List of centenarians (medical professionals)
Table:
Name

Lifespan

Age

Notability

Elizabeth Bagshaw
1881–1982
100
Canadian physician and director of the first birth control clinic in Canada[1]

Joseph Barnes
1914–2017
109
Irish physician[2]

Myra Bennett
1890–1990
100
Canadian nurse[3]

Elisabeth Bing
1914–2015
100
German-born American physical therapist[4]

Richard Bing
1909–2010
101
German-born American cardiologist[5]

Wanda Błeńska
1911–2014
103
Polish physician and missionary[6]

Sadie Bonnell
1888–1993
105
British FANY ambulance driver who won the Military Medal[7]

Geraldine Branch
1908–2016
107
American gynecologist[8]

Clifford Brewer
1913–2017
104
British surgeon[9]

Jacinto Convit
1913–2014
100
Venezuelan epidemiologist[10]

Héctor Croxatto
1908–2010
102
Chilean physiologist[11]

Deng Tietao
1916–2019
102
Chinese physician and academic[12]

Leila Denmark
1898–2012
114
American pediatrician who helped develop the pertussis vaccine[13]

Anthony F. DePalma
1904–2005
100
American orthopedic surgeon, father of Brian De Palma[14]

Ian Douglas-Wilson
1912–2013
101
British physician[15]

Joel Elkes
1913–2015
101
Prussian-born American medical researcher[16]

Ephraim Engleman
1911–2015
104
American rheumatologist[17]

Gordon S. Fahrni
1887–1995
108
Canadian physician and expert on goitre[18]

William Frankland
1912–
112
British immunologist[19]

Sir George Godber
1908–2009
100
Chief Medical Officer of the United Kingdom[20]

Leveraging the accompanying table and the background passages listed.

