Circus (building)
List of Roman circuses
Table:
City
(Roman name)
Link to detailed circus article

City
(modern name)

Country

Coordinates

Notes
References
(sorts on length and precision of location)

Images

Auzia[6]

Sour El-Ghozlane (= pre-independence Aumale)[6]

Algeria

36°08′53″N 3°41′27″E﻿ / ﻿36.14799°N 3.690924°E﻿ / 36.14799; 3.690924﻿ (Auzia (Sour El-Ghozlane) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Colonia Claudia Caesarea

Cherchell

Algeria

36°36′05″N 2°11′05″E﻿ / ﻿36.601412°N 2.184702°E﻿ / 36.601412; 2.184702﻿ (Colonia Claudia Caesarea (Cherchell) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] approximate location;[8] neither the form nor any original structure is visible.

images (may not be oriented to north)[8]

Saldae

Béjaïa

Algeria

36°45′18″N 5°05′02″E﻿ / ﻿36.755068°N 5.083765°E﻿ / 36.755068; 5.083765﻿ (Saldae (Béjaïa) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Setifis

Sétif

Algeria

36°11′50″N 5°24′19″E﻿ / ﻿36.197105°N 5.405214°E﻿ / 36.197105; 5.405214﻿ (Sitifis Colonia (Sétif) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] approximate location confirmed by old air photographs (90% of the circus has now been built over);[9] only the southern, curved, end remains visible; U-shaped; approximate (formerly visible) track length: c450m;[9] approximate (formerly visible) track width: c70m.[9]

images (may not be oriented to north)[9]

Trimontium
Plovdiv Roman Stadium

Plovdiv

Bulgaria

42°08′51″N 24°44′53″E﻿ / ﻿42.147477°N 24.748068°E﻿ / 42.147477; 24.748068﻿ (Trimontium (Plovdiv) Roman circus)

Only a small well preserved part of the northern end is currently visible; c95% of the structure is buried under the current main street; track length c250m;[10] track width c32m;[10] the small size of the structure suggests that it is, in fact, more correct to consider it a stadium; this is the view taken by the principal site on the structure[11]

Alexandria

Alexandria

Egypt

31°10′57″N 29°53′47″E﻿ / ﻿31.182489°N 29.896417°E﻿ / 31.182489; 29.896417﻿ (Alexandria Roman town (approximate nucleus of town; centred on Pompey's Pillar))

(not the circus; approximate nucleus of Roman town; centred on Pompey's Pillar)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Antinopolis

Mallawi (c10km)

Egypt

27°48′36″N 30°53′08″E﻿ / ﻿27.810092°N 30.885503°E﻿ / 27.810092; 30.885503﻿ (Antinopolis Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: 300–350 m;[12] visible track width: c45m;[12] U-shaped; the carceres are c50m beyond the ends of the ascending seating at the open south-west end; clearly visible and unobstructed.

Oxyrhynchus

Beni Mazar (c15km)

Egypt

28°32′09″N 30°39′19″E﻿ / ﻿28.535969°N 30.655336°E﻿ / 28.535969; 30.655336﻿ (Oxyrhynchus (not the circus; archaeological site of Roman town)) (not the circus; archaeological site of Roman town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Camulodunum

Colchester

England

51°53′01″N 0°53′53″E﻿ / ﻿51.883604°N 0.898175°E﻿ / 51.883604; 0.898175﻿ (Camulodunum (Colchester) Roman circus)

location information;[13] archaeological information;[14] official archaeological information;[15] length: c450m;[15] width: c75m.[15]

Arelate
(Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum)

Arles

France

43°40′24″N 4°37′07″E﻿ / ﻿43.6734°N 4.61855°E﻿ / 43.6734; 4.61855﻿ (Arelate (Arles) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] official archaeological information;[16] c40% of curved south-west end is minimally visible; the remaining structure lies to the north-east under a road junction and housing; length: c450m;[17][18] width: c101m;[17][18] visible track width: c80m.[19]

further images (may not be oriented to north)[20]

Lugdunum

Lyon

France

45°45′26″N 4°48′55″E﻿ / ﻿45.757314°N 4.815188°E﻿ / 45.757314; 4.815188﻿ (Lugdunum (Lyon) Roman circus (approximate hypothesised location)) (approximate hypothesised location[21])

cited in Chase;[22] hypothesised location.[21]

Mediolanum Santonum

Saintes

France

45°44′47″N 0°38′00″W﻿ / ﻿45.7464°N 0.6333°W﻿ / 45.7464; -0.6333﻿ (Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Vienna

Vienne

France

45°30′59″N 4°52′06″E﻿ / ﻿45.516492°N 4.868196°E﻿ / 45.516492; 4.868196﻿ (Vienna (Vienne) Roman circus) (possibly very approximate; the satellite image at this location is extremely distorted)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] the only remaining feature is a monumental arched structure topped by a tall, narrow, pyramid; this structure was on the spina.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[23]

Augusta Treverorum

Trier

Germany

49°45′04″N 6°38′55″E﻿ / ﻿49.751175°N 6.648531°E﻿ / 49.751175; 6.648531﻿ (Augusta Treverorum (Trier) Roman circus)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] location;[24][25] plan of Roman town[26] showing location of circus; length: c450m.[27]

Corinth (Colonia Iulia Flavia Augusta Corinthiensis)

Corinth

Greece

37°54′35″N 22°52′33″E﻿ / ﻿37.909792°N 22.875938°E﻿ / 37.909792; 22.875938﻿ (Corinth Roman circus (hypothesised and partially excavated location)) (hypothesised and partially excavated location)

discussion about the evidence for a circus;[28] plan showing the hypothesised location of the circus[29] and;[30] hypothesised and partially excavated location.[31]

Gortyn, Gortys or Gortyna

Agioi Deka (c1.5 km)

Greece

35°03′07″N 24°57′04″E﻿ / ﻿35.052057°N 24.951119°E﻿ / 35.052057; 24.951119﻿ (Gortyn Roman circus)

cited in Chase;[22] archaeological city plan;[32] visible track length: c375m;[33] visible track width: c50m;[33] U-shaped plan form clearly visible; space 30% open agricultural land, 70% covered by orchard trees.

images (may not be oriented to north)[34]

Nicopolis

Preveza (c7km)

Greece

39°01′25″N 20°44′05″E﻿ / ﻿39.023563°N 20.734805°E﻿ / 39.023563; 20.734805﻿ (Nikopolis Roman circus)

referred to as a stadium;[35] very small for a circus; visible track length: c215m;[35] visible track width: c20m;[35] double-U-shaped plan form with both rounded ends clearly visible; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures.

Thessalonica

Thessaloniki

Greece

40°37′47″N 22°57′03″E﻿ / ﻿40.629669°N 22.950890°E﻿ / 40.629669; 22.950890﻿ (Thessalonica Roman circus)

location[36] (the circus is marked 'Ancient Hippodrome'); archaeological map of historical centre of town,[37] showing location of hippodrome/circus (in Greek; hippodrome = Ιππόδρομος); approximate length inferred from[36] and:[37] c525m.

Rhodes

Rhodes

Greece

36°26′21″N 28°12′43″E﻿ / ﻿36.43919°N 28.211909°E﻿ / 36.43919; 28.211909﻿ (Rhodes Roman circus)

Caesarea Maritima (coastal)

Caesarea

Israel

32°29′55″N 34°53′26″E﻿ / ﻿32.4986°N 34.8906°E﻿ / 32.4986; 34.8906﻿ (Caesarea Maritima (Caesarea) coastal Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] referred to as a hippodrome;[38] on the coast; parallel to the coast; visible track length: c290m;[39] visible track width: c45m;[39] U-shaped plan form clearly visible; structure substantially complete; few modern structures constructed within the space.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[38]

Caesarea Maritima (inland)

Caesarea

Israel

32°29′55″N 34°53′55″E﻿ / ﻿32.4986°N 34.8986°E﻿ / 32.4986; 34.8986﻿ (Caesarea Maritima (Caesarea) inland Roman circus)

c1km inland from the coast; visible track length: c410m;[40] visible track width: c80m;[40] form substantially visible; apparently U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures.

images (may not be oriented to north)[38]

Aquileia

Aquileia

Italy

45°46′30″N 13°21′42″E﻿ / ﻿45.775007°N 13.361778°E﻿ / 45.775007; 13.361778﻿ (Aquileia (Aquileia) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] location;[41] track length measured from location information: c460m;[41][42] track width measured from location information: c80m.[41][42]

images (may not be oriented to north)[41]

Bovillae

Marino, Lazio

Italy

41°45′27″N 12°37′18″E﻿ / ﻿41.757499°N 12.621679°E﻿ / 41.757499; 12.621679﻿ (Bovillae Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] Template:It icon;[43] information and photos in English;[44] (track?) length: 328.50m;[43] (track?) width: 60m;[43] location centred on the only visible remains – three stone arches[45] (part of the carceres).

Mediolanum

Milan

Italy

45°27′48″N 9°10′48″E﻿ / ﻿45.463276°N 9.179936°E﻿ / 45.463276; 9.179936﻿ (Mediolanum (Milan) Roman circus)

Cited in Chase;[22] location;[46][47] track length: 460m;[48] track width: 67/68m;[48] the principal visible remains are a tower at the north western corner of the circus;[49] the main body of the circus lay SSE of this tower.

images (may not be oriented to north)[46]

Roma
Circus Flaminius

Rome

Italy

41°53′34″N 12°28′39″E﻿ / ﻿41.892758°N 12.477422°E﻿ / 41.892758; 12.477422﻿ (Circus Flaminius, Rome)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] it is not entirely clear whether this 'structure' was, in fact, a circus or stadium of the form of the others in this list; Wikimapia location;[50] estimates of size are: length 260–500 m,[51][52] width 100m.[52]

Roma
Circus of Maxentius, a.k.a. Circus of Caracalla

Rome

Italy

41°51′17″N 12°31′21″E﻿ / ﻿41.854645°N 12.522411°E﻿ / 41.854645; 12.522411﻿ (Circus of Maxentius, Rome)

Visible track length: c490m;[53] visible track width: c80m;[53] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; many parts of the structure are visible.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[54]

Roma
Circus Maximus

Rome

Italy

41°53′10″N 12°29′07″E﻿ / ﻿41.886016°N 12.485404°E﻿ / 41.886016; 12.485404﻿ (Circus_Maximus, Rome)

Track length: c621m;[55] track width: c150m;[55] form substantially visible; U-shaped; the space is practically unoccupied by any modern structures; only a few parts of the structure are visible or remain.

Roma
Circus of Nero, a.k.a. Circus of Caligula, or Vatican Circus

Rome

Italy

41°54′06″N 12°27′19″E﻿ / ﻿41.901638°N 12.455256°E﻿ / 41.901638; 12.455256﻿ (Circus of Nero, Rome)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] location just to the south of St. Peter's Basilica well established, though exact position and orientation unknown; the only surviving remains are the obelisk which was brought from Egypt to adorn the spina in 37 AD;[56] the obelisk was moved to its current location in Saint Peter's Square in 1586.[57]

images (may not be oriented to north)[58]

Roma
Circus Varianus; it:Circo Variano Template:It icon

Rome

Italy

41°53′14″N 12°31′14″E﻿ / ﻿41.887353°N 12.520474°E﻿ / 41.887353; 12.520474﻿ (Circus Varianus, Rome)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] Wikimapia location;[59] length: 565m;[60] width: 125m.[60]

images (may not be oriented to north)[61]

Gadara

Umm Qais

Jordan

32°39′25″N 35°40′01″E﻿ / ﻿32.656914°N 35.666857°E﻿ / 32.656914; 35.666857﻿ (Gadara Roman hippodrome)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] a German language archaeological site map of Gadara[62] indicates a location for what is described as a hippodrome.[63]

Gerasa

Jerash

Jordan

32°16′25″N 35°53′27″E﻿ / ﻿32.273655°N 35.890730°E﻿ / 32.273655; 35.890730﻿ (Gerasa Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: c245m;[64] visible track width: c50m;[64] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; a great deal of the structure still stands.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[65]

Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus
Beirut Hippodrome

Beirut

Lebanon

33°53′52″N 35°29′59″E﻿ / ﻿33.897911°N 35.499584°E﻿ / 33.897911; 35.499584﻿ (Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus (Beirut) Roman hippodrome)

cited in Humphrey;[7] the location is of the archaeological site of the Beirut Hippodrome as given on Wikimapia;[66] this may, or may not, be the same structure as the circus.

Tyre Hippodrome

Tyre

Lebanon

33°16′06″N 35°12′35″E﻿ / ﻿33.268313°N 35.209776°E﻿ / 33.268313; 35.209776﻿ (Tyre Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: c435m;[67] visible track width: c80m;[67] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; a great deal of the structure is still visible.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[68]

Cyrene

Shahhat

Libya

32°49′20″N 21°51′51″E﻿ / ﻿32.822221°N 21.864104°E﻿ / 32.822221; 21.864104﻿ (Cyrene Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: c300m?;[69][70] visible track width: c45m;[69][70] form reasonably visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible; sometimes referred to as a hippodrome.

images (may not be oriented to north)[70]

Leptis Magna

Khoms OR Al Khums (c3km)

Libya

32°37′59″N 14°18′38″E﻿ / ﻿32.633056°N 14.310547°E﻿ / 32.633056; 14.310547﻿ (Leptis Magna Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] located both on and parallel to the sea shore; visible track length: c445m;[71] visible track width: c75m;[71] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; some of the structure is still visible.

images (may not be oriented to north)[72]

Aeminium

Coimbra

Portugal

40°12′32″N 8°25′31″W﻿ / ﻿40.209016°N 8.425387°W﻿ / 40.209016; -8.425387﻿ (Aeminium (Coimbra) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)) (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)

believed to have existed, but unconfirmed; archaeological information about the Roman town;[73][74] reference to a suggested location for the circus (Praça do Comércio); suggested location.[75]

Balsa

Tavira

Portugal

37°05′26″N 7°41′07″W﻿ / ﻿37.090488°N 7.685301°W﻿ / 37.090488; -7.685301﻿ (Balsa (Tavira) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] the location is approximately that indicated conjecturally, though with considerable certainty, at;[76] that site states "the topographic marks of [the circus] permit a reasonably rigorous survey"; length: c375m;[76] width: c80m.[76]

Miróbriga

Santiago do Cacém (c2km)

Portugal

38°00′08″N 8°41′02″W﻿ / ﻿38.002318°N 8.683770°W﻿ / 38.002318; -8.683770﻿ (Mirobriga Roman circus)

cited in Chase;[22] visible track length: c330m;[77] visible track width: c70m;[77] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible.

images (may not be oriented to north)[78]

Olissipona

Lisbon

Portugal

38°42′50″N 9°08′21″W﻿ / ﻿38.713788°N 9.139192°W﻿ / 38.713788; -9.139192﻿ (Olissipona (Lisbon) Roman circus)

in what is today the 'Rossio'; an account (in Portuguese) of excavations which uncovered a section of the spina of the circus can be found at.[79]

Sirmium

Sremska Mitrovica

Serbia

44°58′03″N 19°36′44″E﻿ / ﻿44.967364°N 19.612151°E﻿ / 44.967364; 19.612151﻿ (Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) Roman circus (approx))

cited in Humphrey;[7] the location is a close approximation based on information at;[80] length: c450m;[81] width: c150m;[81] the structure lies buried some 2–4 m under the current town centre, just to the north of the partially excavated palace; only very small sections have been excavated.[80]

Calagurris

Calahorra

Spain

42°18′17″N 1°57′47″W﻿ / ﻿42.304811°N 1.963025°W﻿ / 42.304811; -1.963025﻿ (Calagurris (Calahorra) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] the circus lies under the pedestrian thoroughfare 'Paseo Del Mercadal';[82] length c300-350m.[83]

Cáparra

Capera

Spain

40°10′01″N 6°06′04″W﻿ / ﻿40.166847°N 6.101135°W﻿ / 40.166847; -6.101135﻿ (Cáparra (Capera) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)) (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] the location, from Wikimapia[84] and Spanish Wikipedia[85] is of the ruins of the Roman city only; there is no indication of the location of the circus.

Corduba

Córdoba

Spain

37°53′06″N 4°46′22″W﻿ / ﻿37.885079°N 4.772803°W﻿ / 37.885079; -4.772803﻿ (Corduba (Córdoba) Roman circus)

location from Wikimapia and others;[86][87] length: c370m;[86][87] entirely buried under the existing city centre; virtually no remains visible.

Emerita Augusta
Circus Maximus (Mérida)

Mérida

Spain

38°55′12″N 6°19′56″W﻿ / ﻿38.920037°N 6.332116°W﻿ / 38.920037; -6.332116﻿ (Emerita Augusta (Mérida) Roman circus)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: c400m;[88] visible track width: c85m;[88] form clearly visible; U-shaped but without the distinctive slanted 'flat' carceres end seen in many other circuses; instead the 'flat' end is slightly rounded; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; much of the structure is still visible.

further images (may not be oriented to north)[89]

Italica

Santiponce

Spain

37°26′19″N 6°02′22″W﻿ / ﻿37.43856°N 6.039444°W﻿ / 37.43856; -6.039444﻿ (Italica (Santiponce) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)) (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] very approximate location;[90] the circus lies under the centre of the existing old town of Santiponce; nothing is visible; note that the very large amphitheatre at Italica is sometimes referred to as a circus.

