favor intermblecular hydrogen transfer; and compounds that chemically combine to generate hydrogen in the reaction zone such as by reaction of carbon monoxide with water, or with alcohols, or with olefins, or with other materials or mixtures of the foregoing. All of ' the above-mentioned additional materials (including water) , alone or in -conjunction with each other or in con¬ junction with other materials, such as nitrogen or other inert gases, light hydrocarbons, and others, may perform any of the above-described functions for which they are suitable, including without limitation, acting as diluents to reduce feed partial pressure and/or as heat sinks to absorb excess heat present in the catalyst as received from the regeneration step. The foregoing is a discussion of some of the functions which can be performed by materials other than catalyst and carbo-metallic oil feedstock in¬ troduced into the reaction zone, and it should be under- ' stood that other materials may be added or other ' functions performed without departing from the spirit of the invention The invention may be practiced in a wide variety of appara¬ tus. However, the preferred -apparatus includes means for rapidly vaporizing as much feed as possible and efficiently admixing feed and catalyst (although not necessarily in that order) , for causing the resultant mixture to flow as a dilute suspension in a progressive flow mode, and for separating the catalyst from cracked products and any un- cracked or only partially cracked feed at the end of a pre¬ determined residence time or times, it being preferred that all or at least a substantial portion of the product should be abruptly separated from at least a portion' of the catalyst- - 49 - For example, the apparatus may include, along its elongated reaction chamber, one or more points for introduction of carbo-metallic feed, one or more points for introduction of catalyst, one or more points for introduction of addi¬ tional material, one or more points for withdrawal of products and one or more points for withdrawal of catalyst. The means for introducing feed, catalyst and other material may range from open, pipes to sophisticated jets or spray nozzles, it being preferred to use means capable of break¬ ing up the liquid feed into fine droplets. Preferably, the catalyst, liquid water (when used) and fresh feed are brought together in an apparatus similar to that disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 969,601 of George D. Myers, et al. , filed December 14, 1978, the entire disclos¬ ure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Accordingly to a particularly preferred embodiment based on a suggestion which is understood to have emanated from Mr. Stephen M. Kovach, the liquid water and carbo-metallic oil, prior to their introduction into the riser, " are caused to pass through a propeller, apertured disc, or any ap¬ propriate high shear agitating means for forming a "homoge¬ nized mixture" containing finely divided droplets of oil and/or water with oil and/or water present as a continuous phase- It is preferred that the reaction chamber, or at least the major portion thereof, be more nearly vertical than hori¬ zontal and have a length to diameter ratio of at least about 10, more preferably about 20 or 25 or more. Use of a vertical riser type reactor is preferred. If tubular, the reactor can be of uniform diameter throughout or may be provided with a continuous orstep-wise increase in d iameter along the reaction path to maintain or vary the velocity along the flow path. OMPI - 50 - In general, the charging means (for catalyst and feed) and the reactor configuration are such as to provide a relatively high. elocity of flow and dilute suspension of catalyst. For example, the vapor or catalyst velocity in the riser will , be usually at least about 25 and more typically at least about 35 feet per second. This velocity may range up to about 55 or about 75 feet or about 100 feet per second or higher. The vapor velocity at the top of the reactor may be higher than that at the bottom and may for example be about 80 feet per second at the top and about 40 feet per second at the bottom. The velocity capa- bilities of the reactor will in general be sufficient to prevent substantial build-up of catalyst bed in the bottom or other portions of the riser, whereby the catalyst load¬ ing in the riser can be maintained below about 4 or 5 pounds, as for example about 0.5 pounds, and below about 2 pounds, as for example 0.8 pounds, per cubic foot, respec¬ tively, at the upstream (e.g., bottom) and downstream (e.g. top) ends of the riser. The progressive flow mode involves, for example, flowing of catalyst, feed and products as a stream in a positively controlled and maintained direction established by the elongated nature of the reaction zone- This is not to suggest however that there must be strictly linear flow. As is well known, turbulent flow and "slippage" of cata¬ lyst may occur to some extent especially in certain ranges of vapor velocity and some catalyst loadings, although it has been reported advisable to employ sufficiently low catalyst loadings to restrict slippage and back-mixing. Most preferably the reactor is one which abruptly separates a substantial portion or all of the vaporized cracked pro¬ ducts from the catalyst at one or more points along the riser, and preferably separates substantially all of the vaporized cracked products from the catalyst at the down¬ stream end of the riser- A preferred type of reactor e - - 51 - bodies ballistic separation of the catalyst and products; that is, catalyst is projected in a direction established by the riser tube, and is caused to continue its motion in the general direction so established, while the products, having lesser momentum, are caused to make an abrupt change of direction, resulting in an abrupt, substantially.instan¬ taneous separation of product from catalyst. In a preferred embodiment referred to as a vented riser, the riser tube is provided with a substantially unobstructed discharge opening at its downstream end for discharge of catalyst. An exit port near the tube outlet adjacent the downstream end receives the products. Th discharge opening communicates with a catalyst flow path which extends to the usual stripper and regenerator, while the exit port communicates with a product flow path which is substantially or entirely separated from the catalyst flow path and leads to separation means for separating the products from the relatively small portion of catalyst, if any, which manages to gain entry to the produc exit port. The mode of catalyst/product separation presently deemed best for practicing the present invention is disclosed in Figure 2, discussed below. - υRE OMPI - 52 - with the riser tube- By means of a product vapor line com¬ municating with the interior of the cup but not the interio of the riser tube, having its inlet positioned within the cup interior in a direction upstream of the riser tube out¬ let, product vapors emanating from the riser tube and enter¬ ing the cup by diversion of direction are transported away from the cup to auxiliary catalyst and product separation equipment downstream of the cup. Such an arrangement can produce a high degree of completion of the separation of catalyst from product vapors at the vented riser tube out¬ let, so that the required amount of auxiliary catalyst sep-.- aration equipment such as cyclones is greatly reduced, with consequent large savings in capital investment and operat¬ ing cost. Preferred conditions for operation of the process are de¬ scribed below. Among these are feed, catalyst and reaction temperatures, reaction and feed pressures, residence time and levels of conversion, coke production and coke laydown on catalyst. In conventional FCC operations with VGO, the feedstock is customarily preheated, often to temperatures significantly higher than are required to make the feed sufficiently fluid for pumping and for introduction into the reactor. For example, preheat temperatures as high as about 700° or 300°F have been reported. But in our process as pres¬ ently practiced it is preferred to restrict preheating of the feed, so that the feed is capable of absorbing a larger amount of heat from the catalyst while the catalyst raises the feed to conversion temperature, at the same time mini¬ mizing utilization of external fuels to heat the feedstock. - 53 - Thus, where the nature of the feedstock permits, it may be fed at ambient temperature. Heavier stocks may be fed at preheat temperatures of up to about 600°F, typically about 200°F to about 500°F, but higher preheat temp¬ eratures are not necessarily excluded. The catalyst fed to the reactor may vary widely in .temp¬ erature, for ex ple from about 1100°to about 1600°F, more preferably about .1200° to about 1500°F and most pref¬ erably about 1300° to about 1400°F, with about 1325° to abou 1375°F being considered optimum at present. "~ As indicated previously, the conversion of the carbo- metallic oil to lower molecular weight products may be conducted at a temperature of about 900° to about 1400°F, measured at the reaction chamber outlet. The reaction temperature as measured at said outlet is more preferably maintained in the range of about 965° to about 1300°F, still more preferably about 975° to about 1200°F, and most preferably about 980° to about 1150°F. Depending upon the temperature selected and the properties of the feed, all of the feed may or may not vaporize in the riser. Although the pressure in the reactor may, as indicated above range from about 10 to about 50 psiα, preferred and more preferred pressure ranges are about 15 to about 35 and -about 20 to about 35. In general, the partial (or