List of mountains on the Moon
Mountains
Table:
Name

Lat./Long.

Dia.

Ht.

Name Origin

Mons Agnes

18°40′N 5°20′E﻿ / ﻿18.66°N 5.34°E﻿ / 18.66; 5.34

0.65 km

0.03 km

Greek feminine name

Mons Ampère

19°19′N 3°43′W﻿ / ﻿19.32°N 3.71°W﻿ / 19.32; -3.71

30 km

3.0 km

André-Marie Ampère, physicist

Mons André

5°11′N 120°34′E﻿ / ﻿5.18°N 120.56°E﻿ / 5.18; 120.56

10 km

French masculine name

Mons Ardeshir

5°02′N 121°02′E﻿ / ﻿5.03°N 121.04°E﻿ / 5.03; 121.04

8 km

Ardeshir (Ardashir), Persian male name

Mons Argaeus

19°20′N 29°01′E﻿ / ﻿19.33°N 29.01°E﻿ / 19.33; 29.01

50 km

Mount Erciyes, Asia Minor

Mons Blanc

45°25′N 0°26′E﻿ / ﻿45.41°N 0.44°E﻿ / 45.41; 0.44

25 km

3.6 km

Mont Blanc, the Alps

Mons Bradley

21°44′N 0°23′E﻿ / ﻿21.73°N 0.38°E﻿ / 21.73; 0.38

30 km

4.2 km

James Bradley, astronomer

Mons Delisle

29°25′N 35°47′W﻿ / ﻿29.42°N 35.79°W﻿ / 29.42; -35.79

30 km

Named after nearby crater Delisle

Mons Dieter

5°00′N 120°18′E﻿ / ﻿5.00°N 120.30°E﻿ / 5.00; 120.30

20 km

German masculine name

Mons Dilip

5°35′N 120°52′E﻿ / ﻿5.58°N 120.87°E﻿ / 5.58; 120.87

2 km

Indian masculine name

Mons Esam

14°37′N 35°43′E﻿ / ﻿14.61°N 35.71°E﻿ / 14.61; 35.71

8 km

Arabic masculine name

Mons Ganau

4°47′N 120°35′E﻿ / ﻿4.79°N 120.59°E﻿ / 4.79; 120.59

14 km

African masculine name

Mons Gruithuisen Delta

36°04′N 39°35′W﻿ / ﻿36.07°N 39.59°W﻿ / 36.07; -39.59

20 km

Named after nearby crater Gruithuisen

Mons Gruithuisen Gamma

36°34′N 40°43′W﻿ / ﻿36.56°N 40.72°W﻿ / 36.56; -40.72

20 km

Named after nearby crater Gruithuisen

Mons Hadley

26°41′N 4°07′E﻿ / ﻿26.69°N 4.12°E﻿ / 26.69; 4.12

25 km

4.6 km

John Hadley, inventor

Mons Hadley Delta

25°43′N 3°43′E﻿ / ﻿25.72°N 3.71°E﻿ / 25.72; 3.71

15 km

3.5 km

Named after nearby Mount Hadley

Mons Hansteen

12°11′S 50°13′W﻿ / ﻿12.19°S 50.21°W﻿ / -12.19; -50.21

30 km

Named after nearby crater Hansteen

Mons Herodotus

27°30′N 52°56′W﻿ / ﻿27.50°N 52.94°W﻿ / 27.50; -52.94

5 km

Named after nearby crater Herodotus

Mons Huygens

19°55′N 2°52′W﻿ / ﻿19.92°N 2.86°W﻿ / 19.92; -2.86

40 km

4.7 km

Christiaan Huygens, astronomer

Mons La Hire

27°40′N 25°31′W﻿ / ﻿27.66°N 25.51°W﻿ / 27.66; -25.51

25 km

1.5 km

Philippe de la Hire, astronomer

Looking at the table plus the supporting evidence provided.

Solve the question: Which ground-breaking discovery did this astronomer , after whom this terrain located to the west of the crater Conon was named , make after 1728 ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

In geography , latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth 's surface . Latitude is an angle ( defined below ) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° ( North or South ) at the poles . Lines of constant latitude , or parallels , run east-west as circles parallel to the equator . Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth . On its own , the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined below . Briefly , geodetic latitude at a point is the angle formed by the vector perpendicular ( or normal ) to the ellipsoidal surface from that point , and the equatorial plane . Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes which are used in special applications .
Longitude ( /ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd/ , AU and UK also /ˈlɒŋɡɪ-/ ) , is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth 's surface , or the surface of a celestial body . It is an angular measurement , usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda ( λ ) . Meridians ( lines running from pole to pole ) connect points with the same longitude . By convention , one of these , the Prime Meridian , which passes through the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , England , was allocated the position of 0° longitude . The longitude of other places is measured as the angle east or west from the Prime Meridian , ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward . Specifically , it is the angle between a plane through the Prime Meridian and a plane through both poles and the location in question . ( This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z-axis ( right hand thumb ) pointing from the Earth 's center toward the North Pole and the x-axis ( right hand index finger ) extending from the Earth 's center through the Equator at the Prime Meridian . ) A location 's north-south position along a meridian is given by its latitude , which is approximately the angle between the local vertical and the equatorial plane . If the Earth were perfectly spherical and radially homogeneous , then the longitude at a point would be equal to the angle between a vertical north-south plane through that point and the plane of the Greenwich meridian . Everywhere on Earth the vertical north-south plane would contain the Earth 's axis . But the Earth is not radially homogeneous and has rugged terrain , which affect gravity and so can shift the vertical plane away from the Earth 's axis . The vertical north-south plane still intersects the plane of the Greenwich meridian at some angle ; that angle is the astronomical longitude , calculated from star observations .
In geometry , a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle . It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle . Both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere . In more modern usage , the length of a diameter is also called the diameter . In this sense one speaks of the diameter rather than a diameter ( which refers to the line segment itself ) , because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length , this being twice the radius r .
Mons Agnes is a hill ( mountain ) on the Moon , in Lacus Felicitatis , inside crater-like feature Ina , at 18°40′N 5°20′E / 18.66°N 5.34°E / 18.66 ; 5.34 . It has maximal width of approximately 650 m ( the smallest of all named lunar mountains ar for 2014 ) . Its height is more difficult to determine ; from Apollo 15 images it was determined as about 30 m , but newer map , based on LRO photos , gives about 10 m. Mons Agnes ( and all the Ina crater ) was discovered on the photos made by Apollo 15 from lunar orbit in 1971 . In 1974 NASA published a topophotomap where its name first appeared : it received Greek feminine name Agnes . In 1979 this name ( with a term Mons - mountain ) was adopted by International Astronomical Union . Mons Agnes is one of several dozens of similar hills inside Ina ( but one of the largest ) . Their origin , as for Ina on the whole , remains enigmatic .
Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .
Montes Apenninus are a rugged mountain range on the northern part of the Moon 's near side . They are named after the Apennine Mountains in Italy . With their formation dating back about 3.9 billion years , Montes Apenninus are still relatively young .
André-Marie Ampère ( /ˈæmpɪər/ ; French : [ ɑ̃pɛʁ ] ; 20 January 1775 - 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism , which he referred to as electrodynamics . He is also the inventor of numerous applications , such as the solenoid ( a term coined by him ) and the electrical telegraph . An autodidact , Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France . The SI unit of measurement of electric current , the ampere , is named after him . His name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower .
French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language .
Mons Ardeshir is one of the mountains on the Moon , inside crater King . Its diameter is 8 km . In 1976 it was named after Persian male name Ardeshir .
