List of Alpha Phi Omega members
Table:
Name

Original chapter

Notability

References

Elbert R. Curtis

Iota Psi

Ninth general superintendent of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1938-1948)

[83]

Thomas W. Dortch, Jr.

Phi Zeta

former 100 Black Men of America President (1994-2004), State Director for U.S. Senator Sam Nunn

[338]

William J. Hadden

Mu Iota

Protestant minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and a priest of the Episcopal Church (United States), 6 term member of the City Council of Greenville, North Carolina

George R. Hill

Iota Psi

Seventh general superintendent of the Sunday School organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1949-1966)

[83]

Alferd Zannie Hall, Jr.

Kappa Delta

General Secretary of the Church of God in Christ

[339]

Robert E. Lee Hill

Beta Eta Advisor

President of Rotary International (1934); Director of Alumni Activities, University of Missouri (ca. 1936)

[340]

Martin Luther King, Sr.

Psi Omicron

Baptist minister; an early civil rights leader and an advocate for social justice. He was also the father of American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

[145][341]

Oscar A. Kirkham

Iota Psi

General authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and one of the seven presidents of Seventy (1949-1958)

[83]

W. Walter Menninger

Zeta

Immediate Past President and CEO of Menninger Foundation (1993–2001)

[138]

Roland Nicholson, Jr.

Mu Gamma

Chairman of the Board, The Fortune Society (A prisoner's rights group)

Edwin V. O'Hara

Gamma Xi

Catholic Bishop of the Great Falls, Montana Diocese (1930-1939); and later Bishop of the Kansas City, Missouri Diocese (1939–1956); Personally raised to Archbishop 1954

[342]

Elizabeth Platz

Epsilon Mu

First woman in North America ordained by a Lutheran church body

[343]

W. Franklyn Richardson

Sigma Mu

Chairman of National Action Network, a Black Civil Rights organization founded by Reverend Al Sharpton. He has been the youngest person to serve as General Secretary of the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.

[344]

Hamer Reiser

Iota Psi

First Assistant to general superintendent of the Sunday School organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1949-1952)

[83]

Earl Stallings

Xi Sigma

Baptist Minister and Civil Rights Activist, signer of the A Call For Unity letter.

[345]

A. Latham Staples

Zeta Omega

Co-Founder and President and CEO of EXUSMED, Inc., and Founder and Chairman of the Empowering Spirits Foundation, an American civil rights organization.

[346]

Howard Thurman

Zeta Upsilon

Theologian, Author, and leader during the Civil Rights Movement

[347]

Leonard H. Tower Jr.

Alpha Chi

Founding Member of the Board of Directors of the Free Software Foundation

[348]

S. Dilworth Young

Iota Psi

General authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1945-1981)

[83]

Looking at the following table together with the supporting evidence below.

