List of Drexel University alumni
Notable alumni -- Medicine
Table:
Name

Grad year

Degree

College

Notability

Ref(s)

Annie Lowrie Alexander

1884

MD

WMCP

First licensed female physician in the Southern United States

[62]

Isaac Ambrose Barber

1872

MD

HMC

Physician and former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland

[63]

Rose Mary Hatem Bonsack

1960

MD

MCP

Physician, former Maryland delegate for Harford County, Maryland

[64]

Myrtelle Canavan

1905

MD

WMCP

One of the first female pathologists; namesake of Canavan disease

[65]

LeRoy Carhart

1973

MD

HMC

Physician who participated in the Supreme Court cases Stenberg v. Carhart and Gonzales v. Carhart

[66]

Rebecca Cole

1867

MD

WMCP

The second African American woman to become a physician in the United States

[67]

Matilda Evans

1897

MD

WMCP

The first African American woman licensed to practice medicine in South Carolina

[68]

Nancy E. Gary

1962

MD

WMCP

Executive Vice President of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Dean of its F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine

[69]

Harold Griffith

1923

MD

HMC

Canadian anesthesiologist who introduced the use of ethylene and cyclopropane in anesthesiology

[70]

Stuart Hameroff

1973

MD

HMC

Professor at the University of Arizona known for his study of consciousness

[71]

Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill

1899

MD

WMCP

Second female Native American physician

[72]

Mady Hornig

1988

MD

MCP

Psychiatrist and associate professor of epidemiology at Columbia University

[73]

Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead

1888

MD

WMCP

Obstetrician and author of A History of Women in Medicine: From the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century

[74]

Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi

1864

MD

WMCP

First woman to become a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine

[75]

Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson

1891

MD

WMCP

First female African-American physician in Alabama

[76]

Anandi Gopal Joshi

1886

MD

WMCP

Second Indian female physician to earn a medical degree through training in Western medicine

[77]

Gurubai Karmarkar

1893

MD

WMCP

Medical Marathi Christian missionary in India

[78]

Kenneth S. Kosik

1976

MD

MCP

Author and researcher in neuroscience

[79]

Sandra Lee

1998

MD

MCP

Dermatologist also known as "Dr. Pimple Popper" who gained popularity for her YouTube channel

[80]

Gary K. Michelson

1975

MD

HMC

Spinal surgeon and inventor

[81]

From the accompanying table together with the supporting evidence below.

Give the answer to the question: What party affiliation does this physician have who participated in the court cases , presided by one chief and eight associate justices ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Annie Lowrie Alexander ( January 10 , 1864 - October 15 , 1929 ) was an American physician and educator . She was the first licensed female physician in the Southern United States .
The Southern United States , also known as the American South or simply the South , is a geographic and cultural region of the United States . It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States , with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . California , Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia , permitted slavery prior to and during the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations ; however , the United States Census Bureau continues to define them as in the South with regard to census regions . Usually , the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States . The region is known for its culture and history , having developed its own customs , musical styles , and cuisines , which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States . The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European ( mostly English , Italian , Scottish , Scotch-Irish , Irish , German , French , Portuguese and Spanish American ) , African and some Native American components . Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s .
Isaac Ambrose Barber ( January 26 , 1852 - March 1 , 1909 ) was a U.S. Representative from Maryland , serving from 1897 to 1899 . Born near Salem , New Jersey , Barber attended the common schools and studied medicine in Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , from which he was graduated in 1872 . He commenced practice in Woodstown , New Jersey , and later moved to Easton , Maryland in 1873 and continued the practice of medicine for fifteen years . He also engaged in the milling business . Barber served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1895 , and later as president of the Farmers & Merchants National Bank of Easton . He was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress from Maryland 's 1st congressional district , serving one term from March 4 , 1897 to March 3 , 1899 . After Congress , he resumed the milling business and also engaged in agricultural pursuits . He also served as chairman of the Republican State central committee from 1900 to 1904 . Barber died in Easton in 1909 , and is interred in Spring Hill Cemetery .
The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .
Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony .
Rose Mary Hatem Bonsack is an American politician who represents district 34 in the Maryland House of Delegates .
Harford County is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland . As of the 2010 census , the population was 244,826 . Its county seat is Bel Air . Harford County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson , MD Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area .
Myrtelle May Moore Canavan ( June 24 , 1879 - August 4 , 1953 ) was an American physician and medical researcher . She was one of the first female pathologists and is best known for publishing a description of Canavan disease in 1931 .
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury . The word pathology also refers to the study of disease in general , incorporating a wide range of bioscience research fields and medical practices . However , when used in the context of modern medical treatment , the term is often used in a more narrow fashion to refer to processes and tests which fall within the contemporary medical field of general pathology , an area which includes a number of distinct but inter-related medical specialties that diagnose disease , mostly through analysis of tissue , cell , and body fluid samples . Idiomatically , a pathology may also refer to the predicted or actual progression of particular diseases ( as in the statement the many different forms of cancer have diverse pathologies ) , and the affix path is sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment ( as in cardiomyopathy ) and psychological conditions ( such as psychopathy ) . A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist . As a field of general inquiry and research , pathology addresses four components of disease : cause , mechanisms of development ( pathogenesis ) , structural alterations of cells ( morphologic changes ) , and the consequences of changes ( clinical manifestations ) . In common medical practice , general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both infectious and non-infectious disease and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties , anatomical pathology and clinical pathology . Further divisions in specialty exist on the basis of the involved sample types ( comparing , for example , cytopathology , hematopathology , and histopathology ) , organs ( as in renal pathology ) , and physiological systems ( oral pathology ) , as well as on the basis of the focus of the examination ( as with forensic pathology ) . Pathology is a significant field in modern medical diagnosis and medical research .
Canavan disease is an autosomal recessive degenerative disorder that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain , and is one of the most common degenerative cerebral diseases of infancy . It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme aminoacylase 2 , and is one of a group of genetic diseases referred to as leukodystrophies . It is characterized by degeneration of myelin in the phospholipid layer insulating the axon of a neuron and is associated with a gene located on human chromosome 17 .
LeRoy Harrison Carhart ( born 1941 ) is an American physician from New Jersey best known for performing abortions late in pregnancy . He became famous for his participation in the Supreme Court cases Stenberg v. Carhart and Gonzales v. Carhart , both of which dealt with intact dilation and extraction ( also known as partial-birth abortion ) . A registered Republican , he was one of the four subjects of the 2013 documentary After Tiller .
The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .
Stenberg v. Carhart , 530 U.S. 914 ( 2000 ) , is a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States dealing with a Nebraska law which made performing partial-birth abortion illegal , without regard for the health of the mother . Nebraska physicians who performed the procedure contrary to the law were subject to having their medical licenses revoked . The Court struck down the law , finding the Nebraska statute criminalizing partial birth abortion [ s ] violated the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution , as interpreted in Planned Parenthood v. Casey and Roe v. Wade . The Court would later uphold a similar , albeit federal statute in Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) .
Gonzales v. Carhart , 550 U.S. 124 ( 2007 ) , is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 . The case reached the high court after U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales appealed a ruling of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in favor of LeRoy Carhart that struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act . Also before the Supreme Court was the consolidated appeal of Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , which had struck down the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act . The Supreme Court 's decision upheld Congress 's ban and held that it did not impose an undue burden on the due process right of women to obtain an abortion , under precedents we here assume to be controlling , such as the Court 's prior decisions in Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey . In a legal sense , the case distinguished but did not overrule Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) , in which the Court dealt with related issues . However , Gonzales was widely interpreted as signaling a shift in Supreme Court jurisprudence toward a restriction of abortion rights , occasioned in part by the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor and her replacement by Samuel Alito . The Court found that there is uncertainty [ in the medical community ] over whether the barred procedure is ever necessary to preserve a woman 's health ; and in the past the Court has given state and federal legislatures wide discretion to pass legislation in areas where there is medical and scientific uncertainty .
Rebecca J. Cole ( March 16 , 1846 - August 14 , 1922 ) was an American physician , organization founder and social reformer . In 1867 , she became the second African-American woman to become a doctor in the United States after Rebecca Lee Crumpler 's achievement three years earlier .
African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .
Matilda Evans , M.D. , ( May 13 , 1872 - November 17 , 1935 ) was the first African-American woman licensed to practice medicine in South Carolina and an advocate for improved health care for African Americans , particularly children .
South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .
Nancy E. Gary ( March 4 , 1937 - May 31 , 2006 ) was president and chief executive officer of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates , executive vice president of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and dean of its F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine . She was also clinical professor of medicine at George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences . She was considered a change agent in medical education and a 'powerhouse ' in academic medicine .
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ( USU ) is a health science university of the U.S. federal government . The primary mission of the school is to prepare graduates for service to the U.S. at home and abroad in the medical corps as medical professionals , nurses , and physicians . The university consists of the F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine , a medical school , which includes a full health sciences graduate education program , the Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing , the Postgraduate Dental College , and the College of Allied Health Sciences . The university 's main campus is located in Bethesda , Maryland . USU was established in 1972 under legislation sponsored by U.S. Representative Felix Edward Hébert of Louisiana . It graduated its first class in 1980 . USU is accredited by the Commission of Education , Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools . Uniformed Services University falls under the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs .
Harold Randall Griffith ( July 25 , 1894 - 1985 ) was a Canadian anesthesiologist and a leader in the fields of anesthesiology .
Anesthesiology , anaesthesiology , anaesthesia or anaesthetics ( see Terminology ) is the medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before , during and after surgery . It encompasses anesthesia , intensive care medicine , critical emergency medicine , and pain medicine . A physician specialised in this field of medicine is called an anesthesiologist , anaesthesiologist or anaesthetist , depending on the country ( see Terminology ) . The core element of the specialty is the study and use of anesthesia and anesthetics to safely support a patient 's vital functions through the perioperative period . Since the 19th century , anesthesiology has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel , untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined , safe and effective field of medicine . In some countries anesthesiologists comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals , and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of anesthesia care in the operating room , including fields such as providing pre-hospital emergency medicine , running intensive care units , transporting critically ill patients between facilities , and prehabilitation programs to optimize patients for surgery .
Ethylene ( IUPAC name : ethene ) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2 . It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint sweet and musky odour when pure . It is the simplest alkene ( a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds ) . Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry , and its worldwide production ( over 150 million tonnes in 2016 ) exceeds that of any other organic compound . Much of this production goes toward polyethylene , a widely used plastic containing polymer chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths . Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone and is used in agriculture to force the ripening of fruits . Ethylene 's hydrate is ethanol .
Cyclopropane is the cycloalkane molecule with the molecular formula C3H6 , consisting of three carbon atoms linked to each other to form a ring , with each carbon atom bearing two hydrogen atoms resulting in D3h molecular symmetry . The small size of the ring creates substantial ring strain in the structure . Cyclopropane is an anaesthetic when inhaled . In modern anaesthetic practice , it has been superseded by other agents . Due to its extreme reactivity , cyclopropane-oxygen mixtures may explode .
Stuart Hameroff ( born July 16 , 1947 ) is an anesthesiologist and professor at the University of Arizona known for his studies of consciousness and his controversial contention that consciousness originates from quantum states in neural microtubules . He is the lead organizer of the Science of Consciousness conference .
The University of Arizona ( Arizona , U of A , UArizona , or UA ) is a public research university in Tucson , Arizona . Founded in 1885 , the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory . As of 2018 [ update ] , the university enrolls 45,217 students in 19 separate colleges/schools , including the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson and Phoenix and the James E. Rogers College of Law , and is affiliated with two academic medical centers ( Banner - University Medical Center Tucson and Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix ) . The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents . The University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group . Known as the Arizona Wildcats ( often shortened to Cats ) , the UA 's intercollegiate athletic teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA . UA athletes have won national titles in several sports , most notably men 's basketball , baseball , and softball . The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are cardinal red and navy blue .
Consciousness at its simplest is sentience or awareness of internal or external existence . Despite centuries of analyses , definitions , explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists , consciousness remains puzzling and controversial , being at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives . Perhaps the only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists . Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness . Sometimes it is synonymous with 'the mind ' , other times just an aspect of mind . In the past it was one 's inner life , the world of introspection , of private thought , imagination and volition . Today , with modern research into the brain it often includes any kind of experience , cognition , feeling or perception . It may be 'awareness ' , or 'awareness of awareness ' , or self-awareness . There might be different levels or orders of consciousness , or different kinds of consciousness , or just one kind with different features . Other questions include whether only humans are conscious or all animals or even the whole universe . The disparate range of research , notions and speculations raises doubts whether the right questions are being asked . Examples of the range of descriptions , definitions or explanations are : simple wakefulness , one 's sense of selfhood or soul explored by looking within ; being a metaphorical stream of contents , or being a mental state , mental event or mental process of the brain ; having phanera or qualia and subjectivity ; being the 'something that it is like ' to 'have ' or 'be ' it ; being the inner theatre or the executive control system of the mind .
Lillie Rosa Minoka-Hill ( 1876-1952 ) was a Native American physician of Mohawk descent . Minnetoga , was her birth given last name according to an early record of her birth . Although , throughout her life , her name was changed three times ; once at her birth , once when the Allen family forcefully adopted her , and a final time when she was given an Oneida name after working in the community for many years . Her favorite name to go by , was her third name , because it represented a high amount of honor that she had earned while treating the people , both white and non-white in Oneida . After her mother died , she was adopted by Joshua Allen , a Quaker in Philadelphia . She later graduated from the Women 's Medical College of Pennsylvania , becoming the second Native American female doctor in the United States , after Susan La Flesche Picotte ( Omaha ) . Her life is remarkable because of the time period she was born into . She was born just after the battle of Little Big Horn , and died while relocation of Native Americans was still happening . She lived in a time of discrimination against women , and people of color , especially in the medical field . She married an Oneida man , Charles Hill , in 1905 and returned with him to his reservation in Wisconsin . For decades she operated a kitchen clinic at her house , providing care for Oneida on the reservation . She gained her state medical license in Wisconsin in 1934 and , in her later years , was honored for her contributions to rural medical care .
Native Americans , also known as American Indians , Indigenous Americans and other terms , are the indigenous peoples of the United States , except Hawaii and territories of the United States . More than 570 federally recognized tribes live within the US , about half of which are associated with Indian reservations . The term American Indian excludes Native Hawaiians and some Alaskan Natives , while Native Americans ( as defined by the US Census ) are American Indians , plus Alaska Natives of all ethnicities . The US Census does not include Native Hawaiians or Chamorro , instead being included in the Census grouping of Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander . The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in what is now the United States at least 15,000 years ago , possibly much earlier , from Asia via Beringia . A vast variety of peoples , societies and cultures subsequently developed . Native Americans were greatly affected by the European colonization of the Americas , which began in 1492 , and their population declined precipitously overwhelmingly due to introduced diseases as well as warfare , including biological warfare , territorial confiscation and slavery . After its creation , the United States , as part of its policy of settler colonialism , waged war and perpetrated massacres against many Native American peoples , removed them from their ancestral lands , and subjected them to one-sided treaties and to discriminatory government policies into the 20th century . Since the 1960s , Native American self-determination movements have resulted in changes to the lives of Native Americans , though there are still many contemporary issues faced by Native Americans . Today , there are over five million Native Americans in the United States , 78% of whom live outside reservations . When the United States was created , established Native American tribes were generally considered semi-independent nations , as they generally lived in communities separate from British settlers . The federal government signed treaties at a government-to-government level until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended recognition of independent native nations , and started treating them as domestic dependent nations subject to federal law .
Mady Hornig ( born 1957 ) is an American psychiatrist and an associate professor of epidemiology at Columbia University 's Mailman School of Public Health . A physician-scientist , her research involves clinical , epidemiological , and animal model research on autism and related neurodevelopmental conditions . She directs the clinical core of an international investigation of the role of Borna disease virus in human mental illness and participates as a key investigator for the Autism Birth Cohort ( ABC ) project , a large prospective epidemiological study , based in Norway , that is identifying how genes and timing interact with environmental agents preceding the onset of autism spectrum diagnoses . In 2006 , she was appointed as Guest Professor at the School of Basic Medical Science of Beijing University in Beijing , China . Hornig has been described as an anti-mercury activist . Along with CII director W. Ian Lipkin and colleague Thomas Briese , she is currently investigating measles virus RNA sequences in bowel biopsies of children with autism spectrum disorders . Formulating a three strikes model of causation that integrates genetics , the environment and developmental neurobiology , Hornig posits that some cases of autism may represent the unfortunate coincidence of genetic vulnerability ( first dimension ) and exposure to environmental factors ( second dimension ) at a critical period of brain development ( third dimension ) . She is examining how brain damage from infections , immune system dysfunction , neurotoxins , and other chemical or psychosocial stress factors , or host responses to these environmental agents , can lead to neurodevelopmental and other central nervous system disorders , thereby contributing to autism , schizophrenia , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , obsessive compulsive disorders , and mood disorders .
Columbia University ( also known as Columbia , and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York ) is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States . It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence , seven of which belong to the Ivy League . It has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Columbia was established as King 's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain in reaction to the founding of Princeton University in New Jersey . It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896 , the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University . Columbia scientists and scholars have played an important role in the development of notable scientific fields and breakthroughs including : brain-computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; Thomas Hunt Morgan 's drosophila experiment - considered the origin of modern genetics ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning of the Manhattan Project during World War II . The Columbia University Physics Department has been affiliated with 33 Nobel Prize winners as alumni , faculty or research staff , the third most of any American institution behind MIT and Harvard . In addition , 22 Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine have been affiliated with Columbia , the third most of any American institution . The university 's research efforts include the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory , Goddard Institute for Space Studies and accelerator laboratories with major technology firms such as IBM . Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M.D .
Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead ( April 6 , 1867 - January 1 , 1941 ) was a pioneering feminist and obstetrician who promoted the role of women in medicine . She wrote A History of Women in Medicine : From the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century in 1938 . She was born in Danville , Quebec , Canada , and died in Haddam , Connecticut , United States .
Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy , childbirth , and the postpartum period . As a medical specialty , obstetrics is combined with gynaecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology ( OB/GYN ) , which is a surgical field .
Mary Corinna Putnam Jacobi ( August 31 , 1842 - June 10 , 1906 ) was an esteemed American medical physician , teacher , scientist , writer , and suffragist . She was the first woman to study medicine at the University of Paris , and had a long career practicing medicine , teaching , writing , and advocating for women 's rights , especially in medical education . Disparaging anecdotal evidence and traditional approaches , she demanded rigorous scientific research on every question of the day . Her scientific rebuttal of the popular idea that menstruation made women unsuited to education was influential in the fight for women 's educational opportunities .
Situated at 16 rue Bonaparte in the 6th arrondissement of Paris , the Académie nationale de médecine ( National Academy of Medicine ) was created in 1820 by king Louis XVIII at the urging of baron Antoine Portal . At its inception , the institution was known as the Académie royale de médecine ( or Royal Academy of Medicine ) . This academy was endowed with the legal status of two institutions which preceded it - the Académie royale de chirurgie ( or Royal Academy of Surgery ) , which was created in 1731 and of the Société royale de médecine ( or Royal Society of Medicine ) , which was created in 1776 .
Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson ( 17 October 1864 - 26 April 1901 ) was the first woman to be licensed as a physician in Alabama .
Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture .
Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi ( Marathi : आनंदीबाई गोपाळराव जोशी ) ( 31 March 1865 - 26 February 1887 ) was the first Indian female physician . She was the first woman from the erstwhile Bombay presidency of India to study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in the United States . She was also referred to as Anandibai Joshi and Anandi Gopal Joshi ( where Gopal came from Gopalrao , which is her husband 's first name ) . ==Early life Originally named Yamuna , Joshi was born , raised and married in Kalyan where her family had previously been landlords before experiencing financial losses . As was the practice at that time and due to pressure from her mother , she was married at the age of nine to Gopalrao Joshi , a widower almost twenty years her senior . After marriage , Yamuna 's husband renamed her 'Anandi ' . Gopalrao Joshi worked as a postal clerk in Kalyan . Later , he was transferred to Alibag , and then , finally , to Kolkata ( Calcutta ) . He was a progressive thinker , and , unusually for that time , supported education for women . At the age of fourteen , Anandibai gave birth to a boy , but the child lived only for ten days for lack of medical care . This proved to be a turning point in Anandi 's life and inspired her to become a physician . After Gopalrao tried to enroll her in missionary schools and not working out , they moved to Calcutta .
Gurubai Karmarkar ( died 1932 ) was the second Indian woman to graduate from the Women 's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1886 .
Marathi Christians ( मराठी ख्रिस्ती ; Marāṭhī Khristī ) are an ethno-religious community of Indian state Maharashtra . Who were Proselytized during 18th-19th century of British Raj in Bombay Presidency , as a result of Christian missions such as the American Marathi Mission , Church Mission Society and the Church of England 's SPG Mission . Most Marathi Christians are Protestants belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the predominant Anglican Church of North India , Marathi Methodist Church , the Salvation Army and several others including significant number of Roman Catholics and Evangelicals . Marathi Christians living in Ahmednagar , Solapur , Nashik , Pune , Aurangabad , Kolhapur and Jalna , Ecumenical cooperation between Catholics and Protestants is generally greater than other communities . Marathi Christians are one of two Christian ethnic communities in Maharashtra , the other group , East Indians , are predominantly Roman Catholics , who were evangelized by Portuguese during 13th-16th Century and are concentrated in coastal Maharashtra , especially Vasai , Thane , Palghar and Mumbai who also speak Marathi language with local dialects . According to the Census of India , there are over a million Christians in Maharashtra constituting 1.5% of the state 's population .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Kenneth S. Kosik , M.D . is an American neurologist , author , researcher and professor in neuroscience at the University of California , Santa Barbara . Recent contributions includes a significant discovery in understanding the way human embryonic stem cells function . He has contributed to novel thinking about how to reduce risk for getting Alzheimer 's disease and reduce the impact of this illness on our communities . He was the founder and executive director of Cognitive Fitness & Innovative Therapies , followed by the Cottage Center for Brain Fitness . Kosik provided much of the original data on the largest family in the world with a genetic form of Alzheimer 's disease located in Antioquia , Colombia .
Neuroscience ( or neurobiology ) is the scientific study of the nervous system . It is a multidisciplinary branch of biology that combines physiology , anatomy , molecular biology , developmental biology , cytology , mathematical modeling , and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits . The understanding of the biological basis of learning , memory , behavior , perception , and consciousness has been described by Eric Kandel as the ultimate challenge of the biological sciences . The scope of neuroscience has broadened over time to include different approaches used to study the nervous system at different scales and the techniques used by neuroscientists have expanded enormously , from molecular and cellular studies of individual neurons to imaging of sensory , motor and cognitive tasks in the brain .
Sandra Lee ( born December 20 , 1970 ) , also known as Dr. Pimple Popper , is an American dermatologist and YouTuber based in Upland , California . She is known for her online videos and her TV series Dr. Pimple Popper .
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin . It is a speciality with both medical and surgical aspects . A dermatologist is a specialist doctor who manages diseases related to skin , hair and nails and some cosmetic problems .
YouTube is an American video-sharing platform headquartered in San Bruno , California . Three former PayPal employees - Chad Hurley , Steve Chen , and Jawed Karim - created the service in February 2005 . Google bought the site in November 2006 for US $ 1.65 billion ; YouTube now operates as one of Google 's subsidiaries . YouTube allows users to upload , view , rate , share , add to playlists , report , comment on videos , and subscribe to other users . It offers a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media videos . Available content includes video clips , TV show clips , music videos , short and documentary films , audio recordings , movie trailers , live streams , and other content such as video blogging , short original videos , and educational videos . Most content on YouTube is uploaded by individuals , but media corporations including CBS , the BBC , Vevo , and Hulu offer some of their material via YouTube as part of the YouTube partnership program . Unregistered users can only watch videos on the site , while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos and add comments to videos . Videos deemed potentially inappropriate are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old . YouTube and selected creators earn advertising revenue from Google AdSense , a program which targets ads according to site content and audience . The vast majority of its videos are free to view , but there are exceptions , including subscription-based premium channels , film rentals , as well as YouTube Music and YouTube Premium , subscription services respectively offering premium and ad-free music streaming , and ad-free access to all content , including exclusive content commissioned from notable personalities . As of February 2017 [ update ] , there were more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute , and one billion hours of content being watched on YouTube every day .
Gary K. Michelson ( born January 14 , 1949 ) is an American billionaire businessman , orthopedic spinal surgeon , inventor , and philanthropist .