World Cultural Council
Award ceremonies
Table:
Year

Award Recipients

Ceremony Host

Ceremony Site

Ceremony Host Country

Ceremony Date

Ref.

2019

Zhong Lin Wang, Paulo Branco

University of Tsukuba

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba

Japan

October 4, 2019 (planned)

[2][3]

2018

Jean-Pierre Changeux, Malik Mâaza

City University of Hong Kong

City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

China

November 8, 2018

[4][5]

2017

Omar M. Yaghi, Russell Hartenberger

Leiden University

Pieterskerk, Leiden

Netherlands

November 8, 2017

[6][7]

2016

Edward Witten, Kalevi Ekman

Riga Technical University

National Library of Latvia, Riga

Latvia

October 14, 2016

[8][9]

2015

Ewine van Dishoeck, Milton Masciadri

University of Dundee

Caird Hall, Dundee, Scotland

United Kingdom

November 19, 2015

[10][11][12]

2014

Philip Cohen, Federico Rosei

Aalto University

Otakaari 1 Building, Aalto University, Espoo

Finland

November 17, 2014

[13][14][15][16]

2013

Paul Nurse, Petteri Nisunen, Tommi Grönlund

Nanyang Technological University

Nanyang Auditorium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Singapore

October 2, 2013

[17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

2012

Michael Grätzel, Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht

Aarhus University

The Main Hall, Aarhus University, Aarhus

Denmark

April 18, 2012

[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

2011

Geoffrey Ozin, Todd Siler

University of Tartu

Assembly Hall, University of Tartu, Tartu

Estonia

November 10, 2011

[32][33][34][35][36][37]

2010

Julio Montaner, Christian Azar

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México

Aula Magna Adolfo López Mateos, UAEM, Toluca

Mexico

December 8, 2010

[38][39][40][41][42]

2009

John T. Houghton, Marcell Jankovics

University of Liège

Salle Académique, University of Liège, Liège

Belgium

November 25, 2009

[43][44][45][46][47]

2008

Ada Yonath, William G. Bowen

Princeton University

Richardson Auditorium, Alexander Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

United States

November 11, 2008

[48][49][50]

2007

Fraser Stoddart, Anne Moeglin-Delcroix

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Teatro Universitario, Campus Mederos, Monterrey

Mexico

November 24, 2007

[51][52][53][54]

2006

Ahmed Zewail, Marlene Scardamalia

Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Sala Manuel M. Ponce, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City

Mexico

October 28, 2006

[55][56][57][58]

2005

John Hopfield, Enrique Norten

Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro

Teatro de la Ciudad Fernando Soler, Saltillo

Mexico

November 12, 2005

[59][60]

2004

Ralph J. Cicerone, David Attenborough

University of Liège

Amphithéâtres de l’Europe, University of Liège, Liège

Belgium

November 8, 2004

[61][62][63]

2003

Martin Rees, Otto Piene

University of Helsinki, Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters

National Library of Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki

Finland

November 17, 2003

[64][65][66]

2002

Daniel H. Janzen, Jeannie Oakes

Trinity College, Dublin

Examination Hall, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin

Ireland

November 14, 2002

[67][68]

2001

Niels Birbaumer, Edna Hibel

Utrecht University

Academiegebouw, Utrecht

Nederlands

November 21, 2001

[69]

2000

Frank Fenner, Zafra M. Lerman

University of the Witwatersrand

Great Hall, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

South Africa

November 1, 2000

[70]

Based on the accompanying table plus the textual context provided.