Mons Argaeus is a mountainous massif on the Moon that extends for a length of 65 km towards the southeast . It is located at coordinates 19°20′N 29°01′E / 19.33°N 29.01°E / 19.33 ; 29.01 , wedging between Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquillitatis on their eastern border . The summit is approximately 2560 m above the plain of Mare Serenitatis to the west . Apollo 17 landed to the east of Mons Argaeus in the Taurus-Littrow Valley ( next to Mons Vitruvius and to the south of the crater Littrow ) . This rise was given the Latin name for Mount Argaeus , a peak in Turkey now called Erciyes Dağı . The name for this lunar feature was officially adopted by the IAU in 1935 .
Mount Erciyes ( Turkish : Erciyes Dağı ) , also known as Argaeus , is a volcano in Turkey . It is a large stratovolcano that is surrounded by many monogenetic vents and lava domes , and one maar . The bulk of the volcano is formed by lava flows of andesitic and dacitic composition . At some time in the past , part of the summit collapsed towards the east . The volcano began to form in the Miocene . At first , a volcano farther east named Koç Dağ formed from lava flows . Then , again to the east , large explosive eruptions formed a caldera . During the Pleistocene , Mount Erciyes proper grew inside the caldera together with a group of lava domes . Lateral eruptions of Erciyes may have generated ash layers in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean during the early Holocene . The last eruptions occurred during the early Holocene and may have deposited ash as far away as Palestine ; the occurrence of historical volcanism is uncertain . Future eruptions of Erciyes may endanger cities in the north of the mountain , in Turkey . The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene , and one regular glacier still exists today , but is receding .
Anatolia ( from Greek : Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , east or [ sun ] rise ; Turkish : Anadolu ) , also known as Asia Minor ( Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mikrá Asía , small Asia ; Turkish : Küçük Asya ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau , is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent . It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe . The eastern border of Anatolia is traditionally held to be a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea , bounded by the Armenian Highland to the east and Mesopotamia to the southeast . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Today , Anatolia is also often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be Turkey 's eastern border . By some definitions , the Armenian Highlands lies beyond the boundary of the Anatolian plateau . The official name of this inland region is the Eastern Anatolia Region . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now-extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . Major Anatolian languages included Hittite , Luwian , and Lydian , among other more poorly attested relatives . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the late 13th and early 20th centuries .
Mont Blanc is a mountain in the Montes Alpes range on the Moon . It is located on the western edge of the range , near the shore of Mare Imbrium , at 45°29′N 0°25′E / 45.48°N 0.42°E / 45.48 ; 0.42 . Its width is about 25 kilometers ; the height is 3.7-3.8 km above adjacent plains of Mare Imbrium and 1.12 km above lunar level of zero elevation ( a sphere with radius 1737.4 km ) . The name of Mont Blanc , the highest mountain of terrestrial Alps , was proposed for this mountain by Johann Hieronymus Schröter . It was approved by International Astronomical Union in 1935 . It is the only summit of Montes Alpes with proper name and the only extraterrestrial mountain , whose international name contains French word Mont instead of Latin Mons . Despite statements that lunar Mont Blanc , like terrestrial one , is a highest mountain of its Alps , measurements of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter show that it is only third , being 600 meters lower than the highest one and about 100 m lower than the second .
Mont Blanc ( French : [ mɔ̃ blɑ̃ ] ; Italian : Monte Bianco [ ˈmonte ˈbjaŋko ] ; meaning White Mountain ) is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest in Europe west of the Caucasus peaks of Russia and Georgia . [ note 2 ] It rises 4,808 m ( 15,774 ft ) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence . The mountain stands in a range called the Graian Alps , between the regions of Aosta Valley , Italy , and Savoie and Haute-Savoie , France . The location of the summit is on the watershed line between the valleys of Ferret and Veny in Italy and the valleys of Montjoie , and Arve in France , on the border between the two countries . The Mont Blanc massif is popular for outdoor activities like hiking , climbing , trail running and winter sports like skiing , and snowboarding . The three towns and their communes which surround Mont Blanc are Courmayeur in Aosta Valley , Italy ; and Saint-Gervais-les-Bains and Chamonix in Haute-Savoie , France . The latter town was the site of the first Winter Olympics . A cable car ascends and crosses the mountain range from Courmayeur to Chamonix , through the Col du Géant . The 11.6 km ( 7 1⁄4-mile ) Mont Blanc Tunnel , constructed between 1957 and 1965 , runs beneath the mountain and is a major trans-Alpine transport route .
