PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS APPARATUS

Abstract: A programmable controller system for controlling industrial processes in which the system includes a central processing unit including a random or other access memory, a programming tape (120) a tape reader (202) for sensing computer data bits on the programming tape and connected to the processing unit for storing the data bits in memory, and means for correcting I/O devices to the processing unit, wherein a work sheet (90) is employed that is arranged for manual marking of the program process steps in terms of I/O functions thereon in sequentially consecutive binary notation fashion computer data word form, in the order of sequence of the process steps. The tape (120) is a ribbon that is delineated to have applied to same the work sheet computer data word indicia in modularized group or set form, in which groups or sets the computer data words for the consecutive process steps are sequentially arranged transversely of the tape, with succeeding groups or sets following in sequential order, with the work sheet computer data word indicia being manually marked on the tape binary notation system fashion, and the reader (202) being arranged for pull through application of the tape therethrough and for sensing the tape markings in consecutive word group or set form, with continuous manually induced movement of the tape through the reader, for storing of the computer word sets in the controller memory for controlling the process through the controller central processing unit.

Description: Description PROGR-UV-MAB E CONTROLLER SYSTEM FOR .--N3M.ER.rAl. Mόό-ESSi H>AbAiPI?s This invention relates to programmable controllers, and more particularly, to apparatus for controlling the operation of industrial processing equipment. Control systems with electro-mechanical relays for many years were the mainstay of automated industrial systems. Despite such problems as contact wear, coil burnout, mechani¬ cal failures, trouble shooting difficulties, and relatively large space requirements, relay systems became widely accepted and understood in the world of machine control. Programmable controllers have come into common use in recent years to avoid the need of using traditional electro¬ mechanical relay logic circuitry of the older forms of indus¬ trial process control systems. A typical programmable controller consists of one or more input modules, one or more output modules, one or more memory modules, and a processor, usually referred to as the central processing unit. The input module converts the status condition of the process variables into electrical signals that can be understood by the programmable controller. The output module converts the commands issued by the central processing unit into signals that can actuate or deactuate corresponding machine devices; it usually consists of solid state switches operated through the output interface to con¬ trol power to the desired external devices. The memory module contains the instructions that repre¬ sent the systems control circuitry and the action that is to be taken in response to each condition of the input devices. Various memory types, as well as methods to prepare and insert the instructions that are employed by the program¬ mable controller manu cturers, are available. The central processing unit supervises the other sections of the system. Typically, the processor performs logical comparisons on the inputs and outputs in response to instructions in its memory, and it energizes or deenergizes outputs as a result of these comparisons. More recently, LSI (large scale integration) devices have been devised in extremely small size to perform the functions of the central processing unit; these have become generally known as microprocessors. Typically, the micro¬ processor is contained on a single IC (integrated circuit) chip, though in some cases the microprocessor is made up of two, three or even more, such chips. The programming of microprocessors has commonly been done by way of the familiar ladder diagram, which is entered into the controller through a variety of formats. A common data entry format is the CRT (cathode ray tube display) used as an accessory to the keyboard terminal, which provides a full alphanumeric and special function keyboard. The CRT allows one to see the ladder diagram as interpreted by the controller, and the alphanumeric keyboard provides for a large range of special notations, comments, and notes. In addition to the ladder diagram form of entry, the programmer can also program with Boolean algebraic equations and assembly language. The Boolean orm is the mathematical expression of the ladder diagram, and assembly language is simply the language the microprocessor uses to communicate. A major disadvantage inherent in conventional program¬ mable controllers has been the need to have available the services of a highly trained programmer familiar with ladder diagram technology. Further, since conventional systems with out battery back up may lose their data base should there be an electrical shut down, and restoration of the data base frequently involves time consuming procedures requiring the services of the highly specialized programmer before produc¬ tion can be resumed. A principal object of this invention is to provide a programmable controller system, apparatus and method that eliminates the need for highly skilled programming personnel to operate programmable controllers, and permit the program¬ ming to be efficiently done by personnel who operate the industrial processing equipment involved, but have no special programming experience or training. Another principal object of the invention is to provide a programmable controller : arrangement and method utilizing the binary numbering system wherein the I/O programming is made up in computer word form for each processing step, and the resulting computer words are stored and retrieved in sequential form in a manner that permits ready revision of the program without costly shutdowns, and by the personnel operating the processing equipment, without the need to call in highly skilled programmers. Yet another principal object of the invention is to eliminate the need for the practice of the ladder diagram technology in preparing programming materials and substitute for that the preparation of a simple work sheet that organi¬ zes the I/O data in computer word, binary numbering system oriented form, .and the storing of such computer words util¬ izing manual marking techniques for incorporating the compu¬ ter word data on a tape that provides both a vehicle for inserting the data involved in the controller memory through the use of tape reader technology, as well as a preservable but changeable record of the program so stored. Another important object of the invention is to provide reliable programmable controller programming equipment of greatly reduced cost and ease of use, and which requires no special training or experience to use with facility. Other objects, uses, and advantages will be obvious or become apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description and the application drawings in which like refer¬ ence numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views. In the drawings: Figure 1 illustrates the layout of a typical work sheet in accordance with the practice of the invention; Figure 2 diagrammatically illustrates one form of man¬ ually markable tape that may be employed in connection with the invention with the tape illustrated being adapted or manual marking with electrically conductive inking or pencil for electrical sensing of the programming data involved; -BUREATT OMPI Figure 3 illustrates a simplified and improved tape and reader arranged in accordance with the present invention, with the reader being shown in plan from the cover side of same and the tape being illustrated in the process of being manually pulled through the reader; Figure 4 is a diagrammatic exploded perspective view of the component parts of the reader, as viewed from the cover side of same; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the underside of the reader housing body showing in outline the circuit board that is