List of corruption scandals in Romania
Investigations resulting in final sentences
Table:
People involved (office held/occupation)
Date
Details
Conviction date

Liviu Dragnea (President of the Chamber of Deputies, President of Social Democratic Party)

2006–2013

Sentenced to 3 and a half years imprisonment for instigating to abuse of power.[1][2]

27 May 2019

Radu Mazăre (former mayor of Constanța)
Cristi Borcea [ro] (businessman)
Nicușor Constantinescu [ro] (former chairman of the Constanța County Council)

2004

Mazăre was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment for abuse of power in a case related to a sale of a 15,000 sqm-plot of land in the Mamaia resort.[3] Cristi Borcea and Nicușor Constantinescu received a 5-year imprisonment sentence.[3]

8 February 2019

Dan Șova (former senator and minister in several Ponta cabinets)

2011–2014

Sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and €100,000 forfeiture for influence peddling.[4]

20 June 2018

Elena Udrea (former Minister of Regional Development and Tourism in all Boc cabinets)

2011

Sentenced to 6 years imprisonment and to an asset forfeiture of €2.6 million for bribery and abuse of power in the "Bute Gala" case[5] The six-year sentence in the "Bute Gala" trial was suspended by the High Court of Cassation and Justice on 21 December 2018 following the Constitutional Court's ruling that all high court’s judge panels had not been formed legally.[6]

5 June 2018

Alina Bica [ro]
(Former Chief Prosecutor of the Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism (DIICOT))

2014

Convicted for the crime of favouring the offender, whereby Alina Bica accepted a bribe from a local businessman, Horia Simu, in order to shelf a pending case against him. Sentenced to 3 and a half years imprisonment. Horia Simu received 4 years imprisonment, whilst the intermediary, former Tax Authority Chief Şerban Pop, received 5 years imprisonment.[7]

26 January 2017

Adrian Severin (Member of the European Parliament (MEP))

2010-2011

Convicted for bribery and influence-peddling in the 2011 cash for influence scandal. Sentenced to 4 years imprisonment.[8]

16 November 2016

Dorin Cocoș [ro] (Businessman)
Gabriel Sandu (Minister of Communications between 2008 and 2010)
Gheorghe Ștefan (former Mayor of Piatra Neamț)
Nicolae Dumitru (ro) (Businessman)

2008–2010

Microsoft licensing corruption scandal: Dorin Cocoș, businessman and former spouse of Elena Udrea, was sentenced to 2 years 4 months imprisonment (in March 2016 sentenced to 2 years imprisonment) for influence peddling and money laundering, and to an asset forfeiture of €9 million (previously to €3 million). Gabriel Sandu was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment (previously to 2 years imprisonment) for bribery and money laundering, and to an asset forfeiture of over €2 million. Gheorghe Ștefan was sentenced to 6 years imprisonment (previously 3 years imprisonment) for influence peddling and to an asset forfeiture of over €3 million. Nicolae Dumitru was convicted to 2 years 4 months imprisonment (previously 1 and a half years suspended sentence), $2,050,000 and €1 million forfeiture (previously €1 million forfeiture and 90 days community service).[9][10][11]

3 October 2016

Nicușor Constantinescu [ro] (former chairman of the Constanța County Council)

2009–2013

Sentenced to five years imprisonment (before the appeal to 3 and a half years) for abuse of power in a case related to the underfunding of the Zonal Military Center in Constanța[12][13]

29 June 2016

Mircea Băsescu [ro] (Businessman)

2011[14]–2016

Sentenced to 4 years imprisonment for influence-peddling by taking bribes from a Roma clan in return for promising to secure the early release of the clan's convicted boss, Sandu Anghel aka Bercea Mondialu'.[15] Mircea Băsescu is the younger brother of Traian Băsescu, the former president of Romania, as well as the godfather of Sandu Anghel's granddaughter.[16]

16 June 2016

Veronica Cîrstoiu (Judge at the Bucharest Court of Appeal)

