Stockholm Marathon
Men [ 2 ]
Table:
Year
Athlete
Country
Time (h:m:s)

1979
Jukka Toivola

Finland
2:17:35

1980
Jeff Wells

United States
2:15:49

1981
Bill Rodgers

United States
2:13:26

1982
Kjell-Erik Ståhl
Sweden - Hässleholms AIS
2:19:20

1983
Hugh Jones

United Kingdom
2:11:37

1984
Agapius Masong

Tanzania
2:13:47

1985
Tommy Persson
Sweden - Heleneholms IF
2:17:18

1986
Kjell-Erik Ståhl
Sweden - Enhörna IF
2:12:33

1987
Kevin Forster

United Kingdom
2:13:52

1988
Suleiman Nyambui

Tanzania
2:14:26

1989
Dave Clarke

United Kingdom
2:13:34

1990
Simon Naali

Tanzania
2:13:04

1991
Åke Eriksson
Sweden - Hässelby SK
2:12:38

1992
Hugh Jones

United Kingdom
2:15:58

1993
Daniel Mbuli

South Africa
2:16:30

1994
Tesfaye Bekele

Ethiopia
2:14:06

1995
Åke Eriksson
Sweden - Hässelby SK
2:14:29

1996
Tesfaye Bekele

Ethiopia
2:15:05

1997
Benson Masya

Kenya
2:17:22

Using the accompanying table as well as the background passages provided at the end.

Give the answer to the question: What years did the person who finished the Stockholm Marathon with a time of 2:19:20 compete in the Olympics ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

