A method of using a filament for manufacturing a suture or ligature

Abstract: This invention provides synthetic non-absorbable su­ tures and ligatures comprised of block copolymers which may be represented by the following general formula: where R and R₁ are the same or different straight or branched chain alkyl groups of 1 to 9 carbon atoms; R₂ is selected from phenylene and cyclohexylene; and n is the number of repeat­ ing units and is defined by R, R₁ and R₂ and the total moleuclar weight of the copolymer; and the block (B) comprising from about 30% to 95% ofthe copolymer. The sutures and ligatures are preferably in monofilamentary form.

Description: The medical profession is continuously seeking more satisfactory sutures to be used in closing wounds, whether such wounds are incisions from operations, or tears, cuts or abrasions from accidental or other causes. Many materials have been suggested for use as sutures. Sutures are divided into two broad classes, the absorbable sutures, such as catgut or polyglycolic acid sutures, which are absorbed by the body tissues, and nonabsorbable sutures which either remain in the tissues in substantially their original form for prolonged periods or are removed from the skin surfaces after the underlying tissues have been healed. For non-absorbable sutures many materials have been suggested which range from cotton and silk through various synthetic filaments such as polypropylene to stainless steel or nickel or other metallic filaments. Other things being equal, the medical profession usually prefers the suture which is strongest. In spite of many disadvantages stainless steel has met with considerable acceptance because of its extremely high tensile strength. Such plastics material as polypropylene are meeting currently with considerable commercial acceptance because of comparatively high tensile strength and because of other advantages over stainless steel. Additionally, the suture material needs good handling characteristics. The handling characteristics of a suture, as a general statement, are difficult to define but should include a high degree of flexibility. Handling characteristics also include knot strength and knot security; that is, the suture must have such characteristics that a knot can be tied in the suture. Some materials are so brittle that if a suture made from them is knotted, the strength of the suture is markedly reduced. For some materials an over-hand knot in a strand can reduce the strength of the strand by a factor of two or more. In addition to knot strength, the suture should have such characteristics that the knot when tied remains in position. Also, the suture should be "throwable" so that when the free end is placed in position by the surgeon it will remain in that position until moved. Similarly, the suture should have such characteristics that it can be thrown or moved from side to side and yet retain the position into which it is thrown. A surgical suture comprising a high degree of tensile strength with a high degree of flexibility is therefore needed in the medical profession. A polypropylene monofilament suture is one attempt at solving this need. The tensile strength of this suture is good when compared to stainless steel; however the flexibility of the suture, though better than stainless steel, is still considered to be stiff and springy. A polyurethane suture is another attempt. The primary advantage of this suture is its very high degree of flexibility. However, polyurethane sutures have low tensile strength and extremely high elongations at break which make them unsatisfactory for general wound closure methods. Other attempts include the braiding of materials with a high tensile strength but a low degree of flexibility. Polyethylene terephthalate is an example of a suture material with a satisfactory tensile strength after braiding and an increased degree of flexibility. A monofilament suture is generally preferred in most surgical procedures to a braided suture because of the reduced tissue drag of the monofilament. Also, in skin suturing a monofilament suture is generally preferred because it is usually less susceptible to capillary action than a braided suture. The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a suture or ligature as defined in the main claim. A surgical suture or ligature wherein the polymeric block (B) comprises from 50% to 85% of the copolymer is preferred, with the most preferred content of block (B) being from 55% to 80%. A surgical suture or ligature described above wherein R is selected from ethylene, propylene. Within the scope of this invention is a surgical suture or ligature described above and having an attached needle. As noted above, the suture or ligature of this invention may be in monofilament form or it may be of a braided or twisted construction. For reasons already explained, monofilament sutures and ligatures are however preferred. By