List of vaccine topics
Human vaccines -- Bacterial diseases
Table:
Bacterium
Diseases or conditions
Vaccine(s)
Brands

Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Anthrax vaccines
BioThrax

Bordetella pertussis
Whooping cough
DPT vaccine
Boostrix, Adacel, Daptacel, Infanrix, Tripedia, Kinrix, Pediarix, Pentacel, Tetramune, Quinvaxem, Pentavac PFS, Easyfive TT, Shan-5, ComBE Five

Clostridium tetani
Tetanus
DPT vaccine
Boostrix, Adacel, Decavac, Tenivac, Daptacel, Infanrix, Tripedia, Kinrix, Pediarix, Pentacel, Tetramune, Quinvaxem, Pentavac PFS, Easyfive TT, Shan-5, ComBE Five

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria
DPT vaccine
Boostrix, Adacel, Decavac, Tenivac, Daptacel, Infanrix, Tripedia, Kinrix, Pediarix, Pentacel, Tetramune, Quinvaxem, Pentavac PFS, Easyfive TT, Shan-5, ComBE Five

Coxiella burnetii
Q fever
Q fever vaccine
Q-Vax

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
Epiglottitis, meningitis, pneumonia
Hib vaccine
Hiberix, Pentacel, ActHIB, Pedvax HIB, Tetramune, Quinvaxem, Pentavac PFS, Easyfive TT, Shan-5, ComBE Five

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (BCG) vaccine
Tice BCG

Neisseria meningitidis
Meningococcal meningitis
Meningococcal vaccine
Serotype C: Neisvac C and Meningitec. Serotypes A/C/W-135/Y: Mencevax, Nimenrix, Menveo, Menactra. Serotype B: Bexsero

Salmonella typhi
Typhoid fever
Typhoid vaccine
Typhim Vi, Typherix, Ty21a

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine
Pneumovax, Prevnar

Vibrio cholerae
Cholera
Cholera vaccine
Dukoral, Shanchol

Drawing on the table along with the supporting evidence listed at the end.

