FABRICATION OF MICROMINIATURE DEVICES USING PLASMA ETCHING OF SILICON AND RESULTANT PRODUCTS

Abstract: Fabrication of microminiature devices, such as integrated circuit utilizing the delineation of fine-line patterns in such devices by dry etching processes. By utilizing a fluorine-containing gaseous compound in a plasma etching process, isotropic etching of doped or undoped monocrystalline silicone (48) and polycrystalline silicon (54) is achieved. The etching processes are substantially free of any proximity effects and are characterized by a high etching rate at relatively low power levels, high selectivity (with respect to, for example, silicon dioxide) and excellent uniformity. By mixing other gases (for example, chlorine) with the fluorine-containing gas the amount of undercutting achieved during the etching process can be selectively controlled.

Description: FABRICATION OF MICROMINIATURE DEVICES USING PLASMA ETCHING OF SILICON AND RESULTANT PRODUCTS Background of the Invention This invention relates to the fabrication of microminiature devices, such as integrated circuits, utilizing the delineation of fine-line patterns in such devices by dry etching processes. • Considerable interest exists in employing dry processing techniques for patterning workpieces such as semiconductor wafers. The interest in such techniques stems from their generally better resolution and improved dimensional and shape control capabilities relative to standard wet etching. Thus, dry etching is being utilized increasingly for pattern delineation in the processing of, for example, semiconductor wafers to form Large-scale- integrated (LSI) devices. Various dry etching processes that involve the use of gaseous plasmas are known, as described, for example, in "Plasma-Assisted Etching for Pattern Transfer" by C. J. Mogab and . R. Harshbarger, journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 16(2) , March/April 1979, p. 408. As indicated therein, particular emphasis in recent work has been directed at developing processes that utilize reactive gas plasmas in a mode wherein chemical reactions are enhanced by charged particle bombardment. Considerable effort has been directed recently at trying to devise reliable plasma etching processes for fine-line pattern delineation in silicon surfaces. Of particular practical interest has been the work directed at etching polysilicon. Polysilicon films, both doped and undoped, constitute constituent layers of commercially significant LSI devices such as 64K dynamic r_andom-access- memories (RAMs) of the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) Γ. type. Accordingly, it was recognized that improved method of patterning silicon by plasma etching, if available, could contribute significantly to decreasing the cost and improving the performance of such devices and other structures that include silicon substrates or layers. Summary of the Invention This invention provides a plasma etching process for use in a method for fabricating a microminiature devic in accordance with a process sequence that includes at least one step in which a silicon surface of the device is to be etched with high selectively relative to other surfaces of the device in a dry etching apparatus that comprises a plasma established between anode and cathode electrodes, one of which electrodes holds the device to be etched. The plasma results from the imposition of an electric field across a gaseous environment between the electrodes. The gaseous environment comprises a fluorine- containing gaseous compound that provides in the apparatus under the influence of the electric field silicon-etching fluorine species and reaction products that do not etch th other surfaces of the device to any substantial extent relative to the etching of the silicon surface. Dry etching of monocrystalline silicon and doped or undoped polycrystalline silicon is achieved in a reaction chamber under specified conditions in a plasma formed from a fluorine-containing gaseous compound. If only a fluorine-containing gas is introduced into the chamber, the edge profile of the etched material is completely isotropic. By adding various other gases, for example chlorine, to the fluorine-containing gas, a mixed etching plasma is formed in which the extent of undercutting (maximum lateral etch) is a function of the volume percent of the additive included in the mixture. A substantially uniform and relatively high etching rate for silicon is achieved at relatively low power levels. The etching rate for silicon is si g nificantly higher than for various other materials (for f O example, silicon dioxide) included in LSI devices. Moreover, the edge profile achieved by the process is substantially independent of feature size and of the spacing between features. The term "silicon" is employed ; • ;.5 herein and in the claims in a generic