List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates
Presidential candidates -- Primary election candidates
Table:
Year
Picture
Name
Party
Votes
Contests Won
Party Nominee

2008

Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party
17,857,501[26]
23
Barack Obama

2016

Hillary Clinton
Democratic Party
16,914,722[27]
34
Hillary Clinton

1972

Shirley Chisholm
Democratic Party
430,703[28]
1[29]
George McGovern

1964

Margaret Chase Smith
Republican Party
227,007[30]
0
Barry Goldwater

2004

Carol Moseley Braun
Democratic Party
103,189[31]
0
John Kerry

1996

Elvena Lloyd-Duffie
Democratic Party
91,929[32]
0
Bill Clinton

2012

Michele Bachmann
Republican Party
41,170[33]
0
Mitt Romney

2016

Carly Fiorina
Republican Party
40,666[33]
0
Donald Trump

1996

Heather Anne Harder
Democratic Party
29,156[34][35][36]
0
Bill Clinton

1972

Patsy Mink
Democratic Party
8,286[37]
0
George McGovern

1964

Fay T. Carpenter Swain
Democratic Party
7,140[38]
0
Lyndon B. Johnson

Looking at the given table and the passages listed.

Provide an answer to this question: How many times has the Republican Party had a female candidate that became the party nominee ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

The 2008 United States presidential election was the 56th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 2008 . The Democratic ticket of Barack Obama , the junior U.S . Senator from Illinois , and Joe Biden , the senior U.S . Senator from Delaware , defeated the Republican ticket of John McCain , the senior Senator from Arizona , and Sarah Palin , the Governor of Alaska . Obama became the first African American ever to be elected to the presidency . Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . As neither Bush nor Vice President Dick Cheney sought the presidency , the 2008 election was the first election since 1952 in which neither major party 's presidential nominee was the incumbent president or the incumbent vice president . McCain secured the Republican nomination by March 2008 , defeating Mitt Romney , Mike Huckabee , and other challengers . The Democratic primaries were marked by a sharp contest between Obama and the initial front-runner , Senator Hillary Clinton . Clinton 's victory in the New Hampshire primary made her the first woman to win a major party 's presidential primary . [ nb 1 ] After a long primary season , Obama clinched the Democratic nomination in June 2008 . Early campaigning focused heavily on the Iraq War and Bush 's unpopularity .
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( née Rodham ; born October 26 , 1947 ) is an American politician , diplomat , lawyer , writer , and public speaker . She served as First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 , as a United States senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , and as the 67th United States secretary of state from 2009 until 2013 . Clinton became the first woman to be nominated for president of the United States by a major political party when she won the Democratic Party nomination in 2016 . She was the first woman to win the popular vote in an American presidential election , which she lost to Donald Trump . Raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge , Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1973 . After serving as a congressional legal counsel , she moved to Arkansas and married future president Bill Clinton in 1975 ; the two had met at Yale . In 1977 , she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families . She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Little Rock 's Rose Law Firm the following year . Clinton was the first lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992 . As First Lady of the United States , Clinton advocated for healthcare reform . In 1994 , her major initiative - the Clinton health care plan - failed to gain approval from Congress . In 1997 and 1999 , Clinton played a leading role in advocating the creation of the State Children 's Health Insurance Program , the Adoption and Safe Families Act and the Foster Care Independence Act .
Barack Hussein Obama II ( /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ( listen ) ; born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the first African-American president of the United States . He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004 . Obama was born in Honolulu , Hawaii . After graduating from Columbia University in 1983 , he worked as a community organizer in Chicago . In 1988 , he enrolled in Harvard Law School , where he was the first black person to head the Harvard Law Review . After graduating , he became a civil rights attorney and an academic , teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004 . Turning to elective politics , he represented the 13th district from 1997 until 2004 in the Illinois Senate , when he ran for the U.S. Senate . Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate-primary win , his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address , and his landslide November election to the Senate . In 2008 , he was nominated for president a year after his presidential campaign began , and after close primary campaigns against Hillary Clinton . Obama was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20 , 2009 . Nine months later , he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate .
The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 2016 . The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S . Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine , despite losing the popular vote . Trump took office as the 45th president , and Pence as the 48th vice president , on January 20 , 2017 . Trump emerged as his party 's front-runner amidst a wide field of Republican primary candidates , while Clinton defeated Senator Bernie Sanders and became the first female presidential nominee of a major American party . Trump 's populist , nationalist campaign , which promised to Make America Great Again and opposed political correctness , illegal immigration , and many free-trade agreements , garnered extensive free media coverage . Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience , denounced Trump and many of his supporters as bigots , and advocated the expansion of President Obama 's policies ; racial , LGBT , and women 's rights ; and inclusive capitalism . The tone of the general election campaign was widely characterized as divisive and negative . Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration , incidents of violence against protestors at his rallies , and numerous sexual misconduct allegations including a controversial tape , while Clinton 's campaign was undermined by declining approval ratings due to concerns about her ethics and trustworthiness , and an FBI investigation of her improper use of a private email server , which received more media coverage than any other topic during the campaign . Clinton led in nearly every pre-election nationwide poll and in most swing state polls , leading some commentators to compare Trump 's victory to that of Harry S. Truman in 1948 as one of the greatest political upsets in modern U.S. history . While Clinton received 2.87 million more votes than Trump did ( the largest margin ever for a losing presidential candidate ) , Trump received the majority in the Electoral College and won upset victories in the pivotal Rust Belt region . Trump won six states that Democrat Barack Obama had won in 2012 : Florida , Iowa , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin .
The 1972 United States presidential election was the 47th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 7 , 1972 . Incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon from California defeated Democratic U.S . Senator George McGovern of South Dakota . Until 1984 , this was the largest margin of victory in the Electoral College in a U.S. presidential election . Nixon easily swept aside challenges from two Republican congressmen in the 1972 Republican primaries to win re-nomination . McGovern , who had played a significant role in reforming the Democratic nomination system after the 1968 election , mobilized the anti-war movement and other liberal supporters to win his party 's nomination . Among the candidates he defeated were early front-runner Edmund Muskie , 1968 nominee Hubert Humphrey , and Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm , the first African-American to run for a major party 's presidential nomination . Nixon emphasized the strong economy and his success in foreign affairs , while McGovern ran on a platform calling for an immediate end to the Vietnam War , and the institution of a guaranteed minimum income . Nixon maintained a large and consistent lead in polling . Separately , Nixon 's reelection committee broke into the Watergate complex to wiretap the Democratic National Committee 's headquarters , a scandal that would later be known as Watergate . McGovern 's campaign was further damaged by the revelation that his running mate , Thomas Eagleton , had undergone psychiatric electroshock therapy as a treatment for depression .
Shirley Anita Chisholm ( née St. Hill ; November 30 , 1924 - January 1 , 2005 ) was an American politician , educator , and author . In 1968 , she became the first black woman elected to the United States Congress , and she represented New York 's 12th congressional district for seven terms from 1969 to 1983 . In 1972 , she became the first black candidate for a major party 's nomination for President of the United States , and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party 's presidential nomination , as well as the first woman to appear in a United States presidential debate . In 2015 , Chisholm was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom .
George Stanley McGovern ( July 19 , 1922 - October 21 , 2012 ) was an American historian , author , U.S. representative , U.S. senator , and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election . McGovern grew up in Mitchell , South Dakota , where he was a renowned debater . He volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Forces upon the country 's entry into World War II and as a B-24 Liberator pilot flew 35 missions over German-occupied Europe from a base in Italy . Among the medals bestowed upon him was a Distinguished Flying Cross for making a hazardous emergency landing of his badly damaged plane and saving his crew . After the war he earned degrees from Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University , culminating in a PhD , and was a history professor . He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956 and re-elected in 1958 . After a failed bid for the U.S. Senate in 1960 , he was a successful candidate in 1962 . As a senator , McGovern was an example of modern American liberalism . He became most known for his outspoken opposition to the growing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . He staged a brief nomination run in the 1968 presidential election as a stand-in for the assassinated Robert F. Kennedy . The subsequent McGovern-Fraser Commission fundamentally altered the presidential nominating process , by greatly increasing the number of caucuses and primaries and reducing the influence of party insiders . The McGovern-Hatfield Amendment sought to end the Vietnam War by legislative means but was defeated in 1970 and 1971 .
The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1964 . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater , the Republican nominee . With 61.1% of the popular vote , Johnson won the largest share of the popular vote of any candidate since the largely uncontested 1820 election . Johnson took office on November 22 , 1963 , following the assassination of his predecessor , John F. Kennedy . He easily defeated a primary challenge by segregationist Governor George Wallace of Alabama to win nomination to a full term . At the 1964 Democratic National Convention , Johnson also won the nomination of his preferred running mate , United States Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . United States Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona , a leader of his party 's conservative faction , defeated moderate Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania at the 1964 Republican National Convention . Johnson championed his passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and his campaign advocated a series of anti-poverty programs collectively known as the Great Society . Goldwater espoused a low-tax , small government philosophy , and opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Democrats successfully portrayed Goldwater as a dangerous extremist , most famously in the Daisy television advertisement . The Republican Party was divided between its moderate and conservative factions , with Rockefeller and other moderate party leaders refusing to campaign for Goldwater .
Margaret Madeline Chase Smith ( December 14 , 1897 - May 29 , 1995 ) was a United States politician . A member of the Republican Party , she served as a U.S Representative ( 1940-49 ) and a U.S . Senator ( 1949-73 ) from Maine . She was the first woman to serve in both houses of the United States Congress , and the first woman to represent Maine in either . A moderate Republican , she was among the first to criticize the tactics of McCarthyism in her 1950 speech , Declaration of Conscience . Smith was a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 1964 presidential election ; she was the first woman to be placed in nomination for the presidency at a major party 's convention . Upon leaving office , she was the longest-serving female Senator in history , a distinction that was not surpassed until January 5 , 2011 , when Senator Barbara Mikulski was sworn in for a fifth term . To date , Smith is ranked as the longest-serving Republican woman in the Senate .
The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals .
Barry Morris Goldwater ( January 2 , 1909 - May 29 , 1998 ) was an American politician , businessman , and author who was a five-term Senator from Arizona ( 1953-1965 , 1969-1987 ) and the Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in 1964 . Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide , Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s . He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement . Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought with the conservative coalition against the New Deal coalition . Although he had supported earlier civil rights legislation , he notably opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as he believed it to be an overreach by the federal government . In 1964 , Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican presidential primaries . Although raised as an Episcopalian , Goldwater was the first candidate of ethnically Jewish heritage to be nominated for President by a major American party ( his father was Jewish ) . Goldwater 's platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson . Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy . As an elder statesman of the party , Goldwater successfully urged President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover-up in the Watergate scandal became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent . Goldwater 's views grew more libertarian as he reached the end of his career ; he retired from the Senate in 1987 . A significant accomplishment of his career was the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 .
The 2004 United States presidential election was the 55th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 2 , 2004 . Incumbent Republican President George W. Bush defeated Democratic nominee John Kerry , a United States Senator from Massachusetts . Bush and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty . Former Governor Howard Dean emerged as the early front-runner in the 2004 Democratic primaries , but Kerry won the first set of primaries in January 2004 and clinched his party 's nomination in March after a series of primary victories . Kerry chose Senator John Edwards of North Carolina , who had himself sought the party 's 2004 presidential nomination , to be his running mate . Bush 's popularity had soared early in his first term after the September 11 attacks , but his popularity declined between 2001 and 2004 . Foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign , particularly Bush 's conduct of the War on Terrorism and the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Bush presented himself as a decisive leader and attacked Kerry as a flip-flopper , while Kerry criticized Bush 's conduct of the Iraq War . Domestic issues were debated as well , including the economy and jobs , health care , abortion , same-sex marriage and embryonic stem cell research . Bush won by a slim margin , taking 50.7% of the popular vote and 286 electoral votes . He swept the South and the Mountain States and took the crucial swing states of Ohio , Iowa , and New Mexico , the latter two being flipped Republican . Although Kerry flipped New Hampshire compared to the previous election , Bush 's electoral map expanded numerically .
Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun , also sometimes Moseley-Braun ( born August 16 , 1947 ) , is an American diplomat , politician , and lawyer who represented Illinois in the United States Senate from 1993 to 1999 . She was the first female African-American Senator , the first African-American U.S . Senator for the Democratic Party , the first woman to defeat an incumbent U.S . Senator in an election , and the first female Senator from Illinois . She was the only female U.S . Senator from Illinois until Tammy Duckworth who became the U.S . Senator from Illinois in January 2017 . From 1999 until 2001 , she was the United States Ambassador to New Zealand . She was a candidate for the Democratic nomination during the 2004 U.S. presidential election . Following the public announcement by Richard M. Daley that he would not seek re-election , in November 2010 , Braun began her campaign for Mayor of Chicago . The former Senator placed fourth in a field of six candidates , losing the February 22 , 2011 , election to Rahm Emanuel .
John Forbes Kerry ( born December 11 , 1943 ) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1985 until 2013 . He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election , losing to Republican incumbent President George W. Bush . Kerry grew up as a military brat , and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and New Hampshire . He graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science . Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966 , and between 1968 and 1969 , he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge ( OIC ) of a Swift Boat . For that service , he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal , Bronze Star Medal and three Purple Heart Medals . Securing an early return to the United States , Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War organization , in which he served as a nationally recognized spokesman and as an outspoken opponent of the Vietnam War . He appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he described United States war policy in Vietnam as the cause of war crimes . After receiving a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School , Kerry worked as an Assistant District Attorney in Massachusetts . He served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January . On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran-Contra affair .
The 1996 United States presidential election was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1996 . Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton defeated former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole , the Republican nominee , and Ross Perot , the Reform Party nominee . Clinton and Vice President Al Gore were re-nominated without incident by the Democratic Party . Numerous candidates entered the 1996 Republican primaries , with Dole considered the early front-runner . Dole clinched the nomination after defeating challenges by publisher Steve Forbes and paleoconservative leader Pat Buchanan . Dole 's running mate was Jack Kemp , a former Congressman and football player who had served as the Housing Secretary under President George H. W. Bush . Ross Perot , who had won 18.9% of the popular vote as an independent candidate in the 1992 election , ran as the candidate of the Reform Party . Perot received less media attention in 1996 and was excluded from the presidential debates . Clinton 's chances of winning were initially considered slim in the middle of his term as his party had lost both the House of Representatives and the Senate in 1994 for the first time in decades . He was able to regain ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage . Clinton tied Dole to Newt Gingrich , the unpopular Republican Speaker of the House .
William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association .
The 2012 United States presidential election was the 57th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 6 , 2012 . The Democratic nominee , President Barack Obama , and his running mate , Vice President Joe Biden , were elected to a second term . They defeated the Republican ticket of businessman and former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts and Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin . As the incumbent president , Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition . The Republicans experienced a competitive primary . Romney was consistently competitive in the polls and won the support of many party leaders , but he faced challenges from a number of more conservative contenders . Romney clinched his party 's nomination in May , defeating Rick Santorum , Newt Gingrich , and several other candidates . The campaigns focused heavily on domestic issues , and debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession . Other issues included long-term federal budget issues , the future of social insurance programs , and the Affordable Care Act , Obama 's marquee legislative program . Foreign policy was also discussed , including the phase-out of the Iraq War , military spending , the Iranian nuclear program , and appropriate counteractions to terrorism . The campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising , including from nominally independent Super PACs . Obama defeated Romney , winning a majority of both the popular vote and the Electoral College .
Michele Marie Bachmann ( /ˈbɑːkmən/ ; née Amble ; born April 6 , 1956 ) is an American politician and a member of the Republican Party . She represented Minnesota 's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2015 . The district includes St . Cloud and several of the northern suburbs of the Twin Cities . Bachmann was a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2012 U.S. presidential election , winning the Ames Straw Poll in August 2011 but dropping out in January 2012 after finishing in sixth place in the Iowa caucuses . She previously served in the Minnesota Senate and is the first Republican woman to represent Minnesota in Congress . She is a supporter of the Tea Party movement and a founder of the House Tea Party Caucus .
Willard Mitt Romney ( born March 12 , 1947 ) is an American politician and businessman who has served as the junior United States senator from Utah since January 2019 . He previously served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and was the Republican Party 's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election . Raised in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan , by his parents , George and Lenore Romney , he spent over two years from 1966 in France as a Mormon missionary . He married Ann Davies in 1969 , and they have five sons . By 1971 , he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents . Romney earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from Brigham Young University ( BYU ) in 1971 and a joint JD-MBA from Harvard University in 1975 . Romney became a management consultant and in 1977 joined Bain & Company in Boston . As Bain 's chief executive officer ( CEO ) , he later helped lead the company out of a financial crisis . In 1984 , he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital , a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation . Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) throughout his adult life , Romney served as bishop of his ward and later as a stake president near Boston . After stepping down from Bain Capital and his local leadership role in the LDS Church , Romney ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts . After losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy , he resumed his position at Bain Capital .
Cara Carleton Carly Fiorina ( née Sneed ; born September 6 , 1954 ) is an American businesswoman and political figure , known primarily for her tenure as CEO of Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) . She subsequently served as Chair of the philanthropic organization Good360 . Fiorina ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 2010 and the Republican presidential nomination in 2016 . As Chief Executive Officer of HP from 1999 to 2005 , Fiorina was the first woman to lead a Top-20 company as ranked by Fortune Magazine . In 2002 , Fiorina oversaw what was then the largest technology sector merger in history , in which HP acquired rival personal computer manufacturer , Compaq . The transaction made HP the world 's largest seller of personal computers . HP subsequently laid off 30,000 U.S. employees in order to save 80,000 jobs . The company then grew to 150,000 . In February 2005 , she was forced to resign as CEO and Chair following a boardroom disagreement . Fiorina was an adviser to Republican Senator John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign . In 2010 , she won the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in California , but lost the general election to incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer . Fiorina was a candidate in the 2016 Republican presidential primary , and was for seven days the vice-presidential running mate of Ted Cruz until he suspended his campaign , setting the record for shortest vice presidential candidacy in modern U.S. history .
Donald John Trump ( born June 14 , 1946 ) is the 45th and current president of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality . Trump was born and raised in Queens , a borough of New York City , and received a bachelor 's degree in economics from the Wharton School . He took charge of his family 's real-estate business in 1971 , renamed it The Trump Organization , and expanded its operations from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan . The company built or renovated skyscrapers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Trump later started various side ventures , mostly by licensing his name . He owned the Miss Universe and Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015 and produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television show , from 2003 to 2015 . As of 2019 [ update ] , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $ 3.1 billion . [ a ] Trump entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated 16 other candidates in the primaries . His political positions have been described as populist , protectionist , and nationalist . Despite not being favored in most forecasts , he was elected over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton , although he lost the popular vote . He became the oldest first-term U.S. president , [ b ] and the first without prior military or government service .
Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink ( December 6 , 1927 - September 28 , 2002 ) was an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Hawaii . Mink was a third generation Japanese American and member of the Democratic Party . She also was the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs . Mink served in the U.S. House of Representatives for a total of 12 terms , representing Hawaii 's at-large and second congressional districts . While in Congress she was noted for co-authoring the Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act . Mink was the first woman of color and the first Asian American woman elected to Congress . She was also the first woman elected to Congress from the state of Hawaii , and became the first Asian-American to seek the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party in the 1972 election , where she stood in the Oregon primary as an anti-war candidate . From 1978 to 1981 , Mink served as the president of Americans for Democratic Action .