List of doping cases in athletics
K
Table:
Name

Country

Event

Date of
violation

Banned substance(s)/
Anti-doping rule violation

Sanction

Reference(s)

Robert Kajuga

Rwanda

Long distance

2015

Refusal

4 years

[94][95]

Abubaker Ali Kamal

Qatar

Middle distance

2011

EPO

2 years

[79][110]

Pauline Kahenya

Kenya

Long distance

2013

Prednisone, Prednisolone

1 year

[30][254][487]

Alissa Kallinikou

Cyprus

Sprinting

2008

Testosterone

2 years

[13][37][488]

Tayeb Kalloud

Algeria

Long distance

2008

Norandrosterone

2 years

[36][37]

Svetlana Kanatova

Russia

Middle distance

[489]

Vladimir Kanaykin

Russia

Race walking

2008
2011

EPO
Biological passport

2 years
8 years

[3][36][490]
[108][109]

Olga Kaniskina

Russia

Race walking

2009

Biological passport

3 years and 2 months

[108][109]

Adil Kaouch

Morocco

Middle distance

2007

EPO

2 years

[491]

Anastasiya Kapachinskaya

Russia

Sprinting

2004

Stanozolol

2 years

[45][237][492]

Julien Kapek

France

Triple jump

2009

3 Whereabouts Failures within 18-month period

1 year

[493]

Natallia Kareiva

Belarus

Middle distance

2010

Biological passport

2 years

[13][119][494]

Halina Karnatsevich

Belarus

Long distance

2006

Stanozolol

2 years

[495]

Yanina Karolchyk-Pravalinskaya

Belarus

Shot put

2003

Clenbuterol

2 years

[322]

Mandeep Kaur

India

Sprinting

2011

Stanozolol, Methandienone

2 years

[153][154]

Ali Ekber Kayas

Turkey

Sprinting

2012

Oxandrolone

2 years

[496]

Tatyana Kazankina

Soviet Union

Middle distance

1984

Refusal to submit to doping control

18 months

[497]

Héni Kechi

France

Sprinting

2007

Cannabis

3 months

[498]

Lisa Kehler

Great Britain

Race walking

2007

Terbutaline

Public warning

[499]

Naman Keïta

France

Hurdling, sprinting

2007

Testosterone precursors

2 years

[13][500][501]

Using the following table and the supporting text listed below.

Respond to the question below: How many world records were set by the athlete with the oldest doping violation ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

