List of Kappa Kappa Gamma sisters
Notable alumnae -- Science and education
Table:
Name

Chapter

Notability

Ref(s)

Emily Barringer

Psi

First woman resident at New York City's Gouverneur Hospital

[26]

Sarah Gibson Blanding

Beta Chi

President of Vassar College (1946–1964)

[26]

Edith Clarke

Eta

First woman to earn an electrical engineering degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.S., 1919), first woman elected fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

[26][27]

Kathy Cox

Epsilon Epsilon

Georgia superintendent of public schools

[26]

Mary Maxwell Gates

Beta Pi

Served on the board of regents University of Washington (1975–1993), mother of Bill Gates

[26]

Virginia Gildersleeve

Beta Epsilon

Dean of Barnard College (1911–1947), delegate at the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization

[20]

Sarah Lee Lippincott

Beta Alpha

Astronomer, professor emerita at Swarthmore College

[26]

Louise Pound

Sigma

Folklorist and professor at the University of Nebraska

[26]

Gertrude Van Wagenen

Beta Zeta

biologist and professor at Yale University, pioneering primate research on reproduction and contraception

[28]

Mareta West

Beta Theta

First female astrogeologist, chose the site for the first manned lunar landing

[26]

Drawing on the following table plus the background passages provided.

Give the answer to the question: Who was a member of the chapter at the university at the university located in Ames , Iowa ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Emily Dunning Barringer ( September 27 , 1876 - April 8 , 1961 ) was the world 's first female ambulance surgeon and the first woman to secure a surgical residency . Emily Dunning was born in Scarsdale , New York to Edwin James Dunning and Frances Gore Lang . The well-to-do New York family fell on hard times when she was about ten years old , and her father left for Europe to try to recoup his fortune , leaving her mother with five children . When a well-meaning friend of Dunning 's mother suggested that the girl might become a milliner 's apprentice , her mother said That settles the question . You are going to go to college . Dr. Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi , a friend of the family , recommended Cornell University 's medical preparatory course , and her uncle , Henry W. Sage , a founder of Cornell , agreed to pay her tuition . Other family friends also helped with expenses . Emily Dunning graduated in 1897 and decided to attend the College of Medicine of the New York Infirmary . During her sophomore year there , the college merged with the new Cornell University School of Medicine . She earned her medical degree in 1901 , then received the second highest grade in the qualifying exam for an internship at Gouverneur Hospital in New York City . The hospital denied her application . The next year she applied again , this time with the support from political and religious figures , and the hospital accepted her - the first woman ever accepted for post-graduate surgical training in service to a hospital .
Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University .
Residency or postgraduate training is a stage of graduate medical education . It refers to a qualified physician , podiatrist , dentist , optometrist , veterinarian , pharmacist or ( one who holds the degree of MD , DPM , DDS , DMD , DVM , DO , OD , PharmD , , BDS , or BDent ; or MB ; BS , MBChB , or BMed ) who practices medicine , usually in a hospital or clinic , under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior clinician registered in that specialty such as an attending physician or consultant . In many jurisdictions , successful completion of such training is a requirement in order to obtain an unrestricted license to practice medicine , and in particular a license to practice a chosen specialty . An individual engaged in such training may be referred to as a resident , house officer , registrar or trainee depending on the jurisdiction . Residency training may be followed by fellowship or sub-specialty training . Whereas medical school teaches physicians a broad range of medical knowledge , basic clinical skills , and supervised experience practicing medicine in a variety of fields , medical residency gives in-depth training within a specific branch of medicine .
New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion .
Sarah Gibson Blanding ( November 22 , 1898 - March 3 , 1985 ) was an American educator and academic administrator who served as Vassar 's sixth president ( 1946-1964 ) and its first female president . A strong public advocate , she worked hard to advance the professional , political , and academic place of women in the world and was a general proponent of expanded educational opportunity .
The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is a public university in Lexington , Kentucky . Founded in 1865 by John Bryan Bowman as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky , the university is one of the state 's two land-grant universities ( the other being Kentucky State University ) and the institution with the highest enrollment in the state , with 30,720 students as of Fall 2015 . The institution comprises 16 colleges , a graduate school , 93 undergraduate programs , 99 master programs , 66 doctoral programs , and four professional programs . [ needs update ] The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus . The largest is the William T. Young Library , a federal depository , hosting subjects related to social sciences , humanities , and life sciences collections . In recent years , the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research , following a compact formed by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1997 . The directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution , in terms of an overall ranking , to be determined by the university itself , by the year 2020 .
