COLD BONDING MINERAL PELLETIZATION

Abstract: Mineral fines are agglomerated by pelletizing a mixture of mineral fines and raw starch and then gelatinizing the starch. Alternatively gelatinized starch is added to the mineral fines and the mixture is pelletized. The pellets are dried or allowed to dry yielding pellets of adequate strength without the need to fire the pellets.

Description: COLD BONDING MINERAL PELLETIZATIO Technical Field This invention relates to a cold bonding process for pelietizing particles and more particularly for pelietizing ore fines. The invention/will herein be described with particular reference to its use in pelietizing iron ores, but it will be understood not to be limited to use in agglomerating that material. Background Art Since the 1950's, pelietizing has been widely practised as a method of agglomerating iron ore fines as an aid to materials handling and transport. The first large plant in the U.S.A. with a capacity in excess of 6 million tons per annum commenced operation in 1955 and by 1975 iron ore pellet production in the U.S.A was almost 60 million tons per annum. Pelietizing plants are now operated in many countries including Australia to facilitate intra and international transport of iron ores and their use in steel making. The most widely used process is known as the "Fired Pellet", "Indurated" or "Hot Bonding" process and consists of two distinct operations; forming pellets at atmospheric temperature and then firing them at high temperature by which is meant a temperature in the region of 2350°F (1300°C) . In the first operation the pellets are first formed by rolling moist fine ore in either a horizontal drum, or more usually an inclined disk, to form spheres known as "green balls" or pellets. At this stage the pellets are required to have adequate strength to withstand handling to the firing stage and sometimes a minimum quantity of an inorganic or an organic binder is added to assist in achieving such adequate strength. In the second operation the pellets are fired. Firing is normally carried out in shaft furnaces, rotary kilns or travelling grate furnaces using gas or oil as fuel. The resulting fired pellets are typically spheroidal, of approximately 14-15 mm diameter, and have a cold compression strength of approximately of 500 p.s.i. "Cold compression strength" as herein used is a term familiar to those skilled in the art and is a measure of the load required to be applied to cause crushing of a substantially spherical pellet of predetermined diameter placed between two plates of an Instron tester or the like. As such they may be repeatedly bulk handled for example in loading to railway cars, unloading of railway cars, at port facilities, at steel works and the like, and withstand the rigours of transportion in bulk. By virtue of the scale of throughput required by the industry, the capital investment in equipment necessary for the firing stage of pelietizing is major, and the energy consumption is high. The fuel costs of operating a typical installation are said to total millions of dollars per annum. Many attempts have been made to find alternative agglomeration processes and in particular processes which would avoid the necessity for firing. To date no I such process has proved satisfactory. The general requirements for good quality agglomerates include sufficient strength for handling and for long distance transportation, .the ability to withstand outside storage without substantial detrimental effects, and complete reducibility in iron and steel furnaces without premature degradation or excessive swelling. Numerous so called cold bonding processes have been developed in which inorganic binders such as cement, lime, magnesia, clays, bentonites and the like, or organic binder materials such as tars, petroleum residues, waxes, flours, paper industry by-products and polymers have been employed. In general the resulting pellets have been either too expensive to produce and/or have been deficient in strength, impact resistance or abrasion resistance. None of the organic and few of the inorganic binder cold bonding processes have warranted commercial production usage and of the latter none has achieved widespread acceptance. An objective of the present invention is therefore to provide a method for pelietizing ore fines which avoids the necessity to fire the pellets at high temperature while producing pellets of sufficient strength to permit handling, transportation and use in the manner usual for fired pellets. A further objective is to produce pellets which, while not fired, are commercially acceptable as, substitutes for pellets produced by the Fired Pellet i process. To be commercially acceptable the pellets should be cost competitive, desirably have satisfactory strength, for example a compressive strength of the order of 300 p.s.i. or higher, and for preference should be capable of manufacture in existing green ball forming equipment, ideally without significant modification of the operating conditions thereof. Those objectives are achieved in preferred embodiments of the present invention by addition of a raw starch to the ore fines, pelietizing the resulting mixture substantially in accordance with the normal procedure for forming