Give the answer to the question: What is the vaccine of the diseases or conditions that is a bacterial infection due to a specific type of Salmonella that causes symptoms ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of anthrax - a common disease of livestock and , occasionally , of humans - and the only obligate pathogen within the genus Bacillus . This disease can be classified as a zoonosis , causing infected animals to transmit the disease to humans . B. anthracis is a Gram-positive , endospore-forming , rod-shaped bacterium , with a width of 1.0-1.2 µm and a length of 3-5 µm . It can be grown in an ordinary nutrient medium under aerobic or anaerobic conditions .
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis . It can occur in four forms : skin , lungs , intestinal , and injection . Symptoms begin between one day and two months after the infection is contracted . The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center . The inhalation form presents with fever , chest pain , and shortness of breath . The intestinal form presents with diarrhea which may contain blood , abdominal pains , nausea , and vomiting . The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection . Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium 's spores , which often appear in infectious animal products . Contact is by breathing , eating , or through an area of broken skin . It does not typically spread directly between people . Risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products , travelers , postal workers , and military personnel . Diagnosis can be confirmed by finding antibodies or the toxin in the blood or by culture of a sample from the infected site .
Vaccines against the livestock and human disease anthrax - caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis - have had a prominent place in the history of medicine , from Pasteurs pioneering 19th-century work with cattle ( the first effective bacterial vaccine and the second effective vaccine ever ) to the controversial late 20th century use of a modern product to protect American troops against the use of anthrax in biological warfare . Human anthrax vaccines were developed by the Soviet Union in the late 1930s and in the US and UK in the 1950s . The current vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) was formulated in the 1960s . Currently administered human anthrax vaccines include acellular ( USA , UK ) and live spore ( Russia ) varieties . All currently used anthrax vaccines show considerable local and general reactogenicity ( erythema , induration , soreness , fever ) and serious adverse reactions occur in about 1% of recipients . New third-generation vaccines being researched include recombinant live vaccines and recombinant sub-unit vaccines .
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative , aerobic , pathogenic , encapsulated coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella , and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough . Like B. bronchiseptica , B. pertussis is motile and expresses a flagellum-like structure . Its virulence factors include pertussis toxin , adenylate cyclase toxin , filamentous hæmagglutinin , pertactin , fimbria , and tracheal cytotoxin . The bacterium is spread by airborne droplets ; its incubation period is 7-10 days on average ( range 6-20 days ) . Humans are the only known reservoir for B. pertussis . The complete B. pertussis genome of 4,086,186 base pairs was published in 2003 . Compared to its closest relative B. bronchiseptica , the genome size is greatly reduced . This is mainly due to the adaptation to one host species ( human ) and the loss of capability of survival outside of a host body .
Whooping cough , also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough , is a highly contagious bacterial disease . Initially , symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose , fever , and mild cough . This is followed by weeks of severe coughing fits . Following a fit of coughing , a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in . The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks , hence the phrase 100-day cough . A person may cough so hard that they vomit , break ribs , or become very tired from the effort . Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they do not breathe . The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten days . Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated , but symptoms are typically milder . Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis . It is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person . People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
Adacel ASX : ADA is a global software technology and systems integrator . The company is a developer of critical aviation , speech recognition , defense simulation and security systems for government and commercial enterprises , including the F-35 Lightning II . Adacel was established in 1987 . The company 's products can be found in many of the world 's aviation entities , both civilian and military . Adacel 's North American operations are headquartered in Orlando , Florida and the Company has offices in Washington , D.C. , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , and Melbourne , Australia .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
DTaP-IPV vaccine is a combination vaccine whose full generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine . It is also known as DTaP/IPV or dTaP/IPV or DTPa-IPV . It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis , and poliomyelitis . Branded formulations marketed in the USA are Kinrix from GlaxoSmithKline and Quadracel from Sanofi Pasteur .
DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed , hepatitis B ( recombinant ) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine or DTaP-IPV-Hep B . It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis , poliomyelitis , and hepatitis B . A branded formulation is marketed in the U.S. as Pediarix by GlaxoSmithKline .
DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed , inactivated poliovirus and haemophilus B conjugate ( tetanus toxoid conjugate ) vaccine . It is also known as DTaP-IPV/Hib or DTaP-IPV-Hib . It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis , poliomyelitis , and Haemophilus influenzae type B . A branded formulation marketed in the United States is Pentacel , manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur . Pentacel is known in the UK and Canada as Pediacel . An equivalent vaccine marketed in the UK and Canada by GlaxoSmithKline is Infanrix IPV + Hib . This is a two-part vaccine . The DTaP-IPV component is supplied as a sterile liquid , which is used to reconstitute lyophilized ( freeze-dried ) Hib vaccine . Pentaxim is a liquid formulation marketed by Sanofi Pasteur .