Vassar College ( /ˈvæsər/ VASS-ər ) is a private , coeducational , liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie , New York . Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar , it was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States , closely following Elmira College . It became coeducational in 1969 , and now has a gender ratio at the national average . The school is one of the historic Seven Sisters , the first elite women 's colleges in the U.S. , and has a historic relationship with Yale University , which suggested a merger before they both became coeducational institutions . The college offers B.A . degrees in more than 50 majors and features a flexible curriculum designed to promote a breadth of studies . Student groups at the college include theater and comedy organizations , acappella groups , club sports teams , volunteer and service groups , and a circus troupe . Vassar College 's varsity sports teams , known as the Brewers , play in the NCAA 's Division III as members of the Liberty League . Vassar tied for the 14th best liberal arts college in the nation in the 2020 annual ranking of U.S. News & World Report , with admissions described as most selective . The total number of students attending the college is around 2,450 . The Vassar campus comprises over 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) and more than 100 buildings , including two National Historic Landmarks and an additional National Historic Place . A designated arboretum , the campus features more than 200 species of trees , a native plant preserve , and a 530-acre ( 210 ha ) ecological preserve .
Edith Clarke ( February 10 , 1883 - October 29 , 1959 ) was the first woman to be professionally employed as an electrical engineer in the United States , and the first female professor of electrical engineering in the country . She was the first woman to deliver a paper at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , the first female engineer whose professional standing was recognized by Tau Beta Pi , and the first woman named as a Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . She specialized in electrical power system analysis and wrote Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems .
The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country .
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study , design and application of equipment , devices and systems which use electricity , electronics , and electromagnetism . It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph , the telephone , and electrical power generation , distribution and use . Electrical engineering is now divided into a wide range of fields including , computer engineering , power engineering , telecommunications , radio-frequency engineering , signal processing , instrumentation , and electronics . Many of these disciplines overlap with other engineering branches , spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware engineering , power electronics , electromagnetics and waves , microwave engineering , nanotechnology , electrochemistry , renewable energies , mechatronics , and electrical materials science . See glossary of electrical and electronics engineering . Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering . Practising engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body or an international standards organization . These include the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) , the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology ( IET ) ( formerly the IEE ) . The IEC prepares international standards for electrical engineering , developed through consensus , thanks to the work of 20,000 electrotechnical experts , coming from 172 countries worldwide . Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable . These range from circuit theory to the management skills of a project manager . The tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable , ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software .
Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) is a private research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Institute is a land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant university , with an urban campus that extends more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) alongside the Charles River . The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory , the Bates Center , and the Haystack Observatory , as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes . Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States , MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering . It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science , engineering , mathematics , and technology , and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength , making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 96 Nobel laureates , 26 Turing Award winners , and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni , faculty members , or researchers . In addition , 58 National Medal of Science recipients , 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients , 50 MacArthur Fellows , 73 Marshall Scholars , 48 Rhodes Scholars , 41 astronauts , and 16 Chief Scientists of the US Air Force have been affiliated with MIT . The school also has a strong entrepreneurial culture , and the aggregated annual revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni ( $ 1.9 trillion ) would rank roughly as the tenth-largest economy in the world ( 2014 ) . MIT is a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) .
The American Institute of Electrical Engineers ( AIEE ) was a United States-based organization of electrical engineers that existed from 1884 through 1962 . On January 1 , 1963 , it merged with the Institute of Radio Engineers ( IRE ) to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) .
Kathy Cox ( born August 10 , 1964 ) was superintendent of public schools for the U.S. state of Georgia , and is a Republican . A high school teacher by occupation , Cox also served two terms , from 1998 to 2002 , in the Georgia House of Representatives , representing Peachtree City , Georgia , prior to her election as superintendent in 2002 . Cox sought re-election in 2006 , defeating Democratic challenger Denise Majette ( a former U.S. representative ) , earning almost 60 percent of the vote . Cox is not related to Cathy Cox , a Democrat who was Georgia 's elected secretary of state from 1999 until 2007 . The similarity in names became the subject of mostly humorous news stories in 2002 , when Kathy Cox 's defeated opponent , Barbara Christmas , complained that she had lost because of voter confusion between the two Coxes . On September 5 , 2008 , Cox became the first million-dollar winner on the American television game show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( and the first to win according to the sequence in which the shows were broadcast ) . Her final question was , Who was the longest reigning British monarch ? Cox correctly answered Queen Victoria . Cox intended to donate all her winnings to three schools in Georgia : Georgia Academy for the Blind in Macon , Atlanta Area School for the Deaf in Clarkston , and Georgia School for the Deaf in Cave Spring . All three schools are under the auspices of the Georgia Board of Education . These plans were affected by her personal bankruptcy in late 2008 .
Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta , Georgia . The university was founded as Emory College in 1836 in Oxford , Georgia , by the Methodist Episcopal Church and was named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory . In 1915 , Emory College moved to its present location in Druid Hills and was rechartered as Emory University . Its relocation was funded by Asa Griggs Candler , a businessman and philanthropist who wanted a major university in the city . Emory maintained a presence in Oxford ; its institution developed as Oxford College , a residential liberal arts college for the first two years of the Emory baccalaureate degree . The university is the second-oldest private institution of higher education in Georgia and among the fifty oldest private universities in the United States . Emory University has nine academic divisions : Emory College of Arts and Sciences , Oxford College , Goizueta Business School , Laney Graduate School , School of Law , School of Medicine , Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing , Rollins School of Public Health , and the Candler School of Theology . Emory University , the Georgia Institute of Technology , and Peking University in Beijing , China jointly administer the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering . The university operates the Confucius Institute in Atlanta in partnership with Nanjing University . Emory has a growing faculty research partnership with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ) . Emory University students come from all 50 states , the District of Columbia , five territories of the United States , and over 100 foreign countries . Emory Healthcare is the largest healthcare system in the state of Georgia and comprises seven major hospitals , including the internationally renowned Emory University Hospital and Emory University Hospital Midtown .
Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 .
In education in the United States , a superintendent or superintendent of schools is an administrator or manager in charge of a number of public schools or a school district , a local government body overseeing public schools . All school principals in a respective school district report to the superintendent . The role and powers of the superintendent vary among areas . According to Sharp and Walter , a popularly held opinion is that the most important role of the board of education is to hire its superintendent .
Mary Maxwell Gates ( born Mary Ann Maxwell , July 5 , 1929 - June 10 , 1994 ) was an American businesswoman who also served for 18 years , 1975-1993 , on the University of Washington board of regents . She was the first female president of King County 's United Way , the first woman to chair the national United Ways executive committee where she served most notably with IBM 's CEO , John Opel , and the first woman on the First Interstate Bank of Washington 's board of directors . Her son Bill Gates is a co-founder of Microsoft .
The University of Washington ( UW , simply Washington , or informally U-Dub ) is a public research university in Seattle , Washington . Founded in 1861 , Washington was first established in downtown Seattle approximately a decade after the city 's founding to aid its economic development . Today , the university 's 703-acre main Seattle campus is in the University District above the Montlake Cut , within the urban Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest . The university has additional campuses in Tacoma and Bothell . Overall , UW encompasses over 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space , including one of the largest library systems in the world with over 26 university libraries , as well as the UW Tower , lecture halls , art centers , museums , laboratories , stadiums , and conference centers . The university offers bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees through 140 departments in various colleges and schools , sees about 46,000 in total student enrollment every year , and functions on a quarter system . Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and classified as an R1 Doctoral Research University classification under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . It is cited as a leading university in the world for scientific performance and research output by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the CWTS Leiden Ranking . In the 2015 fiscal year , the UW received nearly $ 1.2 billion in research funding , the 3rd largest among all universities in the United States . As the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington State , it is known for its research in medicine , science , as well as its highly-competitive computer science and engineering programs . Additionally , Washington continues to benefit from its deep historical ties and major collaborations with numerous technology giants in the region , such as Amazon , Boeing , Nintendo , and particularly Microsoft . Paul G. Allen , Bill Gates and others spent significant time at Washington computer labs for a startup venture before founding Microsoft .
In the United States , a board often governs institutions of higher education , including private universities , state universities and community colleges . In each US state , such boards may govern either the state university system , individual colleges and universities , or both . In general they operate as a board of directors , and they vary by formal name , size , powers , and membership . In some states , members are appointed by the governor . From a legal standpoint , many higher education institutions are corporations ; they have separate legal personhood . The corporation is the legal owner of its endowment and other property . The corporation 's name might consist of its governing board members ' title ( for example , The Trustees of Princeton University is a New Jersey nonprofit corporation ) . These board members ( trustees , regents , etc . ) are fiduciaries for the corporation . In some cases , the institution might not have separate legal personhood ; the trustees then transact in their own name with other parties , such as students , faculty or donors . However , the trustees often utilize a common , enduring title , which enables the trust to operate continuously even as individual trustees change . In some private institutions of higher learning , non-governing boards may also be appointed .
William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , software developer , investor , and philanthropist . He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , chief executive officer ( CEO ) , president and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s . Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates co-founded Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company . [ a ] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000 , but he remained chairman and became chief software architect . During the late 1990s , Gates had been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive . This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella . Since 1987 , he has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest documented individuals .
Virginia Crocheron Gildersleeve ( October 3 , 1877 - July 7 , 1965 ) was an American academic , the long-time Dean of Barnard College , co-founder of the International Federation of University Women , and the sole female United States delegate to the April 1945 San Francisco United Nations Conference on International Organization , which negotiated the UN Charter and created the United Nations .
Barnard College is a private women 's liberal arts college located in Manhattan , New York City . Founded in 1889 by Annie Nathan Meyer , who named it after Columbia University 's 10th president , Frederick Barnard , it is one of many women 's colleges founded in the nineteenth century . Barnard College is one of Columbia University 's four official undergraduate colleges . The acceptance rate of the Class of 2023 was 11.3% , the most selective and diverse class in the college 's 129-year history . The college was founded as a response to Columbia 's refusal to admit women into their institution . Barnard is affiliated with but legally and financially separate from Columbia . Students share classes , clubs , Greek life , sports teams , buildings and more with Columbia University . Students receive a diploma from both Barnard College and Columbia University . Barnard offers Bachelor of Arts degree programs in about 50 areas of study . Students may also pursue elements of their education at greater Columbia University , the Juilliard School , the Manhattan School of Music , and The Jewish Theological Seminary , which are also based in New York City . Its 4-acre ( 1.6 ha ) campus is located in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights , stretching along Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets . It is directly across from Columbia 's main campus and near several other academic institutions .
The United Nations Conference on International Organization ( UNCIO ) , commonly known as the San Francisco Conference , was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco , California , United States of America . At this convention , the delegates reviewed and rewrote the Dumbarton Oaks agreements of the previous year . The convention resulted in the creation of the United Nations Charter , which was opened for signature on 26 June , the last day of the conference . The conference was held at various locations , primarily the War Memorial Opera House , with the Charter being signed on 26 June at the Herbst Theatre in Civic Center . A square adjacent to the city 's Civic Center , called UN Plaza , commemorates the conference .
Sarah Lee Lippincott ( October 26 , 1920 - February 28 , 2019 ) , also known as Sarah Lee Lippincott Zimmerman , was an American astronomer . She was professor emerita of astronomy at Swarthmore College and director emerita of the college 's Sproul Observatory . She was a pioneer in the use of astrometry to determine the character of binary stars and search for extrasolar planets .
The University of Pennsylvania ( Penn or UPenn ) is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The University claims a founding date of 1740 [ note 2 ] and is one of the nine colonial colleges founded prior to the U.S . Declaration of Independence . Benjamin Franklin , Penn 's founder and first president , advocated an educational program that trained leaders in commerce , government , and public service , similar to a modern liberal arts curriculum . Penn has four undergraduate schools as well as twelve graduate and professional schools . Among its graduate and professional schools are the first school of medicine in North America ( Perelman School of Medicine , 1765 ) , the first collegiate business school ( Wharton School , 1881 ) , and the first student union building and organization ( Houston Hall , 1896 ) . In 2019 , the university had an endowment of $ 14.65 billion , the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States , as well as a research budget of $ 1.02 billion . The university 's athletics program , the Quakers , fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference . As of 2018 , distinguished alumni include 14 heads of state , 64 billionaires , 3 U.S. Supreme Court justices , 33 U.S . Senators , 44 U.S. Governors , 159 members of the U.S. House of Representatives , 8 signers of the U.S . Declaration of Independence , 12 signers of the U.S. Constitution , 24 members of the Continental Congress , and the current U.S. President , Donald Trump . Other notable alumni include 29 Rhodes Scholars , 15 Marshall Scholars , 16 Pulitzer Prize winners , and 48 Fulbright Scholars .
