Restriction enzyme
Examples
Table:
Enzyme
Source
Recognition Sequence
Cut

EcoRI
Escherichia coli

5'GAATTC
3'CTTAAG

5'---G AATTC---3'
3'---CTTAA G---5'

EcoRII
Escherichia coli

5'CCWGG
3'GGWCC

5'--- CCWGG---3'
3'---GGWCC ---5'

BamHI
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

5'GGATCC
3'CCTAGG

5'---G GATCC---3'
3'---CCTAG G---5'

HindIII
Haemophilus influenzae

5'AAGCTT
3'TTCGAA

5'---A AGCTT---3'
3'---TTCGA A---5'

TaqI
Thermus aquaticus

5'TCGA
3'AGCT

5'---T CGA---3'
3'---AGC T---5'

NotI
Nocardia otitidis

5'GCGGCCGC
3'CGCCGGCG

5'---GC GGCCGC---3'
3'---CGCCGG CG---5'

HinFI
Haemophilus influenzae

5'GANTC
3'CTNAG

5'---G ANTC---3'
3'---CTNA G---5'

Sau3AI
Staphylococcus aureus

5'GATC
3'CTAG

5'--- GATC---3'
3'---CTAG ---5'

PvuII*
Proteus vulgaris

5'CAGCTG
3'GTCGAC

5'---CAG CTG---3'
3'---GTC GAC---5'

SmaI*
Serratia marcescens

5'CCCGGG
3'GGGCCC

5'---CCC GGG---3'
3'---GGG CCC---5'

HaeIII*
Haemophilus aegyptius

5'GGCC
3'CCGG

5'---GG CC---3'
3'---CC GG---5'

HgaI[77]
Haemophilus gallinarum

5'GACGC
3'CTGCG

5'---NN NN---3'
3'---NN NN---5'

AluI*
Arthrobacter luteus

5'AGCT
3'TCGA

5'---AG CT---3'
3'---TC GA---5'

EcoRV*
Escherichia coli

5'GATATC
3'CTATAG

5'---GAT ATC---3'
3'---CTA TAG---5'

EcoP15I
Escherichia coli

5'CAGCAGN25NN
3'GTCGTCN25NN

5'---CAGCAGN25 NN---3'
3'---GTCGTCN25NN ---5'

KpnI[78]
Klebsiella pneumoniae

5'GGTACC
3'CCATGG

5'---GGTAC C---3'
3'---C CATGG---5'

PstI[78]
Providencia stuartii

5'CTGCAG
3'GACGTC

5'---CTGCA G---3'
3'---G ACGTC---5'

SacI[78]
Streptomyces achromogenes

5'GAGCTC
3'CTCGAG

5'---GAGCT C---3'
3'---C TCGAG---5'

SalI[78]
Streptomyces albus

5'GTCGAC
3'CAGCTG

5'---G TCGAC---3'
3'---CAGCT G---5'

ScaI*[78]
Streptomyces caespitosus

5'AGTACT
3'TCATGA

5'---AGT ACT---3'
3'---TCA TGA---5'

Considering the given table and the supporting evidence listed below.

Provide an answer to this question: Who first described the bacterium source of the restriction enzyme HindIII ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