The Alps ( /ælps/ ; French : Alpes [ alp ] ; German : Alpen [ ˈalpn̩ ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Alpi [ ˈalpi ] ; Romansh : Alps ; Slovene : Alpe [ ˈáːlpɛ ] ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe , [ note 1 ] and stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) across eight Alpine countries ( from west to east ) : France , Switzerland , Monaco , Italy , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , and Slovenia . The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided . Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn . Mont Blanc spans the French-Italian border , and at 4,810 m ( 15,781 ft ) is the highest mountain in the Alps . The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 metres ( 13,000 ft ) . The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe ; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones . Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m ( 11,155 ft ) , and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations . Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Palaeolithic era . A mummified man , determined to be 5,000 years old , was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian-Italian border in 1991 . By the 6th century BC , the Celtic La Tène culture was well established . Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants , and the Romans had settlements in the region . In 1800 , Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000 .
Mons Bradley is a lunar mountain massif in the Montes Apenninus range , along the eastern edge of the Mare Imbrium . It is located to the west of the crater Conon . To the west of this peak is the Rima Bradley rille . ( See below . ) The selenographic coordinates of this peak are 21°44′N 0°23′E / 21.73°N 0.38°E / 21.73 ; 0.38 . It has a maximum diameter of 30 km across the base , and rises to a height of about 4.2 km . It is named after the English astronomer James Bradley ( 1692-1762 ) .
James Bradley FRS ( 1693-1762 ) was an English astronomer and priest who served as Astronomer Royal from 1742 . He is best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy , the aberration of light ( 1725-1728 ) , and the nutation of the Earth 's axis ( 1728-1748 ) . These discoveries were called the most brilliant and useful of the century by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre , historian of astronomy , mathematical astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory , in his history of astronomy in the 18th century ( 1821 ) , because It is to these two discoveries by Bradley that we owe the exactness of modern astronomy . . This double service assures to their discoverer the most distinguished place ( after Hipparchus and Kepler ) above the greatest astronomers of all ages and all countries .
Mons Delisle is a mountain on the Moon , located on the edge of Mare Imbrium west of the crater Delisle . It is elongated in shape and is about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) long . The mountain was named after the nearby crater of the same name by the IAU in 1985 .
Delisle is a small lunar impact crater in the western part of the Mare Imbrium . It was named after French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle . It lies to the north of the crater Diophantus , and just to the northwest of the ridge designated Mons Delisle . Between Delisle and Diophantus is a sinuous rille named Rima Diophantus , with a diameter of 150 km . To the northeast is another rille designated Rima Delisle , named after this crater . The rim of Delisle is somewhat polygonal in form and it has a low central rise on the floor . There is some slight slumping along the inner wall , but overall the rim is still relatively fresh with little appearance of significant wear . The outer rim is surrounded by a small rampart of hummocky terrain . This formation has also been designated De l'Isle in some sources .
Mons Dieter is a mountain ( hill ) on the Moon , located in King , an impact crater ( along with other peaks Mons André , Mons Ardeshir , Mons Dilip ) , at 5°00′N 120°18′E / 5.00°N 120.30°E / 5.00 ; 120.30 . It has a diameter of 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . The mountain was named Dieter , a German male name , in 1976 . The mountain is never visible from the Earth , as it is located on the far side of the Moon .
German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .
Mons Dilip is a mountain ( hill ) on the Moon , located in King , an impact crater ( along with other peaks Mons André , Mons Ardeshir , Mons Dieter ) , at 5°21′N 120°31′E / 5.35°N 120.51°E / 5.35 ; 120.51 . The mountain was named Dilip , an Indian male name , in 1976 .
Languages spoken in India belong to several language families , the major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians . Languages spoken by the remaining 2.31% of the population belong to the Austroasiatic , Sino-Tibetan , Tai-Kadai and a few other minor language families and isolates . :283 India ( 780 ) has the world 's second highest number of languages , after Papua New Guinea ( 839 ) . Article 343 of the Indian constitution stated that the official language of the Union should become Hindi in Devanagari script instead of the extant English . Later , a constitutional amendment , The Official Languages Act , 1963 , allowed for the continuation of English alongside Hindi in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it . The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union were supposed to be the international form of Indian numerals , distinct from the numerals used in most English-speaking countries . Despite the misconceptions , Hindi is not the national language of India . The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language . The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages , which have been referred to as scheduled languages and given recognition , status and official encouragement . In addition , the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada , Malayalam , Odia , Sanskrit , Tamil and Telugu . Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature . According to the Census of India of 2001 , India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages .
Mons Esam is a small , isolated mountain in the northern part of the Mare Tranquillitatis . It is located to the southeast of the crater Vitruvius and to the west-northwest of Lyell . To the northeast of this ridge is the bay called Sinus Amoris . The selenographic coordinate of this feature is 14.6° N , 35.7° E , and it has a maximum diameter at the base of 8 km . The name of this feature is an Arabic masculine name ( Arabic : عصام , romanized : eisam ) , and it was not chosen to represent a specific individual . This peak is a lunar cone that was formed through tectonic processes . A pair of tiny craters just to the south of Mons Esam have been assigned names by the IAU . These are listed in the table below . The craters are at the tops of two lunar domes , which are most likely volcanoes and were not formed by impacts .
Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .
The languages of Africa are divided into five major language families :
Gruithuisen is a lunar impact crater that lies on the section of lunar mare that joins Oceanus Procellarum in the west to Mare Imbrium in the east . Southeast of Gruithuisen is the small crater Delisle . To the south is Dorsum Bucher , a wrinkle ridge running in a north-south direction for about 90 kilometers . The rim of Gruithuisen is relatively smooth and circular , projecting only slightly above the surrounding mare . The interior is relatively featureless with a small floor , with mounds of material deposited along the edges of the sloping inner walls .
Mons Gruithuisen Gamma ( γ ) is a lunar dome that lies to the north of the crater Gruithuisen at the western edge of the Mare Imbrium . It is located at selenographic coordinates 36.6° N , 40.5° W. This massif is shaped as a rounded dome in the surface , occupying a diameter of 20 km and climbing gently to a height of 900 meters . At the crest is a small crater . This formation appears foreshortened when viewed from the Earth , and it has been described by Antonin Rukl as resembling an upturned bathtub . To the east lies the similar Mons Gruithuisen Delta ( δ ) . Together they are often informally called the Gruithuisen domes .
Mons Hadley is a massif in the northern portion of the Montes Apenninus , a range in the northern hemisphere of the Moon . It has a height of 4.2 km ( 14,000 ft ) above the adjacent plain and a maximum diameter of 25 km at the base . To the southwest of this mountain is a valley that served as the landing site for the Apollo 15 expedition . To the southwest of this same valley is the slightly smaller Mons Hadley Delta ( δ ) peak with a height of about 3.5 km above the valley floor . Mons Hadley Delta was visited and sampled by the astronauts , but Mons Hadley itself was only photographed from the surface . To the west of these peaks is the sinuous Rima Hadley rille . These features were named after the English mathematician John Hadley .
John Hadley ( 16 April 1682 - 14 February 1744 ) was an English mathematician , and laid claim to the invention of the octant , two years after Thomas Godfrey claimed the same .
Mons Hadley Delta ( δ ) is a massif in the northern portion of the Montes Apenninus , a range in the northern hemisphere of the Moon adjacent to Mare Imbrium . It has a height of 3.6 km above the plains to the north and west .
Mons Hansteen is a mountain on the Moon , also known as Hansteen Alpha ( α ) , named after Christopher Hansteen . It is roughly triangular in shape and occupies an area about 30 km across on the western margin of Oceanus Procellarum , southeast of the crater Hansteen and north of the dark-floored crater Billy . It is thought to be an extrusion of volcanic material that is younger than the crater Hansteen .
Hansteen is a lunar impact crater that lies near the southwest edge of the Oceanus Procellarum . To the southeast is the flooded crater Billy . The rim of Hansteen is somewhat polygonal in form , especially along the eastern side . There are a few terraces along the northwestern inner wall . The inner floor contains several ridges , hills , and some grooves , many of which parallel the outer rim . There is a flat patch of lower-albedo material in the northeast part of the interior . Paralleling the southwest outer wall is the brief rille designated Rima Hansteen , a formation with a length of about 25 kilometers . To the southeast of the crater rises Mons Hansteen , or Hansteen Alpha ( α ) . This is roughly triangular in shape and occupies an area about 30 km across on the mare . This feature is younger than Hansteen crater and is thought to be an extrusion of volcanic material .
Mons Herodotus is a small lunar mountain north of the crater Herodotus . It lies on the rugged Aristarchus Plateau and rises approximately 1 km above the surrounding terrain .