to be applied to same showing several of the contact fingers displaced therefrom; Figure 6 is a side elevational view of one of the con¬ tact pins on an enlarged scale; Figure 7 is a fragmental transverse cross-sectional view along a section line extending longitudinally of the reader slideway illustrating a pair of adjacent feeler con¬ tacts operatively engaged by one of the tape channel manual markings; and, Figure 8 is a diagrammatic plan view illustrating the tape and circuit board of the reader oriented in operative relation (as viewed from the under side of circuit board as shown in Figure 4) to better illustrate the manner in which the tape manual markings become operatively associated with the reader contacts. GENERAL DESCRIPTION A programmable controller embodying the principles of my invention of said application may take the form of a pro¬ cessor operated from a suitable control panel and having operably associated with same a memory register and a tape reader, with the processor being connected by a suitable data base to the output and input modules that usually take the form of suitable input and output boards. A typical layout of such an arrangement is shown in Fugure 10 of my U.S.A. application Serial No. 779,579, filed March 21, 1977. In a practical embodiment, the processor may be, for instance, either a Fairchild F-8 microprocessor or an Intel 8θ8θ microprocessor, both of which employ eight bit central processing units. A byte oriented memory is preferred and this preferably is of the random access (RAM) type (and thus is a "read/write memory") arranged as diagrammatically illus¬ trated in Figure 11 of my said application. However, sequen¬ tial access type arrangements such as disc, tape or bubble memory may be employed. To facilitate an understanding of how the tape disclosed in the instant application is applicable to the work sheet that is prepared in accordance with the practice of the invention, Figure 1 illustrates the laying out of the program of a process for making molds for investment casting that is outlined in my said application, to which reference may be had for a diagrammatic illustration of such process. Thus, in accordance with the practice of the invention, the various inputs and outputs for controlling the operation of the processing equipment involved are itemized in their sequence of operation related to the various individual steps that are to take place. In the specific case disclosed in said application, this itemization would be concerned with the individual consecutive steps that the machine involved goes through in processing the individual mold clusters from start to finish. With this information at hand, the work sheet 90 of Figure 1 is prepared. The work sheet 90 comprises a suitable substrate 92 that is formed or delineated on one side or face of same to define across the top 'of same a control zone 94 having an input and output subzone 6 - a resolution subzone 98, and a timing or counting subzone 100. Zone 94 is interposed between the spaced apart vertically disposed tape locater columns or zones 102 and 104. Work sheet 90 is also formed to define or delineate a step zone 106 that in the form shown extends across the left hand end of the substrate 92. The work sheet 90 is further delineated to define in the control zone 94 a plurality of vertical columns 108 that are to extend to the lower edge of the work sheet, while the step zone 106 defines a plurality of horizontal channels 110 which are extended across the work sheet to the right hand edge of same and in intersecting relation with the columns 108. The intersecting columns 108 and channels 110 lie in the work sheet computer word zone 112 wherein the intersecting columns 108 and channels 110 define a plurality of data bit receiving blanks 114 that are adapted to be manually marked in accordance with the practice of the invention. In utilizing the work sheet 90, the inputs and outputs involved in a particular program are listed across the input and output zone 9 in the manner suggested in Figure 1, while the consecutive steps to be sequentially followed in operating the apparatus controlled by the program in question are listed in consecutive channels 110 within the step zone 106. Thus, each input and output is assigned a vertical column 108 while each step of the process to be controlled is assigned a chan¬ nel 110. While the process steps must be listed in sequen¬ tial order (that is, in the order in which they occur) , the listing of the inputs and outputs need not be in any particu¬ lar order. The resolution subzone 98 in the form shown may be pro¬ vided for working time delays into the procedure, while the time or counting subzone 110 is concerned with providing the controlling data that starts the program action when the pro¬ grammer is put into operation and also may provide for no operation of a particular step and a going immediately to the next step, or possibly reserving a step for later insertion in the program. Steps removed from the program can be re¬ placed with data indicating no operation. This aspect of the system will be determined in light of known technology on this subject by the ' nature of the machinery to be controlled and the type and nature of the process involved. The work sheet tape locater zones 102 and 104 preferably have formed in same for each channel 110 the respective indicia 103 and 105 that are to indicate the ends of the respective computer words to be formed by using channels 110 and manually marking same, as will now be discussed. With the work sheet 90 laid out in the manner indicated, and the operator, having in mind the steps to be performed in the process, the sequence of the steps, the inputs and outputs involved, and other control features that may be necessary or desirable, including the aforementioned resolu¬ tion and timing or counting, can manually mark the work sheet 90, in the area of the spaces 114, to indicate, utilizing the binary notation system, when something is to happen. Assum¬ ing that spaces 114 left blank mean nothing is to happen and spaces 114 suitably marked indicate that some control action is to be taken (which is comparable to the zero and the "1" of the binary system) , the engineer having determined what is to happen with reference to the various machinery compo¬ nents being controlled during the operation of the method, can mark the appropriate blank spaces 114 accordingly, as by employing the letter "x" (as indicated), a check mark, or the like. In accordance with the invention of said application, the portions of the channels 110 extending between the tape locater zones 102 and 104 become computer data word areas or channels that are coextensive with the summation of the data bit blanks 114 lying in each of such channels 110. With the channels 110 marked as indicated for a particular program, the data bit information of the respective channels 110 in summation thus comprises the computer data word for each step of the process being controlled. It is an important aspect of the invention that as the data bits involved for each pro¬ cess step have been oriented in computer word form, the words for each step may be transmitted from the work sheet into the process or memory without requiring ladder diagram technology or the like. For this purpose, the invention contemplates that the computer words defined by work sheet 0 be manually formed on tape for passing through a suitably equipped tape reader that will sense the computer words in question and insert them in the processor memory in preparation for operation of the controller. While the types of tapes and tape readers - - that may be employed may be of several different types con¬ sistent with the objectives of the invention, the basic idea involved in each type is that each tape is formed to define a plurality of longitudinally extending channels that are proportioned laterally of the tape to be aligned or centered with the channels 110 of the work sheet 90. The number of such channels employed in a particular tape may be as desired, depending on the particular type of processor equipment employed. Since eight bit equipment has been suggested, the tapes as arranged for use with such equipment should