List of Phi Kappa Psi brothers
Table:
Name
Original chapter
Initiation
year
Notability
Ref(s)

Stephen Ailes
West Virginia Alpha
1934
United States Secretary of the Army (1964–1965)
[185]

Scott C. Black
California Eta
1974
37th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (2005–2009)
[186]

Tasker H. Bliss
Pennsylvania Gamma
1870
General, United States Army; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during World War I (1917–1918)
[187]

Lynn Compton
California Epsilon
1940
United States Army; Portrayed in HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Neal McDonough; recipient of the Silver Star
[188]

Walter B. Huffman
Texas Beta
1964
Dean of Texas Tech University School of Law (2002–2010); 35th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (1997–2001)
[189]

John A. Hull
Iowa Alpha
1890
15th Judge Advocate General of the United States Army (1924–1928)
[127]

William Campbell Langfitt
Ohio Delta
1880
Major General, United States Army; chief of staff and chief engineer for the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I; namesake of the USS General W. C. Langfitt
[190]

John Otho Marsh, Jr.
Virginia Beta
1948
United States Secretary of the Army (1981–1989); U.S. Representative from Virginia (1963–1971); served in the Army during World War II
[191]

Kenneth Minihan
Florida Alpha
1963
Lieutenant General, United States Air Force; Director of the National Security Agency (1996–1999); Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (1995–1996); Vietnam War veteran
[133]

Billy Mitchell
District of Columbia Alpha
1896
"Father of the U.S. Air Force"; Congressional Gold Medal recipient; Brigadier General, United States Army; commander of U.S. Army air forces in France during World War I; the country's most notable early proponent of air power and one of the most important figures in American military history; namesake of the North American B-25 Mitchell Bomber and the General Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; subject of the 1955 movie The Court-Marital of Billy Mitchell starring Gary Cooper
[190]

James C. Owens, Jr.
California Delta
1930
United States Navy; Posthumous recipient of the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation during World War II for valor as a squadron commander of torpedo bombers at the Battle of Midway; namesake of the USS James C. Owens
[192]

Frank Parker
South Carolina Alpha
1888
Major General, United States Army; commander of the 1st Infantry Division during World War I
[193]

William T. Poague
South Carolina Alpha
1888
Colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War; Treasurer of the Virginia Military Institute (1884–1914); Washington and Lee University trustee (1865–1885)
[194]

Robert W. Sennewald
Iowa Beta
1950
General, United States Army; Commanding General of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1984–1986); Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and Combined Forces ROK/United States (1982–1984); battalion commander during the Vietnam War
[51]

David W. Taylor
Virginia Epsilon
1877
Rear Admiral, United States Navy; Chief Constructor of the Navy (World War I); recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Honour, and John Fritz Medal (1931)
[195]

Henry Terrell, Jr.
Texas Alpha
1908
Major General, United States Army; commander of the 90th Infantry Division during World War II
[196]

Daniel Van Voorhis
Ohio Alpha, Pennsylvania Alpha
1897
Lieutenant General, United States Army; Commander of V Corps (1938–1942); a founder of the Army's Armor Branch and one of the most important developers of American mobile warfare doctrine
[197]

Walter X. Young
Illinois Beta
1937
United States Marine Corps; posthumous recipient of the Navy Cross; namesake of the USS Walter X. Young
[155]

From the given table and the relevant paragraphs listed below.

Give the answer to the question: What was the original chapter of the member who received his undergraduate education at Princeton University ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Stephen Ailes ( March 25 , 1912 - June 30 , 2001 ) was a prominent member of the District of Columbia Bar and a partner in the firm of Steptoe & Johnson . He served as the United States Under Secretary of the Army from February 9 , 1961 to January 28 , 1964 and as United States Secretary of the Army from January 28 , 1964 to July 1 , 1965 . He received his undergraduate education at Princeton University , and attended the law school of West Virginia University , where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity .
West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships .
The secretary of the Army ( SA , SECARM or SECARMY ) is a senior civilian official within the Department of Defense of the United States with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army : manpower , personnel , reserve affairs , installations , environmental issues , weapons systems and equipment acquisition , communications , and financial management . The secretary of the Army is nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The secretary is a non-Cabinet level official serving under the secretary of defense . This position was created on September 18 , 1947 , replacing the secretary of war , when the Department of War was split into the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force . On September 26 , 2019 , Ryan McCarthy was confirmed as the Secretary of the Army , and was sworn in to office on September 30 , 2019 .
Lieutenant General Scott C. Black ( born September 1 , 1952 ) is a retired American military lawyer who was the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from October 1 , 2005 to October 1 , 2009 . He was the first lieutenant general to hold that position . He is currently vice president and general manager of global mission solutions at BAE Systems Support Solutions .
California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference .
The Judge Advocate General 's Corps ( JAG Corps ) is the branch or specialty of a military concerned with military justice and military law . Officers serving in a JAG Corps are typically called judge advocates . Only the chief attorney within each branch is referred to as the Judge Advocate General ; however , individual JAG Corps officers are colloquially known as JAGs . Judge Advocates serve primarily as legal advisors to the command to which they are assigned . In this function , they can also serve as the personal legal advisor to their commander . Their advice may cover a wide range of issues dealing with administrative law , government contracting , civilian and military personnel law , law of war and international relations , environmental law , etc . They also serve as prosecutors for the military when conducting courts-martial . In the United States military , they are charged with both the defense and prosecution of military law as provided in the Uniform Code of Military Justice . Highly experienced officers of the JAG Corps often serve as military judges in courts-martial and courts of inquiry .
The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States .
Tasker Howard Bliss ( December 31 , 1853 - November 9 , 1930 ) was a United States Army officer who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from September 22 , 1917 until May 18 , 1918 . He was also a diplomat involved in the peace negotiations of World War I , and was one of the co-signatories of the Treaty of Versailles for the United States .
Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college in Lewisburg , Pennsylvania . The university consists of the College of Arts and Sciences , Freeman College of Management , and the College of Engineering . Bucknell was founded in 1846 , and features programs in the arts , humanities , sciences , social sciences , engineering , management , education , and music , as well as programs and pre-professional advising that prepare students for study in law and medicine . It offers nearly 50 majors and over 60 minors . South of central Lewisburg , the 445-acre ( 1.80 km2 ) campus is along the west bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River , at an elevation of 530 feet ( 160 m ) above sea level . Primarily an undergraduate school ( with about 3,600 students ) , Bucknell has about 50 graduate students . Students come from all fifty U.S. states and from more than 66 countries ; it has nearly 200 student organizations and a large Greek presence . The school 's mascot is Bucky the Bison and the school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics .
The Chief of Staff of the Army ( CSA ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 3033 ) held by a four-star general in the United States Army . As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army , the CSA is the principal military advisor and a deputy to the Secretary of the Army . In a separate capacity , the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 10 U.S.C . § 151 ) and , thereby , a military advisor to the National Security Council , the Secretary of Defense , and the President of the United States . The CSA is typically the highest-ranking officer on active-duty in the U.S. Army unless the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers . The Chief of Staff of the Army is an administrative position based in the Pentagon . While the CSA does not have operational command authority over Army forces proper ( which is within the purview of the Combatant Commanders who report to the Secretary of Defense ) , the CSA does exercise supervision of army units and organizations as the designee of the Secretary of the Army . The 40th and current Chief of Staff of the Army is General James C. McConville .
World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan .
Lynn Davis Buck Compton ( December 31 , 1921 - February 25 , 2012 ) was an American jurist , police officer , and soldier . In his legal career , he served as a prosecutor and California Court of Appeal judge , and is most notable as having been the lead prosecutor in Sirhan Sirhan 's trial for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy . Previously , he served with the Los Angeles Police Department . During World War II , he was a commissioned officer with E Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army . Compton was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Neal McDonough .
The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference .
HBO ( Home Box Office ) is an American premium television network owned by Home Box Office , Inc. , a subsidiary of WarnerMedia Entertainment . The programming featured on the network consists primarily of theatrically released motion pictures and original television shows , along with made-for-cable movies , documentaries and occasional comedy and concert specials . HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service ( basic or premium ) in the United States , having been in operation since November 8 , 1972 . In 2016 , HBO had an adjusted operating income of US $ 1.93 billion , compared to the US $ 1.88 billion it accrued in 2015 . HBO has 140 million subscribers worldwide as of 2018 [ update ] . The network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels , including HBO Comedy , HBO Latino , HBO Signature , and HBO Family . It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015 and has over 5 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2018 [ update ] .
Band of Brothers is a 2001 American war drama miniseries based on historian Stephen E. Ambrose 's 1992 non-fiction book of the same name . The executive producers were Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks , who had collaborated on the 1998 World War II film Saving Private Ryan . The episodes first started airing on HBO September 9 , 2001 . The series won Emmy and Golden Globe awards in 2001 for best miniseries . The series dramatizes the history of Easy Company , 2nd Battalion , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , of the 101st Airborne Division , from jump training in the United States through its participation in major actions in Europe , up until Japan 's capitulation and the end of World War II . The events are based on Ambrose 's research and recorded interviews with Easy Company veterans . The series took literary license , adapting history for dramatic effect and series structure . The characters portrayed are based on members of Easy Company . Some of the men were recorded in contemporary interviews , which viewers see as preludes to several episodes , with the men 's real identities revealed in the finale . The title for the book and series comes from the St Crispin 's Day Speech in William Shakespeare 's play Henry V , delivered by King Henry before the Battle of Agincourt . Ambrose quotes a passage from the speech on his book 's first page ; this passage is spoken by Carwood Lipton in the series finale .
Neal P. McDonough ( born February 13 , 1966 ) is an American actor and producer , known for his portrayal of Lieutenant Lynn Buck Compton in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) , Deputy District Attorney David McNorris on Boomtown ( 2002-2003 ) , Sean Cahill on Suits , Robert Quarles on Justified , William Parker in Mob City , and Dave Williams on ABC 's Desperate Housewives ( 2008-2009 ) . He also appeared in films such as Star Trek : First Contact , Minority Report , Walking Tall , The Guardian , Flags of Our Fathers , Red 2 , The Marine 3 : Homefront , Traitor , The Hitcher , Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , Proud Mary , and as Dum Dum Dugan in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films and TV series . He appeared as Damien Darhk on Arrow , and in Legends of Tomorrow . He also plays as Malcolm Beck on Yellowstone as well as voicing a variety of comic superheroes and villains in a number of animated films and video games .
The Silver Star Medal is the United States Armed Forces 's third-highest personal decoration for valor in combat . The Silver Star Medal is awarded primarily to members of the United States Armed Forces for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States .
Major General Walter Burl Huffman , USA ( born October 8 , 1944 ) was an American military lawyer who served as the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from August 5 , 1997 until September 30 , 2001 . He has been a professor at the Texas Tech University School of Law since 2002 and was the dean from 2002 to 2009 .
Texas Tech University ( Texas Tech , Tech , or TTU ) is a public research university in Lubbock , Texas . Established on February 10 , 1923 ( 1923-02-10 ) , and called until 1969 Texas Technological College , it is the main institution of the four-institution Texas Tech University System . The university 's student enrollment is the seventh-largest in Texas as of the Fall 2017 semester . The university offers degrees in more than 150 courses of study through 13 colleges and hosts 60 research centers and institutes . Texas Tech University has awarded over 200,000 degrees since 1927 , including over 40,000 graduate and professional degrees . The Carnegie Foundation classifies Texas Tech as having highest research activity . Research projects in the areas of epidemiology , pulsed power , grid computing , nanophotonics , atmospheric sciences , and wind energy are among the most prominent at the university . The Spanish Renaissance-themed campus , described by author James Michener as the most beautiful west of the Mississippi until you get to Stanford , has been awarded the Grand Award for excellence in grounds-keeping , and has been noted for possessing a public art collection among the ten best in the United States . The Texas Tech Red Raiders are charter members of the Big 12 Conference and compete in Division I for all varsity sports . The Red Raiders football team has made 36 bowl appearances , which is 17th most of any university . The Red Raiders basketball team has made 14 appearances in the NCAA Division I Tournament . Bob Knight has coached the second most wins in men 's NCAA Division I basketball history and served as the team 's head coach from 2001 to 2008 .
The Texas Tech University School of Law is an ABA-accredited law school located on the campus of Texas Tech University in Lubbock , Texas . The school offers three academic centers , ten dual-degree programs , a nationally recognized legal writing program , and a competitive advocacy program that has earned 45 national and international championships . Additionally , third-year law students may participate in one of the school 's eight clinical programs , which allow students to gain real-world experience while providing free legal representation to low-income individuals . The school focuses on forming practical lawyers who are ready to practice law upon graduation . The student population is approximately 60.4% male and 39.6% female . In May 2019 , Texas Tech Law alumnus and adjunct professor Brandon Beck successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Davis ( 2019 ) .
John Adley Hull ( August 7 , 1874 - April 17 , 1944 ) was a Judge Advocate General in the U.S. Army and an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines . Hull was born in Bloomfield , Iowa to Civil War officer and longtime Iowa Congressman John A.T . Hull and his wife , Emma Gregory Hull . He received a law degree from the University of Iowa College of Law . At the beginning of the Spanish-American War , he enlisted in the Iowa National Guard and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and Judge Advocate for the U.S . Volunteers . In 1901 , he was appointed a major in the Judge Advocate General 's Corps . He would serve as legal advisor to Governor-General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison from 1913 to 1921 . He married Norma Bowler King at Fort Myer , Virginia , in 1919 . She would divorce him on May 22 , 1934 , in Reno , Nevada . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge nominated him to be judge advocate general of the Army with the rank of major general , a position he held until 1928 when he retired from the Army . In 1927 , it was thought he would succeed Leonard Wood as Governor-General of the Philippines , but Coolidge instead chose past and future cabinet member Henry L. Stimson .
The University of Iowa ( UI , U of I , UIowa , or simply Iowa ) is a public research university in Iowa City , Iowa . Founded in 1847 , it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state . The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees . Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River , the University of Iowa is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university is best known for its programs in health care , law , and the fine arts , with programs ranking among the top 25 nationally in those areas . The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree and it operates the Iowa Writer 's Workshop , which has produced 17 of the university 's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners . Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities , the Universities Research Association , and the Big Ten Academic Alliance . Among American universities , the University of Iowa was the first public university to open as coeducational , opened the first coeducational medical school , and opened the first Department of Religious Studies at a public university . The University of Iowa 's 33,000 students take part in nearly 500 student organizations . Iowa 's 22 varsity athletic teams , the Iowa Hawkeyes , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are members of the Big Ten Conference . The University of Iowa alumni network exceeds 250,000 graduates .
William Campbell Langfitt ( 10 August 1860 - 20 April 1934 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . He was prominent as the chief of staff and chief engineer for the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I .
The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .
The American Expeditionary Forces ( A. E. F. , A.E.F . or AEF ) was a formation of the United States Army on the Western Front of World War I . The AEF was established on July 5 , 1917 , in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing . It fought alongside French Army , British Army , Canadian Army , and Australian Army units against the Imperial German Army . A minority of the AEF troops also fought alongside Italian Army units in that same year against the Austro-Hungarian Army . The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive ( at the Battle of Château-Thierry and Battle of Belleau Wood ) in the summer of 1918 , and fought its major actions in the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the latter part of 1918 .
USS General W. C. Langfitt ( AP-151 ) was a General G. O. Squier-class transport ship for the U.S. Navy in World War II . She was named in honor of U.S. Army general William Campbell Langfitt . She was transferred to the U.S. Army as USAT General W. C. Langfitt in 1946 . On 1 March 1950 she was transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service ( MSTS ) as USNS General W. C. Langfitt ( T-AP-151 ) . She was later sold for commercial operation under the name SS Transindiana , before ultimately being scrapped in 1983 .
John Otho Marsh Jr. ( August 7 , 1926 - February 4 , 2019 ) was an American politician and an adjunct professor at George Mason University School of Law . He served as the United States Secretary of the Army from 1981 to 1989 , and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia from 1963 to 1971 .
Washington and Lee University ( Washington and Lee or W & L ) is a private liberal arts university in Lexington , Virginia . Established in 1749 , the university is a colonial-era college and the ninth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . Washington and Lee 's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains . The campus is approximately 50 miles ( 80 km ) northeast from Roanoke , 140 miles ( 230 km ) west from the state capital of Richmond , and 180 miles ( 290 km ) inland southwest from the national capital at Washington , D.C. Washington and Lee was originally founded as a small classical school named Augusta Academy ( later renamed Liberty Hall Academy ) by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers , though the university has never claimed any sectarian affiliation . In 1796 , shortly before the end of his second term as US President , George Washington endowed the struggling academy with a gift of stock , one of the largest gifts to an educational institution at that time . In gratitude , the school was renamed for the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) , president at the Federal Constitutional Convention meeting in Philadelphia ( summer of 1787 ) , framer of the American Constitution ( 1787-1788 ) , and the first President of the United States ( 1789-1797 ) . In 1865 , shortly after his April 9 surrender to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant , commander of the Union Armies , former Confederate States Army General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee ( 1807-1870 ) was called and served as president of the college for five years until his death in 1870 , when the college was thereafter renamed the Washington and Lee University . One of the oldest institutions of higher education in the American South , W & L is the second-oldest in the Commonwealth of Virginia ( next to the College of William & Mary , founded in 1693 ) . The university consists of three academic units : the college itself ; the Williams School of Commerce , Economics , and Politics ; and the School of Law . The university hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA Division III ) .
The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the Commonwealth of Virginia . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state ( through the present day ) , see United States Congressional Delegations from Virginia . The list of names should be complete , but other data may be incomplete .
World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed .
Kenneth A. Minihan ( born December 31 , 1943 ) is a former United States Air Force lieutenant general who served as the director of the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency , retiring on May 1 , 1999 .
Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships .
The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .
The Director of the National Security Agency ( DIRNSA ) is the highest-ranking official of the National Security Agency , which is a Defense Agency within the U.S. Department of Defense . The Director of the NSA also concurrently serves as Chief of the Central Security Service ( CHCSS ) and as Commander of U.S. Cyber Command ( USCYBERCOM ) . As DIRNSA/CHCSS the officeholder reports through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence , and as CDRUSCYBERCOM , to the Secretary of Defense . According to 10 U.S.C . § 201 of the United States Code , the Director of the NSA is recommended by the Secretary of Defense and nominated for appointment by the President . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate . In accordance with Department of Defense Directive 5100.20 , dated 23 December 1971 , the Director of the NSA must always be a commissioned officer of the military services . Because the assignment is currently part of a tri-hatted position , the Director of the NSA is appointed to the grade of a four-star general or admiral during the period of his incumbency . The Deputy Director is always a technically experienced civilian .
The Director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who , upon nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate , serves as the United States ' highest-ranking military intelligence officer . As the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency , the Director is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence through the civilian Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command . Additionally , they chair the Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community .
The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [ A 1 ] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; South Vietnam was supported by the United States , South Korea , the Philippines , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war , considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some , lasted 19 years , with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973 , and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War , which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975 . The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh . [ A 4 ] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state . The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated a guerrilla war in the south . North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents , establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng . :16 U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.:131 By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam . :16 North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People 's Republic of China . China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles . :371-4 By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam .
William Lendrum Mitchell ( December 29 , 1879 - February 19 , 1936 ) was a United States Army general who is regarded as the father of the United States Air Force . Mitchell served in France during World War I and , by the conflict 's end , commanded all American air combat units in that country . After the war , he was appointed deputy director of the Air Service and began advocating increased investment in air power , believing that this would prove vital in future wars . He argued particularly for the ability of bombers to sink battleships and organized a series of bombing runs against stationary ships designed to test the idea . He antagonized many administrative leaders of the Army with his arguments and criticism and , in 1925 , was returned from appointment as a brigadier general to his permanent rank of colonel due to his insubordination . Later that year , he was court-martialed for insubordination after accusing Army and Navy leaders of an almost treasonable administration of the national defense for investing in battleships instead of aircraft carriers . He resigned from the service shortly afterward . Mitchell received many honors following his death , including a commission by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a major general . He is also the first person for whom an American military aircraft design , the North American B-25 Mitchell , is named .
George Washington University ( GW or GWU ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C . It was chartered in 1821 by an act of the United States Congress . The university is organized into 14 colleges and schools , including the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences , the Elliott School of International Affairs , the GW School of Business , the School of Media and Public Affairs , the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration , the GW Law School and the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design . George Washington 's main Foggy Bottom Campus is located in the heart of Washington , D.C. , with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank located on campus and the White House and the U.S. Department of State within blocks of campus . GWU hosts numerous research centers and institutes , including the National Security Archive and the Institute for International Economic Policy . GWU has two satellite campuses : the Mount Vernon Campus , located in D.C. 's Foxhall neighborhood and the Virginia Science and Technology Campus . It is the largest institution of higher education in the District of Columbia . George Washington , the first President of the United States , advocated the establishment of a national university in the U.S. capital in his first State of the Union address in 1790 and continued to promote this idea throughout his career and until his death . In his will , Washington left shares in the Potomac Company to endow the university . However , due to the company 's financial difficulties , funds were raised independently . On February 9 , 1821 , the university was founded by an Act of Congress , making it one of only five universities in the United States with a Congressional charter . George Washington offers degree programs in seventy-one disciplines , enrolling an average of 11,000 undergraduate and 15,500 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries .
A Congressional Gold Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress . The congressional practice of issuing gold medals to occasionally honor recipients from the military began during the American Revolution . Later the practice extended to individuals in all walks of life and in the late 20th century also to groups . The Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom are the highest civilian awards in the United States . The congressional medal seeks to honor those , individually or as a group , who have performed an achievement that has an impact on American history and culture that is likely to be recognized as a major achievement in the recipient 's field long after the achievement . However , There are no permanent statutory provisions specifically relating to the creation of Congressional Gold Medals . When a Congressional Gold Medal has been deemed appropriate , Congress has , by legislative action , provided for the creation of a medal on an ad hoc basis . Thus , there are generally fewer gold medals than presidential medals . U.S. citizenship is not a requirement . As of April 4 , 2019 , 163 institutions , people , or events have been awarded a Congressional Gold Medal .
The North American B-25 Mitchell is a medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Major General William Billy Mitchell , a pioneer of U.S. military aviation . Used by many Allied air forces , the B-25 served in every theater of World War II , and after the war ended , many remained in service , operating across four decades . Produced in numerous variants , nearly 10,000 B-25s were built . These included a few limited models such as the F-10 reconnaissance aircraft , the AT-24 crew trainers , and the United States Marine Corps ' PBJ-1 patrol bomber .
Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport ( IATA : MKE , ICAO : KMKE , FAA LID : MKE ) is a civil-military airport 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of downtown Milwaukee , Wisconsin , United States . It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2019-2023 , in which it is categorized as a medium-hub primary commercial service facility . It is named after United States Army Air Service General Billy Mitchell , who was raised in Milwaukee and is often regarded as the father of the United States Air Force . Along with being the primary airport for Milwaukee , Mitchell International has sometimes been described as Chicago 's third airport , as many travelers in the suburbs north of Chicago use it instead of Chicago 's O'Hare and Midway airports . It is also used by travellers throughout Wisconsin and Northern Illinois . An Amtrak railway station opened at the airport in 2005 ; the station is served by Amtrak 's Hiawatha Service running between Chicago and Milwaukee several times daily . Since March 1941 , the airport 's weather station has been used as the official point for Milwaukee weather observations and records by the National Weather Service , whose area office is located in Sullivan . Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport is accessible from Interstate 41/Interstate 94/US Highway 41 ( North-South Freeway ) and Wisconsin Highway 38 ( S. Howell Avenue ) via Wisconsin Highway 119 ( Airport Spur ) .
Milwaukee ( /mɪlˈwɔːki/ , locally /mɪˈ-/ ) is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States . The seat of the eponymous county , it is on Lake Michigan 's western shore . Ranked by its estimated 2018 population , Milwaukee was the 31st largest city in the United States . The city 's estimated population in 2018 was 594,511 . Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area which had a population of 2,043,904 in the 2014 census estimate . It is the third-most densely populated metropolitan area in The Midwest , surpassed only by Chicago and Detroit , respectively . Milwaukee is considered a Gamma global city as categorized by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network with a regional GDP of over $ 105 billion . The first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic Jesuit missionaries , who were ministering to Native Americans , and fur traders . In 1818 , the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area , and in 1846 , Juneau 's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the city of Milwaukee . Large numbers of German immigrants arrived during the late 1840s , after the German revolutions , with Poles and other eastern European immigrants arriving in the following decades . Milwaukee is known for its brewing traditions , begun with the German immigrants . Beginning in the early 21st century , the city has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s .
The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell is a 1955 American CinemaScope film in Warnercolor , directed by Otto Preminger , and starring Gary Cooper and co-starring Charles Bickford , Ralph Bellamy , Rod Steiger , and Elizabeth Montgomery in her film debut . The film is based on the notorious court-martial of General Billy Mitchell , who is considered the founder of the U.S. Air Force . .
Gary Cooper ( born Frank James Cooper ; May 7 , 1901 - May 13 , 1961 ) was an American actor known for his natural , authentic , understated acting style and screen performances . Cooper 's career spanned 36 years , from 1925 to 1961 , and included leading roles in 84 feature films . He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood . His screen persona appealed strongly to both men and women , and his range of performances included roles in most major film genres . His ability to project his own personality onto the characters he played contributed to his natural and authentic appearance on screen . Throughout his career , he sustained a screen persona that represented the ideal American hero . Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider , but soon landed acting roles . After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films , he appeared as the Virginian and became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture , The Virginian . In the early 1930s , he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms ( 1932 ) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer ( 1935 ) . During the height of his career , Cooper portrayed a new type of hero - a champion of the common man - in films such as Mr . Deeds Goes to Town ( 1936 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) , Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , The Pride of the Yankees ( 1942 ) , and For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) . In the postwar years , he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead ( 1949 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) .
James C. Owens Jr. ( 5 December 1910 in Batavia , New York - 4 June 1942 ) , he was a naval aviator . He was appointed Naval Aviation Cadet , USNR , 3 September 1935 . Following flight training at Pensacola , Florida , he served on board Lexington ( CV-2 ) ; and on 1 September 1941 , he joined Torpedo Squadron 8 on board Hornet ( CV-8 ) . Appointed Lieutenant 6 January 1942 , Owens was the squadron Executive Officer and led the second division of TBD Devastator torpedo bombers when it pressed home a courageous and determined attack against Japanese carriers on 4 June during the Battle of Midway . Without the protection of fighters or accompanying dive bombers , the pilots exposed themselves to overwhelming firepower ; and every plane of the squadron was shot down . By forcing the enemy ships to maneuver radically , thereby delaying Japanese preparations for a second strike , the stark courage and relentless drive of the torpedo pilots , such as Lieutenant Owens , made possible the American victory that followed . For extraordinary heroism in the face of overwhelming danger , Lt. Owens received the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) posthumously .
The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 .
The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy .
The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 .
The Presidential Unit Citation ( PUC ) , originally called the Distinguished Unit Citation , is awarded to units of the uniformed services of the United States , and those of allied countries , for extraordinary heroism in action against an armed enemy on or after 7 December 1941 ( the date of the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the start of American involvement in World War II ) . The unit must display such gallantry , determination , and esprit de corps in accomplishing its mission under extremely difficult and hazardous conditions so as to set it apart from and above other units participating in the same campaign . Since its inception by Executive Order on 26 February 1942 , retroactive to 7 December 1941 , to 2008 , the Presidential Unit Citation has been awarded in conflicts such as World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , Iraq War , and the War in Afghanistan . The collective degree of valor ( combat heroism ) against an armed enemy by the unit nominated for the PUC is the same as that which would warrant award of the individual award of the Distinguished Service Cross , Air Force Cross or Navy Cross . In some cases , one or more individuals within the unit may have also been awarded individual awards for their contribution to the actions for which their entire unit was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation . The unit with the most Presidential Unit Citations is the submarine USS Parche ( SSN-683 ) with 9 citations .
The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4-7 June 1942 , six months after Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea . The United States Navy under Admirals Chester W. Nimitz , Frank J. Fletcher , and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto , Chūichi Nagumo , and Nobutake Kondō near Midway Atoll , inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable . Military historian John Keegan called it the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare , while naval historian Craig Symonds called it one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history , ranking alongside Salamis , Trafalgar , and Tsushima Strait , as both tactically decisive and strategically influential . The Japanese operation , like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor , sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific , thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . The Japanese hoped another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific . Luring the American aircraft carriers into a trap and occupying Midway was part of an overall barrier strategy to extend Japan 's defensive perimeter , in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo . This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji , Samoa , and Hawaii itself . The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions . Most significantly , American cryptographers were able to determine the date and location of the planned attack , enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to prepare its own ambush . Four Japanese and three American aircraft carriers participated in the battle . The four Japanese fleet carriers - Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū and Hiryū , part of the six-carrier force that had attacked Pearl Harbor six months earlier - were sunk , as was the heavy cruiser Mikuma . The U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann .
USS James C. Owens ( DD-776 ) , an Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer , is the only ship of the United States Navy FRAM II class to be named for Lieutenant James C. Owens Jr. , a member of Torpedo Squadron 8 on board USS Hornet . His entire squadron was lost in an attack against Japanese aircraft carriers 4 June during the Battle of Midway . Lt. Owens received the Navy Cross and the Presidential Unit Citation ( US ) posthumously . James C. Owens ( DD-776 ) was laid down 9 April 1944 , by the Bethlehem Steel Co. , San Pedro , California and launched 1 October 1944 ; sponsored by Mrs. James C. Owens Jr. , widow of Lt. Owens . The ship commissioned on 17 February 1945 , Commander R. H. Blair in command .
Frank Parker ( September 21 , 1872 - March 13 , 1947 ) was a Major General in the United States Army . His awards include the Distinguished Service Medal , 2 silver star citations , and numerous foreign decorations and civilian accolades .
The University of South Carolina ( USC , UofSC , SC , or simply Carolina ) is a public research university in Columbia , South Carolina . It has seven satellite campuses throughout the state and its main campus covers over 359 acres ( 145 ha ) in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities with Highest Research Activity . It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland , and the world 's largest Ernest Hemingway collection . Founded in 1801 as South Carolina College , USC is the flagship institution of the University of South Carolina System and offers more than 350 programs of study , leading to bachelor 's , master 's , and doctoral degrees from fourteen degree-granting colleges and schools . The University of South Carolina has a total enrollment of approximately 52,000 students , with over 35,000 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2019 - making it the largest university in the Carolinas . USC also has several thousand future students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges . Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business , engineering , law , medicine , pharmacy , and social work .
The 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army , and is the oldest continuously serving in the Regular Army . It has seen continuous service since its organization in 1917 during World War I . It was officially nicknamed The Big Red One ( abbreviated BRO ) after its shoulder patch and is also nicknamed The Fighting First . However , the division has also received troop monikers of The Big Dead One and The Bloody First as puns on the respective officially sanctioned nicknames . It is currently based at Fort Riley , Kansas .
William Thomas Poague ( December 20 , 1835 - September 8 , 1914 ) was a Confederate States Army officer serving in the Artillery during the American Civil War . He later served as Treasurer of Virginia Military Institute .
The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts .
The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years .
Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) is a public military college in Lexington , Virginia . It was founded in 1839 and is the first public Senior Military College in the United States . In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other Senior Military College in the United States , VMI enrolls cadets ( uniformed members of the Corps of Cadets ) only and awards baccalaureate degrees exclusively . VMI offers its students , all of whom are cadets , strict military discipline combined with a physically and academically demanding environment . The Institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering , science , and the liberal arts , and all VMI students are required to participate in ROTC . While VMI has been called The West Point of the South , it differs from the federal military service academies . As of 2019 , VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets . All cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) of the United States Armed Forces programs , but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer 's commission in any of the active or reserve components of any of the U.S. military branches upon graduation . VMI 's alumni include a Secretary of State , Secretary of Defense , the current Secretary of the Army , a Nobel Peace Prize winner , 7 Medal of Honor recipients , 13 Rhodes Scholars , Pulitzer Prize winners , an Academy Award winner , an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner , a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church , Senators and Representatives , Governors , including the current Governor of Virginia , Lieutenant Governors , a Supreme Court Justice , numerous college and university presidents , many business leaders ( presidents and CEOs ) and over 290 general and flag officers across all US service branches and several other countries .
Robert William Sennewald ( born November 21 , 1929 ) is a retired United States Army general .
Iowa State University of Science and Technology ( Iowa State ) is a public land-grant and space-grant research university in Ames , Iowa . It is the largest university in the state of Iowa and the third largest university in the Big 12 athletic conference . Iowa State is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . It is also a member of the Association of American Universities ( AAU ) . Founded in 1858 and coeducational from its start , Iowa State became the nation 's first designated land-grant institution when the Iowa Legislature accepted the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Act on September 11 , 1862 , making Iowa the first state in the nation to do so . Iowa State 's academic offerings are administered today through eight colleges , including the graduate college , that offer over 100 bachelor 's degree programs , 112 master 's degree programs , and 83 at the Ph.D. level , plus a professional degree program in Veterinary Medicine . Iowa State University 's athletic teams , the Cyclones , compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a founding member of the Big 12 . The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships .
In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force , general ( abbreviated as GEN in the Army or Gen in the Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force ) is a four-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-10 . General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force ; the Marine Corps and Space Force does not have an established grade above general . General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services . Since the grades of General of the Army and General of the Air Force are reserved for wartime use only , and since the Marine Corps has no five-star equivalent , the grade of general is the highest appointment an officer can achieve in peacetime .
United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) is the largest United States Army command and provider of expeditionary , regionally engaged , campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders . Headquartered at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , FORSCOM consists of more than 750,000 active Army , U.S. Army Reserve , and Army National Guard soldiers . FORSCOM provides enhanced land power gaining operational depth and versatility through a mix of fully integrated Active and Reserve Component forces operating in a joint , interagency , intergovernmental , and multinational ( JIIM ) environment . Its organizations are expeditionary , campaign focused , and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations . FORSCOM was created on July 1 , 1973 , from the former Continental Army Command ( CONARC ) .
The United Nations Command ( UNC ) is the unified command structure for the multinational military forces , established in 1950 , supporting South Korea ( the Republic of Korea or ROK ) during and after the Korean War .
South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP .
David Watson Taylor ( March 4 , 1864 - July 28 , 1940 ) was a U.S. naval architect and an engineer of the United States Navy . He served during World War I as Chief Constructor of the Navy , and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair . Taylor is best known as the man who constructed the first experimental towing tank ever built in the United States .
Randolph-Macon College is a private liberal arts college in Ashland , Virginia . Founded in 1830 , the school has an enrollment of more than 1,500 students . The college offers bachelor 's degrees .
The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919 . The medal is presented to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility . The award is the Navy and Marine Corps equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Medal , the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal , and the Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal . The Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross , until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed . Currently , it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal and before the Silver Star Medal .
The Legion of Honour [ a ] ( French : Légion d'honneur , IPA : [ leʒjɔ̃ dɔnœʁ ] ) is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits , established in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte and retained by all later French governments and régimes . The order 's motto is Honneur et Patrie ( Honour and Fatherland ) , and its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur next to the Musée d'Orsay , on the left bank of the Seine in Paris . [ b ] The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction : Chevalier ( Knight ) , Officier ( Officer ) , Commandeur ( Commander ) , Grand officier ( Grand Officer ) , and Grand-croix ( Grand Cross ) .
The John Fritz Medal has been awarded annually since 1902 by the American Association of Engineering Societies for outstanding scientific or industrial achievements . The medal was created for the 80th birthday of John Fritz , who lived between 1822 and 1913 .
Major General Henry Terrell Jr. ( October 14 , 1890 - October 3 , 1971 ) was a senior United States Army officer . Terrell commanded the 90th Infantry Division from its activation in March 1942 to January 1944 during World War II .
The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 .
The 90th Infantry Division ( Tough 'Ombres ) was a unit of the United States Army that served in World War I and World War II . Its lineage is carried on by the 90th Sustainment Brigade .
Daniel Van Voorhis ( October 24 , 1878 - January 9 , 1956 ) was a United States Army Lieutenant General and was noteworthy for his assignments as commander of V Corps and the Caribbean Defense Command , as well as his efforts in creating the Army 's modern Armor branch .
Ohio Wesleyan University ( OWU ) is a private liberal arts university in Delaware , Ohio . It was founded in 1842 by Methodist leaders and Central Ohio residents as a nonsectarian institution , and is a member of the Ohio Five - a consortium of Ohio liberal arts colleges . Ohio Wesleyan has always admitted students irrespective of religion or race and maintained that the university is forever to be conducted on the most liberal principles . The 200-acre ( 81 ha ) site is 27 miles ( 44 km ) north of Columbus , Ohio . It includes the main academic and residential campus , the Perkins Observatory , and the Kraus Wilderness Preserve . In 2010 , Ohio Wesleyan had the eleventh highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges for the seventeenth straight year . In its 2015 edition of U.S. college rankings , Niche ranked Ohio Wesleyan the 56th ( out of 880 colleges ) most politically liberal college in the U.S. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio Wesleyan 95th among U.S. liberal arts colleges in its 2018 edition .
Washington & Jefferson College ( W & J College or W & J ) is a private liberal arts college in Washington , Pennsylvania . The college traces its origin to three log cabin colleges in Washington County established by three Presbyterian missionaries to the American frontier in the 1780s : John McMillan , Thaddeus Dod , and Joseph Smith . These early schools eventually grew into two competing academies , with Jefferson College located in Canonsburg and Washington College located in Washington . The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College . The 60 acre ( 0.2 km2 ) campus has more than 40 buildings , with the oldest dating to 1793 . The college 's academic emphasis is on the liberal arts and the sciences , with a focus on preparing students for graduate and professional schools . Campus activities include various religious , political , and general interest clubs , as well as academic and professional-themed organizations . The college has a strong history of competing literary societies , dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges . Students operate a college radio station , a campus newspaper , and a literary journal . The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III . The football team has been particularly successful over its history , even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl . A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics .
V Corps was , and is scheduled to be again , a regular corps of the United States Army . It previously existed during World War I , World War II , Cold War , Kosovo , and War on Terrorism . It was officially inactivated on 15 September 2013 at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne , Germany .
The Armor Branch of the United States Army is an active combat arms branch . It was created provisionally in 1940 as Armored Force under Chief of the Armored Force , Brigadier General Adna R. Chaffee , Jr. and took control of all tank units in infantry and cavalry units .
Armoured warfare ( British English ) or armored warfare ( American English ; see spelling differences ) , mechanised warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare . It is a major component of modern methods of war . The premise of armoured warfare rests on the ability of troops to penetrate conventional defensive lines through use of manoeuvre by armoured units . Much of the application of armoured warfare depends on the use of tanks and related vehicles used by other supporting arms such as infantry fighting vehicles , self-propelled artillery , and other combat vehicles , as well as mounted combat engineers and other support units . The doctrine of armoured warfare was developed to break the static nature of World War I trench warfare on the Western Front , and return to the 19th century school of thought that advocated manoeuvre and decisive battle outcomes in military strategy .
Walter X . Young ( 1918-1942 ) was an officer of the United States Marine Corps during World War II who received the Navy Cross posthumously for his actions .
The University of Chicago ( UChicago , U of C , or Chicago ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1890 , the school is located on a 217-acre ( 88-hectare ) campus in Chicago 's Hyde Park neighborhood , near Lake Michigan . The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings . The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies , as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . The university has additional campuses and centers in London , Paris , Beijing , Delhi , and Hong Kong , as well as in downtown Chicago . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines , including economics , law , literary criticism , mathematics , religion , sociology , and the behavioralism school of political science , establishing the Chicago schools in various fields . Chicago 's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university 's Stagg Field . The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . The Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . The university is also home to Frank Lloyd Wright 's Robie House , a World Heritage Site .
The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve .
USS Walter X . Young ( DE-715/APD-131 ) was a ship of the United States Navy , named for Lieutenant Walter X . Young ( 1918-1942 ) , an officer of the United States Marine Corps who was killed in action during the Battle of Guadalcanal . Originally laid down on 27 May 1944 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City , Michigan as a Rudderow-class destroyer escort , DE-715 , Young was reclassified and redesignated as a Crosley-class high speed transport , APD-131 on 15 July 1944 . The ship was launched on 30 September 1944 , sponsored by Mrs. John J. McGeeney ; and commissioned on 1 May 1945 , with Lieutenant Commander Nicholas Biddle , USNR , in command .