total) pressure of the feed may be in the range of about 3 to about 30, more preferably about 7 to about 25 and.most preferably about 10 to about 17 psia. The feed partial pressure may be controlled or suppressed by the introduc¬ tion of gaseous (including vaporous) materials into the reactor, such as for instance the steam, water and other a dd itional materials described above- The process has for example been operated with the ratio of feed partial pressure relative to total pressure in the riser in the - 54 - range of about 0.2 to about 0.8, more typically about 0.3 to about 0..7 and still more typically about 0.4 to about 0.6, with the ratio of added gaseous material (which may include recycled gases and/or steam resulting from intro¬ duction of H 2 0 to the riser in the form of steam and/or liquid water) relative to total pressure in the riser correspondingly ranging from about 0.8 to about 0.2, more typically about 0.7 to about 0.3 and still more typically about 0.6 to about 0.4. In the illustrative operations just described, the ratio of the partial pressure of the added gaseous material relative to the partial pressure of the feed has been in the range of about 0.25 to about 4.0, more typically about 0.4 to about 2.3 and still ore' typically about 0.7 to about 1.7. Although the residence time of feed and product- vapors in the riser may be in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, as described above, preferred and more preferred values are about 0.5 to about 6 and about 1 to about 4 seconds, with about 1.5 to about 3.0 seconds currently being considered about optimum. For example, the process has been operated with a riser vapor residence time of about 2.5 seconds or less by introduction of copious amounts of gaseous materials into the riser, such amounts being suf¬ ficient to provide for example a partial pressure ratio of. added gaseous materials relative to hydrocarbon feed of about 0.8 or more. By way of further illustration, the process has been operated with said residence time being about 2 seconds or less, with the aforesaid ratio being in the range of about 1 to about 2. The combination of low feed partial pressure, very low residence time and ballistic separation of products from catalyst are con¬ sidered especially beneficial for the conversion of carbo- metallic oils. Additional benefits may be obtained in the foregoing combination when there is a substantial partial pressure of added gaseous material, especially H 0 ≤ de- 2 - 55 - scribed above. Depending upon whether there is slippage between the cata¬ lyst and hydrocarbon vapors in the riser, the catalyst riser residence time may or may not be the same as that of the vapors. Thus, the ratio of average catalyst reac- . tor residence time versus vapor reactor residence time, i.e., slippage, may be in the range " Of about 1 to about 5, more preferably about 1 to about 4 and most preferably about 1 to about 3, ' " ' with about 1 to about 2 currently be¬ ing considered optimum. In practice, there will usually be a small amount of slip¬ page, e.g., at least about 1.05 or 1.2. In an operating unit there may for example be a slippage of about 1.1 at the bottom of the riser and .about 1.05 at the top. In certain types of known FCC units, there is a riser which discharges catalyst and product vapors together into an enlarged chamber, usually considered to be part of the reactor, in which the catalyst is disengaged from product and collected. Continued contact of catalyst, uncracked feed (if any) and cracked products in such enlarged chamber results in an overall catalyst feed contact time appreciably exceeding the riser tube residence times of the vapors and catalysts. When practicing the process of the present in¬ vention with ballistic separation of catalyst and vapors at the downstream (e.g., upper) extremity of the riser, such as is taught in the above mentioned Myers, et al., patents, the riser residence time and the catalyst contact time are substantially the some for a major portion of the feed and product vapors. It is considered advantageous if the vapor riser residence time and vapor catalyst contact time are substantially the same for at least about 80%, more pref¬ erably at least about 90% and most preferably at least about 95% by volume of the total feed and oroduct vascrs 56 - passing through the riser. By denying such vapors continue contact with catalyst in a catalyst disengagement and col¬ lection chamber one may avoid a tendency toward re-cracking and diminished selectivity. In general, the combination of catalyst to oil ratio, temp¬ eratures, pressures and residence times should be such as to effect a substantial conversion of the carbo-metallic oil feedstock. It is an advantage of the process that very high levels of conversion can be attained in a single pass; for example the conversion may be in excess of 50% and may range to about 90% or higher. Preferably, the afore¬ mentioned conditions are maintained at levels sufficient to maintain conversion levels in the range of about 60 . to about 90% and more preferably about 70 to about 85%. The foregoing conversion levels are calculated by sub¬ tracting from 100% the percentage obtained by dividing the liquid volume of fresh feed into 100 times the volume of liquid product boiling at and above 430°F (tbp, standard atmospheric pressure) . These substantial levels of conversion may and usually do result in relatively large yields of coke, such as for example about 4 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, more commonly about 6 to about 13% and most frequently about 10 to about 13%. The coke yield can more or less quantitativelydeposit upon the catalyst. At contemplated catalyst to oil ratios, the resultant coke laydown may be in excess of about 0.3, more commonly in excess of about 0.5 and very frequently in excess of about 1% of coke by weight, based on the weight of moisture free re¬ generated catalyst. Such coke laydown may range as high as about 2%, or about 3%, or even higher. In common with conventional FCC operations on VGO, the present process includes stripping of spent catalyst after - 57 - disengagement of the catalyst from product vapors. Persons skilled in the art are acquainted with appropriate strip¬ ping agents and conditions for stripping spent catalyst, but in some cases the present process may require some¬ what more severe conditions than are commonly employed. This may result, for example, from the use of a carbo- metallic oil having constituents which do not volatilize ' under the conditions prevailing in the reactor, which constituents deposit themselves at least in part on the catalyst. Such adsorbed, unvaporized material can be troublesome fromat least two standpoints. First, if the gases (including vapors) used to strip the catalyst can gain admission to a catalyst disengagement or collection chamber connected to the downstream end of the ris-er, and if there is an accumulation of catalyst in such chamber, vaporization of these unvaporized hydrocarbons in the stripper can be followed by adsorption on the bed of cata¬ lyst in the chamber. More particularly, as the catalyst in the stripper is stripped of adsorbed feed material, the resultant feed material vapors pass through the bed of catalyst accumulated in the catalyst collection and/or dis¬ engagement chamber and may deposit coke and/or condensed material on the catalyst in said bed. As the catalyst bearing such deposits " moves from the bed and into the stripper and from thence to the regenerator, the condensed products can create a demand for.more stripping capacity, while the coke can tend to increase regeneration temp¬ eratures and/or demand greater regeneration capacity. For the foregoing reasons, it is preferred to prevent or re¬ strict contact between stripping vapors and catalyst ac¬ cumulations in the catalyst disengagement or collection chamber. This may be done for example by preventing such accumulations from forming, e.g., with the exception of a quantity of catalyst which essentially drops out of circulation and may remain at the bottom of the disengage¬ ment and/or collection chamber, the catalyst that is in OMPI - 58 - circulation may be removed from said chamber promptly upon settling to the bottom of the chamber. Also, to minimize regeneration temperatures and demand for regeneration ca¬ pacity, it may be desirable to employ conditions of time, temperature and atmosphere in the stripper which are suf¬ ficient to reduce potentially volatile hydrocarbon material borne by the stripped catalyst to about 10% or less by weight of the total carbon loading on the catalyst. Such stripping may for example include reheating of the cata¬ lyst, extensive stripping with steam, the use of gases hav¬ ing a temperature considered higher than normal for FCC/VGO operations, such as for instance flue gas from the regenera- tor, as well as other refinery stream gases such as hydro- treater off-gas (H-S containing) , hydrogen and others. For example, the stripper may be operated at a temperature of about 350°F using steam at a pressure of about 150 psig and a weight ratio of steam to catalyst of about 0.002 to about 0.003. On the other hand, the stripper may be operate at a temperature of about 1025°F or higher. Substantial conversion"of carbo-metallic oils to lighter products in accordance with the invention tends to produce sufficiently large coke yields and coke laydown on cata¬ lyst to require some care in catalyst regeneration. In order to maintain adequate activity in zeolite and non^ zeolite catalysts, it is desirable to regenerate the cata¬ lyst under conditions_of time, temperature and atmosphere sufficient to reduce the percent by weight of carbon re¬ maining .on the catalyst to about 0.25% or less, whether the catalyst bears a large heavy metals accumulation or not. Preferably this weight percentage is about 0.1% or less and more preferably about 0.05% or less / especially' with zeo¬ lite catalysts. The amounts of coke which must therefore be burned off of the catalysts when processing carbo-metal¬ lic oils are usually substantially greater than would be the - 59 - case when cracking VGO. The term coke when used to describe the present invention, should be understood to include any residual unvaporized feed or cracking product, if any such material is present on the catalyst after stripping. Regeneration of catalyst, burning away of coke deposited on the catalyst during the conversion of the feed, may be performed at any suitable temperature in the range of about 1100° to about 1600°F, measured, at the regenerator cata¬ lyst outlet. This temperature is preferably in the range . of about 1200° to about 1500°F, more preferably about ' 1275° to about 1425°F and optimally about 1325°F to about 1375°F. The process has been operated, for example, with a flui- dized regenerator with the temperature of the catalyst dense phase in the range of about 1300° to about 1400°F. Regeneration is preferably conducted while maintaining the catalyst in one or more fluidized beds in one or more flui- dization chambers. Such fluidized bed operations are char¬ acterized, for instance, by one or more fluidized dense beds of ebulliating particles having a bed density of, for exam¬ ple, about 25 to about 50 pounds per cubic foot. Fluidiza- tion is maintained by passing gases, including combustion supporting gases, through the bed at a sufficient velocity to maintain the particles in a fluidized state but at a velocity which is sufficiently small to prevent substantial entrainment of particles in the gases. For example, the lineal velocity of the fluidizing gases may be in the range of about 0.2 to about 4 feet per second and preferably about 0.2 to about 3 feet per second. The average total resi¬ dence time of the particles in the one or more beds is sub¬ stantial, ranging for example from about 5 to about 30, more preferably about 5 to about 20 and still more preferably about 5 to about 10 minutes. From the foregoing, it may be rea d ily seen that the fluidized bed regeneration of the present invention is readily distinguishable from the short- - 60 - contact, low-density entrainment type regeneration which has been practiced in some FCC operations. When regenerating catalyst to very low levels of carbon on regenerated catalyst, e.g., about 0.1% or less or about 0.05% or less, based on the weight of regenerated catalyst, it is acceptable to burn off at least about the last 10% or at least about the last 5% by weight of coke (based on the total weight of coke on the catalyst immediately prior to regeneration) i_ ~ contact with combustion producing gases containing excess oxygen. In this connection it is con¬ templated that some selected portion of the coke, ranging from all of the coke down " to about the last 5 or 10% by weight, can be burned with excess oxygen. By excess oxy¬ gen is meant an amount in excess of the stoichiometric requirement for burning all of the hydrogen to water, all of the carbon to carbon dioxide and all of the other com¬ bustible components, if any, which are present in the above- mentioned selected portion of the coke immediately prior to regeneration, to their highest stable state of.oxidation under the regenerator conditions. The gaseous products of combustion conducted in the presence of excess oxygen wil normally include an appreciable amount of free oxygen. Such free, oxygen, unless removed from the by-product gases or con verted to some other form by a means or process other than regeneration, will normally manifest itself as free oxygen in the flue gas from the regenerator unit. In order to provide sufficient driving force to complete the combustion of the coke with excess oxygen, the amount of free oxygen will normally be not merely appreciable but substantial, i.e., there will be a concentration of at least about 2 mole percent of free oxygen in the total regeneration flue gas recovered from the entire, completed regeneration operation. W hile such technique is effective in attaining the desired low levels of carbon on regenerated catalyst, is has its limitations and difficulties as will become apparent from the discussion below. - 61 - Heat released by combustion of coke in the regenerator is absorbed by the catalyst and can be readily retained there¬ by until the regenerated catalyst is brought into contact v/ith fresh feed- When processing carbo-metallic oils to the relatively high levels of conversion involved in the present invention, the amount of regenerator heat which is trans¬ mitted to fresh feed by way of recycling regenerated cata¬ lyst can substantially exceed the level of heat input which is appropriate in the riser for heating and vaporizing the feed and other materials, for supplying the endothermic heat of reaction for cracking, for making up the heat losses of the unit and so forth. Thus, in accordance with the in¬ vention, the amount of regenerator heat transmitted to fresh feed may be controlled, or restricted where necessary, within certain approximate ranges. The amount of heat so transmitted may for example be in the range of about 500 to about 1200, more particularly about 600 ' to about 900, and more particularly about 650 to about 850 BTDs per pound of fresh feed. The aforesaid ranges refer to the combined heat, in BTUs per pound of fresh feed, which is transmitted by the catalyst to the feed and reaction products (between the contacting of feed with the catalyst and the separation of product from catalyst) for supplying the heat of reaction (e.g., for cracking) and the difference in enthalpy between the products and the fresh feed. Not included in the fore¬ going are the heat made available in the reactor by the ad¬ sorption of coke on the catalyst, nor the heat consumed by heating, vaporizing or reacting recycle streams and such added materials as water, steam naphtha and other hydrogen donors, flue gases and inert gases, or by radiation and other losses. O ne or a combination of techniques may be utilized in this invention for controlling or restricting the amount of regeneration heat transmitted via catalyst to fresh feed. - 62 For example, one may add a combustion modifier to the crack ing catalyst in order to reduce the temperature of combus¬ tion of'coke to carbon dioxide and/or carbon monoxide in the regenerator. Moreover, one may remove heat from the catalyst through heat exchange means, including for example, heat exchangers (e.g., steam coils) built into the regenera tor itself,- whereby one may. extract heat from the catalyst during regeneration. Heat exchangers can be built into cat lyst transfer lines, such as for instance the catalyst re- turn line from the regenerator to the reactor, whereby heat may be removed from the catalyst after it is regenerated. The amount of heat imparted to the catalyst in the regen¬ erator may be restricted by reducing the amount of insula¬ tion on the regenerator to permit some heat loss to the surrounding atmosphere, especially if feeds of exceedingly high coking potential are planned for processing; in gen¬ eral, such loss, of heat to the atmosphere is considered economically less desirable than certain of the other al¬ ternatives set forth herein. One may also inject cooling fluids into portions of the regenerator other than those oc- cupied by the dense bed, for example water and/or steam, whereby the amount of inert gas available in the regenerator for heat absorption and removal is increased. Another suitable and preferred technique for controlling or restricting the heat transmitted to fresh feed via recycled regenerated catalyst involves maintaining a specified ratio between the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide formed in the regenerator while such gases are in heat exchange con¬ tact or relationship with catalyst undergoing regeneration. In general, all or a major portion by weight of the coke present on the catalyst immediately prior to regeneration is remove d in at least one combustion zone in which the afore¬ said ratio is controlled as described below. More particu¬ larly, at least the major portion more preferably at least about 55 % and more preferably at least about 80% bv weiσht - 63 - of the coke on the catalyst is removed in a combustion zone in which the molar ratio of C0 2 to CO is maintained at a level substantially below 5, e.g., abou 4 or less. Look- ing at the CO_/CO relationship from the inverse standpoint, it is preferred that the CO/CO- molar ratio should be at least about 0.25 and preferably at least about 0.3 and still more preferably about 1 or more or even 1.5 or more. ' While persons skilled in the art are aware of techniques for inhibiting the burning of CO to C0 2 , it has been suggested, that the mole ratio of CO:CO, should be kept less than 0-2 when regenerating catalyst with large heavy metal accumula¬ tions resulting from the processing of carbo-metallic oils, in this connection see for example U.S. Patent 4,162,213 to Zrinscak, Sr. , et al. In this invention, however, CO pro¬ duction is increased while catalyst is regenerated to about 0.1% carbon or less, and preferably to about 0.05% carbon or less. Moreover, according to a preferred method of carry ing out the invention the sub-process of regeneration, as a whole, may be. carried out to the above-mentioned low levels of carbon on regenerated catalyst with a deficiency of oxy¬ gen; more specifically, the total oxygen supplied to the one or more stages of regeneration can be and