PROCESS FOR HARDENING UNSATURATED POLYESTERS

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for the cold hardening of an unsaturated polyester, dissolved in a copolymerisable monomer or mixture of monomers. According to the inven­ tion the hardening is effected, when the monomer consists entirely or predominantly of vinylester(s), with the aid of a ketone peroxide, a vanadium compound and an enolisable β-diketo compound. In addition, a carboxylic acid and, optionally a cobalt compound may be added. By this process complete hardening is obtained in a short time.

Description: PROCESS OF HARDENING UNSATURATED POLYESTERS The invention relates to a process of hardening, at room temperature or slightly higher temperature, an unsaturated polyester dissolved in one or more copolymerizable monomers. It is known to use styrene as the monomer in such compositions. Some disadvantages involved in this are the emission of the relatively volatile system during processing, and the strong smoke development upon combustion of the hardened polyesters. Therefore, it is desirable to replace the styrene monomer by a monomer or a mixture of monomers having a lower vapour pressure, which, moreover, give(s) off less smoke upon combustion of the hardened product. Suitable monomers seem to be the vinyl esters with. a low vapour pressure. However, the applicant has found that the compositions containing a vinyl ester are difficult to harden cold by means of the usual hardening systems, which consist of an organic peroxide, a metal compound soluble in the composition to be hardened, and, optionally, a co-accelerator. The object of the invention is to provide a hardening system that is suitable for the cold hardening of compositions based on an unsaturated polyester and a vinyl ester. According to the invention, the cold hardening of an unsaturated polyester dissolved in one or more copolymerizable monomers is effected by means of a system consisting of an organic peroxide, a metal compound soluble in the composition, and a co-accelerator, which system - if the monomer used comprises at least one vinyl ester - is composed of a ketone peroxide, a vanadium compound, and a enolizable ss -diketo compound. The cold hardening of compositions containing a vinyl ester has been found to succeed well if the process according to the invention is applied. The conversion of the monomer is high, and the percentage of extractible polyester in the hardened product is low. The organic-peroxide used is a ketone peroxide. Examples in point- are methylethylketone peroxide, methylisobutylketoneperoxide, cyclohexanoneperoxide. If other peroxides are used, e.g. peresters or hydroperoxides, cold hardening is not effected or is much slower. The peroxide can be used in an amount of between 0.5 and 10.0 % by weight, related to the polyester plus the monomer or monomers. Preferably, use is made of between 1.0 and 5.0 % wt. of peroxide. Eligible vanadium compounds are those salts and complexes of vanadium which are soluble in the composition to be hardened. Examples in point are such complexes and carboxylic salts as vanadylacetylacetonate, vanadylbenzoylacetonate, vanadyloctoate, vanadylcaproate, vanadyllaurate, and vanadylnaphthenate. Highly suitable are the vanadyl salts of C2 20 carboxylic acids and vanadyl complexes with diketo compounds. The vanadium compound can be added in an amount corresponding to 0.01 - l.O.mmole of vanadium (elemental) per 100 grams of polyester plus monomer or monomers. In general, the best results are obtained with 0.01 to 0.05 mmole of vanadium per 100. g of hardenable composition. The co-accelerator used is an enolizable '3-keto compound. Compounds of this type are generally known, and have been mentioned before as co-accelerators in combination with cobalt compounds. As diketo compounds may be mentioned aliphatid, cycloaliphatic and aromatic compounds, such as acetylacetone, benzoylacet6hes acetylcyclohexanone, by the side of Bketocarboxylic esters such as acetylacetic acid ethyl ester and amides of ss -ketocarboxylic acids. The diketo compounds can be used in an amount of between 5 and 250 moles per mole of vanadium (elemental), by preference between 25 and 150 moles per mole of vanadium. The composition to be hardened consists to 40-70 % wt. of unsaturated polyester and 30-60 % wt. of monomer or monomer mixture copolymerizable with the polyester. The monomer used is a vinyl ester of an aliphatic linear or branched carboxylic acid or of an aromatic carboxylic acid, < hich ester preferably has a boiling point of at least 150 OCi Examples of suitable vinyl esters are vinylcaproate, vinyllaurate, vinylpivalate, vinylbenzoate, vinylchloracetate, and in particular the esters of the synthetic C8 14 carboxylic acids branched in the G-position, such as vinylversatate. If a mixture of monomers is used, it preferably consists to at least 50 % by weight of the abovementioned vinyl ester(s). Monomers that may be mixed with the vinyl esters include acrylates and methacrylates, dialkylfumarates, allyl esters, vinyl ethers, N-vinyl lactams, and styrene. Cross-linking monomers, such as, for instance, triallylcyanurate, ethyleneglycoldiacrylate, divinylstyrene or diallylphthalate, can also be used. The unsaturated polyester is the usual condensation product formed by reaction of at least one G -unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, and optionally, one or more aliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acids, with an aliphatic diol, optionally mixed with a minor amount of a compound containing three or more hydroxyl groups. Examples of the unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are fumaric acid and maleic acid, and examples of the non-unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are adipic acid, sebacic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic acid, and phthalic acid. Examples of hydroxyl compounds are ethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, butanediol, hexanediol, neopentylglycol, 4,4'-isopropylidenebiscyclohexanol, and trimethylolpropane. Optionally, also halogenated compounds, such as tetrabromophthalic acid, may be included. It seems possible to improve the solubility of the polyester in vinyl esters by applying as a reaction component a small quantity of a monofunctional alcohol of low vapour pressure, for instance octanol-2, decanol, 2-ethylhexanol, tetradecanol, or cyclohexanol. Optionally, use may be made also of a small quantity of a monofunctional carboxylic acid, such as benzoic acid, stearic acid, or 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The degree of unsaturation of the polyester is preferably between 200 and 600 milliequivalents unsaturation per 100 grams of polyester. The acidity may be between 0 and 150 meq. COOH per 100 g of polyester, preferably between 5 and 75 meq. The composition to be hardened may further contain normallyused additives, such as fillers, reinforcing agents, in particular glass fibre, pigments, thickeners, stabilizers, antioxidants, antishrink additives, flame-extinguishing additives, etc. The applicant has further found that addition of acids, preferably of non-complexing carboxylic acids, to the composition to be hardened will accelerate the hardening process, The quantity in which these are used may be up to 50 meq. of COOH per 100 g of polyester, Suitable acids include aliphatic C2 20 monocarboxylic acids and their halogenated derivatives, and their halogenated derivatives, saturated or unsaturated C4 10 dicarboxylic acids and their inonoesters with Cm¯12 alcohols, olefinically unsaturated C3-10 monocarboxylic acids and cycloaliphatic or aromatic C7-15 monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. Examples of suitable acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, caproic acid, trichloro acetic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, monobutylmaleate, monoethylfumarate, benzoic acid and monooctylphtalate. The curing system used in the process described hereinbefore is susceptible to oxygen inhibition. This oxygen inhibition can be countered by known methods such as covering the surface of the composition which is to be cured with eg. polyesterfilm, carrying out the curing in a closed mould and/or under an inert gas blanket, or adding a small amount of parraffin to the composition. Where the oxygen inhibition is a drawback, the curing system according to the invention may be modified by incorporating therein a small amount of a cobaltcompound and a non-complexing carboxylic acid in addition to the vanadium compound and the enolisable P -diketo compound. The incorporation of a cobalt-compound alone in the curing system used according to the invention has a negative effect, since it retards curing. By incorporating both a cobalt-compound and a non-complexing acid however a complete hardening can be obtained in a short time with little or no oxygen inhibition. The cobalt compound may be used in an amount of between 5 and 150 weight % based on the vanadium compound (both calculated as elements). Most satisfactory results are obtained by using 10 to 100 % by weight, and preferably 15 to 75 % by weight of cobalt (elemental) based on vanadium (elemental). As cobalt compounds one may use salts and complexes which are soluble in the unsaturated polyester composition, as are conventionally used for the curing of styrene containing compositions. Examples comprise cobaltnaphtenate, cobaltoctoate, cobalt hexanoate and cobalt acetylacetonate. The carboxylic acids disclosed above may be used in combination with the cobalt compound. The acid is used in an effective amount not exceeding 50 mq C00H per 100 g of polyester and in almost all cases less than 25 mq COOH/100 g polyester. The best results are obtained by using an amount of acid corresponding to 0,5 to 10 mq C00H per 100 g polyester. The addition of the components of the hardening system to the composition to be hardened, and the hardening, can be effected in the way known for other hardening systems. By 'cold hardening' is here to be understood hardening at room temperature or slightly above, between about 15 and 35 C. The use of the systems according to the invention for hardening at higher temperatures is not excluded, however.. It should be remarked that the use of enolizable diketo compounds as co-accelerators is essential to the cold hardening of compositions containing vinyl ester in the presence of vanadium compound. The use of known other co-accelerators, such as phosphines, organophosphates, phosphites, amino compounds and sulphinates, has been found not to accelerate the hardening of the compositions described above, but, on the contrary, to have a retarding effect. The use of a mixture of cobalt and vanadiumcompounds has either no effect or a retarding effect. The invention will be elucidated by means of the following examples. The hardening rate was determined by determining the gel time according to ASTM standard D 2471. To this end 25 grams of polyester plus monomer (hereinafter to be referred to as 'resin') is weighed out. At room temperature, the accelerator and the co-accelerator (promoter) are then admixed, in that order. Thereaftar the initiator is admixed. From this moment the time and the solution temperature are noted, the temperature by means of a bimetallic thermometer. The 'gel time' is the time elapsing between the addition of the initiator and the moment gel particles can be drawn out of the resin. The polymerization makes the temperature of the mixture go up. The maximum temperature reached is the 'peak temperature', and the time needed to reach it the 'peak time'. In the examples below, the resins always contain 140 ppm of hydrochinone. Example I An unsaturated polyester was prepared by subjecting, in the usual manner, the following components to a polycondensation reaction: 415 parts of maleic anhydride, 419 parts of phtalic anhydride, 774 parts of neopentylglycol, 159 parts of n-tetradecanol. The calculated unsaturation content was 0.268 moles per 100 grams; the amount of free carboxyl groups was 0.36 meq. per gram. Sixty parts of polyester were dissolved in forty parts of vinylversatate-lO. For the measurement of the gel time, first a metal compound, and in two cases a promoter, was added to 25 g of the resin, and next 1 ml of a 50 % solution of methylethylketoneperoxide in dimethylphthalate was added. The results are shown in the following table. Tabel 1 experiment accelerator promoter gel time peak time peak temp. ix 0.25 ml Co a) > 24 h - 0.25 ml Co a) 0.5 ml acetylacetone > 24 h - - 3 3 ml Vb) > 24 h- - 4 3 ml Vb) 0.5 ml acetylacetone 14 min. 17 min. 130 OC a) cobaltoctoate in dioctylphthalate: the solon. contains 1 % wt. Co. b) vanadylacetylacetonate in dimethylphthalate; the soln. contains 0.1 % wt. V. not according to the invention. Example II The hardening of the resin of Example I was tested by means of various peroxides, in combination with vanadylacetylacetonate and acetylacetone. To 25 g of resin an addition of 3 ml O..1 % V solution (as in Example I) and 0.5 ml acetylacetone was made. After addition of 1 ml of initiator (50 % soln. in dimethylphthalate) the gel time was' measured. The results were as shown below: Table 2 expt. peroxide gel time peak time peak temp. 4 methylethylketoneperoxide 14 min. 17 min. 130 OC 5* cumenehydroperoxide > 12 h - t-butylperoctoate > 12 h - t-butylperbenzoate ) 12 h 9 t-butylperpivalate 50 min. a) a) not according to the invention. a) gelation does occur, but polymerization is very slow, and not attended with a temperature rise. Example III An unsaturated polyester was prepared by polycondensation (with addition of 2.8 parts of dibutyltinoxide) of 433 parts of maleic anhydride, 571 parts of dimethylterephthalate, 764 parts of neopentylglycol, and 122 parts of n-decanol. The carboxyl content of the polyester was 0.07 meq. per gram. A resin consisting of 60 parts of the polyester and 40 parts of vinylversatate-l0 was subjected to a a series of gel time measurements with various peroxides. To this end, the following additions were successively made to 25 grams of the resin: 1 ml of a solution of vanadylacetylacetonate containing 0.3 % vanadium, 0.5 ml of acetylacetone, and 1 ml of peroxide solution The results are shown in Table 3. Table 3 expt. peroxide gel time peak time peak temp. 9 methylethylketoneperoxide ) 12 min. 14 min. 140 C 10 cyclohexanoneperoxide ) 20 min. 23 min. 117 OC 11 methylisobutylketoneperoxide b) ) 12 min. 14 min. 142 0C 12 1,1-ditert.butylperoxy-3,3,5- 12 h. trimethylcyclohexane a) 50 % soln. in dimethylphthalate. b) 40 % soln. in dimethylphthalate. c) 50 % soln. in dibutylphthalate. r)not according to invention. Example IV The influence of acid addition on the gelation rate is shown in the following table. Subjected to the hardening was the resin of Example I, the hardening being effected with 3 ml of vanadylacetylacetonate solution (0,1 % V), 0,5 ml of acetylacetone, and 1 ml of 50 % methylethylketoneperoxide, to 25 g of resin. The results are shown in Table 4 Tabel 4 expt. acid acid conc., gel peak peak time, time, temp. (g/100 g resin) min. min. C t3 - 14 17 130 14 monoethylfumarate 3.1 9 12 130 15 acetic acid 1.2 13 16 130 16 trichioracetic acid 3.5 4- 7 127 17 maleic acid 1.2 9 11 130 18 pivalic acid 1.1 13 16 127 19 benzoic acid 1.3 12 15 130 20 oxalic acid.2H20 1.0 > 60 The complex-forming oxalic acid has a retarding effect. Example V An unsaturated polyester was prepared by polycondensation of 108 parts of maleic anhydride, 109 parts of phthalic anhydride, 191 parts of neopentylglycol, and 30 parts of n-decanol. The calculated unsaturation content of the polyester was 275 mmoles per 100 grams; the carboxyl content was 0.37 meq. per 100 g. The polyester was dissolved in vinylversatate-lO in the ratio of 60 parts of polyester to 40 parts of versatate. Gel times were determined with various enolizable (3-diketones. To this end the following additions were made to 25 g of the resin, in the order given: 1 ml of a solution of vanadylacetylacetonate in dimethylphthalate, which solution contained 0.3 % wt. vanadium, 5 mmoles of the diketo compound, and 1 ml of a 50 % solution of methylethylketoneperoxide in dimethylphthalate. The results are shown in Table 5. Table 5 expt. B -diketone gel time, peak time, peak temp., min. min. oc 21 acetylacetone 