DPT-Hib vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis vaccine adsorbed with Hib conjugate vaccine , sometimes abbreviated to DPT-Hib . It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis , and Haemophilus influenzae type B . A branded formulation was marketed in the USA as Tetramune by Lederle Praxis Biologicals ( subsequently acquired by Wyeth ) . Tetramune has since been discontinued .
A pentavalent vaccine , also known as 5-in-1 vaccine , is a combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one , intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases . The most widely used example is a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B ( a bacterium that causes meningitis , pneumonia and otitis ) , whooping cough , tetanus , hepatitis B and diphtheria . The generic name for this vaccine is diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ( whole cell ) , hepatitis B ( rDNA ) and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine ( absorbed ) or DTP-HepB-Hib . This pentavalent vaccine has largely supplanted other pediatric combination vaccines , especially in middle- and low-income countries . By 2013 , pentavalent vaccines accounted for 100% of the DTP-containing vaccines procured by UNICEF , which supplies vaccines to a large proportion of the world 's children .
A pentavalent vaccine , also known as 5-in-1 vaccine , is a combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one , intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases . The most widely used example is a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B ( a bacterium that causes meningitis , pneumonia and otitis ) , whooping cough , tetanus , hepatitis B and diphtheria . The generic name for this vaccine is diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ( whole cell ) , hepatitis B ( rDNA ) and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine ( absorbed ) or DTP-HepB-Hib . This pentavalent vaccine has largely supplanted other pediatric combination vaccines , especially in middle- and low-income countries . By 2013 , pentavalent vaccines accounted for 100% of the DTP-containing vaccines procured by UNICEF , which supplies vaccines to a large proportion of the world 's children .
A pentavalent vaccine , also known as 5-in-1 vaccine , is a combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one , intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases . The most widely used example is a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B ( a bacterium that causes meningitis , pneumonia and otitis ) , whooping cough , tetanus , hepatitis B and diphtheria . The generic name for this vaccine is diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ( whole cell ) , hepatitis B ( rDNA ) and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine ( absorbed ) or DTP-HepB-Hib . This pentavalent vaccine has largely supplanted other pediatric combination vaccines , especially in middle- and low-income countries . By 2013 , pentavalent vaccines accounted for 100% of the DTP-containing vaccines procured by UNICEF , which supplies vaccines to a large proportion of the world 's children .
A pentavalent vaccine , also known as 5-in-1 vaccine , is a combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one , intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases . The most widely used example is a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B ( a bacterium that causes meningitis , pneumonia and otitis ) , whooping cough , tetanus , hepatitis B and diphtheria . The generic name for this vaccine is diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ( whole cell ) , hepatitis B ( rDNA ) and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine ( absorbed ) or DTP-HepB-Hib . This pentavalent vaccine has largely supplanted other pediatric combination vaccines , especially in middle- and low-income countries . By 2013 , pentavalent vaccines accounted for 100% of the DTP-containing vaccines procured by UNICEF , which supplies vaccines to a large proportion of the world 's children .
A pentavalent vaccine , also known as 5-in-1 vaccine , is a combination vaccine with five individual vaccines conjugated into one , intended to actively protect people from multiple diseases . The most widely used example is a vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B ( a bacterium that causes meningitis , pneumonia and otitis ) , whooping cough , tetanus , hepatitis B and diphtheria . The generic name for this vaccine is diphtheria , tetanus , pertussis ( whole cell ) , hepatitis B ( rDNA ) and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine ( absorbed ) or DTP-HepB-Hib . This pentavalent vaccine has largely supplanted other pediatric combination vaccines , especially in middle- and low-income countries . By 2013 , pentavalent vaccines accounted for 100% of the DTP-containing vaccines procured by UNICEF , which supplies vaccines to a large proportion of the world 's children .
Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus . When growing in soil , C. tetani is rod-shaped and up to 2.5 μm long . However , when forming spores , C. tetani becomes substantially enlarged at one end , resembling a tennis racket or drumstick . C. tetani spores are extremely hardy and can be found globally in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals . If inoculated into a wound , C. tetani can grow and produce a potent toxin , tetanospasmin , which interferes with motor neurons , causing tetanus . The toxin 's action can be prevented with tetanus toxoid vaccines , which are often administered to children worldwide .
Tetanus , also known as lockjaw , is a bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms . In the most common type , the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body . Each spasm usually lasts a few minutes and spasms occur frequently for three to four weeks . Spasms may be severe enough to cause bone fractures . Other symptoms of tetanus may include fever , sweating , headache , trouble swallowing , high blood pressure , and a fast heart rate . Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty-one days following infection . Recovery may take months . About ten percent of cases prove fatal . Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani , which is commonly found in soil , saliva , dust , and manure . The bacteria generally enter through a break in the skin such as a cut or puncture wound by a contaminated object . They produce toxins that interfere with normal muscle contractions . Diagnosis is based on the presenting signs and symptoms .