preferably is less than the stoichiometric amount which would be required to burn all hydrogen in the coke to H 2 0 and to burn all car¬ bon in the coke to C0„. If the coke includes other combusti bles, the aforementioned stoichiometric amount can be ad¬ justed to include the amount of oxygen required to burn them Still another particularly preferred technique for control¬ ling or restricting the regeneration heat imparted to fresh feed via recycled catalyst involves the diversion of a por¬ tion of the heat borne by recycled catalyst to added materia introduced into the reactor, such as the water, steam, napht other hydrogen donors, flue gases, inert gases, and other gaseous or vaporizable materials which may be introduced in¬ to the reactor. - - 64 - The larger the amount of coke which must be burned from a given weight of catalyst, the greater the potential for ex¬ posing the catalyst to excessive temperatures. Many other¬ wise desirable and useful cracking catalysts are particularl susceptible to deactivation at high temperatures, and among these are quite a few of the costly molecular sieve or zeo¬ lite types of catalyst. The crystal structures of zeolites and the pore structures of the catalyst carriers generally are somewhat susceptible to thermal and/or hydrothermal de¬ gradation. The us-_ ~ of such catalysts in catalytic conver-- ' sion processes for carbo-metallic feeds creates a need for regeneration techniques which will not destroy the catalyst by exposure to highly severe temperatures and steaming. Such need can be met by a multi-stage regeneration process which includes conveying spent catalyst into a first re¬ generation zone and introducing oxidizing gas thereto. The amount of oxidizing gas that enters said first zone and the concentration of oxygen or oxygen bearing gas therein are sufficient for only partially effecting the desired conver¬ sion of coke on the catalyst to carbon oxide gases. The partially regenerated catalyst is then removed from the first regeneration zone and is conveyed to a second regenera tion zone. Oxidizing gas is introduced into the second re¬ generation zone to provide a higher concentration of oxygen or oxygen-containing gas than in the first zone, to complete the removal of carbon to the desired level. The regenera¬ ted catalyst may then be removed from the second zone and recycled to the reactor for contact with fresh feed. An example of such multi-stage regeneration process is describe in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 969,602 of George D. Myers, et al., filed December 14, 197S, the entire disclosure of v/hich is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Another example may be found in U.S. Patent 2,938,739. Multi-stage regeneration offers the possibility of combin¬ ing oxygen deficient regeneration with the control of the O - 65 - CO:CO ? molar ratio. Thus, about 50% or more, more prefer¬ ably about 65% to about 95%, and more preferably about 80% to about 95% by weight of the coke on the catalyst immedi¬ ately prior to regeneration may be removed in one or more stages of regeneration in which the molar ratio of CO:C0 2 is controlled in the manner described above. In combination with the foregoing, the last 5% or more, or 10% or more by weight of the coke originally present, up to the entire amount of coke remaining after the preceding stage or stages can be removed in a-subsequent stage of regeneration in which more oxygen 'is present. Such process is susceptible o operation in such a manner that the total flue gas recovered from the entire, completed regeneration operation contains little or no excess oxygen, i.e., on the order of about 0.2 mole percent or less, or as low as about 0.1 mole percent or less, which is substantially less than the 2 mole percent which has been suggested elsewhere. Thus, multi-stage re¬ generation is particularly beneficial in that it provides another convenient technique for restricting regeneration heat transmitted to fresh feed via regenerated catalyst and/ reducing the potential for thermal deactivation, while simul taneously affording an opportunity to reduce the carbon level on regenerated catalyst to those very low percentages (e.g., about 0.1% or less) which particularly enhance cata¬ lyst activity. For example, a two-stage regeneration proces may be carried out with the first stage burning about 30% of the coke at a bed temperature of about 1300°F to produce CO and CO_ in a molar ratio of CO/CO- of about 1 and the second stage burning about 20% of the coke at a bed temperature of about 1350°F to produce substantially all C0_ mixed with fre oxygen, use of the gases from the second stage as combus¬ tion supporting gases for the first stage, along with ad¬ ditional air introduced into the first stage bed, results in an overall CO to C0 2 ratio- of about 0.6, with a catalyst resi d ence time of about 5 to 15 minutes total in the two - 66 - zones. Moreover, where the regeneration conditions, e.g., temperature or atmosphere, are substantially less severe in the second zone than in the first zone (e.g., by at least about 10 and preferably at least about 20°F) , that part of the regeneration sequence which involves the most severe co ditions is performed while there is still an appreciable amount of coke on the catalyst.. Such operation may provide some protection of the catalyst from the.more severe condi¬ tions. A particularly preferred embodiment of the inventio is two-stage fluidized regeneration at a maximum tempera¬ ture of about 150C.?F with a reduced temperature of at leas about 10 or 20°F in the dense phase of the second stage as compared to the dense phase of the first stage, and with re duction of carbon on catalyst to about 0.05% or less or even about 0.025% or less by weight in the second zone. In fact, catalyst can readily be regenerated to carbon levels as low as 0.01% by this technique, even though the carbon o catalyst prior to regeneration is as much as about 1%. In most circumstances, it will be important to insure that no adsorbed oxygen containing gases are carried into the riser by recycled catalyst. Thus, whenever such action is considered necessary, the catalyst discharged from the re¬ generator may be stripped with appropriate stripping gases t remove oxygen containing gases. Such stripping may for in¬ stance be conducted at relatively high temperatures, for example about 1350° to about 1370°F, using steam, nitrogen or other inert gas as the stripping gas(es). The use of nitrogen and other inert gases is beneficial from the stand¬ point of avoiding a tendency toward hydrothermal catalyst deactivation which may result from the use of steam. The following comments and discussion relating to metals management, carbon management and heat management may be of assistance in obtaining best results when operating the in¬ vention. Since these remarks are for the most part directed - 67 - to what is considered the best mode of operation, it should be apparent that the invention is not limited to the particu lar modes of operation discussed below. Moreover, since cer tain of these comments are necessarily based on theoretical considerations, there is no intention to be bound by any suc -theory, whether expressed herein or implicit in the opera¬ ting suggestions set forth hereinafter. Although discussed separately below, it is readily apparent that metals managesent, carbon management and heat manage-, ment are interrelated and interdependent subjects both in theory and practice. While coke yield and coke laydown on catalyst are primarily the result of the relatively large quantities of coke precursors found in carbo-metallic oils, the production of coke is exacerbated by high metals accumu¬ lations, which can also significantly affect catalyst per¬ formance. Moreover, the degree of success experienced in metal management and carbon management will have a direct influence on the extent to which heat management is neces¬ sary. Moreover, some of the steps taken in support of metal management have proved very helpful in respect to carbon and heat managment. As noted previously the presence of a large heavy metals ac¬ cumulation on the catalyst tends to aggravate the problem of dehydrogenation and aromatic condensation, resulting in in¬ creased production of gases and coke for a feedstock of a given Ramsbottom carbon value. The introduction of substan¬ tial quantities of H 2 0 into the reactor, either in the form of steam or liquid water, appears highly beneficial from the standpoint of keeping the heavy metals in a less harmful form, i.e., the oxide rather than metallic form. This is of assistance in maintaining the desired selectivity. Also, a unit design in which system components and residence times are selected to reduce the ratio of catalvst reactor - 68 - residence time relative to catalyst regenerator residence time will tend to reduce the ratio of the times during which the catalyst is respectively under reduction conditions and oxidation conditions. This too can assist in maintaining desired levels of selectivity. Whether the metals content of the catalyst is being managed successfully may be observed by monitoring the total hydro¬ gen plus methane 'produced in the reactor and/or the ratio of hydrogen to methane thus produced. In general, it is considered that the hydrogen to methane mole ratio should be less than about 1 and preferably about 0.6 or less, with about 0.4 or less being considered about optimum. - In actual, practice the hydrogen to methane ratio may range from about 0.5 to about 1.5 and average about 0.8 to about 1. Careful carbon management can improve both selectivity (the ability to maximize production of valuable products) , and heat productivity. In general,- the