Robert Kajuga ( born 1 January 1985 in Kaniga , Gicumbi District ) is a Rwandan long-distance track and road runner . He represented Rwanda in the 10,000 metres at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Kajuga qualified to the 2012 Summer Olympics on July 8 , 2012 when he ran the 10,000-metre at the African Senior Athletics Championship in Benin in a time of 28:03 ( min : sec ) . After his Olympic debut , where he finished 14th , he began participating in longer-distance road races . On December 24 , 2012 , he won a 20-km road race in Kigali . Kajuga finished the men 's race at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 73rd place of 96 finishers . On April 21 , 2013 , he ran a half-marathon in Nice , France recording a time of 1:01:37 . He was banned for four years , spanning 25 March 2016 to 2020 , after refusing to submit to a doping control after a race in Kigali .
Rwanda ( /ruˈɑːndə , -ˈæn-/ ( listen ) ; Kinyarwanda : u Rwanda [ u.ɾɡwaː.nda ] ( listen ) ) , formerly Ruanda , officially the Republic of Rwanda ( Kinyarwanda : Repubulika y ' u Rwanda ; Swahili : Jamhuri ya Rwanda ; French : République du Rwanda or République Rwandaise ) , is a country in Central Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland , and its capital city is Kigali . Located a few degrees south of the Equator , Rwanda is bordered by Uganda , Tanzania , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated ; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east , with numerous lakes throughout the country . The climate is temperate to subtropical , with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year . Rwanda has a population of over 12.6 million living on 26,338 sq . km of land , and therefore it is the most densely populated mainland African country . The population is young and predominantly rural , with a density among the highest in Africa . Rwandans are drawn from just one cultural and linguistic group , the Banyarwanda , although within this group there are three subgroups : the Hutu , Tutsi and Twa . The Twa are a forest-dwelling pygmy people and are often considered descendants of Rwanda 's earliest inhabitants . Scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi ; some believe differences are derived from former social castes within a single people , while others believe the Hutu and Tutsi arrived in the country separately , and from different locations . Christianity is the largest religion in the country ; the principal language is Kinyarwanda , spoken by most Rwandans , with English and French serving as additional official languages . The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government .
Abubaker Ali Kamal ( born 8 November 1983 ) is a Qatari runner who has specialized mostly in the 1500 metres and 3000 metres steeplechase . He won a 5000 m/steeplechase double at the 2011 Pan Arab Games , but failed a drugs test at the competition . He was disqualified and banned for two years for being positive for Erythropoietin ( EPO ) .
Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour .
Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 .
Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medication mostly used to suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation in conditions such as asthma , COPD , and rheumatologic diseases . It is also used to treat high blood calcium due to cancer and adrenal insufficiency along with other steroids . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects with long term use include cataracts , bone loss , easy bruising , muscle weakness , and thrush . Other side effects include weight gain , swelling , high blood sugar , increased risk of infection , and psychosis . It is generally considered safe in pregnancy and low doses appear to be safe when breastfeeding . After prolonged use , prednisone needs to be stopped gradually . Prednisone must be converted to prednisolone by the liver before it becomes active . Prednisolone then binds to glucocorticoid receptors , activating them and triggering changes in gene expression . Prednisone was patented in 1954 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1955 . It is available as a generic medication . In the United States , the wholesale cost per dose was less than US $ 0.30 in 2018 .
Prednisolone is a steroid medication used to treat certain types of allergies , inflammatory conditions , autoimmune disorders , and cancers . Some of these conditions include adrenocortical insufficiency , high blood calcium , rheumatoid arthritis , dermatitis , eye inflammation , asthma , and multiple sclerosis . It is used by mouth , injection into a vein , as a skin cream , and as eye drops . Side effects with short term use include nausea and feeling tired . More severe side effects include psychiatric problems , which may occur in about 5% of people . Common side effects with long term use include bone loss , weakness , yeast infections , and easy bruising . While short term use in the later part of pregnancy is safe , long term use or use in early pregnancy is occasionally associated with harm to the baby . It is a glucocorticoid made from hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) . Prednisolone was discovered and approved for medical use in 1955 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US $ 0.01 per 5 mg tablet .
Alissa Kallinikou ( Greek : Αλίσσα Καλλινίκου ; born May 24 , 1985 ) is a Cypriot sprinter , who specialized in the 400 metres . She set a personal best time of 52.05 seconds , by winning the women 's 400 metres at the 2008 Greek National Championships in Athens , Greece , earning her a spot on the Cypriot team for the Olympics . Kallinikou represented Cyprus at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , where she competed for the women 's 400 metres . She ran in the seventh and final heat against seven other athletes , including Jamaica 's Shericka Williams and Russia 's Tatiana Firova . She finished the race in fifth place by four tenths of a second ( 0.40 ) ahead of Poland 's Monika Bejnar , with a time of 52.40 seconds . Kallinikou , however , failed to advance into the semi-finals , as she placed twenty-sixth overall , and was ranked below three mandatory slots for the next round .
