FOOD ADDITIVE

Abstract: The additive improves the whipping properties of egg-­ white, enabling quicker whipping times with more consistent results. The foam is also more stable and can be left for longer times before cooking. The additive comprises a whipping protein, a sea-weed derived thickening agent and an edible acid. A variety of Dry pack "instant" egg-containing conveni­ ence food products may be produced.

Description: FOOD ADDITIVE The present invention relates to an additive for improving the whipping properties of an egg-containing food, and to egg-containing products including the additive. In particular the additive is advantageous in the production of pavlovas. However, the additive has general utility with regard to the production of whipped or foamed egg-containing products in general, such as meringues, souffles, mousses, quiches, sponges, milk shakes, foamed coffee products, and foamed cheese cakes. A pavlova mix is known from Australian patent 515,130. Domestically and commercially, egg is generally incorporated into food recipes as either unpasteurised or pasteurised liquid egg white, or as powdered egg (i.e. albumen). On account of its superior whipping properties unpasteurised liquid egg is generally to be preferred. It usually requires the least whipping and produces the most satisfactory product. However, due to stricter health regulations, the use of pasteurised liquid egg which has inferior whipping properties is becoming more widespread. Typically, longer whipping times are required than with unpasteurised liquid egg, thus leading to greater production costs. Furthermore, although liquid egg white is preferred for use in whipped egg-containing products, despite controls the whipping properties of commercially available liquid egg vary quite considerably. The whipping properties of the egg white depend to a large extent on the size of egg, its freshness, moisture content and other factors - so that it is difficult for the housewife to produce domestically pavlovas or other egg-containing products of consistent quality. It is an object of the present invention to mitigate these problems, and also to allow the production of a variety of dry pack whipped egg products. It has now been discovered that the addition of an edible acid, for example citric acid, to the egg white significantly improves its whipping properties. One aspect of the present invention provides an additive for improving the whipping properties of an eggcontaining food product which comprises a whipping protein, a seaweed-derived thickening agent, and an edible acid. For commercial use, the additive will generally be supplied separately so that an appropriate amount of additive may be mixed with the egg depending on its whipping properties. Usually the additive is used with egg-white, but it may also be used with whole egg. However, in another aspect of the invention the additive will be incorporated together with powdered albumen in a ready-to-use formulation particularly for domestic use. Although not essential, the additive Gill generally also include gelatin or vegetable gum for further thickening. In order to assist blending of the ingredients, the additive may further include cornflour or glucose. Preferably, the additive comprises whipping protein - 2 to 5 (preferably 3 to 4) parts by weight thickening agent - 1 to 5 (preferably 2 to 5) parts by weight and edible acid - 1 to 10 (preferably 2 to 3) parts by weight. When desired, the additive may further comprise gelatin or vegetable gum - up to 5 (preferably 3 to 4) parts by weight cornflour - up to 20 (preferably 10 to 14) parts by weight. glucose - up to 20 (preferably 10 to 14) parts by weight. The amount of additive added to a given amount of egg will depend on many factors, including whether the egg is in the form of unpasteurised liquid egg, pasteurised liquid egg., powdered egg or powdered egg reconstituted with water. The amount of additive will also depend on the particular food product being produced. However, as a guide the following proportions are generally suitable Egg Additive Unpasteurised liquid egg 1,200 ml 3 to 20 g, preferably 5 to 10 g Pasteurised liquid egg 1,200 my 7 to 40 g, preferably 15 to 20 g Albumen and water 1,200 ml 10 to 70 g, preferably 25 to 35 g Thus, greater amounts of additive must be used with pasteurised liquid egg on account of its inferior whipping properties. Larger amounts of additive are also generally needed with spray-dried albumen to compensate for glucose lost during the spray-drying process. When the additive is mixed with albumen the dry mixture generally contains 20 to 40 wt % of additive (i.e. the ratio of additive to albumen is 1:1.5 to 1:4.0.) The term "whipping protein" is a term well known to the man skilled in this art and indicates a protein with good whipping and foaming characteristics. Preferred whipping proteins are derived either from milk or vegetable protein e.g. from soybeans. Hyfoama CR is a typical milk-derived aerating and foaming agent; which is produced by the hydrolysis of milk protein and spray-dried with maltose. Typically, Hyfoama CR has a protein content of 35%, a moisture content of 5% an ash content of 6%, a carbohydrate content of 43% and a vegetable stabiliser content of 10%. Other possible whipping agents include Hyfoama DS, 88 and 66, and Stauffer Enpro 50. (Hyfoama and Enpro are trade marks). The Gunther (trade mark) series are typical of whipping proteins derived from soybeans. The spray dried powders are derived from soybeans by chemical extraction of the protein, followed by purification and enzyme modification. The Gunther D-series comprises the D-100, D-157A and D-100 WA whipping proteins. The D-100 product is particularly preferred and comprises a protein content of 62 parts by weight, a moisture content of 4 parts by weight, a carbohydrate content of 16 parts by weight, an ash content of 18 parts by weight, and a sodium hexametaphosphate content of 9.5 parts by weight. The amounts of whipping protein referred to in the specification relate to quantities of such commercially available whipping protein formulations. The whipping proteins improve the aerating efficiency of egg albumen. The thickening agent is used for stabilising and thickening the whipped product. It has been found necessary to use a sea-weed derived thickening agent such as an alginate (e.g. sodium or calcium alginate) or a carageenan. Other kinds of known thickening agents have been found to be less effective. Preferably, the propylene glycol esters of alginic acid are employed. Suitable products are available under the trade mark "Kelcoloid". The product Kelcoloid HVF is of high viscosity, Kelcoloid LVF if of lower viscosity and Kelcoloid S is an extra low viscosity product. Kelcoloid LVF is preferred in the present invention. Suitable carageenans are sold under the trade mark Genugel. Depending on particular applications, the additive or the egg-containing formulation may also comprise known ingredients for particular applications such as starch, gelatin, vegetable gum (such as Kelco GFS), preservatives and flavouring. The vegetable gum may be guar gum or xanthan gum or mixtures thereof. The edible acid is selected from known edible acids and is preferably citric acid. However, it is also possible to use acids such as tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, and acetic acid. The additive of the present invention is particularly useful in the production of pavlovas. A pavlova is similar to a meringue but, whilst being crisp on the outside, generally has a centre which is fairly soft and chewy. In the past,'pavlovas have generally been made from a mixture of liquid egg white, sugar, cornflour, and vanilla. In contrast, a pavlova produced according to an embodiment of the present invention would comprise egg white (in liquid or-reconstituted powder form), sugar, whipping protein, thickening agent, edible acid and flavouring. Use of the additive according to the present invention not only allows the whipping time to be reduced and consistent results tobe achieved, but also the foamed product is more stable and can be allowed to stand in the whipped state for a longer period without flopping before it is cooked. A whipped mix produced according to conventional techniques can generally only be left to stand for 10 to 15 minutes before cooking, whereas thewhipped mixture produced using the additive of the present invention can sit for 30 minutes or longer without flopping. Times of 45 - 60 minutes are usual. In addition, the volume of whipped product produced according tD the present invention may be greater than that volume produced by conventional techniques, e.g. by up to 20%, and the bubble size may be more consistent. Often the amount of egg used may be reduced when using the additive. Furthermore it has surprisingly now been found feasible to whip the egg-white - presence of other ingredients, such as sugar, when the additive is used, which was hitherto generally not possible. These advantages considerably assist the commercial production of whipped egg products and necessitate less equipment e.g. mixers. The shorter and more consistent mixing times obtained when using the additive of the present invention make the use of continuous mixing apparatus a practical possibility. Moreover, the additive facilitates the use of dry powder mixtures rather than liquid materials. Liquid egg must be refrigerated, has a limited life and is bulky and awkward to handle. The use of the additive makes possible the introduction of a variety of commercially viable dry package "instant" powder mixtures for products not previously available from supermarkets, for example 1. Pavlova The weight of albumen plus additive required for a domestid pavlova is 20 to 30 gm. This amount is inconveniently small. It has been found that 100 gm to 150 gm of sugar can be added to the dry mix to give a package of practical size, without adversely affecting the whipping properties of the albumen. When this total dry mix is added to water in a ratio of 1:5 to 1:7 and whipped, the whipping time is reasonable (3-8 minutes depending on type of mixer) and the whipped product is of good quality. A further quantity of 100 - 150 gm sugar is added and the product cooked to produce a good quality pavlova most suitable for domestic use. 2. Souffle This product has 3 major components viz. Sauce, Filling, flavouring etc, and Egg White Foam. In the domestic situation the product has a reputation for high failure rate similar to Pavlova. Failure is often due to the inability of the egg white foam to retain its trapped air. The use of additive with the egg white strengthens the foam and gives a consistently good result in both the cooked and uncooked varieties of souffle. The instant dry mix package for Souffle will generally comprise 2 packets. Sweet Souffle Pack 1 (Cooked) Flour, dried milk, dried egg yolk & BR< fats, dry flavourings. This powder mix is combined with water and gently heated and stirred to produce a smooth creamy sauce. Solid fillings are then mixed into the sauce. Pack 2 Albumen, Additive and Sugar This powder mix is combined with water and whipped to produce a strong stable foam. The foam is then folded into the sauce and the mixture cooked in a souffle dish. For an uncooked sweet souffle, pack 1 will include gelatin and/or vegetable gum and the mixture of sauce and foam would be set in the refrigerator. Savoury Souffle Pack 1 Flour, dried milk, dried egg yolk, fats, dry flavourings and spices. Pack 2 Albumen plus a higher percentage of additive to ensure stable foam. Operations as for sweet souffle, both cooked and uncooked. 3. Baked Alaska Flambe This product consists of 3 layers viz. A white cake base, Ice cream or frozen yoghurts and Egg white foam with sugar (meringue) The ice cream is mounded on top of the cake base and the egg white foam applied as a cover over both. The product is then frozen. Prior to serving the egg white foam is browned in a hot oven for 3-5 minutes. Then hot brandy is poured over the top and the product is flamed with a spectacular effect to make a sweet dessert with a hot outer skin and a frozen interior. Thus the success of the product depends on the insulating properties of the egg white foam and its stability during handling, freezing and cooking cycles. This product also can be presented as an instant mix in 2 packs Pack 1 Ingredients for the white cake Pack 2 Albumen, additive and sugar Without the egg white package the product requires 8 to 10 egg whites which prohibits its use in most households. 