An hour ( symbol : h ; also abbreviated hr . ) is a unit of time conventionally reckoned as ​1⁄24 of a day and scientifically reckoned as 3,599-3,601 seconds , depending on conditions . The hour was initially established in the ancient Near East as a variable measure of ​1⁄12 of the night or daytime . Such seasonal , temporal , or unequal hours varied by season and latitude . Medieval astronomers such as al-Biruni and Sacrobosco , subsequently divided the hour into 60 minutes , each of 60 seconds . ( This derives from Babylonian astronomy , where the corresponding terms denoted the time required for the Sun 's apparent motion through the ecliptic to describe one minute or second of arc , respectively . In present terms , the Babylonian degree of time was thus four minutes long , the minute of time was thus four seconds long and the second 1/15 of a second . ) Equal or equinoctial hours were taken as ​1⁄24 of the day as measured from noon to noon ; the minor seasonal variations of this unit were eventually smoothed by making it ​1⁄24 of the mean solar day . Since this unit was not constant due to long term variations in the Earth 's rotation , the hour was finally separated from the Earth 's rotation and defined in terms of the atomic or physical second . In the modern metric system , hours are an accepted unit of time defined as 3,600 atomic seconds . However , on rare occasions an hour may incorporate a positive or negative leap second , [ a ] making it last 3,599 or 3,601 seconds , in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1 , which is based on measurements of the mean solar day .
The minute is a unit of time usually equal to ​1⁄60 ( the first sexagesimal fraction ) of an hour , or 60 seconds . In the UTC time standard , a minute on rare occasions has 61 seconds , a consequence of leap seconds ( there is a provision to insert a negative leap second , which would result in a 59-second minute , but this has never happened in more than 40 years under this system ) . Although not an SI unit , the minute is accepted for use with SI units . The SI symbol for minute or minutes is min ( without a dot ) . The prime symbol is also sometimes used informally to denote minutes of time . [ citation needed ]
The second ( symbol : s , abbreviation : sec ) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units ( SI ) , commonly understood and historically defined as ​1⁄86400 of a day - this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours , then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each . Analog clocks and watches often have sixty tick marks on their faces , representing seconds ( and minutes ) , and a second hand to mark the passage of time in seconds . Digital clocks and watches often have a two-digit seconds counter . The second is also part of several other units of measurement like meters per second for velocity , meters per second per second for acceleration , and cycles per second for frequency . Although the historical definition of the unit was based on this division of the Earth 's rotation cycle , the formal definition in the International System of Units ( SI ) is a much steadier timekeeper : it is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs , the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom , to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz , which is equal to s−1 . Because the Earth 's rotation varies and is also slowing ever so slightly , a leap second is periodically added to clock time [ nb 1 ] to keep clocks in sync with Earth 's rotation . Multiples of seconds are usually counted in hours and minutes . Fractions of a second are usually counted in tenths or hundredths . In scientific work , small fractions of a second are counted in milliseconds ( thousandths ) , microseconds ( millionths ) , nanoseconds ( billionths ) , and sometimes smaller units of a second . An everyday experience with small fractions of a second is a 1-gigahertz microprocessor which has a cycle time of 1 nanosecond . Camera shutter speeds are often expressed in fractions of a second , such as ​1⁄30 second or ​1⁄1000 second . Sexagesimal divisions of the day from a calendar based on astronomical observation have existed since the third millennium BC , though they were not seconds as we know them today [ citation needed ] .
Jukka Olavi Toivola ( September 7 , 1949 - May 27 , 2011 ) was a male long-distance runner and teacher of chemistry from Finland . Born in Liperi , North Karelia , Toivola represented his native country at the 1976 Summer Olympics in the men 's marathon , finishing in 27th place . In 1979 , he won the first edition of the Stockholm Marathon . Toivola died in 2011 in Pori , after suffering from ALS since 2007 .
Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions .
Jeff Wells ( born 25 May 1954 ) is a marathon runner and pastor , originally from Madisonville , Texas , United States .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
William Henry Bill Rodgers nicknamed Boston Billy ( born December 23 , 1947 ) is an American runner , Olympian and former American record holder in the marathon . Rodgers is best known for his four victories in both the Boston Marathon , including three straight 1978-1980 and the New York City Marathon between 1976 and 1980 .
Kjell-Erik Bertil Ståhl ( born February 17 , 1946 in Killeberg , Skåne ) is a retired long-distance runner from Sweden . He represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics ( 1980 and 1984 ) in the men 's marathon , finishing in 19th place in Moscow . Ståhl twice won the Stockholm Marathon . He holds the Swedish marathon record with 2:10:38 set in 1983 . In 2007 the German issue of Runners World featured an article about him . In one 12-month period , between August 1981 and August 1982 he ran 14 marathons with an average finishing time of 2:16:11 . Between 1979 and 1998 he completed 101 marathons . In 70 of those , he finished in under two hours and twenty minutes , winning 17 . He won the 1986 Stockholm marathon at the age of 40 in 2:12:33 . In 1983 , three weeks before the World Championship in Helsinki , he ran 190 km in a week , while employed full time . His personal bests included :
Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .
Robin Evan Hugh Jones ( born 1 November 1955 , in London ) is a retired British long distance runner . He attended Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith , where he began competing in long distance running both for the school and for Ranelagh Harriers , and the University of Liverpool . In 1982 Jones became the first Welshman to win the London Marathon , finishing in a time of 2:09:24 . Two years later he finished 12th in the men 's marathon of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles with a time of 2:13:57 . In 1983 he finished a close second to Joseph Nzau in the Chicago Marathon . In 1983 Hugh Jones won the Stockholm Marathon with a time of 2:11:37 . He won it again in 1992 ( 2:15:58 ) was second in 1993 ( 2:17:29 ) and seventh in 1994 ( 2:18:20 ) . His personal best is 2:09:24 , set in London 1982 . [ citation needed ] Jones became the Secretary of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races ( AIMS ) in July 1996 , succeeding Andy Galloway . Jones currently holds this position as well as the editorship of AIMS ' Distance Running magazine which he started in 2000 . Jones was president of the Road Runners Club from 2007-11 . [ citation needed ]