Give the answer to the question: Who is first place person with the host that is a sister institute to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Zhong Lin ( ZL ) Wang ( Chinese : 王中林 ; pinyin : Wáng Zhōnglín ; born 1961 in Shaanxi , China ) is a Chinese-born American physicist , materials scientist and engineer specialized in nanotechnology and energy science . He received his PhD from Arizona State University in 1987 . He is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering and Regents ' Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology , USA .
Paulo Branco ( born 3 June 1950 ) is a Portuguese film producer .
The University of Tsukuba ( 筑波大学 , Tsukuba daigaku ) , located in Tsukuba , Ibaraki , is one of the oldest national universities ( established by Japanese Government ) and one of the most prestigious universities in Japan . The university has 28 college clusters and schools with around 16,500 students ( as of 2014 ) . The main Tsukuba campus covers an area of 258 hectares ( 636 acres ) , making it the second largest single campus in Japan . The branch campus is in Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , which offers graduate programs for working adults in the capital and manages K-12 schools in Tokyo that are attached to the university .
Tsukuba ( つくば市 , Tsukuba-shi ) is a city located in Ibaraki Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 239,747 , and a population density of 845 persons per km² . Its total area is 283.72 square kilometres ( 109.54 square miles ) . It is known as the location of the Tsukuba Science City ( 筑波研究学園都市 , Tsukuba Kenkyū Gakuen Toshi ) , a planned science park developed in the 1960s .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Jean-Pierre Changeux ( French : [ ʃɑ̃ʒø ] ; born 6 April 1936 ) is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology , from the structure and function of proteins ( with a focus on the allosteric proteins ) , to the early development of the nervous system up to cognitive functions . Although being famous in biological sciences for the MWC model , the identification and purification of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the theory of epigenesis by synapse selection are also notable scientific achievements . Changeux is known by the non-scientific public for his ideas regarding the connection between mind and physical brain . As put forth in his book , Conversations on Mind , Matter and Mathematics , Changeux strongly supports the view that the nervous system functions in a projective rather than reactive style and that interaction with the environment , rather than being instructive , results in the selection amongst a diversity of preexisting internal representations .
City University of Hong Kong ( CityU or CityUHK ) is a public research university in Kowloon , Hong Kong . It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994 . It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions . The university has five colleges and four schools : the College of Business , College of Engineering , College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences , College of Science , Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences , and the School of Creative Media , School of Data Science , School of Energy and Environment and School of Law . As of 2019 , CityU ranks 15th in Asia by THE , 4th in young universities , and 52nd internationally by QS .
Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index .
China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II .
Omar M. Yaghi ( Arabic : عمر مونّس ياغي ; born February 9 , 1965 ) is the James and Neeltje Tretter Chair Professor of Chemistry at the University of California , Berkeley , and an elected member of the US National Academy of Sciences .
Leiden University ( commonly abbreviated as LEI ; Dutch : Universiteit Leiden ) is a public research university in Leiden , Netherlands . Founded in 1575 by William , Prince of Orange as a reward to the town of Leiden for its defense against Spanish attacks during the Eighty Years ' War , it is the oldest institution of higher education in the Netherlands . Known for its historic foundations and emphasis on the social sciences , the university came into particular prominence during the Dutch Golden Age , when scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic due to its climate of intellectual tolerance and Leiden 's international reputation . During this time , Leiden became the home to individuals such as René Descartes , Rembrandt , Christiaan Huygens , Hugo Grotius , Baruch Spinoza and Baron d'Holbach . The university has seven academic faculties and over fifty subject departments while housing more than 40 national and international research institutes . Its historical primary campus consists of buildings scattered across the college town of Leiden , while a second campus located in The Hague houses a liberal arts college and several of its faculties . It is a member of the Coimbra Group , the Europaeum , and a founding member of the League of European Research Universities . Leiden University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by three major ranking tables . It was placed top 50 worldwide in thirteen fields of study in the 2020 QS World University Rankings : classics & ancient history , politics , archaeology , anthropology , history , pharmacology , law , public policy , religious studies , arts & humanities , linguistics , modern languages and sociology . The school has produced twenty-one Spinoza Prize Laureates and sixteen Nobel Laureates , including Enrico Fermi and Albert Einstein . It is closely associated with the Dutch Royal Family , with Queen Juliana , Queen Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander being former alumni . Ten prime ministers of the Netherlands were also Leiden University alumnus , including incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte .
The Pieterskerk is a late-Gothic church in Leiden dedicated to Saint Peter . It is known today as the church of the Pilgrim Fathers , where the pastor John Robinson was buried . It is also the burial place of the scientist Willebrord Snellius .
The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' .
Edward Witten ( born August 26 , 1951 ) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey . Witten is a researcher in string theory , quantum gravity , supersymmetric quantum field theories , and other areas of mathematical physics . In addition to his contributions to physics , Witten 's work has significantly impacted pure mathematics . In 1990 , he became the first physicist to be awarded a Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union , awarded for his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in general relativity .
Riga Technical University ( RTU ) ( Latvian : Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte ) is the oldest technical university in the Baltics established on October 14 , 1862 . It is Located in Riga , Latvia it was previously known as Riga Polytechnical Institute and Riga Polytechnicum .
The National Library of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka ) also known as Castle of Light ( Gaismas pils ) is a national cultural institution under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia . The National Library of Latvia was formed in 1919 after the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed in 1918 . The first supervisor of the Library was Jānis Misiņš , a librarian and the founder of the Latvian scientific bibliography ( 1862-1945 ) . Today the Library plays an important role in the development of Latvia 's information society , providing Internet access to residents and supporting research and lifelong education .
Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states .
Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index .
Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck ( born 13 June 1955 in Leiden ) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist . She is Professor of Molecular Astrophysics at Leiden Observatory , and the president of the International Astronomical Union . She is one of the pioneers of astrochemistry , and her research is aimed at determination of the structure of cosmic objects using their molecular spectra . Van Dishoeck works on interstellar molecules ; physical and chemical evolution during star formation and planet formation ; submillimeter and mid-infrared astronomy ; basic molecular processes ; and the radiative transfer of line and continuum radiation . She was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows .
The University of Dundee ( abbreviated as Dund . for post-nominals ) is a public research university in Dundee , Scotland . Founded in 1881 the institution was , for most of its early existence , a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary 's College located in the town of St Andrews itself . Following significant expansion , the University of Dundee gained independent university status in 1967 while retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure . The main campus of the university is located in Dundee 's West End which contains many of the university 's teaching and research facilities ; the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design , Dundee Law School and the Dundee Dental Hospital and School . The university has additional facilities at Ninewells Hospital , containing its school of medicine ; Perth Royal Infirmary , which houses a clinical research centre ; and in Kirkcaldy , Fife , containing part of its school of nursing and health sciences . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £246.2 million of which £74 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £255.2 million . It is ranked within the top 300 universities in the world and within the top 40 in the UK by national university rankings .