EcoRI ( pronounced eco R one ) is a restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species E. coli . The Eco part of the enzyme 's name originates from the species from which it was isolated , while the R represents the particular strain , in this case RY13 . The last part of its name , the I , denotes that it was the first enzyme isolated from this strain . EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA double helices into fragments at specific sites . It is also a part of the restriction modification system . In molecular biology it is used as a restriction enzyme . EcoRI creates 4 nucleotide sticky ends with 5 ' end overhangs of AATT . The nucleic acid recognition sequence where the enzyme cuts is G/AATTC , which has a palindromic , complementary sequence of CTTAA/G . The / in the sequence indicates which phosphodiester bond the enzyme will break in the DNA molecule . Other restriction enzymes , depending on their cut sites , can also leave 3 ' overhangs or blunt ends with no overhangs .
Escherichia coli ( /ˌɛʃəˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/ ) , also known as E. coli ( /ˌiː ˈkoʊlaɪ/ ) , is a Gram-negative , facultative anaerobic , rod-shaped , coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms ( endotherms ) . Most E. coli strains are harmless , but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts , and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination . The harmless strains are part of the normal microbiota of the gut , and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2 , ( which helps blood to clot ) and preventing colonisation of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria , having a symbiotic relationship . E. coli is expelled into the environment within fecal matter . The bacterium grows massively in fresh fecal matter under aerobic conditions for 3 days , but its numbers decline slowly afterwards . E. coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1% of gut microbiota , and fecal-oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease . Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time , which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination . A growing body of research , though , has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for and grow outside a host . The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting , and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years . E. coli is a chemoheterotroph whose chemically defined medium must include a source of carbon and energy . E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism , and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology , where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA . Under favorable conditions , it takes as little as 20 minutes to reproduce .
Restriction endonuclease ( REase ) EcoRII ( pronounced eco R two ) is an enzyme of restriction modification system ( RM ) naturally found in Escherichia coli , a Gram-negative bacteria . Its molecular mass is 45.2 kDa , being composed of 402 amino acids .
BamH I ( from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ) is a type II restriction endonuclease , having the capacity for recognizing short sequences ( 6 b.p . ) of DNA and specifically cleaving them at a target site . This exhibit focuses on the structure-function relations of BamH I as described by Newman , et al . ( 1995 ) . BamH I binds at the recognition sequence 5'-GGATCC-3 ' , and cleaves these sequences just after the 5'-guanine on each strand . This cleavage results in sticky ends which are 4 b.p . long . In its unbound form , BamH I displays a central b sheet , which resides in between α-helices . BamH I undergoes a series of unconventional conformational changes upon DNA recognition . This allows the DNA to maintain its normal B-DNA conformation without distorting to facilitate enzyme binding . BamH I is a symmetric dimer . DNA is bound in a large cleft that is formed between dimers ; the enzyme binds in a crossover manner .
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium in the genus Bacillus that is the source of the BamHI restriction enzyme . It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase , a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar , and plantazolicin , an antibiotic with selective activity against Bacillus anthracis . It is used in agriculture , aquaculture , and hydroponics to fight root pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum , Pythium , Rhizoctonia solani , Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium as well improve root tolerance to salt stress . They are considered a growth-promoting rhizobacteria and have the ability to quickly colonize roots .
HindIII ( pronounced Hin D Three ) is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the DNA palindromic sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis .
Haemophilus influenzae ( formerly called Pfeiffer 's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae ) is a Gram-negative , coccobacillary , facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family . H. influenzae was first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic . The bacterium was mistakenly considered to be the cause of influenza until 1933 , when the viral cause of influenza became apparent , and is still colloquially known as bacterial influenza . H. influenzae is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infections . This species was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced .
TaqI is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in 1978 . It has a recognition sequence of
Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacteria that can tolerate high temperatures , one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcus-Thermus group . It is the source of the heat-resistant enzyme Taq DNA polymerase , one of the most important enzymes in molecular biology because of its use in the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) DNA amplification technique .
NotI is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium Nocardia otitidis .
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive , round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes , and it is a usual member of the microbiota of the body , frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin . It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen . Although S. aureus usually acts as a commensal of the human microbiota it can also become an opportunistic pathogen , being a common cause of skin infections including abscesses , respiratory infections such as sinusitis , and food poisoning . Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins , and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies . The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus ( MRSA ) is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine . Despite much research and development , no vaccine for S. aureus has been approved . An estimated 20% to 30% of the human population are long-term carriers S. aureus which can be found as part of the normal skin flora , in the nostrils , and as a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract of women . S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses , from minor skin infections , such as pimples , impetigo , boils , cellulitis , folliculitis , carbuncles , scalded skin syndrome , and abscesses , to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia , meningitis , osteomyelitis , endocarditis , toxic shock syndrome , bacteremia , and sepsis . It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery . Each year , around 500,000 patients in hospitals of the United States contract a staphylococcal infection , chiefly by S. aureus . Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the USA are linked with S. aureus infections .
Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped , nitrate-reducing , indole+ and catalase-positive , hydrogen sulfide-producing , Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals . It can be found in soil , water , and fecal matter . It is grouped with the Morganellaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans . It is known to cause wound infections and other species of its genera are known to cause urinary tract infections . The term Proteus signifies changeability of form , as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus , the old man of the sea , who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation . The first use of the term Proteus in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser ( 1885 ) , who described under this term three types of organisms which he isolated from putrefied meat . One of the three species Hauser identified was Proteus vulgaris , so this organism has a long history in microbiology . Over the past two decades , the genus Proteus , and in particular P. vulgaris , has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions . In 1982 , P. vulgaris was separated into three biogroups on the basis of indole production . Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species , P. penneri , while biogroups two and three remained together as P. vulgaris .
Serratia marcescens ( /səˈreɪʃiə mɑːrˈsɛsɪnz/ ) [ failed verification ] is a species of rod-shaped , Gram-negative bacteria , that is also a facultative anaerobic organism , classified as an opportunistic pathogen in the family Yersiniaceae . It was discovered in 1819 by Bartolomeo Bizio in Padua , Italy . S. marcescens is commonly involved in hospital-acquired infections ( HAIs ) , particularly catheter-associated bacteremia , urinary tract infections , and wound infections , and is responsible for 1.4% of HAI cases in the United States . It is commonly found in the respiratory and urinary tracts of hospitalized adults and in the gastrointestinal systems of children . Due to its abundant presence in the environment , and its preference for damp conditions , S. marcescens is commonly found growing in bathrooms ( especially on tile grout , shower corners , toilet water lines , and basins ) , where it manifests as a pink , pink-orange , or orange discoloration and slimy film feeding off phosphorus-containing materials or fatty substances such as soap and shampoo residue . Once established , complete eradication of the organism is often difficult , but can be accomplished by application of a bleach-based disinfectant . Rinsing and drying surfaces after use can also prevent the establishment of the bacterium by removing its food source and making the environment less hospitable . S. marcescens may also be found in environments such as dirt , supposedly sterile places [ citation needed ] , and the subgingival biofilm of teeth . Due to this , and because S. marcescens produces a reddish-orange tripyrrole pigment called prodigiosin , it may cause staining of the teeth . The biochemical pathway for the production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens has been characterized by analyzing what intermediates becomes accumulated in specific mutants .
HaeIII is one of many restriction enzymes ( endonucleases ) discovered since 1970 . It was the third endonuclease to be isolated from the Haemophilus aegyptius bacteria , and has a molecular weight of 37126 . The enzyme 's recognition site - the place where it cuts DNA molecules - is the GGCC nucleotide sequence . This enzyme 's gene has been sequenced and cloned .
Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius ( Hae ) is a causative agent of acute and often purulent conjunctivitis , more commonly known as pink eye . It was discovered independently by Koch and Weeks in the 1880s . During the mid-1980s to early 1990s , a highly virulent clonal group of Haemophilus aegyptius , localized in and around the São Paulo State of Brazil , was found to be responsible for Brazilian purpuric fever , an acute septicemic fulminant illness affecting children .
Arthrobacter luteus ( ALU ) is a gram stain positive bacteria ( not to be confused based on its abbreviation with the ALU retrotransposon element ) . A. luteus is a species of facultatively anaerobic , pleomorphic , branching , non-motile , non-sporulating , non-acid-fast , and catalase-positive bacterial rods ( 0.6-1.0 x 0.8-10.0 μm x μm ) . All members of the Arthrobacter family are obligate aerobes . A restriction endonuclease enzyme is extracted from Alu that acts at the centre of a palindromic tetranucleotide sequence to give even-ended duplex DNA fragments phosphorylated at the 5'-end . The restriction site Alu-I itself is a 4-base cutter : AGCT .
EcoRV ( pronounced eco R five ) is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of Escherichia coli . It has the alternative name Eco32I . In molecular biology , it is a commonly used restriction enzyme . It creates blunt ends . The enzyme recognizes the palindromic 6-base DNA sequence 5'-GAT|ATC-3 ' and makes a cut at the vertical line . The complementary sequence is then 3'-CTA|TAG-5 ' . The ends are blunt and can be ligated into a blunt cloning site easily but with lower efficiency than sticky ends .
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative , non-motile , encapsulated , lactose-fermenting , facultative anaerobic , rod-shaped bacterium . It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar . Although found in the normal flora of the mouth , skin , and intestines , it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lungs if aspirated , specifically to the alveoli resulting in bloody , brownish or yellow colored jelly like sputum . In the clinical setting , it is the most significant member of the genus Klebsiella of the Enterobacteriaceae . K. oxytoca and K. rhinoscleromatis have also been demonstrated in human clinical specimens . In recent years , Klebsiella species have become important pathogens in nosocomial infections . It naturally occurs in the soil , and about 30% of strains can fix nitrogen in anaerobic conditions . As a free-living diazotroph , its nitrogen-fixation system has been much-studied , and is of agricultural interest , as K. pneumoniae has been demonstrated to increase crop yields in agricultural conditions . It is closely related to K. oxytoca from which it is distinguished by being indole-negative and by its ability to grow on melezitose but not 3-hydroxybutyrate .
PstI is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from the Gram negative species , Providencia stuartii .
Providencia stuartii ( commonly P. stuartii ) , is a Gram negative bacillus that is commonly found in soil , water , and sewage . P. stuartii is the most common of the 5 species found in the genus Providencia , with Providencia rettgeri , Providencia alcalifaciens , Providencia rustigianii , P heimbachae . Providencia stuartii can be incubated at 37 °C in nutrient agar or nutrient broth . P. stuartii is the genomic source for the restriction endonuclease , PstI . Some other important information about P. stuartii is that it is motile via flagella , non-sporulating , non-lactose fermenting , catalase positive and oxidase negative . It can also grow in anaerobic conditions and on Simmons Citrate Agar .
SacI is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces achromogenes .
Streptomyces achromogenes is a species of gram-positive bacterium that belongs in the genus Streptomyces . S. achromogenes can be grown at 28 °C in a medium of yeast and malt extract with glucose . S. achromogenes is the source of the restriction enzymes SacI and SacII , as well as the antibiotic compound sarcidin . A strain of the bacterium called S. achromogenes var . streptozoticus was the original source of the pancreatic cancer drug streptozotocin .
Streptomyces albus is a bacterial species from which the pseudodisaccharide aminoglycoside salbostatin was isolated . S. albus is known to produce white aerial mycelium .
Streptomyces caespitosus is a species of actinobacteria . It produces chemotherapeutic drug mitomycin C .