techniques of metals con trol described above are also of assistance in carbon manage ment. The usefulness of water addition in respect to carbon management has already been spelled out in considerable de¬ tail in that part of the specification which relates to ad¬ ded materials for introduction into the reaction zone. In general, those techniques which improve dispersion of the feed in the reaction zone should also prove helpful, these include for instance the use of fogging or misting devices to assist in dispersing the feed. Catalyst to oil ratio is also a factor in heat management. In common with prior FCC practice on VGO, the reactor temp¬ erature may be controlled in the practice of the present in¬ vention by respectively increasing or decreasing the flow of hot regenerated catalyst to the reactor in response to de¬ creases and increases in reactor temperature, typically the - 69 - outlet temperature in the case of a riser type reactor. Where the automatic controller for catalyst introduction is set to maintain an excessive catalyst to oil ratio, one can expect unnecessarily large rates of carbon production and heat release., relative to the weight of fresh feed charged to the reaction zone. Relatively high reactor temperatures are also beneficial from the standpoint of carbon management. Such, higher temp¬ eratures, foster more complete vaporization of feed and dis¬ engagement of product from catalyst. Carbon management can also be facilitated by suitable re¬ striction of -the total pressure in the reactor and the par¬ tial pressure of the feed. In general, at a given level of : conversion, relatively small decreases in the aforementioned pressures can substantially reduce coke production. This ma be due to the fact that restricting total pressure tends to enhance vaporization of high boiling components of the feed, encourage cracking and facilitate disengagement of both un¬ converted feed and higher boiling cracked products from the catalyst. It may be of assistance in this regard to restric the pressure drop of equipment downstream of and in communi¬ cation with, the reactor. But if it is desired or necessary to operate the system at higher total pressure, such as for instance because of operating limitations (e.g., pressure drop in downstream equipment) the above described benefits may be obtained by restricting the feed partial pressure. Suitable ranges for total reactor pressure and feed partial pressure have been set forth above, and in general it is desirable to attempt to minimize the pressure within these ranges. The abrupt separation of catalyst from product vapors and unconverted feed (_if any) is also of great assistance. For this reason ballistic separation equipment is the preferred type of apparatus for conducting this process. For similar SUBSTITUTE SHEET - 70. - reasons, it is beneficial to reduce insofar as possible the elapsed time between separation of catalyst from product vapors and the commencement of stripping. The cup-type vented riser and prompt stripping tend to reduce th oppor¬ tunity for coking of unconverted . feed and higher boiling cracked products adsorbed on the catalyst. A particularly desirable mode of operation from the stand¬ point of carbon management is to operate the process in the vented riser using a hydrogen donor if necessary, while main taining the feed partial pressure and total reactor pressure as low as possible, and incorporating relatively large amounts of water, steam and if desired, other diluents, whic provide the numerous benefits discussed in greater detail above. Moreover, when liquid water, steam, hydrogen donors, hydrogen and other gaseous or vaporizable materials are fed to the reaction zone, the feeding of these materials pro¬ vides an opportunity for exercising additional control over catalyst to oil ratio. Thus, for example, the practice of increasing or decreasing the catalyst to oil ratio for a given amount of decrease or increase in reactor temperature may be reduced or eliminated by substituting either appro¬ priate reduction or increase in the charging ratios of the water, steam and other gaseous or vaporizable material, or an appropriate reduction or increase in the ratio of water to steam and/or other gaseous materials introduced into the reaction zone. Heat management includes measures taken to control the amoun of heat released in various parts of the process and/or for dealing successfully with, such heat as may be released. Un¬ like conventional FCC practice using VGO, wherein it is usu¬ ally a problem to generate sufficient heat during regenera- €S- » * »< 5 TiTUTE SHEET - 71 - tion to heat balance the reactor, the processing of carbo- metallic oils generally produces so much heat as to require careful management thereof. Heat management can be facilitated by various techniques as¬ sociated with the materials introduced into the reactor. Thus, heat absorption by feed can be maximized by minimum preheating of feed, it being necessary only that the feed temperature be high enough so that it is sufficiently fluid for successful pumping and dispersion in the reactor. When the catalyst is maintained in a highly active state with the suppression of coking (metals control) , so as to achieve higher conversion, the resultant higher conversion and greater selectivity can increase the heat absorption of the reaction. In general, higher reactor temperatures promote catalyst conversion activity in the face of more refractory and higher boiling constituents with high coking potentials. While the rate of- catalyst deactivation may thus be increased the higher temperature of operation tends to offset this loss in activity. Higher temperatures in the reactor also contribute to enhancement of octane number, thus ' offset¬ ting the octane depressant effect of high carbon laydown. Other techniques for absorbing heat have also been discussed above in connection with the introduction of water, steam, and other gaseous or vaporizable materials into the reactor. The invention may also be applied to the RCC conversion of crude oils and crude oil fractions as disclosed in the United States Patent Application Serial No. , of Dwight F. Barger, entitled "Single Unit RCC" and filed simultaneously herewith, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. - 72 - Coal/oil mixtures containing any of the oils disclosed abov as useful in connection with the present invention, whether carbo-metallic oils or not, can be cracked in accordance with the techniques involving catalysts with relatively large accumulations* or deposits of heavy metals, including such metals in the reduced state, and with hydrogen donor(s described in PCT Application Serial No. , filed simultaneously herewith in the names of Ashland Oil, Inc., Oliver J. Zandona, George D. Myers, William P. Hettinger, Jr. , and Steven M. ovach., entitled, "Steam Reforming of Carbc-Metallic Oils", the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Such, applica tion discloses preferred conditions for cracking coal/oil mixtures in accordance with, the present invention. As noted above, the invention can be practiced in the above ^ described modes and in many others. An illustrative, non- limiting preferred example is described by the accompanying schematic diagram of Figure 1 and by the description of this figure which follows. Referring in detail to Figure 1, finely crushed coal Ce.g. 1 -200 mesh), stored in cool storage vessel 10, is fed into a mixer 22 through conduit 16 at a rate determined by metering unit 14. A hydrocarbon oil such as reduced crude, enters through input conduit 12, and the rate at which it enters the mixer 22 through conduit 20 is determined by flow valve 18 to provide any desired weight ratio of oil to coal, which in this case is in the range of about 9:1 to about 1000:1. Although the coal may be completely solubilized in mixer 14, in this embodiment it is mixed and discharged rapidly so that at least a portion of the coal remains in th solid state, suspended in the oil. The mixture of coal and oil then flows through conduit 24 to pump 26 which pumps the mixture through conduit 28 to control valve 30. The latter Cwhen open) , allows the coal/oil mixture to flow into feed conduit 82. - 72A- The above-described coal/oil mixture passes along feed conduit 82 to a junction with a water line 84 having control valve 83. Through, suitable metering and control means (not shown) liquid water and the 65 Q °F+ carbo- metallic oil may be supplied in predetermined proportions to pump 79. The latter discharges a mixture of water and converter feed through, control valve 80, feed preheater heat exchanger 81 and a continuation of feed conduit 82 into a riser type reactor 91. In the operation of riser type reactor 91, catalyst is delivered to the reactor through catalyst standpipe 86, the flow of catalyst being regulated by a control valve 87 and suitable automatic control equipment (not shown) with which persons skilled in the art of designing and operating riser type cracking units are familiar. After cracking of the feed in riser 91 and separation of the products from catalyst in disengagement vessel 92, the catalyst departs disengagement vessel 92 through stripper 94. Spent catalyst passes from stripper 94 to regenerator 101 via spent catalyst transfer pipe 97 having a slide valve 98 for controlling flow. -fU O - 73 - Regenerator 101 is divided into upper chamber 102 and lowe chamber 103 by a divider, panel 104 intermediate the upper lower ends of the regenerator vessel. The spent catalyst from transfer pipe 97 enters upper chamber 102 in which th catalyst is partially regenerated. A funnel-like collecto 106 having a bias-cut upper edge receives partially regen¬ erated catalyst from the upper