British Raj
British India and the Princely States -- Major provinces
Table:
Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States) c. 1907[26]

Province of British India
(and present day territories)

Total area in km2
(sq mi)

Population in 1901
(millions)

Chief administrative
officer

Assam
(Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland)

130,000
(50,000)

6

Chief Commissioner

Bengal
(Bangladesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha)

390,000
(150,000)

75

Lieutenant-Governor

Bombay
(Sindh and parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka)

320,000
(120,000)

19

Governor-in-Council

Burma
(Myanmar)

440,000
(170,000)

9

Lieutenant-Governor

Central Provinces and Berar
(Madhya Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Odisha)

270,000
(100,000)

13

Chief Commissioner

Madras
(Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and parts of Kerala, Karnataka, Odisha and Telangana)

370,000
(140,000)

38

Governor-in-Council

Punjab
(Punjab Province, Islamabad Capital Territory, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi)

250,000
(97,000)

20

Lieutenant-Governor

United Provinces
(Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)

280,000
(110,000)

48

Lieutenant-Governor

Taking into account the following table and the background passages listed below.

Respond to the question below: What is the capital city of a province that has the second lowest population listed , and was established as a Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Assam Province was a province of British India , created in 1912 by the partition of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Province . Its capital was in Shillong . The Assam territory was first separated from Bengal in 1874 as the 'North-East Frontier ' non-regulation province . It was incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 and re-established as a province in 1912 .
Assam ( /ˈæsæm/ , Assamese : [ ɔxɔm ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , situated south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys . Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 ( 30,285 sq mi ) . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north ; Nagaland and Manipur to the east ; Meghalaya , Tripura , Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south ; and West Bengal to the west via the Siliguri Corridor , a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India . Assam is known for Assam tea and Assam silk . The state was the first site for oil drilling in Asia . Assam is home to the one-horned Indian rhinoceros , along with the wild water buffalo , pygmy hog , tiger and various species of Asiatic birds , and provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant . The Assamese economy is aided by wildlife tourism to Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park , which are World Heritage Sites . Sal tree forests are found in the state which , as a result of abundant rainfall , look green all year round . Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India ; this rain feeds the Brahmaputra River , whose tributaries and oxbow lakes provide the region with a hydro-geomorphic environment .
Arunachal Pradesh ( /ˌɑːrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ , literally land of dawn-lit mountains ) is the northeasternmost state of India . It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south . It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west , Myanmar in the east , and China in the north , with which the border is the McMahon Line . Itanagar is the state capital . A major part of the state is claimed by both China and Taiwan , both referring to it as South Tibet . During the 1962 Sino-Indian war , Chinese forces temporarily crossed the McMahon line . Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains is the sobriquet for the state in Sanskrit ; it is also known as the Orchid State of India or the Paradise of the Botanists . Geographically , it is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India .
Meghalaya ( UK : /meɪˈɡɑːləjə/ , US : /ˌmeɪɡəˈleɪə/ ) is a hilly state in northeastern India . The name means the abode of clouds in Sanskrit . The population of Meghalaya as of 2016 is estimated to be 3,211,474 . Meghalaya covers an area of approximately 22,430 square kilometres , with a length to breadth ratio of about 3:1 . The state is bounded to the south by the Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh and Sylhet , to the west by the Bangladeshi division of Rangpur , and to the north and east by India 's State of Assam . The capital of Meghalaya is Shillong . During the British rule of India , the British imperial authorities nicknamed it the Scotland of the East . Meghalaya was previously part of Assam , but on 21 January 1972 , the districts of Khasi , Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya . English is the official language of Meghalaya . Unlike many Indian states , Meghalaya has historically followed a matrilineal system where the lineage and inheritance are traced through women ; the youngest daughter inherits all wealth and she also takes care of her parents . The state is the wettest region of India , recording an average of 12,000 mm ( 470 in ) of rain a year . About 70% of the state is forested .
Mizoram ( English : /mɪˈzɔːrəm/ ( listen ) ) is a state in northeastern India , with Aizawl as its capital city . The name is derived from Mizo , the name of the native inhabitants , and Ram , which means land , and thus Mizoram means land of the Mizos . Within the northeast region , it is the southernmost landlocked state , sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States , namely Tripura , Assam and Manipur . The state also shares a 722-kilometre border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar . Like several other northeastern states of India , Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972 , when it was carved out as a Union Territory . It became the 23rd state of India , a step above Union Territory , on 20 February 1987 , with the Fifty-Third Amendment of the Indian Constitution , 1986 . Mizoram 's population was 1,091,014 , according to a 2011 census . It is the 2nd least populous state in the country . Mizoram covers an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres . About 91% of the state is forested . About 95% of the current population is of diverse tribal origins who settled in the state , mostly from Southeast Asia , over waves of migration starting about the 16th century but mainly in the 18th century . This is the highest concentration of tribal people among all states of India , and they are currently protected under Indian constitution as a Scheduled Tribe .