4. Mousee This consists of a puree of fruit or vegetable to which is added cream and gelatin and then combined with an egg white foam and set in the refrigerator to produced a jellied foam. Albumen powder with additive ensures that this product has maximum aeration and stability. 5. Meringue The mixture for this product is similar to pavlova, but with less water and a higher sugar content. The product is cooked at a lower temperature for a longer time, to produce a crunchy dry sweet product which can be coloured and flavoured during mixing. The pavlova mixture with less water and more sugar-can be used to produce this product. 6. Whole Egg Foamed Products It has been found that additive (e.g. Type A given in Example 3) when mixed with whole egg improves the whipping qualities of the whole egg or produces a stable foamed product (whipped density 0.3 to 0.35 gm/ml). This product is suitable for use where medium aeration is required. Often the degree of aeration required can only be achieved by separating the egg white - whipping it to a foam and then remixing with the outer ingredients. Examples of this type of product include Sponge Cakes, Souffle Omelette, Aerated Cheescake, Chiffon Pie, Egg Drinks with fruit juices, milk or liquer. Thus, the present invention has industrial application in the large-scale production of whipped products for sale in shops and restaurants, particularly using liquid egg. Also, the invention enables a dry packaged product containing powdered egg to be produced for sale in supermarkets as a convenience food for domestic use. Embodiments of the present invention will now be illustrated in the following examples. All percentages are by weight. EXAMPLE 1 Table 1 illustrates the production of 3 samples of additive according to the present invention. The additive is formulated by dry mixting the five ingredients so as to form Åa homogeneous mixture. For domestic use, dry mixes made up of albumen powder and additive are prepared by incorporating the parts by weight of albumen shown in Table 1. These dry mixes are suitable for the production of pavlovas or other whipped foods according to the consumers requirements. Example 2 illustrates the use of such a dry mix to produce pavlovas. TABLE 1 - ADDITIVE/DRY MIX parts by weight (pbw) Additive Gunther D100 3 3 4 Kelcoloid LVF 2 3 4 Gelatin 3 4 4 Citric Acid 2 3 4 Cornflour plus glucose 10 13 14 Albumen Powder pbw to make up dry mix 80 75 70 pwb total 100 100 100 EXAMPLE 2 This example shows the production of pavlovas from the additive and dry mix recipes produced in Example 1. Table 2 shows the amount of ingredients for four 10" pavlovas. The additive, albumen powder and about half of the sugar are mixed with water and whipped in a Hobart beater until the whipped mixture has attained its maximum volume. The whipping time is 3 to 5 minutes. Then, the remaining castor sugar is gently added to the mixture whilst the mixture is whipped. The mixture is then preferably cooked within h hour in a medium to cool oven. TABLE 2 - PAVLOVA RECIPE Albumen - nominal percent by wt of dry mix 80 75 70 Albumen (dry) grams 120 113 105 Additive grams 30 37 45 Water ml 1100 1100 1100 Castor Sugar grams 1800 1750 1800 In Examples 1 and 2 the use of dry powdered albumen reconstituted with water has been illustrated. However, as mentioned previously, pasteurised and unpasteurised liquid egg may be used and the proportions of additive reduced accordingly. Examples 3 and 4 illustrate additives which have been specially designed for use with liquid egg and albumen, respectively. EXAMPLE 3 An additive, designated Type A, was developed for use with pasteurised and unpasteurised liquid egg white and contains Kelcoloid LVF - 22% Gunther D100 or D157A - 28% Vegetable