have at least eight of such channels and be sufficiently wide to pro¬ vide for application thereto of synchronization markings or thier equivalent for proper timing relation with the tape reader employed. In any event, in accordance with the invention, the com¬ puter words of the work sheet 0 are transferred to a tape arranged in accordance with the invention by manually marking the tape to reflect the data markings and the word end indicia, on the tape, for each computer word involved. This is done in practice by taking one end of the tape (which is to be the leading end of the tape) and marking it manually to show both the location of the computer word end indicia for the first eight channels 110 of the work sheet 90, and the manual markings of the areas 114 contained therein. This being completed, the computer words of the first eight steps of the process have been applied to the tape leading end; then the next adjacent portion of the tape is marked in like manner with the next set of eight steps of the work sheet in like manner, and so on, until the computer words of all the process steps of the program have been applied to the tape. This completes the preparation of the tape. When the con¬ troller is to be programmed using the tape, the tape is passed through the reader to ef ect insertion of the program now outlined on the tape into the controller memory to form the controller data base, with the individual computer words of the respective process steps in sequential orientation, and the individual groups of eight computer words of the pro¬ cess steps in consecutive series or serial relation. Figure 2 of the present application illustrates tape 120, which comprises a ribbon or web 121 of a suitable translucent or transparent material that is at least sufficiently trans¬ lucent so that when laid across the channels 110 of the work sheet 90, the markings in the spaces 114 and the indicia of zones 102 and 104 will be clearly apparent when looking through the tape, as well as the lines forming the work sheet columns 108. In other words, the ribbon should be formed from a light pervious material. The tape 120 and the tape reader that it is to be asso¬ ciated with are of the electrically conductive data sensing and transmitting type, with the tape 120 being delineated, by employing non-electrically conductive ink or the like to define a plurality of longitudinally extending guide channels 137 (defined by longitudinal lines 135) that are intersected by transversely extending columns 124 defined by guide blocks 139 imprinted within the guide channels 137 and arranged transversely of the tape in individual columns 141 to define the indicated columns 124. The channels 137 and the columns 124 are respectively proportioned to be aligned in congruent or centered relation with the respective work sheet channels 110 and columns 108, so that when the tape 120 is placed on top of the work sheet 90 and against its face, the columns 124 may be matched with work sheet columns 108, and channels 137 may be matched in centered relation with work sheet channels 110 in practicing the invention. Guide blocks 139 are imprinted using electrically conductive ink. As indicated, since eight bit processing apparatus is employed in the suggested embodiments of the invention, the channels 137 should be a minimum of eight in number. For tape reader synchronization purposes, synchronization mark¬ ings 130 are applied along either both or one of the side edges 126 and 128 of the tape, aligned with the columns 124, and specifically with the individual guide block columns 141, (that define either side of the columns 124) , by employing electrically conductive ink, for effecting proper coordination " of the data read by the tape reader and the location on the tape where this data appears. A suitable electrically conductive inkfor purposes of the invention is the Electrodag 502 product made and sold by Acheson Colloids Company of Port Huron, Michigan. Markings 130 extend to the guide blocks 139 of the two side edge marginal channels 137 that are adjacent edge marginal lines 123 (imprinted by employing non-electri- cally conductive ink) that for tape 120 are to coincide with the top horizontal line of the uppermost work sheet channel 110, of the group of such channels 110 to be overlaid by the tape 120 in practicing this invention, and the bottom hori¬ zontal line of the lowermost of eighth work sheet channel 110 of such group. The tape 120 as thus prepared is available for use in practicing the invention, and when used, one end of the tape (which is to be the leading end of the tape) is applied across the top eight channels 110 of the work sheet to ini¬ tiate application of the computer word data to the tape. This is done by aligning and centering the eight channels 137 of the tape 120 with the top eight channels 110 of the work sheet 90 at the tape end in question, and aligning and center¬ ing the tape columns 124 with the columns 108 of work sheet 90. The technician then manually marks on the tape in the data bit blank spaces 132 defined by the tape intersecting channels 137 and columns 124 (represented by the spacing between adjacent guide blocks 139 of the same guide channel 137) , a marking 134 in electrically conductive penciling or the like, corresponding to the marked areas 114 of the work sheet channels 110 in question. Thus, the data bit blank spaces 132 to be marked with the markings 134 will be in overlying relation to the marked areas 114 of the group of work sheet channels 110 in question. The same marking is also done as at 136 with reference to the word end indicia 103 and 105 that are applied to the respective work sheet zones 102 and 104, to indicate onthe tape the ends of the respective computer words for each step of the program that fails in the group of first eight channels 110 in question. Markings 134 and 136 may be made using a graphite lead pencil or the aforementioned ink. The operative computer word data of the next succeeding groups of work sheet channels 110 are marked on the tape 120 in like manner in consecutive sequence orientation. In this connection, the markings 136 representing the trailing end of one set of computer words representing the data in a corresponding set of work sheet channels 110 may be employed to indicate the leading end of the next succeeding group of computer words represented by the operative data bits involved in the next succeeding set of work sheet channels 110. For purposes of practicing the embodiment of Figure 2, the program data markings 134 corresponding to the computer word data bits of work sheet 90, and the markings 136 cor¬ responding to the location of the computer word end indicia 103 and 105, are proportioned with reference to the distance between pertinent operating contacts of the reader, as dia- gram atically illustrated in Figure 2, for purposes of closing same to effect a data sensing action by the reader. As indi¬ cated in Figure 2, the reader is arranged following available technology to provide a plurality of spaced contacts 140 aligned in the rectilinear manner indicated in Figure 2 and suitably connected to a source of electrical power, and spaced from similarly aligned contacts 142 that are suitably oriented in spaced relation from the contacts 140 and respec¬ tively connected by lead lines 144 to the relevant portions of the reader for effecting the binary notation system type sensing needed to convert the indicated work sheet and tape manual markings into electrical pulses. As is common with tape readers of the electrically con¬ ductive sensing type, synchronization contacts 148 are pro¬ vided in spaced relation to the respective end contacts of the set of contacts 140. Following currently available technology, the tape reader and tape are proportioned and arranged and the con¬ tacts 148 are spaced from the respective end contacts 140, such that when the tape moves through the reader, the tape 120 is suitably guided for appropriate centering relative to the contacts 140, 142 and 148, and the synchronization markings 130 all electrically connect the respective sets of adjacent contacts 140 and 148 as the tape moves across the contacts 142. Assuming that the contacts 140 are