surface of the dense phase of catalyst in upper chamber 102 and delivers it, via drop leg 107 having an outlet 110, beneath the upper surface of the dense phase o c catalyst in lower chamber 103. Instead of internal catalyst drop leg 107, one may use an external drop leg, not. shown in. the drawing. Valve means in such ex ternal drop leg can control the residence time and flow ra in and between the upper and lower chambers. Make up cata¬ lyst and/or catalyst or regenerator additives may be added to the upper chamber 102 and/or the lower chamber 103 - 74 - through addition lines (not shown) . Air is supplied to the regenerator through an air supply p 113. A portion of the air travels through a branch supply pipe 114 to bayonet 115 -which extends upwardly into the in terior of plenum 111 along its central axis. Catalyst in chamber 103 has access to the space within plenum 111 be- - tween its walls and bayonet 115. A smaller bayonet (not shown) in the aforementioned space fluffs the catalyst and urges it upwardly toward a. horizontally arranged ring dis¬ tributor (not shown) adjacent the open top of plenum 111 where it opens into chamber 103. The remainder of the air passing through air supply pipe 113 may be heated in air heater 117 (at least during start-up with VGO) and is then introduced into inlet 118 of the ring distributor, which may be provided with holes, nozzles or other apertures whi produce an upward flow of gas to fluidize the partially re generated catalyst in chamber " 103. .The air in chamber 103 completes the regeneration of the p tially regenerated catalyst received via drop leg 107. Th amount of air supplied is sufficient so that the resultant combustion gases are still able to support combustion upon reaching the top of chamber 103 and entering chamber 102. Drop leg 107 extends through an. enlarged aperture in panel 10 , to which is secured a gas distributor 120 which Is co centric with and surrounds a drop leg. Combustion support ing gases from chamber 103, which have been partially de¬ pleted, arc introduced via gas distributor 120 into upper regenerator chamber 102 whore they contact incoming caked catalyst from coked catalyst transfer pipe 97. Aperfared probes 121 in gas distributor 120 assist in achieving a un form distribution of the partially depleted combustion sup porting gas into upper chamber 102. Supplemental air or cooling fluids may be introducod into upper chamber 102 through a supply pipe 122, which may also discharge throug gas distributer 120. - 75 - Fully regenerated catalyst with, less than about Q, ' .2.5% car¬ bon, preferably less than about 0.1% and more preferably less than about 0.05%, is discharged from lower regenerator chamber 103 through regenerated catalyst stripper 128, whose outlet feeds .into catalyst standpipe 86. Thus, regenerated catalyst is returned to riser 91 for contact with additional fresh feed. The division of the regenerator into upper and lower regene¬ ration chambers 1Q2 and 103 not only smooths out variations in catalyst regenerator residence time but is also uniquely of assistance in restricting the quantity of regeneration heat which is imparted to the fresh, feed while yielding a regenerated catalyst with low. levels of coke for return to the riser. Because of the arrangement of the regenerator, coked catalys from transfer line 97, with a relatively high loading of car bon, contacts in chamber 102 combustion supporting gases whi have already been at least partially depleted of oxygen by the burning of carbon from partially regenerated catalyst in lower chamber 102. Because of this, it is possible to contr both, the combustion of carbon and the quantity of carbon dioxide produced in upper regeneration chamber 102. Althoug regenerating gas introduced through air supply pipe 113 and branch, conduit 114 may contain relatively large quantities of oxygen, the partially regenerated catalyst which is con¬ tacted in lower chamber 103 has already had a. major portion o its carbon removed. The high oxygen concentration and temp¬ erature in chamber 103 combine to rapidly remove the remain¬ ing carbon in the catalyst, thereby achieving a clean, regen¬ erated catalyst with a minimum of heat release. Thus, here again, the combustion temperature and the ratio of CO- to CO in the lower chamber are readily controlled. The regenera tion off gases are discharged from upper chamber 102 via gas pipe 123, regulator valve 124, catalyst fines trap 125 and outlet 126. The vapor products from disengagement vessel 92 may be proce in any convenient manner such as by discharge through vapor 131 to fractionator 132. Fractionator 132 includes a bottom outlet 133, side outlet 134, flush oil stripper 135, and stripper bottom line 136 connected to pump 137 for dischargi flush oil. Overhead product from stipper 135 returns to fra tionator 132.via line 138. The main overhead discharge line 139 of the fractionator is nected to an overhead receiver 142 having a bottoms line 143 feeding into pump 144 for discharging gasoline product. A p tion of this product may be returned to the fractionator via recirculation line 145, the flow being controlled by valve 1 The receiver 142 also includes a water receiver 147 and a wa discharge line 148. The gas outlet 150 of the overhead rece discharges a stream which is mainly below C, , but containing some C-, C 6 and C- material. If desired, the C 5 and above material in the gas stream may be separated by compression, cooling and fractionatio , and recycled to receiver 142. The oxidizing gas, such as air, introduced into regeneration zone 103 through line 114 may be mixed with a cooling spray of water from α conduit 109. The mixture of oxidizing gas and atomized water flows through bayonet 115 and thus into the lower bed of catalyst particles. The apertures in distributor 120 are large enough so that th upwardly flowing gas readily passes therethrough into zone 102. However, the perforations are sized so that the pressu difference between the upper and lower zones prevents cata¬ lyst particles from passing downwardly through the dis ribut The bayonet 115 and distributor are similarly sized. Gases exiting the regenerator comprise combustion products, nitro¬ gen, steam formed by combu tion reactions and/or from vapori ing water added to the regenerator, and oxides of sulfur and other trace elements. These gases are separated from suszen catalyst particles by a cyclone separator (net show- " } _r.± th - 77 - pass out of the regenerator through discharge conduit 123. While this invention may be used with single stage regenera¬ tors, or with multiple stage regenerators which have basic¬ ally concurrent instead of countercurrent flow between com¬ bustion gases and catalyst, it is especially useful in regenerators of the type shown in Figure 2, which has countercurrent flow and is well-suited for producing combustion product gases having a low ratio of CO- to CO, which helps lower.regeneration temperatures in the presence of high carbon levels. Since zeolite in the catalyst may be damaged by excessive temperatures and/or excessive residence times at such temp¬ eratures, it is preferable to use a regenerator having two or more stages or zones. Division of the regenerator into upper and lower regeneration chambers as shown in Figure 2 is of unique assistance in controlling regeneration so that low levels of coke on regenerated catalyst can be attained without subjecting the catalyst to excessive temperature. OMPI - 78 - Figure 2 shows in enlarged vertical cross-section the upper portion of disengagement chamber 92, the upper end 164 of riser 91 within chamber 92, and the details of the gas/solids separation equipment therein. More specifically, a separation apparatus for effecting separation of hydrocarbon conversion products from suspended solid catalyst particles is shown in cross-section and generally indicated by numeral 160. The separation apparatus includes an outlet section. This may be any hollow member defining a passageway which either constitutes part of the elongated reaction chamber itself and includes its outlet end, or is an extension or branch of the reaction chamber which is in direct communication with the chamber for receiving a stream including catalyst particles suspended in products. In certain instances -there will be no discernible line of demarcation between the outlet section and upstream portions of the reaction chamber, i.e. they can both be part of the same length of pipe. In other instances, as disclosed herein, the appara¬ tus 160 includes a hollow outlet section 166 having an end flange 168 compatible in size with and secured, such as by bolting or welding (not shown) , to a downstream end flange 162 of upper end 164 of tubular riser 91. Outlet section 166 may instead be an integral extension of tubular riser 91 or may be butt welded to upper end 146 to eliminate flanges 162 and 168. As shown in the drawing, passageway 170 has a circular cross-section of substantially uniform cross-section throughout substantially its entire length, commencing with an inlet portion 172A and terminating with an outlet portion 172B, having a terminal lip 173. As will be explained hereinafter, the outlet portion 172B and lip 173 may be of the same, larger or smaller cross-sectional area as compared to the inlet portion 172A and/or the riser 91 internal cross-section. Moreover, it is not essential that the passageway 170, lip 173, and inlet and outlet portions 172A and 172B be of circular cross-sections. Other regulai - 79. - Risers have been successfully used which include one or mor bends intermediate their upstream and downstream ends, and the invention is useable with, risers of this type. A sharp bend in the riser can substantially decelerate the catalyst particles. Thus, if there is a significant bend a short distance upstream of the outlet section outlet portion 172B and if the resultant reduction in catalyst velocity severel impairs the separation efficiency of the device, it may be desirable or necessary to increase the radius of the bend and/or move it further upstream relative to the outlet portion 172B. Thi_ "will permit the catalyst particles to reaccelerate before reaching the outlet portion, assuming the product vapors in the vapor/solids stream continue, for substantial distance downstream of the bend, to move at a faster velocity than did the catalyst particles upon leavin the bend. In the present embodiment however, the outlet section 166 and its discharge flow passageway 170 have a longitudinal axis X-X which, is coincident with the longi¬ tudinal axis of the flow passageway which, exists through.- out the length of straight riser 91, only the upstream end 164 of which is shown in Figure 2. It is -also preferred that inlet portion 172A and outlet portion 172B be in substantial axial alignment with one another to provide a continuous discharge flow passageway for hydrocarbon conversion products and solid catalyst particles flowing from tubular riser 164. For best results, it is presently recommended that the outlet section 170 be positiond with its longitudinal axis X-X vertical or near vertical, e.g. if desired the axis may be canted from the vertical by an angle of up to about 30°, more preferably up to about 20°, and still more preferably up to about 10°. The use of larger angles is contemplated, but losses of efficiency are experienced as the above-mentioned angle is increased. However, inverted operation in vertical or near vertical ' jK - 80 - - position, i.e. with the outlet portion 172B opening down¬ ward, is also contemplated, and may in some instances derive an advantage from the effect of gravity. Separation apparatus 160 further includes a shroud assembly 18Q which, at least partially encloses outlet section 166. In a preferred embodiment, as viewed in cross-section perpen dicular to outlet section axis X-X, shroud assembly 180 is a annulus surrounding the outline of outlet section 166, However, it is considered within the scope of the present invention to employ ~ a shroud assembly extending adjacent to any substantial portion (including all) of the above-mention outline of outlet section 166. Shroud assembly 180 includes an outer wall portion 182 extending substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis X-X through outlet section 166, Shroud assembly 180 also includes a connecting wall portion 184 extending inwardly from the outer wall portion 182 towar the outer wall of outlet section 166. It is preferred but not required that .there be at least a partial closure of the upstream (compared to the direction of flow in riser 91) end of shroud 180. However, a gap, opening or openings in connecting wall portion 184 can prove useful from the standpoint of accommodating differential expansion and contraction of the shroud and outlet section and may also provide a means of aspirating spent stripping steam where the disengagement chamber includes a stripper located up¬ stream of outlet section 166. For example, such a stripper can surround riser 91. Outer wall portion 182 and connect¬ ing wall portion 184 (when present) define a substantially cup-shaped shroud, which is a preferred embodiment. Outer wall portion 182, with or without connecting wall 184, cooperates with outlet section 166 to define a collec¬ tion flow passageway 186 therebetween. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, collection flow passage way 186 exhibits an annular cross-section extending the enti OMPI - 81 - length of outer wall portion 182. However, other cross- sectional shapes are contemplated and acceptable. At least one outlet port 190 is formed through a portion of shroud 180 and preferably through an outer wall portion 182. However, the outlet port may be provided in connectin wall 184. Outlet port 190 serves to provide a fluid passag way between collection flow passageway 186 and a hollow outlet conduit 192. Outlet conduit 192 may extend from shroud 180 to >.a 'second stage separation device such as a conventional cyclone assembly not shown. As noted in Figure 2, separation apparatus 160 as well as • the attached downstream end portion of riser 164 are locate within a disengagement chamber 9.2- The second stage separ tion or cleaning device of the type referred to hereabove m or may not be located within disengagement chamber 92, According to a preferred embodiment, the only exit path from disengagement chamber 9.2 for hydrocarbon conversion products discharged from riser 164 is through outlet port 190 and into outlet conduit 192. While for purposes of simplicity, only a single outlet port 190 is shown in Figure 2, it is within the scope of the present invention for a plurality of separation outlet portions 190 to extend through separation portions .of shroud outer wall 182. It is further noted that outlet port 190 may be located either adjacent to (not shown) or upstream (as shown) from the discharge end of lip portion 173. In order to locate port 190 adjacent lip 173, the height or down¬ stream extension of shroud outer wall 182 may be extended downstream of lip 173. Depending on the size of tubular riser 164 and disengagement chamber 94, any number of separate outlet ports 190 may be σircumferentially spaced - 82 - from one another about outer wall portion 182, with each outlet port having its own outlet conduit 192- Alternativel a plurality of outlet ports 190 may lead to a single outlet conduit 192 through, a common flow manifold or .the like. Adherence to the following recommendations may be of assis¬ tance in attaining high levels of operating efficiency in separation apparatus 160. More particularly, it is preferred to locate edge portion 196 of shroud 18 Q in a zone extending up to about 2D upstream or up to about 3D downstream of lip portion 173. Preferably, edge 196 is located between about D upstream and D downstream from lip 173. More preferably, said zone extends from about D/3 upstream to about D/6 downstream of lip portion 172B. Presently it appears that the optimum position of edge 196 is substantially D/5 upstream where D is the effective diameter of the downstream end of outlet * section 166. As shown in the drawing, edge 196 is spaced outwardly from outlet section 166 to "form an inlet 197 for:.collection flow passageway 186. In the preceding discussion, D refers to the effective diameter of the transverse cross-sectional open area of the downstream end of outlet section 166. Said open end may or may not be circular, and may or may not be subdivided into two or more openings, in which event there may be no diamete in the usual sense of the word. The effective diameter of the total open area of the opening(s) may be determined in any suitable manner, such as for example by application of the formula D = s/AA/π , wherein A is the combined inside transverse cross-sectional area of said opening(s). According to the particularly preferred embodiment referred to above, the lip portion 173 projects downstream of shroud edge 196. Thus, the shroud edge 196 is preferably upstream of lip portion 173 by a distance in the range of about D/20 to about 2D, preferably about D/12 to about D, and more - 83 - preferably about D/3 to about D/8, As shown in Figure 2, the outlet section 166 discharges the catalyst into a space downstream of its outlet end. In this embodiment the catalyst particles are projected along discharge paths P. having components of motion in the downstream direction, based on the direction of motion of the catalyst and cracked products stream in outlet section 166. Such paths P. extend generally in the direc¬ tion of a downstream extension of outlet section axis X-X. Moreover, the product vapors are projected from the downstream end of outlet section 166 as a stream S which diverges outwardly from the catalyst paths P. and diverges outwardly from axis X-X. If and when lip portion 173 projects downstream of shroud edge 196, the gaseous conversion products of hydrocarbon cracking can be forced to flow around the corner formed by lip portion 173 as indicated by arrow S before entering collection flow passageway 186. At the same time, the momentum of the catalyst particles, which is far greater than that of the product vapors, makes it difficult for these particles to be diverted along the curved flow path indicated by arrow S. This embodiment illustrates how the major portion of the product vapors which have been discharged from the down¬ stream end of outlet section 166 can be caused to divert from longitudinal axis X-X by an angle of divergence of at least about 45° and, in a predetermined portion of said disengagement chamber 92 adjacent the downstream end of outlet section 166, can be formed into a coherent stream for collection and removal. Preferred embodiments of said angle are at least about 90° and more preferably at least about 105°. This embodiment also illustrates how the catalyst can he caused, at a position Z downstream of - 84 - said predetermined portion of the disengagement chamber 92, to. turn outwardly from axis X-X, and to travel laterally in said disengagement chamber as indicated by flow lines P-, following which said catalyst particles can be caused to flow in the upstream direction along paths P-. and P. dis¬ posed outwardly from said predetermined portion. A desirable and beneficial modification of the foregoing separation apparatus is disclosed in Figure 3. It can for example include all of the parts previously described in - connection with. Figure 2, along with a target which inter¬ sects outlet section .longitudinal axis X-X, and which can be of assistance in achieving even higher levels of efficien Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it appears that the target may be of assistance in forming the separated catalyst particles into a more orderly or coherent stream which reduces the probability of such particles gaining entry to port 190 via inlet 197. The target may be of any suitable shape and size for promoting orderly flow of the catalyst particles, such as for example a flat plate as shown in Figure 3, a segment of a sphere such as when the catalyst discharges against the inside of the hemi-spherical upper end of disengagement chamber as shown in Figure 2, or other shape. In general, it is preferred that the target be at least about three times the overall width of the catalyst stream or streams as they emanate from the downstream end of out¬ let section 166. It is believed advantageous to position the target downstream of the catalyst discharge location(s) by a distance in the range of about 1/2 to about 5, more preferably about 1.5 to about 3, and most preferably about 1-5 or 2 times the overall width mentioned in the preceding sentence. When a target is used, the catalyst is projected into space downstream of outlet section 166 which, is open at least in a direction divergent outwardly from axis X-X OM - 85 - In some embodiments, the target may be regarded as estahli ing, in cooperation with lip 173, an annular or circumfere tial orifice. In the embodiment of Figure 3, target 200 intersects the longitudinal axis X-X of outlet section 166, and is mounte within disengagement chamber 92 by hanger rod 202. Target 200 preferably includes an impact surface 204 which intersects a catalyst flow path extending downstream from outlet section * 166 , and extends substantially perpendicu- lar to axis X-X. During operation, a flow of catalyst particles and a small portion of the cracking products discharged from lip porti 173 continusously impact against surface 204. As the flow of catalyst and gases approach- plate 200, the flow is diverted in a radially outwardly direction along target 20 with catalyst particles eventually falling away from the outer portions of target 200 under the influence of gravit as indicated by catalyst flow paths T. If and when the target is sufficiently close to the down¬ stream end of outlet section 166, as shown in Figure 3, it may start turning the catalyst away from axis X-X as soon as it departs the outlet section. This is an illus¬ tration of how the catalyst particles can be projected alo discharge paths which have components of motion in the downstream direction, and which extend in one or more directions divergent outwardly from the axis of the outlet section. Moreover, this embodiment shows how the product vapors can be projected from the downstream end of the outlet section as a stream and diverge downwardly or in the upstream direction from outwardly divergent catalyst flow paths. - 86 - This embodiment and the previous one also illustrate inter¬ posing a barrier wall between the catalyst and the resultant product stream at a position closely adjacent to the down¬ stream extremity of the elongated reaction chamber. The catalyst particles are preferably discharged from outlet section 166 with sufficient velocity, for example about 60- 100 feet per second, to ensure that their momentum, on strik¬ ing surface 204,^111 cause them to move outward along target 200 until the majority of the catalyst particles are well beyond the outer wall 182 of shroud 180. Within this velocity range, it is possible for the stream exiting outlet section 166 to form a pressure cone which assists in diverting flow outwardly along target impact surface 204. When the catalyst particles eventually separate from tar¬ get 200, they are much more likely to miss collection " flow passageway 186 as they proceed downwardly through disengage¬ ment chamber 92 under the influence of gravity. In comparison, the gaseous conversion products which impact against target 200 do not exhibit the momentum of the solid catalyst particles; hence, the gaseous products tend to quickly separate from target 200 and swirl through an adjacent area until drawn into collection flow passageway 186. At some riser velocities, such as about 60 feet per second or less, it may be beneficial to mount a deflection assembly such as cone 206 on target 200 to initiate a smooth change in direction of the stream discharged from outlet section 166. At lower velocities, such as for example 45 feet per second, it may be advantageous, for the tip of cone 206 to project a short distance into the down¬ stream end of the outlet section. While target 200 and cone 206 can significantly increase the separation efficiency of the present invention , their use is optional. - 87 - During fluid catalytic cracking operations, a stream of hydrocarbon gases (including vapors) and solid catalyst particles may flow downstream through a tubular riser at velocities of about 25-100 (or even more) feet per second. As the stream flows through the downstream end of the outle section 166, it may be desirable to adjust the stream velocity by reducing or increasing the cross-section of passageway 170 in the downstream direction. For a rela¬ tively slow velocity stream flowing through the riser, such as about 45' feet per second, it may be desirable to decrease the cross-section of the passageway 170 to increase the velocity of the stream prior to discharge from the outlet section. Alternatively, if a relatively high velocity stream of gases and particles is flowing through the . riser, e.g. about 80-100 feet per second, it may be desirable to ^ increase the cross-section of passageway 170 t decrease the velocity of the stream prior to discharge from the outlet section. In a like manner, the cross-section of the shroud inlet 197 or collection passageway 186 at least partially enclosing outlet section 166 should be small enough in comparison to the area of downstream open end of the riser outlet section to minimize the opportunity for misdirected catalyst particl to gain entry into the shroud 180. At the same time, the cross-sectional area of the shroud collection passageway 186 should be large enough to prevent excessive increases in the velocity of the stream upon entering the shroud, thereby preventing the stream from undergoing excessive pressure drops as well as preventing significant abrasion of shroud passageway surfaces. When riser discharge velocities of substantially 45 feet per second occur, it is considered that a ratio of shroud collection area to riser discharge area of for example about 0.7 will ensure non- excessive stream velocities through, the shroud. Likewise, when riser discharge velocities of 80 feet per second occur, - 88 - it is considered that a discharge area to collection area ratio of about one is an exemplary value which will avoid excessive stream velocities through the shroud. These ratios are only considered illustrative of the range of values which can prove effective at maintaining non-excessi stream velocities required to avoid abrasive wear and excessive pressure drops downstream of the shroud assembly. It is considered within " the scope of the present invention to increase or decrease the area ratio as required to achieve these goals. In the design of the equipment, one will of course properly size the system components and adjust downstream processing equipment to provide adequate pressure drop from the riser discharge to the outlet 192 to promote flow of the product vapors from the outlet section 166 to outlet 192 and from thence to downstream processing equipment such as .cyclones. It is also considered desirable that the shroud outlet port be shaped to ensure that the stream does not undergo an excessive increase in velocity while flowing from the shroud collection passageway 186 into and through the out¬ let port 190. According to one illustrative embodiment, the area of the outlet port (or ports) is sufficient to maintain the stream velocity at about the same level as occurs in the shroud collection passageway. OMPI

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A process of progressive flow cracking of coal/oil mixtures comprising: I. introducing a charge stock comprising slurried and/or at least partially dissolved coal and hydro¬ carbon oil feed into a progressive flow catalytic cracking zone and forming therein a stream having a lineal velocity of at least about 25 feet per second comprising said coal, said oil and a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst; II. providing mobile hydrogen in said stream by dehydrogenation of said oil and/or hydrogen donor . material(s) in the absence of added molecular hydrogen, -through contact of said oil and any such hydrogen donor material(s) with cracking catalyst bearing a sufficient deposit. of heavy metals of at least about 1500 Nickel Equivalents for promoting said dehydrogena¬ tion and providing mobile hydrogen for promoting the production of liquid products from said coal; III. forming said mobile hydrogen under a combination vapor residence time in said catalytic cracking zone in the range of up to about 10 seconds, a temperature in th range of about 900 to about 1400°F and a total pressure about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute whi is sufficient for causing a conversion of said oil feed of at least about 50 volume percent per pass; and IV. separating from said cracking catalyst and recove ing liquifaction and/or conversion and products of oil cracking.

Inventors: ZANDONA OLIVER J
Applicants: ASHLAND OIL INC, ZANDONA OLIVER J
Application year: 1981
Main classification: C10G1
IPC codes: C10G1