gum - 28% Edible acid - 22% The Type A additive is generally used at the rate 5 grams per litre of unpasteurised liquid egg white, and 15 - 20 grams per litre of pasteurised liquid egg white. The edible acid is generally citric acid. EXAMPLE 4 An additive, designated Type B, was developed for use with glucose-free dried egg white (i.e. albumen) and contains Glucose - 25% Vegetable gum - 12.5 Kelcoloid LVF - 11.25% Gunther D100 or D157A - 15.0% Edible acid - 11.25% Cornflour - 25 The glucose replaces that lost from the albumen during its spray drying preparation. The edible acid is usually citric acid. The additive is mixed with albumen so that it usually constitutes from 20 to 40% of the dry powder mixture. The dry powder mixture is then combined with water in a ratio of 6 to 7 parts by wt water : 1 part of dry powder. The type A additive may be used with a liquid egg white for the commercial production of pavlova and souffles and liquid whole egg (including yolk) to make quiches, sponge cakes, souffle omelettes, aerated cheesecakes and egg drinks. The Type B additive is particularly useful for domestic albumen - containing products including pavlova mix, meringue mix, souffle egg foam mix, mousse egg foam mix, baked Alaska egg foam mix, and chiffon pie mix. Some specific recipies are now given in the following Examples. EXAMPLE 5 Commercial Pavlova - Liquid Egg White (Unpasteurised) (4 x 10 serves) Egg White 1100 ml ) Whisk to a stable foam Additive Type 'A' 5 gm Sugar 0.8 kg Sugar 0.8 kg ) With the mixer on slow speed ) sprinkle the remaining sugar ) into the foam Whisk on high speed till ) peaks form Bake at 1500C for 45 to 60 mins. EXAMPLE 6 Domestic Pavlova - Instant Powder Mix (1 x 6 serves) Albumen 15 gm ) Mix together, then whisk Additive Type 'B' 6 gm ) to a stable foam for approx. Sugar 120 ) gm 2 - 3 mins. Water 150 ml Sugar 130 gm ) With the mixer on slow speed ) add sugar and whisk for 1 min. Bake at 1500C for 30 - 40 mins. EXAMPLE 7 Souffle Egg White Foam - Instant Powder Mix Flour 45 gm ) Mix,.heat and stir to a Butter 45 gm ) smooth creamy sauce Milk 300 ml Egg Yolk Powder 70 gm Water 70 ml Cheese 100 gm ) Mix into sauce Seasonings ) Onion Albumen 16 gms ) Whisk to a stiff foam Additive 'B' 8 gms ) Water 150 ml Fold the foam into the sauCe Bake at 2000C for 30 minutes EXAMPLE 8 Souffle Quiche - Whole Egg Whole Egg 120 ml ) Whisk to a medium foam Additive type 'A' 5 gm Thickened Cream 100 ml ) Whisk and add to egg foam Milk 100 ml ) Gently stir into mixture 200 cm Pastry Case ) Spread Bacon and Cheese Grated Cheese 200 gm ) Over bottom of pastry case Chopped Bacon 150 gm Pour egg mixture into pastry case Bake at 2200C for 15 mins, then at 1600C for 30 mins. EXAMPLE 9 Souffle Using Whole Egg Flour 45 gm ) Mix, heat and stir to a Butter 45 gm ) smooth creamy sauce Milk 300 ml Egg Yolks 4, Mushroom ) ) Cook, season and mix Shallot ) ) into sauce. 100 gm Herbs Spices 4 egg whites 120 to 140 gm ) Whisk to a stiff foam Additive 'A' 5 gm Fold foam into sauce Bake at 200 C for 30 minutes EXAMPLE 10 Souffle Omelette 3 eggs 160 gm ) Whisk to medium foam Additive A 5 gm Milk 100 ml ) Stir, gently nto mixture Cook bottom in a well buttered pan then Top under a hot grill Dress with jam, fruit or vegetables EXAMPLE 11 2 eggs ) Whisk till foamed Additive A 2 gm Milk 400 - 500 ml ) Mix, into egg Honey 10 ml Brandy 1 nip Cinnamon Pinch EXAMPLE 12 The Example illustrates dry powder albumen mixes formulated to produce whipped egg white suitable for various purposes: : Albumen Additive B f Required water powder ratio dry pavlova 15 g 6 g 7:1 meringue 16 g 8 g 6:1 egg white foam 15 g 7.5g 7:1 Comparative Tests 1 - Foam Stability In order to demonstrate the superior whipping properties of egg white to which- additive had been added, the following tests were carried out into the stability of the foam. The ingredients a to c were whipped and a 150 mm high mount of the foam produced was allowed to stand on a metal surface. During standing, the foam degrades to form a liquid film between the foam and the metal, so allowing the foam to slide