Caird Hall is a concert auditorium located in Dundee , Scotland . It was built between 1914 and 1923 and is named after its benefactor , jute baron James Key Caird . It was designed by the town architect James Thomson , assisted by Vernon Constable . The foundation stone was laid by King George V and Queen Mary on 10 July 1914 . The venue has a capacity of 2,300 fully seated , but can be subdivided or converted to standing where required . The hall 's pipe organ was built in 1923 by Harrison & Harrison , who also completed a restoration in 1992 . The decorative plaster work was produced by H. H. Martyn & Company of Cheltenham , Gloucestershire , holders of the Royal Warrant . Caird Hall regularly hosts the Royal Scottish National Orchestra . The hall is used for graduation ceremonies from the University of Dundee , the University of Abertay Dundee and Dundee and Angus College , as well as other significant university events such as the former university 's Rectorial Installation and Principal 's welcome to first year students . The exterior of Caird Hall was used as a location during the filming of the Alan Bennett scripted An Englishman Abroad ( 1983 ) . It was decorated with placards of communist leaders , it took the part of a theatre in Moscow .
Sir Philip Cohen FRS FRSE FMedSci ( born 22 July 1945 ) is a British researcher , academic and Royal Medal winner based at the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit , School of Life Sciences at the University of Dundee . During the 1990s he was the world 's third most cited professor ( and the second most cited in the fields of biology and biochemistry ) and has been described by Professor Garry Taylor of the University of St Andrews as one of the worlds top scientists . and by Professor Sir Peter Downes as arguably the UK 's leading biochemist and an iconic figure in UK science . As of 2008 he has written over 470 peer-reviewed papers and given over 250 invited lectures in 33 countries , and has been repeatedly linked to a move of biotechnology companies to Dundee and the economic regeneration that came with it , to the point where 15% of the local economy is derived from biotech companies and their employees . His work has also seen Dundee attracting some of the world 's best scientists , with over 1% of the world 's most cited scientists residing in Dundee and fundraising of more than £35 million over the last 10 years to help attract them .
Aalto University ( Finnish : Aalto-yliopisto ; Swedish : Aalto-universitetet ) is a university located in Espoo , Finland . It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities : the Helsinki University of Technology ( established 1849 ) , the Helsinki School of Economics ( established 1904 ) , and the University of Art and Design Helsinki ( established 1871 ) . The close collaboration between the scientific , business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research . The Finnish government , in 2010 , set out to create a university that fosters innovation , merging the three institutions into one . The university is composed of six schools with close to 17,500 students and 4,000 staff members , making it Finland 's second largest university . The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi , Espoo . Aalto University Executive Education operates in the district of Töölö , Helsinki . In addition to the Greater Helsinki area , the university also operates its Bachelor 's Programme in International Business in Mikkeli and the Metsähovi Radio Observatory in Kirkkonummi . Aalto University 's operations showcase Finlands experiment in higher education . The Aalto Design Factory , Aalto Ventures Program and Aalto Entrepreneurship Society ( Aaltoes ) , among others , drive the university 's mission for a radical shift towards multidisciplinary learning and have contributed substantially to the emergence of Helsinki as a hotbed for startups . [ citation needed ] Aaltoes is Europes largest and most active student run entrepreneurship community that has founded major concepts such as the Startup Sauna accelerator program and the Slush startup event . The university is named in honour of Alvar Aalto , a prominent Finnish architect , designer and alumnus of the former Helsinki University of Technology , who was also instrumental in designing a large part of the university 's main campus in Otaniemi .
Espoo ( Finnish : [ ˈespoː ] ; Swedish : Esbo [ ˈɛ̌sːbɔ ] , [ check IPA ] Finland Swedish : [ ˈesːbo ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest city and municipality in Finland . It is part of the Finnish Capital Region , along with the cities of Helsinki , Vantaa , and Kauniainen , and most of its population lives in the inner urban core of the Helsinki metropolitan area . Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa , while enclosing Kauniainen . Other bordering municipalities of Espoo are Nurmijärvi and Vihti in the north , and Kirkkonummi in the west . The city is located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland , in the region of Uusimaa , and has a population of 284,444 . Espoo encompasses 528 square kilometres ( 204 sq mi ) , of which 312 km2 ( 120 sq mi ) is land . The national park of Nuuksio is situated in northwestern Espoo . Espoo does not have a traditional city center , having instead several local regional centers . Espoo is thus divided into seven major areas ( Finnish : suuralueet , Swedish : storområden ) : Vanha-Espoo ( with administrative center ) , Suur-Espoonlahti , Pohjois-Espoo , Suur-Kauklahti , Suur-Leppävaara , Suur-Matinkylä , and Suur-Tapiola . Aalto University is based in Otaniemi , Espoo , along with a thriving science community that includes numerous startups and organizations such as VTT - the Technical Research Center of Finland . Several major companies are based in Espoo , including Nokia , HMD Global , Tieto , KONE , Neste , Fortum , Orion Corporation , Outokumpu , and Foreca , as well as video game developers Rovio and Remedy Entertainment . The city of Espoo is officially bilingual .
Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions .
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse FRS FMedSci HonFREng HonFBA MAE ( born 25 January 1949 ) , is an English geneticist , former President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute . He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the cell cycle .
The Nanyang Technological University , Singapore ( NTU ) is the second oldest public autonomous research university in Singapore . With a population of 33,500 students and 10,000 faculty and staff , NTU is the second largest university in Singapore . The University is organised into eight colleges and schools , including the College of Engineering , College of Science , Nanyang Business School , Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , and College of Humanities , Arts and Social Sciences . NTU is also home to several autonomous institutions such as Singapore 's National Institute of Education , S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies , Earth Observatory of Singapore , Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering , Institute on Asian Consumer Insight , and the recently launched NTU Institute of Science and Technology for Humanity . NTU 's main campus covers 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) of land , making it the largest university campus in Singapore . The primary campus grounds are located in the western part of Singapore , along 50 Nanyang Avenue . It also has two other campuses in Singapore 's healthcare and start-up districts , Novena and one-north respectively .
Michael Grätzel ( born 11 May 1944 , in Dorfchemnitz , Saxony , Germany ) is a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne where he directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces . He pioneered research on energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic-materials and their optoelectronic applications . He co-invented with Brian O'Regan the Grätzel cell in 1988 . Author of over 1000 publications , two books and inventor or co-inventor of over 80 patents , he has been the Mary Upton Visiting Professor at Cornell University and a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore , and is currently a Distinguished Scientist at King Abdulaziz University . He was an Invited Professor at the University of California , Berkeley , the École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay and Delft University of Technology .
