List of Indonesian cities by population
Top ten largest urban centres
Table:
Ranking

City

Region

Population

Image

1

Jakarta

Jakarta

9,607,967

2

Surabaya

East Java

3,009,800

3

Bandung

West Java

2,575,478

4

Medan

North Sumatera

2,241,890

5

Semarang

Central Java

2,067,254

6

Palembang

South Sumatera

1,455,284

7

Makassar

South Sulawesi

1,337,800

8

Batam

Riau Islands

1,290,890

9

Pekanbaru

Riau

1,104,112

10

Bandar Lampung

Lampung

900,001

Considering the tabular data and the passages listed.

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Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing .
Surabaya ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ suraˈbaja ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Java and the second-largest city in the country , after Jakarta . The city has a population of over 3 million within its city limits and over 10 million in the Surabaya metropolitan area , making it the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia . Located on northeastern Java on the Madura Strait , it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia . According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city was settled in 10th century by Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favour of his two sons . In the late 15th and 16th centuries , Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java , probably under Majapahit empire . At that time , Surabaya was already a major trading port , owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and on the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit , the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate , and only submitted to its rule in 1530 . Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546 . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies , larger than Batavia ( present day Jakarta ) and the centre of trading in the nation , which was then a competitor of Shanghai and Hong Kong . The city is known as Kota Pahlawan ( city of heroes ) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanizing Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during the Indonesian National Revolution . Today the city remains one of the important entertainment , financial , industrial , transportational , and commercial hubs of the Indonesian archipelago , arguably second only to Jakarta , and the Port of Tanjung Perak is Indonesia 's second-busiest seaport located on northern Surabaya .
East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur ) is a province of Indonesia . It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west ; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts , respectively , while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali . Located in eastern Java , it also includes the island of Madura , which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia , the Suramadu Bridge , as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north , respectively . Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center . Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java . The province covers an area of 47,800 km2 , According to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing in the East Java , making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province ; the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 39,744,800 . East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups , such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 96% of the total population . Other religions are also worshipped , such as Christianity , which are mostly worshipped by Chinese Indonesians and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are mostly worshipped by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali . The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are the most frequently used language . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes . East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that offers different types of tourist attractions .
Bandung ( /ˈbɑːndʊŋ/ ) is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia . Based on the 2015 estimate , it is Indonesia 's fourth most populous city after Jakarta , Surabaya , and Bekasi with over 2.5 million inhabitants . Greater Bandung is the country 's third-largest metropolitan area with over 8.5 million inhabitants . Located 768 metres ( 2,520 feet ) above sea level , approximately 140 kilometres ( 87 miles ) southeast of Jakarta , Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities . The city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provides a natural defence system , which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government 's plan to move the capital from Batavia ( modern-day Jakarta ) to Bandung . The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century , and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capital Batavia ( 180 kilometres ( 112 miles ) to the northwest ) . In the early 20th century the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality ( gemeente ) , which was granted in 1906 , and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners . Luxurious hotels , restaurants , cafés , and European boutiques were opened , leading the city to be nicknamed Parijs van Java ( Dutch : The Paris of Java ) . After Indonesia declared independence in 1945 , the city experienced has experienced ongoing development and urbanisation , transforming from an idyllic town into a dense 16,500 people/km2 ( per square kilometre ) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people . New skyscrapers , high-rise buildings , bridges , and gardens have been constructed . Natural resources have been heavily exploited , particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate . Although the city has encountered many problems ( ranging from waste disposal and floods , to a complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure ) , it still attracts large numbers of tourists , weekend sightseers , and migrants from other parts of Indonesia .
West Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Barat ) is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java , with its provincial capital in Bandung . West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country 's capital region of Jakarta to the west , the Java Sea to the north , the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The province is the homeland of the Sundanese people , the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese . West Java was one of the early eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country 's independence proclamation and was later legally reestablished on 4 July 1950 . In 1966 , the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region ' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ) , with a status equivalent to that of a province , while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province . Even following these split-offs , West Java is the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 49,316,712 as of mid 2019 . The province 's largest cities , Bekasi and Bandung , are the third and fourth most populous cities proper in Indonesia , respectively . As a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area , Bekasi experiences a highly rapid population growth , having surpassed the West Java capital of Bandung in 2012 . Nonetheless , Bandung remains one of the most densely populated city proper in the world , while Bekasi and Depok , both satellites of Jakarta , are respectively the seventh and tenth most populous suburbs in the world .
Medan ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ meˈdan ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra . A regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra , it is regarded as one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Surabaya , and Makassar . Medan has a population of over 2.2 million within its city limits , and over 3.4 million in its built-up urban area , making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia . The Medan metropolitan area - which includes neighbouring Binjai , Deli Serdang Regency , and a part of Karo Regency - is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java , with 4.6 million residents . Medan is a multicultural metropolis and a busy trading city bordered by the Strait of Malacca . A gateway to the western part of Indonesia , Medan is supported by the Port of Belawan and Kualanamu International Airport , both of which are connected to the city centre via toll road and railway . The city was founded by Guru Patimpus , a Karonese man who named a swampy land in confluence of Deli River and Babura river as Kampung Medan Putri . It later became a part of the Deli Sultanate which was established by Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan in 1632 . In the 18th century , its eighth king , Sultan Mahmud Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , worked with Jacob Nienhuys , a Dutch tobacco merchant , who pioneered the opening of tobacco plantations in Medan . With the help from the 9th Sultanate Sultan Ma'mun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam , and also the well-known Chinese businessmen Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie , the rapid development of the economy transformed Medan into a big trading center with the nickname het land dollar , aka the land of the money . The Deli Railway was established for shipping rubber , tea , timber , palm oil , and sugar industries from the city to the Port of Belawan . Medan was briefly the capital of the State of East Sumatra in 1947 , before it became the provincial capital of North Sumatra in mid-1950 .
North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .
Semarang is the capital and largest city of Central Java province in Indonesia . A major port during the Dutch colonial era , and still an important regional centre and port today . The city has been named as the cleanest tourist destination in Southeast Asia by the ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard ( ACTCS ) for the year of 2020 to 2022 . It has an area of 373.78 square kilometres ( 144.32 sq mi ) and is located at 6°58′S 110°25′E / 6.967°S 110.417°E / -6.967 ; 110.417 . The population of the city is approximately 1.8 million people , making it Indonesia 's seventh most populous city after Jakarta , Surabaya , Bandung , Bekasi , Medan , and Tangerang . The built-up urban area had 3,183,516 inhabitants at the 2010 census spread on 2 cities and 26 districts . The Semarang metropolitan area ( a.k.a . Kedungsapur ) has a population of close to 6 million ( see Greater Semarang section ) . Population of the city is predominantly Javanese with significant Chinese population .
Central Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Tengah ) is a province of Indonesia , located in the middle of the island of Java . Its administrative capital is Semarang . It is bordered by West Java in the west , the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south , East Java in the east , and the Java Sea in the north . It has a total area of 32,548 km² , with a population of 34,552,500 million in mid 2019 , making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java . The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south ( close to the border of West Java ) , and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea . Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta . However , administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region ( equivalent to a province ) since the country 's independence , and is administrated separately . Although known as the heart of Javanese culture , there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups , such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java . Chinese Indonesians , Arab Indonesians , and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province . The province has been inhabited by humans since the prehistoric-era . Remains of a Homo erectus , known as Java Man , were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River , and date back to 1.7 million years ago . What is present-day Central Java was once under the control of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms , Islamic sultanates , and the Dutch East Indies colonial government .
Palembang ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ palɛmˈbaŋ ] ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra . The city proper covers 369.22 square kilometres ( 142.56 square miles ) of land on both banks of Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra , with an estimated population of 1,708,413 in 2014 . Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra , after Medan , the ninth most populous city in Indonesia , and the nineteenth most populous city in Southeast Asia . The Palembang metropolitan area comprises part of regencies surrounding the city such as Banyuasin , Ogan Ilir , and Ogan Komering Ilir , with a total estimated population of more than 3.5 million in 2015 . Palembang is the one of the oldest cities in Southeast Asia . It was once the capital city of Srivijaya , a powerful Buddhist kingdom that ruled many parts of the western Indonesian Archipelago and controlled many maritime trade routes , especially in the Strait of Malacca . The earliest evidence of the city 's existence dates from the 7th century ; a Chinese monk , Yijing , wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months . The first inscription in which Srivijaya was mentioned , Kedukan Bukit Inscription which was found in the city also dates from the 7th century . Palembang was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies in 1825 after the abolishment of the Palembang Sultanate . It was chartered as a city on 1 April 1906 . Palembang is mostly known by many Indonesians for Ampera Bridge , the city main landmark and pempek , one of Indonesian famous snack hailed from the city . Palembang is the host city of the 2011 Southeast Asian Games and 2018 Asian Games along with Jakarta .
South Sumatra ( Jawi : سومترا سلتن , Indonesian : Sumatera Selatan , abbreviated as Sumsel ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra , The province spans 91,592.43 km2 ( 35,364 sq mi ) and had a population of 7,450,394 at the 2010 Census and 8,043,042 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate is 8,497,200 ( as at mid 2019 ) . The capital of the province is Palembang . The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north , Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south . The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka , which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province . This province is rich in natural resources , such as petroleum , natural gas and coal . The province is very diverse , as it is inhabited by many different ethnic groups . The Malays is the dominant ethnic group in the province . Most of them spoke the Palembang Malay , which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay . Other ethnic groups also inhabits the province , such as the Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau and Chinese . Most of them are concentrated around urban areas , as they are mostly immigrants from other parts of Indonesia . The province was once the seat of many great kingdoms and empires .
Makassar ( Indonesian pronunciation : [ maˈkassar ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi . It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country 's fifth-largest urban centre after Jakarta , Surabaya , Bandung , and Medan . From 1971 to 1999 , the city was named after one of its subdistricts , Ujung Pandang . The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi , facing the Makassar Strait . Makassar is not only the gateway of Eastern Indonesia , but also the epicenter of West and East Indonesia , as well as between Australia and Asia . Throughout its history , Makassar has been an important trading port , hosting the centre of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century . It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies , serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishers going as far south as the Australian coast . For a brief period after Indonesian independence , Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia , during which an uprising occurred . The city 's area is 199.3 square kilometres ( 77.0 sq mi ) , and it had a population of around 1.6 million in 2013 . Its built-up ( or metro ) area has 1,976,168 inhabitants covering Makassar City and 15 districts . Its official metropolitan area , known as Mamminasata , with 17 additional districts , covers an area of 2,548 square kilometres ( 984 sq mi ) and had a population of around 2.4 million according to 2010 Census . According to the National Development Planning Agency , Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Medan , Jakarta , and Surabaya .
South Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Selatan , abbreviated as Sulsel ; Buginese : ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ ᨑᨗᨐᨈ ) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi . The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province . The capital is Makassar . The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north , the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east , Makassar Strait to the west , and Flores Sea to the south . The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island ( 46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi ) , and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia . By mid 2019 this was estimated to have risen to 8,819,500 . The main ethnic groups in South Sulawesi are the Buginese , Makassarese , Toraja , and Mandar . The economy of the province is based on agriculture , fishing , and mining of gold , magnesium , iron and other metals . The pinisi , a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship , is still used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese , mostly for inter-insular transportation , cargo , and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago . During the golden era of the spice trade , from the 15th to 19th centuries , South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands . There were a number of small kingdoms , including two prominent ones , the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) began operating in the region in the 17th century .
Batam is the largest city in the province of Riau Islands , Indonesia . The city administrative area covers three main islands of Batam , Rempang , and Galang ( collectively called Barelang ) , as well as several small islands . Batam Island is the core urban and industrial zone , while both Rempang Island and Galang Island maintain their rural character and are connected to Batam Island by short bridges . Batam is an industrial boomtown , an emerging transport hub , and part of a free trade zone in the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , located 20 km ( 12 mi ) off Singapore 's south coast and also part of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle . According to Statistics Indonesia 's 2016 estimate , Batam has a population of 1,236,399 , making it the third largest city in the region of Sumatra , after Medan and Palembang . It is the closest part of Indonesia to Singapore , at a minimum land distance of 5.8 km . During the 2010 national census , Batam was the fastest-growing municipality in Indonesia the decade prior , with a population growth rate of 11% per year . In 2017 , the island suffered severe job losses , some 300,000 workers were laid off .
The Riau Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Riau ) is a province of Indonesia . It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , and Borneo . Situated on one of the world 's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea , the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore , Malaysia , and Vietnam . The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources , energy , as well as marine resources . The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam . The Riau archipelago was once part of the Johor Sultanate , which was later partitioned between the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , in which the archipelago fell under Dutch influence . A Dutch protectorate , the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , was established in the region between 1824 and 1911 before being directly ruled by the Dutch East Indies . The archipelago became a part of Indonesia following the occupation of the Japanese Empire ( 1942-1945 ) and the Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945-1949 ) . The Riau Islands separated from the province of Riau in September 2002 , becoming Indonesia 's third-youngest province . A free trade zone of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , the Riau Islands has experienced rapid industrialisation since the 1970s . The Riau Islands is one of the country 's most prosperous provinces , having a GDP per capita of Rp72.571,75 ( USD 8.300,82 ) as of 2011 , the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after East Kalimantan , Jakarta and Riau . In addition , as of 2018 , the Riau Islands has a Human Development Index of 0.748 , also the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after Jakarta , Special Region of Yogyakarta and East Kalimantan .
Pekanbaru is the capital of Indonesian province of Riau , and a major economic center on the eastern part of Sumatra Island . Its name is derived from the Malay words for 'new market ' ( 'pekan ' is market and 'baru ' is new ) . It has an area of 632.26 km² with a population of 1,093,416 . Located on the banks of the Siak River , which drains into the Strait of Malacca , Pekanbaru has direct access to the busy strait and was long known as a trading port . Pekanbaru was originally built as a market by Minangkabau merchants during the 18th century . A settlement has existed on the site since the 17th century.In the late 19th century , the city was developed to serve the coffee and coal industries , and the Dutch built roads to help ship goods to Singapore and Malacca . This city is served by the Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport and Sungai Duku Port that is located by the Siak River .
Riau , is a province of Indonesia . It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca . Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands , a large group of small islands ( of which the principal islands are Batam and Bintan ) located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore , before these islands were split off as a province in July 2004 . The provincial capital and the largest city of Riau is Pekanbaru . The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest , West Sumatra to the west , and Jambi to the south . The total area for Riau province is 87,023.66 square kilometres ( 33,600.02 sq mi ) , which stretches from the slopes of the Bukit Barisan to the Strait of Malacca . Riau has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging between 2000 and 3000 millimeters per year , and the average rainfall per year is about 160 days . Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources , particularly petroleum , natural gas , rubber , palm oil and fibre plantations . Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau , and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region . Riau is considered part of the Malay world . It is currently considered as the cultural center of the Malays in Indonesia . Nevertheless , Riau is considered a very diverse province , as it is inhabited by many ethnic groups , such as Malay , Minangkabau , Chinese and Batak .
Bandar Lampung is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Lampung . Located on the southern tip of Sumatra , Bandar Lampung was originally called Tanjungkarang-Telukbetung , since it was a unification of two major settlements in Lampung , before being renamed in 1983 . The city proper and South Lampung Regency ( which borders the city on its northern and eastern sides ) are major transmigrasi recipients ; in testimony thereof , it has become the third-densest city in Sumatra , after Medan and Palembang . The city 's area is about 169.21 km² , with an estimated population of 1.015.910 as of 2017 .
Lampung is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra . It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest , and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north . It is the original home of the Lampung people , who speak their own language , and possess their own written script . Its capital is Bandar Lampung . The province covers a land area of 35,376 sq.km and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 Census and 8,109,601 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) was 8,457,600 , with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese , Madurese , and Balinese migrants . These migrants came from more densely populated islands , in search of available land , as well as being part of the national government 's Indonesian transmigration program , of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations . On 10 May 2005 , a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province . In 1883 , the volcano of Krakatoa , located on an island in the Sunda Strait , separating the islands of Sumatra and Java , suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history , with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere , including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands , and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years .