Solve the question: between the members born January 22 , 1880 and June 2 , 1921 what is the name of the university holding the chapter of the one born earlier ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Elbert Raine Curtis ( 24 April 1901 - 20 May 1975 ) was the ninth general superintendent of the Young Men 's Mutual Improvement Association of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) from 1948 to 1958 . He was succeeded in the leadership of the YMMIA by Joseph T. Bentley . Born in Salt Lake City , Utah , Curtis was also a president of the Western States Mission of the LDS Church and a president of the Sugar House Stake of the church .
The University of Utah ( U of U , UofU , or simply The U ) is a public research university in Salt Lake City , Utah . As the state 's flagship university , it offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and more than 92 graduate degree programs . The university is classified among Doctoral Universities - Very High Research Activity with selective , higher transfer-in admissions . Graduate studies include the S.J . Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine , Utah 's first medical school . As of Fall 2018 , there were 24,735 undergraduate students and 8,251 graduate students , for an enrollment total of 32,994 . The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret ( /ˌdɛzəˈrɛt/ ( listen ) ) by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret , making it Utah 's oldest institution of higher education . It received its current name in 1892 , four years before Utah attained statehood , and moved to its current location in 1900 . The university ranks 61st among U.S. universities by total research expenditures with over $ 380 million spent in 2017 . 22 Rhodes Scholars , four Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners , eight MacArthur Fellows , various Pulitzer Prize winners , two astronauts , Gates Cambridge Scholars , and Churchill Scholars have been affiliated with the university as students , researchers , or faculty members in its history . In addition , the university 's Honors College has been reviewed among 100 leading national Honors Colleges in the U.S . The university 's athletic teams , the Utes , participate in NCAA Division I athletics ( FBS for football ) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference .
The Young Men ( often referred to as Young Men 's ) is a youth organization and an official organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . The purpose of the organization is to assist the Aaronic priesthood organization in promoting the growth and development of male Latter-day Saints , ages 12 to 18 .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , often informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church , is a nontrinitarian , Christian restorationist church that considers itself to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ . The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City , Utah , in the United States , and has established congregations and built temples worldwide . According to the church , it has over 16 million members and 65,000 full-time volunteer missionaries . In 2012 , the National Council of Churches ranked the church as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States , with over 6.5 million members there as of January 2018 . It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the early 19th century period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening . Adherents , often referred to as Latter-day Saints or , less formally , Mormons , view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion . Church theology includes the Christian doctrine of salvation only through Jesus Christ , though LDS doctrines regarding the nature of God and the potential of mankind differ significantly from mainstream Christianity . The church has an open canon which includes four scriptural texts : the Bible ( both Old and New Testaments ) , the Book of Mormon , the Doctrine and Covenants , and the Pearl of Great Price . Other than the Bible , the majority of the LDS canon constitutes revelation received by Joseph Smith and recorded by his scribes which includes commentary and exegesis about the Bible , texts described as lost parts of the Bible , and other works believed to be written by ancient prophets . Because of some of the doctrinal differences , Catholic , Orthodox , and several Protestant churches consider the church to be distinct and separate from mainstream Christianity . Under the doctrine of continuing revelation , Latter-day Saints believe that the church president is a modern-day prophet , seer , and revelator and that Jesus Christ , under the direction of God the Father , leads the church by revealing his will to its president . Individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives .
Fort Valley State University ( FVSU , formerly Fort Valley State College ) is a public historically black university in Fort Valley , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . As the only 1890 land-grant university in Georgia , Fort Valley State University is a comprehensive institution that provides an education to over 2,500 students . Approximately 91% of the current student body is of African-American descent . The average age of undergraduates is 24 and the average age of graduate students is 33 . Roughly one-third of the students live on the campus , and 85% of the student body are full-time students . The university is located in the town of Fort Valley in Peach County , the original site of the state 's peach industry . Its 1,365-acre ( 5.52 km2 ) campus is Georgia 's second-largest public university in area .
The Reverend William James Hadden , Jr. ( June 2 , 1921 - June 14 , 1995 ) was a Protestant minister of the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) and a priest of the Episcopal Church ( United States ) He was also at different times both a military chaplain ( both in the US Navy and the US Army ) , and a university Chaplain . He also served as a politician and community leader in Pitt County , North Carolina , and worked for the Desegregation of Greenville , North Carolina .