2012

Convicted for receiving a bribe of approximately €630,000 and using her influence to reach a favourable judgement for a defendant in a criminal case. Sentenced to 7 years imprisonment[17]

2 June 2016

Liviu Dragnea (Member of Parliament; Leader of the Social Democratic Party; former Deputy Prime-Minister)

2012

Convicted for using his political influence to mastermind a campaign in swinging a referendum (impeachment) vote against former president Traian Băsescu in 2012, through the use of bribes and forged ballot papers.[18] He was handed a suspended sentence of 2 years.[19]

22 April 2016

Gheorghe Hânsă (Mayor of Cernavodă)

2005–2008

Sentenced to 3 years 8 months for official misconduct by concluding contracts detrimental to the town's finances.[20] His son, Tiberiu Marius Hânsă, was sentenced to 3 years 2 months for complicity in the crime perpetrated by his father.

13 April 2016

Florin Aurelian Popescu [ro] (Member of Parliament, former President of the Dâmbovița County Council)

2012

Sentenced to 2 years imprisonment for official misconduct. Using his position as leader of the local Democratic Liberal Party organization and President of the Dâmbovița County Council, Florin Popescu requested a local entrepreneur that 60,992 kilos grilled chicken be delivered to him. Subsequently, Florin Popescu distributed the chicken to the potential voters during the electoral campaign for the 2012 local elections.[21]

14 March 2016

Alin Trășculescu [ro] (Member of Parliament)

2010–2012

Sentenced to 3 years in prison for influence-peddling, instigation to money laundering, embezzlement and forgery.[22]

4 March 2016

Constantin Boșcodeală (Mayor of Buzău)

2002–2008

Sentenced to 3 years probation for official misconduct and banned from running for the mayor office for 5 years[23]

1 March 2016

Codruț Șereș (Minister of Economy)

2002-2004

Sentenced to 4 years imprisonment for embezzlement of funds belonging to the Hidroelectrica company[24]

29 February 2016

Gruia Stoica [ro] (Founder and President of the Grampet Group; CEO of Grup Feroviar Român, the largest private rail cargo company in Romania)

2013

Sentenced to 2 and a half years probation and 90 days community service for influence buying[25]

23 February 2016

Marian Neacșu (Member of Parliament, Secretary-General of the Social Democratic Party)

2009

Sentenced to 6 months probation for conflict of interest after illegally hiring his own daughter at his MP office[26]

23 February 2016

Marian Ghiveciu [ro] (Member of Parliament)

2005-2006

Sentenced to 3 years probation for instigation to official misconduct in a case related to illegal retrocession of land plots in the Merei commune, Buzău County.[27]

23 February 2016

Adrian Grăjdan (Head of the State Inspectorate for Constructions (ISC))

2012

Convicted for the crime of favouring the perpetrator (obstruction of justice) when four days after he was appointed Head of the ISC, he withdrew all the graft claims of the ISC against convicted former prime minister Năstase, despite the fact that the ISC suffered damages amounting to €1.5 million.[28] Sentenced to 3 and a half years probation.[29]

22 February 2016

From the accompanying table as well as the passages provided at the end.