7 8 139 22 2-acetylcyclohexanone 17 20 120 23 berizoylacetone 10 12 132 In experiments in which no diketo compound was used no gelation occurred within 12 hours. Example VI An unsaturated polyester was prepared from 138 parts of maleic anhydride, 33 parts of adipic acid, 195 parts of isophthalic acid, and 306 parts of neopentylglycol. The polyester was dissolved in various vinyl esters, in the ratio of 60 parts of polyester to 40 parts of monomer. The gel time was determined with acetylacetone as co-accelerator, in the manner described in Example V. The results are shown in Table 6. Table 6 expt. monomer gel time, peak time, peak temp., min. min. C 24 vinylacetate 16 17 152 25 vinylchloracetate 11 13 149 26 vinyl-n-butyrate 14 16 148 27 vinylpivalate 15 17 151 When no co-accelerator was added, no gelation occurred within 12 hours. Example VII An unsaturated polyester was prepared by polycondensation of 205 parts of maleic anhydride, 227 parts of phthalic anhydride, 220 parts of propyleneglycol, and 103 parts of diethyleneglycol. An amount of 60 parts by weight of polyester was dissolved in 40 parts by weight of vinylacetate or vinylbenzoate. The gel time was measured in the way described in Example V, with acetylacetone as promoter. Gel time, peak time and peak temperature were, respectively, 17 min., 19 min. and 142 OC when vinylacetate was used, and, respectively, 13 min., 14 min. and 130 C when use was made of vinylbenzoate. Example VIII An unsaturated polyester was prepared by polycondensation, with addition of 0.7 parts of di-n-butyl-.tinoxide, of 108 parts of maleic anhydride, 143 parts of dimethylterephthalate, 181 parts of neopentylglycol, and 61 parts of n-decanol. The carboxyl content of the polyester was 0.05 meq. per 100 g. An amount of 60 parts by weight of polyester was dissolved in 40 parts by weight of vinylversatate-10. The gel time was measured in the way described in Example V. Gel time, peak time and peak temperature were 5 0 min., 8 min., and 135 C, resp. Example IX The resin of Example I was hardened with various concentrations of accelerator and co-accelerator. The following additions were made to 25 g of the resin, in the order given: x ml of a solution of 0.26 g of vanadylacetylacetonate in 49.74 g of dimethylphthalate, y ml of acetylacetone, and 1 ml of a 50 % solution of methylethylketonperoxide in dimethylphthalate. The results are shown in Table 7. Table 7 expt. vanadylacetyl acetyl- gel time, peak time peak acetonate, acetone, temp., ml ml min. min. C 31 0,5 0,5 145 150 122 32 1 0,5 62 67 124 33 2,4 0,5 17 20 132 34 3 0.5 14 17 130 35 1 0.35 66 69 125 36 1 0.2; 75 78 136 37 1 0.1 120 130 125 Example X To 25 g of the resin of Example I the following additions were made, in the order as given: 0.25 ml of a solution of cobaltoctoate in dioctylphthalate, which contained 1 % wt. of vanadium, 0.5 ml of acetone, and 1 ml of a 50 % wt. solution of methylethylketoneperoxide in dimethylphthalate. The gel time was 1 minute, the peak time 65 minutes. The peak temperature was 135 C. Example XI, not according to the invention Various compounds were examined for their activity as copromoter in combination with the resin of Example I. To 25 g of the resin the following additions were made, in the order as given: 3 ml of a solution of 0.26 g of vanadylacetylacetonate in 49.74 g of dimethylphthalate, the co-promoter, and 1 ml of methylethylketoneperoxide (50 % solon. in dimethylphthalate). The following compounds were examined as co-promoters (amounts added are given in brackets): dimethylaniline (200 mg), triphenylamine (200 mg), triethylphosphate (1 ml), dimethylformamide (1 ml), 2-nitro- propane (1 ml), triphenylphosphine (200 mg), pyridine (1 ml), ethylenediamine (1 ml), dibutylphosphate (0.5 ml), sodiumbenzenesulphinate (50 mg). In none of these experiments did gelation occur within 2 hours. Some mixtures showed gelation after a period of 12 hours or more. Example XII An unsaturated polyester was prepared by polycondensation of 614 parts of maleic acid anhydride, 232 parts of phtale acid anhydride and 895 parts of neopentylglycol. 60 parts of the resulting polyester, having an acid number of 21, were dissolved in 40 parts of vinylpivalate. Samples of 25 g of this composition were cold-cured with the aid of curing systems consisting of 1 ml of a 60 wt % solution of methylethyl ketone peroxide in dimethylphtalate, varying amounts of a solution of vanadylacetylacetonate in methylene chloride (0,3 wt % V as element) and a solution of cobaltoctoate in dioctylphtalate (0,25 wt % Co as element), acetylacetone and a carboxylic acid. In addition to the gel-time, peaktime and peaktemperature the tackiness of the surface, which is an indication of the degree of surface-curing, was determined too. The conditions and results are shown in table 8. expt V-sol'n Co-sol'n acetyl- acid gel peak peka tacki ml ml acetone grams, time time temp ness ml jpe min min C t 41 0,85 - - 0 2 hours 5 42 0,85 - 1 - 12 14 146 3 43 0,85 0,15 1 - 22 24 144 1 44 0,85 0,15 1 0,3 TCA 8 11 138 0 45 0,85 0,15 1 0,7 TCA 6,5 9 136 1 46 0,50 0,50 1 1,4 TCA 9,5 13 130 0 47 0,85 0,15 1 1,0 MA 14 17 146 0 48 0,85 0,15 0,5 0,7 MA 7 11 116 0 49 0,85 0,15 0,5 - 20 22 144 1 50 0,50 0,50 0,5 1,4 MA 16 19 138 1 t tackiness is graded on a scale of O to 5, in which 0 = dry, completely cured, 1 = slightly tacky 3 = thin liquid layer on the surface, 5 = no curing at all within an acceptable time span AT TEA = trichloroacetic acid MA = maleic acid not not according to the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS 1Process for the cold hardening of a hardenable composition based on an unsaturated polyester and one or more monomers copolymerizable therewith, by means of a hardening system consisting of an organic peroxide, a metal compound soluble in the composition to be hardened, and a co-accelerator, this process being characterized in that as monomer at least one vinyl ester is applied, and use is made of a hardening system consisting of a ketoneperoxide, a vanadium compound, and an enolizable ss -diketo compound as co-accelerator. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the vanadium compound is used in an amount corresponding to 0.01-0.05 mmoles of vanadium per 100 g of polyester and monomer. 3. Process according to claims 1-2, characterized in that the vanadium compound is selected from the group formed by the vanadyl salts of C2 20 carboxylic acids and vanadyl complexes with diketo compounds. 4. Process according to claims 1-3, characterized in that the enolizable diketo compound is used in an amount of from 25 to 150 moles per mole of vanadium. 5. Process according to claims 1-4, characterized in that the diketo compound used is acetylacetone. 6. Process according to claims 1-5, characterized in that to the harden able composition an addition is made of one or more non complexing saturated or unsaturated carboxylic-acid compounds with 2-20 carbon atoms, in an amount of up to 50 meq. C00H per 100 g of polyester. 7. Process according to claims 1-5, characterised in that a hardening system is used which contains, in addition to theketone peroxide, the vanadium compound and the 4-diketocompound, also a cobaltcompound in an amount of between 5 and 150 wt % of cobalt (elemental) based on the vanadium (elemental) and a non-complexing C2-20 carboxylic acid in an effective amount not exceeding 50 mq C00H per 100 g of polyestercomposition. 8. Process according to claim 7, characterised in that the cobalt compound is used in an amount corresponding to between 15 and 75wt% of cobalt based on vandium and the carboxytic acid is used in an amount corresponding to between 0,5 and 10 mq COOH per 100 g of polyester composition. 9. Process according to one or more of claims 6-8, characterised in that the carboxylic acid is maleic acid. 10. Object made by hardening of a hardenable composition based on an unsaturated polyester and at least one copolymerizable vinyl ester, by the process according to one or more of the claims 1-9.

Inventors: FROEHLING, PETER ERNST, MUSKENS, BERNARDUS JOHANNA
Applicants: SYNRES INTERNATIONAAL B.V.
Application year: 1980
Main classification: C08F299
IPC codes: C08F299