Doping at the Olympic Games
Winter Olympic Games -- 2002 Salt Lake City
Table:
Name

Country

Sport

Banned substance

Medals

Natalya Baranova-Masalkina

Russia

Cross-country skiing

WADA pre-Games test: EPO[264]

Alain Baxter

Great Britain

Alpine skiing

Methamphetamine

(slalom)

Olga Danilova

Russia

Cross-country skiing

Darbepoetin

(10 km pursuit), (10 km)

Larisa Lazutina

Russia

Cross-country skiing

Darbepoetin

(30 km), (10 km pursuit), (15 km freestyle)

Marc Mayer

Austria

Cross-country skiing

Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[265][266]

Walter Mayer

Austria

Cross-country skiing/Biathlon

Austrian cross-country/biathlon team coach, performed blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[265][266]

Johann Mühlegg

Spain

Cross-country skiing

Darbepoetin

(50 km), (30 km freestyle), (20 km pursuit)

Volker Müller

Austria

Cross-country skiing/Biathlon

German chiropractor working for the Austrian cross-country/biathlon team, involved in the blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[265][266]

Vasily Pankov

Belarus

Ice hockey

Nandrolone

Achim Walcher

Austria

Cross-country skiing

Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[265][266]

Based on the accompanying table and the supporting evidence listed.

Give the answer to the question: What medal did the athlete using haematopoietin win in Turin ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Natalya Ivanova Baranova-Masalkina ( Russian : Наталья Ивановна Баранова-Масалкина ) ; born February 25 , 1975 in Krivosheino , Tomsk Oblast ) is a former Russian cross-country skier who has competed from 1994 to 2006 . She won a gold medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . Baranova-Masalkina won two medals at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a silver in the 4 × 5 km relay and a bronze in the 30 km . She also has three individual victories at various levels from 1995 to 2004 .
Russia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City .
The cross-country skiing events at the 2002 Winter Olympics were marred by drug problems . The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin , a drug used to treat anemia . At the time , the drug was not specifically listed in the International Olympic Committee 's ( IOC ) list of banned substances , but the Olympic rules generally prohibit doping of any kind , in accordance with its charter . After two years and several lawsuits in Olympic and Swiss courts , the skiers in question ( Johann Mühlegg of Spain , and Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova of Russia ) were stripped of all their medals from the 2002 Games . See the external links below for the official IOC press releases containing detailed information of the doping cases and their resolution , including initial , intermediate , and final amended results . This article gives the final medalists as decided on by the IOC in early 2004 .
Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .
Alain Baxter ( born 26 December 1973 ) is a British skier who was formerly a professional specialising in the slalom discipline . He is best known for failing a drug test after finishing third in the men 's slalom of the 2002 Winter Olympics , resulting in him being controversially stripped of the bronze medal ; he would have become the first Briton to win an Olympic medal in a skiing event . The use of a nasal inhaler purchased in the US had led to the presence of a banned substance in Baxter 's urine . He was allowed to return to competition , although his appeal to have the medal reinstated failed . He competed in FIS events from 1991-2009 and became known as The Highlander . In the World Cup events , he achieved eleven top-fifteen finishes and four top-ten results .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .
Alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of ten events held February 10-23 in the United States near Salt Lake City , Utah . The downhill , super-G , and combined events were held at Snowbasin , the giant slaloms at Park City , and the slaloms at adjacent Deer Valley .
Methamphetamine [ note 1 ] ( contracted from N-methylamphetamine ) is a potent central nervous system ( CNS ) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity . Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers : levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine . [ note 2 ] Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical , the racemic free base , which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms . It is rarely prescribed over concerns involving human neurotoxicity and potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant , among other concerns , as well as the availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy . Dextromethamphetamine is a much stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine . Both methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use . The highest prevalence of illegal methamphetamine use occurs in parts of Asia , Oceania , and in the United States , where racemic methamphetamine , levomethamphetamine , and dextromethamphetamine are classified as schedule II controlled substances . Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter ( OTC ) drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States . [ note 3 ] Internationally , the production , distribution , sale , and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries , due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty . While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug , racemic methamphetamine is sometimes illicitly produced due to the relative ease of synthesis and limited availability of chemical precursors . In low to moderate doses , methamphetamine can elevate mood , increase alertness , concentration and energy in fatigued individuals , reduce appetite , and promote weight loss . At very high doses , it can induce psychosis , breakdown of skeletal muscle , seizures and bleeding in the brain .
Olga Valeryevna Danilova ( Russian : Ольга Валерьевна Данилова ; born June 10 , 1970 in Bugulma , Tatar ASSR ) is a Russian cross-country skier who competed from 1991 until she was banned for using performance-enhancing drugs in 2002 . Her statistics are listed as :
Darbepoetin alfa ( INN ) /dɑːrbəˈpoʊɪtɪn/ is a re-engineered form of erythropoietin containing 5 amino acid changes ( N30 , T32 , V87 , N88 , T90 ) resulting in the creation of 2 new sites for N-linked carbohydrate addition . It has a 3-fold longer serum half-life compared to epoetin alpha and epoetin beta . It stimulates erythropoiesis ( increases red blood cell levels ) by the same mechanism as rHuEpo ( binding and activating the Epo receptor ) and is used to treat anemia , commonly associated with chronic kidney failure and cancer chemotherapy . Darbepoetin is marketed by Amgen under the trade name Aranesp . The medication was approved in September 2001 by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney failure by intravenous or subcutaneous injection . In June 2001 , it had been approved by the European Medicines Agency for this indication as well as the treatment of anemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy . Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories launched darbepoetin alfa in India under the brand name Cresp in August 2010 . This is the worlds first follow-on biologic of darbepoetin alfa . Darbepoetin is produced by recombinant DNA technology in modified Chinese hamster ovary cells . It differs from endogenous erythropoietin ( EPO ) by containing two more N-linked oligosaccharide chains . It is an erythropoiesis-stimulating 165-amino acid protein .
Larisa Yevgenyevna Lazutina ( Russian : Лариса Евгеньевна Лазутина ; née Ptitsyna , born 1 June 1965 ) is a Russian former professional cross-country skier . Lazutina was awarded the Holmenkollen medal in 1998 ( shared with Fred Børre Lundberg , Alexey Prokurorov , and Harri Kirvesniemi ) . In the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , she won five medals : three gold , one silver and one bronze medal . She was the most successful athlete at the 1998 Winter Olympics . After the Olympics , Boris Yeltsin awarded her the title Hero of the Russian Federation . Lazutina earned several medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . She won a total of sixteen medals , including eleven gold , three silver and two bronze medals . She was also the first three-time winner of the women 's 30 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival ( 1995 , 1998 , and 2001 ) . Lazutina was banned from competition for a period of two years due to a positive drug test result during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City .
Marc Mayer ( born 18 July 1978 ) is an Austrian cross-country skier . He competed in the men 's sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics .
Austria competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .
Walter Mayer ( born March 17 , 1957 ) is an Austrian Cross-country skier and coach . He won the Vasaloppet in 1980 , and finished second in 1992 . As a coach , he was banned from the 2006 and 2010 Olympics after blood transfusion equipment was found in a house used by Austrian skiers during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah . Mayer was accused of blood doping violations and the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the ban after a three-month investigation . At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Mayer - who had been spotted with the Austrian team despite his suspension - fled back to Austria after a surprise overnight raid on the quarters of the Austrian skiers by Italian police . He crashed his vehicle into a police roadblock , and was immediately relieved of his coaching duties by the Austrian Ski Federation . Police found syringes and a blood transfusion machine in the home where Mayer had been staying . Claiming that he was suicidal , Mayer entered a psychiatric hospital in Austria . In an interview with NEWS , an Austrian magazine , Mayer said he was trying to kill himself when he drove into the police roadblock . [ citation needed ] He pleaded guilty to charges of civil disorder , assault , and damage to property . In March 2006 , Mayer filed defamation lawsuits against Dick Pound , head of the World Anti-Doping Agency and Jacques Rogge , president of the IOC . He withdrew both suits in February 2007 .
Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 .
Johann Mühlegg ( born 8 November 1970 in Ostallgäu , Germany ) is a former top level cross-country skier who competed in international competitions first representing Germany and then Spain , after becoming a Spanish citizen in 1999 . He was excluded and disqualified from the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City for doping .
Spain competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .
Vasili Nikolaevich Pankov ( Belarusian : Васіль Мікалаевіч Панкоў ; Russian : Василий Николаевич Панков ; born 15 August 1968 ) is a Belarusian former ice hockey player . He played for Yunost Minsk , Augsburger Panther , Slovan Bratislava , Lada Togliatti , and Tivali Minsk during his career . He also played for the Belarusian national team at the 1998 and 2002 Winter Olympics , and multiple World Championships . After his playing career he turned to coaching .
Belarus competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , United States .
Ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at the E Center in West Valley City and Peaks Ice Arena in Provo , Utah . The men 's and women 's tournaments were won by Canada , who defeated the host United States in both finals .
Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .
Achim Walcher ( born 1 December 1967 ) is an Austrian cross-country skier . He competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics . He was disqualified from the 2002 Winter Olympics for using blood doping .