The University of Lynchburg is a private university associated with the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) and located in Lynchburg , Virginia . It has approximately 2,800 undergraduate and graduate students . The University of Lynchburg spans 264 acres .
The Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) [ note 1 ] is a Mainline Protestant Christian denomination in the United States and Canada . The denomination started with the Restoration Movement during the Second Great Awakening , first existing as a loose association of churches working towards Christian unity during the 19th century , then slowly forming quasi-denominational structures through missionary societies , regional associations , and an international convention . In 1968 , the Disciples of Christ officially adopted a denominational structure at which time a group of churches left to remain nondenominational . It is often referred to as The Christian Church , The Disciples of Christ , The Disciples , or the D.O.C . The Christian Church was a charter participant in the formation of the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) and of the Federal Council of Churches ( now the National Council of Churches ) , and it continues to be engaged in ecumenical conversations . The Disciples ' local churches are congregationally governed . In 2008 there were 679,563 members in 3,714 congregations in North America . By 2015 , this number had declined to a baptized membership of 497,423 in 3,267 congregations , of whom about 306,905 were active members , while roughly 177,141 people attended Sunday services each week . In 2018 , the denomination reported 380,248 members with 124,437 people in average worship attendance .
The Episcopal Church ( TEC ) is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and is based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere . It is a mainline Christian denomination divided into nine provinces . The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry , the first African-American bishop to serve in that position . In 2018 , [ update ] the Episcopal Church had 1,835,931 baptized members , of whom 1,676,349 were in the United States . In 2011 , [ update ] it was the nation 's 14th largest denomination . In 2015 , [ update ] Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States , or 3 million people , self-identify as mainline Episcopalians . The church was organized after the American Revolution , when it became separate from the Church of England , whose clergy are required to swear allegiance to the British monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant , yet Catholic . The Episcopal Church claims apostolic succession , tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders . The Book of Common Prayer , a collection of traditional rites , blessings , liturgies , and prayers used throughout the Anglican Communion , is central to Episcopal worship . The Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Since the 1960s and 1970s , the church has pursued a decidedly more liberal course .
Greenville is the county seat of and the most populous city in Pitt County , North Carolina , United States ; the principal city of the Greenville metropolitan area ; and the 11th-most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina . Greenville is the health , entertainment , and educational hub of North Carolina 's Tidewater and Coastal Plain . The city 's official population as of the 2017 United States census estimate is 92,156 residents while the Greenville Metropolitan Area includes 200,000 people , making Greenville one of the densest municipalities in the state . In January 2008 and January 2010 , Greenville was named one of the nation 's 100 Best Communities for Young People by the America 's Promise Alliance . In June 2012 , Greenville was ranked in the top ten of the nation 's Best Small Places For Business And Careers by Forbes magazine . In 2010 Greenville was ranked twenty-fourth in mid-city business growth and development by Forbes Magazine . The city was also known as BMX Pro Town USA , as it is home for many top professional BMX riders . Greenville is the home of East Carolina University , the fourth-largest university in the University of North Carolina system , and Vidant Medical Center , the flagship hospital for Vidant Health and the teaching hospital for the Brody School of Medicine . The city has the fifth-highest percentage of residents in North Carolina - almost 30 percent - who have obtained bachelor 's degrees .
George Richard Hill Jr. ( April 10 , 1884 - August 13 , 1971 ) was an American educational administrator and was the seventh general superintendent of the Sunday School organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) from 1949 to 1966 . Hill was a member of the general superintendency of the LDS Church Sunday School from 1934 to 1966 . Hill was born in Ogden , Utah Territory , and was raised on a farm in Springville , Utah . Hill obtained a B.S . degree from Brigham Young University in 1907 , a B.S.A . degree from the Utah State Agricultural College in 1908 , and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1912 . After his graduation from Cornell , Hill became the director of the School of Agriculture at Utah State University . From 1926 to 1935 , Hill was a member of the general board of the LDS Church 's Young Men 's Mutual Improvement Association . He had also become a member of the general board of the Deseret Sunday School Union in 1925 . In 1934 , he became the second assistant to George D. Pyper , the general superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union . In 1943 , when Milton Bennion succeeded Pyper , Hill became Bennion 's first assistant . In 1949 , Hill succeeded Bennion and became the seventh general superintendent of the Deseret Sunday School Union , a position he held until 1966 , when he was succeeded by David Lawrence McKay .
Sunday School ( formerly the Deseret Sunday School Union ) is an official organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . All members of the church and any interested nonmembers , age 12 and older , are encouraged to participate in Sunday School .