sense to encompass doped and undoped monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon. Brief Description of the Drawing Some embodiments of the present invention will 10 now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 . is a schematic depiction of a parallel- plate reactor in which the processes of the present invention can be carried out; 15 FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a multifaceted reactor in which the processes of the present invention can be carried out; FIG. 3 is a sectional representation of a masked monocrystalline silicon member that is capable of being 20 etched in accordance with this invention; FIG. 4 is a sectional representation of a masked polycrystalline silicon layer to be etched in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5, taken together with FIG. 6, illustrate 25 the manner in which undercutting of an etched layer varies in accordance with the volume percent of a fluorine- containing gas included in the etching mixture; and FIG. 7 is a sectional representation of a part of an LSI device fabricated in accordance with the present 30 invention. In dry etching processes utilizing reactive plasmas as heretofore proposed, the workpieces to be etched positioned on one of the electrodes included in the reaction chamber. In one such type of etching apparatus, 35 the workpieces are placed on the grounded anode electrode.. In another such apparatus, the workpieces are placed on the driven cathode electrode thereof. Either type of apparatus OMPI can be used with a fluorine-containing gaseous compound to effect plasma etching of silicon. In one particularly advantageous arrangement, workpieces previously processed in a plasma etching apparatus wherein the workpieces were mounted on the drive cathode electrode are to be further processed in accordanc with the present invention. Accordingly, the main emphasi herein will be directed to etching techniques as practiced in an apparatus in which the workpieces are also placed on the driven cathode electrode. In that way, a continuous high-throughput fabrication sequence is realized. Processes and equipment that utilize reactive ga plasmas in a mode wherein chemical reactions are enhanced by charged particle bombardment of workpieces mounted on the driven cathode electrode are known. One advantageous such process is described in Proc. 6th Int'1 Vacuuurn Congr 1974, Japan. J_. Appl . Phys. , suppl. 2, pt. 1, pp. 435-438, 1974. Reactive plasma etching is carried out in, for example, a parallel-plate reactor of the type depicted in FIG. 1 or in a so-called multifaceted reactor of the type shown in FIG. 2. The particular illustrative parallel-plate reactor shown in FIG. 1 comprises an etching chamber 10 defined by a cylindrical nonconductive member 12 and two conductive end plates 14 and 16. Illustratively, the member 12 is made of glass and the plates 14 and 16 are each made of aluminum. In addition, the depicted reactor includes a conductive workpiece holder 18 also made, for example, of aluminum. In one illustrative case, the botto of the holder 18 constitutes a 25.4 cm. (10-inch) circular surface designed to have seven 7.6 cm. (3-*-inch) wafers placed thereon. Wafers 20, whose bottom (i.e., front) surfaces are to be etched, are indicated in FIG. 1 as being mounted on the bottom surface of the holder 18. The wafers 20 are maintained in place on the holder 18 by a cover plate 24 having apertures therethrough. The apertures are positioned in aligned registry with the wafers 20 and are each slightly smaller in diameter than the respectively aligned wafers. In that way, a major portion of the front surface of each wafer is exposed for etching. By any standard means (not shown) , the cover plate 24 is secured to the holder 18. The cover plate 24 included in the etching apparatus of FIG. 1 is made of a low-sputter-yield material that does not react chemically with the etching gas to form a nonvolatile material. Suitable such materials include anodized aluminum and fused silica. The workpiece holder 18 shown in FIG. 1 is capacitively coupled via a radio-frequency tuning network 26 to a radio-frequency generator 28 which, by way of example, is designed to drive the holder 18 at a frequency of 13.56 megahertz. Further, the holder 18 is connected ' through a filter network, comprising an inductor 30 and a capacitor 32, to a meter 34 that indicates a direct-current voltage that approximates the peak value of the radio-f equency voltage applied to the holder 18. . In FIG. 1, the end plate 14 is connected to a point of reference potential such as ground. The plate 14 is the anode of the depicted reactor. The workpiece holder 18 constitutes the driven cathode of the reactor. In one specific illustrative reactor of the type shown in FIG. 1, the anode-to-cathode separation was approximately 25.4 cm (10 