Saguntum

Sagunto

Spain

39°40′54″N 0°16′36″W﻿ / ﻿39.681644°N 0.276675°W﻿ / 39.681644; -0.276675﻿ (Saguntum (Sagunto) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] the location of the circus has been confirmed by the excavation, and preservation, of a gate to the circus;[91][92] the circus lies buried under the existing town; only the gate is visible;[93] length: c350m;[94] width: c73m.[94]

images (may not be oriented to north)[95]

Tarraco

Tarragona

Spain

41°07′01″N 1°15′21″E﻿ / ﻿41.116963°N 1.255832°E﻿ / 41.116963; 1.255832﻿ (Tarraco (Tarragona) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] most of the circus lies buried under the existing town; a substantial part of the curved eastern end, and part of the south-western side, are visible; track length: c290m;[96] track width: c75m.[96]

images (may not be oriented to north)[97]

Toletum

Toledo

Spain

39°51′49″N 4°01′48″W﻿ / ﻿39.863689°N 4.029978°W﻿ / 39.863689; -4.029978﻿ (Toletum (Toledo) Roman circus)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] between a third and a half of the circus, including the round end, is partially visible; the remainder of the circus, has either been obliterated, or lies under modern constructions; suggested length: c430m;[98][99] visible width: c75m.[100]

images (may not be oriented to north)[98]

Zafra

Spain

38°25′25″N 6°24′58″W﻿ / ﻿38.423701°N 6.416107°W﻿ / 38.423701; -6.416107﻿ (Zafra town (not the circus; historic nucleus of town)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] there appears to be significant uncertainty about the status, and even name, of Zafra in the Roman era;[101] the town appears to have no significant Roman remains other than those of some 20 Roman villas in the surrounding area;[101] no online circus-specific information found.

Nova Trajana Bostra

Bosra Eski Sham OR Busra Eski Şam OR Busra ash-Sham

Syria

32°30′54″N 36°28′48″E﻿ / ﻿32.5149°N 36.4799°E﻿ / 32.5149; 36.4799﻿ (Nova Trajana Bostra (Bosra Eski Sham or Busra Eski Şam or Busra ash-Sham) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] French maps of Roman Bosra showing the location of the circus (or hippodrome);[102][103] visible track length: c430m;[104] visible track width: c110m;[104] form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is virtually unoccupied by any modern structures; much of the structure still stands.

images (may not be oriented to north)[105]

Laodicea ad Mare

Latakia

Syria

35°31′11″N 35°46′30″E﻿ / ﻿35.519688°N 35.775046°E﻿ / 35.519688; 35.775046﻿ (Laodicea ad Mare (Latakia) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] no online circus-specific information found.

Abthugni[106][107]

Henchir Souar OR Henchir Esch Schorr OR Henchir es Souar

Tunisia

36°11′52″N 10°00′32″E﻿ / ﻿36.197695°N 10.008889°E﻿ / 36.197695; 10.008889﻿ (Abthugni (Henchir Souar) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town))[108] (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town).

cited in Humphrey;[7] coordinates of place;[108] location of place on topographic map[109] (ref: NJ 32-15/510322); references to Henchir Souar;[110][111] aerial photograph of place[112] confirms coordinates reference; topographic features on aerial photograph match with;[113] no online circus-specific information found.

Carthago
Circus of Carthage

Carthage

Tunisia

36°51′01″N 10°18′55″E﻿ / ﻿36.850222°N 10.315239°E﻿ / 36.850222; 10.315239﻿ (Carthago (Carthage) Roman circus)

Cited in Humphrey;[7] location;[114] length: c500m;[114][115] width: c90m;[114][115] U-shaped; very little remains visible; partly occupied by modern constructions.

images (may not be oriented to north)[114]

Commodum OR Municipium Aurelium Commodum[106][116]

Henchir Bou Cha or Henchir Fraxine

Tunisia

36°31′56″N 9°53′04″E﻿ / ﻿36.532221°N 9.884513°E﻿ / 36.532221; 9.884513﻿ (Municipium Aurelium Commodum (Henchir Bou Cha) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)) (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)

cited in Humphrey;[7] archaeological document of Tunisian government[116] Template:Fr icon; location of place on topographic map[109] (ref: NJ 32-15/498358); no online circus-specific information found.

Hadrumetum OR Colonia Concordia Ulpia Trajana Augusta Frugifera Hadrumetina

Sousse

Tunisia

35°49′47″N 10°37′28″E﻿ / ﻿35.829783°N 10.624434°E﻿ / 35.829783; 10.624434﻿ (Hadrumentum (Sousse) Roman circus (probable location)) (probable location)

cited in Humphrey;[7] probable location[117] based on information in 1903 documents[118] Template:Fr icon, reinforced by an undated aerial photograph;[119] visible length (as measured on Wikimapia based on cross-reference with aerial photograph): c350m or greater.

Thugga OR Municipium Septimium Aurelium Liberum Thugga[120]

Dougga

Tunisia

36°25′35″N 9°12′58″E﻿ / ﻿36.4265°N 9.2161°E﻿ / 36.4265; 9.2161﻿ (Municipium Septimium Aurelium Liberum Thugga (Dougga) Roman circus (approximate location)) (approximate location)

cited in Chase;[22] approximate location,[121] on the north western edge of town, suggested (though not explicitly identified) on plan,[122] and plan;[123] various lengths are referenced: c175m,[124] 393m;[125] the site is open agricultural land with no subsequent occupation.

images (may not be oriented to north)[126]

Thysdrus

El Djem

Tunisia

35°18′07″N 10°41′37″E﻿ / ﻿35.301944°N 10.693480°E﻿ / 35.301944; 10.693480﻿ (Thysdrus (El Djem) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] visible track length: c500m;[127] visible track width: c70m;[127] form lightly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible.

images (may not be oriented to north)[128]

Utica

near Zana

Tunisia

37°03′04″N 10°03′47″E﻿ / ﻿37.051230°N 10.063141°E﻿ / 37.051230; 10.063141﻿ (Utica Roman circus (probable location)) (probable location)

cited in Humphrey;[7] Tunisian archaeological site number: 007.157 (Utique ; Henchir Bechateur ; UTIKA);[129] reference to circus;[130] uncorroborated location;[131] more probable location[132] as indicated by the maps in[133] confirms the given location; approximate length measured from the maps in:[133] 280-300m.

Antioch
Circus of Antioch

Antakya

Turkey

36°13′33″N 36°10′19″E﻿ / ﻿36.225754°N 36.171885°E﻿ / 36.225754; 36.171885﻿ (Antioch (Antakya) Roman circus)

cited in Humphrey;[7] location (from 1930s aerial photograph);[134] map[135] of ancient Antioch[136] showing the circus as a hippodrome; length: c490m;[134][137] width: c90m;[134][137] very little visible today; is more visible in a 1930s aerial photograph;[134] lightly over-built by modern structures and occupations.

images (may not be oriented to north)[134]

Aphrodisias

Aphrodisias

Turkey

37°42′45″N 28°43′19″E﻿ / ﻿37.712543°N 28.721985°E﻿ / 37.712543; 28.721985﻿ (Aphrodisias Roman stadium or hippodrome)

Double-U-shaped; very substantially preserved; significantly smaller than other circuses; may be considered a stadium or hippodrome rather than a circus; visible track length: c220m;[138] visible track width: 35m.[138]

images (may not be oriented to north)[139]

Byzantium
Hippodrome of Constantinople

Istanbul

Turkey

41°00′24″N 28°58′33″E﻿ / ﻿41.006548°N 28.975961°E﻿ / 41.006548; 28.975961﻿ (Byzantium)

Built under Septimius Severus; estimated length: c450m;[140] estimated width: c130m;[140] other than some monuments from the spina, virtually none of the structure is visible today; it is believed much of the structure may lie buried some 2m below the current surface.[141]

images (may not be oriented to north)[142]

Laodicea on the Lycus

Denizli (c6km)

Turkey

37°49′52″N 29°06′16″E﻿ / ﻿37.831074°N 29.104478°E﻿ / 37.831074; 29.104478﻿ (Laodicea Roman stadium)

referred to as a stadium; double U-shaped and small; visible track length: c250m;[143] visible track width: c40m;[143] form clearly visible; no visible spina; unoccupied by any subsequent construction.

Nicomedia

İzmit

Turkey

40°46′00″N 29°55′15″E﻿ / ﻿40.766754°N 29.920744°E﻿ / 40.766754; 29.920744﻿ (Nicomedia (İzmit) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of İzmit)) (not the circus; historic nucleus of İzmit)

cited in Humphrey;[7] general information on the archaeological remains of Nicomedia;[144][145] Kocaeli municipal history,[146] including a 19th-century map showing the location of the historic nucleus of the city (through history Kocaeli has been named successively: Olbia, Astakos, Nicomedia, Iznikmid, and Izmid or Izmit); no online circus-specific information found.

Referring to the table information on 'Circus (building)' titled 'List of Roman circuses', give a one-line statement limited to the highlighted cells and provide it inside the JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.