Cyprus ( /ˈsaɪprəs/ ( listen ) ; Greek : Κύπρος [ ˈcipros ] ; Turkish : Kıbrıs [ ˈkɯbɾɯs ] ) , officially the Republic of Cyprus ( Greek : Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία , lit . Cypriot Republic ; Turkish : Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti , lit . Republic of Cyprus ) , is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean , located south of Turkey , west of Syria and Lebanon , north of Israel , the Gaza Strip ( Palestinian region ) and Egypt , and southeast of Greece . The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC . Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia , and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world . Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC . As a strategic location in the Middle East , it was subsequently occupied by several major powers , including the empires of the Assyrians , Egyptians and Persians , from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great . Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt , the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire , Arab caliphates for a short period , the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians , was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 ( de jure until 1914 ) . Cyprus was placed under the UK 's administration based on the Cyprus Convention in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914 . While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population , the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders and Turkey in the 1950s . Turkish leaders for a period advocated the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as Cyprus was considered an extension of Anatolia by them ; while , since the 19th century , the majority Greek Cypriot population and its Orthodox church had been pursuing union with Greece , which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s . Following nationalist violence in the 1950s , Cyprus was granted independence in 1960 .
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .
Algeria ( /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) al-JEER-ee-ə ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa . The capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean coast . With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres ( 919,595 sq mi ) , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in the African Union and Arab World . With an estimated population of over 42 million , it is among the ten most populous states in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . It is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Zayyanids , Spaniards , Ottomans and , finally , the French colonial empire . Algeria is a regional and middle power . It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent , based largely on energy exports . Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa , supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget .
19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .
Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state .
Vladimir Alekseevich Kanaykin ( Russian : Владимир Алексеевич Канайкин ; born 21 March 1985 ) is a Russian race walker . He won the 2002 World Junior Championships , took the silver medal at the 2004 World Junior Championships and finished ninth in the 50 km race at the 2006 European Championships He competed at the 2005 World Championships , but was disqualified . On September 29 , 2007 Kanaykin set a new world record for the 20 km race walk at the 2007 IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final , in Saransk , Russia . He walked a time of 1 hour , 17 minutes , 16 seconds to break the record previously held by three-time world champion Jefferson Pérez of Ecuador . On August 5 , 2008 , Kanaykin and training partners Sergey Morozov , Viktor Burayev , and Aleksey Voyevodin , all coached by Viktor Chegin were banned from competition , following a positive EPO test . The positive tests were conducted in April 2008 and evidenced doping . He took the silver in men 's 20 km race walk in 1:20:27 at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu . On 20 January 2015 , Kanaykin was disqualified for life starting from 17 December 2012 , and all his results between 25 January 2011 and 25 March 2011 , as well as between 16 June 2011 and 27 September 2011 were annulled . On March 25 , 2015 , the IAAF filed an appeal with the Court of Arbitration in Lausanne , Switzerland , questioning the selective disqualification of the suspension periods of the six athletes involved including Kanaykin . On March 24 , 2016 , the court ruled and disqualified all of Kanaykin 's results from February 11 , 2011 to December 17 , 2012 .
An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes , in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time . Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athletes established levels outside permissible limits , rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances . Although the terminology athlete passport is recent , the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping . Maybe the first marker of doping , that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood , but through the induced deviations in biological parameters , is the so-called testosterone over epitestosterone ratio ( T/E ) . The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples . A decade later , in 1997 , markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations , such as the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) and the Federation Internationale de Ski , to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time . It is only in 2002 that the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term athlete passport . The merits of this testing paradigm were exposed in the scientific literature and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency . Many believe [ who ? ] that the athlete passport provides an excellent alternative to ensure fairness in elite sports . While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug , the main advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the stability of the physiology of the human being . New drugs are produced at an unprecedented pace today and there is often a lag of several years between the availability of a new drug and the application of an effective detection method .
Olga Nikolayevna Kaniskina ( Russian : О́льга Никола́евна Кани́ськина ; born January 19 , 1985 in Napolnaya Tavla , Kochkurovsky District , Mordovian ASSR , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ) is a Russian coach and former race walker . She won the silver medal in the 20 km walk at the 2006 European Championships , the gold medal at the 2007 World Championships , and the gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . She also won the 20 km walk at the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup , setting a Championship record of 1:25:42 . She was disqualified from several years of competition due to doping .
Adil Kaouch ( Arabic : عادل الكوش ) ( born January 1 , 1979 ) is a Moroccan middle distance runner . In 1998 he won the World Junior Championships over 1500 metres . The next year won a 5000 metres gold medal at the 1999 Pan Arab Games . At the 1999 and 2001 World Championships , he took the role of setting a fast early pace to pull his teammate Hicham El Guerrouj away to victory . At the 2000 Sydney Olympic he failed to advance from his heat in the 1500m , and Hicham El Guerrouj was eventually upset in a sprint finish by Kenyan Noah Ngeny . At this race , another Moroccan runner Youssef Baba set the pace for El Guerrouj . At the 2004 Athens Olympic he finished 9th ( 3:38.26 ) at the 1500m final , where his compatriot Hicham El Guerrouj won the Olympics gold medal . At this race he did not run as a pacemaker for El Guerrouj , although he was expected to do so . In August 2005 he won a 1500 metres silver medal at the World Championships . In April 2006 he won the silver medal in the short race at the World Cross Country Championships , as well as a bronze medal in the team competition . Kaouch was suspended on August 2007 after failing a doping test .
Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa .
Anastasiya Alexandrovna Kapachinskaya ( Russian : Анастасия Александровна Капачинская ; born November 20 , 1979 ) is a sprint athlete . She was the 2003 World champion in the 200 m. She was disqualified from competitions in 2004 and 2008 due to doping offences . As a result , the bulk of her athletics performances post 2004 have been annulled .
Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .
Julien Kapek ( born 12 January 1979 in Clamart , Hauts-de-Seine ) is a French triple jumper . His personal best is 17.38 metres , achieved in July 2006 in Tomblaine . This result places him fourth on the all-time French performers list , only behind Serge Hélan and Karl Taillepierre .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Natallia Stanislavauna Kareiva ( Belarusian : Наталля Станіславаўна Карэйва ; born November 14 , 1985 ) is a Belarusian runner who specializes in the middle distance events . Kareiva received a two-year ban from the sport for doping after her biological passport showed abnormalities . The ban was set for the periods from August 2014 to 2016 and all her performances from July 28 , 2010 up to that period were erased .
Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR .
Halina Karnatsevich , née Baruk ( Belarusian : Галiна Карнацэвiч , born 2 November 1969 ) is a Belarusian long-distance runner . She finished twelfth in the marathon at the 2005 World Championships in a personal best time of 2:27:14 hours . In 2006 Karnatsevich was found guilty of stanozolol doping . The sample was delivered on 17 June 2006 in an in-competition test in Duluth , Minnesota , United States . She received an IAAF suspension from July 2006 to July 2008 .
Yanina Karolchyk-Pravalinskaya ( Belarusian : Яніна Карольчык-Правалінская , née Karolchyk , born December 26 , 1976 ) is a Belarusian shot putter who won an Olympic gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , and a gold medal at the 2001 World Championships in Edmonton , Alberta . In June 2003 , at a meet in Germany , Korolchik tested positive for the steroid clenbuterol . She was banned for two years and missed the 2004 Summer Olympics . She threw her longest distance in nine years in her 2010 season opener at the Olympic Champions Trophy meeting in Minsk , recording a best mark of 19.95 m. Karolchyk is married to Belarusian singer Uladzimer Pravalinski .
Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .
Mandeep Kaur ( born 19 April 1988 in Jagadhri ) is an Indian athlete who mainly competes in the 400 meters . She competed at the 2008 Olympic Games , but failed to pass the first round . Mandeep Kaur won gold medals in the women 's 4 x 400 metres relay events at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2010 and 2014 Asian Games . On 29 June 2011 , Reuters reported that she had tested positive for the anabolic steroids methandienone and stanozolol during off-season tests , following the same day announcement of the Athletics Federation of India . She blamed the results on tainted food supplements , and denied taking any banned substance knowingly . After a total of 6 Indian female 400m runners tested positive , including Mandeep 's teammates at the Commonwealth Games , Ashwini Akkunji and Sini Jose , the team coach , Ukrainian Yuri Ogrodnik , was fired by India 's Sport 's Minister Ajay Maken .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Metandienone , also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is mostly no longer used . It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes . It is often taken by mouth . Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire , estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement , and liver damage . The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects . It also has moderate estrogenic effects . Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States . As the CIBA product Dianabol , metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes , and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use . It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders . Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico , and is also manufactured in some Asian countries .
Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power .
Oxandrolone , sold under the brand names Oxandrin and Anavar , among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used to help promote weight gain in various situations , to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy , to support recovery from severe burns , to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis , to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome , and for other indications . It is taken by mouth . Side effects of oxandrolone include symptoms of masculinization such as acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid , hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone . It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women . Oxandrolone was first described in 1962 and was introduced for medical use in 1964 . It is used mostly in the United States . In addition to its medical use , oxandrolone is used to improve physique and performance . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries , so nonmedical use is generally illicit .
Tatyana Vasilyevna Kazankina ( Russian : Татья́на Васи́льевна Каза́нкина ; born 17 December 1951 in Petrovsk , Saratov Oblast , Russian SFSR , Soviet Union ) is a Soviet/Russian former runner who set seven world records and won a total of three gold medals at the Olympic Games . She was also awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and the title Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1976 . Kazankina competed for VSS Burevestnik . A month before the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal , Kazankina became the first woman to run 1500 m in under 4 minutes , her time of 3:56.0 beating Ludmila Bragina 's world record by 5.4 seconds . She won the 1500 m and 800 m golds in the Montreal games , setting a world record in the latter . In 1980 , she ran the 1500 m in 3:52.47 , becoming the first woman to run the distance faster than Paavo Nurmi . This stood as a world record for thirteen years and remains a European record . Her career came to an abrupt end in September 1984 when she was suspended for 18 months for refusing to undertake a drugs test after winning a 1,500m race in 3:58.63 in Paris . Apart from her sports achievements , Kazankina is known for her scientific works . She graduated from the Faculty of Economics at the Leningrad State University in 1975 . Later she defended her dissertation for the Candidate of Pedagogical Science degree at the Lesgaft Institute of Physical Education and worked as a lecturer until 1997 . She is the author of more than 20 scientific works .
The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas .
Héni Kechi ( born August 31 , 1980 in Djerba ) is a French track and field athlete who specialises in the 400 metres hurdles .
Cannabis , also known as marijuana among other names , [ a ] is a psychoactive drug from the Cannabis plant used for medical or recreational purposes . The primary psychoactive component of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) , one of the 483 known compounds in the plant , including at least 65 other cannabinoids . Cannabis can be used by smoking , vaporizing , within food , or as an extract . Cannabis has mental and physical effects . It causes a high , or stoned , feeling and other effects including a general change in perception , difficulty thinking , impaired short-term memory , altered sense of time , impaired body movement , relaxation , and an increase in appetite . At high doses , mental effects include psychosis , delusions , hallucinations , paranoia , and ideas of reference , sometimes with anxiety and panic . Its physical effects include increased heart rate , difficulty breathing , nausea , and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy . Short-term side effects may include dry mouth , red eyes , and feelings of paranoia or anxiety . Long-term adverse effects may include addiction , decreased mental ability in those who started regular use as adolescents , chronic coughing , and susceptibility to respiratory infections . There is a strong relation between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis , though the cause-and-effect is debated . Onset of effects is felt within minutes when smoked , and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and eaten . The effects last for two to six hours .
Lisa Martine Kehler ( née Langford ; born 15 March 1967 ) is a female retired race walker from England .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Terbutaline , sold under the brand name Bricanyl among others , is a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist , used as a reliever inhaler in the management of asthma symptoms and as a tocolytic ( anti-contraction medication ) to delay preterm labor for up to 48 hours . This time can then be used to administer steroid injections to the mother which help fetal lung maturity and reduce complications of prematurity . It should not be used to prevent preterm labor or delay labor more than 48-72 hours . In February 2011 , the Food and Drug Administration began requiring a black box warning on the drug 's label . Pregnant women should not be given injections of the drug terbutaline for the prevention of preterm labor or for long-term ( beyond 48-72 hours ) management of preterm labor , and should not be given oral terbutaline for any type of prevention or treatment of preterm labor due to the potential for serious internal heart problems and death . It was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1970 .
Naman Keïta ( born 9 April 1978 in Paris , France ) is a track and field athlete , who takes part in the 400 m hurdles and 4 x 400m relay , competing internationally for France . He won the 4x400m relay gold medal at the 2003 World Championships in Paris , France . He was the bronze medalist in the 400 metres hurdles at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens , Greece . Besides , he won a gold medal and a bronze medal in the 4x400 m relay at the European Athletics Championships .