List of winners of the New York City Marathon
Men 's open division
Table:
Year
Winner
Country
Time
Notes

1970
Gary Muhrcke
United States
2:31:38
Course record

1971
Norman Higgins
United States
2:22:54
Course record

1972
Sheldon Karlin
United States
2:27:52

1973
Tom Fleming
United States
2:21:54
Course record

1974
Norbert Sander
United States
2:26:30

1975
Tom Fleming (2)
United States
2:19:27
Course record, 2nd victory

1976
Bill Rodgers
United States
2:10:10
Course record

1977
Bill Rodgers (2)
United States
2:11:28
2nd victory

1978
Bill Rodgers (3)
United States
2:12:12
3rd victory

1979
Bill Rodgers (4)
United States
2:11:42
4th victory

1980
Alberto Salazar
United States
2:09:41
Course record

1981
Alberto Salazar (2)
United States
2:08:13
World record, 2nd victory

1982
Alberto Salazar (3)
United States
2:09:29
3rd victory

1983
Rod Dixon
New Zealand
2:08:59

1984
Orlando Pizzolato
Italy
2:14:53

1985
Orlando Pizzolato (2)
Italy
2:11:34
2nd victory

1986
Gianni Poli
Italy
2:11:06

1987
Ibrahim Hussein
Kenya
2:11:01

1988
Steve Jones
United Kingdom
2:08:20

1989
Juma Ikangaa
Tanzania
2:08:01
Course record

With reference to the following table along with the supporting evidence listed at the end.

Respond to the question below: What tribal group contained the Latins who lived in the homeland of Orlando Pizzolato ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Gary Muhrcke ( born c. 1940 ) is an American runner and former New York City fireman who won the first New York City Marathon in 1970 . He also won the first Empire State Building Run-Up in 1978 , and was a two-time winner of the Yonkers Marathon .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
Sheldon Karlin ( 1950-January 16 , 2000 ) was an American marathon runner . His career in the sport was brief and mostly confined to the early 1970s . Karlin placed fourth at the Washington 's Birthday Marathon in February 1972 , then had the biggest achievement of his career later that year at the New York City Marathon . He expressed surprise at his win in a time of 2:27:52 , having failed to realise he was the race leader for a portion of the race . At age 22 , he remained the competition 's youngest male winner for many years , eventually being topped by a 20-year-old Eritrean , Ghirmay Ghebreslassie , in 2016 . He returned to win the Washington 's Birthday Marathon in 1974 , and also won the Hunter 's Woods Elementary School 20-miler that year . Born in Newark , New Jersey , Karlin grew up in Kenilworth , New Jersey , where he ran cross country in high school . Karlin attended the University of Maryland and competed for the Maryland Terrapins cross country running team . He was promised a sports scholarship if he excelled on the team , but when the scholarship was not forthcoming he left the college team . Following his retirement from the sport , he lived in Livingston , New Jersey with his wife Donna . The couple had three children Ian , Sarah and Matthew , in the 1980s . He died of a heart condition at age 49 following poor health .
Thomas J. Fleming ( July 23 , 1951 - April 19 , 2017 ) was an American distance runner who won the 1973 and 1975 New York City Marathon . He was also a two time runner-up in the Boston Marathon in 1973 and 1974 and finished six times in the top ten in the BAA marathon . Fleming was the winner of the Cleveland , Toronto , Los Angeles , Jersey Shore ( 3 times ) and Washington DC marathons in the 1970s . He set a personal best of 2:12:05 in the Boston Marathon 1975 , and was renowned for running 110 to 150 miles per week to train for road racing . He was awarded the United Nations Peace Medal in 1977 . He was quoted as saying Somewhere , someone in the world is training when you are not . When you race him , he will win .
Norbert Sander ( August 21 , 1942 - March 17 , 2017 ) was an American physician and runner who won the New York City Marathon in 1974 . He has been described as one of the most influential track and field figures in the city 's history .
William Henry Bill Rodgers nicknamed Boston Billy ( born December 23 , 1947 ) is an American runner , Olympian and former American record holder in the marathon . Rodgers is best known for his four victories in both the Boston Marathon , including three straight 1978-1980 and the New York City Marathon between 1976 and 1980 .
Alberto Salazar ( born August 7 , 1958 ) is an American track coach , former world-class long-distance runner and a doping offender . Born in Cuba , Salazar immigrated to the United States as a child with his family . They moved to Manchester , Connecticut and then to Wayland , Massachusetts , where Salazar competed in track and field in high school . Salazar is best known for his performances in the New York City Marathon in the early 1980s and his 1982 Boston Marathon victory known as the Duel in the Sun . He held American track records of 13:11.93 for 5,000 m ( July 6 , 1982 - Stockholm ) and 27:25.61 for 10,000 m - ( June 26 , 1982 - Oslo ) . Salazar was the head coach of the Nike Oregon Project in Portland , Oregon . He won the IAAF Coaching Achievement Award in 2013 during a ceremony hosted by the International Athletics Foundation in Monaco . In June 2015 , Salazar was named in a joint BBC Panorama and ProPublica investigation into doping allegations . In 2019 Salazar was banned for 4 years from athletics for doping offenses . The Nike Oregon Project was shut down in the wake of the controversy . He was further mired in controversy after the New York Times published a video op-ed from his former athlete Mary Cain .
This list is a chronological progression of record times for the marathon . World records in the marathon are now ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) , the international governing body for the sport of athletics . Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge set an official world record for men of 2:01:39 on September 16 , 2018 , at the 2018 Berlin Marathon . His run broke the previous world record by 1 minute and 18 seconds , the greatest improvement over a previous record since 1967 . The IAAF recognizes two world records for women , a time of 2:14:04 , pending ratification , set by Brigid Kosgei on October 13 , 2019 during the Chicago Marathon which was contested by men and women together , and a Women Only record of 2:17:01 , set by Mary Keitany , on April 23 , 2017 at the London Marathon for women only .
Rodney Phillip Rod Dixon ( born 13 July 1950 ) is a former New Zealand middle- to long-distance runner . He won the bronze medal in the 1500 metres at the 1972 Olympics in Munich , and in 1983 won the New York City Marathon .
New Zealand ( Māori : Aotearoa [ aɔˈtɛaɾɔa ] ) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . The country has two main landmasses - the North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ) , and the South Island ( Te Waipounamu ) - and around 600 smaller islands . It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres ( 103,500 sq mi ) . New Zealand is about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and 1,000 kilometres ( 600 mi ) south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia , Fiji , and Tonga . Because of its remoteness , it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans . During its long period of isolation , New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal , fungal , and plant life . The country 's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks , such as the Southern Alps , owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions . New Zealand 's capital city is Wellington , and its most populous city is Auckland . Sometime between 1250 and 1300 , Polynesians settled in the islands and developed a distinctive Māori culture . In 1642 , Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand . In 1840 , representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi , which declared British sovereignty over the islands . In 1841 , New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire and in 1907 it became a dominion ; it gained full statutory independence in 1947 and the British monarch remained the head of state .
Orlando Pizzolato ( born 30 July 1958 ) is a retired long-distance runner from Italy .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
Pier Giovanni Gianni Poli ( born 5 November 1957 in Lumezzane ) is a former Italian long-distance runner who won the New York City Marathon in 1986 . He also won the silver in medal in the marathon at the 1990 European Athletics Championships .
Ibrahim Kipkemboi Hussein ( born June 1958 in Kapsabet , Rift Valley ) is a retired long-distance runner from Kenya , who was a three-time winner of the Boston Marathon in 1988 , 1991 , and 1992 . He was also the first winner from Kenya of the New York City Marathon in 1987 , and multiple other marathons in his years . He and his wife Zainab Ibrahim are both alumni at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque , NM . Ibrahim Hussein is among many athletes on the Hall of Fame in New Mexico . The couple have five children , Hussein Ibrahim , Farida Ibrahim , Hadija Ibrahim , Jamal Ibrahim and Warda Ibrahim . Ibrahim Hussein was the first Kenyan ( and also the first African ) to win Boston , setting a world record and having books written on his legacy . Since his 1988 win , the Kenyans have come to dominate Boston . In fact , Kenyans have won the race every year since 1988 with exceptions in 1989 , 1990 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . The only non-African to win Boston since 1988 were South Korean Lee Bong-Ju and Italian Gelindo Bordin . He is now retired and owns Amedo Center , which is an apartment complex that comprises a restaurant , abe 's pool place and an electronics shop . in Eldoret , Kenya , as well as many other properties in Kenya . He also runs a training camp for young Kenyan athletes who are given a chance to race alongside elite athletes .
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 .
Stephen Henry Jones MBE ( born 4 August 1955 ) is a Welsh athlete and set the former world record in the marathon , in his first completed race at that distance at the Chicago Marathon in 1984 with 2:08:05 .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Juma Ikangaa ( born 19 July 1957 in Dodoma ) is a marathon runner from Tanzania , who won the 1989 New York City Marathon in a course-record time of 2:08:01 . Ikangaa was also a sentimental favorite in Boston Marathon after finishing second three years in a row at the Boston Marathon from 1988-1990 . A great trainer , Ikangaa said The will to win means nothing without the will to prepare .
Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa .