Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design
Buildings influenced
Table:
Name

Image

Location

Architect

Floors

Year

Notes

American Radiator Building

New York City
Raymond Hood
23
1924
The American Radiator Building was the next commission by Raymond Hood following his success in the Tribune Tower competition. Hood quickly adapted Saarinen's style and applied it to this design, which was finished with construction before the Tribune Tower was completed.[5][11]

140 New Montgomery

San Francisco
Timothy L. Pflueger
26
1925
Originally called the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Building, 140 New Montgomery was designed by San Francisco architect Timothy L. Pflueger in 1923–1924 to be the headquarters for Pacific Telephone & Telegraph. The 26-story building, completed in 1925, was the tallest in San Francisco for 40 years, in a close tie with the Russ Building. Pflueger's vision for the building lay in combining the vertical thrust of Saarinen with the reflective qualities of Sierra granite.[12]

Russ Building

San Francisco
George Kelham
32
1927
The Russ Building was designed by architect George Kelham. The 32-story building, completed in 1927, was the tallest in San Francisco for 38 years, in a close tie with 140 New Montgomery.[12]

AT&T Huron Road Building

Cleveland
Hubbell and Benes
24
1927
Originally known as the Ohio Bell Building, the skyscraper served as offices and a regional switching center for telephone company Ohio Bell. The building was designed by Hubbell and Benes with a perpendicular modernist vision following Saarinen's lead.[13]

333 North Michigan

Chicago
Holabird & Root, John Wellborn Root, Jr.
34
1928
John Wellborn Root, Jr. designed the exterior of this commercial skyscraper, keeping to the clean verticality of Saarinen's design.[14]

Fisher Building

Detroit
Albert Kahn Associates, Joseph Nathaniel French
30
1928
The Fisher Building was built across the street from the headquarters of General Motors (GM) to house the offices of Fisher Body which had been acquired in 1926 by GM. Joseph Nathaniel French of Albert Kahn Associates served as the chief architect. French's hand is strongly evident, taking his inspiration from Saarinen's clean vertical lines; the building is unlike other Albert Kahn works.[15]

Beekman Tower

New York City
John Mead Howells
26
1928
The Beekman Tower was designed by John Mead Howells for the New York chapter of the Panhellenic Association.[16] Its setbacks and massing were based on Saarinen's design.[17]

JPMorgan Chase Building (Houston)

Houston
Alfred C. Finn, Kenneth Franzheim, and J. E. R. Carpenter
36
1929
Originally known as the Gulf Building and built to house the offices of Gulf Oil, National Bank of Commerce, and the Sakowitz brothers, the building was commissioned by Texas politician and entrepreneur Jesse H. Jones.[18] Its stepped profile was based on Saarinen's 1922 design.[19] Later it was known as the Texas Commerce Bank Building. It was the tallest building in Houston until 1963.[20]

David Stott Building

Detroit
Donaldson and Meier
38
1929
The David Stott Building is the tallest ever designed by Donaldson and Meier.[21] Verticality is emphasized by the near absence of ornamentation, and by a relatively small footprint which yields a slender profile. The building features a series of setbacks from the 23rd floor upward.[22] Michigan architecture professor Eric J. Hill of the American Institute of Architects wrote that the David Stott Building is a classic example of modernism, and that few Detroit skyscrapers "captured the ideal" of Saarinen's design so well.[23]

Seattle Tower

Seattle
Albertson, Wilson & Richardson
27
1929
The Seattle Tower was built as the Northern Life Tower, to serve as the headquarters for Northern Life Insurance Company. Architects Albertson, Wilson & Richardson took inspiration from Saarinen's vertically oriented design.[24]

Shell Building

San Francisco
George Kelham
28
1929
The Shell Building in San Francisco was designed by George Kelham. The 28-story building was completed in 1929. Kelham emphasized Gothic verticality; the top of the building is especially like Saarinen's design.[12][25]

Powhatan Apartments

Chicago
Leichenko & Esser, Charles L. Morgan
22
1929
The Powhatan is one of five apartment buildings financed in the late 1920s by the Garard Trust, designed by the architectural firm Leichenko & Esser, with Charles L. Morgan responsible for appearance. He was influenced largely by Saarinen's stripped-down exterior design incorporating unbroken vertical piers.[26]

Daily News Building

New York City
John Mead Howells, Raymond Hood
36
1930
The New York Daily News headquarters is a modernist stepback building designed by Howells and Hood, the winners of the Tribune Tower competition. Though the exterior is mostly free from ornament, Howells and Hood embraced a more expressive Art Deco-style in their design of the interior, especially the lobby.[27]

McAllister Tower Apartments

San Francisco
Timothy L. Pflueger
28
1930
The McAllister Tower Apartments, originally the William Taylor Hotel, was designed by Timothy L. Pflueger for a church congregation. The 28-story building, completed in 1930, was initially an unusual combination of church at street level and hotel above it.[12]

Tower Petroleum Building

Dallas
Mark Lemmon
23
1931
Architect Mark Lemmon hewed closely to Saarinen's vision by implementing two setbacks.[28]

181 West Madison Street

Chicago
César Pelli
50
1990
Early in his career, César Pelli was a project designer under Eero Saarinen, the architect son of Eliel Saarinen. The strong verticality of 181 West Madison Street is emphasized by setbacks in the manner of the elder Saarinen.[6]

Using the tabular data together with the supplementary paragraphs below.