green balls, and subsequently gelatinizing the starch in situ. Hitherto raw starch has sometimes been added to ores prior to pelietizing as a binder. As previously indicated binders may be added during the first stage of the fired pellet process for insuring that the green pellets have sufficient strength and abrasion resistance to withstand handling to the firing stage. However the OMPI resulting green balls have had a compres-sive strength typically of 10 lbs. that is to say one twentieth that typical of fired pellets, and have no merchantable utility until fired at 1200°C. In some cases binders consisting of bentonite and/or clays have employed minor amounts (for example one quarter percent by weight of iron ore) of gelatinized starch. However the gelatinized starch was then present for the purpose of lubricating the binding composition and those binders were used ' prior to firing rather than as a substitute for firing. It has not previously been proposed to use gelatinized starch as a binder instead of firing or to gelatinize starch in situ. Disclosure of Invention According to one aspect the invention consists in a method for agglomerating mineral fines comprising the steps of: (a) pelietizing a mixture comprising mineral fines and raw starch, (b) treating the pellets so as substantially to gelatinize the starch, and (c) drying the pellets or allowing the pellets to dry. According to a second aspect the invention consists in a process acording to the first aspect wherein the said step of treating comprises heating the pellets for a time and at a temperature and in the presence of moisture sufficient substantially to gelatinize said starch. According to a third aspect the invention consists in a pellet comprising mineral fines and gelatinized starch. Best Mode of Carrying out the Invention By way of example only embodiments of the invention will now be described. To the iron ore already ground to give a particle size distribution profile suitable for pelietizing is added some raw starch. While any starch may be used for example a tapioca starch, corn starch or potato starch, wheat starch has been found to give generally stronger pellets. It has been found that as the chain length of the starch molecules is shortened, the cold compression strength of the pellets obtained decreases. The amount of starch required is a compromise between cost of the starch, strength of the final pellet and decreased ore value. In practice a concentration of from 0.5% to 10%, and more preferably from 3 to 7% is found to be a satisfactory compromise. The starch may for example be added to the ore prior to feeding the ore to a balling drum or balling disk or may be added via the balling spray water during pelietizing. Pelietizing is carried out in the normal manner with water being added as appropriate to the ore during this operation. The amount of water is of no special importance to the invention, the amount used being that OMP Vw/InP- required for satisfactory pelietizing. In practice for iron ore the amount of water would be about 10% by weight of the ore, but with other minerals, for example diatomite, water amounting to over 100% of the weight of the ore may be required. After pelietizing, the green balls are transferred to a suitable container and are heated in order to gelatinize the starch. The temperature and time required varies with the source of the starch, the size of the pellets, final strength desired, the amount of water in the pellets and the nature of the ore. In the case of iron ore, and using a wheat starch, pellets of merchantable size processed at a temperature of around 100°C in an atmosphere of high humidity will attain 90% of the maximum cold compression strength in about 10 minutes, maximum strength being attained in about 1 hour. The pellets are then dried, for example by allowing them to dry in air at ambient temperature. Dried iron ore pellets of 14 mm diameter and having an average cold compression strength of about 400 lbs. are produced when a wheat starch is used in the above method at a weight of about 4%% on the weight of the balling feed ore. If the dry pellets are allowed to equilibrate against atmospheric moisture, the cold compression strength will decrease to about 3/4 at worst of the dry pellet cold compression strength. The original compression strength is recovered if the pellets are again dried. In another embodiment of the invention gelatinized starch is balled with the ore and then dried. In this case the gelatinized starch can be added via the balling spray during pelletization. However gelatinized spray feeds tend to be rather viscous and difficult to handle and furthermore are surface active and tend to cause changes in the operation of the balling equipment. Introduction of the starch as raw starch and subsequent gelatinization in situ is preferred among other reasons, because the balling parameters remain unaltered and the pelletization machinery can be operated in substantially conventional manner, and because of the comparative difficulties of handling gelatinized starch. The strength of the product of the process is sufficient to enable us of the products as a substitute for pellets produced by the Fired Pellet process for most, if not all, purposes. The