Provide an answer to this question: At which institute did this medical researcher receive a B. S. degree who focused on the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Elizabeth Catherine Bagshaw , CM ( October 19 , 1881 - January 5 , 1982 ) was one of Canada 's first woman physicians . She was the medical director of the first birth control clinic in Canada , located in Hamilton , Ontario .
A physician ( American English ) , medical practitioner ( Commonwealth English ) , medical doctor , or simply doctor , is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , prognosis and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients , and methods of treatment - known as specialities - or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities - known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines , such as anatomy and physiology , underlying diseases and their treatment - the science of medicine - and also a decent competence in its applied practice - the art or craft of medicine . Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world . Degrees and other qualifications vary widely , but there are some common elements , such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration , compassion , and benevolence for their patients .
Birth control , also known as contraception and fertility control , is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy . Birth control has been used since ancient times , but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century . Planning , making available , and using birth control is called family planning . Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally , religiously , or politically undesirable . The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization by means of vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females , intrauterine devices ( IUDs ) , and implantable birth control . This is followed by a number of hormone-based methods including oral pills , patches , vaginal rings , and injections . Less effective methods include physical barriers such as condoms , diaphragms and birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods . The least effective methods are spermicides and withdrawal by the male before ejaculation . Sterilization , while highly effective , is not usually reversible ; all other methods are reversible , most immediately upon stopping them . Safe sex practices , such as with the use of male or female condoms , can also help prevent sexually transmitted infections . Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases . Emergency birth control can prevent pregnancy if taken within the 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex .
Joseph Barnes ( 14 November 1914 - 4 May 2017 ) was an Irish physician and medical missionary who worked in leper colonies in West Africa in the 1940s . Most notably , he co-founded International Community for the Relief of Suffering and Starvation ( ICROSS ) with Michael Elmore-Meegan . Born in Belfast , Barnes lectured in tropical medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland . He became a centenarian in November 2014 , and died in 2017 , aged 102 .
Myra M. Bennett , CM , MBE ( April 1 , 1890 - April 26 , 1990 ) born London , England , died Daniel 's Harbour , Newfoundland , Canada was a celebrated Canadian nurse . Dubbed The Florence Nightingale of Newfoundland by the Evening Telegram , in tribute to her contribution to the people of the Great Northern Peninsula , she was also known simply as The Nurse .
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals , families , and communities so they may attain , maintain , or recover optimal health and quality of life . Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care , training , and scope of practice . Nurses practice in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority . Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians , and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers . However , nurse practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings . Since the postwar period , nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialized credentials , and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing . Nurses develop a plan of care , working collaboratively with physicians , therapists , the patient , the patient 's family , and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life . In the United States and the United Kingdom , advanced practice nurses , such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners , diagnose health problems and prescribe medications and other therapies , depending on individual state regulations . Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of a multidisciplinary health care team such as therapists , medical practitioners , and dietitians . Nurses provide care both interdependently , for example , with physicians , and independently as nursing professionals .
Elisabeth Dorothea Bing ( née Koenigsberger ; 8 July 1914 - 15 May 2015 ) was a German physical therapist , co-founder of Lamaze International , and proponent of natural childbirth . She trained as a physical therapist in England after fleeing Nazi Germany due to her Jewish ancestry . Her hospital work there made her interested in natural childbirth , and she taught it to parents in the United States after she moved there in 1949 . To promote natural childbirth methods , she co-founded the American Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics ( now Lamaze International ) , made several TV appearances and radio broadcasts , and wrote several books on the subject . She became known as the mother of the Lamaze method in the United States .
Richard John Bing ( October 12 , 1909 in Nuremberg , Germany - November 8 , 2010 in La Cañada Flintridge , California ) was a cardiologist who made significant contributions to his field of study .
Cardiology ( from Greek καρδίᾱ kardiā , heart and -λογία -logia , study ) is a branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of the heart as well as some parts of the circulatory system . The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects , coronary artery disease , heart failure , valvular heart disease and electrophysiology . Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists , a specialty of internal medicine . Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology . Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons , a specialty of general surgery . Although the cardiovascular system is inextricably linked to blood , cardiology is relatively unconcerned with hematology and its diseases . Some obvious exceptions that affect the function of the heart would be blood tests ( electrolyte disturbances , troponins ) , decreased oxygen carrying capacity ( anemia , hypovolemic shock ) , and coagulopathies .
Wanda Błeńska , also spelled Wanda Blenska ( 30 October 1911 - 27 November 2014 ) , was a Polish leprosy expert and missionary who succeeded to develop the Buluba Hospital in Uganda into an internationally recognized centre for leprosy treatment .
Sadie Bonnell MM ( 4 June 1888 - 2 September 1993 ) was a British FANY ambulance driver in the First World War who was awarded the Military Medal .
The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry ( Princess Royal 's Volunteer Corps ) ( FANY ( PRVC ) ) is a British independent all-female registered charity formed in 1907 and active in both nursing and intelligence work during the World Wars . Although its members wear a military style uniform it is not part of the Regular Army or Army Reserve .
An ambulance is a medically equipped vehicle which transports patients to treatment facilities , such as hospitals . In some instances , out-of-hospital medical care is provided to the patient . Ambulances are used to respond to medical emergencies by emergency medical services . For this purpose , they are generally equipped with flashing warning lights and sirens . They can rapidly transport paramedics and other first responders to the scene , carry equipment for administering emergency care and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care . Most ambulances use a design based on vans or pick-up trucks . Others take the form of motorcycles , cars , buses , aircraft and boats . Generally , vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients . However , it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a non-emergency patient transport vehicle ( also called an ambulette ) is counted as an ambulance . These vehicles are not usually ( although there are exceptions ) equipped with life-support equipment , and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances . Conversely , EMS agencies may also have emergency response vehicles that can not transport patients . These are known by names such as nontransporting EMS vehicles , fly-cars or response vehicles .
