decolonization of africa
timeline
Table:
Country[3]

Colonial name

Colonial power[4]

Independence date[5]

First head of state

Independence won through

Liberia

Commonwealth of Liberia

American Colonization Society

July 26, 1847

Joseph Jenkins Roberts

Liberian Declaration of Independence

Ethiopia

Italian East Africa

Italy; United Kingdom

19 December 1944

Haile Selassie I

Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement

Libya

Italian Libya; Allied Military Administration

Italy; United Kingdom/France

December 24, 1951

King Idris I

Western Desert Campaign

Egypt

British Egypt

United Kingdom

1922/1936/1952[6]

Sarwat Pasha, Farouk,

1952 Egyptian revolution[6]

Sudan

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

United Kingdom[9]

1 January 1956

Ismail al-Azhari

Condominium ended

Tunisia

French protectorate of Tunisia

France

March 20, 1956

Muhammad VIII al-Amin

-

Morocco

Protectorate of Morocco

France & Spain

April 7, 1956[10]

Mohammed V

Rif War, Ifni War

Ghana

Gold Coast

United Kingdom & Germany;[11] Britain

March 6, 1957

Kwame Nkrumah

-

Guinea

French Guinea (part of French West Africa)

France

October 2, 1958

Sékou Touré

-

Cameroon

Cameroun

Germany; France & United Kingdom

January 1, 1960[12]

Ahmadou Ahidjo

UPC rebellion

Togo

French Togoland

Germany; France

April 27, 1960

Sylvanus Olympio

-

Mali

French Sudan (part of French West Africa)

France

June 20, 1960[13]

Modibo Keita

-

Senegal

part of French West Africa

France

June 20, 1960[13]

Léopold Senghor

-

Madagascar

Malagasy Protectorate

France

June 26, 1960

Philibert Tsiranana

Malagasy Uprising

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Belgian Congo

Belgium

June 30, 1960

Patrice Lumumba

Congo Crisis

Somalia[14]

British Somaliland
Italian Somaliland

United Kingdom
Italy

June 26, 1960
July 1, 1960

Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar

-
-

Benin

French Dahomey (part of French West Africa)

France

August 1, 1960[15]

Hubert Maga

-

Niger

Colony of Niger (part of French West Africa)

France

August 3, 1960

Hamani Diori

-

Burkina Faso

French Upper Volta (part of French West Africa)

France

August 5, 1960

Maurice Yaméogo

-

Côte d'Ivoire

Ivory Coast (part of French West Africa)

France

August 7, 1960

Félix Houphouët-Boigny

-

Chad

French Chad (part of French Equatorial Africa)

France

August 11, 1960

François Tombalbaye

-

Central African Republic

Ubangi-Shari (part of French Equatorial Africa)

France

August 13, 1960

David Dacko

-

Republic of the Congo

French Congo (part of French Equatorial Africa)

France

August 15, 1960

Fulbert Youlou

-

Gabon

part of French Equatorial Africa

France

August 17, 1960

Léon M'ba

Nigeria

British Nigeria

United Kingdom

October 1, 1960 [16]

Nnamdi Azikiwe

-

Mauritania

part of French West Africa

France

November 28, 1960

Moktar Ould Daddah

-

Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone

United Kingdom

April 27, 1961

Milton Margai

-

South Africa

Union of South Africa

United Kingdom

1910/1931/1961[17]

James Barry Munnik Hertzog

-

Tanzania[18]

Tanganyika
Zanzibar

Germany; United Kingdom
United Kingdom

December 9, 1961
December 10, 1963

Julius Nyerere
Jamshid ibn Abdullah

-
-

Rwanda

part of Ruanda-Urundi

Germany; Belgium

July 1, 1962

Grégoire Kayibanda

- [19]

Burundi

part of Ruanda-Urundi

Germany; Belgium

July 1, 1962

André Muhirwa

-

Algeria

French Algeria

France

July 3, 1962

Ahmed Ben Bella

Algerian War of Independence

Uganda

Uganda Protectorate

United Kingdom

October 9, 1962

Milton Obote

-

Kenya

Kenya Colony

United Kingdom

December 12, 1963

Jomo Kenyatta

Mau Mau Uprising

Malawi

Nyasaland Protectorate

United Kingdom

July 6, 1964

Hastings Kamuzu Banda

-

Zambia

Northern Rhodesia

United Kingdom

October 24, 1964

Kenneth Kaunda

-

The Gambia

Gambia

United Kingdom

February 18, 1965

Dawda Kairaba Jawara

-

Botswana

Bechuanaland Protectorate

United Kingdom

September 30, 1966

Seretse Khama

-

Lesotho

Basutoland

United Kingdom

October 4, 1966

Leabua Jonathan

-

Namibia

South West Africa

Germany; South Africa

October 27, 1966[20]

Sam Nujoma

Namibian War of Independence

Mauritius

United Kingdom

March 12, 1968

-

Swaziland

Swaziland

United Kingdom

September 6, 1968

Sobhuza II

-

Equatorial Guinea

Spanish Guinea

Spain

October 12, 1968

Francisco Macías Nguema

-

Guinea-Bissau

Portuguese Guinea

Portugal

September 24, 1973

Luís Cabral

Guinea-Bissau War of Independence/Portuguese Colonial War

Mozambique

Portuguese East Africa

Portugal

June 25, 1975

Samora Machel

Mozambican War of Independence/Portuguese Colonial War

Cape Verde

Portugal

July 5, 1975

influenced by Guinea-Bissau War of Independence

Comoros

French Madagascar, French Comoros

France, Madagascar

July 6, 1975

-

São Tomé and Príncipe

Portugal

July 12, 1975

-

Angola

Portuguese West Africa

Portugal

November 11, 1975

Agostinho Neto

Angolan War of Independence/Portuguese Colonial War

Seychelles

United Kingdom

June 29, 1976

James Richard Marie Mancham

-

Djibouti

French Somaliland

France

June 27, 1977

Hassan Gouled Aptidon

-

Zimbabwe

Southern Rhodesia

United Kingdom

April 18, 1980[21]

Canaan Banana

Lancaster House Agreement

Eritrea

Eritrea

Italy; Britain; Ethiopia

May 24, 1993

Isaias Afewerki(incumbent)

Eritrean War of Independence

South Sudan

Southern Sudan

United Kingdom; Sudan

July 9, 2011

Salva Kiir Mayardit

Sudanese Civil War

Sahrawi Republic[23]