Emeritus ( male ) /Emerita ( female ) ( /əˈmɛrɪtəs/ ) , [ Note 1 ] in its current usage , is an adjective used to designate a retired chairperson , professor , pastor , bishop , pope , director , president , prime minister , rabbi , emperor , or other person who has been permitted to retain as an honorary title the rank of the last office held . Like the Romance languages derived from it , Latin contains many words that are gender-specific ; emeritus is used for a male , emerita for a female . In some cases , the term is conferred automatically upon all persons who retire at a given rank , but in others , it remains a mark of distinguished service , awarded only to a few on retirement . It is also used when a person of distinction in a profession retires or hands over the position , enabling their former rank to be retained in their title , e.g. , professor emeritus . The term emeritus does not necessarily signify that a person has relinquished all the duties of their former position , and they may continue to exercise some of them .
Swarthmore College ( /ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ , locally [ swɑθ- ] ) is a private liberal arts college in Swarthmore , Pennsylvania . Founded in 1864 , with its first classes being held in 1869 , Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States . It was established to be a college .under the care of Friends , at which an education may be obtained equal to that of the best institutions of learning in our country . By 1906 , Swarthmore had dropped its religious affiliation and became officially non-sectarian . Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium along with Bryn Mawr and Haverford College , a cooperative academic arrangement between the three schools . Swarthmore is also affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium , which allows for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions . Swarthmore offers over 600 courses a year in more than 40 areas of study , including an ABET accredited engineering program which culminates with a Bachelor of Science in engineering . Swarthmore has a variety of sporting teams with a total of 22 Division III Varsity Intercollegiate Sports Teams and competes in the Centennial Conference , a group of private colleges in Pennsylvania and Maryland . Despite the school 's small size , Swarthmore alumni have attained prominence in a broad range of fields . Graduates include five Nobel Prize winners ( as of 2016 , the third-highest number of Nobel Prize winners per graduate in the U.S. ) , 11 MacArthur Foundation fellows , 30 Rhodes Scholars , 27 Truman Scholars , 10 Marshall Scholars , 201 Fulbright Grantees , and many noteworthy figures in law , art , science , academia , business , politics , and other fields .
Louise Pound ( June 30 , 1872 - June 27 , 1958 ) was a distinguished American folklorist , linguist , and college professor at the University of Nebraska .
The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city .
Folklore studies , also known as folkloristics , and occasionally tradition studies or folk life studies in the United Kingdom , is the formal academic discipline devoted to the study of folklore . This term , along with its synonyms , [ note 1 ] gained currency in the 1950s to distinguish the academic study of traditional culture from the folklore artifacts themselves . It became established as a field across both Europe and North America , coordinating with Volkskunde ( German ) , folkeminner ( Norwegian ) , and folkminnen ( Swedish ) , among others .
The University of Nebraska-Lincoln ( Nebraska , UNL , or NU ) is a public research university in Lincoln , Nebraska . It is the state 's oldest university and the largest in the University of Nebraska system . The state legislature chartered the university in 1869 as a land-grant university under the 1862 Morrill Act , two years after Nebraska became a state . Around the turn of the 20th century , the university began to expand significantly , hiring professors from eastern schools to teach its new professional programs and conducting groundbreaking research in agricultural sciences . The Nebraska method of ecological study developed during this time pioneered grassland ecology and laid the foundation for research in theoretical ecology for the rest of the century . The university is organized into eight colleges on two campuses in Lincoln with over 100 classroom buildings and research facilities . Nebraska 's athletic programs , known as the Cornhuskers , compete in NCAA Division I and are a member of the Big Ten Conference . NU 's football team has won 46 conference championships and claims five national championships , with an additional nine unclaimed . The school 's volleyball team has won five titles and appeared in the national semifinal nine other times . NU plays its home football games at Memorial Stadium and has sold out every game since 1962 . The stadium 's capacity of 91,585 people is famously larger than the population of Nebraska 's third-largest city .
Gertrude L. Van Wagenen ( 1893 - February 8 , 1978 ) was an American biologist . She was also a collector of anatomical illustrations and models .
