List of Gateshead blue plaques
Gateshead blue plaques
Table:
Subject

Image

Location

Year

Description

William Clarke

Adjacent High Fell Club, Old Durham Road, Sheriff Hill.[11]

2005

In 1864, Clarke founded Clarke Chapman at the South Shore of the River Tyne.[15] By 1903 the company was the second largest employer in Gateshead.[16] From 1873 Clarke lived in a 20-room mansion called 'The Hermitage', which was built on the same land as the wall on which his commemorative plaque is appended.[17]

Sir Vincent Litchfield Raven KBE

Site of former Greenesfield, near High Level Bridge[18]

2011[19]

Raven was an "engineering genius" who was the chief mechanical engineer at the North Eastern Railway where his successes in steam engineering ultimately frustrated his own visionary work on the possibility of electric trains.[18]

Sister Winifred Laver MBE

Gateshead Evangelical Centre, Derwentwater Road, Gateshead.[20]

2011

Birkenhead born Laver was a Methodist missionary who worked with the sick, starving and poor of Gateshead through the Vine Street Mission in Teams which she instituted in 1916. For her work she was awarded the Freedom of Gateshead.[21]

Carter's Well

Adjacent Carter's Lodge, west side of Durham Road, Low Fell.[11]

1995

Public well which was the principal source of drinking and cooking water in Low Fell until the latter part of the 19th century. Restored in 1994.[5]

Madeleine-Hope, Ruth and Sylvia Dodds

Boundary wall of Home House, Low Fell.[11]

2005

The Dodds sisters were renowned public figures during the early part of the 20th century – authors, local politicians and founders of the Little Theatre. They lived at Home House for their entire lives. Plaque unveiled by Joe Mitchinson, Mayor of Gateshead, on 19 October 2005.[22][23]

William Henry Brockett

King James Street (off Old Durham Road), Gateshead.[24]

2010

Brockett founded the first Gateshead newspaper, The Gateshead Observer, in 1837. He was editor of the paper from 1860 until his death in 1867. He was also heavily involved in local politics; he was a local councillor, alderman and Mayor of Gateshead in 1839–40.[24][25]

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan

Underhill, Kells Lane, Low Fell.[26]

2005

Swan was a chemist and physicist who invented the incandescent light bulb, demonstrating this to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1880. His home at Kells Lane, where his blue plaque is now appended, was the first in the world lit by electric light. Swan also revolutionised photography by his patented bromide paper.[27]

Dr. Alfred Cox OBE

Westview House, Bensham Road, Bensham.[28]

2011

Dr. Cox was influential in improving public health in the borough and helped found the Gateshead Queen Victoria Nursing Association and the Gateshead Medical Association. He left the area in 1908 to work for the British Medical Association, where he was appointed Medical secretary in 1912; a post he held for 19 years.[28]

Felling mining disasters

Mulberry Street, Felling.[29]

2012

Unveiled to commemorate the 200th anniversary of an explosion in John Pit at Felling Colliery which killed 92 men and boys. Plaque is situated at a site corresponding with the original entrance to the colliery and was unveiled after a parade by local residents and schoolchildren.[14]

Felling mining disasters (2)

Boundary wall, St Mary's Church, Heworth.[29]

2012

Unveiled to commemorate the 200th anniversary of an explosion in John Pit at Felling Colliery which killed 92 men and boys. A memorial for those who died is on the church grounds. Plaque was unveiled after a parade by local residents and schoolchildren.[14]

George "Geordie" Ridley

Outer wall, William IV public house, High Street, Gateshead.[29]

1995

Born and bred in Gateshead,[30] Ridley was a coal miner who was less notable in his lifetime than his brother[31] but is now remembered as composer and performer of the Blaydon Races. The plaque is located on the site of his former home.[32]

William Wailes

Saltwell Towers, Saltwell Park.[33]

2005

Wailes was a native of Newcastle upon Tyne who became one of the leading exponents of stained glass in England. His work can still be seen today in cathedrals at Chichester and Newcastle upon Tyne as well as at the restored Saltwell Towers; a "fairytale mansion" which he designed for him and his family in the mid 19th century.[34][35]

Blaydon Races

Shibdon Road, Blaydon-on-Tyne.[36]

2012

Plaque unveiled to celebrate 150th anniversary of the first running of the original Blaydon Race, along with a sculpture from Andrew Mckeown and the renaming of a train at Newcastle Central Station[36][37]

William Shield

Hood Street/Market Lane, Swalwell.[38]

2009

Shield, born 1748, was a popular composer whose most notable work was the light opera Rosina, which continues to give rise to claims in several places that he, rather than Robert Burns, is the original composer of Auld Lang Syne – indeed, school children present at the plaque unveiling sang a rendition of the song.[38][39]

Katherine Githa Sowerby

Entrance to The Drive, Durham Road, Low Fell.[40]

2009

Sowerby, described by The Spectator in 2013 as a playwright, suffragette and Fabian,[41] was the daughter of a noted Gateshead glass maker and grew up in the town. Despite having been a "forgotten playwright" during much of her life and after her death in 1970, she is best known for her critically acclaimed play Rutherford and Son.[42]

High Level Bridge

East side of the central pier, High Level Bridge[43]

2008

Opened in 1845, the High Level Bridge linking Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne over the Tyne was the first bridge in the world to combine road and rail travel.[44] Designed by Robert Stephenson, it is now a Grade I listed bridge.[45]

High Level Bridge Lamps

West side of the central pier, High Level Bridge[43]

2008

Plaque commemorating the original lamps which still span the length of the bridge. A £171,000 project to restore these and convert them from gas to electric was completed in 2008 as part of a wider £40m bridge restoration project. The completed work was awarded a Grand Prize Europa Nostra Award in 2009.[46][47]

Tyne Bridge 75th Anniversary

West side of South Tower, Tyne Bridge, Hillgate[43]

2003

Plaque commemorating the 75th anniversary of the opening of the Tyne Bridge – a steel and granite symbol of the Tyneside's industrial heritage described by the BBC as "one of the great bridges of the world" – by George V in 1928.[48]

Arthur Holmes

19 Primrose Hill, Low Fell[49]

2005

Born in 1890, geologist Holmes recognised that the earth was billions, rather than millions, of years old.[50] His textbook Principles of Physical Geology is seminal work in the field[49] and he was the first Professor of Geology at Durham University, where they have named a Geological society in his honour[51]

William and Catherine Booth

15 Woodbine Place, Bensham[52]

2005

William Booth came with his wife Catherine to Gateshead in 1858 where he was appointed minister to the Gateshead Methodist circuit. His preaching at the Bethedsa Chapel was "immediately successful" and it was not uncommon for 2,000 people to fill the chapel and hear him preach.[53] He left Gateshead for London in 1861 and in 1865 the Booths founded The Salvation Army.[54][55]

Taking into account the following table and the supporting text listed.

State the answer to the question: What was the occupation of the woman related to Little Theater ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

William Clarke ( 1831-1890 ) was an important British industrialist . He is best known as the co-founder of Clarke Chapman in Gateshead , once one of the largest employers on Tyneside . Educated locally , Clarke undertook his apprenticeship with Longbridge 's Iron Works in Bedlington and at Armstrong , Mitchell & Co. in Newcastle upon Tyne . In 1864 , he set up a small engineering business on the South Shore in the same area as Hawks and Abbots iron foundries . Within a year , he had taken a partner , Abel Chapman and later the two were joined by Charles Parsons to create Clarke Chapman . The firm relocated to St James ' Road and within 20 years , was world-famous . William Clarke played an active part in the affairs of Gateshead and was a JP and a Council member for some years as well as an organiser for the local Volunteer Corps , treasurer of the Children 's Hospital and a supporter of the Northern Counties Institute for the Deaf . Clarke was a staunch Methodist and the first Treasurer of the 'New Durham Road Wesleyan Mission Committee ' in 1885 . He also introduced a number of reading rooms and science classes for Gateshead people . It was said of William that he seldom 'strayed from the banks of the Tyne ' . He died unexpectedly at the age of 59 .
Sheriff Hill is a suburb in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . It lies on the B1296 road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) south of Gateshead , 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) south of Newcastle upon Tyne and 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of the historic city of Durham . According to the 2001 UK census it had a population of 5,051 . Historically part of Gateshead Fell in County Durham , Sheriff Hill was the site of a battle between William the Conqueror and Malcolm III of Scotland in 1068 . A road was built through Gateshead Fell in the early 13th century , attracting some settlers . A procession of bishops , sheriffs and noblemen known as the Sheriff 's March took place on the road in 1282 and continued biannually until the 1830s . By then , Gateshead Fell had been enclosed and a village had grown around the road , largely populated by an influx of tinkers , coalminers working at Sheriff Hill Colliery and workers at the local pottery , mill and sandstone quarry . By the turn of the 20th century these industries were in steep decline . The local authority built a large council estate at Sheriff Hill to alleviate dangerous overcrowding in Gateshead , effectively turning the area into a residential suburb . It ceased to be an independent village on 1 April 1974 when it was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead under the terms of the Local Government Act 1972 . Now part of the local council ward of High Fell , the suburb is economically disadvantaged compared with other areas of the borough and nationally , with high levels of unemployment . Sheriff Hill was the site of one of Gateshead 's largest boarding schools but as of 2012 , the only remaining educational establishment is Glynwood Primary School .
Clarke Chapman is a British engineering firm based in Gateshead , which was formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange .
The River Tyne /ˈtaɪn/ ( listen ) is a river in North East England and its length ( excluding tributaries ) is 73 miles ( 118 km ) . It is formed by the confluence of two rivers : the North Tyne and the South Tyne . These two rivers converge at Warden Rock near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed 'The Meeting of the Waters ' . The Tyne Rivers Trust measure the whole Tyne catchment as 2,936 square kilometres ( 1,134 sq mi ) , containing around 4,399 kilometres ( 2,733 mi ) of waterways .
Sir Vincent Litchfield Raven , KBE ( 3 December 1859 - 14 February 1934 ) was an English railway engineer , and was chief mechanical engineer of the North Eastern Railway from 1910 to 1922 .
Gateshead TMD was a railway Traction Maintenance Depot situated in Gateshead , England . The depot code was 52A during the steam era and GD later on . It was known , along with the adjacent locomotive works , as Greenesfield or Greensfield , after a Mr. Greene , from whom the North Eastern Railway ( NER ) bought the land [ citation needed ] . In 1958 , all BR locomotive depots on Tyneside , Wearside and in Northumberland became sub-sheds of Gateshead . The depot closed in 1991 . Housing now occupies the site , now known as Ochre Yards . The street names reflect the site 's history , with Worsdell Drive and Fletcher Road named after former locomotive superintendents of the NER .
The High Level Bridge is a road and railway bridge spanning the River Tyne between Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in North East England . It is considered the most notable historical engineering work in the city . It was built by the Hawks family from 5,050 tons of iron . George Hawks , Mayor of Gateshead , drove in the last key of the structure on 7 June 1849 , and the bridge was officially opened by Queen Victoria later that year . It was designed by Robert Stephenson to form a rail link towards Scotland for the developing English railway network ; a carriageway for road vehicles and pedestrians was incorporated to generate additional revenue . The main structural elements are tied cast-iron arches . Notwithstanding the considerable increase in the weight of railway vehicles since it was designed , it continues to carry rail traffic , although the King Edward bridge nearby was opened in 1906 to ease congestion . The roadway is also still in use , although with a weight restriction . It is a Grade I listed structure .
The North Eastern Railway ( NER ) was an English railway company . It was incorporated in 1854 by the combination of several existing railway companies . Later , it was amalgamated with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway at the Grouping in 1923 . Its main line survives to the present day as part of the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh .
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry , rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences , work with charitable and welfare organisations , and public service outside the civil service . It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V and comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions , the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male or dame if female . There is also the related British Empire Medal , whose recipients are affiliated with , but not members of the order . Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom , the self-governing Dominions of the Empire ( later Commonwealth ) and the Viceroy of India . Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British ( Imperial ) honours . Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours . [ a ]
Birkenhead ( /ˌbɜːrkənˈhɛd/ ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral , Merseyside , England . Historically until 1974 in Cheshire , it is on the Wirral Peninsula , along the west bank of the River Mersey , opposite the city of Liverpool . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 88,818 . Birkenhead Priory and the Mersey Ferry were established in the 12th century . In the 19th century , Birkenhead expanded greatly as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution . Birkenhead Park and Hamilton Square were laid out as well as the first street tramway in Britain . The Mersey Railway connected Birkenhead and Liverpool , with the world 's first tunnel beneath a tidal estuary , and the shipbuilding firm Cammell Laird and a seaport were established . In the second half of the 20th century , the town suffered a significant period of decline , with containerisation causing a reduction in port activity . The Wirral Waters development is planned to regenerate much of the dockland .
Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people .
Team Valley is a trading estate in Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . It is home to the Retail World retail park , and many large international companies are based in the area 's trading estate . In 2017 there were approximately 700 companies on the estate , and each day approximately 20,000 people travel to Team Valley . The residential area known as the Teams is adjacent to Dunston .
Low Fell is a suburb of Gateshead situated in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead in Tyne and Wear , England . Built predominantly on sandstone , grindstone and clay , it is bordered by Sheriff Hill/Deckham to the east , Saltwell/Bensham to the west , Harlow Green to the south and Shipcote to the north . The suburb lies on a major bus route 2.5 miles ( 4.0 kilometres ) south of Gateshead centre , 3 miles ( 4.8 kilometres ) south of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and 12 miles ( 19 kilometres ) north of the historic City of Durham . The principal road in the suburb is the A167 . According to the 2001 UK census , the suburb had a population of 8,643 , falling marginally to 8,636 at the 2011 census . For centuries little more than part of a windswept , barren and treacherous heath , the settlement at Low Fell was initially established by a moderate influx of tinkers and miners in the 18th century . Gateshead Fell was initially incorporated into the Municipal Borough of Gateshead in 1835 and then the County Borough of Gateshead in 1889 . More recently , it was formally incorporated into the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 which took effect on 1 April 1974 . One of the more populous of the two dozen or so villages which now comprise the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , Low Fell has a long and rich history . In stark contrast to the industrial development of its near neighbour Sheriff Hill , the settlement at Low Fell developed through the building of a new road to bypass the steep turnpike road which ran through Sheriff Hill , which in turn encouraged both private enterprise ( particularly public houses ) and the incumbency of dozens of wealthy individuals who built substantial villas in which they could escape the dirt and grime of 19th century Newcastle upon Tyne . Several of these villas remain today and contribute to the dozen Grade II listed buildings in the suburb , which has continued to develop into an affluent area with a village feel . The suburb is home to several schools and churches .
Ruth Dodds ( 8 May 1890 - 1 April 1976 ) lived in Gateshead , England and was an author , playwright and councillor of Gateshead . She was one of three daughters of bookbinder and historian Edwin Dodds and his wife Emily Dodds . Ruth Dodd lived at 'Home House ' in Low Fell , Gateshead . She spent the rest of her life living there with her two sisters Hope and Sylvia . She joined the Labour Party after the First World War and was elected to Gateshead Council in 1929 . However , she failed to be selected as a Parliamentary candidate in 1931 and 1936 . In 1939 she resigned from the Labour Party in protest at its support for war , and although she later rejoined she was not as politically active . She was made the first woman freeman of Gateshead in 1965 . She is known , with her sisters Hope and Sylvia , for founding the Little Theatre Gateshead . A commemorative plaque to the three sisters was erected at their Gateshead home in 2005 .
The Little Theatre Gateshead is Gateshead 's only theatre . It was built during World War II , thanks to the generosity of sisters Ruth , Sylvia and M. Hope Dodds . It is believed that the theatre is the only one built in Britain during the war . The building process was interrupted by hostilities after the site was acquired in 1939 , being at one time requisitioned as a barrage balloon station , and at another having windows and doors damaged by a bomb falling in Saltwell Park , just across the road . The opening performance on October 13 , 1943 was A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The theatre is home to the Progressive Players Ltd , who produce ten plays per year . The roots of the Progressives were in the Gateshead branch of the Independent Labour Party , but the group is now non-political .
Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear , England , on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne . Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne , including the Gateshead Millennium Bridge . The town is known for its architecture , including the Sage Gateshead , the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art . Residents of Gateshead , like the rest of Tyneside , are referred to as Geordies . Gateshead 's population in 2011 was 120,046 . Historically part of County Durham , under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough , meaning it was administered independently of the county council . Since 1974 , the town has been administered as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead within the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear .
An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law . The term may be titular , denoting a high-ranking member of a borough or county council , a council member chosen by the elected members themselves rather than by popular vote , or a council member elected by voters . The title is derived from the Old English title of ealdorman , literally meaning elder man , and was used by the chief nobles presiding over shires . Similar titles exist in some Germanic countries , such as the Swedish Ålderman , the Danish and West Frisian Olderman , the Dutch Ouderman , the ( non-Germanic ) Finnish Oltermanni ( a borrowing from the Germanic Swedes next door ) and the German Ältester , which all mean elder man or wise man .
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS ( 31 October 1828 - 27 May 1914 ) was an English physicist , chemist , and inventor . He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb , and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the first incandescent lights used to illuminate homes and public buildings , including the Savoy Theatre , London , in 1881 . In 1904 , Swan was knighted by King Edward VII , awarded the Royal Society 's Hughes Medal , and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society . He had received the highest decoration in France , the Legion of Honour , when he visited the 1881 International Exposition of Electricity , Paris . The exhibition included displays of his inventions , and the city was lit with his electric lighting .
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne ( or the Lit & Phil as it is popularly known ) is a historical library in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , and the largest independent library outside London . The library is still available for both lending ( to members ) and as a free reference library .
Photographic paper is a paper coated with a light-sensitive chemical formula , used for making photographic prints . When photographic paper is exposed to light , it captures a latent image that is then developed to form a visible image ; with most papers the image density from exposure can be sufficient to not require further development , aside from fixing and clearing , though latent exposure is also usually present . The light-sensitive layer of the paper is called the emulsion . The most common chemistry was based on silver salts ( the focus of this page ) but other alternatives have also been used . The print image is traditionally produced by interposing a photographic negative between the light source and the paper , either by direct contact with a large negative ( forming a contact print ) or by projecting the shadow of the negative onto the paper ( producing an enlargement ) . The initial light exposure is carefully controlled to produce a gray scale image on the paper with appropriate contrast and gradation . Photographic paper may also be exposed to light using digital printers such as the LightJet , with a camera ( to produce a photographic negative ) , by scanning a modulated light source over the paper , or by placing objects upon it ( to produce a photogram ) . Despite the introduction of digital photography , photographic papers are still sold commercially . Photographic papers are manufactured in numerous standard sizes , paper weights and surface finishes . A range of emulsions are also available that differ in their light sensitivity , colour response and the warmth of the final image . Color papers are also available for making colour images .
Bensham is a suburban area in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , North East England . Bensham has a mixture of homes . These include different styles of houses built between the late 1890s and 1980s . The Bensham railway station operated here from its opening in 1868 to its closure in 1954 .
The British Medical Association ( BMA ) is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom . The association does not regulate or certify doctors , a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council . The association 's headquarters are located in BMA House , Tavistock Square , London . Additionally , the association has national offices in Cardiff , Belfast , and Edinburgh , a European office in Brussels and a number of offices in English regions . The BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service ( NHS ) employers as sole contract negotiators for doctors . The BMA 's stated aim is to promote the medical and allied sciences , and to maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession .
The Felling Colliery ( also known as Brandling Main ) in Britain , suffered four disasters in the 19th century , [ a ] in 1812 , 1813 , 1821 and 1847 . By far the worst of the four was the 1812 disaster which claimed 92 lives on 25 May 1812 . The loss of life in the 1812 disaster was one of the motivators for the development of the miners ' safety lamp .
Felling is an eastern suburb of Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . The town was formed when three villages coalesced in the 19th century . Historically part of County Durham , the town was subsumed into the metropolitan borough of Gateshead in 1974 . It lies on the B1426 Sunderland Road and the A184 Felling bypass , less than 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) east of Gateshead town centre , 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) south east of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 10 miles north west of the City of Sunderland . In 2011 , Felling had a population of 8,908 . The history of Felling stretches almost eight hundred years . The original manor at Felling was granted in the 13th century and passed through several families until it was passed to the Brandling family in 1509 . While Lords of the Manor , several members of this family served as Members of Parliament among other civic duties . They were also instrumental in bringing heavy industry to the area , and Felling Colliery ( John Pit ) , one of the oldest and largest collieries in the region , was developed on their estate . The colliery was the site of two mining disasters which cost over one hundred lives , helping prompt Sir Humphry Davy and George Stephenson to develop their safety lamps ( there is a monument to the workers lost in St Mary 's churchyard , Heworth ) . Other heavy industry took root in the 18th and 19th centuries so that Felling developed from a rural scattering of villages into firstly three distinct settlements at Low and High Felling and Felling Shore , then in 1894 these amalgamated with other local villages into the town of Felling , administered by the Felling Urban District Council at Sunderland Road . The areas that Felling council were responsible for were Felling , High Felling , Windy Nook , Whitehills Estate , Leam-Lane Estate , Pelaw , Wardley , Heworth , Bill Quay and Follingsby .
Heworth ( /ˈhjuːwərθ/ HYOO-wurth ) is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . The village 's name appears in written records from 1091 as Hewarde , and later as Hewrtha , and in 1300 as Hewrthe . In common with most villages in the area , its history has been intertwined with the fortunes of the quarrying and mining industries . Two large quarries operated in the area , at Windy Nook ( which is now infilled and used as a public recreation area ) and Low Burn , which is now the site of a Garden of Remembrance and a cemetery . Heworth Colliery occupied a site to the south-east of Windy Nook quarry , with its own connection to the Pelaw Main Waggonway giving access to the Pelaw Main coal staithes on the River Tyne at Bill Quay . St Mary 's Church has been a centrepoint of Heworth since around AD 684 , with the current church building dating from 1822 .
George Geordie Ridley ( 1835 - 1864 ) was a Tyneside concert hall songwriter and performer in the middle of the 19th century . His most famous song is Blaydon Races . He was a contemporary of Edward Corvan . He has been described by a council source as a candidate for Tyneside 's most famous songwriter .
Blaydon Races ( Roud # 3511 ) is a Geordie folk song written in the 19th century by Geordie Ridley , in a style deriving from music hall . It is regarded by many as the unofficial anthem of Tyneside [ citation needed ] and is frequently sung by supporters of Newcastle United Football Club and Newcastle Falcons rugby club . [ citation needed ] Blaydon is a small town in Gateshead , situated about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from Newcastle upon Tyne , in North East England . The race used to take place on the Stella Haugh 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) west of Blaydon . Stella South Power Station ( demolished in 1995 ) was built on the site of the track in the early 1950s , after the races had stopped taking place in 1916 .
William Wailes , ( 1808-1881 ) , was the proprietor of one of England 's largest and most prolific stained glass workshops .
Saltwell Park is a Victorian park in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . Opened in 1876 , the park was designed by Edward Kemp and incorporates the mansion and associated grounds of the Saltwellgate estate owner , William Wailes , who sold his estate to Gateshead Council for £35,000 . Upon opening , it became known as The People 's Park . The park was expanded in 1920 when the council purchased the adjacent gardens to the Saltwell Grove estate and added these to the park . This extended the park 's total size to 55 acres ( 22 ha ) . Towards the end of the 20th century , the park had fallen into disrepair , but between 1999 and 2005 , it was subject to a £9.6 million restoration project , funded collaboratively by the Heritage Lottery Fund and Gateshead Council and is now host to around 2 million visitors per year . The park is split broadly into three sections . Saltwell Grove , the southern section , is an area of grassed open space with a bandstand to the western corner . The central area contains the centrepiece of the park - Wailes 's former home , the Grade II listed Saltwell Towers and its surrounding belvedere walls . These have been fully restored and are now a visitor centre . There are also three war memorials , a yew-tree maze , a dene and an area containing several species of caged animals known as Pet 's Corner . The largest section of the park is the Northern Fields section which contains a four-acre boating lake with a wooded island at its centre , as well as three bowling greens and two pavilions .
Newcastle upon Tyne ( /ˌnjuːkɑːsəl -/ , locally /njuːˌkæsəl -/ ( listen ) ) , commonly known as Newcastle , is a city in Tyne and Wear , North East England , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the North Sea . Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East , and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation , the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom . Newcastle is a member of the UK Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities . Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county of itself , a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974 . The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie . Newcastle also houses Newcastle University , a member of the Russell Group , as well as Northumbria University . The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose , William the Conqueror 's eldest son . The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . The port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . Newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom 's GVA . Among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge . Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run , a half marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year .
Chichester Cathedral , formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester . It is located in Chichester , in Sussex , United Kingdom . It was founded as a cathedral in 1075 , when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey . Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles , and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as the most typical English Cathedral . Despite this , Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England 's medieval cathedrals - a free-standing medieval bell tower ( or campanile ) and double aisles . The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures , and many modern art works including tapestries , stained glass and sculpture , many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey ( Dean , 1955-77 ) . The city of Chichester , though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans , has always been small enough for the city 's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once , causing Daniel Defoe to comment :
The Cathedral Church of St Mary is a Catholic cathedral in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the mother church of the Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and seat of the Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle . The Cathedral , situated on Clayton Street , was designed by Augustus Welby Pugin and built between 1842 and 1844 . The cathedral is a grade I listed building and a fine example of the Gothic Revival style of architecture championed by Pugin . There is a monument dedicated to Cardinal Basil Hume in the Monument Garden outside of the cathedral , which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 . St Mary 's Cathedral is the sixth tallest structure in the city .
Blaydon is a town in the North East of England in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead - historically in County Durham . Blaydon , and neighbouring Winlaton , which Blaydon is now contiguous with , form the postal town of Blaydon-on-Tyne . The Blaydon/Winlaton resident population in 2011 was 13,896 . Between 1894 and 1974 , Blaydon was an urban district which extended inland from the Tyne along the River Derwent for ten miles ( 16 km ) , and included the mining communities of Chopwell and High Spen , the villages of Rowlands Gill , Blackhall Mill , Barlow , Winlaton Mill and Stella , as well as Blaydon and Winlaton . During its existence , the Urban District 's fourteen and a half square miles constituted the second largest administrative district by area , on Tyneside , after Newcastle upon Tyne .
The Blaydon Race is a 5.9 mile athletics race from Newcastle upon Tyne to Blaydon , in England , that is steeped in local tradition . It takes place on 9 June every year and starts off with the singing of The Blaydon Races -- with the words as the basis for the race .
Newcastle railway station ( also known as Newcastle Central Station ) is on the East Coast Main Line in the United Kingdom , serving the city of Newcastle upon Tyne , Tyne and Wear . It is 268.633 miles ( 432.323 km ) down the line from London King 's Cross and on the main line it is situated between Chester-le-Street to the south and Manors to the north . Its three-letter station code is NCL . Opened in 1850 , it is a Grade I listed building and is located in the city centre at the southern edge of Grainger Town and to the west of the Castle Keep . It is a nationally important transport hub , being both a terminus and through-station on the main line between London and Edinburgh , the Durham Coast Line to Middlesbrough and Nunthorpe also the Tyne Valley Line to Carlisle via Hexham . It is also served by the adjoining Central Station on the Tyne and Wear Metro . As of September 2017 [ update ] , the main line station is managed by London North Eastern Railway . All London North Eastern Railway services between London and Edinburgh stop at Newcastle . CrossCountry supplements services to Scotland , and operates trains southbound to the South West and South Coast of England via Birmingham and the wider Midlands region ; trains reach as far as Penzance and Southampton Central . TransPennine Express operates services from Edinburgh to Liverpool Lime Street via Leeds and Manchester Victoria , with some services also running to Manchester Airport . Northern variously combines three routes out of Newcastle in order to provide both terminating and through services . To the west , trains connect the city to the MetroCentre shopping centre , Hexham and Carlisle with intermittent extensions to Whitehaven , and north to Morpeth on the main line , with extensions to Chathill .
William Shield ( 5 March 1748 - 25 January 1829 ) was an English composer , violinist and violist who was born in Swalwell near Gateshead , County Durham , the son of William Shield and his wife , Mary , née Cash .
Swalwell is a village in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England , in the United Kingdom .
Auld Lang Syne ( Scots pronunciation : [ ˈɔːl ( d ) lɑŋˈsəin ] : note s rather than z ) is a Scots-language poem written by Robert Burns in 1788 and set to the tune of a traditional folk song ( Roud # 6294 ) . It is well known in many countries , especially in the English-speaking world , its traditional use being to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on New Year 's Eve . By extension , it is also sung at funerals , graduations , and as a farewell or ending to other occasions . The international Scouting movement in many countries uses it to close jamborees and other functions . The poem 's Scots title may be translated into standard English as old long since or , more idiomatically , long long ago , days gone by , or old times . Consequently , For auld lang syne , as it appears in the first line of the chorus , might be loosely translated as for the sake of old times . The phrase Auld Lang Syne is also used in similar poems by Robert Ayton ( 1570-1638 ) , Allan Ramsay ( 1686-1757 ) , and James Watson ( 1711 ) , as well as older folk songs predating Burns . Matthew Fitt uses the phrase in the days of auld lang syne as the equivalent of once upon a time in his retelling of fairy tales in the Scots language .
Katherine Githa Sowerby ( 6 October 1876 - 30 June 1970 ) , also known under her pen name K. G. Sowerby , was an English playwright , children 's writer , and member of the Fabian Society . A feminist , she was well-known during the early twentieth century for her 1912 hit play Rutherford & Son , but lapsed into obscurity in later decades . Rutherford & Son was first revived in 1980 , and since then there have been several productions , including one at the Royal National Theatre in 1994 and , most recently , by Sheffield Theatres . A biography of Sowerby by Pat Riley , Looking for Githa , appeared in 2009 , with a revised edition in 2019 . In addition to several plays , Sowerby wrote books of poetry and short stories for children , illustrated by her sister Millicent Sowerby . Her papers and memorabilia are in the collections at the Tyne and Wear Archives .
The Spectator is a weekly British magazine on politics , culture , and current affairs . It was first published in July 1828 . It is owned by David and Frederick Barclay , who also own The Daily Telegraph newspaper , via Press Holdings . Its principal subject areas are politics and culture . Its editorial outlook is generally supportive of the Conservative Party , although regular contributors include some outside that fold , such as Frank Field , Rod Liddle and Martin Bright . The magazine also contains arts pages on books , music , opera , and film and TV reviews . Editorship of The Spectator has often been a step on the ladder to high office in the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom . Past editors include Boris Johnson ( 1999-2005 ) and other former cabinet members Iain Macleod , Ian Gilmour , and Nigel Lawson . In late 2008 , Spectator Australia was launched . This offers 12 pages of Unique Australian Content ( including a separate editorial page ) in addition to the full UK contents . Readership of The Spectator Australia was revealed through a court case as being 3,000 . In early 2018 , Spectator USA was launched as a website .
A suffragette was a member of militant women 's organisations in the early 20th century who , under the banner Votes for Women , fought for the right to vote in public elections , known as women 's suffrage . The term refers in particular to members of the British Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) , a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst , which engaged in direct action and civil disobedience . In 1906 , a reporter writing in the Daily Mail coined the term suffragette for the WSPU , from suffragist , to belittle the women advocating women 's suffrage . The militants embraced the new name , even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU . Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century ; in 1893 , New Zealand became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21 . When by 1903 women in Britain had not been enfranchised , Pankhurst decided that women had to do the work ourselves ; the WSPU motto became deeds , not words . The suffragettes heckled politicians , tried to storm parliament , were attacked and sexually assaulted during battles with the police , chained themselves to railings , smashed windows , set fire to postboxes and empty buildings , set bombs in order to damage churches and property , and faced anger and ridicule in the media . When imprisoned they went on hunger strike , to which the government responded by force-feeding them . The first suffragette to be force fed was Evaline Hilda Burkitt . The death of one suffragette , Emily Davison , when she ran in front of the king 's horse at the 1913 Epsom Derby , made headlines around the world . The WSPU campaign had varying levels of support from within the suffragette movement ; breakaway groups formed , and within the WSPU itself not all members supported the direct action . The suffragette campaign was suspended when World War I broke out in 1914 .
The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies , rather than by revolutionary overthrow . As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900 , and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it , the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics . Other members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from countries formerly part of the British Empire , such as Jawaharlal Nehru , who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies . The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1895 . Today , the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of 21 socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party . Similar societies exist in Australia ( the Australian Fabian Society ) , in Canada ( the Douglas-Coldwell Foundation and the now disbanded League for Social Reconstruction ) , in Sicily ( Sicilian Fabian Society ) and in New Zealand ( The NZ Fabian Society ) .
Rutherford and Son is a play by Githa Sowerby ( 1876-1970 ) , written in 1912 . It premiered in London in the same year with four matinee performances at the Royal Court followed by a run of 133 performances at the Vaudeville Theatre . The production was directed by Norman McKinnel who also took the role of Rutherford . The same production opened at the Little Theater , New York on Christmas Eve , 1912 and ran for 63 performances . The Times theatre critic , Arthur Bingham Walkley , called it a play not easily forgotten , and full of promise for the future as well as of merit in itself , while the Saturday Review thought it showed what can be done in the modern theatre by keeping strictly to the point . Journalist Keble Howard , after an interview with Sowerby in 1912 , wrote that , Rutherford and Son is a marvellous achievement .
Robert Stephenson FRS HFRSE FRSA DCL ( 16 October 1803 - 12 October 1859 ) was an early English railway and civil engineer . The only son of George Stephenson , the Father of Railways , he built on the achievements of his father . Robert has been called the greatest engineer of the 19th century .
A listed building , or listed structure , is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England , Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland , Cadw in Wales , and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland . The term has also been used in Ireland , where buildings are surveyed for the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage in accordance with the country 's obligations under the Granada Convention . However , the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure . A listed building may not be demolished , extended , or altered without special permission from the local planning authority , which typically consults the relevant central government agency , particularly for significant alterations to the more notable listed buildings . In England and Wales , a national amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition . Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship , but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure . Owners of listed buildings are , in some circumstances , compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations . When alterations are permitted , or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained , the owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques . Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings , other structures such as bridges , monuments , sculptures , war memorials , and even milestones and mileposts and The Beatles ' Abbey Road pedestrian crossing are also listed . Ancient , military , and uninhabited structures , such as Stonehenge , are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and protected by much older legislation , whilst cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently listed on a non-statutory basis .
Europa Nostra ( Latin for Our Europe ) is a pan-European Federation for Cultural Heritage , representing citizens organisations that work on safeguarding Europe 's cultural and natural heritage . It is the voice of this movement to relevant international bodies , in particular the European Union , the Council of Europe and UNESCO . It has consultative status with UNESCO and is recognised as an NGO partner .
The Tyne Bridge is a through arch bridge over the River Tyne in North East England , linking Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead . The bridge was designed by the engineering firm Mott , Hay and Anderson , who later designed the Forth Road Bridge , and was built by Dorman Long and Co. of Middlesbrough . The bridge was officially opened on 10 October 1928 by King George V and has since become a defining symbol of Tyneside . It is ranked as the tenth tallest structure in the city .
The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture .
George V ( George Frederick Ernest Albert ; 3 June 1865 - 20 January 1936 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions , and Emperor of India , from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936 . Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria , George was third in the line of succession behind his father , Prince Albert Edward , and his own elder brother , Prince Albert Victor . From 1877 to 1891 , George served in the Royal Navy , until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne . On the death of his grandmother in 1901 , George 's father ascended the throne as Edward VII , and George was created Prince of Wales . He became king-emperor on his father 's death in 1910 . George V 's reign saw the rise of socialism , communism , fascism , Irish republicanism , and the Indian independence movement , all of which radically changed the political landscape . The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords . As a result of the First World War ( 1914-1918 ) , the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell , while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent . In 1917 , George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor , which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment . In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate , independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations . He had smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son , Edward VIII .
Arthur Holmes FRS FRSE ( 14 January 1890 - 20 September 1965 ) was a British geologist who made two major contributions to the understanding of geology . He pioneered the use of radiometric dating of minerals and was the first earth scientist to grasp the mechanical and thermal implications of mantle convection , which led eventually to the acceptance of plate tectonics .
Durham University ( legally the University of Durham ) is a collegiate public research university in Durham , England , founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837 . It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years , after Oxford and Cambridge , and is thus one of the institutions to be described as the third-oldest university in England . As a collegiate university its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and its 16 colleges . In general , the departments perform research and provide teaching to students , while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare . The university is a member of the Russell Group of British research universities after previously being a member of the 1994 Group . Durham is also affiliated with the regional N8 Research Partnership and international university groups including the Matariki Network of Universities and the Coimbra Group . The university estate includes 63 listed buildings , ranging from the 11th-century Durham Castle to a 1930s Art Deco chapel . The university also owns and manages the Durham World Heritage Site in partnership with Durham Cathedral . The university 's ownership of the World Heritage Site includes Durham Castle , Palace Green , and the surrounding buildings including the historic Cosin 's Library . Among British universities , it had the eighth highest average UCAS Tariff for new entrants in 2016 and the third lowest proportion of state-school educated students starting courses in 2016 , at 62.9 per cent ( fifth lowest compared to its benchmark ) . The university is currently ranked 5th to 7th by recent national league tables of the British universities , 74th to 114th in three of the four major global tables and in the 201-300 range in the fourth ( see below ) . It was Sunday Times University of the Year for 2005 , and the Times and Sunday Times Sports University of the Year for 2015 , and was awarded a Queen 's Anniversary Prize in 2018 .
William Booth ( 10 April 1829 - 20 August 1912 ) was an English Methodist preacher who , along with his wife , Catherine , founded The Salvation Army and became its first General ( 1878-1912 ) . The Christian movement with a quasi-military structure and government founded in 1865 has spread from London , England , to many parts of the world and is known for being one of the largest distributors of humanitarian aid . In 2002 , Booth was named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a BBC poll .
Catherine Booth ( née Mumford , 17 January 1829 - 4 October 1890 ) was co-founder of The Salvation Army , along with her husband William Booth . Because of her influence in the formation of The Salvation Army she was known as the 'Mother of The Salvation Army ' .
The Salvation Army ( TSA ) is a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organisation . The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million , consisting of soldiers , officers and adherents collectively known as Salvationists . Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor , destitute , and hungry by meeting both their physical and spiritual needs . It is present in 131 countries , running charity shops , operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries . The theology of the Salvation Army is derived from that of Methodism , although it is distinctive in institution and practice . A peculiarity of the Army is that it gives its clergy titles of military ranks , such as lieutenant or major . It does not celebrate the rites of Baptism and Holy Communion . However , the Army 's doctrine is otherwise typical of holiness churches in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition . The Army 's purposes are the advancement of the Christian religion . of education , the relief of poverty , and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole . The Army was founded in 1865 in London by one-time Methodist circuit-preacher William Booth and his wife Catherine as the East London Christian Mission , and can trace its origins to the Blind Beggar tavern . In 1878 Booth reorganised the mission , becoming its first General and introducing the military structure which has been retained as a matter of tradition .