means of this invention it is possible, in preferred embodiments, to provide a monofilament suture or ligature which has good flexibility and fatigue life and high tensile strength. More particularly, we can provide a monofilament suture or ligature which has approximately the following characteristics: Straight Pull, pounds per square inch At least about 50,000 Knot Pull, pounds per square inch At least about 35,000 Flexual Modulus, pounds per square inch Less than about 3.5 x 10⁵ Flexual Fatigue, cycles to failure At least about 1,000 Elongation at break, percent Less than about 100% Draw ratio Between about 5x and 10x A surgical suture or ligature wherein the elongation at break percent is between about 25 and 55 is preferred. Also within the scope of this invention is a surgical suture package comprising a sterile enclosure and within which is a non-absorbable sterile surgical suture or ligature of this invention, as described above. Preferred monofilament sutures and ligatures of this invention combine the advantages of a braided suture material (i.e., flexibility and knot security) with those of a monifilament suture material (i.e., smooth surface, low tissue drag, inertness, and ease of knot run down). The structures of the block copolymers used in this invention may be represented by the following general formula: wherein R and R₁ are the same or different straight or branched chain alkyl groups of 1 to 9 carbon atoms; R₂ is selected from phenylene and cyclohexylene; and n is the number of repeating units and is defined by R, R₁ and R₂ and the total molecular weight of the copolymer. In the polymeric block A, for example, polyethylene oxide or polybutylene oxide may constitute the soft segment of the block copolymer. In the polymeric block B, for example, polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate may constitute the hard segment of the block copolymer. In order to have the desired qualities of flexibility and high tensile strength, the sutures and ligatures of this invention must be formed from a copolymeric mixture of blocks A and B, wherein the hard segment B constitutes 30 - 95% of the mixture, and as already noted the B component should preferably constitute 50 - 85%, most preferably 55 - 80% of the copolymer. Generally, the soft segment A is derived from a (tetramethylene ether)glycol having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 500 - 3000 may be used. The total number average molecular weight of the block polyether-esters is about 25 - 30,000. The hard segment B can be derived from (1) a diacid, for example, (a) terephthalic acid, or, (b) 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, or (c) from the dimethyl esters of these acids; and, (2) A short chain glycol, for example, (a) a linear or branched chain glycol of 2 to 10 carbon atoms; and preferably of 4 carbon atoms, or (b) 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, or (c) 1,4- bis (hydroxymethyl)benzene The reaction product of (1) and (2) forms the hard segment B. Methods for preparing these block copolymers are known in the art. See, e.g., Belgium Patent 832,445 issued December 1, 1975; German Offen. 2,265,320 published May 6th, 1977 and German Offen. 2,265,294 published April 21, 1977. Sutures and ligatures can be formed from the block copolymers described in this application by conventional extrusion and drawing techniques. Generally, the extruded filaments are drawn from 5 to 10 times the original length of the undrawn extruded strand, preferably from 6 to 8 times, and this draw is preferably effected in two stages. If desired, the drawn filament may be subjected to conventional post-treatments, e.g. heating at constant length at, say, about 185 o C.. The sutures and ligatures formed from the block copolymers in accordance with this invention can be sterilized by a variety of methods recognized in the art including exposure to a gaseous sterilizing agent such as ethylene oxide, and exposure to radiation of gamma rays. However, the sutures of this invention cannot generally be sterilized by exposure to heat because the flexible properties of the sutures may be adversely affected. The sutures of this invention can, if desired, be colored by mechanically blending with a pigment. Pigments such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide or carbon black give identifiable colors. Other colored pigments which do not cause deleterious tissue reactions may also be used to impart color to the strands. Sutures formed from the block copolymers in accordance with this invention were tested for toxicity by placing two 4 cm. segments on each of three plates of HEp-2 cell culture. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 36 o C., stained with crystal violet and checked for degeneration of the cell monolayer in the area of the suture segment. None of the suture segments tested showed any evidence of cytotoxicity. The sutures were also tested in mice by the Systemic Injection Test according to the U.S.P. Biological Test for Plastic Containers No. 19. The sutures were subjected to an extraction procedure and the extractant was injected into mice. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the test animals. For use as sutures, and ligatures, any size may be used, depending upon the preference of the surgeon. In the United States, the more common standard sizes are defined in the United States Pharmacopeia (which is abbreviated U.S.P.) as follows: (see United States Pharmacopeia Convention, Inc., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.): U.S.P. Size U.S.P. Diameter (inches max.) 6-0 0.004 5-0 0.006 4-0 0.008 3-0 0.010 00 0.013 0 0.016 The results of tests conducted to compare three types of non-absorbable sutures: (1) Dermalon ®, a nylon suture manufactured by American Cyanamid Company, Wayne, New Jersey; and (2) Surgilene ®, a polypropylene suture of American Cyanamid Company, Wayne, New Jersey, and (3) the copolymers of this invention are disclosed in the following examples. EXAMPLE 1 A copolyester composed of a polytetramethylene oxide soft segment (MW = 1000) and a poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) hard segment and containing 58 ± 2% of the hard segment is extruded at 230 o -245 o C. with a collection of extrudate at about 25 feet per minute. A two stage draw was used an 8X draw at 160 o C in zone 1 and 1.1X draw at 120 o C in zone 2 for a total draw of 8.8X (where X is the original length of the undrawn strand). The properties of this size 3/0 USP fiber (0.245mm) are described in the Table below. EXAMPLE 2 A copolyester composed of the hard and soft segments of Example 1 but with a content of 76% hard segment is extruded at 230 o -245 o C. A two stage draw is used where zone 1 is at 165 o C. and drawn 2X and zone 2 is drawn 3.5X at 150 o C. for a total draw of 7.0X. The properties of this size 3/0 U.S.P. fiber (0.231 mm) are described in the Table below. EXAMPLE 3 A copolyester composed of the hard and soft segments of Example 1, but with a content of 66% hard segment is extruded at 230 o -245 o C. A two stage draw is used where Zone 1 is at 320 o F and drawn 2X and Zone 2 is at 320 o F and drawn at 4.1 for a total draw of 8.2X. The fiber is then heated at constant length at 185 o C for 10 minutes. The properties of this fiber (0.195 mm diameter) are described in the Table below.

Claims: A method of using a filament formed by extrusion of a block copolymer containing polymeric blocks (A) and polymeric blocks (B), wherein the polymeric blocks (A) consist of a polyalkylene ether having a number average molecular weight of from 500-3000 and have the formula: wherein R is a straight or branched chain alkylene group of from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, R₂ is 1,4-phenylene or cyclohexylene and n is the number of repeating units; and wherein the polymeric blocks (B) are the reaction product of (i) an aromatic dicarboxylic acid or a cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acid and (ii) a short chain aliphatic or cycloaliphatic diol, and have the formula: wherein R₁ is a straight or branched chain alkylene group of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a cyclic group having the formula: and R₂ is 1,4-phenylene or cyclohexylene: said polymeric blocks (B) constituting from 30 to 95 percent of said copolymer, said copolymer having a number average molecular weight of from about 25,000 to 30,000, for manufacturing a non-absorbable sterile surgical suture or ligature by drawing the filament for adjusting the tensile strength as defined by a straight pull to a value of at least 3515 kg/cm² (50,000 psi) and the flexual modulus to a value of less than 24610 kg/cm² (3.5 x 10⁵ Psi) and by subsequent sterilization and packaging. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that subsequent to the drawing step, the filament is annealed. A method of use according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymeric block (B) constitutes from 50 % to 85% of the copolymer. A method according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the polymeric block (B) constitutes from 55 to 80 % of the copolymer. A method according to the preceding claims, characterized in that R is propylene and R₁ is butylene. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that R₂ is 1,4-phenylene. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the suture or ligature is produced in monofilament form. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the filament is attached to a needle. A method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the suture or ligature is packaged in a sterile enclosure.

Inventors: KAPLAN DONALD SAMUEL, KAPLAN, DONALD SAMUEL
Applicants: AMERICAN CYANAMID CO, AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY
Application year: 1979
Main classification: A61L17
IPC codes: A61L17