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) .
The Church of God in Christ ( COGIC ) is the largest Pentecostal denomination in the United States . The denomination reports having more than 12,000 churches and over 5 million members in the United States . The National Council of Churches ranks it as the fifth largest Christian denomination in the U.S. COGIC is a Pentecostal-Holiness Christian denomination with a predominantly African-American membership . COGIC can be found in more than 100 nations with an international membership estimated between one and three million adherents in more than 13,000 churches , missions , and outreaches . Its combined worldwide membership is estimated to be between six and a half and eight million composing more than 25,000 congregations throughout the world . The current presiding bishop is Bishop Charles Edward Blake Sr. , who is the senior pastor of West Angeles Church of God In Christ .
The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District .
Rotary International is an international service organization whose stated purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian service and to advance goodwill and peace around the world . It is a non-political and non-religious organization open to all people regardless of race , color , religion , gender , sexual orientation / identity or political preference . There are 35,000+ member clubs worldwide , and 1.2 million individuals , known as Rotarians , have joined . Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast , lunch , or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service . It is the duty of all Rotarians , states their Manual of Procedure , outside their clubs , to be active as individuals in as many legally constituted groups and organizations as possible to promote , not only in words but through exemplary dedication , awareness of the dignity of all people and the respect of the consequent human rights of the individual . The Rotarian 's primary motto is Service Above Self ; its secondary motto is One Profits Most Who Serves Best ( until 2010 it was They Profit Most Who Serve Best , changed in 2004 from He Profits Most Who Serves Best ) . )
Martin Luther King Sr. ( born Michael King ; December 19 , 1899 - November 11 , 1984 ) was an African American Baptist pastor , missionary , and an early figure in the Civil Rights Movement . [ citation needed ] He was the father and namesake of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr .
Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr .
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent .
In Christianity , a minister is a person authorized by a church or other religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs ; leading services such as weddings , baptisms or funerals ; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community . The term is taken from Latin minister ( servant , attendant ) , which itself was derived from minus ( less ) . In the Catholic Church , Anglican , Oriental Orthodox , Nordic Lutheran , and Eastern Orthodox churches , the concept of a priesthood is emphasized . In other Christian denominations , such as the Baptist , Congregationalist , Methodist , Presbyterian and Reformed churches , the term minister usually refers to a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry ; such a person may serve as a presbyter , pastor , preacher , bishop , chaplain or elder . With respect to ecclesiastical address , many ministers are styled as The Reverend ; however , some use Pastor or Father as a title .
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals ' freedom from infringement by governments , social organizations , and private individuals . They ensure one 's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression . Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples ' physical and mental integrity , life , and safety ; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race , gender , sexual orientation , national origin , color , age , political affiliation , ethnicity , religion , and disability ; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought , speech , religion , press , assembly , and movement . Political rights include natural justice ( procedural fairness ) in law , such as the rights of the accused , including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association , the right to assemble , the right to petition , the right of self-defense , and the right to vote . Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights . They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( with economic , social , and cultural rights comprising the second portion ) . The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be first-generation rights , and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights .
Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society , as measured by the distribution of wealth , opportunities for personal activity , and social privileges . In Western as well as in older Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society . In the current global grassroots movements for social justice , the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets and economic justice . Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society , which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation . The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labor law and regulation of markets , to ensure fair distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity . Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions , some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use . Hence , social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings , in efforts for gender , ethnic , and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners , the environment , and the physically and developmentally disabled . While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine , the term social justice became used explicitly in the 1780s . A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term , and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati . However , recent research has proved that the use of the expression social justice is older ( even before the 19th century ) . For example , in Anglo-America , the term appears in The Federalist Papers , No . 7 : We have observed the disposition to retaliation excited in Connecticut in consequence of the enormities perpetrated by the Legislature of Rhode Island ; and we reasonably infer that , in similar cases , under other circumstances , a war , not of parchment , but of the sword , would chastise such atrocious breaches of moral obligation and social justice .