connected to a suitable source of electrical energy, markings 130 sequentially close the circuits between the respective sets of contacts 140 and 148 to effect synchronization signal generation by the reader. In addition, the spacing of the individual contacts 140 from the contact 142 paired with same, longitudinally of the path of movement of the tape, is made approximately the width of a tape column 124 and the tape has the electrically con¬ ductive markings 134 and 136 proportioned (as defined by guide blocks 139) to extend the full width of the respective columns 124, so that as a particular column 124 of the tape passes over the contacts 140, the respective contacts 140 will be briefly in electrical connection with the respective con¬ tacts 142 aligned therewith longitudinally of the tape for generation of the electrical impulses that are to represent the data content of each data word. Lines 135 are positioned on the particular tape 120 to insure that markings 134 and 136 will be lined up with contacts 140 and 142 as the tape is passed through the reader. It will be apparent, of course, that the manually applied markings to the tape 120 are all on the same side of the tape, and the tape reader is arranged so that as the tape is pulled through the reader, the manually applied markings involved are presented for engagement with the contacts 140, 142 and 148. Thus, as the tape 120 passes through its tape reader, for each set or group of the channels 137, the word end markings 136 are first sensed to start the reading of the computer words involved in this group of columns 137, fol¬ lowed by the markings 134 representing the individual data bits of each computer word channel involved, with the trail¬ ing set of markings 136 effecting completion of the reading of the respective computer words involved into the reader for conversion into the electrical impulses that will effect insertion into memory of the data involved. Succeeding groups of computer words are handled in like manner. The / % OMP " synchronization markings 130 effect their conventional func¬ tions of actuating the reader sensing mechanism when it is to be conditioned to sensing manually marked data marking on the tape. When the markings 134 and 136 are applied to the tape 120 in the data bit spaces 132, as defined by adjacent guide blocks 139 of the same guide channel 137, they will have a generous overlap relative to the contacts 140 and 142 when aligned with same. Figures 3 through 8 illustrate a yet further simplified tape 200 and the specifics of reader 202 through which the tape 200 is passed, to enter into the processor memory the program involved, as represented by the computer data word groups or sets that are applied to the tape 200 in accordance with the invention of my said application. The tape 200 is generally similar to the tape 120 and defines guide channels 137A and columns 124A by utilizing the equally spaced guide dots 139A that are aligned longitu¬ dinally of the tape to define the respective channels 137A that are to be aligned in centered relation with the work sheet channels 110A, and to define also the columns 124A that are to be matched with the columns 108A of the work sheet. The guide dots 139A are also aligned in columns 141A that extend transversely of the tape, and synchronization markings 130A, corresponding to markings 130, are provided, which are aligned with the respective columns 141A trans¬ versely of the tape along one side edge 128 of the tape 200. The spaces between the guide dots 139A of the respective channels 137A define the tape data bit blanks 132A, corres¬ ponding to blanks 132 of the tape 120. In the embodiment of the invention represented by the tape 200, the tape is in the form of a suitable polyester material, such as the Mylar brand polyester tape made and sold by E. I. DuPont Demours Company of Wilmington, Delaware. The tape is preferably defined by a ribbon 204 formed from the indicated polyester material, and which is preferably either transparent or at least sufficiently translucent so that when laid over the face of the work sheet 90, the col¬ umns 108 and the channels 110 of the work sheet will be visible through the tape. The guide dots 139A and the synchronization markings 130A are imprinted on the same side of the tape, and by employ ing electrically conductive ink, and the programmed data mark¬ ings 134 corresponding to the computer word data bits of. work sheet 90, and the markings 136 corresponding to the location of the computer word indicia 103 and 105 of the work sheet, are applied to the same side of the tape that guide dots 139A are on. Thus, in the tape 200, all the imprinting and man¬ ual marking is applied to the tape side 205, as distinguished from the tape back side 207, and by employing electrically conductive ink. The tape itself is electrically nonconduc- tive. Where the tape is made from clear or transparent film, such as the aforementioned polyester film, where the manual markings 134 and 136 are to be made using graphite lead pen¬ cil (which is preferred because of its ready availability) , the tape side 205 should have a suitable matte antistatic coating, such as the type commonly employed to provide a premium grade drafting surface. This allows an ordinary graphite lead pencil to deposit a low resistance electri¬ cally conductive path between adjacent guide dots 137A, to form markings 134 and 136. The antistatic property of the coating helps prevent dirt adherence to the coated side of the tape. Film of the matte coated type indicated is com¬ mercially available, one source being Transwrap Company of Chicago, Illinois• Where ink is employed to make the markings 134 and 136, the matte coating is not required. The tape reader 202 is arranged in accordance with the basic objective of the invention to provide for manual appli¬ cation of the tape to the reader and manual pull through of - the tape through the reader to effect entry of the computer word data involved into the processor memory. The reader 202 (see Figures 4 and 5) comprises a housing 206 that includes a housing body 208 having applied to its underside 210 a circuit board 212, and having applied to its top or upper side 214 a cover or cap 216. The housing body 208 is of one piece molded construction and is formed from a suitable electrically insulating mater^- ial that preferably, but not necessarily has self lubrica¬ ting, thermoplastic characteristics. While a material such as a suitable Bakelite composition will be satisfactory, it is preferred that the material be a self lubricating poly¬ meric material such as nylon. In a specific embodiment of the reader 202, the housing body 208 is formed from nylon containing a suitable amount of molybdenum disulphide, util¬ izing suitable injection molding techniques. The body 208 is generally planar or flat in longitudinal configuration with its underside 210 being planar for appli¬ cation thereto of circuit board 212. The upper side 214 of the body is recessed or slotted as at 220 to define a slot way 222 having a planar floor 224 that extends between the tape entering end 226 of the slot way 222 and its exit end 228. The slot way 222 on either side of same is defined by upstanding opposed side walls 230 that are spaced apart a distance which complements the transverse dimension of the tape 200, except at the entrance end 226 of the slot way 222, wherein the side walls 230 are outwardly angled as at 232 to facilitate the insertion of the leading end 233 of the tape 200 into the reader. The housing body 208 is ormed on either side of same with a pair of inner lugs 236 and a pair of end or outer lugs 238 for reception of securement screws in a manner to be described. The housing body 208 between two of the transversely aligned lugs 236, on either side of the housing bod j is formed with two rows of contact assembly receiving bores 240 and 242, of which a bore 240 and a bore 242 are aligned, as a pair, longitudinally of the path of movement of the tape through the reader, and thus longitudinally of the longitu¬ dinal direction of the slot way 222. As indicated in Figure 7, the bores 240 and 2 each receive a contact assembly 244 comprising a contact finger or pin 246 and a biasing