process step of gelatinization may be carried out in equipment which is simple, of low capital cost and with low energy consumption in comparison with furnaces required for the Fired Pellet process and by virtue that firing in a kiln or furnace is rendered unnecessary, considerable reduction in the capital investment and operating cost is obtained in comparison with the Fired Pellet process. Moreover pellets prepared by the method of the invention have a low moisture content at atmosphere equilibrium in comparison for example with iron ore to which water has been added for international shipment to prevent dust pollution. While gelatinization by means of heat is preferred, chemicals or enzymes may be added or the starch may be modified to promote gelatinization and in this case methods are for preference chosen which minimize chain shortening. The process may be applied in the agglomeration of a wide range of mineral ores and artificial mixtures of organic and inorganic powders, bag house dust and the like. By way of further example Table I illustrates the cold compression strength of pellets of various mineral fines prepared in a manner similar to that described for iron ore and according to the invention. It will be appreciated that for many practical purposes the pellet need only be sufficiently strong to survive handling in an intended application. Absolute strength is a function of the size and composition of the pellet. Thus in the case of Diato ite fines the pellet compression strength is limited by the strength of the diatomite ore. If greater strength is required fibrous reinforcing materials may be added as well as the binder. Pelletized innoculants, hot toppings and steel additives are subjected to limited handling and the requirement for compression strength is not as severe as in the case of iron ore fines. OMFI /., IPO It will be understood that the examples described herein are in no way limiting and that the order of the steps and the relative concentrations and conditions may be altered to an extent which will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concept described. Industrial Applicability The invention is applicable to the manufacture of (1) pellets for handling of a wide range of ores (2) pellets containing smelting additives (3) pellets containing alloy additives and the like (4) pellets for use in hot toppings (5) pellets for handling mineral waste fines and is also of use in other industrial applications. TABLE 1 Mineral %wt by Pellet Pellet Cold weight of Diameter Compression Starch Strength (lbs) Diatomite fines (dust collector 10 % 7.5 mm 20 fines & sieve throughs) 11 5% 7.! 55 mm 30 Clay fines 5% 6 mm 16 II 5% 9 mm 30 Hot topping mix 5% 6 mm 30 Iron Smelting Inoculants 5% 12 mm • 65 Ca bon-Ferro- chrome fines . for use in 5% 7 mm 100 steel making Ferrosilicon fines for steel making 5% 6 mm 21 Iron Ore fines 5% 13 mm 321 (balling grade) 5% 15 mm 447 5% 17 mm 540

Claims: THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWSr- 1. A method for agglomerating mineral fines characterized by the steps of: (a) pelietizing a mixture comprising mineral fines and raw starch, (b) treating the pellets so as substantially to gelatinize the starch, and (c) drying the pellets or allowing the pellets to dry. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the raw starch is added to the mineral fines prior to said step of pelletising. 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim.2 wherein said step of treating comprises heating the pellets for a time and at a temperature and in the presence of moisture sufficient substantially to gelatinize said starch. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein said step of treating is conducted at a temperature in the range of 70 C to 170°C and in an atmosphere of high humidity. 5. A method according to claim 4 when conducted at a temperature in the range of from 75°C to 100°C. 6. A method for agglomerating mineral fines characterized by the steps of: (a) adding a gelatinized starch to mineral fines. (b) forming the resulting mixture into pellets. (c) drying the pellets or allowing the pellets to dry. OMP /., V. ' IP 7. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 6 wherein the starch is a wheat starch. 8. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 6 wherein said starch comprises from 0.5% to 10% by weight of the pellet. 9. A method according to claim 8 wherein said starch comprises from 3% to 7% by weight of the pellet. 10. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2,. 6 and 8 wherein said mineral fines are iron ore fines. 11. A pellet characterized by comprising mineral fines and gelatinized starch. 12. A pellet according to claim 11 comprising iron ore fines and having when dry a cold compression strength in excess of 300 lbs. 13. A pellet according to claim 11 further characterized in that said starch comprises from 0.5% to 10% by weight of the pellet. 14. A pellet according to claim 13 wherein said starch comprises from 3% to 7% by weight of the pellet. 15. A method according to claim 1 substantially as herein described.

Inventors: GRAHAM R
Applicants: GRAHAM R, LOVE IND PTY LTD N B, NB LOVE IND PTY LTD
Application year: 1980
Main classification: C22B1
IPC codes: C22B1