List of National Historic Landmarks in Kentucky
Table:
[2]

Landmark name

Image

Date designated[3]

Location
County

Description

1

Daniel C. Beard Boyhood Home

Daniel C. Beard Boyhood Home

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June 23, 1965
(#66000360)

Covington
39°05′21″N 84°30′20″W﻿ / ﻿39.089167°N 84.50556°W﻿ / 39.089167; -84.50556﻿ (Daniel C. Beard Boyhood Home)
Kenton

Home of Daniel Carter Beard, a founder of the Boy Scouts of America

2

BELLE OF LOUISVILLE (river steamboat)

BELLE OF LOUISVILLE (river steamboat)

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June 30, 1989
(#72000535)

Louisville
38°15′33″N 85°45′20″W﻿ / ﻿38.259167°N 85.75556°W﻿ / 38.259167; -85.75556﻿ (BELLE OF LOUISVILLE (river steamboat))
Jefferson

One of the last authentic steamboats in existence

3

Burks' Distillery

Burks' Distillery

January 16, 1980
(#74000893)

Loretto
37°38′52″N 85°20′56″W﻿ / ﻿37.647778°N 85.348889°W﻿ / 37.647778; -85.348889﻿ (Burks' Distillery)
Marion

Producer of Maker's Mark bourbon whiskey

4

Camp Nelson Historic and Archeological District

Camp Nelson Historic and Archeological District

February 27, 2013
(#13000286)

Nicholasville
37°47′16″N 84°35′53″W﻿ / ﻿37.7878°N 84.5981°W﻿ / 37.7878; -84.5981﻿ (Camp Nelson Historic and Archeological District)
Jessamine

Military depot and African-American recruitment center for the Union Army.

5

Churchill Downs

Churchill Downs

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October 21, 1986
(#78001348)

Louisville
38°12′11″N 85°46′12″W﻿ / ﻿38.203056°N 85.77°W﻿ / 38.203056; -85.77﻿ (Churchill Downs)
Jefferson

Home of the legendary Kentucky Derby

6

Henry Clay Home (Ashland)

Henry Clay Home (Ashland)

December 19, 1960
(#66000357)

Lexington
38°01′43″N 84°28′48″W﻿ / ﻿38.0286°N 84.48°W﻿ / 38.0286; -84.48﻿ (Henry Clay Home (Ashland))
Fayette

Home of Henry Clay

7

Covington and Cincinnati Suspension Bridge

Covington and Cincinnati Suspension Bridge

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May 15, 1975
(#75000786)

Covington, KY and Cincinnati, OH
39°05′32″N 84°30′34″W﻿ / ﻿39.09222°N 84.5094°W﻿ / 39.09222; -84.5094﻿ (Covington and Cincinnati Suspension Bridge)
Kenton, KY and Hamilton, OH

Prototype for New York's Brooklyn Bridge

8

Fort Boonesborough Site

Fort Boonesborough Site

June 19, 1996
(#94000303)

Richmond
37°54′02″N 84°16′06″W﻿ / ﻿37.900556°N 84.2683°W﻿ / 37.900556; -84.2683﻿ (Fort Boonesborough Site)
Madison

One of the original settlements in Kentucky

9

Green River Shell Middens Archeological District

Green River Shell Middens Archeological District

May 5, 1994
(#85003182)

Multiple

Butler, Henderson, McLean, Muhlenberg, and Ohio

23 Late Archaic period sites

10

Indian Knoll

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September 23, 1964
(#66000362)

McHenry

Ohio

Archaic shell midden

11

Jacobs Hall, Kentucky School for the Deaf

Jacobs Hall, Kentucky School for the Deaf

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December 21, 1965
(#66000354)

Danville
37°38′29″N 84°46′18″W﻿ / ﻿37.641389°N 84.77167°W﻿ / 37.641389; -84.77167﻿ (Jacobs Hall, Kentucky School for the Deaf)
Boyle

Oldest remaining building at the Kentucky School for the Deaf[4]

12

Keeneland Race Course

Keeneland Race Course

September 24, 1986
(#86003487)

Lexington
38°02′44″N 84°36′38″W﻿ / ﻿38.04556°N 84.61056°W﻿ / 38.04556; -84.61056﻿ (Keeneland Race Course)
Fayette

Race track

13

Labrot and Graham's Old Oscar Pepper Distillery

Labrot and Graham's Old Oscar Pepper Distillery

May 16, 2000
(#95001272)

Versailles
38°06′46″N 84°48′43″W﻿ / ﻿38.11278°N 84.8119°W﻿ / 38.11278; -84.8119﻿ (Labrot and Graham's Old Oscar Pepper Distillery)
Woodford

Producer of Woodford Reserve bourbon whiskey

14

Liberty Hall

Liberty Hall

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November 11, 1971
(#71000344)

Frankfort
38°11′59″N 84°52′52″W﻿ / ﻿38.1997°N 84.8811°W﻿ / 38.1997; -84.8811﻿ (Liberty Hall)
Franklin

Home of John Brown, who helped Kentucky attain statehood

15

Lincoln Hall, Berea College

Lincoln Hall, Berea College

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December 2, 1974
(#74000892)

Berea
37°34′19″N 84°17′09″W﻿ / ﻿37.57194°N 84.28583°W﻿ / 37.57194; -84.28583﻿ (Lincoln Hall, Berea College)
Madison

Building at Berea College, first biracial college in the United States

16

Locust Grove

Locust Grove

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June 23, 1986
(#71000347)

Louisville
38°17′13″N 85°39′43″W﻿ / ﻿38.2869°N 85.6619°W﻿ / 38.2869; -85.6619﻿ (Locust Grove)
Jefferson

Former domicile of George Rogers Clark

17

Louisville Water Company Pumping Station

Louisville Water Company Pumping Station

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November 11, 1971
(#71000348)

Louisville
38°16′50″N 85°42′04″W﻿ / ﻿38.28056°N 85.7011°W﻿ / 38.28056; -85.7011﻿ (Louisville Water Company Pumping Station)
Jefferson

Historic water tower along the Ohio River. (Verify that pumping station is same as tower.)