Hans Ulrich Sepp Gumbrecht ( born 1948 ) is a literary theorist whose work spans philology , philosophy , semiotics , literary and cultural history , and epistemologies of the everyday . As of June 14 , 2018 , he is Albert Guérard Professor Emeritus in Literature at Stanford University . Since 1989 , he held the Albert Guérard Chair as Professor in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French and Italian in Stanford 's Division of Literatures , Languages , and Cultures . By courtesy , he was also affiliated with the Departments of German Studies , Iberian and Latin American Cultures , and the Program in Modern Thought and Literature . Gumbrecht 's writing on philosophy and modern thought extends from the Middle Ages to today and incorporates an array of disciplines and styles , at times combining historical and philosophical inquiry with elements of memoir . Much of Gumbrecht 's scholarship has focused on national literatures in French , Spanish , Portuguese , and German , and he is known for his work on the Western philosophical tradition , the materiality of presence , shifting views of the Enlightenment , forms of aesthetic experience , and the joys of watching sports . As well as publishing academic works and teaching graduate and undergraduate students at Stanford , Gumbrecht is recognized as a public intellectual in Europe and South America and contributes to a range of newspapers and journals in English , German , Portuguese , and Spanish .
Aarhus University ( Danish : Aarhus Universitet , abbreviated AU ) is the largest and second oldest research university in Denmark [ nb 1 ] . The University is ranked among the top 100 world 's best universities , belongs to the Coimbra Group , the Guild , and Utrecht Network of European universities and is a member of the European University Association . The university was founded in Aarhus , Denmark , in 1928 and comprises four faculties in Arts , Science and Technology , Health , and Business and Social Sciences and has a total of twenty-seven departments . It is home to over thirty internationally recognised research centres , including fifteen Centres of Excellence funded by the Danish National Research Foundation . The business school within Aarhus University , called Aarhus BSS , holds the EFMD ( European Foundation for Management Development ) Equis accreditation , the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) and the Association of MBAs ( AMBA ) . This makes the business school of Aarhus University one of the few in the world to hold the so-called Triple Crown accreditation . Times Higher Education ranks Aarhus University in the top 10 of the most beautiful universities in Europe ( 2018 ) . The university 's alumni include Bjarne Stroustrup , the inventor of programming language C++ , Queen Margrethe II of Denmark , Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark , and Anders Fogh Rasmussen , former Prime Minister of Denmark and a Secretary General of NATO . It has affiliations with three Nobel Laureates : Jens Christian Skou in Chemistry ( 1997 ) , Trygve Haavelmo in Economics ( 1989 ) and Dale T. Mortensen in Economics ( 2010 ) .
Aarhus ( /ˈɔːrhuːs/ , also US : /ˈɑːr-/ , Danish : [ ˈɒːˌhuˀs ] ( listen ) ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011 ) [ note 1 ] is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus municipality . It is located on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula , in the geographical centre of Denmark , 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) northwest of Copenhagen and 289 kilometres ( 180 mi ) north of Hamburg , Germany . The inner urban area contains 273,077 inhabitants ( as of 1 January 2018 [ update ] ) and the municipal population is 340,421 ( as of 2018 [ update ] ) . Aarhus is the central city in Business Region Aarhus and in the East Jutland metropolitan area , which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016 . The history of Aarhus began as a fortified Viking settlement founded in the 8th century and with the first written records stemming from the bishopric seated here from at least 948 . The city was founded on the northern shores of a fjord at a natural harbour and the primary driver of growth was for centuries seaborne trade in agricultural products . Market town privileges were granted in 1441 , but growth stagnated in the 17th century as the city suffered blockades and bombardments during the Swedish Wars . In the 19th century it was occupied twice by German troops during the Schleswig Wars but avoided destruction . As the industrial revolution took hold , the city grew to become the second-largest in the country by the 20th century . Today , Aarhus is at the cultural and economic core of the region and the largest centre for trade , services , industry , and tourism in Jutland . The city ranks as the 92nd largest city in the European Union , and as number 234 among world cities . It is also a top 100 conference city in the world .
Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .
Geoffrey Alan Stuart Ozin FRSC ( born 23 August 1943 ) is a British chemist , currently Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Materials Chemistry and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Toronto . He graduated with a first-class honours degree in chemistry from King 's College London in 1965 , and obtained his PhD in inorganic chemistry at Oriel College , Oxford in 1967 . He was awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize in ( 1972 ) , the Rutherford Memorial Medal in 1982 , and the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2011 .
Todd Siler ( born August 23 , 1953 ) is an American multimedia artist , author , educator , and inventor , equally well known for his art and for his work in creativity research . A graduate of Bowdoin College , he became the first visual artist to be granted a PhD from MIT ( interdisciplinary studies in Psychology and Art , 1986 ) . Siler began advocating the full integration of the arts and sciences in the 1970s and is the founder of the ArtScience Program and movement .
The University of Tartu ( UT ; Estonian : Tartu Ülikool , Latin : Universitas Tartuensis ) is a university in the city of Tartu in Estonia . It is the national university of Estonia , and the only classical university in the country , and also the biggest and most prestigious university in Estonia . It was founded under the name of Academia Gustaviana in 1632 by Baron Johan Skytte , the Governor- General ( 1629-1634 ) of Swedish Livonia , Ingria and Karelia , with the required ratification provided by his long-time friend and former student - from age 7 - , King Gustavus Adolphus , shortly before the king 's death on 6 November in the Battle of Lützen ( 1632 ) , during the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618-1648 ) . Nearly 14,000 students are at the university , of whom over 1,300 are foreign students . The language of instruction in most curricula is Estonian , some more notable exceptions are taught in English , such as semiotics , applied measurement science , computer science , information technology law , and European Union - Russia studies . The historical buildings of the university are included in the European Heritage Label list as embodiment of the ideas of a university in the Age of Enlightenment . The university is a member of the Coimbra Group and the Utrecht Network .
Tartu ( Estonian pronunciation : [ ˈtɑrtˑu ] , South Estonian : Tarto ) is the second largest city of Estonia , after Estonia 's political and financial capital Tallinn . Tartu is often considered the intellectual centre of the country , especially since it is home to the nation 's oldest and most renowned university , the University of Tartu . The city also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia , the Ministry of Education and Research , and the new building of the Estonian National Museum , opened to the public in October 2016 . It is also the birthplace of Estonian Song Festivals . Situated 186 kilometres ( 116 miles ) southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres ( 152 miles ) northeast of Riga , Tartu lies on the Emajõgi ( Mother river ) , which connects the two largest lakes of Estonia . The city is served by Tartu Airport .
Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 .
Julio S. G. Montaner , OC , M.D. , OBC D.Sc. , FRCPC , FCCP , FACP , FRSC ( born April 13 , 1956 ) is an Argentinean-Canadian physician , professor and researcher . He is the director of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , the chair in AIDS Research and head of the Division of AIDS in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia and the past-president of the International AIDS Society . He is also the director of the John Ruedy Immunodeficiency Clinic , and the Physician Program Director for HIV/AIDS PHC . He is known for his work on HAART ( Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ) , a role in the discovery of triple therapy as an effective treatment for HIV in the late 1990s , and a role in advocating the Treatment as Prevention Strategy in the mid-2000s , led by Myron Cohen of the HPTN 052 trial .
The Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México ( UAEM ) ( Autonomous University of Mexico State ) is a public university in the State of Mexico , Mexico . It is the largest university institution in the state with over 84,500 students , with its central campus located in the state capital of Toluca . Formalised as a university under the UAEM name in 1956 , the institution traces its origins back to 1828 with the foundation Instituto Literario del Estado de México , in the former state capital of Tlalpan . In 1943 the institution was augmented to become the Instituto Científico y Literario de Toluca ( ICLA ) , and thirteen years later obtaining its present name and institutional status . The UAEM has graduated many notable alumni , the best-known is the artist Mariana Galán .
Toluca [ toˈluka ] , officially called Toluca de Lerdo [ toˈluka ðe ˈleɾðo ] , is the state capital of the State of Mexico as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca . It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area , now the fifth largest in Mexico . It is located 63 kilometres ( 39 mi ) west-southwest of Mexico City , about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the city . According to the 2010 census , the city of Toluca has a population of 819,561 . The city is the fifth largest in Mexico by population . The municipality of Toluca , along with thirteen other municipalities , make up the metropolitan population of 2,116,506 in Greater Toluca as of 2015 [ update ] , making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico .
Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .
Sir John Theodore Houghton CBE FRS FLSW ( born 30 December 1931 ) is a Welsh scientist who was the co-chair of the Nobel Peace Prize winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's ( IPCC ) scientific assessment working group . He was the lead editor of first three IPCC reports . He was professor in atmospheric physics at the University of Oxford , former Director General at the Met Office and founder of the Hadley Centre . He is the president of the John Ray Initiative , an organisation connecting Environment , Science and Christianity , where he has compared the stewardship of the Earth , to the stewardship of the Garden of Eden by Adam and Eve . He is a founder member of the International Society for Science and Religion . He is also the current president of the Victoria Institute .
Marcell Jankovics ( born 21 October 1941 ) is a Hungarian graphic artist , film director , animator and author . He received his Oscar nomination for the 1974 animated short movie Sisyphus . That movie was used for a GMC Yukon Hybrid ad during the 2008 Super Bowl based on an agreement between the Hungarian film studio Pannónia and GM . He also received a Palme d'Or for the short movie The Struggle at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . He has been presented multiple awards at the Kecskemét Animation Film Festival since 1985 . In 2009 , he was presented the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts His fourth feature film The Tragedy of Man was in production from 1988 until its release in 2011 . He was born in Budapest , Hungary . From 1955 he attended the Pannonhalma Benedictine Secondary School . He started working at Pannónia in 1960 .
The University of Liège ( French : Université de Liège ) , or ULiège , is a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège , Wallonia , Belgium . Its official language is French . As of 2016 , ULiège is ranked in the # 251-300 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education , 265nd by QS World University Rankings , and between the 205th and 300th place by the Academic Ranking of World Universities . More than 2000 people , academics , scientists and technicians , are involved in research of a wide variety of subjects from basic research to applied research .
Liège ( /liˈɛʒ , liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH , lee-AYZH , French : [ ljɛʒ ] ( listen ) , locally [ li.eʃ ] ; Walloon : Lidje Walloon : [ liːtʃ ] ( listen ) ; Dutch : Luik [ lœyk ] ( listen ) ; German : Lüttich [ ˈlʏtɪç ] ) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège . The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse , in the east of Belgium , not far from borders with the Netherlands ( Maastricht is about 33 km ( 20.5 mi ) to the north ) and with Germany ( Aachen is about 53 km ( 32.9 mi ) north-east ) . At Liège , the Meuse meets the River Ourthe . The city is part of the sillon industriel , the former industrial backbone of Wallonia . It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region . The Liège municipality ( i.e . the city proper ) includes the former communes of Angleur , Bressoux , Chênée , Glain , Grivegnée , Jupille-sur-Meuse , Rocourt , and Wandre . In November 2012 , Liège had 198,280 inhabitants . The metropolitan area , including the outer commuter zone , covers an area of 1,879 km2 ( 725 sq mi ) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008 . This includes a total of 52 municipalities , among others , Herstal and Seraing . Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium , after Brussels and Antwerp , and the fourth municipality after Antwerp , Ghent and Charleroi .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
Ada E. Yonath ( Hebrew : עדה יונת , pronounced [ ˈada joˈnat ] ) ( born 22 June 1939 ) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome . She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science . In 2009 , she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome , becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates , the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences , and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry .
William Gordon Bowen ( /ˈboʊən/ ; October 6 , 1933 - October 20 , 2016 ) was President Emeritus of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation where he served as President from 1988 to 2006 . He was the president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988 .
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S .
Richardson Auditorium in Alexander Hall is a historic 900-seat Richardsonian Romanesque performance hall at Princeton University in Princeton , New Jersey . It is home to both the Princeton University Orchestra and the Princeton Symphony Orchestra .
Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County , New Jersey , United States , that was established in its current form on January 1 , 2013 , through the consolidation of the now-defunct Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township . As of the 2010 United States Census , the municipality 's population was 28,572 , reflecting the former township 's population of 16,265 , along with the 12,307 in the former borough . Princeton was founded before the American Revolutionary War . It is the home of Princeton University , which bears its name and moved to the community in 1756 from its previous location in Newark . Although its association with the university is primarily what makes Princeton a college town , other important institutions in the area include the Institute for Advanced Study , Westminster Choir College , Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory , Princeton Theological Seminary , Opinion Research Corporation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Siemens Corporate Research , SRI International , FMC Corporation , The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , Amrep , Church and Dwight , Berlitz International , and Dow Jones & Company . Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia . It is close to many major highways that serve both cities ( e.g . Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1 ) , and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each . It is also close to Trenton , New Jersey 's capital city , and Edison . The New Jersey governor 's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945 , when Morven in what was then Princeton Borough became the first Governor 's mansion . It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket , a colonial mansion located in the former Township . Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society .
Sir James Fraser Stoddart FRS FRSE FRSC ( born 24 May 1942 ) is a Scottish chemist who is Board of Trustees Professor of Chemistry and head of the Stoddart Mechanostereochemistry Group in the Department of Chemistry at Northwestern University in the United States . He works in the area of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology . Stoddart has developed highly efficient syntheses of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures such as molecular Borromean rings , catenanes and rotaxanes utilizing molecular recognition and molecular self-assembly processes . He has demonstrated that these topologies can be employed as molecular switches . His group has even applied these structures in the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems ( NEMS ) . His efforts have been recognized by numerous awards including the 2007 King Faisal International Prize in Science . He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Ben Feringa and Jean-Pierre Sauvage in 2016 for the design and synthesis of molecular machines .