DPT is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans : diphtheria , pertussis ( whooping cough ) , and tetanus . The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis . The vaccine also known as DTP or DTwP , whereas the lower-case w indicated whole-cell inactivated pertussis . The usual course of childhood immunization in the United States is five doses between two months and 15 years . For adults , Td boosters are recommended every ten years . In the late 20th century , vaccinations helped to reduce the incidence of childhood pertussis in the United States . However , due to a downturn in the amount of immunizations received , reported instances of the disease increased 20-fold in the early 21st century , resulting in numerous fatalities . Over this time , many parents declined to vaccinate their children against pertussis for fear of side effects . In 2009 , the journal Pediatrics concluded the largest risk among unvaccinated children was not the contraction of side effects , but rather the disease that the vaccination aims to protect against . DTP was licensed in 1949 .
Corynebacterium diphtheriae [ a ] is the pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria . It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus , because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs ( 1834-1912 ) and Friedrich Löffler ( 1852-1915 ) .
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe . They usually start two to five days after exposure . Symptoms often come on fairly gradually , beginning with a sore throat and fever . In severe cases , a grey or white patch develops in the throat . This can block the airway and create a barking cough as in croup . The neck may swell in part due to enlarged lymph nodes . A form of diphtheria which involves the skin , eyes or genitals also exists . Complications may include myocarditis , inflammation of nerves , kidney problems , and bleeding problems due to low levels of platelets . Myocarditis may result in an abnormal heart rate and inflammation of the nerves may result in paralysis . Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air . It may also be spread by contaminated objects .
Coxiella burnetii is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen , and is the causative agent of Q fever . The genus Coxiella is morphologically similar to Rickettsia , but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences . C. burnetii is a small Gram-negative , coccobacillary bacterium that is highly resistant to environmental stresses such as high temperature , osmotic pressure , and ultraviolet light . These characteristics are attributed to a small cell variant form of the organism that is part of a biphasic developmental cycle , including a more metabolically and replicatively active large cell variant form . It can survive standard disinfectants , and is resistant to many other environmental changes like those presented in the phagolysosome .
Q fever is a disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii , a bacterium that affects humans and other animals . This organism is uncommon , but may be found in cattle , sheep , goats , and other domestic mammals , including cats and dogs . The infection results from inhalation of a spore-like small-cell variant , and from contact with the milk , urine , feces , vaginal mucus , or semen of infected animals . Rarely , the disease is tick-borne . The incubation period is 9-40 days . Humans are vulnerable to Q fever , and infection can result from even a few organisms . The bacterium is an obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite .
Haemophilus influenzae ( formerly called Pfeiffer 's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae ) is a Gram-negative , coccobacillary , facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family . H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic . The bacterium was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933 , when the viral cause of influenza became apparent , and is still colloquially known as bacterial influenza . H. influenzae is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections . This species was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced .
Epiglottitis is inflammation of the epiglottis - the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea ( windpipe ) . Symptoms are usually rapid in onset and include trouble swallowing which can result in drooling , changes to the voice , fever , and an increased breathing rate . As the epiglottis is in the upper airway , swelling can interfere with breathing . People may lean forward in an effort to open the airway . As the condition worsens stridor and bluish skin may occur . Epiglottitis was historically mostly caused by infection by H. influenzae type b . With vaccination it is now more often caused by other bacteria . Other possible causes include burns and trauma to the area . The most accurate way to make the diagnosis is to look directly at the epiglottis . X-rays of the neck from the side may show a thumbprint sign but the lack of this sign does not mean the condition is absent . An effective vaccine , the Hib vaccine , has been available since the 1980s . The antibiotic rifampicin may also be used to prevent the disease among those who have been exposed to the disease and are at high risk .
Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord , known collectively as the meninges . The most common symptoms are fever , headache , and neck stiffness . Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness , vomiting , and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises . Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms , such as irritability , drowsiness , or poor feeding . If a rash is present , it may indicate a particular cause of meningitis ; for instance , meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria may be accompanied by a characteristic rash . The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses , bacteria , or other microorganisms , and less commonly by certain drugs . Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation 's proximity to the brain and spinal cord ; therefore , the condition is classified as a medical emergency . A lumbar puncture , in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) , can diagnose or exclude meningitis . Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal , mumps , pneumococcal , and Hib vaccines . Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful . The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs . Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation .
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli . Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough , chest pain , fever , and trouble breathing . Severity is variable . Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms , certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases . Risk factors include cystic fibrosis , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , asthma , diabetes , heart failure , a history of smoking , a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke , and a weak immune system . Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination . Chest X-ray , blood tests , and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis . The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community , hospital , or health care associated pneumonia . Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available . Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking . Treatment depends on the underlying cause . Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics .
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine , often called Hib vaccine , is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) infection . In countries that include it as a routine vaccine , rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90% . It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis , pneumonia , and epiglottitis . It is recommended by both the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Two or three doses should be given before six months of age . In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age . The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses . If only two doses are used , another dose later in life is recommended . It is given by injection into a muscle . Severe side effects are uncommon . About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever . There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions .
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine , often called Hib vaccine , is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) infection . In countries that include it as a routine vaccine , rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90% . It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis , pneumonia , and epiglottitis . It is recommended by both the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Two or three doses should be given before six months of age . In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age . The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses . If only two doses are used , another dose later in life is recommended . It is given by injection into a muscle . Severe side effects are uncommon . About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever . There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions .
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine , often called Hib vaccine , is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) infection . In countries that include it as a routine vaccine , rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90% . It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis , pneumonia , and epiglottitis . It is recommended by both the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Two or three doses should be given before six months of age . In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age . The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses . If only two doses are used , another dose later in life is recommended . It is given by injection into a muscle . Severe side effects are uncommon . About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever . There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions .
The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine , often called Hib vaccine , is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b ( Hib ) infection . In countries that include it as a routine vaccine , rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90% . It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis , pneumonia , and epiglottitis . It is recommended by both the World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Two or three doses should be given before six months of age . In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age . The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses . If only two doses are used , another dose later in life is recommended . It is given by injection into a muscle . Severe side effects are uncommon . About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever . There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions .
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb ) is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis . First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch , M. tuberculosis has an unusual , waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid . This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining , and as a result , M. tuberculosis can appear either Gram-negative or Gram-positive . Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl-Neelsen , or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope . The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen . Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system , it infects the lungs . The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test , acid-fast stain , culture , and polymerase chain reaction . The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998 .
Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) bacteria . Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but can also affect other parts of the body . Most infections do not have symptoms , in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which , if left untreated , kills about half of those affected . The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus , fever , night sweats , and weight loss . It was historically called consumption due to the weight loss . Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms . Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough , spit , speak , or sneeze . People with latent TB do not spread the disease . Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke . Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays , as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids . Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test ( TST ) or blood tests .
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis ( TB ) . In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common , one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible . In areas where tuberculosis is not common , only children at high risk are typically immunized , while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated . Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed may be immunized as well . BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections . Additionally it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer . Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to twenty years . Among children it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected it protects half from developing disease . The vaccine is given by injection into the skin . Additional doses are not supported by evidence . Serious side effects are rare . Often there is redness , swelling , and mild pain at the site of injection .