18

MAYOR ANDREW BROADDUS (Lifesaving Station)

MAYOR ANDREW BROADDUS (Lifesaving Station)

June 30, 1989
(#89001446)

Louisville
38°15′33″N 85°45′18″W﻿ / ﻿38.259167°N 85.755°W﻿ / 38.259167; -85.755﻿ (MAYOR ANDREW BROADDUS (Lifesaving Station))
Jefferson

Only remaining floating lifestation

19

Dr. Ephraim McDowell House

Dr. Ephraim McDowell House

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January 12, 1965
(#66000355)

Danville
37°38′42″N 84°46′16″W﻿ / ﻿37.645°N 84.7711°W﻿ / 37.645; -84.7711﻿ (Dr. Ephraim McDowell House)
Boyle

Site of first successful ovariotomy, done by Ephraim McDowell

20

Middle Creek Battlefield

Middle Creek Battlefield

October 5, 1992
(#91001665)

Prestonsburg
37°39′01″N 82°48′50″W﻿ / ﻿37.650278°N 82.81389°W﻿ / 37.650278; -82.81389﻿ (Middle Creek Battlefield)
Floyd

Site of an early Union victory in January 1862, with future President James A. Garfield commanding the Union troops.

From the provided table together with the article excerpts below.

Answer the following question: What was the population of the time of the 2010 U.S. census of the site of a founder of the Boy Scouts of America ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The Daniel Carter Beard Boyhood Home is a National Historic Landmark located in the Riverside Drive Historic District of Covington , Kentucky , overlooking the Licking River , across the Ohio River from Cincinnati , Ohio . The two-and-one-half story brick domicile , built in 1821 and one of the two oldest buildings in Kenton County , Kentucky , is the boyhood home of Daniel Carter Beard , a founder of the Boy Scouts of America . He was their National Scout Commissioner from its 1910 founding to his death in 1941 .
Covington is a city in Kenton County , Kentucky , United States , located at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking Rivers . Cincinnati , Ohio , lies to its north across the Ohio and Newport , Kentucky , to its east across the Licking . Covington had a population of 40,640 at the time of the 2010 U.S. census , making it the largest city of Northern Kentucky and the fifth-most populous city in Kentucky . It is one of its county 's two seats , along with Independence .
Kenton County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 159,720 , making it the third most populous county in Kentucky ( behind Jefferson County and Fayette County ) . Its county seats are Covington and Independence . It was , until November 24 , 2010 , the only county in Kentucky to have two legally recognized county seats . The county was formed in 1840 and is named for Simon Kenton , a frontiersman notable in the early history of the state . Kenton County , with Boone and Campbell Counties , is part of the Northern Kentucky metro area , and is included in the Cincinnati-Middletown , OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Daniel Carter Uncle Dan Beard ( June 21 , 1850 - June 11 , 1941 ) was an American illustrator , author , youth leader , and social reformer who founded the Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905 , which Beard later merged with the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) .
The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) ( colloquially , the Boy Scouts ) is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States , with about 2.3 million youth participants and about one million adult volunteers . The BSA was founded in 1910 , and since then , about 110 million Americans participated in BSA programs at some time in their lives . BSA is part of the international Scout Movement and became a founding member organization of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 . The stated mission of the Boy Scouts of America is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law . Youth are trained in responsible citizenship , character development , and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities , educational programs , and , at older age levels , career-oriented programs in partnership with community organizations . For younger members , the Scout method is part of the program to instill typical Scouting values such as trustworthiness , good citizenship , and outdoors skills , through a variety of activities such as camping , aquatics , and hiking . To further these outdoor activities , the BSA has four high-adventure bases : Northern Tier ( Minnesota , Manitoba , and Ontario ) , Philmont Scout Ranch ( New Mexico ) , Sea Base ( Florida , US Virgin Islands , and Bahamas ) , and Summit Bechtel Reserve ( West Virginia ) , as well as nearly one hundred separate camps and reservations specifically dedicated to scouts . The traditional Scouting divisions are Cub Scouting for ages 5 to 11 years , Scouts BSA for ages 11 to 18 , Venturing for ages 14 through 21 , and Sea Scouts for ages 14 through 21 . The BSA operates traditional Scouting by chartering local organizations , such as churches , clubs , civic associations , or educational organization , to implement the Scouting program for youth within their communities . Units are led entirely by volunteers appointed by the chartering organization , who are supported by local councils using both paid professional Scouters and volunteers . Additionally , Learning for Life is a non-traditional affiliate that provides in-school and career education . On February 1 , 2019 , the Boy Scouts of America renamed their flagship program , Boy Scouts , to Scouts BSA to reflect their change of policy to allow girls to join in separate , gender-specific troops .
Belle of Louisville is a steamboat owned and operated by the city of Louisville , Kentucky , and moored at its downtown wharf next to the Riverfront Plaza/Belvedere during its annual operational period . Originally named Idlewild , she was built by James Rees & Sons Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , for the West Memphis Packet Company in 1914 and was first put into service on the Allegheny River . Constructed with an all-steel superstructure and asphalt main deck , the steamboat is said [ by whom ? ] to hold the all-time record in her class for miles traveled , years in operation , and places visited . Belle of Louisville 's offices are aboard Mayor Andrew Broaddus , also a National Historic Landmark .
Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper .
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 741,096 . It is the most populous county in the commonwealth ( with more than twice the population of second ranked Fayette County ) . Since a city-county merger in 2003 , the county 's territory , population and government have been coextensive with the city of Louisville , which also serves as county seat . The administrative entity created by this merger is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Jefferson County is the anchor of the Louisville-Jefferson County , KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area , sometimes also referred to as Kentuckiana .
Maker 's Mark is a small-batch bourbon whiskey produced in Loretto , Kentucky , by Beam Suntory . It is bottled at 90 U.S. proof ( 45% alcohol by volume ) and sold in squarish bottles sealed with red wax . The distillery offers tours , and is part of the American Whiskey Trail and the Kentucky Bourbon Trail .
Loretto is a home rule-class city in Marion County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 623 at the 2000 census . It is best known as the home of the Maker 's Mark bourbon distillery . The current mayor is Tom Brahm .
Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 19,820 . Its county seat is Lebanon . The county was founded in 1834 and named for Francis Marion , the American Revolutionary War hero known as the Swamp Fox .
Maker 's Mark is a small-batch bourbon whiskey produced in Loretto , Kentucky , by Beam Suntory . It is bottled at 90 U.S. proof ( 45% alcohol by volume ) and sold in squarish bottles sealed with red wax . The distillery offers tours , and is part of the American Whiskey Trail and the Kentucky Bourbon Trail .
Bourbon whiskey /bɜːrbən/ is a type of American whiskey , a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn . The name ultimately derives from the French Bourbon dynasty , although the precise inspiration for the whiskey 's name is uncertain ; contenders include Bourbon County in Kentucky and Bourbon Street in New Orleans , both of which are named after the dynasty . Bourbon has been distilled since the 18th century . The name Bourbon was not applied until the 1850s , and the Kentucky etymology was not advanced until the 1870s . Although bourbon may be made anywhere in the United States , it is strongly associated with the American South and with Kentucky in particular . As of 2014 , distillers ' wholesale market revenue for bourbon sold within the U.S. was about $ 2.7 billion , and bourbon made up about two-thirds of the $ 1.6 billion of U.S. exports of distilled spirits . According to the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States , U.S. distillers derived $ 3.6 billion in revenue from bourbon and Tennessee whiskey ( a closely related spirit produced in the state of Tennessee ) sold in the United States . It was recognized in 1964 by the United States Congress as a distinctive product of the United States . Bourbon sold in the United States must be produced in the U.S. from at least 51% corn and stored in a new container of charred oak .
Camp Nelson Heritage National Monument , formerly Camp Nelson National Monument and before that Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park , is a 525-acre ( 2.12 km2 ) national monument , historical museum and park located in southern Jessamine County , Kentucky , United States , 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Lexington , Kentucky . The American Civil War era camp was established in 1863 as a depot for the Union Army during the Civil War . It became a recruiting ground for new soldiers from Eastern Tennessee and enslaved people , many of whom had fled their living conditions to be soldiers . On October 26 , 2018 , President Donald Trump proclaimed the site as Camp Nelson National Monument , the 418th unit of the National Park Service ( NPS ) system . It was renamed to include Heritage in the John D. Dingell , Jr. Conservation , Management , and Recreation Act , signed March 12 , 2019 . The forested portion overlooking Hickman Creek was funded by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves ' Kentucky Heritage Land Conservation Fund .
Nicholasville is a home rule city in and the county seat of Jessamine County , Kentucky , United States . The population was 28,015 during the 2010 U.S. Census , making Nicholasville the 11th-largest settlement in the state . Since the late 20th century , Nicholasville has undergone rapid growth ; the population increased 380% between 1970 and 2010 . The city serves as both a residential area for Lexington-area commuters and as an employment and shopping center for central Kentucky .
Jessamine County ( /ˈdʒɛsəmɪn/ ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 48,586 . Its county seat is Nicholasville . The county was founded in December 1798 . Jessamine County is part of the Lexington-Fayette , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is within the Inner Blue Grass region , long a center of farming and blooded stock raising , including thoroughbred horses . The legislature established a commercial wine industry here in the late 18th century .
Churchill Downs , located on Central Avenue in south Louisville , Kentucky , United States , is a Thoroughbred racetrack most famous for annually hosting the Kentucky Derby . It officially opened in 1875 and was named for Samuel Churchill , whose family was prominent in Kentucky for many years . The first Kentucky Derby and the first Kentucky Oaks were held in the same year . Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders ' Cup on nine occasions , most recently on November 2 and 3 , 2018 . Churchill Downs Incorporated owns and operates the racetrack . With the infield open for the Kentucky Derby , the capacity of Churchill Downs is roughly 170,000 . In 2009 , the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America . Churchill Downs was ranked number 5 on this list . In 2014 , prior to the start of their spring meet , Churchill Downs announced an increase in parimutuel takeout rates . As a result of the takeout increase , Churchill Downs was ranked number 22 in the 2014 Horseplayers Association of North America Track Ratings .
The Kentucky Derby /ˈdɜːrbi/ is a horse race held annually in Louisville , Kentucky , United States , on the first Saturday in May , capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival . The competition is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of one and a quarter miles ( 2.0 km ) at Churchill Downs . Colts and geldings carry 126 pounds ( 57 kilograms ) and fillies 121 pounds ( 55 kilograms ) . It is dubbed The Run for the Roses , stemming from the blanket of roses draped over the winner . It is also known in the United States as The Most Exciting Two Minutes in Sports or The Fastest Two Minutes in Sports because of its approximate duration . It is the first leg of the American Triple Crown , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Unlike the Preakness and Belmont Stakes , which took hiatuses in 1891-1893 and 1911-1912 respectively , the Kentucky Derby has been held uninterrupted since 1875 . Even with the Olympics and major professional sports leagues canceled at those points , the Derby , Preakness , and Belmont took place during the Great Depression and both World Wars . A horse must win all three races to win the Triple Crown . In the 2015 listing of the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities ( IFHA ) , the Kentucky Derby tied with the Whitney Handicap as the top Grade 1 race in the United States outside the Breeders ' Cup races . The attendance at the Kentucky Derby ranks first in North America and usually surpasses the attendance numbers of all other stakes races including the Preakness Stakes , Belmont Stakes , and the Breeders ' Cup .