Martin Luther King Jr. ( January 15 , 1929 - April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 . King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience , inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi . King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . As president of the SCLC , he then led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham , Alabama . He helped organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . On October 14 , 1964 , King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches . In his final years , he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War . FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI 's COINTELPRO from 1963 on . FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties , recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials , and , in 1964 , mailed King a threatening anonymous letter , which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide . Before his death , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities .
Oscar Ammon Kirkham ( January 22 , 1880 - March 10 , 1958 ) was a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) and one of the seven presidents of Seventy .
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) , a general authority is a member of the highest levels of leadership in the church who has administrative and ecclesiastical authority over the church . A general authority 's jurisdiction is church-wide , in contrast to the responsibilities of a local authority or an area authority , which relate to a particular area , unit , or department of the church . As a group , the general authorities are often referred to as the Brethren . As of October 2017 , there are 109 general authorities .
Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Traditionally , a church member holding this priesthood office is a traveling minister and an especial witness of Jesus Christ , charged with the mission of preaching the gospel to the entire world under the direction of the Twelve Apostles . The church teaches that the office of seventy was anciently conferred upon the seventy disciples mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 10:1-2 . Multiple individuals holding the office of seventy are referred to collectively as seventies .
William Walter Menninger ( born October 23 , 1931 ) , known by his peers as Dr. Walt , is an American psychiatrist in the third generation of the Menninger family , which has run the Menninger Foundation since 1925 . He served as dean of the Karl Menninger School of Psychiatry and Mental Health Science and he was the CEO of the Menninger Clinic from the 1993 to 2001 . During his tenure as CEO , the clinic began negotiations to move from Topeka , Kansas , to Houston , Texas , where it is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine . Menninger has special interests in psychoanalysis and forensic psychiatry . He has served on several boards or committees related to prisons , police work and violence prevention . His research with Peace Corps volunteers resulted in his development of the Menninger morale curve , a schematic used to predict responses among people who are in new environments . Menninger wrote a nationally syndicated newspaper column for several years ; he has served as editor of Psychiatry Digest and the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic .
Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 .
The Menninger Foundation was founded in 1919 by the Menninger family in Topeka , Kansas , and consists of a clinic , a sanatorium , and a school of psychiatry , all of which bear the Menninger name . In 2003 , the Menninger Clinic moved to Houston . The foundation was started by Dr. Charles F. Menninger and his sons , Drs . Karl and William Menninger . It represented the first group psychiatry practice . We had a vision , Dr. C. F. Menninger said , of a better kind of medicine and a better kind of world .
Morgan State University ( MSU , Morgan State , or Morgan ) is a public historically black ( HBCU ) research university in Baltimore , Maryland . It is the largest of Maryland 's HBCUs . In 1867 , the university , then known as the Centenary Biblical Institute , changed its name to Morgan College to honor Reverend Lyttleton Morgan , the first chairman of its board of trustees and a land donor to the college . It became a university in 1975 . MSU is a member of Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Although a public institution , MSU is not a part of the University System of Maryland .
Edwin Vincent O'Hara ( September 6 , 1881 - September 11 , 1956 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church .
Rockhurst University is a private Jesuit university in Kansas City , Missouri . Founded in 1910 as Rockhurst College , Rockhurst University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission .
The Diocese of Great Falls-Billings ( Latin : Dioecesis Magnocataractensis-Billingensis ) is one of two Catholic dioceses in the U.S. state of Montana in the United States . The diocese was established in 1904 , and originally constituted the eastern half of the Diocese of Helena . The see was originally located only in the city of Great Falls , Montana , from which the diocese drew its original name . In 1980 , the diocese 's name was changed to reflect its new co-see in the city of Billings , Montana .
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kansas City-Saint Joseph ( Latin : Dioecesis Kansanopolitanae-Sancti Josephi ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the state of Missouri in the United States . The current bishop is James Vann Johnston , Jr . It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Saint Louis . The see city for the diocese is Kansas City , Missouri . The cathedral parish is Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and its co-cathedral is the Cathedral of St. Joseph in St. Joseph , Missouri .
The Rev Elizabeth Alvina Platz is an American Lutheran pastor and was the first woman in North America ordained by a Lutheran church body . She was ordained in November 1970 into the Lutheran Church in America ( LCA ) . The ordination of women , approved earlier that year by both the LCA and The American Lutheran Church ( ALC ) was controversial . The ALC ordained its first woman as a pastor , the Rev . Barbara Andrews , in December of the same year . The ALC and LCA merged in 1988 with the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) . At the 2005 Churchwide Assembly of the ELCA ( in Orlando , Florida ) a special program was held in honor of the 35 years since her history-making ordination . Pastor Platz served for 47 years as chaplain at the Lutheran Campus Ministry of the University of Maryland , College Park .
The University of Maryland , College Park ( University of Maryland , UMD , or simply Maryland ) is a public research university in College Park , Maryland . Founded in 1856 , UMD is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland . It is also the largest university in both the state and the Washington metropolitan area , with more than 41,000 students representing all fifty states and 123 countries , and a global alumni network of over 360,000 . Its twelve schools and colleges together offer over 200 degree-granting programs , including 92 undergraduate majors , 107 master 's programs , and 83 doctoral programs . UMD is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Maryland 's proximity to the nation 's capital has resulted in many research partnerships with the federal government ; faculty receive research funding and institutional support from agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institute of Standards and Technology , the Food and Drug Administration , and the Department of Homeland Security . It is classified as a first tier research university by the Carnegie Foundation , and is labeled a Public Ivy , denoting a quality of education comparable to the private Ivy League . UMD is ranked among the top 100 universities both nationally and globally by several indices . In 2016 , the University of Maryland , College Park and the University of Maryland , Baltimore formalized their strategic partnership after their collaboration successfully created more innovative medical , scientific , and educational programs , as well as greater research grants and joint faculty appointments than either campus has been able to accomplish on its own . As of 2017 , the operating budget of the University of Maryland is approximately $ 2.1 billion . For the 2018 fiscal year , the university received a total of over $ 545 million in external research funding . In October 2017 , the university received a record-breaking donation of $ 219.5 million from the A. James & Alice B. Clark Foundation , ranking among the largest philanthropic gifts to a public university in the country .
Virginia Union University ( VUU ) is a private historically black university in Richmond , Virginia . It took its present name in 1899 upon the merger of two older schools , Richmond Theological Institute and Wayland Seminary , each founded after the end of American Civil War by the American Baptist Home Mission Society . In 1932 , Hartshorn Memorial College , a women 's college , merged with VUU .
The National Action Network ( NAN ) is a not-for-profit , civil rights organization founded by the Reverend Al Sharpton in New York City , New York , in early 1991 . In a 2016 profile , Vanity Fair has called Sharpton arguably the country 's most influential civil rights leader .
Alfred Charles Sharpton Jr. ( born October 3 , 1954 ) is an American civil rights activist , Baptist minister , talk show host and politician . Sharpton is the founder of the National Action Network . In 2004 , he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. presidential election . He hosts his own radio talk show , Keepin ' It Real , and he makes regular guest appearances on cable news television . In 2011 , he was named the host of MSNBC 's PoliticsNation , a nightly talk show . In 2015 , the program was shifted to Sunday mornings . Sharpton 's supporters praise his ability and willingness to defy the power structure that is seen as the cause of their suffering and consider him a man who is willing to tell it like it is . Former Mayor of New York City Ed Koch , one-time foe , said that Sharpton deserves the respect he enjoys among black Americans : He is willing to go to jail for them , and he is there when they need him . President Barack Obama said that Sharpton is the voice of the voiceless and a champion for the downtrodden . A 2013 Zogby Analytics poll found that one quarter of African Americans said that Sharpton speaks for them . His critics describe him as a political radical who is to blame , in part , for the deterioration of race relations . Sociologist Orlando Patterson has referred to him as a racial arsonist , while liberal columnist Derrick Z. Jackson has called him the black equivalent of Richard Nixon and Pat Buchanan .
The National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc. , more commonly known as the National Baptist Convention ( NBC USA or NBC ) , is the largest predominantly African-American Christian denomination in the United States . It is headquartered at the Baptist World Center in Nashville , Tennessee and affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance . [ ii ] The denomination claims approximately 31,000 congregations and reports having an estimated 7.5 million members . [ i ]
Albert Hamer Reiser ( August 31 , 1897 - April 25 , 1981 ) was a prominent community leader in Utah and a missionary and leader of the Sunday School in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Reiser was born in Salt Lake City , Utah to Albert S. Reiser and Nancy Ellen Hamer . He was a graduate of the University of Utah . As a career , Reiser was the manager of the Deseret Book Company in Salt Lake City . Without attending a university to study law , he nevertheless became a member of the Utah State Bar . Reiser was an active participant in community service in Utah . For eight years , Reiser was a member of the University of Utah Board of Regents . He was also a long-time member of the Great Salt Lake Council of Boy Scouts . Reiser was a member of the Utah State Parks and Recreation Commission and from 1938 to 1948 , he served as the secretary to the Utah Centennial Committee . As a member of the LDS Church , Reiser held a variety of prominent positions . Beginning in 1921 , David O. McKay selected him to be the secretary to the general superintendency of the Deseret Sunday School Union , a position he would hold for over 20 years . In 1926 , Reiser became a member of the general board of the Sunday School , and in 1943 he became the second assistant to general superintendent Milton Bennion .
Earl Stallings was an American Baptist minister and activist in the Civil Rights Movement . Earl Stallings was born March 20 , 1916 , in Durham , North Carolina . He died when he was 89 in his retirement home in Lakeland , Florida , on February 23 , 2006 . He left behind a son and two grandchildren : A son named Jim Stallings ; Grandson James Stallings ; granddaughter Meredith Beeson Stallings ; and several nephews including Carl Bowen and Bryant Stallings . Earl had a wife of 64 years , Ruth Langston McMahan Stallings , who died in April 2001 .
Carson-Newman University ( sometimes stylized in marketing as Carson-Newman : A Christian University ) is a private liberal arts university in Jefferson City , Tennessee . Carson-Newman is affiliated with the Tennessee Baptist Convention . Founded in 1851 , the university currently enrolls about 2,500 students . Studies are offered in approximately 90 different academic programs .
A Call for Unity was an open letter published in Birmingham , Alabama , on April 12 , 1963 , by eight local white clergymen in response to civil rights demonstrations taking place in the area at the time . In the letter , they took issue with events directed and led in part by outsiders , urging activists to engage in local negotiations and use the courts if rights were being denied rather than to protest . The term outsider was a thinly veiled reference to Martin Luther King , Jr. , and King replied with his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail , arguing that civil action was in fact necessary . The authors of A Call for Unity had written An Appeal for Law and Order and Common Sense in January of the same year .
A. Latham Staples ( born 1977 ) is a San Diego , California community leader , a corporate executive , and an American civil rights activist . He 's the Chief Executive Officer of EXUSMED , Inc. , a healthcare corporation based in La Jolla , California , and Chairman of the Empowering Spirits Foundation , Inc. ( ESF ) , a national LGBT civil rights organization he founded in the United States .
Baylor University , or simply Baylor , is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco , Texas . Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas , it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States . Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35 , between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin , the university 's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world . Baylor University 's athletic teams , known as the Bears , participate in 19 intercollegiate sports . The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I .
The Empowering Spirits Foundation ( ESF ) , Inc. is a national non-profit , non-partisan LGBT rights organization in the United States .
Howard Washington Thurman ( November 18 , 1899 - April 10 , 1981 ) was an African-American author , philosopher , theologian , educator , and civil rights leader . As a prominent religious figure , he played a leading role in many social justice movements and organizations of the twentieth century . Thurman 's theology of radical nonviolence influenced and shaped a generation of civil rights activists , and he was a key mentor to leaders within the movement , including Martin Luther King , Jr. Thurman served as dean of Rankin Chapel at Howard University from 1932 to 1944 and as dean of Marsh Chapel at Boston University from 1953 to 1965 . In 1944 , he co-founded , along with Alfred Fisk , the first major interracial , interdenominational church in the United States . Howard Thurman died on April 10 , 1981 in San Francisco , California .
Boston University ( BU ) is a private research university in Boston , Massachusetts . The university is nonsectarian , but has been historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church . The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students , and is one of Boston 's largest employers . It offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , doctorates , and medical , dental , business , and law degrees through 18 schools and colleges on two urban campuses . The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston 's Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods , while the Boston University Medical Campus is located in Boston 's South End neighborhood . BU is categorized as an R1 : Doctoral University ( very high research activity ) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the Association of American Universities . The university is ranked 40th among undergraduate programs at national universities , and 46th among global universities by U.S. News & World Report in its 2020 rankings . Among its alumni and current or past faculty , the university counts eight Nobel Laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , 10 Rhodes Scholars , six Marshall Scholars , 48 Sloan Fellows , nine Academy Award winners , and several Emmy and Tony Award winners . BU also has MacArthur , Fulbright , Truman and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty . In 1876 , BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab . The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAA Division I. BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League , and Hockey East conferences , and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier .
An author is the creator or originator of any written work such as a book or play , and is also considered a writer . More broadly defined , an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything and whose authorship determines responsibility for what was created .
The civil rights movement ( also known as the American civil rights movement and other terms ) [ b ] in the United States was a decades-long struggle by African Americans to end legalized racial discrimination , disenfranchisement and racial segregation in the United States . The movement has its origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , although the movement achieved its largest legislative gains in the mid-1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests . The social movement 's major nonviolent resistance campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the human rights of all Americans . After the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the 1860s , the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution granted emancipation and constitutional rights of citizenship to all African Americans , most of whom had recently been enslaved . For a period , African Americans voted and held political office , but they were increasingly deprived of civil rights , often under Jim Crow laws , and subjected to discrimination and sustained violence by whites in the South . Over the following century , various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal rights . In 1954 , the separate but equal policy which aided the enforcement of Jim Crow laws was weakened with the United States Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling and other subsequent rulings which followed . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans across the country . The lynching of Chicago teenager Emmett Till in Mississippi , and the outrage generated by seeing how he had been abused , when his mother decided to have an open-casket funeral , mobilized the African-American community nationwide . Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts , such as the successful Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955-56 ) in Alabama ; sit-ins such as the Greensboro sit-ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit-ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the 1963 Birmingham Children 's Crusade and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . At the culmination of a legal strategy pursued by African Americans , the U.S. Supreme Court began , in 1954 under the leadership of Earl Warren , to find unconstitutional many of the laws that had allowed racial segregation and discrimination to be legal in the United States .
Leonard Len H. Tower Jr. ( born June 17 , 1949 ) is a free software activist and one of the founding board members of the Free Software Foundation , where he contributed to the initial releases of gcc and GNU diff . He left the Free Software Foundation in 1997 .
Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .
A board of directors is a group of people who jointly supervise the activities of an organization , which can be either a for-profit business , nonprofit organization , or a government agency . Such a board 's powers , duties , and responsibilities are determined by government regulations ( including the jurisdiction 's corporations law ) and the organization 's own constitution and bylaws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board , how they are to be chosen , and how often they are to meet . In an organization with voting members , the board is accountable to , and might be subordinate to , the organization 's full membership , which usually vote for the members of the board . In a stock corporation , non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders , with the board having ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation . The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction . In corporations with dispersed ownership , the identification and nomination of directors ( that shareholders vote for or against ) are often done by the board itself , leading to a high degree of self-perpetuation . In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership , the board is the supreme governing body of the institution , and its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself .
The Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement , which promotes the universal freedom to study , distribute , create , and modify computer software , with the organization 's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ( share alike ) terms , such as with its own GNU General Public License . The FSF was incorporated in Massachusetts , US , where it is also based . From its founding until the mid-1990s , FSF 's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project . Since the mid-1990s , the FSF 's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community . Consistent with its goals , the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers .
Seymour Dilworth Young ( September 7 , 1897 - July 9 , 1981 ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) from 1945 until his death . From 1945 to 1975 , Young was a member of the church 's First Council of the Seventy . In 1975 , he was sustained a member of the newly created First Quorum of Seventy . He was the senior president of the Seventy from 1967 to 1976 . Young was a graduate of Weber College ( now Weber State University ) . He served in the United States military during World War I . After the war he served as a missionary in the Central States Mission . Young was known as an author and poet among members of the church . [ citation needed ] Young authored a biography of his great-great-uncle , LDS Church president Brigham Young . Many of Dilworth Young 's poems have been published in the Ensign . He was born to Seymour B . Young , Jr. and Carlie Louine Clawson .