coil spring 248 therefor. The fingers or pins 246 each comprise a shank 250 of cylindrical configuration having an external diameter approximately complementing the internal diameter of the respective bores 240 and 242 for smooth sliding action of the fingers 246 longitudinally of the respective bores. Each contact finger shank 250 at its head end 252 is formed with an upstanding stud 254 terminating in a spherically contoured end 256 to define a contact head portion 258 for the shank 250. It is the contact finger or pin head portions 258 that cooperate with the tape 200 in the operation of the reader. The finger shanks 250 each define planar ends 260 against which the springs 248 seat. The circuit board 212 comprises a suitable substrate formed, from a material suitable for making circuit boards (such as a suitable thermosetting resin reinforced with fiber¬ glass or paper) which has imprinted on its side 269 two rows of contact seats 270 and 272 that are disposed and oriented in location and number to be aligned with and centered in the respective housing body bores 240 and 242, respectively, as indicated in the drawings. In accordance with this embodiment of the invention, the housing body bores 240 and 242 and the contact seats 270 and 272 aligned therewith are also spaced and oriented for alignment with the channels 137A of the tape 200 when applied to the reader. In addition, the housing body 208 includes two additional sets of the bores 240 and 242, indicated by refer¬ ence numerals 240A and 242A, centered and aligned correspond¬ ingly located extra sets of contact seats 270A and .272A, which each have a contact assembly 244 associated with same and positioned and oriented for alignment with the synchro¬ nization markings 130A, all in the manner best indicated in Figure 8. The contact assemblies 244 applied to the respective bores 240, 240A and 242, and 242A, are thus the same, with the contact assemblies 244 applied to the respective bores 240 and 242 acting between the respective seats 270.and 272 and the tape 200, while the contact assemblies 244 applied to the respective bores 240A and 242A act between the respec¬ tive contact seats 270A and 272A and the tape 200. The arrangement is such that the spherically contoured end surfaces 256 of the contact finger head portions 258 are to be in sliding contact with the tape, and on the side 205 of same that bears the guide dots 139A, the synchronization markings 130A, the program data markings 134, and the compu¬ ter word end indicating markings 136. In the specific embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figures 4 through 8, the contact seats 270 are all electri¬ cally connected (by connectors 271) except for the end con¬ tact seat 270A that is closest to the adjoining side edge of the slot way 222. This end most seat 270A is electrically connected (by connector 273) to the seat 272A aligned with same while the other seat 270A is electrically connected (by connector 275) to the seat 272A aligned with same, as indica¬ ted in Figure 8. Lead lines 144 electrically connect the respective contact seats 272 to the wired reader connections applied to the circuit board in a conventional manner where indicated at 280 for electrically connecting the contact seats 272 to conventional components for converting to electrical signals the circuit closings effected due to the tape manual markings applied to the channels 137A when the tape is passed through the reader. The inner contact 272A has a lead 144A connecting same to ground or other equivalent common connec¬ tion while the outer contact seat 272A has a lead 144B con¬ nected to the circuit board synchronization sensing wiring. The contact seats 270, 272, 270A and 272A and their electrical interconnections and leads may be formed on the circuit board by the practice of a suitable imprinting tech¬ nique, such as silk screening, using suitable electrically conductive inks; plating techniques, using gold, silver, or the like, or etching techniques (where the board has copper foil or the like forming its side 269) may also be employed. The wiring connections at the connection area 280 may be of any suitable conventional wiring connector type, with the underside 210 of the housing body 208 being recessed as at 284, and board 212 being suitably perforated, to accommodate this. The contact fingers 244 and springs 248 are formed from steel, having a Rockwell hardness in the range of from about 60 to about 65 to resist the abrasive action of the tape matt coating, and it is preferable that the heads of the contact assemblies engage the tape with a pressure of approximately one ounce per pin. Stainless steel 440, hardened to the Rock well C range indicated, is the preferred material as it is resistant to rust or oxidation and is relatively inexpensive and readily hardened. The circuit board 212 is attached to the underside 210 of the housing body 208 by a centrally located attachment screw 290 that passes through central opening 292 of the circuit board into threaded engagement with the threaded opening 294 on the underside of the housing body 208. With the circuit board secured to the housing body 208 in this man¬ ner and the circuit board 212 oriented with respect to the housing body to align its contact seats with the respective housing body contact assembly receiving bores, the respective contact assemblies 244 may be applied to the respective bores with the spherically contoured ends 256 facing outwardly of the bores, as indicated in Figure 4. The cover 216 is then applied over and against the housing body upper side 214 to hold the contact assemblies 244 in place and define a slide way 300 through the reader through which the tape 200 is passed, and which is defined in the illustrated embodi¬ ment by the slot way 222 and the planer underside 302 of the cover 216. The cover 216 comprises a generally planar cap member 304 pre erably formed from the same material as housing body 208, and in the form shown, defines on either side of same an inner pair of attachment lugs 310 each formed with threaded openings 314 of the corresponding housing body lugs 236 and the correspondingly located openings 316 of the circuit board to receive the respective attachment screws 318 that fix the cover 216 against the top side 214 of the housing body 208 and also hold the reader components in operative alignment. The cover 216 is also formed to define the outer pairs of corner lugs 320 formed with screw receiving openings 321 that are to be aligned with the corresponding openings 322 of the housing body lugs 238, and the correspondingly located G " corner openings 324 of the circuit board, for receiving suit¬ able mounting screws 32 for mounting the reader as a unit in operative position on suitable supporting structure. Cover 216 at the end 330 thereof that is disposed adja¬ cent the entrance end 226 of the slot way 222 is slotted or indented as at 332 to define a working opening 334 of genera- ally U-shaped configuration which exposes a substantial po-ι - tion of the entry end of the slot way 222 for finger manipu¬ lation of the leading end of the tape 200 into slideway 300 as the tape leading end 233 is initially being applied to the reader 202. The operator applies the leading end 233 of a tape 200 to the reader 202 by inserting same within the entrance end 226 of the slot way 222 so that the tape leading end 233 will underlie the cover web portions 334 and 336 that in part define the cover working opening 334. The operator may then use one of his fingers or thumb to feed the leading end of the tape through the reader, by applying the digit ' involved with light pressure against the side of the tape facing the observer in Figures 3 and 4 (which is the back or unmarked side 207 of the tape 200), at the entrance end of the opening 334, and then sliding the tape to the right of Figures 3 and 4, with this sliding operation being repeated as necessary until the leading end 233 of the tape 200 emerges from the exit end 228 of the slot way 222, where it may be grasped by the operator for pulling the entire tape through the reader manually. Of course, the tape 200 has now been applied to the reader with its surface 205 that bears the electrically con¬ ductive imprinting that has been described facing the slot way base surface 220 and the contact feeler assemblies 244. The underside 210 of reader body 208 and the top sur¬ facing of cover 216 may be appropriately recessed and rein¬ forced to minimize the molding material needed to make this item while providing for adequate reinforcement. In the reader 202, the body 208 at the entrance end 226 of slot way 222 is extended outwardly of the slideway 300, as at 337, to extend the floor 224 for facilitating the application of the tape leading end to the reader slideway 300. Figure 8 illustrates more specifically the preferred for of tape, which in accordance with this invention, is applied to the reader 202, it being understood that insofar as the reader 202 is concerned (in the showing of Figure 8), only the circuit board 212 and contact seats and leads applied to same are shown in outline, and these are viewed from the underside 267 of the circuit board. The leading end 233 of the tape 200, which is at the left hand side of Figure 8, has been shown to be marked in the same manner as the lead¬ ing end of the tape 120 which thus bears the I/O data bit manual markings of the first eight channels of work sheet 90 (together with the word end indicia for each of the com¬ puter words involved). Of course, the succeeding portions of the tape to the right of Figure 8 will bear the corresponding manual markings for the succeeding groups of the work sheet channels 110. The tape 200 is moved through the reader 202 in the relative direction indicated by the arrow 340 of Figure 8, relative to the contact seats and associated contact assem¬ blies 244 as applied to the circuit board 212 with the organization shown in Figure 8. As the tape 200 moves through the reader and the man¬ ually made markings 134 and 136 pass by the respective con¬ tact seats 270 and 272, and their associated contact assem¬ blies 244, feeler pins 246 of paired assemblies 244 are briefly placed in electrical connection through the respec¬ tive marks 134 and 136 involved, as suggested in Figure 7. For instance, noting that contact seats 270 and the inne contact seat 270A are connected to ground or other common connection, assuming the mark 134 connects two of the guide dots 139A in the first channel of tape 200 (which for con¬ venience may be considered the uppermost channel 137A in the showing of Figure 8) , when the mark 134 in question is in contact with the feeler pin heads 252 of the underlying feele assemblies 244 of the underlying assemblies 244, this will briefly place these two feeler assemblies in electrical con¬ nection for supplying of an electrical pulse by way of lead 144. At the same time, two of the synchronization markings ϊU O 130A will be in alignment with the feeler pin assemblies 244 associated with the contact seats 270A and 272A. Thus, assuming that the mark 134 in question is that immediately to the left of the circuit board 212 as shown in Figure 8, once such mark 134 engages the feeler pin assem¬ blies 244 having the two contact seats 270 and 272 aligned with same, the synchronization marks 130A of that tape column 124A are aligned with the feeler pin assemblies 244 . of the contact seats 270 and 272A, with the mark 130 on the left side of such column 124A bridging the contact assemblies 244 of the two contact seats 272A, and the mark 130A on the right side of the column 124A in question bridging the contact assemblies 244 of the contact seats 270A, whereby the signal provided by the mark 134A is accompanied by a synchronizing signal for memory orientation purposes, as aforedescribed. The spherical contour of the contact finger head portions 258 enables the leading edge 235 of the tape in being passed through the reader to cam the .contact pins 246 away from their position of engagement with the cover 212 which they assume when the tape has been completely pulled through the reader. This disposes the contact pins 246 in engagement with the side 205 of the tape that bears the electrically conductive markings that have been described. A characteristic feature of the invention is that as the tape for a particular program ' is pulled through the tape reader in accordance with the invention, the data bits of a predetermined number of computer words are simultaneously supplied to memory to be followed serially by the data bits of the next succeeding set of eight data words, etc. until the program has been entered into memory to provide the con¬ troller data base. The reader involved is of the continuous motion reading type, though where the process being programmed calls for a large number of steps, the tape 120 or 200 bear¬ ing the computers word data therefor may be longer than the operator can physically pull through the reader in one stroke; thus, while the motion of the tape through the reader may stop at the point where the operator must change his grip on the tape to pull the following length or lengths of the tape through the reader, the basic tape and reader arrangement involved, in accordance with the invention, is of the con¬ tinuous movement sensing type. The tape employed for a particular program may be pre¬ served to provide a record of what is entered in the con¬ troller memory. Where changes in the program are to be made, they are easily effected by changing the work sheet and then changing the tape accordingly, by repeating the matching of the tape columns to the work sheet columns that has been described, after which the tape is reapplied to the reader to insert the changed program into memory as the original pro¬ gram is erased. Alternately, the original tape can be pre¬ served and a new tape prepared from the changed work sheet, or both the original tape and work sheet may be preserved and a new work sheet and tape prepared to effect the program changes. In practicing the invention, should electrical failure occur resulting inshutting down of the controller, loss of the data in memory is an immaterial matter since the data needed can be immediately restored to memory by merely pulling the tape bearing the applicable program data through the reader when the power has been restored. As indicated, a major advantage provided by the inven¬ tion is that no special programming experience or qualifica¬ tions are required for preparation of the work sheet and tape contemplated by the invention. The preparer of these mater¬ ials should be, of course, sufficiently technically qualified with reference to the industrial process being controlled, to be familiar wit the various components to be controlled and how they are to be controlled, so that the work sheet can be filled out from the input and output and related control aspects standpoint. Thus, the preparer of these materials may be the processing machinery operator who has had enough experience to run the processing apparatus involved, but who need not be educated either as an engineer or programmer. In practicing the invention, in the preferred embodiment the tape has a thickness lying in the range of from about four mils to about five mils for adequate stiffness without undue thickness. The reader housing body and cover are to be shaped such that the tape receiving slideway is about twelve mils in depth, and the slotway side walls are spaced apart to slidingly guide a tape having a width of one and one half inches, which is the preferred size for tapes arranged in accordance with the invention, where eight bit processing units are involved. It will be apparent that the principles of the invention may be applied to programming of a wide variety of industrial processes and the like. The specific mold forming process referred to in said prior application is disclosure provided for illustrative purposes only, primarily to better bring out the application of the principles of the invention to a prac¬ tical situation. While the reader herein disclosed is primarily intended to use in practicing the programmable control invention dis¬ closed, the reader has separate utility as general purpose tape readers, as for instance, in connection with entering digital data into a computer. Where the tapes employed are to have the aforedescribed matte antistatic coating, only the side of the tape that is to bear the computer word indicia involved should be so coated since the pressure of the reader feeler pins biasing the under side of.the tape against the reader cover would result in undue abrasive action on the reader cover. While the memory employed in practicing the invention preferably is of the RAM category, it may be of either the semi—conductor or core type. It is understood that the mem¬ ory apparatus may be operated conventionally in modifying or replacing programs that have been entered into memory, in practicing the tape pull through techniques of this invention. The foregoing description and the drawings are given merely to explain and illustrate the invention and the invention is not to be limited thereto, except insofar as the appended claims are so limited, since those skilled in the art who have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. In a programmable controller system for controlling an industrial process, with the system including a central processing unit including a binary notation system responsive instruction memory register, a tape reader for sensing binary notation system computer data bits on a programming tape when passed therethrough and connected to said unit for storing the data bits in said memory register, and means for operatively connecting I/O devices to said unit, the improvement comprising: a work sheet for disposing the data bits for each step of the process in sequential computer data words, said work sheet comprising: a substrate defining a working face delineated to define a series of vertical columns at like ends of which the process inputs and outputs may be separ¬ ately assigned to the respective columns, and a series of horizontal channels formed for consecu¬ tively listing down the sheet the steps of the pro¬ cess in operational sequence, said columns and said channels intersecting across the sheet working face to form a computer data word zone comprising individual work sheet data bit receiving blank areas formed by said intersecting columns and channels for selectively receiving binary notation system type manual entry marks indicating I/O device functions for each step of said process in accordance with a predetermined program of operation for said process, said work sheet channels each having an equal number of said blank areas, said work sheet channels including means for defining computer data word end indicia at either end of same between which said blank areas are ' dis¬ posed to form in each said channel a continuous com¬ puter data word space of predetermined length, with said word end indicia at the respective ends of said channels being vertically aligned across the height of said work sheet and said work spaces being of equal lengths, whereby each computer word space of the work sheet may be selectively manually marked in said data bit receiving areas thereof, between said word end indicia thereof, binary notation system fashion to provide the computer data word for each step of said process, a tape for use in transferring said data words from said work sheet face to the reader, said tape comprising: a ribbon formed from light pervious material and delineated to define a group of channels extending longitudinally thereof for the tape length and shaped and spaced transversely thereof to be aligned congru- ently with a group of said work sheet channels con¬ sisting of a predetermined consecutive number of said work sheet channels,' when said ribbon is dis¬ posed in juxtaposition with said work sheet face with said work sheet channels viewed through said ribbon, said ribbon being further delineated along its respective channels to define in said channels I/O device data bit receiving spaces consecutively cor¬ responding to and formed to be congruent with said work sheet data bit blank areas when said ribbon channels are disposed in said congruency with said work sheet channels, means for manually marking said tape spaces, when said tape is sequentially placed in juxtaposed con¬ gruency with consecutive of said work sheet channel groups in overlying relation to the data word spaces thereof, corresponding to the location of the I/O device function marks and the data word end indicia of the respective data word spaces of the individual channels of the respective work sheet channel- groups, for transferring onto said tape from said work sheet face said process step word data and said word indicia thereof for each channel of consecutive of said work sheet channel groups, to form on said tape consecutive sets of said data words each set of which the data words of said process steps are consecutively and sequentially disposed transversely of said tape in their order of sequences in said operational sequence of said process, said reader including means for serially sensing said data word sets of said tape in consecutive sequence with continuous movement of one or more lengths of said tape through said reader, said register including means for storing in same, in said consecutive sequence, said word sets for controlling said process through said central processing unit. 2. The improvement set forth in claim 1 wherein: said means for marking said tape spaces comprises means for making the tape markings electrically con¬ ductive for sensing by the reader. 3. The improvement set forth in claim 1 wherein: said ribbon defines longitudinally thereof equally spaced apart synchronization means, to which said reader is responsive, adjacent one edge of same for coordinating the process step data words trans¬ ferred to said tape with said sending means of said reader. 4. In a programmable controller system for controlling an industrial process, with the system including a central processing unit including an access type memory including a binary notation system responsive instruction register, a programming tape, a tape reader for sensing computer data bits on the programming tape when passed therethrough and connected to said unit for storing the data bits in said memory register, means for connecting I/O devices to said unit, and a work sheet having its face delineated to define the steps of the process in consecutive sequence down the sheet and in manually marked data bit binary notation system fashion horizontal computer word form for each such process step listing in data bit areas of the individual computer words the I/O device functions of the respective process steps and delineating the com¬ puter words in equal lengths by means of vertically aligned computer word end indicia at either end of the computer words, the improvement wherein said tape comprises: a ribbon formed from light pervious material and including means for delineating same to define a group of channels extending longitudinally thereof for the tape length and shaped and spaced transversely thereof to be aligned congruently with a group of said work sheet words consisting of a predetermined consecutive number of said work sheet words, when said ribbon is disposed with one side of same in juxtaposition with said work sheet face and said words are viewed through the tape, said ribbon being further delineated by said delineating means along its respective channels to define in said channels I/O device data bit spaces consecutively corresponding to and formed to be con¬ gruent with said work sheet data bit areas when said ribbon channels are disposed in congruency with said work sheet words, means for manually marking said tape spaces, when said tape is sequentially placed in juxtaposed con¬ gruency with consecutive of said work sheet word groups in overlying relation to the word spaces thereof, corresponding to the location of the I/O device function marks and the word end indicia of the respective words of the individual words of the respective work sheet word groups, for transferring onto said tape from said work sheet the process step data word and said work end indicia thereof for each word of consecutive of said work sheet word groups, to form on said tape consecutive sets of said word data, in each set of which the word data of said pro¬ cess steps are consecutively and sequentially disposed transversely of said tape, said delineating means comprising uniformly spaced apart dots imprinted on the other side of said ribbon by electrically conductive ink, with said dots of each tape channel being aligned longitudinally of said tape to form the respective channels and said dots of the respective channels and said dots of the respective channels being aligned transversely of the tape to form spaced columns of said dots, and with the spacing of said columns, of dots in the respective channels forming the data bit spaces of the respective channels, said means for marking said tape channel data bit spaces comprising means for making the tape markings electrically conductive and electrically connect the channel dots defining a tape data bit space to be marked in accordance with the manual markings of the respective work sheet word data bit areas, said reader including means for serially sensing said tape word sets in consecutive sequence with con¬ tinuous movement of said tape through said reader for the length of said tape, said register including means for storing in same, in said consecutive sequence, said word sets for controlling said process through said central processing unit, said sensing means of said reader comprising a pair of electrical contact rows over which said tape passes with such contacts engaging said other side of said tape, with the contacts of said contact rows being spaced for congruency with said spacing of said tape dots of said tape channels and columns, and with said marked tape data bit spaces electrically connecting adjacent pairs of said contacts aligned with the respective tape columns as said tape moves thereover to comprise said reader sensing means. 5. The improvement set forth in claim 4 wherein: said ribbon also has imprinted on said other side of same, by electrically conductive ink, spaced apart synchronization lines along one side edge of said tape, with said synchronization lines being respec¬ tively aligned with and extending longitudinally of said dot columns, said reader sensing means including electrical contact means electrically connected with said con¬ tacts for coordinating the sensing of said synchro¬ nization lines with the sensing of said tape marked data bit spaces. 6. The improvement set forth in claim 5 wherein: said reader comprises a housing formed from an electrically insulating material and is shaped to define a slideway through which said tape is passed through the reader, said contacts comprising feeler pins mounted in said housing and having spherically contoured heads spring biased against said tape other side. 7. In a programmable controller system for controlling an industrial process, with the system including a central processing unit including an access type memory including a binary notation system responsive instruction register, a programming tape, a tape reader for sensing binary notation system computer data bits on the programming tape when passed therethrough and connected to said unit for storing the data bits in said memory register, and means for connecting I/O devices to said unit, the improvement wherein: said tape comprises a ribbon having imprinted on one side of same a plurality of uniformly spaced dots, with said dots being aligned longitudinally of said tape to define data bit receiving channels in consecutive order transversely of the tape, and said dots being aligned transversely of said tape to form uniformly spaced columns of said dots, said dots being formed by electrically conductive ink, with the spacing of said columns of dots in the respective channels forming the data bit receiving spaces of the respective channels, electrically conductive manual marking means for electrically connecting the tape channel dots across the tape channel data bit receiving spaces for forming computer words binary system fashion longitudinally of and along the respective tape channels, and for marking the ends of such words, to form on the tape one or more sets of such words, said .reader including means for serially sensing said tape word sets in consecutive sequence with continuous movement of said tape through said reader for consecutive lengths of said tape, said register including means for storing in same, in said consecutive sequence, said word sets for controlling said process through said central processing unit, said sensing means of said reader comprising a pair of electrical contact rows extending transversely of said direction of movement of said tape through said reader, over which said tape passes with said contacts engaging said one side of said tape, with the contacts of said contact rows being equal in number and spaced in pairs for congruency with said spacing of said tape dots of said tape chan¬ nels and columns, and with said marked tape data bit spaces electrically connecting the contacts of each pair of said contacts aligned with the respective tape columns as said tape moves thereover to comprise said reader sensing means, said ribbon also having imprinted on said one side of same, by electrically conductive ink, spaced apart synchronization lines along one side edge of said tape , with said synchronization lines being respec¬ tively aligned with and extending longitudinally of said dot columns, said reader sensing means including electrical contact means electrically connected with said con¬ tacts for coordinating the sensing of said synchro¬ nization lines with the sensing of said tape marked data bit spaces. 8. The improvement set forth in claim 7 wherein: said reader comprises: a housing body formed from a self lubricating electrically insulating material and defining a gen¬ erally planar body, a cover on one side of said body paralleling said body, said body and said cover being formed to define therebetween a planar slideway proportioned to slidably receive, in close fitting relation, said ribbon for passage of said ribbon therethrough, said slideway being dimensioned transversely of said ribbon to substantially complement the trans¬ verse dimension of said ribbon for maintaining said tape dots of said tape channels in alignment with those of the respective contacts of the respective contact rows that are to sense the data word of such channels, respectively, a circuit board on the other side of said body, said contacts comprising: said circuit board being formed to define two rows of contact seats corresponding in location to the positioning of said contacts transversely of the direction of movement of said tape through said reader, said body being formed to define a bore there¬ through aligned with each of said contact seats, and a feeler pin slidably mounted in each of said bores and spring biased for movement against "BUREA OMPI_ WIP said housing cover, said feeler pins each having a spherically con¬ toured contact head directed at said housing cover for engaging said tape one side when the tape is passed through the reader, and means for maintaining said feeler pins in electrical conducting connection with their respective contact seats, with the seats of one of said row of contact seats being electrically connected to a source of electrical energy and with the seats of the other of said rov/ of contact seats being operatively connected to said register storing means, whereby when said tape is pulled through said reader said markings of said tape data bit spaces electrically connect the contact heads of the respec¬ tive pairs of feeler pins aligned with those of said tape channels bearing said markings to comprise said reader sensing means, and whereby insertion of the leading end of said tape into and against said feeler heads cams said feelers away from said reader cover for passage of said tape therebetween. 9. The improvement set forth in claim 8 wherein: said reader is free of mechanical means for moving said tape through said slideway, said reader at the tape intake end of said slideway being notched to expose the tape when applied to said slideway for finger pushing of the tape leading end through said slideway for projecting the tape leading end from the dis¬ charge end of said slideway for manual grasping of such tape leading end for manual pulling of the tape through the reader.

Inventors: OGDEN R
Applicants: OGDEN R
Application year: 1979
Main classification: G06F15
IPC codes: C10G1, G05B19, G06F19