List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers
Table:
Name

Original chapter

Notability

References

Mark D. Banks

Delta Alpha Lambda

President of Logos Consulting

[20]

Jesse Binga

Theta

(Honorary)

Founder of Binga State Bank in Chicago

[58]

Henry Brown

Alpha Eta Lambda

Vice President for Marketing Affairs and Development with Anheuser-Busch

[71]

W. Melvin Brown

Beta Delta

CEO of American Development Corporation

[20]

Thomas J. Burrell

Theta

CEO of Burrell Advertising

[20]

Allen Counts

Beta

Chairman of Doley Securities, Inc.; former President of Mcclendon, Pryor, Counts (once the largest black-owned investment bank in the US)

[35]

Nathaniel Goldston

Delta Psi Lambda

CEO and founder of Gourmet Services

[71]

Brett J. Hart

Epsilon

CEO and President of United Airlines

[72]

Alonzo F. Herndon

Eta Lambda
(Honorary)

Founder and President of Atlanta Life Insurance; namesake of the Alonzo Herndon Stadium at Morris Brown College

[17][73]

Norris Herndon

Sigma

President of Atlanta Life Insurance

[74]

Eugene Jackson

Epsilon Psi

CEO of World African Network

[42]

Charles James III

Delta Zeta

CEO of James Produce

[71]

Clifton Jeter

Beta

CEO of the Agricultural Federal Credit Union; CFO of Kennedy Center

[35]

John H. Johnson

Theta

Founder of Johnson Publishing Company, which publishes Ebony and Jet magazines; first Black person to appear on the Forbes 400 "Rich List"; namesake of Howard University's School of Communications; Presidential Medal of Freedom and 1966 Spingarn Medal recipient; a portion of Chicago's famed Michigan Avenue was renamed "John H. Johnson Avenue"

[28][36][75]

Joe W. Laymon

Delta Phi

Vice President, Human Resources and Corporate Services; Chevron Corporation

[76]

L.D. Milton

unknown

President of Citizens Bank

[42]

Henry Parks

Kappa

Founder of Parks Sausage

[20]

William F. Pickard

Epsilon Xi

CEO Global Automotive Alliance; professor University of Michigan School of Business; 2001 Michigan Citizen of the Year award winner; business lecturer

[77]

Samuel Pierce

Alpha

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; argued before the United States Supreme Court on behalf of Martin Luther King Jr. and the New York Times in the important First Amendment case styled New York Times v. Sullivan; first African-American to serve on the Board of Directors of a Fortune 500 company

[78][79][80]

Consulting the provided table along with the context snippets listed at the end.

Provide an answer to this question: who was the brother from the chapter at The University of Chicago ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Jesse Binga ( April 10 , 1865 - June 13 , 1950 ) was a prominent American businessman who founded the first privately owned African-American bank in Chicago . He was a notable pioneer of African American business achievement in the early 20th century . Binga recalled coming to Chicago in the 1890s with $ 10 in his pocket . By the 1920s he was a bank president and major real estate owner . Unwilling to conform to de facto , private real-estate segregation , white real estate interests sometimes opposed him violently . After his bank failed in the Great Depression , Binga was eventually charged with embezzlement , a controversial prosecution in the African American community . Protests and public petitions helped lead to his early release . He was granted a full pardon in 1941 .
Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International .
Anheuser-Busch Companies , LLC /ˈænhaɪzər ˈbʊʃ/ is an American brewing company headquartered in St. Louis , Missouri . Since 2008 , it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev ( AB InBev ) which also has its North American regional management headquarters in St. Louis . The original Anheuser-Busch InBev ( AB InBev ) was formed through successive mergers of three international brewing groups : Interbrew from Belgium , AmBev from Brazil and Anheuser-Busch . Hence , since 2008 , Anheuser-Busch has been a division of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV , now the world 's largest brewing company . The company employs over 30,000 people , operates 12 breweries in the United States , and until December 2009 , was one of the largest theme park operators in the United States , with ten theme parks through the company 's family entertainment division , Busch Entertainment Corporation .
South Carolina State University ( SCSU or SC State ) is a public historically black university in Orangeburg , South Carolina . It is the only public , historically black land-grant institution in South Carolina , is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund , and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) .
The University of Chicago ( UChicago , U of C , or Chicago ) is a private research university in Chicago , Illinois . Founded in 1890 , the school is located on a 217-acre ( 88-hectare ) campus in Chicago 's Hyde Park neighborhood , near Lake Michigan . The University of Chicago holds top positions in various national and international rankings . The university is composed of the undergraduate college as well as various graduate programs and interdisciplinary committees organized into five academic research divisions . Beyond the arts and sciences , Chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the Pritzker School of Medicine , the Booth School of Business , the Law School , the School of Social Service Administration , the Harris School of Public Policy Studies , the Divinity School and the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies , as well as the recently launched Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering . The university has additional campuses and centers in London , Paris , Beijing , Delhi , and Hong Kong , as well as in downtown Chicago . University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines , including economics , law , literary criticism , mathematics , religion , sociology , and the behavioralism school of political science , establishing the Chicago schools in various fields . Chicago 's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university 's Stagg Field . The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory , as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory . The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press , the largest university press in the United States . The Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be housed at the university and include both the Obama presidential library and offices of the Obama Foundation . The university is also home to Frank Lloyd Wright 's Robie House , a World Heritage Site .
Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .
An investment bank is a financial services company or corporate division that engages in advisory-based financial transactions on behalf of individuals , corporations , and governments . Traditionally associated with corporate finance , such a bank might assist in raising financial capital by underwriting or acting as the client 's agent in the issuance of securities . An investment bank may also assist companies involved in mergers and acquisitions ( M & A ) and provide ancillary services such as market making , trading of derivatives and equity securities , and FICC services ( fixed income instruments , currencies , and commodities ) . Most investment banks maintain prime brokerage and asset management departments in conjunction with their investment research businesses . As an industry , it is broken up into the Bulge Bracket ( upper tier ) , Middle Market ( mid-level businesses ) , and boutique market ( specialized businesses ) . Unlike commercial banks and retail banks , investment banks do not take deposits . From the passage of Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 until its repeal in 1999 by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act , the United States maintained a separation between investment banking and commercial banks . Other industrialized countries , including G7 countries , have historically not maintained such a separation . As part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 ( Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 ) , the Volcker Rule asserts some institutional separation of investment banking services from commercial banking . All investment banking activity is classed as either sell side or buy side . The sell side involves trading securities for cash or for other securities ( e.g . facilitating transactions , market-making ) , or the promotion of securities ( e.g .
The University of Michigan ( UM , U-M , U of M , or UMich ) , often simply referred to as Michigan , is a public research university in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The university is Michigan 's oldest ; it was founded in 1817 in Detroit , as the Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , 20 years before the territory became a state . The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of what is now known as Central Campus . Since its establishment in Ann Arbor , the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet ( 780 acres ; 3.2 km2 ) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus , two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn , and a Center in Detroit . The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States with annual research expenditures approaching $ 1.5 billion , Michigan is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 25 Nobel Prize winners , 6 Turing Award winners and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with the University of Michigan . Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities , social sciences , and STEM fields ( science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) as well as professional degrees in architecture , business , medicine , law , pharmacy , nursing , social work , public health , and dentistry . Michigan 's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people , one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world . Michigan 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Wolverines . They are members of the Big Ten Conference . More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events , winning more than 150 medals .
United Airlines , Inc. is a major American airline headquartered at Willis Tower in Chicago , Illinois . It is the third largest airline in the world , measured by fleet size and route network [ citation needed ] . United operates a large domestic and international route network , with an extensive presence in the Asia-Pacific region . It is a founding member of the Star Alliance , the world 's largest airline alliance with a total of 28 member airlines . Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express . United was established by the amalgamation of several airlines in the late 1920s , the oldest of these being Varney Air Lines , which was founded in 1926 . United has eight hubs , with Chicago-O'Hare being its largest in terms of passengers carried and the number of departures .
Alonzo Franklin Herndon ( June 26 , 1858 Walton County , Georgia - July 21 , 1927 ) was an African-American entrepreneur and businessman in Atlanta , Georgia . Born into slavery , he became one of the first African-American millionaires in the United States , first achieving success by owning and operating three large barber shops in the city that served prominent white men . In 1905 he became the founder and president of what he built to be one of the United States ' most well-known and successful African-American businesses , the Atlanta Family Life Insurance Company ( Atlanta Life ) .
Atlanta ( /ætˈlæntə/ ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia . With an estimated 2018 population of 498,044 , it is also the 37th most-populous city in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area , home to 5.9 million people and the ninth largest metropolitan area in the nation . Atlanta is the seat of Fulton County , the most populous county in Georgia . Portions of the city extend eastward into neighboring DeKalb County . Atlanta was originally founded as the terminus of a major state-sponsored railroad . With rapid expansion , however , it soon became the convergence point among multiple railroads , spurring its rapid growth . The city 's name derives from that of the Western and Atlantic Railroad 's local depot , signifying the town 's growing reputation as a transportation hub . During the American Civil War , the city was almost entirely burned to the ground in General William T. Sherman 's famous March to the Sea . However , the city rose from its ashes and quickly became a national center of commerce and the unofficial capital of the New South . During the 1950s and 1960s , Atlanta became a major organizing center of the civil rights movement , with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Ralph David Abernathy , and many other locals playing major roles in the movement 's leadership . During the modern era , Atlanta has attained international prominence as a major air transportation hub , with Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world 's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998 .
Alonzo Herndon Stadium , named for Alonzo Herndon , is a 15,011-seat stadium on the campus of Morris Brown College in Atlanta , Georgia , United States . It is the only two-sided stadium in the Atlanta University Center . It is one block over from the locally known Herndon Home , and sits above the MARTA East-West rail line . During the 1996 Summer Olympics , Herndon Stadium hosted field hockey . It was also used as the stand-in for the demolished Fairfield Stadium in Huntington , West Virginia during filming of the 2006 movie We Are Marshall . The stadium was the home to the former Georgia Mustangs and the former Atlanta Beat women 's soccer club of the WUSA league . Due to the college 's financial hardships , the stadium has been abandoned and fell into a state of disrepair , gutted by vandals and covered in graffiti and trash .
Morris Brown College ( MBC ) is an unaccredited , private , Christian , and historically black liberal arts college in Atlanta , Georgia . It is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church . In 2002 it lost its accreditation and federal funding due to a financial mismanagement scandal during the 1998-2002 tenure of Dolores Cross as college president . The United Negro College Fund also terminated its support for the college . Ten years later , the college filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in an attempt to prevent foreclosure and sale of the school at auction . It had settled its debt to the Department of Education . In 2019 , the college announced a renewed strategy to secure accreditation again .
Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration .
The University of Missouri ( Mizzou , MU , or Missouri ) is a public research university in Columbia , Missouri . It is Missouri 's largest university and the flagship of the four campus University of Missouri System . Founded in 1839 , it was the first public university west of the Mississippi River . It is a member of the Association of American Universities as well as a land-grant and space-grant institution . Enrolling 30,046 students in 2019 , it offers over 300 degree programs in thirteen major academic divisions . Its well-known Missouri School of Journalism was founded by Walter Williams in 1908 as the world 's first journalism school ; It publishes a daily newspaper , the Columbia Missourian , and operates an NBC affiliate KOMU . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the world 's most powerful university research reactor and is the United States sole source of isotopes used in nuclear medicine . The university operates University of Missouri Health Care , running a number of hospitals and clinics in Mid-Missouri . Its NCAA Division I athletic teams are known as the Missouri Tigers , and compete in the Southeastern Conference . The American tradition of homecoming is claimed to have originated at Missouri . The campus is home to the State Historical Society of Missouri , and the Museum of Art and Archaeology . Its historic center , Francis Quadrangle , is a National Historic District .
Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference .
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( formally called the John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts , and commonly referred to as the Kennedy Center ) is the United States National Cultural Center , located on the Potomac River , adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington , D.C. , named in 1964 as a memorial to President John F. Kennedy . Opened on September 8 , 1971 , the performing arts center is a multi-dimensional facility : it produces a wide array of performances encompassing the genres of theater , dance , ballet , and orchestral , chamber , jazz , popular , and folk music ; offers multi-media performances for adults and children ; and is a nexus of performing arts education . In addition to the approximately 3,500 performances held annually for audiences totaling nearly two million , the center hosts touring productions and television and radio broadcasts that , collectively , are seen by 20 million more . Now in its 45th season , the center presents music , dance and theater and supports artists in the creation of new work . With its artistic affiliate , the National Symphony Orchestra , the center 's achievements as a commissioner , producer , and nurturer of developing artists have resulted in over 200 theatrical productions , dozens of new ballets , operas , and musical works . Authorized by the 1958 National Cultural Center Act of Congress , which requires that its programming be sustained through private funds , the center represents a public-private partnership . Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives , almost entirely funded through ticket sales and gifts from individuals , corporations , and private foundations . The building , designed by architect Edward Durell Stone , was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain , and is administered as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution . An earlier design proposal called for a more curvy , spaceship-inspired building similar to how the Watergate complex appears today . It receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation .
John Harold Johnson ( January 19 , 1918 - August 8 , 2005 ) was an American businessman and publisher . Johnson was the founder of the Johnson Publishing Company which is headquartered in Chicago , Illinois . Johnson 's Ebony ( 1945 ) and Jet ( 1951-2014 ) magazines are among the most influential African-American businesses in media beginning in the second half of the twentieth century . In 1982 , Johnson became the first African American to appear on the Forbes 400 . In 1987 , Johnson was named Black Enterprise Entrepreneur of the year .
Ebony magazine is a monthly publication that focuses on news , culture , and entertainment . Its target audience is the African-American community , and its coverage includes the lifestyles and accomplishments of influential black people , fashion , beauty , and politics . This magazine was founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson , who sought to address African-American issues , personalities and interests in a positive and self-affirming manner . Its cover photography typically showcases prominent African American public figures , including entertainers and politicians , such as Dorothy Dandridge , Lena Horne , Diana Ross , Michael Jackson , former U.S . Senator Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois , U.S. First lady Michelle Obama , Beyoncé Knowles , Tyrese Gibson , and Tyler Perry . Each year , Ebony selects the 100 Most Influential Blacks in America . A digest-sized sister magazine , Jet , was also founded by Johnson and his business , the Johnson Publishing Company , in 1951 . After 71 years , in June 2016 , Johnson Publishing sold both Jet and Ebony to private equity firm Clear View Group . The new publisher is known as Ebony Media Corporation .
Jet is an American weekly magazine that publishes general interest topics that are relevant to African-American readers . It was founded on November 1 , 1951 by John H. Johnson of the Johnson Publishing Company in Chicago , Illinois . Initially billed as The Weekly Negro News Magazine , Jet chronicled the Civil Rights Movement from its earliest years , including the murder of Emmett Till , the Montgomery bus boycott , and the activities of Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr . Published in small digest-sized format from its inception in 1951 , Jet printed in all or mostly black-and-white until its December 27 , 1999 issue . In 2009 , Jet 's publishing format was changed ; it was published every week with a double issue published once each month . Johnson Publishing Company published the final print issue on June 23 , 2014 , continuing solely as a digital magazine app . In 2016 , Johnson Publishing sold Jet and its sister publication Ebony to private equity firm Clear View Group . The publishing company is now known as Ebony Media Corporation .
The Forbes 400 or 400 Richest Americans is a list published by Forbes magazine of the wealthiest 400 American citizens who own assets in the U.S. , ranked by net worth . The 400 was started by Malcolm Forbes in 1982 and the list is published annually around September . Peter W. Bernstein and Annalyn Swan describe the Forbes 400 as capturing a period of extraordinary individual and entrepreneurial energy , a time unlike the extended postwar years , from 1945 to 1982 , when American society emphasized the power of corporations . Bernstein and Swan also describe it as representing a powerful argument - and sometimes a dream - about the social value of wealth in contemporary America . Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a substantial head start . In September 2012 , according to the Institute for Policy Studies , over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege .
Communication ( from Latin communicare , meaning to share ) is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs , symbols , and semiotic rules . The main steps inherent to all communication are :
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the United States . The Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal are the highest civilian awards of the United States . The presidential medal seeks to recognize those people who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II .
The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) for outstanding achievement by an African American . The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn , chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP . It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915 , and has been given most years thereafter . At its annual convention , the NAACP presents the award after deciding from open nominations . Should the organization end , it would be managed by Howard or Fisk Universities . The gold medal is valued at $ 100 , and Spingarn left $ 20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely .
Michigan Avenue is a north-south street in Chicago which runs at 100 east on the Chicago grid . The northern end of the street is at Lake Shore Drive on the shore of Lake Michigan in the Gold Coast Historic District . The street 's southern terminus is at Sibley Boulevard in the southern suburb of Harvey , though like many Chicago streets it exists in several disjointed segments . As the home of the Chicago Water Tower , the Art Institute of Chicago , Millennium Park , and the shopping on the Magnificent Mile , it is a street well known to Chicago natives as well as tourists to the city . Michigan Avenue also is the main commercial street of Streeterville . It includes all of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and most of the Michigan-Wacker Historic District , including the scenic urban space anchored by the Michigan Avenue Bridge .
Jackson State University ( Jackson State or JSU ) is a public , historically black university in Jackson , Mississippi . The university is one of the largest HBCUs in the United States and the fourth largest university in Mississippi . The university is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . It is classified as a research university with high research activity . Jackson State University 's athletic teams , the Tigers , participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) . The university is also the home of the Sonic Boom of the South , a marching band founded in the 1940s . Their accompanying danceline , the Prancing J-Settes , are well known for their unique style of dance , known as J-Setting .
Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation . One of the successor companies of Standard Oil , it is headquartered in San Ramon , California , and active in more than 180 countries . Chevron is engaged in every aspect of the oil , natural gas , and geothermal energy industries , including hydrocarbon exploration and production ; refining , marketing and transport ; chemicals manufacturing and sales ; and power generation . Chevron is one of the world 's largest oil companies ; as of 2019 [ update ] , it ranked eleventh in the Fortune 500 list of the top US closely held and public corporations and 28th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the top 500 corporations worldwide . It was also one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s . Chevron is incorporated in California . Chevron 's downstream operations manufacture and sell products such as fuels , lubricants , additives and petrochemicals . The company 's most significant areas of operations are the west coast of North America , the U.S. Gulf Coast , Southeast Asia , South Korea and Australia . In 2010 , Chevron sold an average of 3.1 million barrels per day ( 490×10^3 m3/d ) of refined products like gasoline , diesel and jet fuel .
The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .
Western Michigan University ( WMU ) is a public research university in Kalamazoo , Michigan , United States . The university was established in 1903 by Dwight B. Waldo . Its enrollment , as of the Fall 2016 semester , was 23,252 . WMU 's aviation program is ranked as one of the top 5 aviation programs offered in the United States . WMU is the site of the annual International Congress on Medieval Studies . The university 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and are known as the Western Michigan Broncos . They compete in the Mid-American Conference for most sports . WMU is ranked 1176th in the 2018 US News & World Report global universities ranking .
Samuel Riley Pierce Jr. ( September 8 , 1922 - October 31 , 2000 ) was Ronald Reagan 's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from January 23 , 1981 until January 20 , 1989 .
Cornell University ( /kɔːrˈnɛl/ kor-NEL ) is a private and statutory Ivy League research university in Ithaca , New York . Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White , the university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge - from the classics to the sciences , and from the theoretical to the applied . These ideals , unconventional for the time , are captured in Cornell 's founding principle , a popular 1868 Ezra Cornell quotation : I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study . The university is broadly organized into seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus , with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy . The university also administers two satellite medical campuses , one in New York City and one in Education City , Qatar , and Cornell Tech , a graduate program that incorporates technology , business , and creative thinking . The program moved from Google 's Chelsea Building in New York City to its permanent campus on Roosevelt Island in September 2017 . Cornell is one of ten private land grant universities in the United States and the only one in New York . [ note 1 ] Of its seven undergraduate colleges , three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system , including its agricultural and human ecology colleges as well as its industrial labor relations school . Of Cornell 's graduate schools , only the veterinary college is state-supported . As a land grant college , Cornell operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York and receives annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions . The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres , but is much larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens ( more than 4,300 acres ) and the numerous university-owned lands in New York City are considered . As of October 2019 , 59 Nobel laureates , four Turing Award winners and one Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Cornell University .
The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( or HUD Secretary ) is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development , a member of the President 's Cabinet , and thirteenth in the Presidential line of succession . The post was created with the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development on September 9 , 1965 , by President Lyndon B. Johnson 's signing of the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act ( Pub.L . 89-174 ) into law . The department 's mission is to increase homeownership , support community development and increase access to affordable housing free from discrimination . The current HUD secretary is Ben Carson , who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on March 2 , 2017 .
The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .
Martin Luther King Jr. ( January 15 , 1929 - April 4 , 1968 ) was an American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968 . King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience , inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi . King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . As president of the SCLC , he then led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany , Georgia , and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham , Alabama . He helped organize the 1963 March on Washington , where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial . On October 14 , 1964 , King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance . In 1965 , he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches . In his final years , he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War . FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI 's COINTELPRO from 1963 on . FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties , recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials , and , in 1964 , mailed King a threatening anonymous letter , which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide . Before his death , King was planning a national occupation of Washington , D.C. , to be called the Poor People 's Campaign , when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis , Tennessee . His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities .
The New York Times is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership . Founded in 1851 , the paper has won 127 Pulitzer Prizes , more than any other newspaper . The Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation and 3rd in the U.S. Nicknamed The Gray Lady , the Times has long been regarded within the industry as a national newspaper of record . The paper 's motto , All the News That 's Fit to Print , appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page . The paper is owned by The New York Times Company , which is publicly traded and is controlled by the Sulzberger family through a dual-class share structure . It has been owned by the family since 1896 ; A.G. Sulzberger , the paper 's publisher , and his father , Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. , the company 's chairman , are the fourth and fifth generation of the family to head the paper . Since the mid-1970s , The New York Times has greatly expanded its layout and organization , adding special weekly sections on various topics supplementing the regular news , editorials , sports , and features . Since 2008 , the Times has been organized into the following sections : News , Editorials/Opinions-Columns/Op-Ed , New York ( metropolitan ) , Business , Sports of The Times , Arts , Science , Styles , Home , Travel , and other features . On Sunday , the Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review ( formerly the Week in Review ) , The New York Times Book Review , The New York Times Magazine and T : The New York Times Style Magazine . The Times stayed with the broadsheet full-page set-up and an eight-column format for several years after most papers switched to six , and was one of the last newspapers to adopt color photography , especially on the front page .
The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws which regulate an establishment of religion , prohibit the free exercise of religion , or abridge the freedom of speech , the freedom of the press , the right to peaceably assemble , or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights . The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states - a process known as incorporation - through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for a wall of separation between church and State , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint - pre-publication censorship - in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action .
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) , was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the freedom of speech protections in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restrict the ability of American public officials to sue for defamation . Specifically , it held that if a plaintiff in a defamation lawsuit is a public official or person running for public office , not only must he or she prove the normal elements of defamation - publication of a false defamatory statement to a third party - he or she must also prove that the statement was made with actual malice , meaning that the defendant either knew the statement was false or recklessly disregarded whether or not it was true . The case began in 1960 when The New York Times published a full-page advertisement by supporters of Martin Luther King Jr. that criticized the police in Montgomery , Alabama , for their mistreatment of civil rights protesters . However , the ad had several factual inaccuracies , such as the number of times King had been arrested during the protests , what song the protesters had sung , and whether or not students had been expelled for participating . In response , Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued the Times in the local county court for defamation . The judge ruled the advertisement 's inaccuracies were defamatory per se , and the jury returned a verdict in favor of Sullivan and awarded him $ 500,000 in damages . The Times appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court of Alabama , which affirmed it . It then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which agreed to hear the case and ordered certiorari . In March 1964 , the Court issued a unanimous 9-0 decision holding that the Alabama court 's verdict violated the First Amendment . The decision defended free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States . It is one of the key decisions supporting the freedom of the press . Before this decision , there were nearly $ 300 million in libel actions from the southern states outstanding against news organizations , as part of a focused effort by southern officials to use defamation lawsuits as a means of preventing critical coverage of civil rights issues in out-of-state publications .
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years . The list includes publicly held companies , along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available . The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith , a Fortune editor , and the first list was published in 1955 . The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000 .
The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .
TV One is an American basic cable network owned by Urban One , having acquired Comcast 's stake in the TV network in 2015 . Headquartered in Silver Spring , Maryland , TV One 's programming targets African American adults with a broad mix of original lifestyle and entertainment-oriented series , documentaries , movies , concert performances and reruns of sitcoms from the 1970s through the 2000s . As of February 2015 , TV One is available to approximately 57 million pay television households ( 48.9% of households with at least one television set ) in the United States .
CBS ( an initialism of the network 's former name , the Columbia Broadcasting System ) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network that is the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of ViacomCBS . The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major production facilities and operations in New York City ( at the CBS Broadcast Center ) and Los Angeles ( at CBS Television City and the CBS Studio Center ) . CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network , in reference to the company 's trademark symbol , in use since 1951 . It has also been called the Tiffany Network , alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley . It can also refer to some of CBS 's first demonstrations of color television , which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950 . The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. , a collection of 16 radio stations purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System . Under Paley 's guidance , CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States , and eventually one of the Big Three American broadcast television networks . In 1974 CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS , Inc . The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 , renamed its corporate entity to the current CBS Broadcasting , Inc. in 1997 , and eventually adopted the name of the company it had acquired to become CBS Corporation . In 2000 CBS came under the control of the first Viacom , which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971 . In late 2005 , Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation through the spin-off of its broadcast television , radio , and select cable television and non-broadcasting assets , with the CBS television network at its core . CBS Corporation was controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements , which also controlled the second Viacom until December 4 , 2019 , when the two separated companies agreed to re-merge to become the new single entity known as ViacomCBS .
CBS Morning News is an American early morning television news program for CBS News that is broadcast on CBS . The program features late-breaking news stories , national weather forecasts and sports highlights . Since 2013 , it has been anchored by Anne Marie Green , who concurrently anchored the CBS late-night news program Up to the Minute until its cancellation in September 2015 . The program is broadcast live at 4:00 a.m. Eastern Time ( airing in the early timeslot to accommodate CBS stations that start their local morning newscasts at 4:30 a.m. ) , and is transmitted in a continuous half-hour tape delayed loop until 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time , when CBS This Morning begins in the Pacific Time Zone . The program usually airs as a lead-in to local morning newscasts on most CBS stations , although in the few markets where a morning newscast is not produced by the CBS station , it may air in a two- to three-hour loop immediately before the start of This Morning . The show is updated for any breaking news occurring before 7:00 a.m. Eastern Time , while stations throughout the network will join CBS This Morning in all time zones past that time at their local discretion or network orders for live coverage .