List of Alpha Kappa Alpha sisters
Table:
Name

Original chapter

Notability

References

Zernona Black

Alpha Tau Omega

wife of Claude Black; civil rights advocate

[70]

Rose Butler Browne

unknown

teacher at Virginia State University and North Carolina Central University; civil rights activist

[24]

Johnnie Rebecca Carr

Honorary

civil rights activist

[7]

Septima Poinsette Clark

Gamma Xi Omega

education activist, trained Rosa Parks during workshops at Highlander Folk School School

[24][71]

Virginia Coffey

Unknown

Civil rights advocate and social reformer

[72]

Pauline Redmond Coggs

Epsilon Kappa Omega

first African-American woman to head the Urban League in Washington, D.C.; personal confidante to first lady Eleanor Roosevelt

[73]

Virginia Foster Durr

Honorary

civil rights activist who supported sit-ins and the Freedom Rides

[7][74]

Ada Sipuel Fisher

unknown

desegregated the University of Oklahoma College of Law in Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma

[75]

Bernice King

Kappa Omega

civil rights leader; daughter of Dr. Martin Luther King

Coretta Scott King

Honorary

civil rights leader; wife of Dr. Martin Luther King

[7]

Rosa Parks

Honorary

civil rights leader; stemmed the Montgomery Bus Boycott

[7]

Mary E. Peabody

Honorary

activist in civil and human rights

[7]

C. Minnijean Brown Trickey

Delta Beta

civil rights activist who integrated Central High School in 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas; one of the Little Rock Nine

[76]

C. Delores Tucker

Honorary

civil rights activist

[7]

From the tabular data plus the supporting evidence provided.

Respond to the question below: What is the original chapter of the sister who has been called the first lady of civil rights ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

ZerNona Stewart Black ( 1906-2005 ) was the wife of civil rights leader , the Rev . Claude Black . She was an instructor at Langston University in Oklahoma and at St. Philip 's College in San Antonio . In 1943 , she accepted a three-month transfer to the San Antonio YWCA-USO for Black Military , a group formed to help morale for African American service members and their families . During the 1950s and 1960s , Ms. Black served alongside her husband in the Civil Rights Movement . Ms. Black had also founded several senior citizen daycare centers such as Health Incorporated , which earned her recognition from the nation 's capital .
San Antonio ( /ˌsæn ænˈtoʊnioʊ/ ; from Spanish , Saint Anthony , Spanish pronunciation : [ sa.n‿anˈto.njo ] ) , officially the City of San Antonio , is the seventh-most populous city in the United States , and the second-most populous city in both Texas and the Southern United States , with more than 1.5 million residents . Founded as a Spanish mission and colonial outpost in 1718 , the city became the first chartered civil settlement in present-day Texas in 1731 . The area was still part of the Spanish Empire , and later of the Mexican Republic . It is the state 's oldest municipality , having celebrated its 300th anniversary on May 1 , 2018 . The city 's deep history is contrasted with its rapid growth over the past few decades . It was the fastest-growing of the top ten largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010 , and the second from 1990 to 2000 . Straddling the regional divide between South and Central Texas , San Antonio anchors the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion colloquially known as the Texas Triangle . The Greater San Antonio and Greater Austin areas are separated from each other by 80 miles along Interstate 35 between which lie the city of New Braunfels , Texas . San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County ; San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area . Commonly called Greater San Antonio , the metro area has a population of 2,473,974 based on the 2017 U.S. census estimate , making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in Texas . San Antonio was named by a 1691 Spanish expedition for Saint Anthony of Padua , whose feast day is June 13 . The city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions , including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park , which together were designated UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2015 .
Claude William Black , Jr. ( November 28 , 1916 - March 13 , 2009 ) was an American Baptist minister and political figure . He was born the son of local Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters vice president Claude , Sr. and housewife Cora in the then-segregated city of San Antonio , Texas .
Rose Butler Browne ( 1897-1986 ) was an African American educator , engineer and author of Love My Children . Rose Butler Browne was born in Boston , Massachusetts in 1897 . She moved with her family to Newport , Rhode Island where she grew up . While working as a live-in domestic she earned a bachelor 's degree at Rhode Island College . She went on to earn her master 's degree at Rhode Island College and then to Harvard University where , in 1939 she became the first black woman to earn a doctoral degree in education . In 1950 , she received an honorary degree from Rhode Island College , and in 1969 a seven-story Rhode Island College residence hall was named in her honor . Browne died in 1986 at the age of 89 . Dr. Browne taught for many years at Virginia State University and North Carolina College . She was devoted to improving education for minority children . Dr. Browne served on the facilities of Virginia State College , West Virginia State College and Institute , and Bluefield State College in West Virginia before becoming chairman of the education department at North Caroline College . A crusader for black rights , Dr. Browne once refused to send students into teaching jobs in West Virginia as long as State Board of Education continued paying black teachers lower salaries than white teachers . The publicity and subsequent shortage of teachers forced the board to alter its policies .
Virginia State University ( VSU or Virginia State ) is a historically black public land-grant university in Ettrick , Virginia . Founded on March 6 , 1882 ( 1882-03-06 ) , Virginia State developed as the United States 's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for black Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund .
North Carolina Central University ( NCCU or NC Central ) , a state-supported liberal arts institution , is a public , historically black university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Dr. James E. Shepard in affiliation with the Chautauqua movement in 1909 , it was supported by private funds from both Northern and Southern philanthropists . It was made part of the state system in 1923 , when it first received state funding and was renamed as Durham State Normal School . It added graduate classes in arts and sciences and professional schools in law and library science in the late 1930s and 1940s . In 1969 the legislature designated this as a regional university and renamed it as North Carolina Central University . It has been part of the University of North Carolina system since 1972 , and offers programs at the baccalaureate , master 's , professional and doctoral levels . The university is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund .
Septima Poinsette Clark ( May 3 , 1898 - December 15 , 1987 ) was a black American educator and civil rights activist . Clark developed the literacy and citizenship workshops that played an important role in the drive for voting rights and civil rights for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement . Septima Clark 's work was commonly under-appreciated by Southern male activists . She became known as the Queen mother or Grandmother of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States . Martin Luther King , Jr. commonly referred to Clark as The Mother of the Movement . Clark 's argument for her position in the Civil Rights Movement was one that claimed knowledge could empower marginalized groups in ways that formal legal equality could n't .
Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina . The city is the county seat of Charleston County , and the principal city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina 's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor , an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley , Cooper , and Wando rivers . Charleston had an estimated population of 136,208 in 2018 . The estimated population of the Charleston metropolitan area , comprising Berkeley , Charleston , and Dorchester counties , was 787,643 residents as of 2018 , the third-largest in the state and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States . Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town , honoring King Charles II of England . Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River ( now Charles Towne Landing ) was abandoned in 1680 for its present site , which became the fifth-largest city in North America within ten years . One of the key cities in the British colonization of the Americas , Charles Town played a major role in the slave trade , which laid the foundation for the city 's size and wealth , and was dominated by a slavocracy of plantation owners and slave traders . Independent Charleston slave traders like Joseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of the Royal African Company , pioneering the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century . Historians estimate that nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrived in Charleston , most at Gadsden 's Wharf . Despite its size , it remained unincorporated throughout the colonial period ; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent by London , England . Election districts were organized according to Anglican parishes , and some social services were managed by Anglican wardens and vestries .
Virginia Coffey ( 1904-2003 ) , was an American social reformer and civil rights activist who worked for improved race relations in and around Cincinnati , Ohio . She advised and directed several organisations during her career , including a variety of boards and committees .
Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s .
Virginia Foster Durr ( August 6 , 1903 - February 24 , 1999 ) was an American white civil rights activist and lobbyist . She was born in Birmingham , Alabama in 1903 to Dr. Sterling Foster , an Alabama Presbyterian minister , and Ann Patterson Foster . At 22 she married lawyer Clifford Durr , with whom she had 5 children , one of whom died in infancy . Durr was a close friend of Rosa Parks and Eleanor Roosevelt , and was sister-in-law ( through her sister 's marriage ) of Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black , who sat on many crucial civil rights cases . Her circle of friends extended to Alger Hiss . She was inducted into the Alabama Women 's Hall of Fame in 2006 .
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest , often to promote political , social , or economic change . The protestors gather conspicuously in a space or building , refusing to move unless their demands are met . The often clearly visible demonstrations are intended to spread awareness among the public , or disrupt the goings-on of the protested organisation .
Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia ( 1946 ) and Boynton v. Virginia ( 1960 ) , which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional . The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them . The first Freedom Ride left Washington , D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . Boynton outlawed racial segregation in the restaurants and waiting rooms in terminals serving buses that crossed state lines . [ page needed ] Five years prior to the Boynton ruling , the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) had issued a ruling in Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company ( 1955 ) that had explicitly denounced the Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) doctrine of separate but equal in interstate bus travel . The ICC failed to enforce its ruling , and Jim Crow travel laws remained in force throughout the South . [ citation needed ] The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating . The Freedom Rides , and the violent reactions they provoked , bolstered the credibility of the American Civil Rights Movement . They called national attention to the disregard for the federal law and the local violence used to enforce segregation in the southern United States . Police arrested riders for trespassing , unlawful assembly , violating state and local Jim Crow laws , and other alleged offenses , but often they first let white mobs attack them without intervention . The Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) sponsored most of the subsequent Freedom Rides , but some were also organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The Freedom Rides , beginning in 1960 , followed dramatic sit-ins against segregated lunch counters conducted by students and youth throughout the South , and boycotts of retail establishments that maintained segregated facilities .
Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher ( February 8 , 1924 - October 18 , 1995 ) was a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement in Oklahoma . She applied for admission into the University of Oklahoma law school in order to challenge the state 's segregation laws and to become a lawyer . She was born in Chickasha , Oklahoma and was the daughter of a minister , Rev . Travis B. Sipuel , and his wife , the former Martha Belle Smith .
The University of Oklahoma College of Law is an ABA-certified law school located on the University of Oklahoma campus in Norman , Oklahoma . Currently , [ when ? ] the College of Law has an enrollment of 509 law students .
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma , 332 U.S. 631 ( 1948 ) , is a per curiam United States Supreme Court decision involving racial segregation toward African Americans by the University of Oklahoma and the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution .
Bernice Albertine King ( born March 28 , 1963 ) is an American minister and the youngest child of civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King . She was five years old when her father was assassinated . In her adolescence , King chose to work towards becoming a minister after having a breakdown from watching a documentary about her father . King was 17 when she was invited to speak at the United Nations . Twenty years after her father was assassinated , she preached her trial sermon . Inspired by her parents ' activism , she was arrested multiple times during her early adulthood . Her mother suffered a stroke in 2005 and , after she died the following year , King delivered the eulogy at her funeral . A turning point in her life , King experienced conflict within her family when her sister Yolanda and brother Dexter supported the sale of the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change . After her sister died in 2007 , she delivered the eulogy for her as well . She supported the presidential campaign of Barack Obama in 2008 and called his nomination as part of her father 's dream . King was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 2009 . Her elder brother Martin III and her father had previously held the position .
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals ' freedom from infringement by governments , social organizations , and private individuals . They ensure one 's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression . Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples ' physical and mental integrity , life , and safety ; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race , gender , sexual orientation , national origin , color , age , political affiliation , ethnicity , religion , and disability ; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought , speech , religion , press , assembly , and movement . Political rights include natural justice ( procedural fairness ) in law , such as the rights of the accused , including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association , the right to assemble , the right to petition , the right of self-defense , and the right to vote . Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights . They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( with economic , social , and cultural rights comprising the second portion ) . The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be first-generation rights , and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights .
Martin Luther King Jr. ( January 15 , 1929 - April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 . King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience , inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi . King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . As president of the SCLC , he then led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham , Alabama . He helped organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . On October 14 , 1964 , King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches . In his final years , he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War . FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI 's COINTELPRO from 1963 on . FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties , recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials , and , in 1964 , mailed King a threatening anonymous letter , which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide . Before his death , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities .
Coretta Scott King ( née Scott ; April 27 , 1927 - January 30 , 2006 ) was an American author , activist , civil rights leader , and the wife of Martin Luther King Jr. An active advocate for African-American equality , she was a leader for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s . King was also a singer who often incorporated music into her civil rights work . King met her husband while attending graduate school in Boston . They both became increasingly active in the American Civil Rights Movement . King played a prominent role in the years after her husband 's assassination in 1968 when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the Women 's Movement . King founded the King Center and sought to make his birthday a national holiday . She finally succeeded when Ronald Reagan signed legislation which established Martin Luther King Jr. Day on November 2 , 1983 . She later broadened her scope to include both advocacy for LGBT rights and opposition to apartheid . King became friends with many politicians before and after Martin Luther King 's death , including John F. Kennedy , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Robert F. Kennedy . Her telephone conversation with John F. Kennedy during the 1960 presidential election has been credited by historians for mobilizing African-American voters . [ citation needed ] In August 2005 , King suffered a stroke which paralyzed her right side and left her unable to speak ; five months later she died of respiratory failure due to complications from ovarian cancer . Her funeral was attended by some 10,000 people , including four of five living US presidents .
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks ( February 4 , 1913 - October 24 , 2005 ) was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott . The United States Congress has called her the first lady of civil rights and the mother of the freedom movement . On December 1 , 1955 , in Montgomery , Alabama , Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake 's order to relinquish her seat in the colored section to a white passenger , after the whites-only section was filled . Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation , but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws . Parks ' prominence in the community and her willingness to become a controversial figure inspired the black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year , the first major direct action campaign of the post-war civil rights movement . Her case became bogged down in the state courts , but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Gayle succeeded in November 1956 . Parks ' act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became important symbols of the movement . She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation . She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders , including Edgar Nixon , president of the local chapter of the NAACP ; and Martin Luther King Jr. , a new minister in Montgomery who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement and went on to win a Nobel Peace Prize . At the time , Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP . She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School , a Tennessee center for training activists for workers ' rights and racial equality . She acted as a private citizen tired of giving in .
The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery , Alabama . It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement . The campaign lasted from December 5 , 1955 - the Monday after Rosa Parks , an African-American woman , was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person - to December 20 , 1956 , when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect , and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional .
Cynthia Delores Tucker ( née Nottage ; October 4 , 1927 - October 12 , 2005 ) was an American politician and civil rights activist perhaps best known for her participation in the Civil Rights Movement and her stance against gangsta rap music beginning in the early 1990s .