The Autonomous University of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , UANL ) is a public university with seven campuses across the Northern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . Founded as University of Nuevo León on 25 September 1933 , it is the third largest public university in Mexico in terms of student population and the most important institution of higher learning in Northeastern Mexico , which offers the highest number of academic programs . It is also the oldest university in the state , it is currently headquartered in San Nicolás de los Garza , a suburb of Monterrey . The UANL has seven distinct campuses : the Main Campus , which houses the Administration Building , Colleges of Law , Biological Sciences , Chemistry , Public Accounting and Philosophy , amongst others , as well as the Football Stadium , and other sport facilities . Other campuses include the Health Sciences Campus , the Mederos Humanities and Fine Arts campus , the Marin Agronomy Center , the Escobedo Agricultural Sciences Campus , the Linares Earth Sciences , and Forestry campus , as well as the Sabinas Hidalgo facilities , where extensions of the Colleges of Law , and Business are housed . The institution counts with 84 Libraries with a total of 2,238,000 Library volumes . It has 27 research facilities with 438 national researchers , 16 academic journals , 9 main campus bookstores , 25 student computer centers and 53 cafeterias . The University has been ranked by various organizations as one of the best public universities in Mexico and Latin America , it has been ranked 4th place in a publication of the Best Universities Of Mexico 2014 by the Rankia Organization in Mexico , and is ranked as one of the 10 most recognized universities in Mexico by a number of organizations like QS World University Rankings and the Mexican journal El Universal .
Monterrey ( /ˌmɒntəˈreɪ/ ; Spanish pronunciation : [ monteˈrei ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León , Mexico . The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP ( PPP ) of US $ 123 billion , and the third largest with an estimated population of 4,689,601 people as of 2015 . Monterrey is also considered the city with the best quality of life in the country [ citation needed ] , and serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations . Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico 's at around US $ 35,500 , compared to the country 's US $ 18,800 . It is considered a Beta World City , cosmopolitan and competitive . Rich in history and culture , it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico . As an important industrial and business center , the city is also home to many Mexican companies , including Grupo Avante , Lanix Electronics , Ocresa , CEMEX , Vitro , OXXO , FEMSA , DINA S.A. , Gamesa , Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , and Grupo ALFA . Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Cognizant , Siemens , Accenture , MSCI , Ternium , Sony , Toshiba , Carrier , Whirlpool , Samsung , Toyota , Babcock & Wilcox , Daewoo , British American Tobacco , Nokia , Dell , Boeing , HTC , General Electric , Johnson Controls , LG , SAS Institute , Grundfos , Danfoss , Qualfon and Teleperformance , among others . Monterrey is in northeastern Mexico , at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental . The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596 . In the years after the Mexican War of Independence , Monterrey became an important business center . With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey , the city has experienced great industrial growth .
Ahmed Hassan Zewail ( Arabic : أحمد حسن زويل , Egyptian Arabic : [ ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl ] ; February 26 , 1946 - August 2 , 2016 ) was an Egyptian-American chemist , known as the father of femtochemistry . He was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field . He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry , Professor of Physics , and the director of the Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology .
Marlene Scardamalia is an education researcher , professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education , University of Toronto .
The National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico ( Spanish : Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México . Spanish pronunciation : [ instiˈtuto poliˈtekniko nasjoˈnal ] ( listen ) ) , abbreviated IPN , is one of the largest public universities in Mexico with 171,581 students at the high school , undergraduate and postgraduate levels . It is the second best university in Mexico in the technical and engineering domain according to the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2018 . It was founded on 1 January 1936 during the administration of President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río in order to provide professional education to the most disadvantaged social classes in that period , a practice that is maintained because it is one of the few vocational schools in the world . The institute consists of 98 academic units offering 293 courses of study . It includes 78 technical careers , 80 undergraduate and 135 postgraduate programs . Its main campus , called 'Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos ' or 'Zacatenco ' , is on approximately 530 acres ( 2.1 km2 ) north of Mexico City . The IPN is based primarily in Mexico City and its suburbs , but with several research institutes and facilities distributed over 22 states .
The Palacio de Bellas Artes ( Palace of Fine Arts ) is a prominent cultural center in Mexico City . It has hosted some of the most notable events in music , dance , theatre , opera and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting , sculpture and photography . Consequently , the Palacio de Bellas Artes has been called the Cathedral of Art in Mexico . The building is located on the western side of the historic center of Mexico City next to the Alameda Central park . The first National Theater of Mexico was built in the late 19th century , but it was soon decided to tear this down in favor of a more opulent building in time for Centennial of the Mexican War of Independence in 1910 . The initial design and construction was undertaken by Italian architect Adamo Boari in 1904 , but complications arising from the soft subsoil and the political problem both before and during the Mexican Revolution , hindered then stopped construction completely by 1913 . Construction began again in 1932 under Mexican architect Federico Mariscal and was completed in 1934 . The exterior of the building is primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical and the interior is primarily Art Deco . The building is best known for its murals by Diego Rivera , Siqueiros and others , as well as the many exhibitions and theatrical performances its hosts , including the Ballet Folklórico de México .
John Joseph Hopfield ( born July 15 , 1933 ) is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982 . It is now more commonly known as the Hopfield Network .
Enrique Norten ( born c. 1954 ) , Hon . FAIA , is a Mexican architect and principal of the design firm TEN Arquitectos ( Taller de Enrique Norten Arquitectos ) . Norten was born in Mexico City in 1954 where he graduated from the Universidad Iberoamericana with a degree in architecture in 1978 . He obtained a Master of Architecture from Cornell University in 1980 . In 1986 , he founded TEN Arquitectos in Mexico City , initiating a lifelong commitment to architecture and design . In February 2008 , Enrique Norten was presented with the Excellence in Architecture and Design Award by PODER - Boston Consulting Group Business Awards , and in 2007 obtained the Legacy Award from the Smithsonian Institution for his contributions to the US arts and culture . In 2005 he received the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts by the World Cultural Council and was the first Mies van der Rohe Award recipient for Latin American Architecture in 1998 . Enrique Norten has lectured all over the world and has spoken at the Urban Age Conference , dedicated to shaping the thinking and practice of urban leaders and sustainable urban development through a worldwide investigation into the future of diverse cities around the world . Throughout his career , he has balanced the practice of architecture with a constant participation on international juries and award committees such as the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in New York City and the Holcim Awards for Sustainable Construction . In 2006 he was appointed member of Deutsche Banks Board of Trustees and on successive years he has become a board member of the Mexican Cultural Institute of New York and the Americas Society/Council of the Americas . Enrique Norten holds the Miller Chair at the University of Pennsylvania , in Philadelphia since 1998 . He has held the O'Neil Ford Chair in Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin , the Lorch Professor of Architecture Chair at the University of Michigan , and the Elliot Noyes Visiting Design Critic at Harvard University .