Ashland is the name of the plantation of the 19th-century Kentucky statesman Henry Clay , located in Lexington , Kentucky , in the central Bluegrass region of the state . It is a registered National Historic Landmark . The Ashland Stakes , a Thoroughbred horse race at Keeneland Race Course that has run annually since the race course first opened in 1936 , was named for the historically important estate .
Lexington is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 60th-largest city in the United States . Known as the Horse Capital of the World , it is the heart of the state 's Bluegrass region . Notable locations in the city include the Kentucky Horse Park , The Red Mile and Keeneland race courses , Rupp Arena , Transylvania University , the University of Kentucky , and Bluegrass Community and Technical College . Lexington ranks 10th among US cities in college education rate , with 39.5% of residents having at least a bachelor 's degree . In the 2018 U.S. Census Estimate , the city 's population was 323,780 anchoring a metropolitan area of 516,697 people and a combined statistical area of 760,528 people . By land area , Lexington is the 28th largest city in the United States . The city is consolidated entirely within Fayette County , and vice versa . It has a nonpartisan mayor-council form of government , with 12 council districts and three members elected at large , with the highest vote-getter designated vice mayor .
Fayette County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 295,803 , making it the second-most populous county in the commonwealth . Its territory , population and government are coextensive with the city of Lexington , which also serves as the county seat . Fayette County is part of the Lexington-Fayette , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Henry Clay Sr. ( April 12 , 1777 - June 29 , 1852 ) was an American attorney and statesman who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives , served as seventh speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives , and served as the ninth U.S. secretary of state . He received electoral votes for president in the 1824 , 1832 , and 1844 presidential elections and helped found both the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . For his role in defusing sectional crises , he earned the appellation of the Great Compromiser . Clay was born in Hanover County , Virginia in 1777 and launched a legal career in Lexington , Kentucky , in 1797 . As a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , Clay won election to the Kentucky state legislature in 1803 and to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1810 . He was chosen as speaker of the House in early 1811 and , along with President James Madison , led the United States into the War of 1812 against Britain . In 1814 , he helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent , which brought an end to the War of 1812 . After the war , Clay returned to his position as speaker of the House and developed the American System , which called for federal infrastructure investments , support for the national bank , and protective tariff rates . In 1820 , he helped bring an end to a sectional crisis over slavery by leading the passage of the Missouri Compromise . Clay finished with the fourth-most electoral votes in the multi-candidate 1824 presidential election , and he helped John Quincy Adams win the contingent election held to select the president . President Adams appointed Clay to the prestigious position of secretary of state ; critics alleged that the two had agreed to a corrupt bargain . Despite receiving support from Clay and other National Republicans , Adams was defeated by Democrat Andrew Jackson in the 1828 presidential election .
The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge , originally known as the Cincinnati-Covington Bridge spans the Ohio River between Cincinnati , Ohio and Covington , Kentucky . When opened on December 1 , 1866 , it was the longest suspension bridge in the world at 1,057 feet ( 322 m ) main span , which was later overtaken by John A. Roebling 's most famous design of the 1883 Brooklyn Bridge at 1,595.5 feet ( 486.3 m ) . Pedestrians use the bridge to get between the sports venues in Cincinnati ( Paul Brown Stadium , Great American Ball Park , and U.S. Bank Arena ) and the hotels , bars , restaurants , and parking lots in Northern Kentucky . The bar and restaurant district at the foot of the bridge on the Kentucky side is known as Roebling Point . Ramps were constructed leading directly from the bridge to the Dixie Terminal building used for streetcars . These provided Covington-Cincinnati streetcars with a grade-separated route to the center of downtown , and the terminal building was originally intended to connect , via underground pedestrian passages , with the never-built Fountain Square Station of the infamous Cincinnati Subway . When streetcar service ceased in the 1950s , the terminal was converted to a diesel bus terminal . The ramps were removed in 1998 when it ceased being used as a bus terminal .
Cincinnati ( /ˌsɪnsɪˈnæti/ SIN-sih-NAT-ee ) is a major city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and is the government seat of Hamilton County . Settled in 1788 , the city is located at the northern side of the confluence of the Licking and Ohio rivers , the latter of which marks the state line with Kentucky . The city is the economic and cultural hub of the Cincinnati metropolitan area , the fastest growing economic power in the Midwestern United States based on increase of economic output , which had a population of 2,190,209 as of the 2018 census estimates . This makes it Ohio 's largest metropolitan area and the nation 's 29th-largest . With a city population estimated at 302,605 , Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and 65th in the United States . Cincinnati is also within a day 's drive of 49.70% of the United States populace , the most of any city in the United States . In the 19th century , Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the middle of the country . Throughout much of the 19th century , it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population , surpassed only by New Orleans and the older , established settlements of the United States eastern seaboard , as well as being the sixth-biggest city for a period spanning 1840 until 1860 . Cincinnati was the first city founded after the American Revolution , as well as the first major inland city in the country . Cincinnati developed with fewer immigrants and less influence from Europe than East Coast cities in the same period . However , it received a significant number of German-speaking immigrants , who founded many of the city 's cultural institutions . By the end of the 19th century , with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping , trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati 's growth slowed considerably .
Hamilton County is a county in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Ohio . As of the 2010 census , the population was 802,374. making it the third-most populous county in Ohio . The county seat and largest city is Cincinnati . The county is named for the first Secretary of the Treasury , Alexander Hamilton . Hamilton County is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown , OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Fort Boonesborough was a frontier fort in Kentucky , founded by Daniel Boone and his men following their crossing of the Kentucky River on April 1 , 1775 . The settlement they founded , known as Boonesborough , Kentucky , is Kentucky 's second oldest European-American settlement . It served as a major frontier outpost during the American Revolutionary War , and survived into the early 19th century before its eventual abandonment . A National Historic Landmark now administered as part of Fort Boonesborough State Park , the site is one of the best-preserved archaeological sites of early westward expansion by British colonists in that period . It is located in Madison County , Kentucky off Kentucky Route 627 .
Richmond is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Madison County , Kentucky , United States . It is named after Richmond , Virginia , and is the home of Eastern Kentucky University . The population was 35,894 in 2018 . Richmond is the third-largest city in the Bluegrass region ( after Louisville and Lexington ) and the state 's sixth-largest city . It is the eighth largest population center in Kentucky , when including metropolitan areas . Richmond serves as the center for work and shopping for south-central Kentucky . Richmond is the principal city of the Richmond-Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Madison and Rockcastle counties .
Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 82,916 . Its county seat is Richmond . The county is named for Virginia statesman James Madison , who later became the fourth President of the United States . Madison County is part of the Richmond-Berea , KY Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Lexington-Fayette-Richmond-Frankfort , KY Combined Statistical Area . It is considered a moist county , meaning that although the county prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages ( and is thus a dry county ) , it contains a city where retail alcohol sales are allowed . Nevertheless , two of Richmond 's 19 precincts are dry . Alcohol can also be sold by the drink in Berea , Richmond , and at Arlington and The Bull golf clubs . Madison County is home to Eastern Kentucky University , Berea College , Boone Tavern , and Bybee Pottery , ( closed February 2011 ) one of the oldest pottery operations in the United States . This is also where famous pioneer Daniel Boone lived and built Fort Boonesborough , now a state historic site . Indian trader John Findley , Daniel Boone , and four others first came into the area that is now Madison County in 1769 on a hunting and exploring expedition . In 1774 , the Transylvania Company , led by Judge Richard Henderson of North Carolina , purchased 20,000,000 acres ( 8,100,000 ha ) of land west of the Appalachians ( including present-day Madison County ) from the Cherokee Nation .
The Green River Shell Middens Archeological District is a historic district composed of archaeological sites in the U.S. state of Kentucky . All of the district 's sites are shell middens along the banks of the Green River that date from the later portion of the Archaic period . Studies of this assemblage of sites were critical in the development of knowledge of the Archaic period in the eastern United States . Kentucky 's Green River runs through a broad alluvial plain , from which outcroppings of bedrock project . The plain is an area that was inundated during the Pleistocene by a water body dubbed Lake Green , which resulted in the deposition of large amounts of silt . The middens of this district are typically located along the prehistoric routes of waterways that were established after Lake Green was drained . Archaic period Native Americans were drawn to these waterways by an abundance of mussels . The district was established and named a National Historic Landmark on May 5 , 1994 . Each of the district 's twenty-three contributing properties had previously been listed on the National Register of Historic Places by itself . The sites are distributed among five counties : Butler County ( BT ) , Henderson County ( HE ) , McLean County ( McL ) , Muhlenberg County ( MU ) , and Ohio County ( OH ) .
Butler County is a county located in the US state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 12,690 . Its county seat is Morgantown . The county was formed in 1810 , becoming Kentucky 's 53rd county . Butler County is included in the Bowling Green , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Henderson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 46,250 . The county seat is Henderson . The county was formed in 1798 and named for Colonel Richard Henderson who purchased 17,000,000 acres ( 69,000 km2 ) of land from the Cherokee Indians , part of which would eventually make up the county . Henderson County is part of the Evansville , IN-KY Metropolitan Statistical Area .
McLean County ( /məˈkleɪn/ ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 9,531 . Its county seat is Calhoun . McLean is a prohibition or dry county . McLean County is part of the Owensboro , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area , which has a population of some 114,752 ( 2010 census ) .
Muhlenberg County ( /ˈmjuːlənbɜːrɡ/ ) is a county in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 31,499 . Its county seat is Greenville .
Ohio County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,842 . Its county seat is Hartford . The county is named after the Ohio River , which originally formed its northern boundary . It is a moist county , which means that the sale of alcohol is only legal within certain city limits .
In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America , the Archaic period in North America , taken to last from around 8500 to 3000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages , is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development . The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts , seeds , and shellfish . As its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming , this date can vary significantly across the Americas . The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period .
Indian Knoll is an archaeological site near Paradise , Kentucky that was declared to be a U.S. National Historic Landmark . Excavations of Indian Knoll during The Great Depression , :115 and research of the remains and artifacts in the 1960s-1970s demonstrated that its builders were greatly atypical of inhabitants of Archaic sites . :672 Archaic peoples were typically egalitarian , :658 but burials at this knoll revealed that the inhabitants were divided into two social groups , irrespective of age or sex , and social class seems the most likely reason for this division . :672
McHenry is a home rule-class city in Ohio County , Kentucky , in the United States . The population was 390 at the time of the year 2010 U.S. census .
A midden ( also kitchen midden or shell heap ) is an old dump for domestic waste which may consist of animal bone , human excrement , botanical material , mollusc shells , sherds , lithics ( especially debitage ) , and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with past human occupation . These features , therefore , provide a useful resource for archaeologists who wish to study the diets and habits of past societies . Middens with damp , anaerobic conditions can even preserve organic remains in deposits as the debris of daily life are tossed on the pile . Each individual toss will contribute a different mix of materials depending upon the activity associated with that particular toss . During the course of deposition sedimentary material is deposited as well . Different mechanisms , from wind and water to animal digs , create a matrix which can also be analysed to provide seasonal and climatic information . In some middens individual dumps of material can be discerned and analysed .
The Kentucky School for the Deaf ( KSD ) , located in Danville , Kentucky , United States , is a school that provides education to deaf and hard-of-hearing children from elementary through high school levels . Founded in 1823 , it was the first school for the deaf west of the Allegheny Mountains . Jacobs Hall , its oldest surviving building ( built 1857 ) , was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of this history .
Danville is a home rule-class city in Boyle County , Kentucky , United States . It is the seat of its county . The population was 16,218 at the 2010 Census . Danville is the principal city of the Danville Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Boyle and Lincoln counties . In 2001 , Danville received a Great American Main Street Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation . In 2011 , Money magazine placed Danville as the fourth-best place to retire in the United States . Centre College in Danville was selected to host U.S. Vice-Presidential debates in 2000 and 2012 .
Boyle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 28,432 . Its county seat is Danville . The county was formed in 1842 and named for John Boyle ( 1774-1835 ) , a U.S. Representative , chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals and later federal judge for the District of Kentucky . Boyle County is part of the Danville , KY Micropolitan Statistical Area .
Keeneland Association , Inc. is an equine business based in Lexington , Kentucky . It includes two distinct divisions , the Keeneland Race Course , a Thoroughbred racing facility , and Keeneland Sales , a horse auction complex . It is also known for its reference library . In 2009 , the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America . Keeneland was ranked # 1 of the top ten tracks . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 .
The Woodford Reserve Distillery , formerly known as the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery and later the Labrot & Graham Distillery , is approximately eight miles from the town of Versailles in north-central Kentucky , off U.S. Route 60 between Interstate 64 and Versailles . Distilling began on the site of the current day distillery in 1812 . Although the site has not been continuously operational as a distillery since , the main structure , built in 1838 , stands as one of the oldest distilleries in Kentucky . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is designated as a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved distillery architecture and its role in the development of the bourbon industry . Originally established by Elijah Pepper , the distillery was passed on to his son and known as the Oscar Pepper Distillery when Dr. James Crow worked there in the mid-19th century . During this time Dr. Crow undertook a series of activities that improved and codified the understanding and quality of key bourbon-making processes such as sour-mash fermentation , pot still distillation and barrel maturation . :24 After Oscar Pepper died in 1867 the distillery was passed to his son James E. Pepper . The Pepper family sold the property to Leopold Labrot and James Graham in 1878 , who owned and operated it ( except during Prohibition ) until it was sold to the Brown-Forman Corporation in 1941 . Brown-Forman operated it until the late 1960s , then sold the property and its accompanying acreage to a local farmer . Brown-Forman re-purchased the property in 1993 , refurbished it , and brought it back into operation . The Woodford Reserve brand was introduced to the market in 1996 . The distillery produces : Woodford Reserve Bourbon , Woodford Reserve Double Oaked , Woodford Reserve Straight Rye Whiskey , Woodford Reserve Straight Malt Whiskey , and Woodford Reserve Wheat Whiskey .
Versailles ( /vərˈseɪlz/ ) is a home rule-class city in Woodford County , Kentucky , United States and is located near Lexington . It is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 8,568 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Woodford County . The city 's name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ , not like the French city of the same name .
Woodford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,939 . Its county seat is Versailles . Woodford County is part of the Lexington-Fayette , KY Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is located in the heart of the Bluegrass region of Kentucky .
The Woodford Reserve Distillery , formerly known as the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery and later the Labrot & Graham Distillery , is approximately eight miles from the town of Versailles in north-central Kentucky , off U.S. Route 60 between Interstate 64 and Versailles . Distilling began on the site of the current day distillery in 1812 . Although the site has not been continuously operational as a distillery since , the main structure , built in 1838 , stands as one of the oldest distilleries in Kentucky . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is designated as a National Historic Landmark for its well-preserved distillery architecture and its role in the development of the bourbon industry . Originally established by Elijah Pepper , the distillery was passed on to his son and known as the Oscar Pepper Distillery when Dr. James Crow worked there in the mid-19th century . During this time Dr. Crow undertook a series of activities that improved and codified the understanding and quality of key bourbon-making processes such as sour-mash fermentation , pot still distillation and barrel maturation . :24 After Oscar Pepper died in 1867 the distillery was passed to his son James E. Pepper . The Pepper family sold the property to Leopold Labrot and James Graham in 1878 , who owned and operated it ( except during Prohibition ) until it was sold to the Brown-Forman Corporation in 1941 . Brown-Forman operated it until the late 1960s , then sold the property and its accompanying acreage to a local farmer . Brown-Forman re-purchased the property in 1993 , refurbished it , and brought it back into operation . The Woodford Reserve brand was introduced to the market in 1996 . The distillery produces : Woodford Reserve Bourbon , Woodford Reserve Double Oaked , Woodford Reserve Straight Rye Whiskey , Woodford Reserve Straight Malt Whiskey , and Woodford Reserve Wheat Whiskey .
Liberty Hall is a historic house museum at 218 Wilkinson Street in Frankfort , Kentucky . Built 1796-1800 by American statesman John Brown , it was designated in 1971 as a U.S. National Historic Landmark for its association with Brown and its fine Federal style architecture .
Frankfort is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the seat of Franklin County . It is a home rule-class city in Kentucky ; the population was 25,527 at the 2010 census . Located along the Kentucky River , Frankfort is the principal city of the Frankfort , Kentucky Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Franklin and Anderson counties .
Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 49,285 . Its county seat is Frankfort , the state capital . The county was formed in 1795 from parts of Woodford , Mercer and Shelby counties , and was named after the American inventor and statesman Benjamin Franklin . Franklin County is part of the Frankfort , Kentucky Micropolitan Statistical Area .
Lincoln Hall is the administrative center of Berea College in Berea , Kentucky . Built in 1887 and named in honor of Abraham Lincoln , it was declared to be a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1974 in recognition of the college 's role as the first school of higher education in the nation established to provide a racially integrated educational environment .
Berea is a home rule-class city in Madison County , Kentucky , in the United States . The town is best known for its art festivals , historic restaurants and buildings , and as the home to Berea College , a private liberal arts college . The population was 13,561 at the 2010 census . It is one of the fastest-growing towns in Kentucky , having increased by 27.4% since 2000 . The name appears to come from the King James Bible , being a province in Asia Minor mentioned in Acts 17:11 , where its Jewish citizens were more receptive to the message of the Apostles , but also searched the Scriptures each day to check them , in obedience to Isaiah 8:20 . Berea is a principal city of the Richmond−Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Madison and Rockcastle counties . It was formally incorporated by the state assembly in 1890 .
Berea College is a private liberal arts work college in Berea , Kentucky . Founded in 1855 , Berea College is distinctive among post-secondary institutions for providing free education to students and for having been the first college in the Southern United States to be coeducational and racially integrated . Berea College charges no tuition ; every admitted student is provided the equivalent of a four-year scholarship . Berea offers bachelor 's degrees in 32 majors . It has a full-participation work-study program in which students are required to work at least 10 hours per week in campus and service jobs in any of over 130 departments . Berea 's primary service region is Southern Appalachia , but students come from 46 states in the United States and 58 other countries , with approximately one in three students an ethnic minority or from outside the U.S .
Historic Locust Grove is a 55-acre 18th-century farm site and National Historic Landmark situated in eastern Jefferson County , Kentucky . The site is owned by the Louisville Metro government , and operated as a historic interpretive site by Historic Locust Grove , Inc . The main feature on the property is the ca . 1790 Georgian mansion that was the home of the Croghan family and gathering place for George Rogers Clark , Lewis and Clark , and U.S. Presidents . In addition to the mansion there is the Visitors Center that houses a gift shop , museum and meeting space .
George Rogers Clark ( November 19 , 1752 - February 13 , 1818 ) was an American surveyor , soldier , and militia officer from Virginia who became the highest-ranking American patriot military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War . He served as leader of the militia in Kentucky ( then part of Virginia ) throughout much of the war . He is best known for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia ( 1778 ) and Vincennes ( 1779 ) during the Illinois Campaign , which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory . The British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris , and Clark has often been hailed as the Conqueror of the Old Northwest . Clark 's major military achievements occurred before his thirtieth birthday . Afterward , he led militia in the opening engagements of the Northwest Indian War , but was accused of being drunk on duty . He was disgraced and forced to resign , despite his demand for a formal investigation into the accusations . He left Kentucky to live on the Indiana frontier but was never fully reimbursed by Virginia for his wartime expenditures . During the final decades of his life , he worked to evade creditors and suffered living in increasing poverty and obscurity . He was involved in two failed attempts to open the Spanish-controlled Mississippi River to American traffic . After suffering a stroke and the amputation of his left leg , he became an invalid . He was aided in his final years by family members , including his younger brother William , one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition .
The Louisville Water Tower , located east of downtown Louisville , Kentucky near the riverfront , is the oldest ornamental water tower in the world , having been built before the more famous Chicago Water Tower . Both the actual water tower and its pumping station are a designated National Historic Landmark for their architecture . As with the Fairmount Water Works of Philadelphia ( designed 1812 , built 1819-22 ) , the industrial nature of its pumping station was disguised in the form of a Roman temple complex . In 2014 , the Louisville WaterWorks Museum opened on the premises .
A water tower is an elevated structure supporting a water tank constructed at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system for the distribution of potable water , and to provide emergency storage for fire protection . In some places , the term standpipe is used interchangeably to refer to a water tower . Water towers often operate in conjunction with underground or surface service reservoirs , which store treated water close to where it will be used . Other types of water towers may only store raw ( non-potable ) water for fire protection or industrial purposes , and may not necessarily be connected to a public water supply . Water towers are able to supply water even during power outages , because they rely on hydrostatic pressure produced by elevation of water ( due to gravity ) to push the water into domestic and industrial water distribution systems ; however , they can not supply the water for a long time without power , because a pump is typically required to refill the tower . A water tower also serves as a reservoir to help with water needs during peak usage times . The water level in the tower typically falls during the peak usage hours of the day , and then a pump fills it back up during the night . This process also keeps the water from freezing in cold weather , since the tower is constantly being drained and refilled . [ citation needed ]
The Ohio River is a 981-mile ( 1,579 km ) long river in the United States . It is located in the midwestern United States , flowing southwesterly from western Pennsylvania south of Lake Erie to its mouth on the Mississippi River at the southern tip of Illinois . It is the third largest river by discharge volume in the United States and the largest tributary by volume of the north-south flowing Mississippi River that divides the eastern from western United States . The river flows through or along the border of six states , and its drainage basin includes parts of 15 states . Through its largest tributary , the Tennessee River , the basin includes several states of the southeastern U.S . It is the source of drinking water for three million people . The lower Ohio River just below Louisville is obstructed by rapids known as the Falls of the Ohio where the water level falls 26 ft. in 2 miles and is impassible for navigation . The McAlpine Locks and Dam , a shipping canal bypassing the rapids , now allows commercial navigation from the Forks of the Ohio at Pittsburgh to the Port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf of Mexico . The name Ohio comes from the Seneca , Ohi : yo ' , lit . Good River . European discovery of the Ohio River may be attributed to English explorers from Virginia in the latter half of the 17th century . In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781-82 , Thomas Jefferson stated : The Ohio is the most beautiful river on earth .
Mayor Andrew Broaddus is a lifesaving station built by the United States Life-Saving Service located in Louisville , Kentucky , off the corner of River Road and Fourth Street . She is named in honor of Andrew Broaddus ( 1900-1972 ) , a former mayor of Louisville ( 1953-1957 ) . Her historic purpose was to protect travelers on the Ohio River from the Falls of the Ohio , with rescue crews for those who fell victim to the rapids . Louisville was the first place where a lifesaving station was placed in western waters . The first lifestation in Louisville was in 1881 , with Mayor Andrew Broaddus as the third . A National Historic Landmark , she is the only surviving floating lifesaving station of the US Life-Saving Service .
The Dr. Ephraim McDowell House , also known as McDowell House , was a home of medical doctor Ephraim McDowell . The home was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1966 for its role as the site of the world 's first ovariotomy , performed without anesthesia by Dr. McDowell in 1809 .
Oophorectomy ( /ˌoʊ.əfəˈrɛktəmi/ ; from Greek ᾠοφόρος , ōophóros , 'egg-bearing ' and ἐκτομή , ektomḗ , ' a cutting out of ' ) is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries . The surgery is also called ovariectomy , but this term is mostly used in reference to animals , e.g . the surgical removal of ovaries from laboratory animals . Removal of the ovaries of females is the biological equivalent of castration of males ; the term castration is only occasionally used in the medical literature to refer to oophorectomy of women . In veterinary medicine , the removal of ovaries and uterus is called ovariohysterectomy ( spaying ) and is a form of sterilization . Partial oophorectomy or ovariotomy is a term sometimes used to describe a variety of surgeries such as ovarian cyst removal , or resection of parts of the ovaries . This kind of surgery is fertility-preserving , although ovarian failure may be relatively frequent . Most of the long-term risks and consequences of oophorectomy are not or only partially present with partial oophorectomy . In humans , oophorectomy is most often performed because of diseases such as ovarian cysts or cancer ; as prophylaxis to reduce the chances of developing ovarian cancer or breast cancer ; or in conjunction with hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus ) . The removal of an ovary together with the Fallopian tube is called salpingo-oophorectomy or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy ( USO ) . When both ovaries and both Fallopian tubes are removed , the term bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy ( BSO ) is used . Oophorectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy are not common forms of birth control in humans ; more usual is tubal ligation , in which the Fallopian tubes are blocked but the ovaries remain intact .
Ephraim McDowell ( November 11 , 1771 - June 25 , 1830 ) was an American physician and pioneer surgeon . The first person to successfully remove an ovarian tumor , he has been called the father of ovariotomy as well as founding father of abdominal surgery .
The Battle of Middle Creek was an engagement fought January 10 , 1862 , in Eastern Kentucky during the American Civil War .
Prestonsburg is a small home rule-class city in and the county seat of Floyd County , Kentucky , United States . It is in the eastern part of the state in the valley of the Big Sandy River . The population was 3,255 at the time of the 2010 census , down from 3,612 at the 2000 census .
Floyd County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky . As of the 2010 census , the population was 39,451 . Its county seat is Prestonsburg . The county , founded in 1800 , is named for Colonel John Floyd ( 1750-1783 ) .
James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th president of the United States , serving from March 4 , 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later . He is the only sitting member of the United States House of Representatives to be elected to the presidency . Garfield entered politics as a Republican in 1857 . He served as a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1859 to 1861 . Garfield opposed Confederate secession , served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and fought in the battles of Middle Creek , Shiloh , and Chickamauga . He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio 's 19th District . Throughout Garfield 's extended congressional service after the Civil War , he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator . Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction , but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen . At the 1880 Republican National Convention , delegates chose Garfield - who had not sought the White House - as a compromise presidential candidate on the 36th ballot . In the 1880 presidential election , Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock . Garfield 's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments , purging corruption in the Post Office , and appointing a U.S. Supreme Court justice . He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York , starting a fracas that ended with Robertson 's confirmation and Conkling 's resignation from the Senate .