Herodotus is a lunar impact crater located on a low shelf in the midst of the Oceanus Procellarum . To the east is the slightly larger crater Aristarchus . West across the mare is Schiaparelli . Almost due south on the mare surface is a solitary lunar dome designated Herodotus Omega ( ω ) . The crater Herodotus has a slightly irregular , narrow rim that appears somewhat oblong due to foreshortening . The inner floor has been flooded with lava , and has a lower albedo than its brighter and more prominent neighbor Aristarchus . There is a small craterlet overlapping the northwest rim , but otherwise the outer wall has not suffered significant wear . Nevertheless , the rim is unusually thin in relation to its size . To the north of Herodotus is the start of the Vallis Schröteri , a valley that has a length of 160 kilometers and a maximum depth of nearly a kilometer . It begins at a small crater 25 km north of the rim , then winds across the surface to the north , before turning northwest and finally to the southwest before coming to a precipitous end at the edge of the raised shelf on which Herodotus is located . The valley is wider at its crater head than elsewhere , which has given it the nickname of the Cobra Head .
Mons Huygens is the Moon 's tallest hill ( but not its highest point , which is Selenean Summit ) . It is about 5,500 m ( 18,000 ft ) high and is located in the Montes Apenninus . Adjacent to the west is Mons Ampère . The Montes Apenninus were formed by the impact that created Mare Imbrium . The mountain was named after the Dutch astronomer , mathematician and physician Christiaan Huygens .
Christiaan Huygens FRS ( /ˈhaɪɡənz/ HY-gənz , also US : /ˈhɔɪɡənz/ HOY-gənz , Dutch : [ ˈkrɪstijaːn ˈɦœyɣə ( n ) s ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Hugenius ; 14 April 1629 - 8 July 1695 ) , also spelled Huyghens , was a Dutch physicist , mathematician , astronomer and inventor , who is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time and a major figure in the scientific revolution . In physics , Huygens made groundbreaking contributions in optics and mechanics , while as an astronomer he is chiefly known for his studies of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan . As an inventor , he improved the design of the telescope with the invention of the Huygenian eyepiece . His most famous invention , however , was the pendulum clock in 1656 , which was a breakthrough in timekeeping and became the most accurate timekeeper for almost 300 years . Because he was the first to use mathematical formulae to describe the laws of physics , Huygens has been called the first theoretical physicist and the founder of mathematical physics . In 1659 , Huygens was the first to derive the now standard formula for the centripetal force in his work De vi centrifuga . The formula played a central role in classical mechanics . Huygens was also the first to formulate the correct laws of elastic collision in his work De motu corporum ex percussione , but his findings were not published until 1703 , after his death . In the field of optics , he is best known for his wave theory of light , which he proposed in 1678 and described in 1690 in his Treatise on Light , which is regarded as the first mathematical theory of light . His theory was initially rejected in favor of Isaac Newton 's corpuscular theory of light , until Augustin-Jean Fresnel adopted Huygens ' principle in 1818 and showed that it could explain the rectilinear propagation and diffraction effects of light . Today this principle is known as the Huygens-Fresnel principle . Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1656 , which he patented the following year .
Mons La Hire is a solitary lunar mountain in the western Mare Imbrium . It is located to the northeast of the crater Euler , and to the west-northwest of Lambert . The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 27.8° N , 25.5° W , and it has a maximum diameter at the base of 25 km . The mountain base has a shape roughly like an arrow head , with the point oriented toward the west-northwest . The peak has a height of 1.5 km above the surface . This feature was named after Philippe de La Hire , a French mathematician and astronomer .
Philippe de La Hire ( or Lahire , La Hyre or Phillipe de La Hire ) ( 18 March 1640 - 21 April 1718 ) was a French painter , mathematician , astronomer , and architect . According to Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle he was an academy unto himself . He was born in Paris , the son of Laurent de La Hire , a distinguished artist and Marguerite Coquin . In 1660 , he moved to Venice for four years to study painting . Upon his return to Paris , he became a disciple of Girard Desargues from whom he learned geometrical perspective and was received as a master painter on 4 August 1670 . His paintings have sometimes been confused with those of his son , Jean Nicolas de La Hire , who was a doctor but also a painter . He also began to study science and showed an aptitude for mathematics . He was taught by the French Jesuit theologian , mathematician , physicist and controversialist Honoré Fabri and became part of a circle formed by Fabri which included Giovanni Domenico Cassini , Claude Francois Milliet Deschales , Christiaan Huygens and his brother Constantijn , Gottfried Leibniz , René Descartes and Marin Mersenne . He became a member of French Academy of Sciences in 1678 , and subsequently became active as an astronomer , calculating tables of the movements of the Sun , Moon , and planets and designing contrivances for aiming aerial telescopes . From 1679-1682 he made several observations and measurements of the French coastline , and in 1683 aided in mapping France by extending the Paris meridian to the north . In 1683 La Hire assumed the chair of mathematics at the Collège Royal . From 1687 onwards he taught at the Académie darchitecture .