Neisseria meningitidis , often referred to as meningococcus , is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia , a life-threatening sepsis . The bacterium is referred to as a coccus because it is round , and more specifically , diplococcus because of its tendency to form pairs . About 10% of adults are carriers of the bacteria in their nasopharynx . As an exclusively human pathogen it is the main cause of bacterial meningitis in children and young adults , causing developmental impairment and death in about 10% of cases . It causes the only form of bacterial meningitis known to occur epidemically , mainly Africa and Asia . It occurs worldwide in both epidemic and endemic form . N. meningitidis is spread through saliva and respiratory secretions during coughing , sneezing , kissing , chewing on toys and even through sharing a source of fresh water . It has also been reported to be transmitted through oral sex and cause urethritis in men . It infects its host cells by sticking to them with long thin extensions called pili and the surface-exposed proteins Opa and Opc and has several virulence factors .
Meningococcal vaccine refers to any of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis . Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus : A , B , C , W-135 , and Y . The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years . They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used . They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin . The World Health Organization recommends that countries with a moderate or high rate of disease or with frequent outbreaks should routinely vaccinate . In countries with a low risk of disease , they recommend that high risk groups should be immunized . In the African meningitis belt efforts to immunize all people between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine are ongoing . In Canada and the United States the vaccines effective against all four types of meningococcus are recommended routinely for teenagers and others who are at high risk . Saudi Arabia requires vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine for international travelers to Mecca for Hajj . Meningococcal vaccines are generally safe . Some people develop pain and redness at the injection site .
Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica , the rod-shaped , flagellated , aerobic , Gram-negative bacterium . Many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies , including that responsible for typhoid .
Typhoid fever , also known simply as typhoid , is a bacterial infection due to a specific type of Salmonella that causes symptoms . Symptoms may vary from mild to severe , and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure . Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days . This is commonly accompanied by weakness , abdominal pain , constipation , headaches , and mild vomiting . Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots . In severe cases , people may experience confusion . Without treatment , symptoms may last weeks or months . Diarrhea is uncommon . Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected ; however , they are still able to spread the disease to others . Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever , along with paratyphoid fever . The cause is the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar Typhi growing in the intestines and blood .
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever . Several types are widely available : typhoid conjugate vaccine ( TCV ) , Ty21a ( a live vaccine given by mouth ) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine ( ViPS ) ( an injectable subunit vaccine ) . They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question . The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common . Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk . Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease . Depending on the vaccine , additional doses are recommended every three to seven years . In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travelers to areas of the world where the disease is common . The vaccines available as of 2018 are very safe . Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection . The injectable vaccine is safe in people with HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present .
Not to be confused with Ty21a . For an overview of vaccines against typhoid fever , see Typhoid vaccine .
Not to be confused with Ty21a . For an overview of vaccines against typhoid fever , see Typhoid vaccine .
Ty21a is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine that protects against typhoid . First licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the United States in 1989 , it is an orally administered , live-attenuated Ty2 strain of S. Typhi in which multiple genes , including the genes responsible for the production of Vi , have been mutated chemically so as to render it harmless but nevertheless immunogenic . It is one of the three typhoid vaccines currently recommended by the World Health Organization ( the other two being the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine ( TCV ) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine ) . The vaccine is given by mouth . The vaccine is presented either as enteric coated capsules or as a liquid suspension . The vaccine must be stored at 2 to 8 °C , but will retain its potency for 14 days at 25 °C .
Streptococcus pneumoniae , or pneumococcus , is a Gram-positive , alpha-hemolytic ( under aerobic conditions ) or beta-hemolytic ( under anaerobic conditions ) , facultative anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus . They are usually found in pairs ( diplococci ) and do not form spores and are nonmotile . As a significant human pathogenic bacterium S. pneumoniae was recognized as a major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century , and is the subject of many humoral immunity studies . S. pneumoniae resides asymptomatically in healthy carriers typically colonizing the respiratory tract , sinuses , and nasal cavity . However , in susceptible individuals with weaker immune systems , such as the elderly and young children , the bacterium may become pathogenic and spread to other locations to cause disease . It spreads by direct person-to-person contact via respiratory droplets and by autoinoculation in persons carrying the bacteria in their upper respiratory tracts . It can be a cause of neonatal infections . S. pneumoniae is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly , and of sepsis in those infected with HIV . The organism also causes many types of pneumococcal infections other than pneumonia . These invasive pneumococcal diseases include bronchitis , rhinitis , acute sinusitis , otitis media , conjunctivitis , meningitis , sepsis , osteomyelitis , septic arthritis , endocarditis , peritonitis , pericarditis , cellulitis , and brain abscess . S. pneumoniae can be differentiated from the viridans streptococci , some of which are also alpha-hemolytic , using an optochin test , as S. pneumoniae is optochin-sensitive . S. pneumoniae can also be distinguished based on its sensitivity to lysis by bile , the so-called bile solubility test .