Spanish Sahara;
Moroccan Sahara

Spain;
Morocco

February 27, 1976;
Independence not effectuated over most of the territory

El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed;
Mohamed Abdelaziz

Western Sahara War;
Saharawi Intifada

With reference to the table in the article 'decolonization of africa' in the 'timeline' section, choose the correct relation between the two highlighted columns of the table among these relation candidates: film.film.directed_by, location.country.capital, book.written_work.author, olympics.olympic_athlete.medals_won-olympics.olympic_medal_honor.event, award.award_nominated_work.award_nominations-award.award_nomination.ceremony, location.location.contains, sports.sports_league.teams-sports.sports_league_participation.team, american_football.football_player.games-american_football.player_game_statistics.team, aviation.airport.serves, music.composer.compositions, sports.sports_team.league-sports.sports_league_participation.league, location.location.nearby_airports, location.hud_county_place.county, award.award_ceremony.awards_presented-award.award_honor.honored_for, sports.sports_team.arena_stadium, film.film.country, film.film.production_companies, education.educational_institution.athletics_brand, film.film.starring-film.performance.character, location.location.containedby, soccer.football_player.position_s, film.film.produced_by, people.person.parents, government.politician.government_positions_held-government.government_position_held.district_represented, location.administrative_division.capital-location.administrative_division_capital_relationship.capital, music.composition.composer, olympics.olympic_participating_country.athletes-olympics.olympic_athlete_affiliation.athlete, sports.sports_award_winner.awards-sports.sports_award.team, base.schemastaging.athlete_extra.salary-base.schemastaging.athlete_salary.team, award.award_category.winners-award.award_honor.ceremony, award.award_ceremony.awards_presented-award.award_honor.award_winner, film.film.genre, music.artist.album, organization.organization.headquarters-location.mailing_address.country, olympics.olympic_participating_country.medals_won-olympics.olympic_medal_honor.medalist, film.film.release_date_s-film.film_regional_release_date.film_release_region, organization.organization.headquarters-location.mailing_address.state_province_region, soccer.football_player.statistics-soccer.football_player_stats.team, location.administrative_division.country, basketball.basketball_player.player_statistics-basketball.basketball_player_stats.team, people.person.nationality, tv.tv_program.original_network-tv.tv_network_duration.network, tv.tv_actor.starring_roles-tv.regular_tv_appearance.character, music.album.artist, baseball.baseball_team.league, film.director.film, base.culturalevent.event.entity_involved, sports.sports_position.players-sports.sports_team_roster.player, sports.sports_facility.teams, meteorology.tropical_cyclone.tropical_cyclone_season, tv.tv_character.appeared_in_tv_program-tv.regular_tv_appearance.actor, cvg.computer_videogame.developer, base.biblioness.bibs_location.country, olympics.olympic_event_competition.medalists-olympics.olympic_medal_honor.medalist, sports.sports_league_season.league, award.award_category.winners-award.award_honor.award_winner, book.author.works_written, organization.organization.headquarters-location.mailing_address.citytown, baseball.baseball_player.batting_stats-baseball.batting_statistics.team, olympics.olympic_athlete.country-olympics.olympic_athlete_affiliation.country, people.person.education-education.education.institution, award.award_nominated_work.award_nominations-award.award_nomination.award_nominee, aviation.airline.hubs, time.event.locations, award.award_nominee.award_nominations-award.award_nomination.nominated_f, award.award_category.nominees-award.award_nomination.ceremony, location.capital_of_administrative_division.capital_of-location.administrative_division_capital_relationship.administrative_division, film.film.written_by, location.location.street_address-location.mailing_address.citytown, sports.sports_team.roster-sports.sports_team_roster.player, sports.sports_team.location, film.actor.film-film.performance.character, military.military_combatant.military_conflicts-military.military_combatant_group.combatants, film.film.language, sports.sports_team.venue-sports.team_venue_relationship.venue, time.event.instance_of_recurring_event, sports.pro_athlete.teams-sports.sports_team_roster.position, film.actor.film-film.performance.film, american_football.football_player.position_s, government.politician.party-government.political_party_tenure.party, government.political_district.representatives-government.government_position_held.office_holder, location.country.languages_spoken, soccer.football_team.player_statistics-soccer.football_player_stats.player, base.schemastaging.organization_extra.phone_number-base.schemastaging.phone_sandbox.service_location, film.film.distributors-film.film_film_distributor_relationship.distributor, tv.tv_program.regular_cast-tv.regular_tv_appearance.actor, broadcast.broadcast.area_served, award.award_category.nominees-award.award_nomination.award_nominee, baseball.baseball_player.position_s, base.wikipedia_infobox.video_game.developer, film.film.starring-film.performance.actor, award.award_ceremony.nominees-award.award_nomination.nominated_for, sports.pro_athlete.teams-sports.sports_team_roster.team, people.person.places_lived-people.place_lived.location, sports.sports_facility.home_venue_for-sports.team_venue_relationship.team, cvg.computer_videogame.publisher, olympics.olympic_athlete.medals_won-olympics.olympic_medal_honor.country, sports.sports_position.players-sports.sports_team_roster.position, film.film.music, government.political_party.politicians_in_this_party-government.political_party_tenure.politician, film.film.story_by, base.wikipedia_infobox.video_game.platforms, sports.sports_team.sport, government.governmental_jurisdiction.governing_officials-government.government_position_held.office_holder, award.award_winning_work.awards_won-award.award_honor.award_winner, tv.tv_network.programs-tv.tv_network_duration.program, ice_hockey.hockey_player.hockey_position, tv.tv_actor.starring_roles-tv.regular_tv_appearance.series, award.award_ceremony.nominees-award.award_nomination.award_nominee, people.person.place_of_birth, tv.tv_program.country_of_origin, sports.sports_team.league-sports.sports_league_participation.from, base.aareas.schema.administrative_area.administrative_parent, people.person.spouse_s-people.marriage.spouse, location.country.official_language, sports.sports_championship_event.champion, award.award_category.category_of, military.military_person.service-military.military_service.military_force, people.deceased_person.place_of_death, film.film_character.portrayed_in_films-film.performance.actor. Return the relation name(s) in JSON format {"answer": ["RELATION"]}. Use commas to separate multiple correct relations.

{"answer": ["government.governmental_jurisdiction.governing_officials-government.government_position_held.office_holder"]}