inches) and the diameter of the anode plate was approximately 43.2 cm (17 inches) . The end plate 16 of the FIG. 1 arrangement is also connected to ground. Additionally, an open-ended cylindrical shield 36 surrounding the holder 18 is connected to the plate 16 and thus to ground. The portion of the holder 18 that extends through the plate 16 is electrically insulated therefrom by a nonconductive bushing 38. A fluorine-containing gaseous atmosphere is established in the chamber 10 of FIG. 1. Gas is controlled to flow into the indicated chamber from a standard supply 40. Additionally, a prescribed low pressure condition is maintained in the chamber by means of a conventional pump system 42. By introducing a suitable fluorine-containing gaseous compound into the chamber 10 (FIG. 1) and establishing an electrical field between the anode 14 and the cathode 18, as specified in particular detail below, a reactive plasma is generated in the chamber 10. The plasma established therein has a uniform dark space in the immediate vicinity of the workpiece surfaces to be etched. Volatile products formed at the workpiece surfaces during the etching process are exhausted from the chamber by the system 42. It is advantageous to carry out the etching processes in a high-throughput multifaceted reactor of the type specified above. A schematic representation of one particular embodiment thereof is depicted in FIG. 2. The system depicted in FIG. 2 comprises a cylindrical etching chamber 100 made of an electrically conductive material such as aluminum or stainless steel. Centrally mounted within the chamber 100 is a workpiece holder 102. The particular illustrative holder 102 shown in FIG. 2 includes six flat surfaces or facets. By way of a specific example, each such surface is designed to have four 15.2 cm. (6-inch) wafers mounted thereon. One such wafer is designated in FIG. 2 by reference numeral 104. Interposed between the chamber 100 and the workpiece holder 102 of FIG. 2 is a supported grid element 106. • In addition, in the same manner specified above in connection with the description of .FIG. 1, the workpiece holder of the FIG. 2 apparatus is capacitively coupled to and driven by a radio-frequency generator 108 and associated conventional elements. Also schematically shown in FIG. 2 are a gas supply 110 for introducing a specified gas or mixture of gases into the.depicted reaction chamber and a standard pump system 112 for establishing a prescribed low-pressure condition in the chamber. FIG. 3 is a sectional depiction of a portion of one of the wafers to be etched in the chamber 10 of FIG. 1 or in the chamber 100 of FIG. 2. In FIG. 3, a conventionally patterned masking layer 46 is shown formed on a substrate 48 made of monocrystalline silicone which, for example, is either p- or n-doped to exhibit a resistivity of approximately l-to-10 ohm-centimeters. The unmasked portions of the silicon substrate 48 are isotropically etched to form recesses therein, as indicated by dashed line 49. The ability to isotropically etch features in monocrystalline silicon is of practical importance in connection with the fabrication of microminiature electronic devices. Thus, illustratively, the recess 49 etched in the substrate 48 of FIG. 3 represents, for example one step in the process of fabricating an LSI device in which dielectric material subsequently formed in the depicted recess serves to electrically, isolate adjacent elements in an LSI chip that includes the substrate 48. Other device structures that require isotropic etching of a substrate or layer of moncrystalline silicon during the fabrication thereof are known in the art. Moreover, the isotropic etching processes specified herein are also applicable to the thinning of silicon wafers; such thinning can be done relatively quickly and uniformly. Isotropic etching of polysilicon layers is of significant importance in the fabrication .of LSI devices. Thus, for example, in making MOS RAMs it is typically necessary in the fabrication sequence to precisely pattern thin layers of polysilicon. Illustratively, one such device fabrication sequence involves initially anisotropically etching an undoped polysilicon layer commonly referred to as the poly 2 level. Typically, the poly 2 level, after being anisotropically etched, includes portions that underlie a previously patterned doped polysilicon layer (the so-called poly 1 level), as will be apparent from the detailed discussion hereinbelow in connection with the description of FIG. 7. If these underlying poly 2- portions are not removed from the layere structure being fabricated, faulty devices will likely result. Hence, removal of the underlying poly 2 portions is necessary. Such removal may advantageously be carried out in a dry isotropic etching step of the type described herein. FIG. 4 schematically represents in cross-section a portion of an idealized device structure that includes a polysilicon layer to be etched. In FIG. 4, a thin [for example, a 50 nanometers (500-Angstrom-unit ) thick] layer 50 of silicon dioxide is shown on a monocrystalline silicon member 52. On top of the layer 50 is a layer 54 o polycrystalline silicon approximately 500 nanometers (5000 Angstrom units) thick. On top of the layer 54 to be etched is a conveniently patterned masking layer 56. FIG. 4 is to be considered a generic depiction i which the layer 54 is made of undoped or doped polysilicon Isotropic etching of the layer 54 of FIG. 4 is represented therein by curved dashed lines 58. A completely isotropic profile is represented by the lines 58. In such a profile the maximum extent of lateral etching (undercutting) , designated a_ in FIG. 4, equals the thickness b_ of the etched layer 54. Herein, the term "doped" polysilicon is intended to refer to a polysilicon layer to which a « dopant such as - phosphorous has been added. Illustratively, the dopant concentration in such a layer is controlled to establish a resistivity in the range 20-to-100 ohm-centimeters. • Various materials are suitable for forming the patterned masking layers 46 and 56 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. These materials include organic or inorganic resists, silicon dioxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium, tantalum, tungsten oxide, cobalt oxide, and the refractory suicides of titanium, tantalum and tungsten. Masking layers made of these materials are patterned by utilizing standard lithographic and etching techniques. Completely isotropic plasma-assisted etching of monocrystalline silicon and doped or undoped polycrystalline silicon is carried out in a pure chlorine trifluoride (C1F 3 ) gas atmosphere. As specified earlier above, etching can be carried out in, for example, a parallel-plate reactor of the type shown in FIG. 1 or in a multifaceted reactor of the type shown in FIG. 2. For etching in such equipment, in accordance with a specific illustrative example, a pressure of about 67 microbar (50 micrometers) is established in the etching chamber. For a parallel-plate reactor, a chlorine trifluoride gas flow into the etching chamber of, for example, - approximately 10 .cubic centimeters per minute is advantageous. For a multifaceted reactor, a chlorine trifluoride gas flow of, for example, approximately 30 cubic centimeters per minute is established. (As is well known, the particular gas flow rates that are selected depend to a large extent on the specific reactor design and the etch rates desired therein.) Moreover, a power density of, for example, approximately .06 watts per square centimeter is established at the surfaces of the workpieces to be etched in a multifaceted reactor. For a parallel- plate reactor, the corresponding power density is, for example, .025 watts per square centimeter. For the particular conditions established in the aforespecified illustrative examples, monocrystalline silicon, undoped polycrystalline silicon and doped polycrystalline silicon were each isotropically etched in the specified equipments at a rate of approximately 175, 120 and 120 nanometers (1750, 1200 and 1200 Angstrom units) per minute, respectively. Isotropic etching processes of the type specified above have a relatively high differential etch rate with respect to, for example, .both silicon dioxide and standard resist materials such as HPR-204 (commercially available from Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., palisades Park, N. J.). The aforespecified particular illustrative processes etch silicon approximately 50 times faster than silicon dioxide and about five times faster than resist. Moreover, the specified processes also etch silicon approximately 50 times faster than materials such as phosphorus-doped glass and silicon nitride. The practical significance of such relatively high differential etch rates for LSI device fabrication is apparent. The above-specified particular examples of isotropic plasma-assisted etching utilizing chlorine trifluoride are illustrative only. More generally, such etching can be carried out be selecting pressures, gas flows and power densities in the ranges 2.7 to 667 microbar (2 to 500 micrometers) , 2-to-300 cubic centimeters per minute, and 0.01-to-l watt per square centimeter, respectively. In the aforespecified plasma-assisted etching processes, chlorine trifluoride is dissociated in the reaction chamber under the influence of the applied electric field to produce fluorine atoms that rapidly etch silicon isotropically but that etch other materials such as silicon dioxide relatively slowly. Moreover, the other reaction products formed in the chamber during etching also attack the other workpiece materials such as silicon dioxide slowly relative to the rate at which silicon is etched. Other fluorine-containing gaseous compounds are suitable, under specified conditions, for isotropically patterning silicon in a dry etching process with high selectively relative to other materials such as silicon dioxide. These other compounds also dissociate in the reaction chamber to form fluorine species that etch silicon and to form reaction products that do not etch other materials such as silicon dioxide to any substantial extent relative to the etching of silicon. Such other fluorine- containing gaseous compounds as nitrogen trifluoride (NF^) , bromine trifluoride (BrF 3 ) and iodine trifluoride (IF-,) can also be utilized to etch silicon isotropically with high selectivity relative to, for example, silicon dioxide. Such etching is carried out in equipment of the type shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 in a plasma-assisted etching process. In such equipment, plasma-assisted etching with NF-, , BrF-, and I , can be carried out by selecting pressures, gas flows and power densities in the ranges specified above for CIF^. Each of the aforespecified fluorine-containing gaseous compounds is effective by itself, without any other constituent mixed therewith, to etch silicon isotropically. But, additionally, it is also feasible to selectively change some of the etching parameters by using mixtures of gases. Thus, for example, chlorine trifluoride may be mixed with an inert gas such as argon or with carbon tetrafluoride or with chlorine to selectively reduce the etching rate of silicon. Moreover, the addition of fluorine or carbon tetrafluoride or chlorine to chlorine trifluoride enables selective control of the amount of undercutting achieved during the silicon etching process. A particular example of such control, utilizing chlorine as the additive gas, is illustrated by FIG. 5. In the graph of FIG. 5, the extent of undercutting achieved during etching is shown as varying with the volume per cent of chlorine trifluoride included in a mixture of chlorine trifluoride and chlorine. The quantity a/b in FIG. 5 is in effect defined in FIG. 6 which shows in.section a representative layered device to be etched. In FIG. 6, a polysilicon layer 60 to be etched is shown overlying a layer 62 made, for example, of silicon dioxide. The thickness of the layer 60 is On top of the polysilicon layer 60 is a patterned masking layer 64 made, for example, of a resist material. The maximum lateral etch dimension in the layer 60 is designated a_. In the maximum undercutting case, the etching process is completely isotropic and a_ equals b_. As indicated in FIG. 5, completely isotropic etching (a/b=l) occurs when the gaseous environment in the reactive sputter etching chamber is made up entirely of chlorine trifluoride. As the volume percent of chlorine trifluoride is decreased, by adding chlorine thereto, the extent of lateral undercutting decreases. When the chlorine trifluoride content of the mixture is reduced to zero, leaving a pure chlorine environment in the chamber, no lateral undercutting occurs and the etching process is completely anisotropic (a/b=0) . One particularly advantageous application of the present dry etching process is in the fabrication of LSI MOS RAMs. A cross-sectional schematic representation of a portion of such a device is shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 includes a silicon substrate 70 and a silicon dioxide region 72. Portions of the region 72 envelop a doped polysilicon layer74 designated the poly 1 layer. An undoped polysilicon layer 76 (poly 2) is disposed on top of the oxide region 72. A patterned masking layer 78 made also, for example, of silicon dioxid is formed by standard techniques on top of the poly 2 layer 76. In the course of fabricating a device of the typ represented in FIG. 7, the oxide layer 72 is initially patterned in a standard etching step wherein the oxide layer 72 is typically undercut relative to the right-hand vertical edge of the poly 1 layer 74. In .one particular illustrative device embodiment, the extent of the undercut approximated 200 nanometers (2000 Angstrom units) . Accordingly, during subsequent formation of the poly 2 layer 76, a so-called filament of polysilicon material is formed beneath the poly 1 layer 74. In FIG. 7, the polysilicon filament is designated by reference numeral 80. Unless the filament 80 is removed during subsequent processing, device failures arising therefrom can result, as is well known in the art. The pattern to be formed in the poly 2 layer 76 of FIG. 7 is defined by masking layer 78. Anisotropic etching of the layer 76 is then carried . As a result of such etching, the stippled portion 82 of the layer 76 between dashed lines 83 and 84 is removed. Such anisotropic etching does not, however, remove the polysilicon filament 80. The filament 80 is removed in an isotropic plasma-assisted etching step of the type described herein utilizing a fluorine-contained gaseous compound. Such an etching step is effective to remove the polysilicon filament 80. (Of course, the opening previously formed in the poly 2 layer 76 and defined by the vertical dashed lines 83, 84 is also slightly enlarged laterally.) Moreover, because of the excellent selectivity of applicants 1 etching process relative to silicon dioxide, the portion of the oxide layer 72 underlying the stippled region 82, is relatively unaffected during etching of the polysilicon filament 80. For example, if the lateral extent of the filament 80 to be etched is 200 nanometers (2000 Angstrom units) , the specified portion of the layer 72 will be thinned by only about 4 nanometers (40 Angstrom units) units. Applicants' etching processes described herein give a relatively high etch rate and a relatively high uniformity of etch rate across each workpiece as well as from workpiece to workpiece. In practice, such variations in etch rate have been determined not to exceed about 5 percent. Additionally, the processes described herein do not exhibit any proximity effects. (As is well known, the proximity effect is the variation in the lateral extent of undercutting during isotropic etching as a function of the - 14 - spacing between masking elements.) More generally, the ed profile, the etch rate and the selectivity of each of the processes have been determined to be virtually independen of the specific pattern geometry, feature size and maskin material involved in the etching operation. Also, significantly, the processes described herein are carried out at relatively low power levels and with a high differential etch rate relative to materials such as silicon dioxide.

Claims: AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 10 My 1981 (10.07.81)) 1. (Amended) A method for fabricating a microminiature device which includes at least one step in which a silicon surface of the device is etched selectively relative to at least one other surface of the device in a plasma established in a gaseous environment in a dry etching apparatus, the gaseous environment comprising a fluorine- containing gaseous compound, CHARACTERIZED BY etching silicon preferentially to materials of said at least one other surface by providing the fluorine- containing gaseous compound which provides silicon-etching fluorine species and reaction products that do not etch said other surfaces of said device to any substantial extent relative to the etching of said silicon surface, said fluorine-containing gaseous compound comprises at least one of chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, bromine trifluoride and iodine trifluoride. 2. (Amended) A method according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED BY including in the gaseous .environment, in addition to said fluorine-containing compound, an additional constituent being provided to control an extent of lateral undercutting while isotropically etching the silicon surface. 3. (Amended) A method according to claim 1 or 2, CHARACTERIZED BY including in the gaseous environment, in addition to said fluorine-containing gaseous compound, an additional constituent selected from an inert gas , chlorine and fluorine. 4. (Amended) A method according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED IN THAT the gaseous environment comprises said fluorine- containing gaseous compound and chlorine, and the etching -BVTREA T OMPI of said silicon surface is controlled to be isotropic with the maximum extent of lateral undercutting decreasing as the volume percent of the chlorine constituent is increased. 5. (Amended) A method according to any one of preceding claims 1-4, CHARACTERIZED BY maintaining in the dry-etching apparatus a gas pressure of approximately 2.7 to 667 microbar (2 to 500 micrometers) and a power density of 0.01-to-l watt per square centimeter at the surface of the device to be etched 6. (Amended) A method according to claim 5, CHARACTERIZED IN THAT the device to be etched is mounted on the driven cathode electrode of a multifaceted plasma-assisted etching apparatus, said gaseous environment comprises chlorine trifluoride, a pressure of 67 microbar (50 micrometers) is established in said apparatus and a power density of 0.04 watts per square centimeter is established at the surface of the device to be etched. 7. (Amended) A method according to any one of preceding claims 1-6, CHARACTERIZED IN THAT the silicon surface of said device has a patterned masking layer thereon, said device is mounted on a cathode electrode of the apparatus, and the etching of the silicon surface is controlled to be completely Isotropic.

Inventors: FLAMM D, MAYDAN D, WANG D
Applicants: WESTERN ELECTRIC CO, WESTERN ELECTRIC CO INC
Application year: 1981
Main classification: H01L21
IPC codes: C23F4, H01L21