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in northeastern India . It borders the state of Assam to the west , Arunachal Pradesh and Assam to the north , Myanmar to the east , and Manipur to the south . The state capital is Kohima , and the largest city is Dimapur . It has an area of 16,579 square kilometres ( 6,401 sq mi ) with a population of 1,980,602 per the 2011 Census of India , making it one of the smallest states of India . Nagaland is one of three states in India where the population is mostly Christian . Nagaland became the 16th state of India on 1 December 1963 . The state has experienced insurgency , as well as an inter-ethnic conflict , since the 1950s . The violence and insecurity have limited Nagaland 's economic development . Agriculture is the most important economic activity , covering over 70% of the state 's economy . Other significant economic activity includes forestry , tourism , insurance , real estate , and miscellaneous cottage industries . The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley which comprises 9% of the total area of the state . Mount Saramati is the highest peak at 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Myanmar .
This is a list of Governors of Assam , and other offices of similar scope , from the start of British occupation of the area in 1824 during the First Anglo-Burmese War . The Governor of Assam is a nominal head and representative of the President of India in the state of Assam . The governor is appointed by the president for a term of five years . The current governor is Jagdish Mukhi
The Bengal Presidency ( 1757-1912 ) , later reorganized as the Bengal Province ( 1912-1947 ) , was once the largest subdivision ( presidency ) of British India following the dissolution of the Mughal Bengal , with its seat in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) . It was primarily centred in the Bengal region . At its territorial peak in the 19th century , the presidency extended from the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in the west to Burma , Singapore and Penang in the east . The Governor of Bengal was concurrently the Viceroy of India for many years . Most of the presidency 's territories were eventually incorporated into other British Indian provinces and crown colonies . In 1905 , Bengal proper was partitioned , with Eastern Bengal and Assam headquartered in Dacca and Shillong ( summer capital ) . British India was reorganised in 1912 and the presidency was reunited into a single Bengali-speaking province . The Bengal Presidency was established in 1765 , following the defeat of the last independent Nawab of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 23 June 1757 , and the Battle of Buxar in 22 October 1764 . Bengal was the economic , cultural and educational hub of the British Raj . During the period of proto-industrialization , Bengal made direct significant contributions to the Industrial revolution in Britain , although it was soon undertaken by the Kingdom of Mysore ruled by Tipu Sultan as South Asia 's dominant economic power . It was the centre of the late 19th and early 20th century Bengali Renaissance and a hotbed of the Indian Independence Movement . The Partition of British India in 1947 resulted in Bengal 's division on religious grounds , between the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of East Bengal , which first became East Pakistan in 1955 under Pakistani rule and finally the nation of Bangladesh in 1971 .
Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya .
West Bengal ( /bɛnˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : Paschim Banga ) is a state in the eastern region of India along the Bay of Bengal . With over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) , it is India 's fourth-most populous state . West Bengal is the thirteenth-largest Indian state , with an area of 88,752 km2 ( 34,267 sq mi ) . Part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north . It also borders the Indian states of Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim , and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) the seventh-largest city in India , and center of the third-largest metropolitan area in the country . West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region , and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group is the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . The area 's early history featured a succession of Indian empires , internal squabbling , and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas ( kingdoms ) , while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period . The region was part of several ancient pan−Indian empires , including the Mauryans and Guptas . It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms .
Bihar ( /bɪˈhɑːr/ ; Hindi pronunciation : [ bɪˈɦaːr ] ( listen ) ) is a state in eastern India . It is the third-largest state by population and twelfth-largest by territory , with an area of 94,163 km2 ( 36,357 sq mi ) . It is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west , Nepal to the north , the northern part of West Bengal to the east , and with Jharkhand to the south . The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges , which flows from west to east . Three main cultural regions converge in the state : Magadh , Mithila , and Bhojpur . On 15 November 2000 , southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand . Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas , which is the lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh . Additionally , almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25 , giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state . In ancient and classical India , the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of power , learning , and culture . From Magadha arose India 's first empire , the Maurya empire , as well as one of the world 's most widely adhered-to religions : Buddhism . Magadha empires , notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties , unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule . Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom .
Jharkhand ( lit . Bushland or The land of forest ) is a state in eastern India . The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north , Uttar Pradesh to the northwest , Chhattisgarh to the west , Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east . It has an area of 79,710 km2 ( 30,778 sq mi ) . It is the 15th largest state by area , and the 14th largest by population . Hindi is the official language of the state . The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital . The state is known for its waterfalls , hills and holy places ; Baidyanath Dham , Parasnath and Rajrappa are major religious sites . The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period , as shown by several ancient cave paintings . Even evidence of use of iron started in this region as early as 1400 BCE . The region was under the rule of many sovereign and autonomous ruling dynasties including Maurya , Gupta , Gauda , Pala , Nagvanshi , Khayaravala , Ramgarh Raj , Raksel , Chero and Kharagdiha Zamindari estates . In the 16th century Mughal influence reached the region , and it finally came under the East India Company in the 18th century .
Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) .
From 1760 , a governor represented the British East India Company in which had been granted the right to establish a trading post by the Nawabs of Bengal . Robert Clive ( 1765-1767 ) was the second governor of Bengal , and established dual government in Bengal from 1765 to 1772 . Below is a list of the governors of Bengal during the British Raj :
The Bombay Presidency , also known as Bombay and Sind from 1843 to 1936 and the Bombay Province , was an administrative subdivision ( presidency ) of British India . Headquartered in the city of Bombay , at its greatest extent , the presidency included the Konkan , Nashik and Pune divisions of the present-day Indian state of Maharashtra ; Ahmedabad , Anand , Bharuch , Gandhinagar , Kheda , Panchmahal and Surat districts of the present-day state of Gujarat ; Bagalkot , Belagavi , Bijapur , Dharwad , Gadag , and Uttara Kannada districts of the present-day state of Karnataka ; the Sindh province of present-day Pakistan ; the Aden Colony ( part of present-day Yemen ) , and the Khuriya Muriya Islands ( part of present-day Oman ) . The Bombay Presidency was created when the city of Bombay was leased in fee tail to the East India Company by a Royal Charter from the King of England , Charles II , who had in turn acquired it on May 11 , 1661 , when his marriage treaty with Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed the islands of Bombay in possession of the English Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat , its first colony in that region , to Bombay in 1687 . The Presidency was brought under British Parliament control along with other parts of British India through Pitt 's India Act . Major territorial acquisitions were made during the Anglo-Maratha Wars when the whole of the Peshwa 's dominions and much of the Gaekwad 's sphere of influence were annexed to the Bombay Presidency in different stages till 1818 . Aden was annexed in 1839 , while Sind was annexed by the Company in 1843 after defeating the Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad and it was made a part of the Bombay Presidency . At its greatest extent , the Bombay Presidency comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state , including the regions of Konkan , Desh , and Kandesh , and northwestern Karnataka state of India ; it also included Pakistan 's Sindh Province ( 1847-1935 ) and Aden in Yemen ( 1839-1932 ) . The districts and provinces of the presidency were directly under British rule , while the internal administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers . The presidency , however , managed the defence of princely states and British relations with them through political agencies . The Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power .
Sindh ( /sɪnd/ ; Sindhi : سنڌ ; Urdu : سندھ , pronounced [ sɪnd̪ʰ ] ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan . Located in the southeast of the country , it is the historical home of the Sindhi people . Sindh is the third largest province of Pakistan by area , and second largest province by population after Punjab . Sindh is bordered by Balochistan province to the west , and Punjab province to the north . Sindh also borders the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east , and Arabian Sea to the south . Sindh 's landscape consists mostly of alluvial plains flanking the Indus River , the Thar desert in the eastern portion of the province closest to the border with India , and the Kirthar Mountains in the western part of Sindh . Sindh has Pakistan 's second largest economy , while its provincial capital Karachi is Pakistan 's largest city and financial hub , and hosts the headquarters of several multinational banks . Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan 's industrial sector and contains two of Pakistan 's commercial seaports , Port Bin Qasim and the Karachi Port . The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy , and produces fruits , food consumer items , and vegetables for the consumption of other parts of the country . Sindh is known for its distinct culture which is strongly influenced by Sufism , an important marker of Sindhi identity for both Hindus ( Sindh has Pakistan 's highest percentage of Hindu residents ) and Muslims in the province . Several important Sufi shrines are located throughout the province which attract millions of annual devotees . Sindh 's capital , Karachi , is Pakistan 's most ethnically diverse city , with Muhajirs , or descendants of those who migrated to Pakistan from India after 1947 and throughout the 1950s and 1960s , making up the majority of the population .
Maharashtra ( /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ ; Marathi : [ məharaːʂʈrə ] ( listen ) , abbr . MH ) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau . It is the second-most populous state and third-largest state by area . Spread over 307,713 km2 ( 118,809 sq mi ) , it is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , the Indian states of Karnataka and Goa to the south , Telangana to the southeast and Chhattisgarh to the east , Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the north , and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the north west . It is also the world 's third-most populous subnational entity . Maharashtra was formed by merging the western and south-western parts of the Bombay State , Berar and Vidarbha , and the north-western parts of the Hyderabad State and splitting Saurashtra ( in present-day Gujarat ) by the States Reorganisation Act . It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital , Mumbai , has a population around 18 million making it the most populous urban area in India . Nagpur hosts the winter session of the state legislature . Pune is known as the 'Oxford of the East ' due to the presence of several well-known educational institutions . Nashik is known as the 'Wine Capital of India ' as it has the largest number of wineries and vineyards in the country . The Godavari and the Krishna are the two major rivers in the state . The Narmada and Tapi Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat .
Gujarat ( /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ , Gujarati : [ ˈɡudʒəɾɑt ] ( listen ) ) is a state on the western coast of India with a coastline of 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) - most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula - and a population in excess of 60 million . It is the fifth largest Indian state by area and the ninth largest state by population . Gujarat is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south , Maharashtra to the southeast , Madhya Pradesh to the east , and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west . Its capital city is Gandhinagar , while its largest city is Ahmedabad . The Gujarati-speaking people of India are indigenous to the state . The economy of Gujarat is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹13.14 lakh crore ( US $ 180 billion ) in GDP and a per capita GDP of ₹174,000 ( US $ 2,400 ) . Gujarat ranks fifteenth among Indian states in human development index . The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , such as Lothal , Dholavira and Gola Dhoro . Lothal is believed to be one of the world 's first seaports . Gujarat 's coastal cities , chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat , served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires , and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era . Along with Bihar and Nagaland , Gujarat is one of the three Indian states to prohibit the sale of alcohol . Gir Forest National Park in Gujarat is home of the only wild population of the Asiatic lion in the world .
Karnataka ( Karnāṭaka , Kannada pronunciation : [ kɐnaːʈɐka ] ) is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore . Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the sixth largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . Other languages spoken include Urdu , Konkani , Marathi , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kodava and Beary . Karnataka also contains some of the only villages in India where Sanskrit is primarily spoken .
Until the 18th century , Bombay consisted of seven islands separated by shallow sea . These seven islands were part of a larger archipelago in the Arabian sea , off the western coast of India . The date of city 's founding is unclear - historians trace back urban settlement to the late 17th century after the British secured the seven islands from the Portuguese to establish a secure base in the region . The islands provided the British with a sheltered harbour for trade , in addition to a relatively sequestered location that reduced the chances of land-based attacks . Over the next two centuries , the British dominated the region , first securing the archipelago from the Portuguese , and later defeating the Marathas to secure the hinterland . Bombay Presidency was one of the three Presidencies of British India ; the other two being Madras Presidency , and Bengal Presidency . It was in the centre-west of the Indian subcontinent on the Arabian Sea . It was bordered to the north-west , north , and north-east by Baluchistan , the British province of Punjab , and the Princely state of Rajputana ; to the east by the Princely states of Central India Agency , the Central Provinces , Berar and Hyderabad ; and to the south by Madras Presidency and Mysore State . The Presidency was established in the late 17th century and named after Bombay , the capital city and the island on which it was built . By 1906 , the area under the jurisdiction of Bombay Presidency stretched from North Canara in the south to Sindh in the north , encompassing the now-Pakistani province of Sindh , some parts of the present-day state of Gujarat , northwestern part of Karnataka state , the British territory of Aden in Yemen , and the western two-thirds of modern-day Maharashtra . During British rule , a Governor was the chief administrative and political officer of Bombay . The executive Government of the Presidency was administered by the Governor .
British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948 , from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a Province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony , and finally independence . The region under British control was known as British Burma . Various portions of Burmese territories , including Arakan ( Rakhine State ) or Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War ; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War . The annexed territories were designated the minor province ( a Chief Commissionership ) , British Burma , of British India in 1862 . After the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885 , Upper Burma was annexed , and the following year , the province of Burma in British India was created , becoming a major province ( a Lieutenant-Governorship ) in 1897 . This arrangement lasted until 1937 , when Burma began to be administered separately by the Burma Office under the Secretary of State for India and Burma . British rule was disrupted during the Japanese occupation of much of the country during the World War II . Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948 . Burma is sometimes referred to as the Scottish Colony owing to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country , one of the most notable being Sir James Scott , and the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company .
Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .
This is a list of European ( as well as Japanese ) colonial administrators responsible for the territory of British Burma , an area equivalent to modern-day Myanmar . As a result of the Second Anglo-Burmese War , Burma was initially setup as a province of British India . Later it was made a separate crown colony within the British Empire . Following capture by the Empire of Japan during World War II , it was controlled by a Japanese military governor . After the Japanese were expelled , it was under a Allied military commander , then a civilian governor until independence .
The Central Provinces and Berar was a province of British India and later the Dominion of India which existed from 1936 to 1950 . It was formed by the merger of the Central Provinces with the province of Berar , which was territory leased by the British from the Hyderabad State . Through an agreement signed on 5 November 1902 , 6th Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan , Asaf Jah VI leased Berar permanently to the British for an annual payment of 25 lakhs Rupees . Lord Curzon decided to merge Berar with the Central Provinces , and this was proclaimed on 17 September 1903 . The Central Provinces was formed in 1861 by the merger of the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories and Nagpur Province . Administration of the Berar region of the Hyderabad princely state was assigned to the Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces in 1903 , and for administrative purposes , Berar was merged with the Central Provinces to form the Central Provinces & Berar on 24 October 1936 . After Indian Independence in 1947 , a number of princely states were merged into the Central Provinces and Berar , which , when the Constitution of India went into effect in 1950 , became the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat , merged with Madhya Pradesh in 1956 , also meaning Central Province . As its name suggests , the province was situated in the center of the Indian peninsula . It comprised large portions of the broad belt of hill and plateau which interposes between the plains of the Ganges and the Deccan plateau . The Central Provinces and Berar were bounded on the north and northeast by the Central India Agency , including the Bundelkhand and Bagelkhand agencies , and along the northern edge of Sagar District by the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh ; on the west by the princely states of Bhopal , Indore and by the Kandesh District of Bombay Presidency ; on the south by Hyderabad State , and on the east by Orissa ( till 1937 , a part of Bengal Presidency ) and the Eastern States Agency .
Madhya Pradesh ( MP ; /ˌmʌdjə prəˈdɛʃ/ , Hindi : [ ˈmədʱjə pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; meaning Central Province ) is a state in central India . Its capital is Bhopal , and the largest city is Indore , with Jabalpur , Gwalior , and Ujjain being the other major cities . Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 75 million residents . It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast , Chhattisgarh to the southeast , Maharashtra to the south , Gujarat to the west , and Rajasthan to the northwest . Before 2000 , when Chhattisgarh was a part of Madhya Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India and the distance between the two furthest points inside the state , Singoli and Konta , was 1500 km . The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada , whose capital Ujjain ( also known as Avantika ) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE . Subsequently , the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India . By the early 18th century , the region was divided into several small kingdoms which were captured by the British and incorporated into Central Provinces and Berar and the Central India Agency . After India 's independence , Madhya Pradesh state was created with Nagpur as its capital : this state included the southern parts of the present-day Madhya Pradesh and northeastern portion of today 's Maharashtra . In 1956 , this state was reorganised and its parts were combined with the states of Madhya Bharat , Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal to form the new Madhya Pradesh state , the Marathi-speaking Vidarbha region was removed and merged with the then Bombay State . This state was the largest in India by area until 2000 , when its southeastern Chhattisgarh region was made as a separate state . The economy of Madhya Pradesh is the tenth-largest state economy in India with ₹8.09 lakh crore ( US $ 110 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹90,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) .
Chhattisgarh ( Chhattīsgaṛh , Hindi pronunciation : [ /ˈtʃʰət̪ːisgəɽʱ/ ] , translation : Thirty-Six Forts ) is one of the 28 states of India , located in the centre-east of the country . It is the ninth-largest state in India , with an area of 135,192 km2 ( 52,198 sq mi ) . With a 2011 population of 25.5 million , Chhattisgarh is the 16th-most populated state in the country . A resource-rich state , it is a source of electricity and steel for the country , accounting for 15% of the total steel produced as well as large contributor of coal . Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India . The state was formed on 1 November 2000 by partitioning ten Chhattisgarhi and six Gondi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh . The capital city is Raipur . Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest , Uttar Pradesh in the north , Jharkhand in northeast , Maharashtra in the southwest , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in the south , and Odisha in the southeast . Currently the state comprises 30 districts . The Gross State Domestic Product ( GSDP ) of Chhattisgarh is ₹3.63 lakh crore ( US $ 51 billion ) and the per capita GSDP ₹102,762 ( US $ 1,400 )
Odisha ( /əˈdɪsə/ , /ɒˈrɪsə , ɔː- , oʊ-/ ; , pronounced [ oɽɪˈsaː ] ( listen ) ; is an Indian state located on the eastern coast of India . It neighbors the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand to the north , Chhattisgarh to the west and Andhra Pradesh to the south . Odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) along the Bay of Bengal . It is the 8th largest state by area , and the 11th largest by population . The state has the third largest population of Scheduled Tribes in India . The ancient kingdom of Kalinga , which was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE resulting in the Kalinga War , coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha . The modern state of Odisha was established on 1 April 1936 , as a province in British India , and consisted of Odia-speaking regions . 1 April is celebrated as Utkala Dibasa . The region is also known as Utkala and is mentioned in India 's national anthem , Jana Gana Mana . Cuttack was made the capital of the region by Anantavarman Chodaganga in c. 1135 , after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers , through the British era until 1948 . Thereafter , Bhubaneswar became the capital of Odisha . The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state economy in India with ₹4.16 lakh crore ( US $ 58 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹93,000 ( US $ 1,300 ) .
Below is a list of Governors of the Central Provinces and Berar and the precursor offices associated with that title :
The Madras Presidency , or the Presidency of Fort St. George , and also known as Madras Province , was an administrative subdivision ( presidency ) of British India . At its greatest extent , the presidency included most of southern India , including the whole of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh , and parts of Odisha , Kerala , Karnataka and the union territory of Lakshadweep . The city of Madras was the winter capital of the Presidency and Ootacamund or Ooty , the summer capital . The Island of Ceylon was a part of Madras Presidency from 1793 to 1798 when it was created a Crown colony . Madras Presidency was neighboured by the Kingdom of Mysore on the northwest , Kingdom of Kochi on the southwest , and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the north . Some parts of the presidency were also flanked by Bombay Presidency . In 1639 , the English East India Company purchased the village of Madraspatnam and one year later it established the Agency of Fort St George , precursor of the Madras Presidency , although there had been Company factories at Machilipatnam and Armagon since the very early 1600s . The agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655 . In 1684 , it was re-elevated to a Presidency and Elihu Yale was appointed as president . In 1785 , under the provisions of Pitt 's India Act , Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company . Thereafter , the head of the area was styled Governor rather than President and became subordinate to the Governor-General in Calcutta , a title that would persist until 1947 . Judicial , legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861 , 1909 , 1919 and 1935 .
Andhra Pradesh ( /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ ) ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is one of the 28 states of India , situated in the south-eastern part of the country . It is the eight-largest state in India , covering an area of 162,975 km2 ( 62,925 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth-most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . Telugu , one of the classical languages of India , is the major and official language of Andhra Pradesh . The north-western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana on 2 June 2014 , and Hyderabad , the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain the acting capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) - the second-longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat - with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km2 of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north-west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north-east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema .
Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : [ ˈt̪amiɻ ˈn̪aːɽɯ ] ( listen ) ) , is one of the 28 states of India . Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala , Karnataka , and Andhra Pradesh . It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north , by the Nilgiri Mountains , the Meghamalai Hills , and Kerala on the west , by the Bay of Bengal in the east , by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait on the southeast , and by the Indian Ocean on the south . The state shares a maritime border with the nation of Sri Lanka . The region was ruled by several empires , including the three great empires - Chera , Chola and Pandyan empires , which shape the region 's cuisine , culture , and architecture . The British Colonial rule during the modern period led to the emergence of Chennai , then known as Madras , as a world-class city . Modern-day Tamil Nadu was formed in 1956 after the reorganisation of states on linguistic lines . The state is home to a number of historic buildings , multi-religious pilgrimage sites , hill stations and three World Heritage sites . Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population . The economy of Tamil Nadu is the second-largest state economy in India with ₹16.64 lakh crore ( US $ 230 billion ) in gross domestic product with a per capita GDP of ₹194,000 ( US $ 2,700 ) . Tamil Nadu has the sixth highest ranking among Indian states in human development index .
Kerala ( /ˈkɛrələ/ ( listen ) ) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act , by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile states of Travancore-Cochin and Madras . Spread over 38,863 km2 ( 15,005 sq mi ) , Kerala is the twenty-third largest Indian state by area . It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast , Tamil Nadu to the east and south , and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west . With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census , Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population . It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram . Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state . The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala . The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era ( CE or AD ) . The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE . The region 's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE . In the 15th century , the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala , and paved the way for European colonisation of India .
Telangana ( /tɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in India situated on the centre-south stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau . It is the twelfth largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 ( 43,273 sq mi ) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census . On 2 June 2014 , the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed 29th state with Hyderabad as its historic permanent capital . Its other major cities include Warangal , Nizamabad , Khammam and Karimnagar . Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north , Chhattisgarh to the east , Karnataka to the west , and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south . The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills , mountain ranges , and thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 ( 10,538 sq mi ) . As of 2019 , the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts . Throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages , the region now known as Telangana was ruled by multiple major Indian powers such as the Cholas , Mauryans , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Kakatiyas , Delhi Sultanate , Bahmani Sultanate , Golconda Sultanate . During the 16th and 17th centuries , the region was ruled by the Mughals . The region is known for its Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb . During the 18th century and the British Raj , Telangana was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad . In 1823 , the Nizams lost control over Northern Circars ( Coastal Andhra ) and Ceded Districts ( Rayalseema ) , which were handed over to the East India Company .
This is a list of the Governors , Agents , and Presidents of colonial Madras , initially of the English East India Company , up to the end of British colonial rule in 1947 .
Punjab was a province of British India . Most of the Punjab region was annexed by the East India Company in 1849 , and was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British control . In 1858 , the Punjab , along with the rest of British India , came under the direct rule of the British crown . The province comprised five administrative divisions , Delhi , Jullundur , Lahore , Multan and Rawalpindi and a number of princely states . In 1947 , the partition of India led to the province being divided into East Punjab and West Punjab , in the newly independent dominions , Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan respectively .
Punjab ( Urdu & Punjabi : پنجاب , romanized : Panjāb , pronounced [ pənˈdʒaːb ] , listen ( help·info ) ; lit . Five waters ) is Pakistan 's most populous province , with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017 . Forming the bulk of the transnational Punjab region , it is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , the enclave of Islamabad , and Azad Kashmir . It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab , Rajasthan , and the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The capital is Lahore , a cultural , historical , economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country 's cinema industry , and much of its fashion industry , are based . Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times . The Indus Valley Civilization , dating to 2600 BCE , was first discovered at Harappa . Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem , the Mahabharata , and is home to Taxila , site of what is considered by many to be the oldest university in the world . In 326 BCE , Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong , Punjab . The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE . In the subsequent centuries , Punjab was invaded and conquered by the Ghaznavids , Ghurids , Delhi Sultanate , Mughals , Durranis and the Sikhs . Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire , which for a time ruled from Lahore .
Islamabad Capital Territory ( Urdu : وفاقی دارالحکومت ) is the only federal territory of Pakistan . Located in north-central Pakistan between the provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , it includes the country 's federal capital Islamabad . The territory is represented in the National Assembly constituencies NA-52 , NA-53 and NA-54 .
Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region .
Haryana ( Hindi pronunciation : [ ɦərɪˈjaːɳaː ] ) is one of the 28 states in India , located in northern part of the country . It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis . It is ranked 22nd in terms of area with less than 1.4% ( 44,212 km2 ( 17,070 sq mi ) ) of India 's land area . Chandigarh is the state capital , Faridabad in National Capital Region is the most populous city of the state and Gurugram is a leading financial hub of NCR with major Fortune 500 companies located in it . Haryana has 6 administrative divisions , 22 districts , 72 sub-divisions , 93 revenue tehsils , 50 sub-tehsils , 140 community development blocks , 154 cities and towns , 6,848 villages and 6222 villages panchayats . As the largest recipient of investment per capita since 2000 in India , and among one of the wealthiest and most economically developed regions in South Asia , Haryana has the fifth highest per capita income among Indian states and UTs at ₹226,644 ( US $ 3,200 ) against the national average of ₹125,397 ( US $ 1,800 ) for year 2018-19 . Haryana 's 2019-20 estimated state GSDP of US $ 110 billion ( 52% services , 34% industries and 14% agriculture ) is growing at 12.96% 2012-17 CAGR and placed on the 13th position behind only much bigger states , is also boosted by 30 SEZs ( mainly along DMIC , ADKIC and DWPE in NCR ) , 7% national agricultural exports , 65% of national Basmati rice export , 67% cars , 60% motorbikes , 50% tractors and 50% refrigerators produced in India . Faridabad has been described as eighth fastest growing city in the world and third most in India by City Mayors Foundation survey . In services , Gurugram ranks number 1 in India in IT growth rate and existing technology infrastructure , and number 2 in startup ecosystem , innovation and livability ( Nov 2016 ) . Haryana has the seventh highest ranking among Indian states in human development index . Among the world 's oldest and largest ancient civilisations , the Indus Valley Civilization sites at Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district and Bhirrana in Fatehabad district are 9,000 years old . Rich in history , monuments , heritage , flora and fauna , human resources and tourism with well developed economy , national highways and state roads , it is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north-east , by river Yamuna along its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh , by Rajasthan to the west and south , and Ghaggar-Hakra River flows along its northern border with Punjab .
Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi : [ ɦɪˈmaːtʃəl pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ; lit . snow-laden province ) is a state in the northern part of India . Situated in the Western Himalayas , it is bordered by union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh on the north , Punjab state on the west , Haryana state on the southwest , Uttarakhand state on the southeast , and Tibet region on the east . At its southernmost point , it also touches the state of Uttar Pradesh . The predominantly mountainous region comprising the present day Himachal Pradesh has been inhabited since pre-historic times having witnessed multiple waves of human migration from other areas . Through its history , the region was mostly ruled by local kingdoms some of which accepted suzerainty of larger empires . Prior to India 's independence from the British , Himachal comprised the hilly regions of Punjab Province of British India . After independence , many of the hilly territories were organised as the Chief Commissioner 's province of Himachal Pradesh which later became a union territory . In 1966 , hilly areas of neighbouring Punjab state were merged into Himachal and it was ultimately granted full statehood in 1971 . Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys with many perennial rivers flowing through them . Almost 90% of the state 's population lives in rural areas . Agriculture , horticulture , hydropower and tourism are important constituents of the state 's economy .
Chandigarh ( local pronunciation : [ tʃə̃ˈɖiːɡəɽʱ ] ( listen ) ) is a city , district and union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana . The city is unique as it is not a part of either of the two states but is governed directly by the Union Government , which administers all such territories in the country . Chandigarh is bordered by the state of Punjab to the north , the west and the south , and by the state of Haryana to the east . It is considered to be a part of the Chandigarh capital region or Greater Chandigarh , which includes Chandigarh , and the city of Panchkula ( in Haryana ) and cities of Kharar , Kurali , Mohali , Zirakpur ( in Punjab ) . It is located 260 km ( 162 miles ) north of New Delhi and 229 km ( 143 miles ) southeast of Amritsar . It was one of the early planned cities in post-independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design . The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which transformed from earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by the Chandigarh Capital Project Team headed by Le Corbusier , Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . In 2015 , an article published by BBC named Chandigarh as one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture , cultural growth and modernisation . Chandigarh 's Capitol Complex was in July 2016 declared by UNESCO as World Heritage at the 40th session of World Heritage Conference held in Istanbul . UNESCO inscription was under The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier an outstanding contribution to the Modern Movement . The Capitol Complex buildings include the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Punjab and Haryana Secretariat and Punjab and Haryana Assembly along with monuments Open hand , Martyrs Memorial , Geometric Hill and Tower of Shadow and the Rock Garden .
Delhi ( English : /ˈdɛli/ ; Hindi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Punjabi : [ ˈdɪlːi ] Dillī ; Urdu : [ ˈdeɦli ] Dēhlī ) , officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi , the capital of India . It is bordered by the state of Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east . The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres ( 573 sq mi ) . According to the 2011 census , Delhi 's city proper population was over 11 million , the second-highest in India after Mumbai , while the whole NCT 's population was about 16.8 million . Delhi 's urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundaries , and include the neighbouring satellite cities of Ghaziabad , Faridabad , Gurgaon and Noida in an area now called National Capital Region ( NCR ) and had an estimated 2016 population of over 26 million people , making it the world 's second-largest urban area according to the United Nations . As of 2016 [ update ] , recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the most or second-most productive metro area of India . Delhi is the second-wealthiest city in India after Mumbai and is home to 18 billionaires and 23,000 millionaires . Delhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index . Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India . Furthermore , it is considered one of the world 's most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration . Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BCE . Through most of its history , Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and empires , most notably the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire .
The Governor of the Punjab was head of the British administration in the province of the Punjab . In 1849 the East India Company defeated the Sikh Empire and annexed the Punjab region . The Governor-General of India , Lord Dalhousie implemented a three-member Board of Administration to govern the province . The Board of Administration was abolished in 1853 and replaced by the office of Chief Commissioner . Following the liquidation of the East India Company and the transfer of its assets to the British Crown , the office of lieutenant-governor was instituted in 1859 . This lasted until it was replaced by the office of governor in the aftermath of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms . In 1947 , the British Raj came to an end and the countries of India and Pakistan were created . The Punjab was partitioned into West Punjab and East Punjab , with the former joining Pakistan and the latter India . In Pakistan , the first governor of West Punjab was Sir Francis Mudie . In 1955 , West Punjab was dissolved , and became Punjab province . In 1956 East Punjab was divided into the present-day Indian states of Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Punjab .
The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was a province of India under the British Raj , which existed from 1902 to 1947 ; the official name was shortened by the Government of India Act 1935 to United Provinces ( UP ) , by which the province had been commonly known , and by which name it was also a province of independent India until 1950 . It corresponded approximately to the present-day Indian states of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) and Uttarakhand . From 1856 to 1902 , the region had existed as two separate provinces , North-Western Provinces and Oudh State .
Uttar Pradesh ( /ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/ ; IAST : Uttar Pradeś [ ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a state in northern India . With roughly 200 million inhabitants , it is the most populous state in India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world . It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule , and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 . The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow . On 9 November 2000 , a new state , Uttarakhand , was carved out from the state 's Himalayan hill region . The two major rivers of the state , the Ganga and Yamuna , join at Allahabad ( Prayagraj ) and then flow as the Ganga further east . Hindi is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state , along with Urdu . The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh and Delhi to the northwest , Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north , Bihar to the east , Madhya Pradesh to the south , and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to the southeast . It covers 243,290 square kilometres ( 93,933 sq mi ) , equal to 7.34% of the total area of India , and is the fourth-largest Indian state by area . Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state 's economy . The service sector comprises travel and tourism , hotel industry , real estate , insurance and financial consultancies . The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifth-largest state economy in India with ₹15.42 lakh crore ( US $ 220 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹61,000 ( US $ 860 ) .
Uttarakhand ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːkʌnd/ ) , formerly known as Uttaranchal ( /ˌʊtəˈrɑːntʃəl/ ) , is a state in the northern part of India . It is often referred to as the Devabhumi ( literally Land of the Gods ) due to numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state . Uttarakhand is known for the natural environment of the Himalayas , the Bhabar and the Terai . On 9 November 2000 , Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India , being carved from the Himalayan districts of Uttar Pradesh . It borders Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north ; the Sudurpashchim Pradesh of Nepal to the east ; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west . The state is divided into two divisions , Garhwal and Kumaon , with a total of 13 districts . The capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun , the largest city of the state , which is a railhead . The High Court of the state is located in Nainital . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times . The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India . Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism . Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region .
This is a list of Governors of the United Provinces and the precursor offices associated with that title from the provisional establishment of the Governor of Agra in 1833 until the province was renamed as Uttar Pradesh after the Indian independence in 1950 .