The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University or Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro in Spanish ( UAAAN ) is a public university in Mexico dedicated to the Agricultural , Silvicultural , Animal Production , food and Environmental Sciences . It is located 6 kilometers south of Saltillo , in the Mexican state of Coahuila . The Antonio Narro Agrarian Autonomous University is one of the most important agricultural college of America Latina and the Narro have national and international recognition in the agricultural and animal industry and the high academic level . There is also a campus in Torreón , Coahuila . It is also called Universidad Antonio Narro for short , or simply , La Narro . In 2008 the UAAAN has an enrollment of about 4,500 students in both campuses , all in agriculture and related sciences .
Saltillo ( American Spanish : [ salˈtiʝo ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name . As of the 2015 census , Saltillo had a population of 807,537 people , while the population of itsmetropolitan area was 923,636 inhabitants , making Saltillo the largest city and the second-largest metropolitan area in the state of Coahuila , and the 19th most populated metropolitan area in the country . Saltillo is one of the most industrialized areas of the country and has one of the largest automotive clusters in Mexico , with plants such as Grupo Industrial Saltillo , General Motors , Fiat Automobiles , Chrysler , Daimler AG , Freightliner Trucks , Delphi , Plastic Omnium , Magna , and Nemak operating in the region .
Ralph John Cicerone ( May 2 , 1943 - November 5 , 2016 ) was an American atmospheric scientist and administrator . From 1998 to 2005 , he was the chancellor of the University of California , Irvine . From 2005 to 2016 , he was the president of the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) . He was a renowned authority on climate change and atmospheric chemistry , and issued an early warning about the grave potential risks of climate change .
Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbrə/ ; born 8 May 1926 ) is an English broadcaster and natural historian . He is best known for writing and presenting , in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit , the nine natural history documentary series forming the Life collection that together constitute a comprehensive survey of animal and plant life on Earth . He is a former senior manager at the BBC , having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s . He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white , colour , HD , 3D and 4K . In 2018 and 2019 , he received Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Narrator . Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in the UK , although he himself does not like the term . In 2002 , he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide poll for the BBC . He is the younger brother of the director , producer and actor Richard Attenborough , Baron Attenborough , and older brother of the motor executive John Attenborough .
Martin John Rees , Baron Rees of Ludlow , OM , FRS , FREng , FMedSci , FRAS ( born 23 June 1942 ) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist . He has been Astronomer Royal since 1995 and was Master of Trinity College , Cambridge from 2004 to 2012 and President of the Royal Society between 2005 and 2010 .
Otto Piene ( pronounced PEE-nah , 18 April 1928 - 17 July 2014 ) was a German-American artist specializing in kinetic and technology-based art , often working collaboratively . He lived and worked in Düsseldorf , Germany ; Cambridge , Massachusetts ; and Groton , Massachusetts .
The University of Helsinki ( Finnish : Helsingin yliopisto , Swedish : Helsingfors universitet , Latin : Universitas Helsingiensis , abbreviated UH ) is a university located in Helsinki , Finland since 1829 , but founded in the city of Turku ( in Swedish Åbo ) in 1640 as the Royal Academy of Åbo , at that time part of the Swedish Empire . It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available . Around 36,500 students are currently enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes . As of 1 August 2005 , the university complies with the harmonized structure of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor , Master , Licenciate , and Doctoral degrees . Admission to degree programmes is usually determined by entrance examinations , in the case of bachelor 's degrees , and by prior degree results , in the case of master and postgraduate degrees . Entrance is particularly selective ( circa 15% of the yearly applicants are admitted ) . It has been ranked a top 100 university in the world according to the 2016 ARWU , QS and THE rankings . The university is bilingual , with teaching by law provided both in Finnish and Swedish . Since Swedish , albeit an official language of Finland , is a minority language , Finnish is by far the dominating language at the university . Teaching in English is extensive throughout the university at Master , Licentiate , and Doctoral levels , making it a de facto third language of instruction . Remaining true to its traditionally strong Humboldtian ethos , the University of Helsinki places heavy emphasis on high-quality teaching and research of a top international standard . It is a member of various prominent international university networks , such as Europaeum , UNICA , the Utrecht Network , and is a founding member of the League of European Research Universities .
The Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters is a Finnish academy for natural sciences , social sciences and humanities . It is known in Latin as Societas Scientiarum Fennica , in Swedish as Finska Vetenskaps-Societeten , and in Finnish as Suomen Tiedeseura . It is bilingual ( Swedish and Finnish ) science academy and oldest of the four science academies in Finland . The society was founded in 1838 and is based in Helsinki . It has a total of 120 full ordinary Finnish members , excluding members who have reached the age of 67 ( a member who reaches the age of 67 retains the rights as a member but leaves his or her chair open for election of a new member ) , and about 120 foreign members . It is divided into four sections : I : mathematics and physics , II : biosciences , III : humanities , and IV : social sciences . The society publishes a yearbook , Sphinx , and the book series Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum , Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium , Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk and The History of Learning and Science in Finland 1828-1918 . It also awards a number of prizes and grants for scientific and scholarly work . In addition to the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters , there are three other academies in Finland : the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and two academies of engineering sciences . The four Finnish academies have an umbrella organisation for cooperation , the Council of Finnish Academies .
The National Library of Finland ( Finnish : Kansalliskirjasto , Swedish : Nationalbiblioteket ) is the foremost research library in Finland . Administratively the library is part of the University of Helsinki . Until 1 August 2006 , it was known as the Helsinki University Library . The National Library is responsible for storing the Finnish cultural heritage . By Finnish law , the National Library is a legal deposit library and receives copies of all printed matter , as well as audiovisual materials excepting films , produced in Finland or for distribution in Finland . These copies are then distributed by the Library to its own national collection and to reserve collections of five other university libraries . Also , the National Library has the obligation to collect and preserve materials published on the Internet . Any person who lives in Finland may register as a user of the National Library and borrow library material . The publications in the national collection , however , are not loaned outside the library . The library also is home to one of the most comprehensive collections of books published in the Russian Empire of any library in the world . The National Library is located in Helsinki , close to Senaatintori square . The oldest part of the library complex , designed by Carl Ludvig Engel , dates back to 1844 .
Daniel Hunt Janzen ( born January 18 , 1939 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) is an American evolutionary ecologist , and conservationist . He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania , where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology , and his research and field work in Costa Rica . In Costa Rica , Janzen and his partner Winifred Hallwachs helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site , one of the oldest , largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world . As of 2019 , it consists of 169,000 hectares ( 420,000 acres ) , located just south of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua border , between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran . The park exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run . It is known as a center of biological research , forest restoration and community outreach . Closely related is their work cataloguing the biodiversity of Costa Rica . Through a DNA barcoding initiative with geneticist Paul Hebert , they have registered over 500,000 specimens representing more than 45,000 species from Área de Conservación Guanacaste . This research has led to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche . Janzen and Hallwachs have supported species barcoding initiatives at both national and international levels through the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad ( INBio ) , CBOL ( Consortium for the Barcode of Life ) and iBOL ( International Barcode of Life ) .
Trinity College ( Irish : Coláiste na Tríonóide ) , officially the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin , is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin , a research university located in Dublin , Ireland . The college was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I as the mother of a university that was modeled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but unlike these institutions , only one college was ever established ; as such , the designations Trinity College and University of Dublin are usually synonymous for practical purposes . The college is legally incorporated by the Provost , Fellows , Foundation Scholars and other members of the Board as outlined by its founding charter . It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland , as well as Ireland 's oldest surviving university . Trinity College is widely considered the most prestigious university in Ireland , in part due to its extensive history . It is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in Europe , and is particularly acclaimed in the fields of Law , Literature and Humanities . In accordance with the formula of ad eundem gradum , a form of recognition that exists among the three universities , a graduate of Oxford , Cambridge , or Dublin can be conferred with the equivalent degree at either of the other two universities without further examination . Trinity College , Dublin is a sister college to St John 's College , Cambridge and Oriel College , Oxford . Originally Trinity was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the outlawed Catholic Augustinian Priory of All Hallows . Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland , and as a result was the university of the Protestant Ascendancy for much of its history . While Catholics were admitted from 1793 , certain restrictions on membership of the college remained , as professorships , fellowships and scholarships were reserved for Protestants . These restrictions were lifted by Act of Parliament in 1873 .
Utrecht University ( UU ; Dutch : Universiteit Utrecht , formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht ) is a university in Utrecht , the Netherlands . Established 26 March 1636 , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands . In 2016 , it had an enrolment of 29,425 students , and employed 5,568 faculty and staff . In 2011 , 485 PhD degrees were awarded and 7,773 scientific articles were published . The 2013 budget of the university was €765 million . Utrecht University has been placed in the top 100 universities in the world by four major ranking tables . The university is rated as the best university in the Netherlands by the Shanghai Ranking of World Universities 2013 , and ranked as the 13th best university in Europe and the 52nd best university of the world . The university 's motto is Sol Iustitiae Illustra Nos , which means Sun of Justice , shine upon us . This motto was gleaned from a literal Latin Bible translation of Malachi 4:2 . ( Rutgers University , having a historical connection with Utrecht University , uses a modified version of this motto . ) Utrecht University is led by the University Board , consisting of prof. dr. Henk Kummeling ( Rector Magnificus ) , prof. dr. Anton Pijpers ( Chair ) and prof. mr. Annetje Ottow ( Vice Chair ) .
Utrecht ( /ˈjuːtrɛkt/ YOO-trekt , also UK : /juːˈtrɛxt/ yoo-TREKHT , Dutch : [ ˈytrɛxt ] ( listen ) ) is the fourth-largest city and a municipality of the Netherlands , capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht . It is located in the eastern corner of the Randstad conurbation , in the very centre of mainland Netherlands ; it had a population of 357,179 as of 2019 . Utrecht 's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures , several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages . It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century . It lost the status of prince-bishopric but remains the main religious centre in the country . Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age , when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country 's cultural centre and most populous city . Utrecht is host to Utrecht University , the largest university in the Netherlands , as well as several other institutions of higher education . Due to its central position within the country , it is an important transport hub for both rail and road transport ; the busiest train station in the Netherlands , Utrecht Centraal , is in the city of Utrecht . It has the second highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands , after Amsterdam . In 2012 , Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world 's unsung places .
Frank John Fenner AC CMG MBE FRS FAA ( 21 December 1914 - 22 November 2010 ) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology . His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox , and the control of Australia 's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus . The Australian Academy of Science awards annually the prestigious Fenner Medal for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age .
Zafra M. Lerman is an American chemist , educator , and humanitarian . She is the President of the Malta Conferences Foundation , which aims to promote peace by bringing together scientists from otherwise hostile countries to discuss science and foster international scientific and technical collaboration . From 1986 to 2010 , she chaired the American Chemical Society 's Subcommittee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights . She has been successful in preventing executions , releasing prisoners of conscience from jail and bringing dissidents to freedom . She is the recipient of many awards for education and science diplomacy , including the 1999 Presidential Award from U.S. President Clinton , the 2005 Nyholm Prize for Education from the Royal Society of Chemistry ( England ) , the 2015 Science Diplomacy Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , and the 2016 Andrei Sakharov Award for human rights from the American Physical Society ( APS ) .
The University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg ( /vətˈvɑːtəsrənt/ ) , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg . It is more commonly known as Wits University or Wits ( /vəts/ or /vɪts/ ) . The university has its roots in the mining industry , as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general . Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley , it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation . The university has an enrolment of 40,259 students as of 2018 , of which approximately 20 percent live on campus in the university 's 17 residences . 63 percent of the university 's total enrolment is for undergraduate study , with 35 percent being postgraduate and the remaining 2 percent being Occasional Students . The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities ( ARWU ) places Wits University , with its overall score , as the highest ranked university in Africa . Wits was ranked as the top university in South Africa in the Center for World University Rankings ( CWUR ) in 2016 . According to the CWUR rankings , Wits occupies this ranking position since 2014 .
Johannesburg ( /dʒoʊˈhænɪsbɜːrɡ/ joh-HAN-iss-burg , also US : /-ˈhɑːn-/ -⁠HAHN- ; Afrikaans : [ jʊəˈɦanəsbœrχ ] ; Zulu and Xhosa : eGoli ) , informally known as Jozi or Joburg , is the largest city in South Africa and one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world . It is the provincial capital and largest city of Gauteng , which is the wealthiest province in South Africa . Johannesburg is the seat of the Constitutional Court . The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade , It was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2010 FIFA World Cup . The metropolis is an alpha global city as listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . In 2019 , the population of the city of Johannesburg was 5,635,127 , making it the most populous city in South Africa . In the same year , the population of Johannesburg 's urban agglomeration was put at 8,000,000. land area of the municipal city ( 1,645 km2 or 635 sq mi ) is large in comparison with those of other major cities , resulting in a moderate population density of 2,364 per square kilometre ( 6,120/sq mi ) . The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm . Due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand , within ten years , the population had grown to 100,000 inhabitants . A separate city from the late 1970s until 1994 , Soweto is now part of Johannesburg . Originally an acronym for South-Western Townships , Soweto originated as a collection of settlements on the outskirts of Johannesburg , populated mostly by native African workers from the gold mining industry . Soweto , although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg , had been separated as a residential area for Blacks , who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper .