National Register of Historic Places listings in Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Current listings
Table:
[3]

Name on the Register[4]

Image

Date listed[5]

Location
City or town

Description

1

Apostle Islands Lighthouses

Apostle Islands Lighthouses

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March 8, 1977
(#77000145)

N and E of Bayfield on Michigan, Raspberry, Outer, Sand and Devils Islands
46°59′38″N 90°36′06″W﻿ / ﻿46.993889°N 90.601667°W﻿ / 46.993889; -90.601667﻿ (Apostle Islands Lighthouses)
Bayfield

Six lighthouses built on various islands as early as 1856, to guide ships through and around the islands.[6]

2

Bank of Washburn

Bank of Washburn

January 17, 1980
(#80000105)

Bayfield St. and Central Ave.
46°40′24″N 90°53′29″W﻿ / ﻿46.673333°N 90.891389°W﻿ / 46.673333; -90.891389﻿ (Bank of Washburn)
Washburn

Monumental building designed by Conover and Porter in Romanesque style and built in 1890, of brownstone quarried north of Washburn. Now houses historical museum and cultural center.[7]

3

Bayfield County Courthouse

Bayfield County Courthouse

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January 17, 1975
(#75000060)

117 E. 5th St.
46°40′37″N 90°53′34″W﻿ / ﻿46.677005°N 90.892672°W﻿ / 46.677005; -90.892672﻿ (Bayfield County Courthouse)
Washburn

Courthouse designed by James Nader of Madison in Neoclassical revival style and built in 1894 of locally quarried brownstone.[8]

4

Bayfield Fish Hatchery

Bayfield Fish Hatchery

July 22, 1981
(#81000033)

WI State Highway 13
46°47′10″N 90°51′49″W﻿ / ﻿46.786111°N 90.863611°W﻿ / 46.786111; -90.863611﻿ (Bayfield Fish Hatchery)
Salmo

R. D. Pike operated a private fish hatchery on this site from the 1860s to 1895, when he donated the land to the state. The state built a new hatchery, with the gambrel-roofed Victorian building holding an office, living quarters, and a fish egg propagation area washed by the waters of Birch Run Creek.[9]

5

Bayfield Historic District

Bayfield Historic District

November 25, 1980
(#80000106)

WI J and WI 13
46°48′43″N 90°49′07″W﻿ / ﻿46.811944°N 90.818611°W﻿ / 46.811944; -90.818611﻿ (Bayfield Historic District)
Bayfield

A 60-block area in the city of Bayfield,[10] encompassing commercial buildings from wooden false front to brownstone, and residences from modest to Queen Anne.[11]

6

Booth Cooperage

Booth Cooperage

August 13, 1976
(#76000049)

1 East Washington St.
46°48′45″N 90°48′47″W﻿ / ﻿46.812432°N 90.813141°W﻿ / 46.812432; -90.813141﻿ (Booth Cooperage)
Bayfield

Built as a fish storehouse around 1900, partly on cribbing. In 1914, Booth Fisheries converted part of the building to a factory in which five coopers hand-made wooden barrels - up to 75,000 a year - for packing locally caught salted fish.[11]

7

Frank Boutin, Jr. House

Frank Boutin, Jr. House

December 27, 1974
(#74000056)

7 Rice St.
46°48′50″N 90°48′50″W﻿ / ﻿46.813832°N 90.813839°W﻿ / 46.813832; -90.813839﻿ (Frank Boutin, Jr. House)
Bayfield

Queen Anne home built in 1908 with exterior of sandstone, brick and clapboard. Boutin's father was an early lumberman and fisherman in Bayfield.[11]

8

Christ Episcopal Church

Christ Episcopal Church

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December 27, 1974
(#74000057)

121-125 North 3rd. St.
46°48′47″N 90°49′08″W﻿ / ﻿46.812966°N 90.8188°W﻿ / 46.812966; -90.8188﻿ (Christ Episcopal Church)
Bayfield

The chapel was built in 1870, the first Episcopal church in northern Wisconsin.[11] The whole is in Carpenter Gothic style, with board and batten exterior.[12]

9

East Third Street Residential Historic District

East Third Street Residential Historic District

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July 18, 2014
(#14000430)

E. 3rd St. from Central Ave. to 4th Ave. E.
46°40′32″N 90°53′22″W﻿ / ﻿46.6755°N 90.8895°W﻿ / 46.6755; -90.8895﻿ (East Third Street Residential Historic District)
Washburn

31 contributing homes built from 1885 through 1950 including Colonial Revival style, Queen Anne, Prairie School, and Craftsman. Some were constructed by DuPont for employees[13] who worked at its Barksdale explosives plant.[14]

10

Forest Lodge

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February 14, 2002
(#02000031)

Garmisch Rd.
46°12′13″N 91°06′31″W﻿ / ﻿46.203562°N 91.108698°W﻿ / 46.203562; -91.108698﻿ (Forest Lodge)
Namakagon

Rustic retreat of the Livingston/Griggs family of St. Paul on Namekagon Lake, on the site of a logging camp. Buildings constructed from 1893 to 1950 include the lodge, two-story boathouse, and maid's cabin.[15]

11

Forest Lodge Library

Forest Lodge Library

July 11, 2001
(#01000735)

13450 Cty Hwy M
46°12′28″N 91°17′31″W﻿ / ﻿46.207869°N 91.291837°W﻿ / 46.207869; -91.291837﻿ (Forest Lodge Library)
Cable

St. Paul socialite Mary Livingston Griggs built this Rustic log building in 1925-26 for the community of Cable, in honor of her mother and their family lodge on Namekagon Lake.[16]

12

Herbster Community Center

Herbster Community Center

August 15, 1997
(#97000888)

Lenawee Rd., S of jct. of Lenawee Rd. and WI 13
46°49′51″N 91°15′44″W﻿ / ﻿46.830859°N 91.262172°W﻿ / 46.830859; -91.262172﻿ (Herbster Community Center)
Herbster

Town hall/gymnasium/community center constructed in Rustic style in 1939-40, a WPA project.[17]

13

Hokenson Fishing Dock

Hokenson Fishing Dock

June 18, 1976
(#76000050)

N of Bayfield at Little Sand Bay
46°56′48″N 90°53′30″W﻿ / ﻿46.946651°N 90.891644°W﻿ / 46.946651; -90.891644﻿ (Hokenson Fishing Dock)
Bayfield

Dock built on crib piers in 1927 by the three Hokensen brothers, who ran an independent fishing boat and packing operation out of Sand Island from the 1920s to the 1950s.[18]

14

Island Lake Camp

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March 12, 1982
(#82000629)

Island Lake Rd.
46°23′11″N 91°31′50″W﻿ / ﻿46.386389°N 91.530556°W﻿ / 46.386389; -91.530556﻿ (Island Lake Camp)
Drummond

Rustic log cabin built in 1888,[19] summer retreat of the McCormick family and Dr. William Gray, newspaperman and editor of "The Interior," a Presbyterian publication.[20]

15

Lake Owen Archeological District

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October 11, 2012
(#12000333)

Address Restricted

Drummond vicinity

16

Old Bayfield County Courthouse

Old Bayfield County Courthouse

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December 27, 1974
(#74000058)

Washington St. between 4th and 5th Sts.
46°48′47″N 90°49′14″W﻿ / ﻿46.813019°N 90.820538°W﻿ / 46.813019; -90.820538﻿ (Old Bayfield County Courthouse)
Bayfield

Built in 1884 of local brownstone with elements of Neoclassical and Romanesque Revival styles, served as county courthouse until 1892, when Washburn snatched the county seat. Later used as school, German POW camp, community center, and warehouse. Now headquarters for the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.[11]

17

Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site

Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site

June 8, 1992
(#92000594)

northern edge of Red Cliff Bay
46°53′00″N 90°45′49″W﻿ / ﻿46.883246°N 90.7637°W﻿ / 46.883246; -90.7637﻿ (Ottawa (Tug) Shipwreck Site)
Russell

151-foot tugboat built in Chicago in 1881 that first towed rafts of logs across Lake Michigan. In November 1909, after helping free a grounded steamship, she mysteriously caught fire in the night, burned and sank.[21]

18

John and Justina Palo Homestead

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September 12, 2002
(#02001007)

71055 Muskeg Rd.
46°36′19″N 91°28′12″W﻿ / ﻿46.605278°N 91.47°W﻿ / 46.605278; -91.47﻿ (John and Justina Palo Homestead)
Oulu

Log house and outbuildings, including sauna, built from 1910 to 1949 by Finnish immigrant farmers.[22]

19

Pureair Sanatorium

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August 20, 1981
(#81000034)

S of Bayfield
46°47′27″N 90°50′50″W﻿ / ﻿46.790833°N 90.847222°W﻿ / 46.790833; -90.847222﻿ (Pureair Sanatorium)
Bayfield

Tuberculosis sanatorium, built from 1918 to 1923 before antibiotics, when TB was called consumption and treatment consisted of isolation, rest, and fresh air. Also called the Tri-County Sanatorium because it was shared by Bayfield, Ashland and Iron counties.[23]

20

Sevona (Bulk Carrier) Shipwreck Site

Sevona (Bulk Carrier) Shipwreck Site

April 9, 1993
(#93000229)

north of Sand Island
47°00′24″N 90°54′32″W﻿ / ﻿47.0066°N 90.9089°W﻿ / 47.0066; -90.9089﻿ (Sevona (Bulk Carrier) Shipwreck Site)
Bayfield

372 foot steel steamer, built 1890 in Bay City, Michigan. Caught by a nor-easter on Sept 2, 1905, running from West Superior for Erie with 6000 tons of iron ore. Tried to shelter in Apostle Islands but ran aground on shoals north of Sand Island. Seven died - 16 escaped in lifeboats.[24]

With reference to the provided table as well as the article excerpts provided at the end.

Solve the question: In which year did the construction of this historic building begin in this community with Wisconsin Highway 13 and County Highway C as main routes ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

There are several historic lighthouses on Lake Superior on or near the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin . Six of these lighthouses , all in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore , were listed as a group on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 under the name Apostle Islands Lighthouses . The lighthouses are generally located at the edge of the group of islands , as beacons to guide shipping through and around the islands . The need for guidance increased in 1855 when the Soo Locks opened , connecting Lake Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway to the east . Shipping also increased as Duluth-Superior grew , and with the opening of Ashland 's first ore dock in 1886 . The Apostle Islands lighthouses are popular among tourists . Lighthouse historian Terry Pepper has described them as one of the more interesting geographically centered collection of [ lighthouse ] structures in the United States . Another lighthouse historian , F. Ross Holland , has called them the largest and finest single collection of lighthouses in the country . The following lighthouses were included in the 1977 National Register listing :
Bayfield is a city in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 530 at the 2010 census . Wisconsin Highway 13 serves as a main route in the community . It is a former county seat , lumbering town and commercial fishing community , which today is a tourist and resort destination . There are many restaurants , hotels , bed & breakfasts establishments , specialty shops , and marine services .
A lighthouse is a tower , building , or other type of structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways . Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines , hazardous shoals , reefs , rocks and safe entries to harbors ; they also assist in aerial navigation . Once widely used , the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance , and have become uneconomical since the advent of cheaper and often much more effective electronic navigational systems .
The Bank of Washburn is located in Washburn , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and to the State Register of Historic Places in 1989 .
Washburn is a city in Bayfield County , in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The population was 2,117 at the 2010 census . The city is just east of and adjacent to the Town of Washburn . It is in northern Wisconsin , on the shore of Lake Superior 's Chequamegon Bay . Wisconsin Highway 13 and County Highway C are the main routes in the community .
Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .
Brownstone is a brown Triassic-Jurassic sandstone which was once a popular building material . The term is also used in the United States to refer to a townhouse clad in this , or any of a number of aesthetically similar materials .
Bayfield County Courthouse is a historic courthouse in Washburn , Wisconsin . Construction on the courthouse began in 1894 , two years after the county seat moved to Washburn and was completed in 1896 . The courthouse cost $ 31,737 to build . The Neoclassical building features a domed cupola , a portico with Corinthian columns as its front entrance , and quoins at the corners . When first built , the courthouse had an extensive telephone system connecting each office ; at the time , this was considered one of the proudest achievements of the new building . The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 17 , 1975 .
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .
The Bayfield Fish Hatchery is a historic fish hatchery in Salmo , Wisconsin , located 2.3 miles ( 3.7 km ) southwest of Bayfield . The hatchery was built in 1897 in the Queen Anne style and Shingle style using local brownstone and played a historically significant role in the fishing industry on Lake Superior . On July 22 , 1981 , the hatchery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
Salmo is an unincorporated community in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . Wisconsin Highway 13 serves as a main route in the community . Salmo is located 3 miles southwest of the city of Bayfield , in the town of Bayfield . The community is also located 19 miles north of the city of Ashland .
A fish hatchery is a place for artificial breeding , hatching , and rearing through the early life stages of animals - finfish and shellfish in particular . Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish , shellfish , and crustaceans , primarily to support the aquaculture industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems , such as fish farms , to reach harvest size . Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include Pacific oysters , shrimp , Indian prawns , salmon , tilapia and scallops . The value of global aquaculture production is estimated to be US $ 98.4 billion in 2008 with China significantly dominating the market ; however , the value of aquaculture hatchery and nursery production has yet to be estimated . Additional hatchery production for small-scale domestic uses , which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation programmes , has also yet to be quantified . There is much interest in supplementing exploited stocks of fish by releasing juveniles that may be wild caught and reared in nurseries before transplanting , or produced solely within a hatchery . Culture of finfish larvae has been utilised extensively in the United States in stock enhancement efforts to replenish natural populations . The U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service have established a National Fish Hatchery System to support the conservation of native fish species .
A gambrel or gambrel roof is a usually symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side . ( The usual architectural term in eighteenth-century England and North America was Dutch roof . ) The upper slope is positioned at a shallow angle , while the lower slope is steep . This design provides the advantages of a sloped roof while maximizing headroom inside the building 's upper level and shortening what would otherwise be a tall roof . The name comes from the Medieval Latin word gamba , meaning horse 's hock or leg . The term gambrel is of American origin , the older , European name being a curb ( kerb , kirb ) roof . Europeans historically did not distinguish between a gambrel roof and a mansard roof but called both types a mansard . In the United States , various shapes of gambrel roofs are sometimes called Dutch gambrel or Dutch Colonial gambrel with bell-cast eaves , Swedish , German , English , French , or New England gambrel . The cross-section of a gambrel roof is similar to that of a mansard roof , but a gambrel has vertical gable ends instead of being hipped at the four corners of the building . A gambrel roof overhangs the façade , whereas a mansard normally does not .
Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture .
The Bayfield Historic District is an area spanning 60 blocks in Bayfield , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .
In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .
The Booth Cooperage is located in Bayfield , Wisconsin .
A crib pier is a type of pier built with the supporting columns made of 'cribs ' . Typically a crib is made from wood , but it could be made from any long cylindrical material . Pairs of logs are laid parallel , then others laid over them to make a square , and this continues upwards in a style of building similar to a log cabin 's construction . Each crib can be either empty or filled with a material such as rocks , gravel , concrete blocks , etc . This material can serve to provide additional stability in the event of high winds if the crib is very tall . Advantages of crib construction include its simplicity and strength . Logs need only be cut and notched for stability , then lain crosswise until a certain height is reached . As each layer of wood is only used as a compressive layer , the wood need not be strong . Since there are few load-bearing fasteners in the lower levels , reasonable strength is possible . Disadvantages include very heavy construction , relying on much more material than a bridge of more advanced design .
A cooper is a person trained to make wooden casks , barrels , vats , buckets , tubs , troughs and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable . Journeymen coopers also traditionally made wooden implements , such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels . In addition to wood , other materials , such as iron , were used in the manufacturing process . The profession is the origin of the surname Cooper .
The Frank Boutin Jr. House is a historic single dwelling in Bayfield , Wisconsin , United States . The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27 , 1974 .
Clapboard /ˈklæbərd/ , also called bevel siding , lap siding , and weatherboard , with regional variation in the definition of these terms , is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards , often overlapping .
Christ Episcopal Church was built in 1870 and is located in Bayfield , Wisconsin . It was designed in the Victorian Gothic and Carpenter Gothic architectural styles . The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance in 1974 . It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Eau Claire .
The Episcopal Church ( TEC ) is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and is based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere . It is a mainline Christian denomination divided into nine provinces . The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry , the first African-American bishop to serve in that position . In 2018 , [ update ] the Episcopal Church had 1,835,931 baptized members , of whom 1,676,349 were in the United States . In 2011 , [ update ] it was the nation 's 14th largest denomination . In 2015 , [ update ] Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States , or 3 million people , self-identify as mainline Episcopalians . The church was organized after the American Revolution , when it became separate from the Church of England , whose clergy are required to swear allegiance to the British monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant , yet Catholic . The Episcopal Church claims apostolic succession , tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders . The Book of Common Prayer , a collection of traditional rites , blessings , liturgies , and prayers used throughout the Anglican Communion , is central to Episcopal worship . The Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Since the 1960s and 1970s , the church has pursued a decidedly more liberal course .
Carpenter Gothic , also sometimes called Carpenter 's Gothic or Rural Gothic , is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters . The abundance of North American timber and the carpenter-built vernacular architectures based upon it made a picturesque improvisation upon Gothic a natural evolution . Carpenter Gothic improvises upon features that were carved in stone in authentic Gothic architecture , whether original or in more scholarly revival styles ; however , in the absence of the restraining influence of genuine Gothic structures , the style was freed to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness rather than fidelity to received models . The genre received its impetus from the publication by Alexander Jackson Davis of Rural Residences and from detailed plans and elevations in publications by Andrew Jackson Downing .
The East Third District Residential Historic District is located in Washburn , Wisconsin . It comprises 31 contributing homes built from 1885 through 1950 including Colonial Revival style , Queen Anne , Prairie School , and Craftsman .
The Colonial Revival architectural style seeks to revive elements of American colonial architecture . The beginnings of the Colonial Revival style are often attributed to the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 , which reawakened Americans to the architectural traditions of their colonial past . Fairly small numbers of Colonial Revival homes were built c. 1880-1910 , a period when Queen Anne-style architecture was dominant in the United States . From 1910-1930 , the Colonial Revival movement was ascendant , with about 40% of U.S. homes built during this period in the Colonial Revival style . In the immediate post-war period ( c. 1950s-early 1960s ) , Colonial Revival homes continued to be constructed , but in simplified form . In the present-day , many New Traditional homes draw from Colonial Revival styles . While the dominant influences in Colonial Revival style are Georgian and Federal architecture , Colonial Revival homes also draw , to a lesser extent , from the Dutch Colonial style and post-medieval English styles . Colonial Revival homes are often eclectic in style , freely combining aspects from several of these prototypes . Although associated with the architectural movement , Colonial Revival also refers to historic preservation , landscape architecture and garden design , and decorative arts movements that emulate or draw inspiration from colonial forms . Cyril M. Harris 's American Architecture : An Illustrated Encyclopedia noted that Colonial Revival houses are usually the result of a rather free interpretation of their prototypes ; they tend to be larger , may differ significantly from the houses they seek to emulate , and often exaggerate architectural details .
Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work .
The American Craftsman style , or the American Arts and Crafts movement , is an American domestic architectural , interior design , landscape design , applied arts , and decorative arts style and lifestyle philosophy that began in the last years of the 19th century . As a comprehensive design and art movement , it remained popular into the 1930s . However , in decorative arts and architectural design , it has continued with numerous revivals and restoration projects through present times .
DuPont de Nemours , Inc. , commonly known as DuPont , is an American company formed by the merger of Dow Chemical and DuPont on August 31 , 2017 , and then subsequent spinoffs of Dow Inc. and Corteva . Prior to the spinoffs it was the world 's largest chemical company in terms of sales . Within 18 months of the merger the company was split into three publicly traded companies with focuses on the following : agriculture , materials science , and specialty products . The agriculture division is named Corteva , the materials science spin-off is named Dow Inc. , and the specialty products division is named DuPont . Jeff Fettig is executive chairman of the company , and Edward Breen is the CEO . The merger has been reported to be worth an estimated $ 130 billion . With 2018 total revenue of $ 86 billion , DowDuPont ranked No . 35 on the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States public corporations .
Forest Lodge is a hunting and vacation retreat of the Livingston/Griggs family on the shore of Lake Namekagon within the town of Namakagon , Wisconsin . The complex consists of 16 rustic structures built from 1893 to about 1950 . Since 1999 it has been managed by the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .
Namakagon is a town in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 246 at the 2010 census . The unincorporated community of Namekagon is located in the town .
Rustic architecture is a style of architecture in the United States , used in rural government and private structures and their landscape interior design . It was influenced by the American craftsman style . According to the National Park Service , The style of architecture which has been most widely used in our forested National Parks , and other wilderness parks , is generally referred to as rustic . It is , or should be , something more than the worn and misused term implies . It is earnestly hoped that a more apt and expressive designation for the style may evolve , but until it appears , rustic , in spite of its inaccuracy and inadequacy , must be resorted to . Rustic Architecture related to national parks is sometimes referred to as Parkitecture .
Lake Namekagon is a chain of lakes located in the Chequamegon National Forest in northern Wisconsin.Namekagon is home to lots of wildlife attractions also home to lots of forest wildlife area .
A boathouse ( or a boat house ) is a building especially designed for the storage of boats , normally smaller craft for sports or leisure use . These are typically located on open water , such as on a river . Often the boats stored are rowing boats . Other boats such as punts or small motor boats may also be stored . Sometimes , a boathouse may be the headquarters of a boat club or rowing club . It may also include a restaurant , bar , and other leisure facilities , perhaps for members of an associated club . Boathouses are also sometimes modified to include living quarters for people , or the whole structure may be used as temporary or permanent housing . In Scandinavia , the boathouse is known as a naust , a word deriving from Old Norse naverstað . These were typically built with stone walls and timber roofs and would be either open to the sea or provided with sturdy doors . The floors would be a simple continuation of the beach sand or rock , or they might be dug down to permit a boat to sail into the boathouse . The boathouse is also seen in reversides or lake sides . The boathouse is usually seen in Jammu & Kashmir India and many more places
The Forest Lodge Library is located in Cable , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . Additionally , it is on the registry of historic buildings for Wisconsin .
Cable is a town in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . Its population was 825 at the 2010 U.S. census . The census-designated place of Cable and the unincorporated communities of Leonards and Radspur are located in the town .
Herbster Community Center is located in the community of Herbster , Wisconsin in the town of Clover , Wisconsin . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .
Herbster is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Town of Clover in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States , located on the south shore of Lake Superior . Herbster is 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of Port Wing and 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Cornucopia on Wisconsin Highway 13 , the main route through the community . The primary north/south route is by Lenawee Road / Forest Road 262 , leading from Lake Superior to the Chequamegon National Forest . As of the 2010 census , its population was 104 . Herbster has an area of 5.572 square miles ( 14.43 km2 ) , all of it land . The Cranberry River joins the lake in the middle of the community . The unique ecosystems of Bark Point and Bark Bay sit just to the east of Herbster . Herbster 's ZIP code is 54844 .
The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was an American New Deal agency , employing millions of job-seekers ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . It was established on May 6 , 1935 , by Executive Order 7034 . In one project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . The five projects dedicated to these were : the Federal Writers Project ( FWP ) , the Historical Records Survey ( HRS ) , the Federal Theatre Project ( FTP ) , the Federal Music Project ( FMP ) , and the Federal Art Project ( FAP ) . In the Historical Records Survey , for instance , many former slaves in the South were interviewed ; these documents are of great importance for American history . Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States , and gave more than 225,000 performances . Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures , and the development of professional archaeology in the US . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $ 4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States , while developing infrastructure to support the current and future society . Above all , the WPA hired workers and craftsmen who were mainly employed in building streets . Thus , under the leadership of the WPA , more than 1 million km of streets and over 10,000 bridges were built , in addition to many airports and much housing . The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority , which provided the impoverished Tennessee Valley with dams and waterworks to create an infrastructure for electrical power .
The Hokenson Fishing Dock is located on Sand Island of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore .
Sand Island is one of the Apostle Islands , in northern Wisconsin , in Lake Superior , and is part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore . It is located in the Town of Bayfield in Bayfield County . The Sand Island Light , Hokenson Fishing Dock , the Sevona Cabin , the Shaw Farm and the West Bay Club are located on the island . There is another Sand Island Lake Chippewa in Sawyer County , Wisconsin .
Drummond is a town in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 463 at the 2010 census . The census-designated place of Drummond is located in the town . The unincorporated community of Lake Owen is also located in the town .
The McCormick family of Chicago and Virginia is an American family of Scots-Irish descent that attained prominence and fortune starting with the invention of the McCormick Reaper , a machine that revolutionized agriculture , helped break the bonds of slavery , and established the modern grain trade by beginning the mechanization of the harvesting of grain . Through the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and later , the International Harvester Company and other investments , the McCormicks became one of the wealthiest families in America . The name became ubiquitous in agriculture starting in the 19th century and the press dubbed the McCormicks the Reaper Kings . Later generations expanded into media and publishing ( Tribune Company ) , finance ( William Blair & Company ) , and real estate ( McCormick Estate ) . Various family members were well known as civic leaders . They are descended from an influential leader of modern agriculture , inventor Robert McCormick Jr. ( 1780-1846 ) , and Mary Ann Polly Hall of Steeles Tavern , Virginia .
Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism , which traces its origins to Britain , particularly Scotland . Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government , which is governed by representative assemblies of elders . A great number of Reformed churches are organized this way , but the word Presbyterian , when capitalized , is often applied uniquely to churches that trace their roots to the Church of Scotland , as well as several English dissenter groups that formed during the English Civil War . Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God , the authority of the Scriptures , and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ . Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 , which created the Kingdom of Great Britain . In fact , most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection , and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America , mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants . The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the Reformed theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors , although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism . Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation ( elders ) ; a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making ( presbytery , synod and general assembly ) . The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Reformation of the 16th century , the example of John Calvin 's Republic of Geneva being particularly influential . Most Reformed churches that trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government . In the twentieth century , some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement , including the World Council of Churches . Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions , especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches .
The Old Bayfield County Courthouse is located in Bayfield , Wisconsin .
A county seat is an administrative center , seat of government , or capital city of a county or civil parish . The term is used in Canada , China , Romania , Taiwan and the United States . County towns have a similar function in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland , and historically in Jamaica .
A prisoner-of-war camp ( often abbreviated as POW camp ) is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by a belligerent power in time of war . There are significant differences among POW camps , internment camps , and military prisons . Purpose built prisoner-of-war camps appeared at Norman Cross in England in 1797 and HM Prison Dartmoor , both constructed during the Napoleonic Wars , and they have been in use in all the main conflicts of the last 200 years . The main camps are used for coast guards , marines , sailors , soldiers , and more recently , airmen of an enemy power who have been captured by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . In addition , non-combatants , such as merchant mariners and civilian aircrews , have been imprisoned in some conflicts . [ citation needed ] With the adoption of the Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War in 1929 , later superseded by the Third Geneva Convention , prisoner-of-war camps have been required to be open to inspection by authorized representatives of a neutral power . Not all belligerents have consistently applied the convention in all conflicts .
The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is a U.S. national lakeshore consisting of 21 islands ( Apostle Islands ) and shoreline encompassing 69,372 acres ( 28,074 ha ) on the northern tip of Wisconsin on the shore of Lake Superior . It is known for its collection of historic lighthouses , sandstone sea caves , a few old-growth remnant forests , and natural animal habitats . It is featured on the America the Beautiful Quarters series .
The Ottawa was a tugboat that sank in Lake Superior off the coast of Russell , Bayfield County , Wisconsin . The wreckage site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .
Russell is a town in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 1,279 at the 2010 census . The unincorporated communities of Red Cliff and Sand Bay are located in Russell . Red Cliff is the administrative center of the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa . York Island and Raspberry Island ( of the Apostle Islands ) are part of the town .
A tugboat or tug is a type of vessel that maneuvers other vessels by pushing or pulling them either by direct contact or by means of a tow line . Tugs typically move vessels that either are restricted in their ability to maneuver on their own , such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal , or those that can not move by themselves , such as barges , disabled ships , log rafts , or oil platforms . Tugboats are powerful for their size and strongly built , and some are ocean-going . Some tugboats serve as icebreakers or salvage boats . Early tugboats had steam engines , but today most have diesel engines . Many tugboats have firefighting monitors , allowing them to assist in firefighting , especially in harbors .
Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International .
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume ( 1,180 cu mi ( 4,900 km3 ) ) and the third-largest by surface area ( 22,404 sq mi ( 58,030 km2 ) ) , after Lake Superior and Lake Huron ( and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia ) . To the east , its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the narrow Straits of Mackinac , giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart ; the two are technically a single lake . Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located entirely within the territory of the United States . It is shared , from west to east , by the U.S. states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan . Ports along its shores include Chicago ; Milwaukee ; Green Bay , Wisconsin ; Gary , Indiana ; and Muskegon , Michigan . The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself , and is believed to come from the Ojibwe word michi-gami meaning great water .
The John and Justina Palo Homestead is located in Oulu , Wisconsin , United States . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 .
Oulu ( /ˈuːluː/ OO-loo ) is a town in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 527 at the 2010 census . The unincorporated community of Oulu is located in the town . The town is named after Oulu , the fifth most populous city in Finland .
A sauna ( /ˈsaʊnə/ ; Finnish pronunciation : [ ˈsɑunɑ ] ) , or sudatory , is a small room or building designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions , or an establishment with one or more of these facilities . The steam and high heat make the bathers perspire . Infrared therapy is often referred to as a type of sauna , but according to the Finnish sauna organisations , infrared is not a sauna .
Finnish Americans ( Finnish : Amerikansuomalaiset ) comprise Americans with ancestral roots from Finland or Finnish people who emigrated to and reside in the United States . The Finnish American population numbers about 600,000 .
Pureair Sanatorium is located in Bayfield County , Wisconsin .
Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) bacteria . Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but can also affect other parts of the body . Most infections do not have symptoms , in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis . About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which , if left untreated , kills about half of those affected . The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus , fever , night sweats , and weight loss . It was historically called consumption due to the weight loss . Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms . Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough , spit , speak , or sneeze . People with latent TB do not spread the disease . Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke . Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays , as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids . Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test ( TST ) or blood tests .
A sanatorium ( also called sanitarium and , rarely sanitorium ) is a medical facility for long-term illness , most typically associated with treatment of tuberculosis ( TB ) in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century before the discovery of antibiotics . A distinction is sometimes made between sanitarium or the east-European sanatorium ( a kind of health resort , as in the Battle Creek Sanitarium ) and sanatorium ( a hospital ) .
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections . Antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections . They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria . A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity . Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza ; drugs which inhibit viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics . Sometimes , the term antibiotic which means opposing life , based on Greek roots , ( ἀντι- ) anti : against and ( βίος- ) biotic : life , is broadly used to refer to any substance used against microbes , but in the usual medical usage , antibiotics ( such as penicillin ) are those produced naturally ( by one microorganism fighting another ) , whereas nonantibiotic antibacterials ( such as sulfonamides and antiseptics ) are fully synthetic . However , both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms , and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy . Antibacterials include antiseptic drugs , antibacterial soaps , and chemical disinfectants , whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed . Antibiotics have been used since ancient times . Many civilizations used topical application of mouldy bread , with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt , China , Serbia , Greece and Rome . The first person to directly document the use of moulds to treat infections was John Parkinson ( 1567-1650 ) . Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century .
Bayfield County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . As of the 2010 census , the population was 15,014 . Its county seat is Washburn . The county was created in 1845 and organized in 1850 .
Ashland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . As of the 2010 census , the population was 16,157 . Its county seat is Ashland . The county was formed on March 27 , 1860 , from La Pointe County .
Iron County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,916 , making it the third-least populous county in Wisconsin . Its county seat is Hurley . It was named for the valuable iron ore found within its borders .
Sevona was a steel hulled lake freighter that sank in Lake Superior off the coast of Sand Island in Bayfield County , Wisconsin , United States . The wreckage site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 .
A steamship , often referred to as a steamer , is a type of steam-powered vessel , typically ocean-faring and seaworthy , that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically move ( turn ) propellers or paddlewheels . The first steamships came into practical usage during the early 1800s ; however , there were exceptions that came before . Steamships usually use the prefix designations of PS for paddle steamer or SS for screw steamer ( using a propeller or screw ) . As paddle steamers became less common , SS is assumed by many to stand for steamship . Ships powered by internal combustion engines use a prefix such as MV for motor vessel , so it is not correct to use SS for most modern vessels . As steamships were less dependent on wind patterns , new trade routes opened up . The steamship has been described as a major driver of the first wave of trade globalization ( 1870-1913 ) and contributor to an increase in international trade that was unprecedented in human history .
Bay City is a city in Bay County in the U.S. state of Michigan . It is located near the base of the Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 34,932 , and it is the principal city of the Bay City Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area . The city , along with nearby Midland and Saginaw , form the Greater Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan , which has more recently been called the Great Lakes Bay Region . The city is geographically divided by the Saginaw River , and travel between the east and west sides of the city is made possible by four modern bascule-type drawbridges : Liberty Bridge , Veterans Memorial Bridge , Independence Bridge , and Lafayette Avenue Bridge , which allow large ships to travel easily down the river . The city is served by MBS International Airport , located in nearby Freeland , and James Clements Municipal Airport .
A nor'easter ( also northeaster ; see below ) is a macro-scale extratropical cyclone in the western North Atlantic Ocean . The name derives from the direction of the winds that blow from the northeast . The original use of the term in North America is associated with storms that impact the upper north Atlantic coast of the United States and the Atlantic Provinces of Canada . Typically , such storms originate as a low-pressure area that forms within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the shore between North Carolina and Massachusetts . The precipitation pattern is similar to that of other extratropical storms . Nor'easters are usually accompanied by very heavy rain or snow , and can cause severe coastal flooding , coastal erosion , hurricane-force winds , or blizzard conditions . Nor'easters are usually most intense during winter in New England and Atlantic Canada . They thrive on converging air masses - the cold polar air mass and the warmer air over the water - and are more severe in winter when the difference in temperature between these air masses is greater . Nor'easters tend to develop most often and most powerfully between the months of October and April , although they can ( much less commonly ) develop during other parts of the year as well . The susceptible regions are generally impacted by nor'easters a few times each winter .
Superior is a city in , and the county seat of , Douglas County in the state of Wisconsin . The population was 27,244 at the 2010 census . Located at the junction of U.S. Highway 2 and U.S. Highway 53 , it is immediately north of , and adjacent to , both the Village of Superior and the Town of Superior . Its neighborhoods include Billings Park , North End , South Superior , Central Park , East End , Allouez , and Itasca . Billings Park , South Superior , East End , and North End each have small business districts . Superior is at the western end of Lake Superior in northwestern Wisconsin . Bordered by Saint Louis , Superior , and Allouez bays , the city is framed by two rivers : the Nemadji and the Saint Louis . Superior and the neighboring city across the bay , Duluth , Minnesota , form a single metropolitan area called the Twin Ports . They share a harbor that is one of the most important ports on the Great Lakes . Both cities feature museum ships ( SS William A. Irvin in Duluth and SS Meteor in Superior ) , devoted to the local maritime heritage . Superior was the final port of call for the Edmund Fitzgerald before its sinking on November 10 , 1975 .
Erie ( /ˈɪəri/ ; EER-ee ) is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County , Pennsylvania , United States . Named for the lake and the Native American Erie people who lived in the area until the mid-17th century , Erie is the fourth-largest city in Pennsylvania , as well as the largest city in Northwestern Pennsylvania , with a population of 101,786 at the 2010 census . The estimated population in 2018 had decreased to 96,471 . The Erie metropolitan area , equivalent to all of Erie County , consists of 276,207 residents . The Erie-Meadville , PA Combined Statistical Area has a population of 369,331 , as of the 2010 Census . Erie is halfway between the cities of Buffalo , New York , and Cleveland , Ohio , and due north of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Erie 's manufacturing sector remains prominent in the local economy , though healthcare , higher education , technology , service industries , and tourism are emerging as significant economic drivers . Over four million people visit Erie during summer months for recreation at Presque Isle State Park , as well as attractions such as Waldameer Park . Erie is known as the Flagship City because of its status as the home port of Oliver Hazard Perry 's flagship Niagara . Erie won the All-America City Award in 1972 , and in 2012 hosted the Perry 200 , a commemoration , celebrating 200 years of peace between Britain , America and Canada following the War of 1812 and Battle of Lake Erie .
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted . The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey , bright yellow , or deep purple to rusty red . The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite ( Fe3O4 , 72.4% Fe ) , hematite ( Fe2O3 , 69.9% Fe ) , goethite ( FeO ( OH ) , 62.9% Fe ) , limonite ( FeO ( OH ) ·n ( H2O ) , 55% Fe ) or siderite ( FeCO3 , 48.2% Fe ) . Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite ( greater than about 60% iron ) are known as natural ore or direct shipping ore , meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces . Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron , which is one of the main raw materials to make steel - 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel . Indeed , it has been argued that iron ore is more integral to the global economy than any other commodity , except perhaps oil .
The Apostle Islands are a group of 22 islands in Lake Superior , off the Bayfield Peninsula in northern Wisconsin . The majority of the islands are located in Ashland County - only Sand , York , Eagle , and Raspberry Islands are located in Bayfield County . All the islands except for Madeline Island are part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore . The islands in Ashland County are all in the Town of La Pointe , except for Long Island , which is in the Town of Sanborn , while those in Bayfield County are in the Towns of Russell and Bayfield .
A lifeboat or life raft is a small , rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship . Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships . Rafts ( liferafts ) are also used . In the military , a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat , dinghy , or gig . The ship 's tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats . Recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts , though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety . Inflatable lifeboats may be equipped with auto-inflation ( carbon dioxide or nitrogen ) canisters or mechanical pumps . A quick release and pressure release mechanism is fitted on ships so that the canister or pump automatically inflates the lifeboat , and the lifeboat breaks free of the sinking vessel . Commercial aircraft are also required to carry auto-inflating life rafts in case of an emergency water landing ; offshore oil platforms also have liferafts . Ship-launched lifeboats are lowered from davits on a ship 's deck , and are hard to sink in normal circumstances . The cover serves as protection from sun , wind and rain , can be used to collect rainwater , and is normally made of a reflective or fluorescent material that is highly visible . Lifeboats have oars , flares and mirrors for signaling , first aid supplies , and food and water for several days .