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Agapius Masong ( born April 12 , 1960 ) is a former long-distance runner from Tanzania , who represented his native country in the men 's marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics . There he finished in 21st position , clocking 2:16:25 minutes . He finished fifth at the 1983 World Championships . He won the Stockholm and Belgrade Marathons during his career .
Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ , [ note 2 ] Swahili : [ tanzaˈni.a ] ) , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region . It borders Uganda to the north ; Kenya to the northeast ; Comoro Islands and the Indian Ocean to the east ; Mozambique and Malawi to the south ; Zambia to the southwest ; and Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania , such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils . The genus Australopithecus ranged all over Africa 4 to 2 million years ago ; and the oldest remains of the genus Homo are found near Lake Olduvai . Following the rise of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago , humanity spread all over the Old World , and later in the New World and Australia under the species Homo sapiens . Homo sapiens also overtook Africa and absorbed the older archaic species and subspecies of humanity . One of the oldest known ethnic groups still existing , the Hadzabe , appears to have originated in Tanzania , and their oral history recalls ancestors who were tall and were the first to use fire , medicine , and lived in caves , much like Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis who lived in the same region before them . Later in the Stone and Bronze Age , prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia ; Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago ; and the Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , who originated from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . : page 18 These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They subsequently migrated across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . German rule began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa .
Lars Tommy Persson ( born 23 December 1954 in Östra Grevie , Skåne ) is a retired long-distance runner from Sweden . He represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics ( 1980 and 1984 ) in the men 's marathon , finishing in 30th place in Moscow . Persson , nicknamed Tomis , won the 1985 Stockholm Marathon .
Enhörna IF is a Swedish football club located in Enhörna , north-west of Södertälje in Södermanland .
Kevin John Forster ( born 27 September 1958 ) is a male retired long-distance runner from England .
Suleiman Nyambui ( born February 13 , 1953 ) is a former track athlete from Tanzania who specialized in various long-distance disciplines . Nyambui won the bronze medal at the 1978 All-Africa Games , the silver medal in 5000 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics , and finished first at three consecutive marathons between 1987 and 1988 . He holds multiple indoor national records of Tanzania in athletics .
Simon Robert Naali ( March 9 , 1966 - August 13 , 1994 ) was a Tanzanian marathon runner . He finished eleventh at the 1993 World Championships in 2:19:30 hours . In addition he won the bronze medal at the 1990 Commonwealth Games . He competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics , where he did n't finish the race . He died in 1994 , aged 28 in Moshi , Kilimanjaro , while recovering from injuries suffered in a hit-and-run accident in Tanzania .
Hässelby Athletic Sports Club is a Swedish sports club located in Hässelby within the city of Stockholm . Founded in 1913 , the departments it operates include the sports football , athletics and floorball . Their football club , Hässelby SK FF , is affiliated with Stockholms Fotbollförbund within the Swedish Football Association . The club used to have a department for bandy too . Hässelby SK has had a pivotal role in the establishment of a number of running events , such as the Stockholm Marathon , XL Galan and the Tjejmilen .
South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics .
Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/ ; Amharic : ኢትዮጵያ , ʾĪtyōṗṗyā , listen ( help·info ) , Tigrinya : ኢትዮጵያ , Oromo : Itiyoophiyaa , Somali : Itoobiya , Afar : Itiyoophiyaa ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia , is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa . It shares borders with Eritrea to the north , Djibouti to the northeast , Somalia , and the de facto state of Somaliland to the east , Kenya to the south , South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest . With over 109 million inhabitants , Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and the second-most populous nation on the African continent with a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres ( 420,000 sq mi ) . Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa , which lies a few miles west of the East African Rift that splits the country into the Nubian and Somali tectonic plates . Some of the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern humans has been found in Ethiopia . It is widely considered as the region from which modern humans first set out for the Middle East and places beyond . According to linguists , the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era . Tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BCE , Ethiopia 's governmental system was a monarchy for most of its history . Oral literature tells that the monarchy was founded by the Solomonic dynasty of the Queen of Sheba , under its first king , Menelik I . In the first centuries , the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region , followed by the Ethiopian Empire circa 1137 . During the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa , Ethiopia and Liberia were two nations that preserved their sovereignty from long-term colonisation by a European colonial power and many newly-independent nations on the continent subsequently adopted its flag colours . However , the country was later occupied by Italy in 1936 and became Italian Ethiopia ( part of Italian East Africa ) until it was liberated during World War II .
Benson Masya ( May 14 , 1970 - September 24 , 2003 ) was a Kenyan long-distance runner and marathon specialist , who competed in the late 1980s and 1990s . He participated at the inaugural IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1992 and finished in first place . Masya was a Kamba by ethnicity . Initially he was a boxer attached to Kenyan postal service before concentrating on running . He won the Great North Run a record four times ; in 1991 , 1992 , 1994 and 1996 . He also won the City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague twice in 1993 and 1994 . His career as a top runner came to a premature end . The Portsmouth 10 Mile race in 1996 was among his last notable achievements . His reveller lifestyle may have contributed to deteriorating performances . Masya died in September 2003 , aged 33 , after a period of illness . At his death , he was accompanied by his friend Cosmas Ndeti . Masya was buried in Kitui .
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 .