State the answer to the question: What is the name of the airport found in this city where the skyscraper inspired by the 1923 skyscraper zoning laws is found ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The American Radiator Building ( since renamed to the American Standard Building ) is a 338 ft ( 103 m ) , 23-story landmark skyscraper located at 40 West 40th Street , in midtown Manhattan , New York City . It was conceived by the architects John Howells and Raymond Hood , and built in 1924 for the American Radiator Company , five years before it merged with Standard Sanitary Manufacturing Company to form American Radiator and Standard Sanitary Corporation which 38 years later , became simply known as American Standard .
New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion .
Raymond Mathewson Hood ( March 29 , 1881 - August 14 , 1934 ) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style .
The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic skyscraper located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago , Illinois , United States . Built between 1923 and 1925 , the international design competition for the tower became an historic event in 20th century architecture . The tower was the home of the Chicago Tribune , Tribune Media , and Tribune Publishing . WGN Radio ( 720 kHz ) originated broadcasts from the building until moving to 303 Wacker Drive in June , 2018 . The last WGN Radio broadcast emanated from the Tribune Tower on June 18 , 2018 . The ground level houses the large restaurant Howells & Hood ( named for the building 's architects ) , whose patio overlooks nearby Pioneer Court and Michigan Avenue . CNN 's Chicago bureau was also located in the building . It is listed as a Chicago Landmark and is a contributing property to the Michigan-Wacker Historic District . The original Tribune Tower was built in 1868 , but was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire in 1871 . In early 2018 , work began on converting the entire office building into condominiums , expected to be completed by 2020 .
140 New Montgomery Street , originally known as The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company Building , and , after 1984 , as The Pacific Bell Building or The PacBell Building , in San Francisco 's South of Market district , is an Art Deco mixed-use office tower located close to the St. Regis Museum Tower and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . The 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. , and as a result , was designated as the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. Coast Division Offices by the company , though referred to colloquially as The Telephone Building . When it opened on May 30 , 1925 , The Pacific Telephone Building was San Francisco 's first significant skyscraper development , and was the tallest building in San Francisco , until the Russ Building matched its height in 1927 at the time of its completion . The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street , and along with the Russ Building , remained the city 's tallest until it was overtaken by 650 California Street in 1964 . It was the first high rise located on the west coast to be occupied solely by a single tenant . AT & T sold the building in 2007 , and as of 2013 , Internet company Yelp is the main tenant .
San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco and colloquially known as SF , San Fran , Frisco , or The City , is the cultural , commercial , and financial center of Northern California . San Francisco is the 15th most populous city in the United States , and the fourth most populous in California , with 883,305 residents as of 2018 . It covers an area of about 46.89 square miles ( 121.4 km2 ) , mostly at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area , making it the second most densely populated large U.S. city , and the fifth most densely populated U.S. county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is the 12th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States by population , with 4.7 million people , and the 4th-largest by economic output , with GDP of $ 549 billion in 2018 . With San Jose , it forms the fifth most populous combined statistical area in the United States , the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland , CA Combined Statistical Area ( 9.67 million residents in 2018 ) . As of 2018 , San Francisco was the seventh-highest-income county in the United States , with a per capita personal income of $ 130,696 . In the same year , San Francisco proper had a GDP of $ 183.2 billion , and a GDP per capita of $ 207,371 . The CSA San Francisco shares with San Jose and Oakland was the country 's third-largest urban economy as of 2018 , with a GDP of $ 1.03 trillion . Of the 500+ primary statistical areas in the U.S. , this CSA had among the highest GDP per capita in 2018 , at $ 106,757 . San Francisco was ranked 12th in the world and 2nd in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2019 . As of 2016 , the San Francisco metropolitan area had the highest GDP per capita , labor productivity , and household income levels in the OECD . San Francisco was founded on June 29 , 1776 , when colonists from Spain established Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate and Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away , all named for St. Francis of Assisi .
Timothy Ludwig Pflueger ( September 26 , 1892 - November 20 , 1946 ) was a prominent architect , interior designer and architectural lighting designer in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of the 20th century . Together with James R. Miller , Pflueger designed some of the leading skyscrapers and movie theaters in San Francisco in the 1920s , and his works featured art by challenging new artists such as Ralph Stackpole and Diego Rivera . Rather than breaking new ground with his designs , Pflueger captured the spirit of the times and refined it , adding a distinct personal flair . His work influenced later architects such as Pietro Belluschi . Pflueger , who started as a working-class draftsman and never went to college , established his imprint on the development of Art Deco in California architecture yet demonstrated facility in many styles including Streamline Moderne , neo-Mayan , Beaux-Arts , Mission Revival , Neoclassical and International . His work as an interior designer resulted in an array of influential interior spaces , including luxurious cocktail lounges such as the Top of the Mark at the Mark Hopkins Hotel , the Patent Leather Bar at the St. Francis Hotel and the Cirque Room at The Fairmont , three of the most successful San Francisco bars in their day . Pflueger 's social and business connections spanned the city , including three private men 's clubs which he joined : the Bohemian Club , the Olympic Club and The Family . He designed buildings and interior architecture for the latter two . Pflueger was highly placed in several important planning organizations : He was the chairman of a committee of consulting architects on the Bay Bridge project and he served on the committee responsible for the design of the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939 . Pflueger was a board member of the San Francisco Art Association starting in 1930 , and served variously as chair and director . While on the board , Pflueger helped the organization found the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ( SFMOMA ) .
The Pacific Bell Telephone Company ( Pacific Bell ) is a telephone company that provides telephone service in California . The company is owned by AT & T Inc. through AT & T Teleholdings , and , though separate , is now marketed as AT & T . The company has been known by a number of names during which its service area has changed . The formal name of the company from the 1910s through the 1984 Bell System divestiture was The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company . As of 2002 , the name Pacific Bell is no longer used in marketing , Pacific Bell is still the holder of record for the infrastructure of cables and fiber through much of California .
The Russ Building is a Neo-Gothic office tower located in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 133-metre ( 436 ft ) building was completed in 1927 and had 32 floors as well as the city 's first indoor parking garage . It was the tallest building in San Francisco from 1927 to 1964 and one of the most prominent , along with its 133-metre ( 436 ft ) twin , the PacBell Building to the south . Upon completion , the building was iconic enough that Architect and Engineer wrote , In nearly every large city there is one building that because of its size , beauty of architectural design and character of its use and occupancy , has come to typify the city itself . Today the Russ Building takes this place in San Francisco . By its size and location and by the character of its tenants the building becomes indeed - 'The Center of Western Progress ' . However , Manhattanization from 1960 to 1990 has shrouded the tower in a shell of skyscrapers , removing the tower 's prominence . The San Francisco Chronicle 's architecture critic John King described the Russ Building as the embodiment of Jazz Age romance , a full block of ornate Gothic-flavored masonry that ascends in jagged stages from Montgomery Street with a leap and then a scramble to a central crown . The tower is a California Historical Landmark . Until the emergence of Sand Hill Road in the 1980s , many of the largest venture capital firms held offices in the Russ Building . [ citation needed ]
The Sierra Nevada ( /siˌɛrə nɪˈvædə , -ˈvɑːdə/ , Spanish : [ ˈsjera neˈβaða ] , snowy range ) is a mountain range in the Western United States , between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin . The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California , although the Carson Range spur lies primarily in Nevada . The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges that consists of an almost continuous sequence of such ranges that form the western backbone of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . The Sierra runs 400 miles ( 640 km ) north-to-south , and is approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) across east-to-west . Notable Sierra features include the General Sherman ( tree ) , the largest tree in the world by volume ; Lake Tahoe , the largest alpine lake in North America ; Mount Whitney at 14,505 ft ( 4,421 m ) , the highest point in the contiguous United States ; and Yosemite Valley sculpted by glaciers from one-hundred-million-year-old granite , containing high waterfalls . The Sierra is home to three national parks , twenty wilderness areas , and two national monuments . These areas include Yosemite , Sequoia , and Kings Canyon National Parks ; and Devils Postpile National Monument . The character of the range is shaped by its geology and ecology . More than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny , granite formed deep underground . The range started to uplift four million years ago , and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range . The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada , which are reflected by the presence of five life zones ( areas with similar plant and animal communities ) . Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces , creating spectacular fault block escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra .
George William Kelham ( 1871-1936 ) was an American architect most active in the San Francisco area . Born in Manchester , Massachusetts , Kelham was educated at Harvard and graduated from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in 1896 . As an employee of New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston , he was sent by the firm to San Francisco for the Palace Hotel in 1906 and remained there . Kelham was responsible for the master plan for the 1915 World 's Fair in San Francisco and at least five major buildings in the city , along with significant work in Salt Lake City and Los Angeles . He was also supervising architect for the University of California , Berkeley campus from 1927 to 1931 .
The AT & T Huron Road Building ( formally known as the Ohio Bell Building ) is an art deco skyscraper located at 750 Huron Road in downtown Cleveland , Ohio . It serves as the corporate headquarters for Ohio Bell , a regional telephone company owned by AT & T . The building has 24 stories and rises to a height of 365 ft ( 111 m ) . It was designed by the firm of Hubbell and Benes , in what they called Modern American Perpendicular Gothic , a style influenced by Eliel Saarinen 's unrealized design for the Tribune Tower in Chicago . Work on the building began in 1925 and was completed in 1927 at a cost of $ 5 million . It was briefly the tallest building in Cleveland , surpassed in 1928 by the Terminal Tower .
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system .
Hubbell & Benes was a prominent Cleveland , Ohio architectural firm formed by Benjamin Hubbell ( 1857-1935 ) and W. Dominick Benes ( 1867-1953 ) in 1897 after the pair departed from Coburn , Barnum , Benes & Hubbell . Their work included commercial and residential buildings as well as telephone exchange buildings , the West Side Market and Cleveland Museum of Art . Before teaming up they worked for Coburn and Barnum . Benes was Jeptha Wades personal architect and designed numerous public buildings , commercial buildings , and residences for him including the Wade Memorial Chapel . Hubbell retired in 1927 , but the firm continued and outlived both its original partners . In 1960 it was known as Hubbell , Benes & Hoff , with Benjamin Hubbell 's son Benjamin S. Hubbell ( 1897-1988 ) the senior partner . Many of the firm 's drawings are collected at the Western Reserve Historical Society . They designed the Plain Dealer building , also used by the Cleveland Public Library as well as the Ohio Bell Telephone Co. building , an important early Cleveland with modern architecture and Art Deco features . The firm was also known for its designs in Classical Revival architecture . A number of their works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places .
The Ohio Bell Telephone Company , now doing business as AT & T Ohio , is the Bell Operating Company serving most of Ohio and parts of West Virginia . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT & T . Its headquarters is the Ohio Bell Building at 750 Huron Road , Cleveland , Ohio , and formerly had a secondary headquarters at 150 East Gay Street , Columbus , Ohio . Ohio Bell is not affiliated with Cincinnati Bell , which serves Cincinnati and other surrounding communities . After the 1984 Bell System Divestiture , Ohio Bell became a subsidiary of Ameritech , one of the seven original Regional Bell Operating Companies . The Ohio Bell name continued to be used until January 1993 , when Ameritech dropped all of its individual Bell Operating Company names in favor of its corporate name for marketing purposes ; Ohio Bell then began doing business as Ameritech Ohio . After Ameritech was acquired by SBC in 1999 , Ohio Bell continued to retain the Ameritech brand until 2001 , when it began doing business as SBC Ameritech Ohio . A year later , in 2002 , SBC dropped the Ameritech name in favor of SBC as a national brand , resulting in the trade name of SBC Ohio . On January 15 , 2006 , after SBC 's acquisition of AT & T , Ohio Bell 's trade name was changed , again , to AT & T Ohio , a name which it continues to use today .
333 North Michigan is a skyscraper in the art deco style located in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois in the United States . Architecturally , it is noted for its dramatic upper-level setbacks that were inspired by the 1923 skyscraper zoning laws . Geographically , it is known as one of the four 1920s flanks of the Michigan Avenue Bridge ( along with the Wrigley Building , Tribune Tower and the London Guarantee Building ) that are contributing properties to the Michigan-Wacker Historic District , which is a U.S . Registered Historic District . Additionally , it is known as the geographic beneficiary of the jog in Michigan Avenue , which makes it visible along the Magnificent Mile as the building that seems to be in the middle of the road at the foot of this stretch of road ( pictured at left ) . The building was designed by Holabird & Roche/Holabird & Root and completed in 1928 . It is 396 feet ( 120.7 m ) tall , and has 34 storeys . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 7 , 1997 . It is located on the short quarter mile stretch of Michigan Avenue between the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the Magnificent Mile . The building is managed and leased by MB Real Estate . Designed by John Wellborn Root , Jr. , the building 's long and narrow footprint and towering structure are a tribute to Root 's father John Wellborn Root 's earlier Chicago Monadnock Building ; Louis Sullivan 's tall-building canon ; and Eliel Saarinen 's second-prize entry in the Tribune Tower design contest . The building was such a success that Holabird and Root took commercial residence there .
Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International .
The architectural firm now known as Holabird & Root was founded in Chicago in 1880 . Over the years , the firm has changed its name several times and adapted to the architectural style then current - from Chicago School to Art Deco to Modern Architecture to Sustainable Architecture . Holabird & Root provides architectural , engineering , interior design , and planning services . It is Chicago 's oldest architecture firm . The firm remains a privately held partnership currently operating with five principals and four associate principals .
John Wellborn Root Jr. ( 1887-1963 ) was a significant United States architect based in Chicago . He was the son of architect John Wellborn Root . As a young man , he graduated from Cornell University and studied architecture at Paris ' École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts , where he became friends with John Augur Holabird , the son of another famous Chicago architect . Root returned to the States and joined his friend on the architectural staff at Holabird & Roche in 1919 . After the deaths of William Holabird in 1923 and Martin Roche in 1927 , the firm was reorganized under the new partnership of Holabird & Root . They worked on many dazzling projects in the late 1920s and early 1930s , before the Great Depression slowed new construction . These years are notable for the firm 's many impressive Art Deco buildings . The firm weathered the Depression and Root remained an active partner into old age .
The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit , Michigan . The ornate 30-story building , completed in 1928 , is one of the major works of architect Albert Kahn , and is designed in an Art Deco style , faced with limestone , granite , and several types of marble . The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors . It was designed to house office and retail space . The building , which contains the elaborate 2,089-seat Fisher Theatre , was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29 , 1989 . It also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools and the studios of radio station WJR .
Detroit ( /dɪˈtrɔɪt/ , locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/ ; French : Détroit , lit . 'strait ' ) is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan , the largest U.S. city on the United States-Canada border , and the seat of Wayne County . The municipality of Detroit had a 2018 estimated population of 672,662 , making it the 23rd-most populous city in the United States . The metropolitan area , known as Metro Detroit , is home to 4.3 million people , making it the second-largest in the Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area . Regarded as a major cultural center , Detroit is known for its contributions to music and as a repository for art , architecture and design . Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River , one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway . The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States . The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest , behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , and the 13th-largest in the United States . Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel , railway tunnel , and the Ambassador Bridge , which is the second busiest international crossing in North America , after San Diego-Tijuana . Detroit is best known as the center of the U.S. automobile industry , and the Big Three auto manufacturers General Motors , Ford , and Fiat Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit . In 1701 , Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit , the future city of Detroit . During the 19th century , it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region .
Albert Kahn Associates is an architectural design firm in Detroit , Michigan with a second office located in Miami , Florida . It was established in 1895 and is still active . Recent work includes being awarded third place in the Virtual Modeling Stage of NASAs 3D-Printed Habitat Competition ( as of July 2018 ) for their work on martian habitats , and also creating the world 's largest penguin conservation center , Polk Penguin Conservation Center . In earlier years , it introduced a new technology in industrial building involving a unique reinforced concrete method referred to as the Kahn System of construction using proprietary patented reinforcement steel manufactured by Trussed Concrete Steel Company . The building of automobile factories and other types of factories were revolutionized from wooden timber framing construction . Besides being an advanced technology in strength that led to wider open interior spaces , it featured a high degree of fire resistance and larger window space for light . The firm started by Albert Kahn built factories for Chrysler for over a decade , Ford Automobile for 30 years and Packard Automobile for 35 years . Other important clients of the firm were Republic Steel and General Motors . The firm was awarded a $ 40 million contract to build a tractor factory in Russia in 1928 . The firm 's output was over a million dollars worth of work per week by 1929 . By 1939 , the firm designed 19 percent of all industrial buildings in the United States and had designed some $ 800 million of buildings worldwide .
Joseph Nathaniel French , Sr. ( October 24 , 1888 - February 28 , 1975 ) was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates from 1914 to 1967 . He was the chief architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit , Michigan .
General Motors Company , commonly referred to as General Motors ( GM ) , is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Detroit that designs , manufactures , markets , and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts , and sells financial services , with global headquarters in Detroit 's Renaissance Center . It was originally founded by William C. Durant on September 16 , 1908 as a holding company . The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer , and one of the world 's largest . As of 2019 , General Motors is ranked # 13 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . General Motors manufactures vehicles in 15 countries ; its core automobile brands include Chevrolet , Buick , GMC , and Cadillac . It also either owns or holds a significant stake in foreign brands such as Holden , Wuling , Baojun , and Jiefang . Annual worldwide sales volume reached a milestone of 10 million vehicles in 2016 .
Fisher Body was an automobile coachbuilder founded by the Fisher brothers in 1908 in Detroit , Michigan ; it had been a division of General Motors for many years , but in 1984 was dissolved to form other General Motors divisions . Fisher & Company ( originally Alloy Metal Products ) continues to use the name . The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public , as General Motors vehicles displayed a Body by Fisher emblem on their door sill plates until the mid-1990s .
Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials .
The Beekman Tower , also known as the Panhellenic Tower , is a 26-story Art Deco skyscraper situated at the corner of First Avenue and East 49th Street in Midtown Manhattan , in New York City . The building was constructed between 1927 and 1928 to a design by John Mead Howells . The Beekman Tower had been built for the Panhellenic Association 's New York chapter as a club and hotel for women in college sororities . However , due to a lack of patronage , it was opened up to non-sorority women and to men by the mid-1930s . It was later converted into a hotel and then corporate apartments . The Beekman Tower contains a design with numerous setbacks , chamfers at its corners , and a massing that abuts onto the boundaries of its lot . Its sculptural ornamentation was designed by Rene Paul Chambellan in the Art Deco style with Gothic influences .
John Mead Howells , FAIA ( /ˈhaʊəlz/ ; August 14 , 1868 - September 22 , 1959 ) , was an American architect .
A setback , sometimes called step-back , is a step-like recession in a wall . Setbacks were initially used for structural reasons , but now are often mandated by land use codes , or are used for aesthetic reasons . In densely built-up areas , setbacks also help get more daylight and fresh air to the street level . Importantly , a setback helps lower the building 's center of mass , making it more stable .
Massing is a term in architecture which refers to the perception of the general shape and form as well as size of a building .
The JPMorgan Chase Building , formerly the Gulf Building , is a 37-story 130 m ( 430 ft ) Art Deco skyscraper in downtown Houston , Texas . Completed in 1929 , it remained the tallest building in Houston until 1963 , when the Exxon Building surpassed it in height . The building is the Houston headquarters of JPMorgan Chase Bank , and was formerly the headquarters of Texas Commerce Bank .
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/ ( listen ) HEW-stən ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas , fourth most populous city in the United States , most populous city in the Southern United States , as well as the sixth most populous in North America , with an estimated 2018 population of 2,325,502 . Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico , it is the seat of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area , which is the fifth most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second most populous in Texas after the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , with a population of 6,997,384 in 2018 . Comprising a total area of 637.4 square miles ( 1,651 km2 ) , Houston is the eighth most expansive city in the United States ( including consolidated city-counties ) . It is the largest city in the United States by total area , whose government is not consolidated with that of a county , parish or borough . Though primarily in Harris County , small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend and Montgomery counties , bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands . The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30 , 1836 , at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou ( a point now known as Allen 's Landing ) and incorporated as a city on June 5 , 1837 . The city is named after former General Sam Houston , who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas ' independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of Allen 's Landing . After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s , Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century . The arrival of the 20th century saw a convergence of economic factors which fueled rapid growth in Houston , including a burgeoning port and railroad industry , the decline of Galveston as Texas ' primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane , the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel , and the Texas oil boom . In the mid-20th century , Houston 's economy diversified as it became home to the Texas Medical Center - the world 's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions - and NASA 's Johnson Space Center , where the Mission Control Center is located . Houston 's economy since the late 19th century has a broad industrial base in energy , manufacturing , aeronautics , and transportation . Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment , Houston has the second most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits ( after New York City ) .
Alfred Charles Finn ( July 2 , 1883 - June 26 , 1964 ) was an American architect . He started in the profession with no formal training in 1904 as an apprentice for Sanguinet & Staats . He worked in their offices in Dallas , Fort Worth , and Houston . His credits during his tenure residential structures , but firm was a leader in steel-frame construction of skyscrapers . Finn practiced independently between 1913 and 1953 , first subcontracting as a project manager for the Rice Hotel project . He collaborated on many projects in Houston with Jesse Jones as the pair changed the face of downtown Houston in the 1910s and 1920s . Meanwhile , Finn also supervised or designed buildings in various parts of Texas , including Brenham , Dallas , Galveston , Palestine , and Tyler . He continued architectural work for residential properties in the Houston area . During the 1930s , partly because of his relationship with Jones , Finn worked for the federal government , and later his firm performed contract work for federal agencies . His public buildings included federal buildings , a college administration building and a complex of dormitories , and he designed the San Jacinto Monument . He was one of the leaders in the development of the Art Deco style in Texas , though his work reflects a wide range of styles and syntheses . Along with Joseph Finger , Finn was one of the two leading architects in Houston during the first half of the twentieth century .
Kenneth Franzheim was an architect in Chicago and Boston in the early 1920s with C. Howard Crane . He started an independent practice in New York in 1925 and specialized in the design of large commercial buildings and airports . Franzheim became the foremost commercial architect in mid-century Houston after moving his offices to the city in 1937 . [ citation needed ] [ dubious - discuss ] Franzheim was one of the architects involved designing Humble Tower , the Prudential Building ( Houston ) , Texas National Bank building ( Houston ) and Bank of the Southwest ( Houston ) building . His best-known building was the Foleys Department Store downtown location ( demolished ) . It had six floors before it was expanded to nine in 1957 , and included windowless retail space suspended at street level above a first-floor window-wall and canopy with a streamlined interior by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy . In 1950 the building received an Award of Merit from the AIA . John Zemanek and Eugene Werlin worked at the firm early in their careers . There are plans to add oral interviews with both Zemanek and Werlin in which they discuss Franzheims influence to the digital library at the University of Houston . One of Franzheim 's most enduring legacies is the development of Fairlington in Arlington , VA. Franzheim was the primary architect of this WW2-era housing development a few miles south of the Pentagon , which is today a high-end , private housing development .
James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. ( also known as J. E. R. Carpenter ) ( January 7 , 1867 - June 11 , 1932 ) was the leading architect of luxury residential high-rise buildings in New York City in the early 1900s . He studied at the University of Tennessee and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , from which he graduated in 1884 . He then studied at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris . Carpenter worked in Nashville , Tennessee , in 1888 ; in Norfolk , Virginia , in 1890 ; and later in New York City . In 1892 , he published an architecture book , Artistic Homes for City and Suburb . He designed the Epworth Methodist Episcopal Church at Norfolk ( 1894-1896 ) . Carpenter 's first commission , in 1909 , was for 116 East 58th Street , a nine-story apartment house , since demolished . His designs in Tennessee include the Columbia military arsenal ( later the Columbia Military Academy ) , the Maury County courthouse in Columbia , Tennessee , the Kirkland Tower at Vanderbilt University , the Hermitage Hotel , Lynmeade Mansion and the Stahlman Building in Nashville , the Hurt Building in Atlanta , the American National Bank Building ( Pensacola , Florida ) , and several noteworthy buildings in New York City , including 907 Fifth Avenue , 620 Park Avenue , 625 Park Avenue , 640 Park Avenue , 655 Park Avenue , 825 Fifth Avenue , 819 Park Avenue , 550 Park Avenue , completed in 1917 , the neo-Italianate 1030 Fifth Avenue , built in 1925 , and the Lincoln Building ( 42nd Street , Manhattan ) , completed in 1930 . One distinctive aspect of Mr. Carpenters work is his pairing of buildings : sibling structures facing each other across a side street , like 1115 and 1120 Fifth , at 93rd Street ; 1148 and 1150 Fifth , at 96th Street ; and 1165 and 1170 Fifth , at 98th Street . Carpenter 's work was described in a New York Times ad in 1930 as having a quiet , restful feeling about [ his ] apartments - in their large , high-ceiling rooms , the careful finish of detail , the skilled but unobtrusive service .
Gulf Oil was a major global oil company from 1901 until March 15 , 1985 . The eighth-largest American manufacturing company in 1941 and the ninth-largest in 1979 , Gulf Oil was one of the so-called Seven Sisters oil companies . Prior to its merger with Standard Oil of California , Gulf was one of the chief instruments of the Mellon family fortune ; both Gulf and Mellon Financial had their headquarters in Pittsburgh . Gulf 's former headquarters , originally referred to as the Gulf Building ( now the Gulf Tower office condos ) , is an Art Deco skyscraper . The tallest building in Pittsburgh until 1970 , when it was eclipsed by the U.S. Steel Tower , it is capped by a step pyramid structure several stories high . Until 1973 , the entire top was illuminated , changing color with changes in barometric pressure to provide a weather indicator that could be seen for many miles . After 1973 until the 2000s , only a beacon on top would change colors . Gulf Oil Corporation ( GOC ) ceased to exist as an independent company in 1985 , when it merged with Standard Oil of California ( SOCAL ) , with both re-branding as Chevron in the United States . Gulf Canada , Gulf 's main Canadian subsidiary , was sold the same year with retail outlets to Ultramar and Petro-Canada and what became Gulf Canada Resources to Olympia & York . However , the Gulf brand name and a number of the constituent business divisions of GOC survived . Gulf has experienced a significant revival since 1990 , emerging as a flexible network of allied business interests based on partnerships , franchises and agencies . Gulf , in its present incarnation , is a new economy business .
Sakowitz was a chain of family-owned department stores based in Houston , Texas , United States . The store was founded by two brothers , Tobias and Simon Sakowitz , in Galveston , Texas in 1902 . Other family members were working in the cotton mills in Galveston . The two brothers , Simon and Tobias , began a peddler business , taking orders and delivering clothes on a bicycle to the many merchant seamen in Galveston at that time . Eventually , the chain expanded to thirteen locations , of which ten were in Texas . L. J. Hooker , an Australian retail development firm , purchased the Sakowitz chain in 1988 so that a location could be opened at Forest Fair Mall ( now Cincinnati Mall ) in Forest Park , Ohio and Fairfield , Ohio . Due , in part , to the fact that Cincinnati was an untested market , the mall straddled two counties ( Hamilton and Butler ) and that the Australian real estate market tanked , Forest Fair Mall failed . The location of the complex was also in a very middle-class area and having both high and low end stores reside in the same mall proved to be too much . The Sakowitz chain was liquidated in 1990 and its stores closed . The Sakowitz name has survived in the form of Sakowitz Furs , a fur dealer with one store in Houston , owned by Jerry Gronauer . [ citation needed ]
Jesse Holman Jones ( April 5 , 1874 - June 1 , 1956 ) was a Democratic politician and entrepreneur from Houston , Texas . Jones managed a Tennessee tobacco factory at age fourteen , and at nineteen , he was put in charge of his uncle 's lumberyards . Five years later , after his uncle , M. T. Jones , died , Jones moved to Houston to manage his uncle 's estate and opened a lumberyard company , which grew quickly . During this period , Jesse opened his own business , the South Texas Lumber Company . He also began to expand into real estate , commercial building , and banking . His commercial building activities in Houston included mid-rise and skyscraper office buildings , hotels and apartments , and movie theaters . He constructed the Foster Building , home to the Houston Chronicle , in exchange for a fifty percent share in the newspaper , which he acquired control of in 1926 . Jones 's participation in civic life and politics began with the Port of Houston and the Houston Ship Channel . He led a group of local bankers in buying public finance bonds and was later appointed to serve as the Chair of the Houston Harbor Board . He led a local fundraising effort on behalf of the American Red Cross in support of servicemen in World War I . President Wilson tapped Jones to head a division of American Red Cross , a duty he fulfilled between 1917 and 1919 . In 1928 , he initiated and organized Houston 's bid for the 1928 Democratic National Convention .
N/A
The David Stott Building is a 38 story high-rise apartment building with office space on floors 2-6 and retail space on the first floor . The Stott was originally built as a class-A office building located at 1150 Griswold Street ( corner of Griswold and State Streets ) in Downtown Detroit , Michigan , within the Capitol Park Historic District . It was designed in the Art Deco style by the architectural firm of Donaldson and Meier and completed in 1929 . Bedrock Detroit owns and manages the building which began leasing in late 2018 and includes 107 apartment homes and 5 floors of commercial office space .
Donaldson and Meier was an architectural firm based in Detroit , Michigan . Founded in 1880 by John M. Donaldson ( 1854-1941 ) and Henry J. Meier ( 1858-1917 ) , the firm produced a large and varied number of commissions in Detroit and southeastern Michigan . Donaldson , the principal designer of the partnership from a design point of view , was born in Stirling , Scotland and immigrated to Detroit at a young age . He returned to Europe where he studied at the Art Academy in Munich , Germany , and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris , France . The early designs from the firm , such as the Unitarian Universalist Church in Ann Arbor , were frequently in the Richardsonian Romanesque style but , as with many other architectural companies whose longevity outlast the style of the day , their output changed with the times . Their last buildings , such as the David Stott Building , were in the Art Deco genre . Like most of the prominent architects in Detroit during the 1920s and 1930s , Donaldson and Meier employed sculptor Lee Lawrie to produce a panel for Beaumont Tower and hired Corrado Parducci to create sculpture for many of their other buildings .
Eric J. Hill , Ph.D. , FAIA , is a Professor of Practice in Architecture at the University of Michigan . He earned his bachelor 's degree in Architecture in 1970 from the University of Pennsylvania , a Masters in Architecture from Harvard in 1972 , and a Ph.D in Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1976 . He was a Marshall Research Fellow at Denmark 's Royal Academy of Fine Arts from 1972 to 1973 . He is the co-author , along with John Gallagher , of AIA Detroit : The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture . He has served as a Director of Urban Planning and Design at the Detroit firm of Albert Kahn Associates . He has participated in projects such as the promenade on the Detroit International Riverfront , the Detroit Opera House restoration , and the Cadillac Place redevelopment . He has received numerous awards from the American Institute of Architects .
The American Institute of Architects was founded in New York City in 1857 by a group of 13 architects to promote the scientific and practical perfection of its members and elevate the standing of the profession . This initial group included Charles Babcock , Henry W. Cleaveland , Henry Dudley , Leopold Eidlitz , Edward Gardiner , Richard Morris Hunt , Fred A. Petersen , Jacob Wrey Mould , John Welch , Richard M. Upjohn and Joseph C. Wells , with Richard Upjohn serving as the first president . They met on February 23 , 1857 , and decided to invite 16 other prominent architects to join them , including Alexander Jackson Davis , Thomas U. Walter , and Calvert Vaux . Prior to their establishment of the AIA , anyone could claim to be an architect , as there were no schools of architecture or architectural licensing laws in the United States . They drafted a constitution and bylaws by March 10 , 1857 , under the name New York Society of Architects . Thomas U. Walter , of Philadelphia , later suggested the name be changed to American Institute of Architects . The members signed the new constitution on April 15 , 1857 , having filed a certificate of incorporation two days earlier . The constitution was amended the following year with the mission to promote the artistic , scientific , and practical profession of its members ; to facilitate their intercourse and good fellowship ; to elevate the standing of the profession ; and to combine the efforts of those engaged in the practice of Architecture , for the general advancement of the Art . Architects in other cities were asking to join in the 1860s , by the 1880s chapters had been formed in Albany , Baltimore , Boston , Chicago , Cincinnati , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Rhode Island , San Francisco , St. Louis , and Washington , D.C. As of 2008 , AIA had more than 300 chapters . The AIA is headquartered at 1735 New York Avenue , NW in Washington , D.C. A design competition was held in the mid-1960s to select an architect for a new AIA headquarters in Washington . Mitchell/Giurgola won the design competition but failed to get approval of the design concept from the United States Commission of Fine Arts . The firm resigned the commission and helped select The Architects Collaborative ( TAC ) to redesign the building .
The Seattle Tower , originally known as the Northern Life Tower , is a 27-story skyscraper in downtown Seattle , Washington . The building is located on 1218 Third Avenue and is known as Seattle 's first art-deco tower . Its distinctive , ziggurat exterior is clad in 33 shades of brick designed to effect a gradient which lightens from the bottom to the top of the building . This is said to have been inspired by local rock formations . According to the US National Park Service website :
Seattle ( /siˈætəl/ ( listen ) see-AT-əl ) is a seaport city on the West Coast of the United States . It is the seat of King County , Washington . With an estimated 744,955 residents as of 2018 [ update ] , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America . According to U.S. Census data released in 2018 , the Seattle metropolitan area 's population stands at 3.94 million , and ranks as the 15th largest in the United States . In July 2013 , it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1% . In July 2016 , Seattle was again the fastest-growing major U.S. city , with a 3.1% annual growth rate . Seattle is the northernmost large city in the United States . The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound ( an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about 100 miles ( 160 km ) south of the Canada-United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia , Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015 [ update ] . The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers . Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers , subsequently known as the Denny Party , arrived from Illinois via Portland , Oregon , on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13 , 1851 . The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852 , in honor of Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes .
The Shell Building is an office tower in the Financial District of San Francisco , California . The 28-story , 115.22 m ( 378.0 ft ) , building is located at 100 Bush Street , at Battery Street . It was designed by George W. Kelham and built in 1929 , in the architectural style of Gothic Moderne , Moderne and Art Deco . Shell Oil Company occupied the building until the 1960s . There are castings of shells that decorate the cornice on the upper levels as well as shell designs in the lobby floor and decorative grill at the front of the building .
The Powhatan or Powhatan Apartments is a 22-story luxury apartment building overlooking Lake Michigan and adjacent to Burnham Park in the Kenwood neighborhood of Chicago , Illinois . The building was designed by architects Robert De Golyer and Charles L. Morgan . Much of the Art Deco detailing is attributed to Morgan who was associated with Frank Lloyd Wright . The exterior of the luxury-apartment highrise reflects Eliel Saarinen 's second place design for the Tribune Tower competition of 1922 . The building 's terra-cotta ornamental panels feature conventionalized scenes based upon Native American culture . This housing cooperative is a residential high-rise on Chicago 's South Side . The building also hosts the only 24-hour elevator operators in Chicago . Since it and many of the neighboring high-rise apartment buildings are named for Native American tribes ( such as the Algonquin , The Chippewa and the Narragansett ) , the area has been given the tongue-in-cheek name Indian Village . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on January 12 , 1993 .
The Daily News Building , also known as The News Building , is a 476-foot ( 145 m ) skyscraper located at 220 East 42nd Street between Second and Third Avenues in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of Midtown Manhattan , New York City . The building has 36 floors . It is owned by SL Green Realty Corp .
Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .
McAllister Tower Apartments is a 28-story , 94 m ( 308 ft ) residential apartment skyscraper at 100 McAllister Street in San Francisco , California . The property is owned and operated by the University of California , Hastings College of the Law . The tower includes mixed-use offices on various floors , and the Art Deco-styled Sky Room with a panoramic view on the 24th floor . Conceived as an unusual combination of a large church surmounted by a hotel , construction of the building brought architectural dispute . Initially designed by Timothy L. Pflueger in the Gothic Revival style , the investors fired his firm and hired Lewis P. Hobart , who changed little of Pflueger 's design . In a resulting lawsuit , Pflueger won nearly half the damages he asked for . The building opened in 1930 as the William Taylor Hotel and Temple Methodist Episcopal Church . However , extra construction expenses had put the congregation at greater financial risk , and the church-hotel concept did not prove popular . No profit was made in six years , and the church left , losing their investment . In the late 1930s the building housed the Empire Hotel , known for its Sky Room lounge , then from World War II to the 1970s , 100 McAllister served as U.S. government offices . Reopening as university housing and offices in 1981 , McAllister Tower is home to some 300 law students and their families . The Tower is sited one block from the administrative and scholastic center of Hastings College of the Law , and is the most prominent building in the district .
The Tower Petroleum Building ( also known as The Tower Building ) is a historic Art Deco Skyscraper located at 1907 Elm Street in the City Center District of Downtown Dallas . The tower , a contributing property in the Dallas Downtown Historic District and the Harwood Street Historic District , features Zig-zag Moderne styling and was designed by architect Mark Lemmon .
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the largest city and seat of Dallas County , with portions extending into Collin , Denton , Kaufman and Rockwall counties . With an estimated 2018 population of 1,345,076 , it is the ninth most-populous city in the U.S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio . Located in North Texas , the city of Dallas is the main core of the largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States and the largest inland metropolitan area in the U.S. that lacks any navigable link to the sea . [ a ] It is the most populous city in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex , the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country at 7.5 million people . Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were initially developed due to the construction of major railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton , cattle and later oil in North and East Texas . The construction of the Interstate Highway System reinforced Dallas 's prominence as a transportation hub , with four major interstate highways converging in the city and a fifth interstate loop around it . Dallas then developed as a strong industrial and financial center and a major inland port , due to the convergence of major railroad lines , interstate highways and the construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , one of the largest and busiest airports in the world . In addition , Dallas has DART ( Dallas Area Rapid Transit ) with different colored train lines that transport throughout the metroplex . Dominant sectors of its diverse economy include defense , financial services , information technology , telecommunications , and transportation . Dallas is home to 9 Fortune 500 companies within the city limits . The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex hosts additional Fortune 500 companies , including American Airlines ( Fort Worth ) and ExxonMobil ( Irving ) . Over 41 colleges and universities are located within its metropolitan area , which is the most of any metropolitan area in Texas .
Mark Lemmon ( 1889-1975 ) was an American architect from Dallas , Texas .
181 West Madison Street is a skyscraper located in Chicago managed and leased by MB Real Estate . Built in 1990 , the building is 680 feet ( 207 m ) tall and contains 50 floors . It is architect Cesar Pelli 's first and only completed tower in the city . The glassy office tower 's most distinctive feature is its recessed crown . The top of the building is illuminated white at the corners , as well as other various colors depending on the holiday . In 1989 , the same combination of developer ( The Beitler Company ) and architect envisioned the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle nearby . The 2,000 foot ( 610 m ) and 125-story building would have been the tallest skyscraper in the world if completed , but plans were scrapped because of a sluggish real estate market .
César Pelli ( October 12 , 1926 - July 19 , 2019 ) was an Argentine architect who designed some of the world 's tallest buildings and other major urban landmarks . Two of his most notable buildings are the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the World Financial Center in New York City . The American Institute of Architects named him one of the ten most influential living American architects in 1991 and awarded him the AIA Gold Medal in 1995 . In 2008 , the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat presented him with The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award .
Eero Saarinen ( /ˈeɪroʊ ˈsɑːrɪnən , ˈɛəroʊ -/ , Finnish : [ ˈeːro ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1910 - September 1 , 1961 ) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style . Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington , D.C. , the TWA Flight Center in New York City , and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Missouri . He was the son of noted Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen .