METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING A PISTON RING IN A PISTON ENGINE

Abstract: In order to detect the presence of a piston ring [5, 6, 7] in a piston engine, an ultrasonic beam produced by a transduc­ er [8] is directed through the cylinder block [1] into a cylinder. The piston [2] and piston rings are moved in the cylinder through the ultrasonic beam, and reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals are examined for amplitude peaks which occur when the piston rings are in the ultrasonic beam. Thus, the presence of piston rings can be checked without having to dismantle the engine.

Description: IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO METHODS OF DETECTING PISTON RINGS IN PISTON ENGINES The present invention relates to methods of detecting piston rings in piston engines. Such a method may be used with, for instance, an internal combustion engine of petrol or diesel type. According to the invention, there is provided a method of detecting a piston ring in a piston engine, comprising directing an ultrasonic beam through a cylinder block of the engine towards a cylinder, moving a piston in the cylinder block, and examining reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals for a signal characteristic of a piston ring. The ultrasonic beam may be produced by an ultrasonic transducer disposed in contact with one side of the cylinder block and a further ultrasonic tr,ansducer nay be disposed in contact with the other side af,the cylinder block to receive ultrasound transmitted through the cylinder Alternatively, a single ultrasonic transducer ay be disposed on one side of the cylinder block for transaitting the ultrasonic beam towards the cylinder and for receiving reflected ultrasound. The piston is formally a clearance fit in the cylinder bore and is provided tith arnsllar piston rings which are seated in annular grooves of the piston and which are in intinate contact with cylinder bore to seal the chamber above the piston. When the piston is moved in the cylinder through the ultrasonic beam, the clearance between the piston and the cylinder bore attenuates the ultrasound so that a signal of relatively small amplitude is transmitted or reflected. However, w,hen a piston ring passes through the ultrasonic be the attenuation is relatively small because of the intimate contact between the ring and the cylinder bore, so that a signal of relatively large amplitude is transmitted or reflected. This signal which is characteristic of the piston ring can be readily detected so as to indicate the presence of the ring. For instance, in the case of an internal combustion engine, each piston is normally provided with three piston rings. Thus, it-is possible to detect the presence of the rings without-having to dismantle the engine or check gases entering the crank case which might indicate leakage of combustion gases because of the absence of a ring. The three piston rings normally comprise two compression ring, disposed nearer the piston crown and of rectangular crosssection, followed by an oil control or scraper ring comprising an annular ring with an annular recess in its outer surface. The ultrasonic signal transmitted or reflecte by the oil scraper ring as it passes through the ultrasonic beam thus as a form with two adjacent amplitude peaks and differs from the signal of the compression rings. It is thus possible to detect the presence of the oil scraper ring and to determine whether it is in its correct position in relation to the other rings on the piston. Examination of the reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals may be by electronic means such as an oscilloscope For instance, the returned signals or the envelope thereof may be displayed on the oscilloscope screen so that peaks corresponding to the piston rings can be observed. The engine may be turned over or may be .running normally during a test, and may be on a test stand or mounted in a vehicle. The oscilloscope may be a storage-type and may be triggered so as to store and display signals from a single upward movement of the piston through the ultrasonic beam. The or each ultrasonic transducer may be arranged for attachment to the cylinder block in a readily detachable manner, so that the piston rings on all the pistons of a multi-cylinder engine can be checked quickly and easily. The present method -may be.perfriied in addition to or in combination with the method disclosed in our copending application no.8040966. For instance, one of the signals characteristic of one of the piston rings may be used in determining the predetermined position of the piston or crankshaft. The present method may be performed with the apparatus disclosedin the above-mentioned application. The inventIon will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a part-sectional view of a cylinder and piston of an engine; and Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of Figure 1 to an enlarged scale. A method of detecting piston rings in a piston engine will be described in relation to an internal combustion engine as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The engine comprises..-a- cylinder b-lock 1 having formed therein one or more cylinders. The cylinders may be lined by cylinder liners (not shown) in the conventional way. Each cylinder contains a piston 2 connected to the eccentric of a crankshaft (not shown) by a piston rod 3. The piston has adjacent its crown three annular recesses 4 in which are seated piston rings 5, 6 and 7. The piston rings 5 and 6 nearer the crown of the-piston are compression rings whose purpose is essentially to provide a seal between the pistons skirt and the cylinder bore so as to seal off the combustion chamber above the pi-ston. The lowermost ring 7 in the drawings is an oil scraper ring whose purpose is to scrape oil from the cylinder bore for return to the crank-case or oil sump of the engine. Each of the piston rings 5 and 6 has a rectangular cross-section, where the cross-section of the oil scraper ring 7 has the form of a rectangle from which a rectangular portion has been removed on its outermc side. Thus, the oil scraper ring 7 has formed therein an annular recess. The oil scraper ring 7 thus contacts the cylinder bore at 2 annular surfaces spaced apart longitudinally of the piston by a short distance. This arrangement is illustrated in more detail in Fig.2' 'in which the various clearances have been greatly exaggerated for the purpose of illustration. An ultrasonic transducer 8 is shown disposed against one side of the cylinder block 1 in contact therewith. In order to improve the contact between the transducer 8 and the cylinder block 1, a fluid suitable for propagating ultrasonic waves with relatively little attenuation may be used between the cylinder block and transducer. The transducer 8 is connected by a lead 9 to apparatus (not shown) for processing signals from the transducer 8. In order to perform a method constituting a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the transducer 8 is placed against the cylinder block I as shown in the drawings and as described above. It is then energized so as to produce a beam of ultrasonic radiation and to direct this towards the adjacent cylinder. The beam may be modulated or pulsed. The ultrasonic beam is propagated through the solid cylinder block 1 and through a cylinder liner (where provided) in intimate contact therewith with relatively little attenuation. When the ultrasonic beam reaches the cylinder bore in the absence of the piston in line with the beam, the ultrasonic radiation is transmitte into the cylinder and a relatively small portion is reflected back towards the transducer 8. The reflected radiation is received by the transducer 8 and is converted into corresponding electrical signals -supplied via the lea 9 to the apparatus for processing of the signals. For, the purposes of the method, the engine may remain installed in a vehicle and may be started and allowed to run normally. Alternatively, the engine may be mounted in a test stand and may be connected up to the appropriate services to allow it to run normally. If desired, the crankshaft of the engine may be rotated by some other mean without allowing the engine to run. According to another possibility, in the case of a compression-ignition or diesel engine, a source of compressed air may be connected to the fuel inlet of the engine so as to cause the crankshaft to rotate. When the piston 2 moves across the ultrasonic beam through the cylinder, the clearance between the piston skirt and the cylinder bore is sufficient for still relate little radiation to be reflected back to the transducer 8. However, when the piston rings pass through the ultrasonic beam, they cause a relatively large amount of the ultrasound radiation to be reflected back to the transducer 8 because of their intimate contact with the cylinder bore. Thus, the amplitude of the signal provided by the transducer at the lead 9 increases substantially as each piston ring passes through the ultrasonic beam. The apparatus connected to the lead 9 processes this signal and provides an indication of the presence of the piston ring. For instance, an osAilloscope may be used to display the ultrasonic signal or its envelope. The oscilloscope may be of the storage type and may be arranged to store and display the signal on the lead 9 or the envelope thereof for a single upward passage of the piston I through the ultrasonic beam Alternatively, in the case of an oscilloscope of the nonstorage type, the oscilloscope may be trigggered at a predetermined position of each upward stroke of the piston 2. Because the oil scraper ring 7 has two annular surfaces in intermate contact with the cylinder bore, the increase in amplitude of the returned ultrasonic signal has two peaks corresponding to passage of the oil scraper ring 7 through the beam. This ring may therefore be clearly identified by theSapparatus connected to the lead 9. The method may therefore be used to check that the correct number of rings has been provided on each piston, and to check that the oil scraper ring is in its correct position on the piston. The transducer 8 may be held manually against the cylinder block adjacent the position of each cylinder of a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine, or may be provided with means for holding it in each such position, so that the piston rings of each piston of the engine can be checked quickly and easily. Thus, it is unnecessary to dismantle the engine in order to check the piston rings. Further, the rings may be checked directly by this method without requiring searching for secondary effects of an incorrect piston ring arrangement, such as the presence in the crank-case of combustion gases suggesting that one or more of the rings is missing. This method therefore provides a quick, inexpensive, and reliable method of checking piston rings of piston engines.

Claims: EMI9.1 1. A method of detecting a piston ring (5,6,7) in a piston engine, comprising directing an ultrasonic beam through a cylinder block (1) of the engine towards a cy cylinder, moving a piston (2) in the cylinder, and examining reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals for a signal characteristic of a piston ring. 2. A method as claimed in claim , in which a first ultrasonic transducer for transmitting the ultrasonic beam is placed on one side of the cylinder block (1) and a second ultrasonic transducer for receiving ultrasonic signals transmitted through the cylinder by a piston ring (5,6,7) and the piston (2) is placed on the other side of the cylinder block (1). 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which an ultrasonic transducer (8) for ;transmitting the ultrasonic beam and for receiving ultrasonic signals reflected by a piston ring (5,6,7) is placed on one side of the cylinder block (1). 4. L method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals are examined for a peak in amplitude indicative of a piston ring (5,6,7). 5. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, for checking the pressure and relative positions of at least one piston ring (5,6) of a first type and at least one piston ring (7) of a second type providing a characteristic signal different from that of the first type, the method comprising examining the ultrasonic signals for the order and pressure of the characteristic signals of piston rings of the first and second types for a single stroke of the piston (2) in a predetermined direction with respect to the cylinder. A A method as claimed in claim 5, in which the second type of piston ring (7) is an oil scraper ring whose characteristic signal is a double peak in the amplitude of the ultrasonic signals. A A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the ultrasonic beam is pulsed. 8 A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the-ultrasonic beam is pulsed. 9. An apparatus for detecting a piston ring in a pisto engine, comprising an ultrasonic transducer (8) for directing an ultrasonic beam through a cylinder block (?: of the engine swards a cylinder, means for moving a piston (2) in the cylinder, and means for examining reflected or transmitted ultrasonic signals for a signal characteristic of a piston ring (5,6,7). 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim , in which the ultrasonic transducer is arranged to be placed on one side of the cylinder block (1) and a further ultrasonic transducer is arranged to be placed on the other side of the cylinder block (1) for receiving ultrasonic signals transmitted through the cylinder by a piston ring (5,6,?) and the piston (2). I. An apparatus as claimed in claim9 , in which the ultrasonic transducer (8) is arranged to be placed on one side of the cylinder block (1) and is arranged to receive ultrasonic signals reflected by a piston ring (5,6,7). 12, An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to !l, in which the examining means is arranged to indicate a peak in amplitude of the ultrasonic signals indicative of a piston ring (5,6,7). An An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims # to 12, in which the examining means is arranged to examine the ultrasonic signals for a single stroke of the piston (2) in a predetermined direction with respect to the cylinder. 14. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 13, in which the examining means comprises an oscilloscope. An An apparatus as claimed in claim 14 when dependent on claim 13, in which the oscilloscope is a storage oscilloscope arranged to be triggered at the start of the single piston stroke. G. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 15, in which the means for moving the piston (2) comprises the engine. 17. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 15, in which the engine is of the compression-ignition type and the means for moving the piston (2) comprises a source of compressed air connected to a fuel inlet of the engine.

Inventors: HITCHCOCK, KEITH NORMAN
Applicants: FROUDE CONSINE LIMITED
Application year: 1981
Main classification: F02B77
IPC codes: F02D35, F02B1, F02F5, F02B77, F02B3, G01S15, G01B17