List of English Bible translations
Partial Bibles
Table:
Bible

Content

English variant

Year

Source

Notes

Aramaic English New Testament

New Testament

Modern English and Hebrew (Divine names)

2008-2012

Aramaic New Testament texts

A literal translation of the oldest known Aramaic New Testament texts in the form of a study bible having extensive annotation, a historical practice of textual scholarship to assist understanding in context. In this case, the period of early Christianity. For example, explaining the literal Aramaic of “Jesus” as “Y'shua”. The Aramaic is featured with Hebrew letters and vowel pointing.

Bible in Worldwide English

New Testament

Modern English

1969

The Christian Scriptures

New Testament

Modern English

in progress (coming December 2019)

Greek-English interlinear Bibles and public domain translations of the New Testament

No chapters or verses; includes line numbers; logical book order; footnotes for every OT quotation in the NT; extensive index and preface

Messianic Aleph Tav Scriptures[3]

Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and some of the New Testament

Modern English and Hebrew (Divine Names)

In progress

Masoretic Text Old Testament

The Messianic Aleph Tav Scriptures (MATS) is a study bible which focuses on the study of the Aleph Tav character symbol used throughout the old testament (Tanakh) in both the Pentateuch and the Prophets, from the Messianic point of view, this English rendition reveals every place the Hebrew Aleph Tav symbol was used as a "free standing" character symbol believed by some Messianic groups to express the "strength of the covenant" in its original meaning.

Brenton's English Translation of the Septuagint

Old Testament

Modern English

1844

Septuagint

The Common Edition New Testament

New Testament

Modern English

1999

Confraternity Bible

New Testament

Modern English

1941

Revision of the Challoner Revision of the Rheims New Testament.

OT was translated in stages, with editions progressively replacing books in the Challoner revision of the Douay-Rheims; when complete, it was published in 1970 as the New American Bible

Cotton Patch Series

New Testament

Modern English

1973

Modern Black American idiomatic, e.g. rendering Jew as white man; Gentile as negro; Ephesus as Birmingham, Alabama; Rome as Washington, DC; Jerusalem as Atlanta, Georgia

The Emphatic Diaglott

New Testament

Modern English

1864

Greek text recension by Dr Johann Jakob Griesbach

Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation

New Testament

Modern English

1908 (combined in one volume in 1984)

Epistles of Romans, 1st and 2nd Corinthians, and 1st and 2nd Thessalonians, by Scottish scholar William Gunion Rutherford

God's New Covenant: A New Testament Translation

New Testament

Modern English

1989

Good As New: A Radical Retelling of the Scriptures (GAN)

Some of the New Testament and the Gospel of Thomas

Modern English

2004 (paperback 2005)

A paraphrased translation of most of the New Testament books, translated by former Baptist minister John Henson; it excludes the books of 1st and 2nd Timothy, Titus (the Pastoral Epistles), 2nd Peter, 2nd and 3rd John, and Revelation; and also adds the Gospel of Thomas in a degnosticized translation. It features inclusive language, alternatives to traditional Christian expressions (e.g., “Kingdom of God” becomes “God’s New World”, and “Son of Man” becomes “The Complete Person”); the text of Romans 1:26-27 in particular has been heavily altered in order to remove the condemnation of homosexuality. The order and sometimes names of books differ from most other versions, them being rearranged into three parts: “Part One – Jesus and his friends” (Mark, Thomas, Matthew, Luke, Acts); “Part Two – Paul and his friends” (Romans, 1st Corinthians, “2nd” Corinthians split into two books, and the remaining Pauline epistles); and “Part Three – The Four Calls” (James, 1st Peter, 1st John, Hebrews – all respectively renamed to “The Call to …”: Action, Hope, Love, Trust).

Grail Psalms

Book of Psalms

Modern English

1963 (revised 2008)

French La Bible de Jérusalem

Translated according to the principles of Gelineau psalmody. Used for liturgical worship by the Catholic Church.

The Kingdom New Testament: A Contemporary Translation

New Testament

Modern English

2011

Eclectic Greek

By NT Wright.[4] (ISBN 978-0-06-206491-2)

Lexham English Bible

New Testament, with Old Testament in translation

Modern English

2010

SBL Greek New Testament

The Living Oracles

New Testament

Modern English

1826

Compiled and translated by Alexander Campbell based translations by George Campbell, James MacKnight and Philip Doddridge, with reference to the 1805 critical Greek text by Johann Jakob Griesbach

Replaces traditional ecclessiastical terminology such as "church", "bishop" and "baptise" with alternative translations such as "congregation", "overseer" and "immerse".

James Moffatt's 'The New Testament, A New Translation'

New Testament

Modern English

1913

Greek text of Hermann von Soden

Helen Barrett Montgomery, Centenary Translation of the New Testament

New Testament

Modern English

1924

A New New Testament: A Bible for the Twenty-first Century Combining Traditional and Newly Discovered Texts

New Testament and a selection of NT apocrypha

Modern English

2013

A translation of all the books included in the traditional New Testament canon, with the addition of the ten new books (mostly coming from the Nag Hammadi manuscripts): Gospel of Thomas; Gospel of Mary; Gospel of Truth; The Thunder: Perfect Mind; Odes of Solomon (I, II, III, IV); Prayer of Thanksgiving; Prayer of the Apostle Paul; Acts of Paul and Thecla; Letter of Peter to Philip; Secret Revelation of John.[5] Edited and with commentary by biblical scholar Hal Taussig.

The New Testament translated by Richmond Lattimore

New Testament

Modern English

1962–1982 (Compiled in one volume in 1996) Wescott-Hort Text

By Richmond Lattimore. (ISBN 978-0865474994)

Consulting the provided table along with the article excerpts listed at the end.

Solve the question: The earliest extant Koine Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible , was translated into English by Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton and published by whom ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Messianic Bible translations are translations , or editions of translations , in English of the Christian Bible , some of which are widely used in the Messianic Judaism and Hebrew Roots communities . They are not the same as Jewish English Bible translations , although they are often translated by Jewish Christian scholars . They are often not standard straight English translations of the Christian Bible , but are translations which specifically incorporate Jewish elements for a Jewish audience . These elements include , but are not limited to , the use of the Hebrew names for all books , the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) ordering for the books of the Old Testament , both testaments being named their Hebrew names ( Tanakh and Brit Chadasha ) . This approach also includes the New Testament being translated with the preference of spelling names ( people , concepts and place names ) in transliterated Hebrew rather than directly translated from Greek into English . Some Sacred Name Bibles such as the Hallelujah Scriptures , conform to these elements and are therefore may be considered Messianic Bibles as well .
A study Bible is an edition of the Bible prepared for use by a serious student of the Bible . It provides scholarly information designed to help the reader gain a better understanding of and context for the text .
An annotation is extra information associated with a particular point in a document or other piece of information . It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation . Annotations are sometimes presented in the margin of book pages .
Text Annotation is the practice and the result of adding a note or gloss to a text , which may include highlights or underlining , comments , footnotes , tags , and links . Text annotations can include notes written for a reader 's private purposes , as well as shared annotations written for the purposes of collaborative writing and editing , commentary , or social reading and sharing . In some fields , text annotation is comparable to metadata insofar as it is added post hoc and provides information about a text without fundamentally altering that original text . Text annotations are sometimes referred to as marginalia , though some reserve this term specifically for hand-written notes made in the margins of books or manuscripts . Annotations are extremely useful and help to develop knowledge of English literature . This article covers both private and socially shared text annotations , including hand-written and information technology-based annotation . For information on annotation of Web content , including images and other non-textual content , see also Web annotation .
Textual scholarship ( or textual studies ) is an umbrella term for disciplines that deal with describing , transcribing , editing or annotating texts and physical documents .
Early Christianity is a period in the history of Christianity , generally reckoned by church historians to begin with the ministry of Jesus ( c. 27-30 ) and end with the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . It is typically divided into two periods : Christianity in the 1st century which is known as the Apostolic Age ( c. 30-100 ) and the Ante-Nicene Period ( c. 100-325 ) . Christians in the Roman Empire were persecuted until Emperor Constantine I 's toleration and promotion of Christianity . The earliest followers of Jesus were an apocalyptic , Second Temple Jewish sect of Jewish Christians in the Roman province of Judea . Throughout the 2nd and 3rd century , Christianity spread to various settlements in around the Mediterranean Basin , Southern Europe , North Africa , Anatolia , and in the east reached the Caspian Sea . A variety of strains developed in , for example , Alexandria , Antioch , Judea , and Rome . One strain , later known as Pauline Christianity , included Gentiles ( non-Jews ) and God-fearers ( non-Jews who partially adopted Hellenistic Judaism ) and departed from Jewish Christianity and Jewish customs ( a decision affirmed in the Council of Jerusalem c. 50 ) . This proto-orthodox Christianity gradually became an independent religion , evolving into the dominant strain of Christianity which condemned other early Christian sects and Jewish Christians as heretics . As proto-orthodox bishops across the Roman and Persian Empires assembled into an organized network , around 180 they began referring to the it as the Great Church . The First Council of Nicaea refined the doctrine of the Great Church , but splinter groups of Gentile Christianity such as Arian Christianity continued to exist as did Jewish Christian groups who continued to follow the Law of Moses . In 380 , the remaining mainstream of Nicene Christianity would become the official religion of the Roman Empire . Early Christians generally used and revered the Hebrew Bible ( the Old Testament ) as a religious text , mostly in the Greek ( Septuagint ) or Aramaic ( Targum ) translations .
The Bible in Worldwide English is a New Testament Bible in easy-to-read English . This New Testament was originally prepared by Annie Cressman , who died in 1993 . She was a Canadian Bible teacher in Liberia in West Africa . While teaching students in an English-language Bible school , she found that she was spending more time explaining the meaning of the English than she was teaching the Bible itself . Therefore , she decided to write this simple version in easy English so that her students could easily understand . Publication commenced in 1959 with a trial version of Mark 's Gospel .
The New Testament ( Ancient Greek : Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη , transl . Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē ; Latin : Novum Testamentum ) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon , the first being the Old Testament . The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus , as well as events in first-century Christianity . Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture . The New Testament is a collection of Christian texts originally written in the Koine Greek language , at different times by various different authors . While the Old Testament canon varies somewhat between different Christian denominations , the 27-book canon of the New Testament has been almost universally recognized within Christianity since at least Late Antiquity . Thus , in almost all Christian traditions today , the New Testament consists of 27 books : the four canonical gospels ( Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John ) , the Acts of the Apostles , the fourteen epistles of Paul , the seven catholic epistles , and the Book of Revelation . The earliest known complete list of the 27 books of the New Testament is found in a letter written by Athanasius , a 4th-century bishop of Alexandria , dated to 367 AD . The 27-book New Testament was first formally canonized during the councils of Hippo ( 393 ) and Carthage ( 397 ) in North Africa . Pope Innocent I ratified the same canon in 405 , but it is probable that a Council in Rome in 382 under Pope Damasus I gave the same list first . These councils also provided the canon of the Old Testament , which included the apocryphal books . There is no scholarly consensus on the date of composition of the latest New Testament texts .
The Masoretic Text [ a ] ( MT or 𝕸 ) is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of Tanakh for Rabbinic Judaism . It was primarily copied , edited and distributed by a group of Jews known as the Masoretes between the 7th and 10th centuries of the Common Era ( CE ) . The oldest extant manuscripts date from around the 9th century . [ b ] The Aleppo Codex ( once the oldest-known complete copy but since 1947 missing the Torah ) dates from the 10th century . The Masoretic Text defines the Jewish canon and its precise letter-text , with its vocalization and accentuation known as the Masorah . The ancient Hebrew word mesorah ( מסורה , alt . מסורת ) broadly refers to the whole chain of Jewish tradition ( see Oral law ) , which is claimed ( by Orthodox Judaism ) to be unchanged and infallible . Referring to the Masoretic Text , mesorah specifically means the diacritic markings of the text of the Hebrew Scriptures and the concise marginal notes in manuscripts ( and later printings ) of the Tanakh which note textual details , usually about the precise spelling of words . Modern scholars seeking to understand the history of the Tanakhs text use a range of sources other than the Masoretic Text . These include early Greek ( Septuagint ) and Syriac ( Peshitta ) translations , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Dead Sea Scrolls and quotations from rabbinic manuscripts . Most of these are older than the oldest surviving Masoretic text and often contradict it . Which of the three commonly known versions ( Septuagint , Masoretic Text , Samaritan Pentateuch ) is closest to the alleged ( but unsubstantiated ) Urtext is not determinable .
The Septuagint version of the Old Testament is a translation of the Septuagint by Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton , originally published by Samuel Bagster & Sons , London , in 1844 , in English only . From the 1851 edition the Apocrypha were included , and by about 1870 , an edition with parallel Greek text existed ; another one appeared in 1884 . In the 20th century it was reprinted by Zondervan among others . Codex Vaticanus is used as the primary source . Brenton 's has been the most widely used translation until the publication of New English Translation of the Septuagint in 2007 .
The Old Testament ( abbreviated OT ) is the first part of the Christian biblical canon , which is based primarily upon the twenty-four books of the Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ) , a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God . The second part of Christian Bibles is the New Testament , originally written in the Koine Greek language . The books that comprise the Old Testament canon , as well as their order and names , differ between Christian denominations . The Catholic canon comprises 46 books , the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 49 books , and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books . The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh , with some differences of order , and there are some differences in text . The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts ( Kings , Samuel and Chronicles , Ezra-Nehemiah and the Twelve Minor Prophets ) into separate books in Christian bibles . The books that are part of the Christian Old Testament but that are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical . In general , Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon , but some versions of Anglican and Lutheran bibles place such books in a separate section called Apocrypha . These extra books are ultimately derived from the earlier Greek Septuagint collection of the Hebrew scriptures and are also Jewish in origin . Some are also contained in the Dead Sea Scrolls . The Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries . Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections : ( 1 ) the first five books or Pentateuch ( Torah ) ; ( 2 ) the history books telling the history of the Israelites , from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon ; ( 3 ) the poetic and Wisdom books dealing , in various forms , with questions of good and evil in the world ; and ( 4 ) the books of the biblical prophets , warning of the consequences of turning away from God .
Modern English ( sometimes New English or NE ( ME ) as opposed to Middle English and Old English ) is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England , which began in the late 14th century and was completed in roughly 1550 . With some differences in vocabulary , texts from the early 17th century , such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible , are considered to be in Modern English , or more specifically , are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English . English was adopted in regions around the world , such as North America , the Indian subcontinent , Africa , Australia and New Zealand through colonisation by the British Empire . Modern English has many dialects spoken in many countries throughout the world , sometimes collectively referred to as the anglosphere . These dialects include American English , Australian English , British English ( containing English English , Welsh English and Scottish English ) , Canadian English , Caribbean English , Hiberno-English , Indian English , Pakistani English , Nigerian English , New Zealand English , Philippine English , Singaporean English , and South African English . According to the Ethnologue , there are almost 1 billion speakers of English as a first or second language . English is spoken as a first or a second language in many countries , with the largest number of native speakers being in the United States , the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand and Ireland ; there are also large populations in India , Pakistan , the Philippines and Southern Africa . It has more non-native speakers than any other language , is more widely dispersed around the world and is used for more purposes than any other language . Its large number of speakers , plus its worldwide presence , have made English a common language ( lingua franca ) of the airlines , of the sea and shipping , of computer technology , of science and indeed of ( global ) communication generally .
The Greek Old Testament , or Septuagint ( from the Latin : septuāgintā , lit . 'seventy ' ; often abbreviated 70 ; in Roman numerals , LXX ) , is the earliest extant Koine Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible , various biblical apocrypha , and deuterocanonical books . The first five books of the Hebrew Bible , known as the Torah or the Pentateuch , were translated in the mid-3rd century BCE ; they did not survive as original translation texts , however , except as rare fragments . The remaining books of the Greek Old Testament are presumably translations from 200 BCE to 50 CE . The full title ( Ancient Greek : Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα , lit . 'The Translation of the Seventy ' ) derives from the story recorded in the Letter of Aristeas that the Hebrew Torah was translated into Greek at the request of Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( 285-247 BCE ) by 70 Jewish scholars or , according to later tradition , 72 : six scholars from each of the Twelve Tribes of Israel , who independently produced identical translations . The miraculous character of the Aristeas legend might indicate the esteem and disdain in which the translation was held at the time ; Greek translations of Hebrew scriptures were in circulation among the Alexandrian Jews . Egyptian papyri from the period have led most scholars to view as probable Aristeas ' dating of the translation of the Pentateuch to the third century BCE . Whatever share the Ptolemaic court may have had in the translation , it satisfied a need felt by the Jewish community ( in whom the knowledge of Hebrew was waning among the demands of every-day life ) . Greek scriptures were in wide use by the time of Jesus and Paul of Tarsus ( early Christianity ) because most Christian proselytes , God-fearers , and other gentile sympathizers of Hellenistic Judaism could not read Hebrew . The text of the Greek Old Testament is quoted more often than the original Hebrew Bible text in the Greek New Testament ( particularly the Pauline epistles ) by the Apostolic Fathers , and later by the Greek Church Fathers . Modern critical editions of the Greek Old Testament are based on the Codices Vaticanus , Sinaiticus , and Alexandrinus .
The Common Edition New Testament is a 1999 standardized edition made to reflect the common word and punctuation choices of translations most frequently used in English speaking churches . As stated in its introduction , the purpose is a text that can be publicly read before audiences who follow in multiple translations . As part of the design , the edition is iambic in rhythm , on a sixth grade reading level , and with a formal equivalence level comparable to the English Standard Version 2001 . Since the text gives the standard English reading , the Greek textual foundations are not identical to the United Bible Societies 4th edition Greek New Testament , but are closer to the textual basis of the New International Version 1978 , and the Revised Standard Version 1971 . The Common Edition was edited by T.E . Clontz .
Confraternity Bible is any edition of the Catholic Bible translated under the auspices of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine ( CCD ) between 1941 and 1969 . The Confraternity Bible strives to give a fluent English translation while remaining close to the Latin Vulgate . It is no longer in widespread use since it was supplanted in 1970 by the New American Bible .
The Douay-Rheims Bible ( pronounced /ˌduːeɪ/ or /ˌdaʊ.eɪ ˈriːmz/ ) ( also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible , and abbreviated as D-R and DRB ) is a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College , Douai , in the service of the Catholic Church . The New Testament portion was published in Reims , France , in 1582 , in one volume with extensive commentary and notes . The Old Testament portion was published in two volumes twenty-seven years later in 1609 and 1610 by the University of Douai . The first volume , covering Genesis through Job , was published in 1609 ; the second , covering Psalms to 2 Machabees plus the deuterocanonical books of the Vulgate , was published in 1610 . Marginal notes took up the bulk of the volumes and had a strong polemical and patristic character . They offered insights on issues of translation , and on the Hebrew and Greek source texts of the Vulgate . The purpose of the version , both the text and notes , was to uphold Catholic tradition in the face of the Protestant Reformation which up till then had dominated Elizabethan religion and academic debate . As such it was an impressive effort by English Catholics to support the Counter-Reformation . The New Testament was reprinted in 1600 , 1621 and 1633 . The Old Testament volumes were reprinted in 1635 but neither thereafter for another hundred years . In 1589 , William Fulke collated the complete Rheims text and notes in parallel columns with those of the Bishops ' Bible . This work sold widely in England , being re-issued in three further editions to 1633 .
The Douay-Rheims Bible ( pronounced /ˌduːeɪ/ or /ˌdaʊ.eɪ ˈriːmz/ ) ( also known as the Rheims-Douai Bible or Douai Bible , and abbreviated as D-R and DRB ) is a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College , Douai , in the service of the Catholic Church . The New Testament portion was published in Reims , France , in 1582 , in one volume with extensive commentary and notes . The Old Testament portion was published in two volumes twenty-seven years later in 1609 and 1610 by the University of Douai . The first volume , covering Genesis through Job , was published in 1609 ; the second , covering Psalms to 2 Machabees plus the deuterocanonical books of the Vulgate , was published in 1610 . Marginal notes took up the bulk of the volumes and had a strong polemical and patristic character . They offered insights on issues of translation , and on the Hebrew and Greek source texts of the Vulgate . The purpose of the version , both the text and notes , was to uphold Catholic tradition in the face of the Protestant Reformation which up till then had dominated Elizabethan religion and academic debate . As such it was an impressive effort by English Catholics to support the Counter-Reformation . The New Testament was reprinted in 1600 , 1621 and 1633 . The Old Testament volumes were reprinted in 1635 but neither thereafter for another hundred years . In 1589 , William Fulke collated the complete Rheims text and notes in parallel columns with those of the Bishops ' Bible . This work sold widely in England , being re-issued in three further editions to 1633 .
The New American Bible ( NAB ) is an English translation of the Bible first published in 1970 . The 1986 Revised NAB is the basis of the revised Lectionary , and it is the only translation approved for use at Mass in the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States and the Philippines , and the 1970 first edition is also an approved Bible translation by the Episcopal Church in the United States . Stemming originally from the Confraternity Bible , a translation of the Vulgate by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine , the project transitioned to translating the original biblical languages in response to Pope Pius XII 's 1943 encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu . The effort eventually became the New American Bible under the liturgical principles and reforms of the Second Vatican Council ( 1962-1965 ) .
Clarence Jordan ( July 29 , 1912 - October 29 , 1969 ) , a farmer and New Testament Greek scholar , was the founder of Koinonia Farm , a small but influential religious community in southwest Georgia and the author of the Cotton Patch paraphrase of the New Testament . He was also instrumental in the founding of Habitat for Humanity . His nephew , Hamilton Jordan , served as White House Chief of Staff during the Jimmy Carter administration .
The Emphatic Diaglott is a diaglot , or two-language polyglot translation , of the New Testament by Benjamin Wilson , first published in 1864 . It is an interlinear translation with the original Greek text and a word-for-word English translation in the left column , and a full English translation in the right column . It is based on the interlinear translation , the renderings of eminent critics , and various readings of the Codex Vaticanus . It includes illustrative and explanatory footnotes , references , and an alphabetical appendix . The Greek text is that of Johann Jakob Griesbach . The English text uses Jehovah for the divine name a number of times where the New Testament writers used Ancient Greek : κύριος , romanized : kýrios ( Kyrios , the Lord ) when quoting Hebrew scriptures . For example , at Luke 20:42-43 it reads : For David himself says in the book of Psalms , Jehovah said to my Lord , sit thou at my Right hand , 'till I put thine enemies underneath thy feet , where Jesus quoted Psalm 110:1 . The text of the original edition 's title page is as follows :
Johann Jakob Griesbach ( 4 January 1745 - 24 March 1812 ) was a German biblical textual critic . Griesbach 's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism , in which he inaugurated a new epoch . His solution to the synoptic problem bears his name , but the Griesbach hypothesis has become , in modern times , known as the Two-Gospel hypothesis .
The Five Pauline Epistles , A New Translation is a partial Bible translation produced by Scottish scholar William Gunion Rutherford , of five books of the New Testament . The Bible books that were translated into English by Rutherford are a number of Pauline Epistles or didactic letters , believed to be written by the Jewish Christian Apostle Paul . The work was a translation of the Bible books of Romans , first and second Thessalonians , and first and second Corinthians , with a brief analysis . The work was commenced in 1900 , and was completed in 1908 . The entire work was brought together in one volume in 1984 .
William Gunion Rutherford ( 17 July 1853 - 19 July 1907 ) was a Scottish scholar .
God 's New Covenant : A New Testament Translation is a modern English translation by Heinz Cassirer of the Greek New Testament , published in 1989 . Cassirer completed his translation of the New Testament in just thirteen months . Below is a sample passage , Matthew 7:24 .
The Gospel of Thomas ( also known as the Coptic Gospel of Thomas ) is a non-canonical sayings gospel . It was discovered near Nag Hammadi , Egypt , in December 1945 among a group of books known as the Nag Hammadi library . Scholars speculate that the works were buried in response to a letter from Bishop Athanasius declaring a strict canon of Christian scripture . Scholars have proposed dates of composition as early as 60 AD and as late as 140 AD . The Coptic-language text , the second of seven contained in what modern-day scholars have designated as Codex II , is composed of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus . Almost half of these sayings resemble those found in the canonical gospels , while it is speculated that the other sayings were added from Gnostic tradition . Its place of origin may have been Syria , where Thomasine traditions were strong . The introduction states : These are the hidden words that the living Jesus spoke and Didymos Judas Thomas wrote them down . Didymus ( Greek ) and Thomas ( Aramaic ) both mean twin . The text 's authorship by Thomas the Apostle is rejected by modern scholars . It is possible that the document originated within a school of early Christians , possibly proto-Gnostics . Some critics further state that even the description of Thomas as a gnostic gospel is based upon little other than the fact that it was found along with gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi .
The pastoral epistles are a group of three books of the canonical New Testament : the First Epistle to Timothy ( 1 Timothy ) the Second Epistle to Timothy ( 2 Timothy ) , and the Epistle to Titus . They are presented as letters from Paul the Apostle to Timothy and to Titus . They are generally discussed as a group ( sometimes with the addition of the Epistle to Philemon ) and are given the title pastoral because they are addressed to individuals with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living , doctrine and leadership . The term pastorals was popularized in 1703 by D. N. Berdot and in 1726 by Paul Anton . Alternate nomenclature for the cluster of three letters has been proposed : Corpus Pastorale , meant to highlight the intentional forgery of the letters as a three-part corpus , and Letters to Timothy and Titus , meant to emphasize the individuality of the letters .
In the New Testament ( NT ) , there are at least three passages that refer to homosexual activity : Romans 1:26-27 , 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 , and 1 Timothy 1:9-10 . A fourth passage , Jude 1:7 , is often interpreted as referring to homosexuality . Jesus discusses marriage only in a heterosexual context when he cites the Book of Genesis during a discussion of marriage ( Matthew 19:4-6 and Mark 10:6-9 ) . The references to homosexuality itself in the New Testament hinge on the interpretation of three specific Greek words : arsenokoitēs ( ἀρσενοκοίτης ) , malakos ( μαλακός ) , and porneia ( πορνεία ) and its cognates . While it is not disputed that the three Greek words apply to sexual relations between men ( and possibly between women ) , some academics interpret the relevant passages as a prohibition against pederasty or prostitution rather than homosexuality per se , while other scholars have presented counter arguments . The historical context of the passages has also been a subject of debate .
The Grail Psalms refers to various editions of an English translation of the Book of Psalms , first published completely as The Psalms : A New Translation in 1963 [ a ] by the Ladies of the Grail . The translation was modeled on the French La Bible de Jérusalem , according to the school of Fr . Joseph Gelineau : a simple vernacular , arranged in sprung rhythm to be suitable for liturgical song and chant ( see : Gelineau psalmody ) . All official , Catholic , English translations of the Liturgy of the Hours use the Grail Psalms .
Gelineau psalmody is a method of singing the Psalms that was developed in France by Catholic Jesuit priest Joseph Gelineau around 1953 , with English translations appearing some ten years later . Its chief distinctives are :
The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy .
Nicholas Thomas Wright FRSE ( born 1 December 1948 ) , known as N. T. Wright or Tom Wright , is an English New Testament scholar , Pauline theologian and Anglican bishop . He was the Bishop of Durham from 2003 to 2010 . He then became Research Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at St Mary 's College in the University of St Andrews in Scotland until 2019 , when he became a senior research fellow at Oxford University . He writes about theology and Christian life and the relationship between them . He advocates a biblical re-evaluation of theological matters such as justification , women 's ordination , and popular Christian views about life after death . He has also criticised the idea of a literal Rapture . The author of over seventy books , Wright is highly regarded in academic and theological circles for his Christian Origins and the Question of God series . The third volume , The Resurrection of the Son of God , is considered by many clergy and theologians to be a seminal Christian work on the resurrection of the historical Jesus , while the most recently released fourth volume , Paul and the Faithfulness of God , is hailed as Wright 's magnum opus .
The International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique . [ a ] [ b ] Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency . An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation ( except reprintings ) of a publication . For example , an e-book , a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book will each have a different ISBN . The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007 , and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007 . The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries , often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country . The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967 , based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering ( SBN ) created in 1966 . The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 ( the 9-digit SBN code can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero digit ' 0 ' ) . Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN . The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative . Another identifier , the International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN ) , identifies periodical publications such as magazines and newspapers . The International Standard Music Number ( ISMN ) covers musical scores .
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The Lexham English Bible ( LEB ) is an online bible released by Logos Bible Software . The New Testament was published in October 2010 and has an audio narration spoken by Marv Allen . It lists as General Editor W. Hall Harris , III . The Old Testament translation was completed in 2011 . According to its foreword , the translator 's intent was to achieve :
The SBL Greek New Testament or SBLGNT is a critically edited edition of the Greek New Testament published by Logos Bible Software and the Society of Biblical Literature in October 2010 . It was edited by Michael W. Holmes . It is also published in paperback form . The SBLGNT features an apparatus that records differences not among manuscripts , but rather from other published editions of the Greek New Testament . According to the editors this is a function of a reading edition that calls attention to text critical issues . The text was created by starting with the Westcott and Hort text and then comparing it to Tregelles , Robinson-Pierpont , and the text underlying the NIV . The text is available under a permissive license that allows royalty-free commercial and non-commercial use . The open licensing of the SBLGNT was a design goal of the text and has been heralded as an important resource for academic publishing .
The Living Oracles is a translation of the New Testament compiled and edited by the early Restoration Movement leader Alexander Campbell . :87-88 Published in 1826 , it was based on an 1818 combined edition of translations by George Campbell , James MacKnight and Philip Doddridge , and included edits and extensive notes by Campbell . :87-88:122
Alexander Campbell ( 12 September 1788 - 4 March 1866 ) was a Scots-Irish immigrant who became an ordained minister in the United States and joined his father Thomas Campbell as a leader of a reform effort that is historically known as the Restoration Movement , and by some as the Stone-Campbell Movement . It resulted in the development of non-denominational Christian churches , which stressed reliance on scripture and few essentials . :111 Campbell was influenced by similar efforts in Scotland , in particular , by James and Robert Haldane , who emphasized their interpretation of Christianity as found in the New Testament . In 1832 , the group of reformers led by the Campbells merged with a similar movement that began under the leadership of Barton W. Stone in Kentucky . :112 Their congregations identified as Disciples of Christ or Christian churches . Several church groups have some historical ties with Campbell 's efforts . The three main groups are the Churches of Christ , the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , and the independent Christian churches and churches of Christ . Additionally , there are the International Churches of Christ , the International Christian Church , the Churches of Christ in Australia , the Churches of Christ in Europe , and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada . Campbell also founded Bethany College in what became Bethany , West Virginia .
Rev Prof George Campbell DD FRSE ( 25 December 1719 - 6 April 1796 ) was a figure of the Scottish Enlightenment , known as a philosopher , minister , and professor of divinity . Campbell was primarily interested in rhetoric , since he believed that its study would enable his students to become better preachers . He became a philosopher of rhetoric because he took it that the philosophical changes of the Age of Enlightenment would have implications for rhetoric .
Philip Doddridge D.D . ( 26 June 1702 - 26 October 1751 ) was an English Nonconformist ( Congregationalist ) minister , educator , and hymnwriter .
James Moffatt ( 1870-1944 ) was a Scottish theologian and graduate of Glasgow University . Moffatt trained at the Free Church College , Glasgow , and was a practicing minister at the United Free Church in Dundonald in the early years of his career . He received the degree Doctor of Divinity from the University of St Andrews in April 1902 . In 1911 , he was appointed Professor of Greek and New Testament Exegesis at Mansfield College , Oxford , but he returned to Glasgow in 1915 as Professor of Church History at the United Free Church College . From 1927 to 1939 , he was Washburn Professor of Church History at the Union Theological Seminary , New York . In addition , he translated one of the standard Modern English Bible translations , the Moffatt , New Translation ( MNT ) .
Baron Hermann von Soden ( 16 August 1852 - 15 January 1914 ) was a German Biblical scholar , minister , professor of divinity , and textual theorist .
Helen Barrett Montgomery ( July 31 , 1861 - October 19 , 1934 ) was an American social reformer , educator and writer . In 1921 she was elected as the first woman president of the Northern Baptist Convention ( and of any religious denomination in the United States ) . She had long been a delegate to the Convention and a policymaker . In 1893 she helped found a chapter of the Women 's Educational and Industrial Union in Rochester , New York , and served as president until 1911 , nearly two decades . In 1899 Montgomery was the first woman elected to the Rochester School Board and any public office in the city , 20 years before women could vote . Montgomery was an activist for women 's and overseas missions and a successful fundraiser ; in 1910-1911 she raised one million dollars by her national speaking tour ( the funds raised were equivalent to $ 23.7 million in 2010 ) , used chiefly to support colleges for women in China . In 1921 as president of the Women 's American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society , she gave their Jubilee contributions of more than $ 450,000 to the National Baptist Convention . In 1924 she was the first woman to publish a translation of the New Testament from the original Greek . Living mostly in Rochester , New York , she was influential in national and international progressive movements . Since 1995 , Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School has held an annual conference on Women in Church and Society , named in honor of Helen Barrett Montgomery . In addition , the School is establishing an endowed fund in her name for its Program for the Study of Women and Gender in Church and Society .
The New Testament apocrypha ( singular apocryphon ) are a number of writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings , the nature of God , or the teachings of his apostles and of their lives . Some of these writings have been cited as scripture by early Christians , but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the 27 books of the modern canon . Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible .
The Nag Hammadi library ( also known as the Chenoboskion Manuscripts and the Gnostic Gospels [ a ] ) is a collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered near the Upper Egyptian town of Nag Hammadi in 1945 . Thirteen leather-bound papyrus codices buried in a sealed jar were found by a local farmer named Muhammed al-Samman . The writings in these codices comprise 52 mostly Gnostic treatises , but they also include three works belonging to the Corpus Hermeticum and a partial translation/alteration of Plato 's Republic . In his introduction to The Nag Hammadi Library in English , James Robinson suggests that these codices may have belonged to a nearby Pachomian monastery and were buried after Saint Athanasius condemned the use of non-canonical books in his Festal Letter of 367 A.D . The discovery of these texts significantly influenced modern scholarship 's pursuit and knowledge of early Christianity and Gnosticism . The contents of the codices were written in the Coptic language . The best-known of these works is probably the Gospel of Thomas , of which the Nag Hammadi codices contain the only complete text . After the discovery , scholars recognized that fragments of these sayings attributed to Jesus appeared in manuscripts discovered at Oxyrhynchus in 1898 ( P. Oxy . 1 ) , and matching quotations were recognized in other early Christian sources . The written text of the Gospel of Thomas is dated to the second century by most interpreters , but based on much earlier sources . The buried manuscripts date from the 3rd and 4th centuries . The Nag Hammadi codices are currently housed in the Coptic Museum in Cairo , Egypt .
The Gospel of Mary is an apocryphal book discovered in 1896 in a 5th-century papyrus codex written in Sahidic Coptic . This Berlin Codex was purchased in Cairo by German diplomat Carl Reinhardt . Although the work is popularly known as the Gospel of Mary , it is not technically classed as a gospel by scholastic consensus because the term 'gospel ' is used as a label for any written text that is primarily focused on recounting the teachings and/or activities of Jesus during his adult life .
The Gospel of Truth is one of the Gnostic texts from the New Testament apocrypha found in the Nag Hammadi codices ( NHC ) . It exists in two Coptic translations , a Subakhmimic rendition surviving almost in full in the first Nag Hammadi codex ( the Jung Codex ) and a Sahidic in fragments in the twelfth codex .
The Odes of Solomon is a collection of 42 odes attributed to Solomon . Various scholars have dated the composition of these religious poems to anywhere in the range of the first three centuries AD . The original language of the Odes is thought to have been either Greek or Syriac , and to be generally Christian in background .
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The Acts of Paul and Thecla ( Acta Pauli et Theclae ) is an apocryphal story-Edgar J. Goodspeed called it a religious romance-of Paul the apostle 's influence on a young virgin named Thecla . It is one of the writings of the New Testament apocrypha .
The Letter of Peter to Philip is a gnostic Christian epistle found in the Nag Hammadi Library in Egypt . It was dated to be written around late 2nd century to early 3rd century CE and focuses on a post-crucifixion appearance and teachings of Jesus Christ to the apostles on the Mount of Olives , or Mount Olivet .
The Secret Book of John , also called the Apocryphon of John or the Secret Revelation of John , is a second-century Sethian Gnostic Christian text of secret teachings . Since it was known to the church father Irenaeus , it must have been written before around 180 CE . It describes Jesus appearing and giving secret knowledge ( gnosis ) to John the Apostle . The author describes this having occurred after Jesus has gone back to the place from which he came . This book is reputed to bear this revelation .
Richmond Alexander Lattimore ( May 6 , 1906 - February 26 , 1984 ) was an American poet and classicist known for his translations of the Greek classics , especially his versions of the Iliad and Odyssey .
The New Testament in the Original Greek is a Greek-language version of the New Testament published in 1881 . It is also known as the Westcott and Hort text , after its editors Brooke Foss Westcott ( 1825-1901 ) and Fenton John Anthony Hort ( 1828-1892 ) . ( Textual scholars use the abbreviation WH . ) It is a critical text , compiled from some of the oldest New Testament fragments and texts that had been discovered at the time . The two editors worked together for 28 years . Westcott and Hort state : [ It is ] our belief that even among the numerous unquestionably spurious readings of the New Testament there are no signs of deliberate falsification of the text for dogmatic purposes . They find that without orthographic differences , doubtful textual variants exist only in one sixtieth of the whole New Testament ( with most of them being comparatively trivial variations ) , with the substantial variations forming hardly more than one thousandth of the entire text . According to Hort , Knowledge of Documents should precede Final Judgments upon Readings . The two editors favoured two manuscripts : Vaticanus and Sinaiticus . They also believed that the combination of Codex Bezae with the Old Latin and the Old Syriac represents the original form of the New Testament text , especially when it is shorter than other forms of the text , such as the majority of the Byzantine text-type . In this they followed one of the primary principles of their fledgling textual criticism , lectio brevior , sometimes taken to an extreme , as in the theory of Western non-interpolations , which has since been rejected .
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