over the metal surface. The times given represent the times before the foam degrades enough to allow sliding to occur. A long time thus indicates a very stable foam. Time - mins. a) 160 ml unpasteurised liquid egg white - 9 b) 20 g albumen with 140 ml water - Il c) 155 ml unpasteurised liquid egg white with 5g additive A - 60 d) 15 g albumen, 6 g additive B, 150 ml water 45 The standing times for the whipped egg white containing additive (tests c and d) were very much longer than when the additive was absent. Comparative Test 2 - Whipping Time Pavlovas were produced by l) whipping the egg white and 2) whipping 270 g sugarjnbefore cooking. EMI20.1 <tb> <SEP> Whipping <SEP> Density <SEP> Whipping <SEP> Density <tb> <SEP> time <SEP> for <SEP> 1) <SEP> time <SEP> for <SEP> 2) <tb> a) <SEP> 20g <SEP> albumen, <SEP> 140m1 <SEP> water <SEP> 3 <SEP> min. <SEP> 0.083 <SEP> ' <SEP> 3 <SEP> min. <SEP> 0.300 <tb> b) <SEP> 17.5g <SEP> albumen, <SEP> 2.5g <SEP> glucose <SEP> 3 <SEP> 0.096 <SEP> 2.5 <SEP> 0.269 <tb> <SEP> 140 <SEP> ml <SEP> water <tb> c) <SEP> 17g <SEP> albumen, <SEP> 2g <SEP> glucose, <tb> <SEP> ig <SEP> Kelco <SEP> GFS <SEP> gum, <tb> <SEP> 140 <SEP> ml <SEP> water <SEP> 3 <SEP> 0.093 <SEP> 2.5 <SEP> 0.283 <tb> d) <SEP> 16g <SEP> albumen, <SEP> l.2g <SEP> Kelcoloid <tb> <SEP> LVF, <SEP> l.2g <SEP> citric <SEP> acid, <tb> <SEP> 1.69 <SEP> Gunther <SEP> D100, <SEP> 140m1 <tb> <SEP> water <SEP> 2 <SEP> 0.087 <SEP> 1.5 <SEP> 0.178 <tb> e) <SEP> 15g <SEP> albumen, <SEP> 69 <SEP> additive <SEP> B, <tb> <SEP> 145 <SEP> ml <SEP> water <SEP> 2 <SEP> 0.094 <SEP> 1.5 <SEP> 0.204 <tb> Thus, egg whipped with the additive (samples d and e) took significantly less time to whip (and achieved a slightly lower density - i.e. higher aeration) than samples a, b and c without the additive. The whipping times were reduced in both stages 1 and 2.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. An additive for improving the whipping properties of an egg-containing food product, which comprises a whipping protein, a sea-weed - derived thickening agent and an edible acid. 2. An additive according to Claim 1, which comprises the following components in the following parts by weight:. Whipping protein - 2 to 5 Thickening agent - 1 to 5 Edible acid - 1 to 10 Gelatin - up to 5 Vegetable gum - up to 5 Cornflour - up to 20 Glucose - up to 20 3. An additive according to any preceding claim wherein the edible acid is selected from citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid and acetic acid. 4. An additive according to any preceding claim wherein the thickening agent is an alginate. 5. An additive according to any preceding claim for use with pasteurised or unpasteurised liquid egg white, which comprises Propylene glycol alginate - 17 to 27 wt % Soybean - derived whipping protein 23 to 33 wt % Vegetable Gum - 23 to 33 wt % Citric acid - 17 to 27 wt t 6. An additive according to any of claims 1 to 4 for use with glucose-free dried albumen, which comprises Propylene glycol alginate - 6 to 16 wt % Soybean - derived whipping protein - 10 to 20 wt % Vegetable gum - 8 to 18 wt % Citric acid - 6 to 16 wt % Glucose - 20 to 30 wt % Cornflour - 20 to 30 wt % 7. A egg-containing dry mix which may be reconstituted with water and whipped which comprises the additive of any preceding claim, and albumen. 8. An egg-containing dry mix according to claim 7, which further comprises supplemental ingredients so as to be suitable for the production of a product selected from pavlova, souffle, baked Alaska, mousse, meringue, sponge cake, omelette, cheesecake, chiffon pie, quiche and egg-drinks. 9. An egg-containing dry mix according to claim 7 or 8 wherein the additive and albumen are present in the ratio 1:1.5 to 1:4.0. 10. An egg-containing dry mix according to any one of claims 7 to 9 which further comprises sugar. 11. A whipped egg-containing product which comprises the additive of any of claims 1 to 6.

Inventors: HILLIER, HAROLD ALLEN
Applicants: PAVLOVA PANTRY MARKETING PTY. LIMITED
Application year: 1981
Main classification: A23L1
IPC codes: A23L1, A21D2