List of winners of the London Marathon
Wheelchair race – men 's winners
Table:
Year

Athlete

Nationality

Time
(h:m:s)

Notes

1983

Gordon Perry

United Kingdom

3:20:07

Course record

1984

Kevin Breen

Ireland

2:38:40

Course record

1985

Chris Hallam

United Kingdom

2:19:53

Course record

1986

Gerry O'Rourke

Ireland

2:26:38

1987

Chris Hallam

United Kingdom

2:08:34

Course record; second victory

1988

Ted Vince

Canada

2:01:37

Course record

1989

David Holding

United Kingdom

1:59:31

Course record

1990

Hakan Ericsson

Sweden

1:57:12

Course record

1991

Farid Amarouche

France

1:52:52

Course record

1992

Daniel Wesley

Canada

1:51:42

Course record

1993

George Vandamme

Belgium

1:44:10

Course record

1994

David Holding

United Kingdom

1:46:06

Second victory

1995

Heinz Frei

Switzerland

1:39:14

Course record

1996

David Holding

United Kingdom

1:43:48

Third victory

1997

David Holding

United Kingdom

1:42:15

Fourth victory

1998

Heinz Frei

Switzerland

1:35:18

Course record; second victory

1999

Heinz Frei

Switzerland

1:35:27

Third victory

2000

Kevin Papworth

United Kingdom

1:41:50

2001

Denis Lemeunier

France

1:42:37

2002

David Weir

United Kingdom

1:39:44

Taking into account the tabular data along with the context paragraphs listed at the end.

Solve the question: The most recent winner from Canada has won how many medals at the Paralympics ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

An hour ( symbol : h ; also abbreviated hr . ) is a unit of time conventionally reckoned as ​1⁄24 of a day and scientifically reckoned as 3,599-3,601 seconds , depending on conditions . The hour was initially established in the ancient Near East as a variable measure of ​1⁄12 of the night or daytime . Such seasonal , temporal , or unequal hours varied by season and latitude . Medieval astronomers such as al-Biruni and Sacrobosco , subsequently divided the hour into 60 minutes , each of 60 seconds . ( This derives from Babylonian astronomy , where the corresponding terms denoted the time required for the Sun 's apparent motion through the ecliptic to describe one minute or second of arc , respectively . In present terms , the Babylonian degree of time was thus four minutes long , the minute of time was thus four seconds long and the second 1/15 of a second . ) Equal or equinoctial hours were taken as ​1⁄24 of the day as measured from noon to noon ; the minor seasonal variations of this unit were eventually smoothed by making it ​1⁄24 of the mean solar day . Since this unit was not constant due to long term variations in the Earth 's rotation , the hour was finally separated from the Earth 's rotation and defined in terms of the atomic or physical second . In the modern metric system , hours are an accepted unit of time defined as 3,600 atomic seconds . However , on rare occasions an hour may incorporate a positive or negative leap second , [ a ] making it last 3,599 or 3,601 seconds , in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1 , which is based on measurements of the mean solar day .
The minute is a unit of time usually equal to ​1⁄60 ( the first sexagesimal fraction ) of an hour , or 60 seconds . In the UTC time standard , a minute on rare occasions has 61 seconds , a consequence of leap seconds ( there is a provision to insert a negative leap second , which would result in a 59-second minute , but this has never happened in more than 40 years under this system ) . Although not an SI unit , the minute is accepted for use with SI units . The SI symbol for minute or minutes is min ( without a dot ) . The prime symbol is also sometimes used informally to denote minutes of time . [ citation needed ]
The second ( symbol : s , abbreviation : sec ) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units ( SI ) , commonly understood and historically defined as ​1⁄86400 of a day - this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours , then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each . Analog clocks and watches often have sixty tick marks on their faces , representing seconds ( and minutes ) , and a second hand to mark the passage of time in seconds . Digital clocks and watches often have a two-digit seconds counter . The second is also part of several other units of measurement like meters per second for velocity , meters per second per second for acceleration , and cycles per second for frequency . Although the historical definition of the unit was based on this division of the Earth 's rotation cycle , the formal definition in the International System of Units ( SI ) is a much steadier timekeeper : it is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs , the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom , to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz , which is equal to s−1 . Because the Earth 's rotation varies and is also slowing ever so slightly , a leap second is periodically added to clock time [ nb 1 ] to keep clocks in sync with Earth 's rotation . Multiples of seconds are usually counted in hours and minutes . Fractions of a second are usually counted in tenths or hundredths . In scientific work , small fractions of a second are counted in milliseconds ( thousandths ) , microseconds ( millionths ) , nanoseconds ( billionths ) , and sometimes smaller units of a second . An everyday experience with small fractions of a second is a 1-gigahertz microprocessor which has a cycle time of 1 nanosecond . Camera shutter speeds are often expressed in fractions of a second , such as ​1⁄30 second or ​1⁄1000 second . Sexagesimal divisions of the day from a calendar based on astronomical observation have existed since the third millennium BC , though they were not seconds as we know them today [ citation needed ] .
Gordon Perry is a British wheelchair athlete who has competed in wheelchair racing and wheelchair basketball . The winner of the inaugural London Marathon wheelchair race , Perry competed in a number of wheelchair races during his racing career . He was a long-time wheelchair basketball competitor and coach , having played in competition in Great Britain and as a member of the British national team in the early 1980s . Perry now [ when ? ] runs the Wheelchair Basketball Experience , a coaching and training company .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Kevin Breen is a former Irish wheelchair athlete . He won the second London Marathon men 's wheelchair race in 1984 , defeating second-place winner Mick Karaphillides , whose wheelchair broke during the race , and the previous champion Gordon Perry . In winning , he broke the previous course record by nearly one hour , setting a new record of 2:38:40 . He also competed in athletics at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1984 , 1988 , and 1992 .
Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 .
Christopher Chris Alexander Hallam , MBE ( 31 December 1962 - 16 August 2013 ) was a Welsh Paralympian and wheelchair athlete . He competed at four Paralympic Games ; Stoke Mandeville , England ( 1984 ) , Seoul , South Korea ( 1988 ) , Barcelona , Spain ( 1992 ) and Atlanta , United States ( 1996 ) , as well as two Commonwealth Games ; Auckland , New Zealand ( 1990 ) and Victoria , British Columbia ( 1994 ) .
Gerry O'Rourke is a former Irish wheelchair athlete . At the 1984 Summer Paralympics , he won a silver medal in the 400 metre wheelchair race and a bronze in both the 100 and 800 metre races . In 1986 , he won the fourth London Marathon men 's wheelchair race , defeating the 1985 and 1987 champion Chris Hallam after Hallam was slowed by illness and mechanical problems . He is also a three-time winner of the Dublin Marathon .
Ted Vince is a former Canadian wheelchair athlete . Vince won the 1988 London Marathon men 's wheelchair race , narrowly defeating Mike Bishop and defending champion Chris Hallam to set a new course record of 2:01:37 . He competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Paralympics , winning two bronze medals the latter year in the 400 metres and the marathon .
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom .
David Holding ( born 1968 ) is a British wheelchair athlete . Holding was born with spina bifida , a birth defect that affects the spinal cord , and has been in a wheelchair since childhood . An accountant by training , he competes as an amateur athlete in wheelchair races of all distances . He has won a number of races , but is most well known for being a four-time winner of the London Marathon and the former world record holder and a Paralympic Games gold medal winner in the 100 meter wheelchair race . He competed in four Summer Paralympic Games , from 1992 to 2004 , in events ranging from the 100 meters to the marathon . In addition to his 1996 gold in the 100 meters , he also won two bronze medals : in the 200 meters in 1996 and in the 100 meters in 2000 . Holding is a patron of the National Association for Bikers with a Disability .
Håkan Ericsson is a Swedish paralympian and wheelchair racer . At the age of 21 , Ericsson won the 1990 London Marathon , barely edging out German athlete Wolfgang Peterson to set a new course record . Ericsson competed in the 1988 , 1992 , and 2000 Summer Paralympics , winning a total of one gold , four silver , and four bronze medals . He was coached by Peter Eriksson from 1983 to the end of his career .
Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .
Farid Amarouche is a French wheelchair athlete . He won the 1991 London Marathon men 's wheelchair race in a close finish , setting a new course record of 1:52:52 and beating previous and future winners Hakan Ericsson , Daniel Wesley , and David Holding in the process . He also took part in the 1988 and 1992 Summer Paralympics , winning three gold and three silver medals in the earlier year .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Daniel Wesley ( aka Daniel Westley ) is a Canadian athlete who won 12 medals while competing in the Paralympic Games .
George Vandamme is a former Belgian wheelchair racer . In 1993 , he won the men 's wheelchair race of the London Marathon , dominating the race . He set a new course record of 1:44:10 , beating the old London course record by nearly eight minutes .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
Heinz Frei ( born 28 January 1958 ) is a Swiss wheelchair athlete . Frei has had a long career of racing , winning the London Marathon wheelchair race three times , and earning five medals at the 2003 European games at the age of 45 . He has earned 15 gold medals at the summer and winter Paralympics and is a current world record holder in the half-marathon and marathon wheelchair races . He competed in athletics at every Summer Paralympic Games from 1984 to 2008 , and at the 2008 , 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics he competed in cycling , using a handcycle . At the Winter Paralympics , he competed in cross-country sit-skiing between 1984 and 2006 and in the biathlon in 1994 . Frei planned to retire from track competition at an event on 28 August 2009 , though he will continue competing in road races .
Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone .
Kevin Papworth is a British wheelchair racer . He is best known for winning the 2000 London Marathon , having passed the expected winner , South African Ernst van Dyk , who is the current world record holder for the men 's wheelchair marathon , in the final mile of the race .
Denis Lemeunier ( born 12 February 1965 ) is a French wheelchair racer . He is best known for defeating defending champion Kevin Papworth in the 2001 London Marathon wheelchair race , a feat given that his wheelchair , which normally would take a year to break in , was only 5 weeks old . He competed in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics , taking a bronze medal in the 4×400 metre relay the latter year .
David Russell Weir CBE ( born 5 June 1979 ) is a British Paralympic wheelchair athlete . He has won a total of six gold medals at the 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Games , and has won the London Marathon on eight occasions . He was born with a spinal cord transection that left him unable to use his legs .