Solve the question: What year was a politician born who is detailed by a fighter that held the IBF super-middleweight title from 2007 to 2012 ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Liviu Nicolae Dragnea ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈlivju nikoˈla.e ˈdraɡne̯a ] ; born 28 October 1962 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . Starting his career in the Democratic Party ( PD ) , he joined the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , eventually becoming its leader . After holding several positions as Minister , he resigned from the cabinet in May 2015 , following a conviction in a case involving electoral fraud , for which he received a two-year suspended sentence in April 2016 . In December 2016 , following that years legislative election , he became President of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies . In May 2019 , he was sent to prison for three and a half years , convicted of arranging payment for two party members employed in fake jobs and paid by a state agency . Simultaneously , his term in the Chamber drew to a close .
The President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania is the deputy elected to preside over the meetings in the lower chamber of the Parliament of Romania . The President is also the President of the Standing Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies , and the second in the presidential line of succession , after the President of the Senate .
The Social Democratic Party ( Romanian : Partidul Social Democrat , PSD ) is the major social-democratic political party in Romania founded by Ion Iliescu , Romania 's first democratically elected president . The largest party in Parliament with initially 63 seats in the Senate and 158 seats in the Chamber of Deputies , it also has the largest number of mayors , local and county councilors and county presidents thus being the biggest and most influential political force in the country . PSD traces its origins to the Democratic National Salvation Front , a breakaway group established in 1992 from the post-communist National Salvation Front . In 1993 this merged with three other parties to become the Party of Social Democracy in Romania ( PDSR ) . The present name was adopted after a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party ( PSDR ) in 2001 . Since its formation , it has always been one of the two dominant parties of the country . The PDSR governed Romania from 1992 to 1996 , while the PSDR was a junior coalition partner between 1996 and 2000 . The merged PSD was the senior party in the coalitions governing from 2000 to 2004 , and from March 2014 to November 2015 , as well as one of the main coalition partners between December 2008 and October 2009 ( with the Democratic Liberal Party ) and again between May 2012 and March 2014 ( as part of the Social Liberal Union ) . The party left government after Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigned in November 2015 , only to return as the senior governing party in January 2017 , after a major victory in the legislative elections . The founder of the party , Ion Iliescu , became President of the Republic , in office from the end of Communism in 1989 to 1996 , and again from 2000 to 2004 .
Radu Ştefan Mazăre ( born July 5 , 1968 ) is a Romanian politician . His political activity began with his election to the lower house of the Parliament on the Democratic Party list , which he left in 1997 to serve as an independent . In 2000 he defeated all party-supported contestants to be elected mayor of Constanța , one of Romania 's largest cities and its foremost seaport . Joining the Social Democratic Party in 2003 , he went on to win the following three elections with a comfortable majority . In 2015 , during his fourth term , Mazăre resigned amid accusations of corruption , citing the unbearable stress caused by what he claimed to be politically motivated investigations . In 2017 he fled while under bail to Madagascar , claiming the right of asylum , but he was extradited back to Romania on 20 May 2019 to serve a 9-year sentence in prison .
Constanța ( UK : /kɒnˈstæntsə/ , US : /kənˈstɑːn ( t ) sə/ , Romanian : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ; Greek : Κωνστάντζα , romanized : Kōnstántza , or Κωνστάντια Kōnstántia ; Bulgarian : Кюстенджа , romanized : Kjustendža , or Констанца Konstanca ; Turkish : Köstence ) , historically known as Tomis ( Ancient Greek : Τόμις ) , is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania . It was founded around 600 BC . The city is located in the Northern Dobruja region of Romania , on the Black Sea coast . It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region of Dobruja . As of the 2011 census , Constanța has a population of 283,872 , making it the fifth most populous city in Romania . The Constanța metropolitan area includes 14 localities within 30 km ( 19 mi ) of the city , and with a total population of 425,916 inhabitants , it is one of the largest metropolitan areas in Romania . The Port of Constanța has an area of 39.26 km2 ( 15.16 sq mi ) and a length of about 30 km ( 19 mi ) . [ citation needed ] It is the largest port on the Black Sea , and one of the largest ports in Europe .
Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .
Mamaia Romanian pronunciation : [ maˈmaja ] is a resort on the Romanian Black Sea shore and a district of Constanța . Considered to be Romania 's most popular resort , Mamaia is situated immediately north-east of Constanța 's city center . It has almost no full-time residents , being populated mostly during the summer . Mamaia lies on a strip of land 8 km ( 5 mi ) in length and only 300 m ( 330 yd ) in width , between the Black Sea and Lake Siutghiol . The beach season is at its best between mid June and early September , when average daytime temperatures range between 25 and 30 °C ( 77 and 86 °F ) . The water stays warm until mid autumn . Hotels range from mid-end to exclusive 4- and 5-star hotels and private clubs . There are also camping sites in the north . The 11th reunion of the Central European heads of state took place in Mamaia on 27-28 May 2004 .
Dan-Coman Șova ( born 9 April 1973 in Bucharest ) is a Romanian lawyer and politician . A member of the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) , he has sat in the Romanian Senate since 2008 , representing Olt County . Dan Șova was appointed Minister for Infrastructure Projects of National Interest and Foreign Investment on 21 December 2012 . Previously , he served as Minister Delegate for Liaison with Parliament He graduated from the Faculty of Law ( 1995 ) and the Faculty of History ( 2001 ) of the University of Bucharest . In 2012 , while he was his party 's spokesperson , he said in a TV program that no Jews suffered from the hands of Romanians during the Holocaust , a statement for which he had to apologize the next day . He was then sent to the Holocaust Museum in Washington , DC , to learn about the Holocaust in Romania . In August 2014 , he was put under investigation for complicity to abuse of office . On 25 September 2017 , Șova was sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and €100,000 forfeiture for influence peddling , subject to appeal . On 20 June 2018 , the sentence became final .
Ponta Cabinet may refer to the following governments of Romania , led by Victor Ponta :
Elena Gabriela Udrea ( Romanian pronunciation : [ eˈlena ˈudre̯a ] ; born December 26 , 1973 ) is a Romanian politician . An independent who held office while in the Democratic Liberal Party and then the People 's Movement Party , she was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2016 . In successive Emil Boc cabinets , she served as Tourism Minister from 2008 to 2009 and as Regional Development and Tourism Minister from 2009 to 2012 . Sentenced to six years in prison for corruption offenses , she sought asylum in Costa Rica in 2018 . The following year , she gave up the asylum claim and returned to Romania .
The Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration of Romania ( Romanian : Ministerul Dezvoltării Regionale și Administrației Publice ) is an institution of the Romanian central public administration , subordinated to the Government of Romania . The Ministry was created on December 22 , 2012 by the restructuring of the former Ministry of Regional Development and Tourism ( 2009-2010 ) and by taking over the public administration structures and the institutions specialized in this area from the Ministry of Interior Affairs , under the Emergency Ordinance no.96 of 22 December 2012 .
The first Boc cabinet of the government of Romania was composed of 20 ministers , listed below . It was sworn in on 22 December 2008 , the same day it received the vote of confidence from the Parliament of Romania . It was a grand coalition government , formed by the PD-L and the PSD . The cabinet could have faced a Constitutional issue , by using the term Deputy Prime Minister , instead of the one used in the previous cabinets Minister of State . Following the resignation of Liviu Dragnea ( PSD ) from the office of Minister of Administration and Interior , on 2 February 2009 , the Parliament voted to unify the post of Deputy Prime Minister with the post of Minister of Administration and Interior . On 1 October 2009 , following the removal from office of the Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Administration and Interior , Dan Nica ( PSD ) , all the PSD Ministers resigned from the cabinet . As a result , all their offices were taken , ad interim by the PD-L , for a period no longer than 45 days . The cabinet should have received a new vote from the Parliament , as its political composition was changed . On 13 October 2009 the Parliament voted for a motion of no confidence . As a result , this cabinet was just an acting cabinet . Its term ended on 23 December 2009 , when the new cabinet , headed also by Emil Boc received the vote of confidence from the Parliament and was sworn in at Cotroceni Palace . During the interim period , Traian Băsescu nominated repeatedly friendly candidates , despite the fact that the then opposition parties ( PNL , PSD , UDMR , and the 18 representatives of the national ethnic minorities ) , having an absolute majority in both Houses of Parliament , expressed their will to nominate the Mayor of Sibiu Klaus Iohannis as Prime Minister .
Lucian Bute ( born February 28 , 1980 ) is a Romanian-Canadian former professional boxer who competed from 2003 to 2017 . He held the IBF super-middleweight title from 2007 to 2012 , successfully making nine consecutive defenses and reaching a peak ranking of number one in the division by The Ring magazine .
The High Court of Cassation and Justice ( Romanian : Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție ) is Romania 's supreme court , and the court of last resort . It is the equivalent of France 's Cour de cassation and serves a similar function to other courts of cassation around the world .
The Constitutional Court of Romania ( Romanian : Curtea Constituţională a României ) is the institution which rules on whether the laws , decrees or other bills enacted by Romanian authorities are in conformity with the Constitution . It consists of nine members serving nine-year terms which can not be extended , with three members each appointed by the President , the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies . Three members are renewed every 3 years .
The Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism ( Romanian : Direcția de Investigare a Infracțiunilor de Criminalitate Organizată și Terorism ( DIICOT ) ) is the Romanian agency tasked with investigating and prosecuting organized crime and terrorism-related offenses . The DIICOT is headed by a Chief-Prosecutor and a deputy , nominated by the Minister of Justice and appointed by the President of Romania . The Chief-Prosecutor of the Directorate is subordinated to the General-Prosecutor of the Prosecutor 's Office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice .
Adrian Severin ( born 28 March 1954 ) is a Romanian politician and former Member of the European Parliament . Adrian Severin started his politics career under the Communist rule , as Instructor ( lector ) at Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy , the university for Romanian Communist cadres . After the regime change , he became a member of the National Salvation Front and the Democratic Party ( which he left in April 1999 ) . Severin was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania between 12 December 1996 and 29 December 1997 as part of the Victor Ciorbea cabinet . He sat in the Chamber of Deputies in June-July 1990 before resigning , and again was a member of that body from 1992 until December 2007 , when he resigned . He is a member of the Social Democratic Party , part of the Group of the Party of European Socialists , and became an MEP on 1 January 2007 with the accession of Romania to the European Union . Previously , Severin served as the UN Special Rapporteur on Human rights in Belarus from 2005 to 2006 . He was member of PACE from 1993 till 1997 and from 2003 till 2007 . In 2011 the European Parliament opened a formal investigation into alleged corruption by Severin and two other MEPs , based on an investigation conducted by journalists of the Sunday Times weekly ( part of The Times of London ) . The Romanian politician insisted he had done nothing that was illegal or against any normal behavior . Mr. Severin is accused of accepting bribe in exchange for initiating some law amendment , and is recorded on video by the journalists when requesting and accepting the bribe . Subsequently , he was called by the Leader of the SD Group in the European Parliament to resign .
In 2011 , the European Commissions Anti-fraud Office ( OLAF ) opened a formal investigation for corruption against four Members of European Parliament ( MEPs ) - Romanian Adrian Severin , Austrian Ernst Strasser , Spaniard Pablo Zalba Bidegain ( who was cleared of wrongdoing as he had not accepted payment ) , and Slovenian Zoran Thaler - after an article in The Sunday Times claimed that they had tried to influence EU legislation in exchange for money . The Sunday Times journalists went undercover and approached 60 MEPs , posing as lobbyists and requesting votes to table or support certain amendments in exchange for money .
Gabriel Sandu ( born September 8 , 1963 ) is a Romanian economist and politician . A member of the Democratic Liberal Party ( PD-L ) , he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Brăila County from 2004 to 2008 . In the Emil Boc cabinet , he was Minister of Communications and Information Society from 2008 to 2010 , also serving as interim Minister of Small and Medium Enterprises , Commerce and Business Environment in late 2009 . He has two sons and is divorced .
Gheorghe Ştefan , also known as Pinalti , is a Romanian politician and mayor of Piatra Neamţ and owner of FC Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ . He was a member of the Democratic Liberal Party .
Piatra Neamț ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈpjatra ˈne̯amt͡s ] ) , German : Kreuzburg an der Bistritz , Hungarian : Karácsonkő ) is the capital city of Neamț County , in the historical region of Moldavia , eastern Romania . Because of its privileged location in the Eastern Carpathian mountains , it is considered one of the most picturesque cities in Romania . The Nord-Est Regional Development Agency is located in Piatra Neamț .
The Microsoft licensing corruption scandal is an ongoing political scandal and criminal investigation in Romania , involving large bribes paid to Romanian government members in exchange for approving increases in license fees for Microsoft products . Nine government ministers have been charged by the National Anticorruption Directorate , belonging to the Năstase , Tăriceanu and Boc Cabinets . The bribes were estimated at more than $ 50 million . Apart from Microsoft , this scandal involved several major multinational corporations , including Fujitsu-Siemens , IBM , Compaq , Hewlett-Packard , S & T and local software companies like SIVECO and Softwin .
Asset forfeiture or asset seizure is a form of confiscation of assets by the state . In the United States , it is a type of criminal justice financial obligation . It typically applies to the alleged proceeds or instruments of crime . This applies , but is not limited , to terrorist activities , drug related crimes , and other criminal and even civil offenses . Some jurisdictions specifically use the term confiscation instead of forfeiture . The alleged purpose of asset forfeiture is to disrupt criminal activity by confiscating assets that potentially could have been beneficial to the individual or organization .
A suspended sentence is a legal term for a judge 's delaying of a defendant 's serving of a sentence after they have been found guilty , in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation . If the defendant does not break the law during that period , and fulfills the particular conditions of the probation , the judge usually dismisses the sentence .
Romani people ( Roma ; Romi , traditionally Țigani , Gypsies ) constitute one of Romania 's largest minorities . According to the 2011 census , their number was 621,000 people or 3.3% of the total population , being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians . There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania , varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of the population , because a lot of people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma .
Traian Băsescu ( Romanian pronunciation : [ traˈjan bəˈsesku ] ; born 4 November 1951 ) is a Romanian politician who served as President of Romania from 2004 to 2014 .
A referendum on impeaching President Traian Băsescu was held in Romania on 29 July 2012 . The referendum was required after Parliament voted in favour of impeaching Băsescu on 6 July , and had to take place within a month . It was the second referendum on impeaching Băsescu , the first having been held in May 2007 , in which 74% of voters chose to keep him in office . Băsescu was later narrowly re-elected in 2009 . The parliament of Romania impeached the former president and called on the nation to dismiss Băsescu on a variety of charges , but Băsescu dismissed the poll as a putsch and asked the public to boycott it . Polls showed a majority of Romanians favoring the impeachment of the President , but the turnout was estimated to be around 46% , thus rendering the referendum invalid . The Constitutional court has the final verdict in the case of the validity of the referendum . Final results from the Central Electoral Bureau were published on 1 August 2012 . On 2 August 2012 , the Court announced that a verdict for the validity of the referendum will be pronounced after 12 September 2012 . Until that date , all the authorities have to clear up the electoral lists , in order to correctly calculate the voter turnout . Finally , the verdict will be presented in a joint session of Parliament . Meanwhile , the Constitutional Court rescheduled the verdict for 31 August 2012 .
Cernavodă ( Romanian pronunciation : [ t͡ʃernaˈvodə ] , historical names : Thracian : Axiopa , Greek : Ἀξιούπολις , Bulgarian : Черна вода , Cherna voda , Turkish : Boğazköy ) is a town in Constanța County , Northern Dobruja , Romania with a population of 20,514 . The town 's name is derived from the Bulgarian černa voda ( черна вода in Cyrillic ) , meaning black water . This name is regarded by some scholars as a calque of the earlier Thracian name Axíopa , from IE *n.ksei dark and upā water ( cf . Avestan axšaēna dark and Lithuanian ùpė river , creek ) .
Dâmbovița County ( also spelt Dîmbovița , Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈdɨmbovit͡sa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Muntenia , with the capital city at Târgoviște .
The Democratic Liberal Party ( Romanian : Partidul Democrat-Liberal , PDL ) was a liberal-conservative political party in Romania . The party was formed on 15 December 2007 , when the Democratic Party ( PD ) merged with the Liberal Democratic Party ( PLD ) . On 17 November 2014 the PDL officially merged into the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) , ceasing to exist . The PDL was associated with Traian Băsescu , who was previously leader of the PD and President of Romania from 2004 to 2014 .
Local elections have been held in Romania on 10 June 2012 . The Government initially tried to postpone the election to be the same day with 2012 Romanian legislative election . But a ruling of the Constitutional court made that option impossible . As of June 2011 , a law was passed by the parliament , and promulgated by the president , in which the mayors and the presidents of the County Councils will be elected with in a First Past the Post system . Will be elected :
Money laundering is the illegal process of concealing the origins of money obtained illegally by passing it through a complex sequence of banking transfers or commercial transactions . The overall scheme of this process returns the money to the launderer in an obscure and indirect way . One problem of criminal activities is accounting for the proceeds without raising the suspicion of law enforcement agencies . Considerable time and effort may be put into strategies which enable the safe use of those proceeds without raising unwanted suspicion . Implementing such strategies is generally called money laundering . After money has been laundered , it can be used for legitimate purposes . Law enforcement agencies of many jurisdictions have set up sophisticated systems in an effort to detect suspicious transactions or activities , and many have set up international cooperative arrangements to assist each other in these endeavors . The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) estimates that The estimated amount of money laundered globally in one year is 2-5% of global GDP , or $ 800 billion - $ 2 trillion in current US dollars . In a number of legal and regulatory systems , the term money laundering has become conflated with other forms of financial and business crime , and is sometimes used more generally to include misuse of the financial system ( involving things such as securities , digital currencies , credit cards , and traditional currency ) , including terrorism financing and evasion of international sanctions . Most anti-money laundering laws openly conflate money laundering ( which is concerned with source of funds ) with terrorism financing ( which is concerned with destination of funds ) when regulating the financial system . Some countries treat obfuscation of sources of money as also constituting money laundering , whether it is intentional or by merely using financial systems or services that do not identify or track sources or destinations . Other countries define money laundering in such a way as to include money from activity that would have been a crime in that country , even if the activity was legal where the actual conduct occurred .
Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally refers to the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud anyone ( other than themself ) . Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument was actually used in the course of the crime to defraud another person or entity . Copies , studio replicas , and reproductions are not considered forgeries , though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misrepresentations . Forging money or currency is more often called counterfeiting . But consumer goods may also be counterfeits if they are not manufactured or produced by the designated manufacturer or producer given on the label or flagged by the trademark symbol . When the object forged is a record or document it is often called a false document . This usage of forgery does not derive from metalwork done at a blacksmith 's forge , but it has a parallel history . A sense of to counterfeit is already in the Anglo-French verb forger , meaning falsify . A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object . Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself - what it is worth or what it proves - than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others , then the larger process is a hoax . In a hoax , a rumor or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation , may substitute for a forged physical object . The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another , including through the use of objects obtained through forgery .
The city of Buzău ( formerly spelled Buzeu or Buzĕu ; Romanian pronunciation : [ buˈzəw ] ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Buzău County , Romania , in the historical region of Muntenia . It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River , between the south-eastern curvature of the Carpathian Mountains and the lowlands of Bărăgan Plain . Buzău is a railway hub in south-eastern Romania , where railways that link Bucharest to Moldavia and Transylvania to the Black Sea coast meet . DN2 , a segment of European route E85 crosses the city . Buzău 's proximity to trade routes helped it develop its role as a commerce hub in older days , and as an industrial centre during the 20th century . During the Middle Ages , Buzău was a market town and Eastern Orthodox episcopal see in Wallachia . It faced a period of repeated destruction during the 17th and 18th centuries , nowadays symbolized on the city seal by the Phoenix bird . In the 19th century , after the end of that era , the city began to recover . The economy underwent industrialization , Buzău became a railway hub , and public education became available . At this time , the Communal Palace , the city 's landmark building , and Crâng Park , the main recreational area , were built . The communist regime after World War II brought forced industrialization and the tripling of the city 's population . Some of the factories open at the time are still functioning within the framework of market economy .
Malfeasance in office , or official misconduct , is the commission of an unlawful act , done in an official capacity , that affects the performance of official duties . Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a just cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election . [ citation needed ] Malfeasance in office contrasts with misfeasance in office , which is the commission of a lawful act , done in an official capacity , that improperly causes harm ; and nonfeasance in office , which is the failure to perform an official duty . An exact definition of malfeasance in office is difficult : many highly regarded secondary sources ( such as books and commentaries ) compete over its established elements based on reported cases . This confusion has arisen from the courts where no single consensus definition has arisen from the relatively few reported appeal-level cases involving malfeasance in office .
Ioan-Codruţ Şereş ( born 2 August 1969 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the Conservative Party ( PC ) , he was a member of the Romanian Senate for Maramureş County from 2004 to 2008 . In the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet , he was Minister of Economy and Commerce from 2004 to 2006 .
Hidroelectrica is a state-owned company , its shares being held by the Ministry of Economy , Commerce and Business Environment which has as main objective power generation and services by using hydropower resources in Romania . Hidroelectrica owns 208 power plants and pumping stations with a total installed capacity of 6,444MW and an annual average power production of 14.039GWh meaning 22 - 33% of the total national output of Romania . The company also has planned investments of US $ 6.8 billion in increasing the installed capacity by 2,634 MW and production by 6.489 GW per year ; the most important projects being :
Grup Feroviar Român , or simply GFR , is the largest private railway company in Romania and one of the largest in South Eastern Europe . Founded in 2001 , the company owns freight operations in Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , Serbia , Ukraine , Moldova , Montenegro and Mozambique , and railcar production and maintenance operations in Romania , Hungary , Serbia and Ukraine . In 2010 GFR operates a park of over 13,500 railroad cars and 285 diesel and electric locomotives . In 2013 , GFR bought a 51% stake in CFR Marfă , which was the freight division of Căile Ferate Române . This purchase cost €202 million .
Community service is a non-paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions . Community service is distinct from volunteering , since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis . Although personal benefits may be realized , it may be performed for a variety of reasons including citizenship requirements , a substitution of criminal justice sanctions , requirements of a school or class , and requisites for the receipt of certain benefits .
A conflict of interest ( COI ) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests , financial or otherwise , and serving one interest could involve working against another . Typically , this relates to situations in which the personal interest of an individual or organization might adversely affect a duty owed to make decisions for the benefit of a third party . An interest is a commitment , obligation , duty or goal associated with a particular social role or practice . By definition , a conflict of interest occurs if , within a particular decision-making context , an individual is subject to two coexisting interests that are in direct conflict with each other . Such a matter is of importance because under such circumstances the decision-making process can be disrupted or compromised in a manner that affects the integrity or the reliability of the outcomes . Typically , a conflict of interest arises when an individual finds himself or herself occupying two social roles simultaneously which generate opposing benefits or loyalties . The interests involved can be pecuniary or non-pecuniary . The existence of such conflicts is an objective fact , not a state of mind , and does not in itself indicate any lapse or moral error . However , especially where a decision is being taken in a fiduciary context , it is important that the contending interests be clearly identified and the process for separating them is rigorously established . Typically , this will involve the conflicted individual either giving up one of the conflicting roles or else recusing himself or herself from the particular decision-making process that is in question . The presence of a conflict of interest is independent of the occurrence of Inappropriateness . Therefore , a conflict of interest can be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs .
Merei is a commune in Buzău County , Romania . It is composed of eleven villages : Ciobănoaia , Dealul Viei , Dobrilești , Gura Sărății , Izvoru Dulce , Lipia , Merei , Nenciulești , Ogrăzile , Sărata-Monteoru and Valea Puțului .
Buzău County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ buˈzəw ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region Muntenia , with the capital city at Buzău .