Iowa State University of Science and Technology ( Iowa State ) is a public land-grant and space-grant research university in Ames , Iowa . It is the largest university in the state of Iowa and the third largest university in the Big 12 athletic conference . Iowa State is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . It is also a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) . Founded in 1858 and coeducational from its start , Iowa State became the nation 's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 , making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so . Iowa State 's academic offerings are administered today through eight colleges , including the graduate college , that offer over 100 bachelor 's degree programs , 112 master 's degree programs , and 83 at the Ph.D. level , plus a professional degree program in Veterinary Medicine . Iowa State University 's athletic teams , the Cyclones , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a founding member of the Big 12 . The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships .
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms , including their physical structure , chemical processes , molecular interactions , physiological mechanisms , development and evolution . Despite the complexity of the science , there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single , coherent field . Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life , genes as the basic unit of heredity , and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species . Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis . Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the research methods employed and the kind of system studied : theoretical biology uses mathematical methods to formulate quantitative models while experimental biology performs empirical experiments to test the validity of proposed theories and understand the mechanisms underlying life and how it appeared and evolved from non-living matter about 4 billion years ago through a gradual increase in the complexity of the system . See branches of biology .
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven , Connecticut . Founded in 1701 , it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Chartered by Connecticut Colony , the Collegiate School was established in 1701 by clergy to educate Congregational ministers . It moved to New Haven in 1716 and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale . Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages , the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century , the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction , awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887 . Its faculty and student populations grew after 1890 with rapid expansion of the physical campus and scientific research . Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools : the original undergraduate college , the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and twelve professional schools . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school 's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs . In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven , a campus in West Haven , Connecticut and forest and nature preserves throughout New England . The university 's assets include an endowment valued at $ 30.3 billion as of September 2019 , the second largest endowment of any educational institution in North America . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools , holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States .
Mareta Nelle West ( August 9 , 1915 - November 2 , 1998 ) was an American astrogeologist who in the 1960s chose the site of the first manned lunar landing , Apollo 11 . She was the first female astrogeologist . Her cremated remains were launched into space .
The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 .
Planetary geology , alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology , is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons , asteroids , comets , and meteorites . Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to Earth , planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons ; due to the types of investigations involved , it is closely linked with Earth-based geology . Planetary geology includes such topics as determining the internal structure of the terrestrial planets , and also looks at planetary volcanism and surface processes such as impact craters , fluvial and aeolian processes . The structures of the giant planets and their moons are also examined , as is the make-up of the minor bodies of the Solar System , such as asteroids , the Kuiper Belt , and comets .
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon . Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20 , 1969 , at 20:17 UTC . Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21 at 02:56 UTC ; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later . They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft , and they collected 47.5 pounds ( 21.5 kg ) of lunar material to bring back to Earth . Command module pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon 's surface . Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours , 36 minutes on the lunar surface at a site they named Tranquility Base before lifting off to rejoin Columbia in lunar orbit . Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , on July 16 at 13:32 UTC , and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA 's Apollo program . The Apollo spacecraft had three parts : a command module ( CM ) with a cabin for the three astronauts , the only part that returned to Earth ; a service module ( SM ) , which supported the command module with propulsion , electrical power , oxygen , and water ; and a lunar module ( LM ) that had two stages - a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit . After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V 's third stage , the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit . Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on July 20 . The astronauts used Eagle 's ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module . They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of the last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth .