Timeline of free and open-source software
2010s
Table:
Date

Project

Event

Achievements

March 2010

Linaro

Founded

2010

LibreOffice

LibreOffice is released; a free open office suite including applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, drawing and database.

Available in over 100 languages.

2010

Android

Becomes most popular smartphone operating system (OS),[4] later became most popular general purpose OS overall.

2011

Git

Microsoft survey of 1,000 software developers reveals that Git is the most popular revision control system among developers[5]

2011

Bootstrap

Free CSS and JavaScript development starting kit, released by Twitter

Becomes most popular repository on GitHub (2012)

2012

Google Chrome, based on Chromium

Overtakes Internet Explorer to become most widely used web browser, according to StatCounter

2013

Firefox OS

Mobile phone operating system, released by Mozilla Foundation

2013 (Q2)

Android

Overtakes iOS to become most popular tablet operating system[6]

2013, September

SteamOS

Valve's new Linux-based operating system for its Steambox consoles, intended to promote Linux gaming and spread Linux adoption in the high-end video game sector

Taking into account the given table and the context snippets listed below.

Give the answer to the question: What is the primary license under which a project whose event who Improved hardware and faster wireless communication ( due to standards such as LTE ) have bolstered the growth ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Linaro is an engineering organization that works on free and open-source software such as the Linux kernel , the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) , power management , graphics and multimedia interfaces for the Arm family of instruction sets and implementations thereof as well as for the Heterogeneous System Architecture ( HSA ) . The company provides a collaborative engineering forum for companies to share engineering resource and funding to solve common problems on Arm software . Linaro works on software that is close to the silicon such as kernel , multimedia , power management , graphics and security . The company aims to provide stable , tested tools and code for multiple software distributions to use to reduce low-level fragmentation of embedded Linux software . It also provides engineering and investment in upstream open source projects and support to silicon companies in upstreaming code to be used with their system-on-a-chips ( SoC ) . Since the 3.10 Linux kernel release , Linaro has consistently been listed in the top ten contributors to the Linux Kernel . Every six months , Linaro hosts the engineering conference Linaro Connect , where leading hardware and software companies in the Arm ecosystem come together to collaborate , hack and develop technical road maps and strategy .
LibreOffice ( /ˈliːbrə/ ) is a free and open-source office suite , a project of The Document Foundation . It was forked in 2010 from OpenOffice.org , which was an open-sourced version of the earlier StarOffice . The LibreOffice suite comprises programs for word processing , creating and editing of spreadsheets , slideshows , diagrams and drawings , working with databases , and composing mathematical formulae . It is available in 115 languages . As its native file format to save documents for all of its applications , LibreOffice uses the Open Document Format for Office Applications ( ODF ) , or OpenDocument , an international standard developed jointly by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) . LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most other major office suites , including Microsoft Office , through a variety of import and export filters . LibreOffice is available for a variety of computing platforms , including Microsoft Windows , macOS , and Linux ( including a LibreOffice Viewer for Android ) , as well as in the form of an online office suite LibreOffice Online . It is the default office suite of most popular Linux distributions . It is the most actively developed free and open-source office suite , with approximately 50 times the development activity of Apache OpenOffice , the other major descendant of OpenOffice.org . The project was announced and a beta released on 28 September 2010 . Between January 2011 ( the first stable release ) and October 2011 , LibreOffice was downloaded approximately 7.5 million times . The project claims 120 million unique downloading addresses from May 2011 to May 2015 , excluding Linux distributions , with 55 million of those being from May 2014 to May 2015 .
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software , designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance , with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The current stable version is Android 10 , released on September 3 , 2019 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License . This has allowed variants of Android to be developed on a range of other electronics , such as game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and others , each with a specialized user interface . Some well known derivatives include Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables , both developed by Google . Android 's source code has been used as the basis of different ecosystems , most notably that of Google which is associated with a suite of proprietary software called Google Mobile Services ( GMS ) , that frequently comes pre-installed on said devices . This includes core apps such as Gmail , the digital distribution platform Google Play and associated Google Play Services development platform , and usually apps such as the Google Chrome web browser . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google . Other competing Android ecosystems include Amazon.com 's Fire OS , or LineageOS . Software distribution is generally offered through proprietary application stores like Google Play Store or Samsung Galaxy Store , or open source platforms like Aptoide or F-Droid , which use software packages in the APK format .
Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices . They are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating systems , which facilitate wider software , internet ( including web browsing over mobile broadband ) , and multimedia functionality ( including music , video , cameras , and gaming ) , alongside core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging . Smartphones typically contain a number of metal-oxide-semiconductor ( MOS ) integrated circuit ( IC ) chips , include various sensors that can be leveraged by their software ( such as a magnetometer , proximity sensors , barometer , gyroscope , or accelerometer ) , and support wireless communications protocols ( such as Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , or satellite navigation ) . Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market , attempting to bridge the functionality of standalone personal digital assistant ( PDA ) devices with support for cellular telephony , but were limited by their bulky form , short battery life , slow analog cellular networks , and the immaturity of wireless data services . These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels ( Moore 's law ) , the improved lithium-ion battery , faster digital mobile data networks ( Edholm 's law ) , and more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers . In the 2000s , NTT DoCoMo 's i-mode platform , BlackBerry , Nokia 's Symbian platform , and Windows Mobile began to gain market traction , with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards or resistive touchscreen input , and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet . Since the unveiling of the iPhone in 2007 , the majority of smartphones have featured thin , slate-like form factors , with large , capacitive screens with support for multi-touch gestures rather than physical keyboards , and offer the ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store , and use cloud storage and synchronization , virtual assistants , as well as mobile payment services . Improved hardware and faster wireless communication ( due to standards such as LTE ) have bolstered the growth of the smartphone industry . In the third quarter of 2012 , one billion smartphones were in use worldwide . Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013 .
Git ( /ɡɪt/ ) is a distributed version-control system for tracking changes in source code during software development . It is designed for coordinating work among programmers , but it can be used to track changes in any set of files . Its goals include speed , data integrity , and support for distributed , non-linear workflows . Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel , with other kernel developers contributing to its initial development . Its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano . As with most other distributed version-control systems , and unlike most client-server systems , every Git directory on every computer is a full-fledged repository with complete history and full version-tracking abilities , independent of network access or a central server . Git is free and open-source software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 .
Bootstrap is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive , mobile-first front-end web development . It contains CSS- and ( optionally ) JavaScript-based design templates for typography , forms , buttons , navigation , and other interface components . Bootstrap is the sixth-most-starred project on GitHub , with more than 135,000 stars , behind freeCodeCamp ( almost 307,000 stars ) and marginally behind Vue.js framework . According to Alexa Rank , Bootstrap getbootstrap.com is in the top-2000 in US while vuejs.org is in top-7000 in US .
Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML . CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web , alongside HTML and JavaScript . CSS is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content , including layout , colors , and fonts . This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics , enable multiple web pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate .css file , and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content . Separation of formatting and content also makes it feasible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods , such as on-screen , in print , by voice ( via speech-based browser or screen reader ) , and on Braille-based tactile devices . CSS also has rules for alternate formatting if the content is accessed on a mobile device . The name cascading comes from the specified priority scheme to determine which style rule applies if more than one rule matches a particular element . This cascading priority scheme is predictable . The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) . Internet media type ( MIME type ) text/css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 ( March 1998 ) . The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents . In addition to HTML , other markup languages support the use of CSS including XHTML , plain XML , SVG , and XUL .
JavaScript ( /ˈdʒɑːvəˌskrɪpt/ ) , often abbreviated as JS , is an interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification . JavaScript is high-level , often just-in-time compiled , and multi-paradigm . It has curly-bracket syntax , dynamic typing , prototype-based object-orientation , and first-class functions . Alongside HTML and CSS , JavaScript is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web . JavaScript enables interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications . The vast majority of websites use it for client-side page behavior , and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it . As a multi-paradigm language , JavaScript supports event-driven , functional , and imperative programming styles . It has application programming interfaces ( APIs ) for working with text , dates , regular expressions , standard data structures , and the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . However , the language itself does not include any input/output ( I/O ) , such as networking , storage , or graphics facilities , as the host environment ( usually a web browser ) provides those APIs . Originally used only in web browsers , JavaScript engines are also now embedded in server-side website deployments and non-browser applications . Although there are similarities between JavaScript and Java , including language name , syntax , and respective standard libraries , the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design .
Twitter ( /ˈtwɪtər/ ) is an American microblogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as tweets . Registered users can post , like , and retweet tweets , but unregistered users can only read them . Users access Twitter through its website interface , through Short Message Service ( SMS ) or its mobile-device application software ( app ) . Twitter , Inc. is based in San Francisco , California , and has more than 25 offices around the world . Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters , but was doubled to 280 for non-Asian languages in November 2017 . Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey , Noah Glass , Biz Stone , and Evan Williams , launched in July of that year . The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity . In 2012 , more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day , and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day . In 2013 , it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has been described as the SMS of the Internet . As of 2018 , Twitter had more than 321 million monthly active users .
Google Chrome is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google . It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows , and was later ported to Linux , macOS , iOS , and Android . The browser is also the main component of Chrome OS , where it serves as the platform for web apps . Most of Chrome 's source code comes from Google 's open-source Chromium project , but Chrome is licensed as proprietary freeware . WebKit was the original rendering engine , but Google eventually forked it to create the Blink engine ; all Chrome variants except iOS now use Blink . As of July 2019 [ update ] , StatCounter estimates that Chrome has a 71% worldwide browser market share on traditional PCs and 63% across all platforms . Because of this success , Google has expanded the Chrome brand name to other products : Chrome OS , Chromecast , Chromebook , Chromebit , Chromebox , and Chromebase .
Internet Explorer [ a ] ( formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer [ b ] and Windows Internet Explorer , [ c ] commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE ) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems , starting in 1995 . It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus ! for Windows 95 that year . Later versions were available as free downloads , or in service packs , and included in the original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows . The browser is discontinued , but still maintained . Internet Explorer was once the most widely used web browser , attaining a peak of about 95% usage share by 2003 . This came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser war against Netscape , which was the dominant browser in the 1990s . Its usage share has since declined with the launch of Firefox ( 2004 ) and Google Chrome ( 2008 ) , and with the growing popularity of operating systems such as Android and iOS that do not support Internet Explorer . Estimates for Internet Explorer 's market share are about 1.7% across all platforms , or by StatCounter 's numbers ranked 8th . On traditional PCs ( e.g . excluding mobile and Xbox ) , the only platform on which it has ever had significant share it is ranked 5th at 3.7% , with Microsoft Edge , its successor , ranking 4th with a 4.7% market share ( and IE is also after Edge overall ) . Edge first overtook Internet Explorer in terms of market share in August 2019 .
StatCounter is a web traffic analysis website started in 1999 . Access to basic services is free and advanced services can cost between US $ 5 and US $ 119 a month . StatCounter is based in Dublin , Ireland . The statistics from StatCounter are used to compute web usage share for example . As of May 2019 [ update ] , StatCounter is used on 0.9% of all websites . StatCounter statistics are directly derived from hits - as opposed to unique visitors - from 3 million sites , which use StatCounter , resulting in total hits of more than 15 billion per month . No artificial weightings are used to correct for sampling bias , thus the numbers in the statistics can not be considered to be representative samples . The company was founded by Aodhán Cullen at the age of 16 . Cullen received the Internet Hero award at the 2008 Eircom Golden Spider Awards . He was also named the 2007 BusinessWeek Young European Entrepreneur of the Year . In 2008 , the company surpassed two million members globally . [ citation needed ]
Firefox OS ( project name : Boot to Gecko , also known as B2G ) is a discontinued open-source operating system - made for smartphones , tablet computers and smart TVs - designed by Mozilla and external contributors . It is based on the rendering engine of the Firefox web browser , Gecko , and on the Linux kernel . It was first commercially released in 2013 . Firefox OS was designed to provide a complete , community-based alternative operating system , for running web applications directly or those installed from an application marketplace . The applications use open standards and approaches such as JavaScript and HTML5 , a robust privilege model , and open web APIs that can communicate directly with hardware , e.g . cellphone hardware . As such , Mozilla with Firefox OS competed with commercially developed operating systems such as Apple 's iOS , Google 's Android , Microsoft 's Windows Phone , BlackBerry 's BlackBerry 10 , Samsung's/Linux Foundation 's Tizen and Jolla 's Sailfish OS . In December 2015 Mozilla announced it would stop development of new Firefox OS smartphones , and in September 2016 announced the end of development . Successors to Firefox OS include the community-developed B2G OS ( no longer maintained ) , Acadine Technologies ' H5OS ( now also discontinued ) , KaiOS Technologies ' KaiOS and Panasonic 's My Home Screen .
The Mozilla Foundation ( stylized as moz : //a ) is a not-for-profit organization that exists to support and collectively lead the open source Mozilla project . Founded in July 2003 , the organization sets the policies that govern development , operates key infrastructure and controls Mozilla trademarks and copyrights . It owns a taxable subsidiary : the Mozilla Corporation , which employs many Mozilla developers and coordinates releases of the Mozilla Firefox web browser and Mozilla Thunderbird email client . The Mozilla Foundation was founded by the Netscape-affiliated Mozilla Organization . The organization is currently based in the Silicon Valley city of Mountain View , California , United States . The Mozilla Foundation describes itself as a non-profit organization that promotes openness , innovation and participation on the Internet . The Mozilla Foundation is guided by the Mozilla Manifesto , which lists 10 principles which Mozilla believes are critical for the Internet to continue to benefit the public good as well as commercial aspects of life .
iOS ( formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware . It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company 's mobile devices , including the iPhone , and iPod Touch ; it also powered the iPad prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019 . It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android . Originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone , iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch ( September 2007 ) and the iPad ( January 2010 ) . As of March 2018 [ update ] , Apple 's App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications , 1 million of which are native for iPads . These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times . The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation , using multi-touch gestures . Interface control elements consist of sliders , switches , and buttons . Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe , tap , pinch , and reverse pinch , all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multi-touch interface . Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device ( one common result is the undo command ) or rotating it in three dimensions ( one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode ) . Apple has been significantly praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS , enabling users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use its products . Major versions of iOS are released annually .
A tablet computer , commonly shortened to tablet , is a mobile device , typically with a mobile operating system and touchscreen display processing circuitry , and a rechargeable battery in a single , thin and flat package . Tablets , being computers , do what other personal computers do , but lack some input/output ( I/O ) abilities that others have . Modern tablets largely resemble modern smartphones , the only differences being that tablets are relatively larger than smartphones , with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or larger , measured diagonally , and may not support access to a cellular network . The touchscreen display is operated by gestures executed by finger or digital pen ( stylus ) , instead of the mouse , trackpad , and keyboard of larger computers . Portable computers can be classified according to the presence and appearance of physical keyboards . Two species of tablet , the slate and booklet , do not have physical keyboards and usually accept text and other input by use of a virtual keyboard shown on their touchscreen displays . To compensate for their lack of a physical keyboard , most tablets can connect to independent physical keyboards by Bluetooth or USB ; 2-in-1 PCs have keyboards , distinct from tablets . The form of the tablet was conceptualized in the middle of the 20th century ( Stanley Kubrick depicted fictional tablets in the 1968 science fiction film A Space Odyssey ) and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century . In 2010 , Apple released the iPad , the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity . Thereafter tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and soon became a large product category used for personal , educational and workplace applications , with sales stabilizing in the mid-2010s .
SteamOS is the primary operating system for the Steam Machine gaming platform by Valve . It is based on the Debian distribution of Linux .
Valve Corporation , also known as Valve Software , is an American video game developer , publisher , and digital distribution company headquartered in Bellevue , Washington . It is the developer of the software distribution platform Steam and the Half-Life , Counter-Strike , Portal , Day of Defeat , Team Fortress , Left 4 Dead , and Dota series . Valve was founded in 1996 by former Microsoft employees Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington . Their debut product , the PC first-person shooter Half-Life , was released in 1998 to critical acclaim and commercial success , after which Harrington left the company . In 2003 , Valve launched Steam , which accounted for around half of digital PC game sales by 2011 . By 2012 , Valve employed around 250 people and was reportedly worth over US $ 3 billion , making it the most profitable company per employee in the United States . In the 2010s , Valve began developing hardware , such as the Steam Machine , a brand of gaming PCs , as well as the HTC Vive and Valve Index virtual reality headsets .
Linux gaming refers to playing video games developed for the Linux operating system .
Linux adoption is the adoption of Linux computer operating systems ( OS ) by households , nonprofit organizations , businesses , and governments . Many factors have resulted in the expanded use of Linux systems by traditional desktop users as well as operators of server systems , including the desire to minimize software costs , increase network security and support for open-source philosophical principles . In recent years several governments , at various levels , have enacted policies shifting state-owned computers to Linux from proprietary software regimes . In August 2010 , Jeffrey Hammond , principal analyst at Forrester Research , declared , Linux has crossed the chasm to mainstream adoption , a statement attested by the large number of enterprises that had transitioned to Linux during the late-2000s recession . In a company survey completed in the third quarter of 2009 , 48% of surveyed companies reported using an open-source operating system . The Linux Foundation regularly releases publications regarding the Linux kernel , Linux OS distributions , and related themes . One such publication , Linux Adoption Trends : A Survey of Enterprise End Users , is freely available upon registration . Traditionally , the term Linux adoption , refers to adoption of a Linux OS made for desktop computers , the original intended use ( or adoption on servers , that is essentially the same form of OS ) . Adoption of that form on personal computers is still low relatively , while adoption of the Android operating system is very high . The term Linux adoption , often overlooks that operating system or other uses such as in Chrome OS that also use the Linux kernel ( but have almost nothing else in common , not even the name - Linux - usually applied ; while Android is the most popular variant - in fact the most popular operating system in the world ) .