The Military Medal ( MM ) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces , and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries , below commissioned rank , for bravery in battle on land . The award was established in 1916 , with retrospective application to 1914 , and was awarded to other ranks for acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire . The award was discontinued in 1993 when it was replaced by the Military Cross , which was extended to all ranks , while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period .
Geraldine Burton Branch ( October 20 , 1908 - July 22 , 2016 ) was an African American obstetrician-gynecologist who practiced in New York City , NY and Los Angeles , CA . She received her B.S . from Hunter College in chemistry and physics in 1932 and her M.D . from New York Medical College in 1936 . In 1962 , she received a master 's degree in public health from the University of California , Los Angeles . The Dr. Geraldine Burton-Branch Award at Charles S. Drew University of Medicine and Science is a merit-based scholarship named in her honor . In 1992 , Dr. Geraldine Branch received the Healing Hands Award from University of California , Santa Barbara
Clifford Brewer TD , FRCS , PR , FICS , ( 29 April 1913 - 30 April 2017 ) was an English surgeon who operated on more than 1,000 casualties after the D-Day landings in 1944 . He was the last surviving surgeon to have worked during the landings .
Jacinto Convit García ( 11 September 1913 - 12 May 2014 ) was a Venezuelan physician and scientist , known for developing a vaccine to prevent leprosy and his studies to treat cancer . He played a role in founding Venezuela 's National Institute of Biomedicine and held many leprosy-related positions . Among Convit 's many honors for his work on leprosy and tropical diseases was Spain 's Prince of Asturias Award in the Scientific and Technical Research category and France 's Legion of Honor . In 1988 , Convit was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Medicine for his experimental anti-leprosy vaccine .
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution ( who , when , and where ) , patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations . It is a cornerstone of public health , and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare . Epidemiologists help with study design , collection , and statistical analysis of data , amend interpretation and dissemination of results ( including peer review and occasional systematic review ) . Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research , public health studies , and , to a lesser extent , basic research in the biological sciences . Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation , transmission , outbreak investigation , disease surveillance , environmental epidemiology , forensic epidemiology , occupational epidemiology , screening , biomonitoring , and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials . Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes , statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions , social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes , and engineering for exposure assessment . Epidemiology , literally meaning the study of what is upon the people , is derived from Greek epi , meaning 'upon , among ' , demos , meaning 'people , district ' , and logos , meaning 'study , word , discourse ' , suggesting that it applies only to human populations . However , the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations ( veterinary epidemiology ) , although the term epizoology is available , and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations ( botanical or plant disease epidemiology ) . The distinction between epidemic and endemic was first drawn by Hippocrates , to distinguish between diseases that are visited upon a population ( epidemic ) from those that reside within a population ( endemic ) . The term epidemiology appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española . Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population , a condition known as a syndemic . The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease , but of disease in general , and even many non-disease , health-related conditions , such as high blood pressure , depression and obesity .
Héctor Croxatto Rezzio ( 3 July 1908 - 28 September 2010 ) was a Chilean physiologist . He won the Chilean National Prize for Sciences in 1979 . He was a Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences . Raised in Temuco , he studied medicine at the University of Chile in Santiago , where he received his medical degree in 1930 . Physiology , biology and biochemistry were the bulk of his research interests . For two decades he taught physiology at the Instituto de Educación Física y Técnica of Casa de Bello . Later , he was dean of the medical faculty of the University of Chile . In 1969 he joined the Academy of Science of Chile . Seven years later he became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences at the Vatican . Croxatto was one of the founders of The World Academy of Sciences in 1983 . He is the father of the medical doctor Horacio Croxatto and grandfather of the actress Luz Croxatto . He died in Santiago on 28 September 2010 at the age of 102 .
Physiology ( /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( physis ) , meaning 'nature , origin ' , and -λογία ( -logia ) , meaning 'study of ' ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a sub-discipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system . According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes , homeostatic control mechanisms , and communication between cells . Physiological state is the condition of normal function , while pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine .
Deng Tietao ( Chinese : 邓铁涛 ; 6 November 1916 - 10 January 2019 ) was a Chinese physician , a professor and doctoral advisor at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine . He was named a Master of National Medicine of China in 2009 .
Leila Alice Denmark ( née Daughtry ; February 1 , 1898 - April 1 , 2012 ) was an American pediatrician in Atlanta , Georgia . She was the world 's oldest practicing pediatrician until her retirement in May 2001 at the age of 103 , after 73 years . She was a supercentenarian , living to the age of 114 years , 60 days . On December 10 , 2011 , at age 113 years 312 days , she became one of the 100 oldest people ever . ( This record has since been surpassed . ) At her death she was the 5th-oldest verified living person in the world and the 3rd-oldest verified living person in the United States . A pioneering female doctor , medical researcher , and an outspoken voice in the pediatric community , Denmark was one of the few supercentenarians in history to gain prominence in life for reasons other than longevity . She is credited as co-developer of the pertussis ( whooping cough ) vaccine . She started treating children in 1928 . By the time of her retirement , Denmark was treating grandchildren and great-grandchildren of her first patients .
Pediatrics ( also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics ) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants , children , and adolescents . The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people be under pediatric care up to the age of 21 . A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician , or paediatrician . The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children ; they derive from two Greek words : παῖς ( pais child ) and ἰατρός ( iatros doctor , healer ) . Pediatricians work both in hospitals , particularly those working in its subspecialties such as neonatology , and as outpatient primary care physicians .
Whooping cough , also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough , is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase 100-day cough . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder . Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits .
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease . A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe , its toxins , or one of its surface proteins . The agent stimulates the body 's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat , destroy it , and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future . Vaccines can be prophylactic ( to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or wild pathogen ) , or therapeutic ( e.g. , vaccines against cancer , which are being investigated ) . The administration of vaccines is called vaccination . Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases ; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio , measles , and tetanus from much of the world . The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified ; for example , vaccines that have proven effective include the influenza vaccine , the HPV vaccine , and the chicken pox vaccine . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections . The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae ( smallpox of the cow ) , the term devised by Edward Jenner to denote cowpox . He used it in 1798 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox , in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox . In 1881 , to honor Jenner , Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed .
Anthony Federico DePalma ( October 12 , 1904 - April 6 , 2005 ) was an orthopedic surgeon , humanitarian , and teacher at Thomas Jefferson University , as well as the founder of the orthopedic department at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey .
Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics , also spelled orthopaedics , is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system . Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma , spine diseases , sports injuries , degenerative diseases , infections , tumors , and congenital disorders .
Brian Russell De Palma ( born September 11 , 1940 ) is an American film director and screenwriter . With a career spanning over 50 years , he is best known for his work in the suspense , psychological thriller , and crime drama genres . His prominent films include mainstream box office hits such as Carrie ( 1976 ) , Dressed to Kill ( 1980 ) , Scarface ( 1983 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , and Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) , as well as cult favorites such as Sisters ( 1973 ) , Blow Out ( 1981 ) , Body Double ( 1984 ) , Casualties of War ( 1989 ) , Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , and Femme Fatale ( 2002 ) . De Palma is often cited as a leading member of the New Hollywood generation of film directors . His directing style often makes use of quotations from other films or cinematic styles , and bears the influence of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard . His films have been criticised for their violence and sexual content but have also been championed by prominent critics such as Roger Ebert and Pauline Kael .
Ian Douglas-Wilson ( 12 May 1912 - 15 October 2013 ) was a British physician who was editor of The Lancet , a United Kingdom-based medical journal , from 1965 to 1976 .
Joel Elkes ( pronounced el ' kez ) ( 12 November 1913 , Königsberg - 30 October 2015 , Sarasota ) was a leading medical researcher specialising in the chemistry of the brain . He qualified as a physician in London and later became a medical researcher who published the first double-blind scientific trial on chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia . He is regarded as the father of modern neuropsychopharmacology and directed the first experimental psychiatric Uffculme Clinic in Birmingham , UK . He was responsible for the setting up of international organisations and university departments to further the investigation of the effects of psychopharmacy . He spent the latter part of his career endeavouring to bring higher levels of humanity , compassion and ethics to medical training .
Ephraim Engleman ( March 24 , 1911 - September 2 , 2015 ) was an American rheumatologist and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of California , San Francisco . He had a major national and international impact on rheumatology during more than six decades , and wrote more than one hundred scientific and medical papers . Engleman received his B.S . from Stanford University in 1933 and his M.D . from Columbia University in 1937 . He saw military service as a major during World War II , serving as chief of the U.S. Armys Rheumatic Fever Center at Torney General Hospital . In 1942 , he was one of two authors of the first English language medical article describing the triad of uveitis , urethritis , and arthritis and coined the eponym Reiter 's syndrome ( now known as reactive arthritis ) after Dr. Hans Conrad Julius Reiter . In 1947 , he joined the clinical faculty at UCSF and spent the remaining 68 years of his professional medical career there , with a national and international impact on the field of rheumatology . From 1962-1963 , Engleman was president of the American Rheumatism Association , now the American College of Rheumatology ; president of the National Society of Clinical Rheumatology ( 1967-1969 ) ; president of the International League Against Rheumatism ( 1981-1985 ) . In the latter position , he made several trips to mainland China and was influential in the creation of the Chinese Rheumatology Association . He also served as Chairman of the World Health Organizations task force on arthritis and on several committees of the Natural Institutes of Health . From 1975 to 1976 , Engleman chaired the National Commission on Arthritis , a congressional mandated task force charged with recommending remedies for the inadequate status of arthritis research , teaching and patient care in the United States .
Rheumatology ( Greek ῥεῦμα , rheûma , flowing current ) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic diseases . Physicians who have undergone formal training in rheumatology are called rheumatologists . Rheumatologists deal mainly with immune-mediated disorders of the musculoskeletal system , soft tissues , autoimmune diseases , vasculitides , and heritable connective tissue disorders . Many of these diseases are now known to be disorders of the immune system . Rheumatology is considered to be the study and practice of medical immunology . Beginning in the 2000s , the incorporation of drugs called the biologics ( which include inhibitors of TNF-alpha , certain interleukins , and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway ) into standards of care is one of the paramount developments in modern rheumatology .
Gordon Samuel Fahrni , ( April 13 , 1887 - November 3 , 1995 ) a recipient of the Order of Canada , was a Canadian physician and a leader in the Canadian Medical community . He served as president of the Canadian Medical Association from 1941-1942 . An expert on goitre surgery he was a founder of the American Goitre Association . He was a medical practitioner for 54 years , dying at age 108 .
A goitre , or goiter , is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland . A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly . Worldwide , over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency . The term is from the Latin gutturia , meaning throat . Most goitres are of a benign nature .
Alfred William Frankland MBE ( born 19 March 1912 ) is a British allergist whose achievements include the popularisation of the pollen count as a piece of weather-related information to the British public , and the prediction of increased levels of allergy to penicillin . He continues to work , some years after turning 100 .
Sir George Edward Godber , GCB ( 4 August 1908 - 7 February 2009 ) served as Chief Medical Officer for Her Majesty 's Government in England from 1960 to 1973 . He was also part of the team that planned the National Health Service ( NHS ) and as deputy Chief Medical Officer and subsequently Chief Medical officer campaigned against smoking , and for immunization against polio and diphtheria .