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( PCV ) is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants , young children , and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) . There are three types of PCV available on the global market , which go by the brand names : Prevnar ( called Prevenar in some countries ) , Synflorix and Prevnar 13 . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in the routine immunizations given to children .
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( PPSV ) - known as Pneumovax 23 ( PPV-23 ) - is the first pneumococcal vaccine derived from a capsular polysaccharide , and an important landmark in medical history . The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce type-specific antibodies that enhanced opsonization , phagocytosis , and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococcal ) bacteria by phagocytic immune cells . The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is widely used in high-risk adults . As a result , there have been important reductions in the incidence , morbidity , and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease . [ citation needed ] First used in 1945 , the tetravalent vaccine was not widely distributed , since its deployment coincided with the discovery of penicillin . In the 1970s , Robert Austrian championed the manufacture and distribution of a 14-valent PPSV . This evolved in 1983 , to a 23-valent formulation ( PPSV23 ) . A significant breakthrough affecting the burden of pneumococcal disease was the licensing of a protein conjugate heptavalent vaccine ( PCV7 ) beginning in February 2000 .
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine ( PPSV ) - known as Pneumovax 23 ( PPV-23 ) - is the first pneumococcal vaccine derived from a capsular polysaccharide , and an important landmark in medical history . The polysaccharide antigens were used to induce type-specific antibodies that enhanced opsonization , phagocytosis , and killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae ( pneumococcal ) bacteria by phagocytic immune cells . The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is widely used in high-risk adults . As a result , there have been important reductions in the incidence , morbidity , and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease . [ citation needed ] First used in 1945 , the tetravalent vaccine was not widely distributed , since its deployment coincided with the discovery of penicillin . In the 1970s , Robert Austrian championed the manufacture and distribution of a 14-valent PPSV . This evolved in 1983 , to a 23-valent formulation ( PPSV23 ) . A significant breakthrough affecting the burden of pneumococcal disease was the licensing of a protein conjugate heptavalent vaccine ( PCV7 ) beginning in February 2000 .
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( PCV ) is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants , young children , and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae ( the pneumococcus ) . There are three types of PCV available on the global market , which go by the brand names : Prevnar ( called Prevenar in some countries ) , Synflorix and Prevnar 13 . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in the routine immunizations given to children .
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative , comma-shaped bacterium . The bacterium 's natural habitat is brackish or saltwater and attach themselves easily to the chitin-containing shells of crabs , shrimps , and other shellfish . Some strains of V. cholerae cause the disease cholera , which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species . V. cholerae is a facultative anaerobe and has a flagellum at one cell pole as well as pili . V. cholerae can undergo respiratory and fermentative metabolism . When ingested , V. cholerae can cause diarrhea and vomiting in a host within several hours to 2-3 days of ingestion . V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854 , but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch , working independently 30 years later , publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease .
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . Symptoms may range from none , to mild , to severe . The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days . Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur . Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance . This may result in sunken eyes , cold skin , decreased skin elasticity , and wrinkling of the hands and feet . Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish . Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure . Cholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae , with some types producing more severe disease than others . It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria . Undercooked seafood is a common source . Humans are the only animal affected .
Cholera vaccines are vaccines that are effective at preventing cholera . For the first six months after vaccination they provide about 85 percent protection , which decreases to 50 percent or 62 percent during the first year . After two years the level of protection decreases to less than 50 percent . When enough of the population is immunized , it may protect those who have not been immunized ( known as herd immunity ) . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommends the use of cholera vaccines in combination with other measures among those at high risk . With the oral vaccine , two or three doses are typically recommended . The duration of protection is two years in adults and 6 months in children aged 2-5 years . A single dose vaccine is available for those traveling to an area where cholera is common . In 2010 in some countries an injectable cholera vaccine was available . The available types of oral vaccine are generally safe . Mild abdominal pain or diarrhea may occur . They are safe in pregnancy and in those with poor immune function .