National Register of Historic Places listings in Wasco County, Oregon
Current listings
Table:
[5]

Name on the Register

Image

Date listed[6]

Location
City or town

Description

1

Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary

Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary

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March 20, 1980
(#80003387)

508 W. 16th Street
45°35′44″N 121°11′52″W﻿ / ﻿45.595678°N 121.197787°W﻿ / 45.595678; -121.197787﻿ (Lewis Anderson House, Barn and Granary)
The Dalles

This well-preserved ensemble of 1890s Swedish American vernacular architecture was originally located on Pleasant Ridge, south of The Dalles. The buildings were relocated in 1972 to restore and protect them, and have been managed as a house museum since that time.[7]

2

Antelope School

Antelope School

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June 7, 2016
(#16000347)

45500 McGreer Street
44°54′47″N 120°43′26″W﻿ / ﻿44.913098°N 120.723844°W﻿ / 44.913098; -120.723844﻿ (Antelope School)
Antelope

3

Balch Hotel

Balch Hotel

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September 8, 1987
(#87001469)

40 S. Main Street
45°27′02″N 121°07′53″W﻿ / ﻿45.450443°N 121.131327°W﻿ / 45.450443; -121.131327﻿ (Balch Hotel)
Dufur

This hotel was built in 1908 to serve travelers connecting between the railroad and stagecoaches. Its advanced amenities and the regular presence of salesmen made it a center of the Dufur community. Its fortunes declined with the Great Depression and the failure of the railroad, but it has remained in continuous use to the present.[8]

4

Barlow Road

Barlow Road

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April 13, 1992
(#92000334)

Mount Hood National Forest[a]
45°13′50″N 121°34′47″W﻿ / ﻿45.23065°N 121.5797°W﻿ / 45.23065; -121.5797﻿ (Barlow Road)
Wamic to Rhododendron

Beginning with its construction by Sam Barlow in 1846, this toll road provided the first overland connection for wagons between The Dalles and Oregon City over Mount Hood, and offered a majority of Oregon Trail emigrants an alternative to the hazardous raft passage down the Columbia River from The Dalles to Fort Vancouver.[9][10]

5

Bennett–Williams House

Bennett–Williams House

February 27, 1986
(#86000291)

608 W. 6th Street
45°36′09″N 121°11′35″W﻿ / ﻿45.602516°N 121.193113°W﻿ / 45.602516; -121.193113﻿ (Bennett–Williams House)
The Dalles

Built in 1899 for prominent local lawyer, judge, and Oregon Supreme Court justice Alfred S. Bennett, this house is the most outstanding and best preserved example of Queen Anne architecture in The Dalles. It later became the home of Edward M. Williams, a notable local merchant.[11]

6

Columbia River Highway Historic District

Columbia River Highway Historic District

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December 12, 1983
(#83004168)

Roughly along the south side of the Columbia River[b]
45°40′56″N 121°18′01″W﻿ / ﻿45.682219°N 121.300139°W﻿ / 45.682219; -121.300139﻿ (Columbia River Highway Historic District)
The Dalles to Troutdale

Constructed between 1913 and 1922, this was the first scenic highway in the United States. Designed specifically to provide visitors access to the most outstanding of the scenic features of the Columbia River Gorge, the highway is also an outstanding example of modern highway development for its pioneering advances in road engineering.[12][13]

7

Columbia Southern Hotel

Columbia Southern Hotel

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October 31, 1979
(#79002150)

4th and E Streets
45°00′13″N 120°45′10″W﻿ / ﻿45.003705°N 120.752813°W﻿ / 45.003705; -120.752813﻿ (Columbia Southern Hotel)
Shaniko

Built by the Columbia Southern Railway in 1900–1902 at the southern terminus of its line, this hotel is the most imposing structure in Shaniko. It was the hub of the community during the heyday of the local wool industry in the early 20th century. In addition to lodging, it served as saloon, bank, stage stop, dance hall, and general gathering place.[14]

8

First Wasco County Courthouse

First Wasco County Courthouse

March 18, 1998
(#98000260)

410 W. 2nd Place
45°36′13″N 121°11′19″W﻿ / ﻿45.603632°N 121.188554°W﻿ / 45.603632; -121.188554﻿ (First Wasco County Courthouse)
The Dalles

One of only two remaining courthouses from prior to Oregon statehood, this building served Wasco County from 1859 until 1882, and then as The Dalles city hall until 1907. From its original downtown location, it has been moved several times before its current location.[15]

9

Fivemile Rapids Site (35 WS 4)

Fivemile Rapids Site (35 WS 4)

December 19, 1974
(#74001719)

Address restricted[c][16]

The Dalles

Yielding remains beginning soon after the end of the last glacial period, this archeological site (along with other nearby sites) provides a nearly continuous record of human occupation from at least 9000 BCE to 1820 CE. It also provides some of the earliest available evidence of fishing in human economy.[17]

10

Fort Dalles Surgeon's Quarters

Fort Dalles Surgeon's Quarters

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September 10, 1971
(#71000682)

15th and Garrison Streets
45°35′46″N 121°11′50″W﻿ / ﻿45.596130°N 121.197283°W﻿ / 45.596130; -121.197283﻿ (Fort Dalles Surgeon's Quarters)
The Dalles

The U.S. Army built this Gothic Revival-style house ca. 1857 to serve the medical officer of Fort Dalles. The Army occupied Fort Dalles from 1850 to 1867,[d] using it as a base of operations for the northwest Indian Wars. The Surgeon's Quarters, which became a museum in 1905, is one of only two surviving structures from Fort Dalles.[19][20]

11

Edward French House

Edward French House

October 2, 1992
(#92001319)

515 Liberty Street
45°36′04″N 121°11′14″W﻿ / ﻿45.601168°N 121.187339°W﻿ / 45.601168; -121.187339﻿ (Edward French House)
The Dalles

Originally built ca. 1865, this home was acquired by the French family in 1892 and renovated in the Italianate style ca. 1900. Edward French, with his uncle Daniel and other family members, were prominent bankers and businessmen from early The Dalles until the 1920s.[21]

12

Fulton–Taylor House

Fulton–Taylor House

September 9, 1993
(#93000920)

704 Case Street
45°35′52″N 121°11′02″W﻿ / ﻿45.597913°N 121.183966°W﻿ / 45.597913; -121.183966﻿ (Fulton–Taylor House)
The Dalles

Built ca. 1858, this house was later occupied by two figures important in The Dalles. James Fulton (in residence 1864–1881), an American emigrant, became a rancher, militia leader, and state legislator. The Rev. O. D. Taylor (in residence 1891–1897) led a long-running but failed real estate scheme that was widely regarded as fraudulent.[22]

13

Hugh Glenn House

Hugh Glenn House

February 20, 1991
(#91000064)

100 W. 9th Street
45°35′52″N 121°11′20″W﻿ / ﻿45.597883°N 121.188883°W﻿ / 45.597883; -121.188883﻿ (Hugh Glenn House)
The Dalles

This is one of the most notable and historically well-preserved Queen Anne-style houses in The Dalles. Hugh Glenn, a prominent architect and businessman in The Dalles, designed and built the house around 1882 and lived there until his death in 1927.[23]

14

Heimrich–Seufert House

Heimrich–Seufert House

June 1, 1990
(#90000827)

303 E. 10th Street
45°35′48″N 121°11′10″W﻿ / ﻿45.596722°N 121.186110°W﻿ / 45.596722; -121.186110﻿ (Heimrich–Seufert House)
The Dalles

This 1927 Tudor Revival house was home to two prominent figures in commerce and industry in The Dalles. John G. Heimrich (in residence 1927–1931) was a leader in the development of short line railroads in Oregon. Edward Seufert (in residence 1933–1966) managed his family's locally important salmon cannery.[24]

15

Orlando Humason House

Orlando Humason House

June 21, 1991
(#91000809)

908 Court Street
45°35′51″N 121°11′13″W﻿ / ﻿45.597573°N 121.186960°W﻿ / 45.597573; -121.186960﻿ (Orlando Humason House)
The Dalles

Orlando Humason, the "Father of Wasco County", lived in this modest house from its construction in 1860 until his death in 1875. In the territorial and state legislatures, he introduced legislation establishing Wasco and Multnomah counties, and the City of The Dalles. He also championed construction of the Cascade Locks.[25]

16

Imperial Stock Ranch Headquarters Complex

Imperial Stock Ranch Headquarters Complex

August 5, 1994
(#94000808)

Hinton Road
45°05′55″N 120°47′22″W﻿ / ﻿45.098553°N 120.789463°W﻿ / 45.098553; -120.789463﻿ (Imperial Stock Ranch Headquarters Complex)
Shaniko vicinity

17

Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead

Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead

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April 4, 1978
(#78003087)

Near the junction of Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 197
45°36′21″N 121°08′08″W﻿ / ﻿45.605827°N 121.135619°W﻿ / 45.605827; -121.135619﻿ (Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead)
The Dalles

The only remaining 19th century fishing homestead in Oregon, this complex was built by Henry Gulick on the Columbia riverbank in the 1890s. He included a church for his wife, Harriet, a member of the Wasco people. The church was the smallest of five Indian Shaker Church congregations in the state.[26]

18

Joseph D. and Margaret Kelly House

Joseph D. and Margaret Kelly House

May 27, 1999
(#99000641)

921 E. 7th Street
45°35′51″N 121°10′41″W﻿ / ﻿45.597436°N 121.178181°W﻿ / 45.597436; -121.178181﻿ (Joseph D. and Margaret Kelly House)
The Dalles

Joseph Kelly, a successful farmer during the establishment of wheat as a cash crop in Wasco County, built and retired to this house in 1908. He and his wife Margaret became prominent local philanthropic figures. The house is also notable for its unusual vernacular rendering of the Queen Anne style.[27]

19

Maupin Section Foreman's House

Maupin Section Foreman's House

November 29, 2006
(#06001082)

601 Deschutes Access Road
45°10′06″N 121°05′04″W﻿ / ﻿45.168406°N 121.084378°W﻿ / 45.168406; -121.084378﻿ (Maupin Section Foreman's House)
Maupin

This house recalls the "Last Great Railroad War" between transport barons E. H. Harriman and James J. Hill, as they raced to build routes up the Deschutes River canyon to Central Oregon. Harriman's company built the house to Union Pacific standard plans in 1910 to house the local track maintenance foreman.[e][28]

20

Malcolm A. Moody House

Malcolm A. Moody House

October 10, 1980
(#80003388)

300 W. 13th Street
45°35′47″N 121°11′37″W﻿ / ﻿45.596422°N 121.193500°W﻿ / 45.596422; -121.193500﻿ (Malcolm A. Moody House)
The Dalles

Believed to have been built in 1850 for noncommissioned officers at Camp Drum,[d] this house may be the oldest remaining building in The Dalles. It was later occupied by mayor and U.S. Representative Malcolm A. Moody, and ultimately became a museum.[29][30]

Consulting the provided table together with the background passages below.

Give the answer to the question: What year did Lewis Anderson , a Swedish settler , build his house using local materials and knowledge , without the supervision of professional architects ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The Lewis Anderson House , Barn and Granary is a historic ensemble of buildings , currently located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . This well-preserved set of 1890s Swedish American vernacular architecture was originally located on a farm on Pleasant Ridge , south of The Dalles . Lewis Anderson was a Swedish immigrant who , after establishing himself on Pleasant Ridge , worked semi-successfully to encourage further Swedish settlement in the area of The Dalles . The sidehill barn , with grade entrances on two levels , was the first erected of the ensemble , in 1890 . The house was built by Anderson and fellow Swedish immigrant Ab Pearson in 1895 . Anderson purchased and relocated the granary from a neighboring farm in 1898 , in the process repurposing it from its previous function as a house . The buildings were relocated to The Dalles in 1972 in order to restore and protect them , and were made part of the Fort Dalles Museum at that time . They were entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 .
The Dalles /ˈdælz/ is the county seat and largest city of Wasco County , Oregon , United States . The population was 13,620 at the 2010 census , and is the largest city on the Oregon side along the Columbia River outside the Portland Metropolitan area .
Swedish Americans ( Swedish : Svenskamerikaner ) are Americans of at least partial Swedish ancestry . They primarily include the 1.2 million Swedish immigrants during 1885-1915 and their descendants . They formed tight-knit communities , primarily in the American Midwest , and intermarried with other Swedish-Americans . Most were Lutheran Christians with origins in the state Church of Sweden who were affiliated with predecessor bodies of what are now the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) from the mergers of 1988 or the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod ( 1847 ) , or the recent North American Lutheran Church ( NALC ) of 2010 ; some were Methodists following Wesleyan doctrine . Today , Swedish Americans are found throughout the United States , with Minnesota , California and Illinois being the top three states with the highest number of Swedish Americans . Historically , newly arrived Swedish immigrants settled in the Midwest , namely Minnesota , the Dakotas and Wisconsin , just as other Scandinavian Americans . Populations also grew in the Pacific Northwest in the states of Oregon and Washington at the turn of the twentieth century .
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterised by the use of local materials and knowledge , usually without the supervision of professional architects . Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings , building traditions , and methods of construction . Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical , whether residential houses or built for other purposes . Although it encompasses 95% of the world 's built environment , vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design . It is not one specific style , so it can not be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns , materials , or elements . Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders , vernacular buildings are considered part of a regional culture . Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building 's functional requirements . This article also covers the term traditional architecture , which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes .
A historic house museum is a house that has been transformed into a museum . Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way that reflects their original placement and usage in a home . Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards , including those of the International Council of Museums . The International Council of Museums defines a museum as : A museum as a non profit-making , permanent institution in the service of society and of its development , open to the public , which acquires , conserves , researches , communicates and exhibits , for purpose of study , education and enjoyment , the tangible and intangible evidence of people and their environment . Houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons . For example , the homes of famous writers are frequently turned into writer 's home museums to support literary tourism .
Antelope School is an historic building in Antelope , Oregon . Completed in 1924 , the school is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The building no longer is used as a school , but as a community center and municipal office space .
Antelope is a small town in Wasco County , Oregon , United States . It has an estimated population of 47 people ( as of 2012 ) , and is incorporated as a city . The town was incorporated in 1901 , though it was founded earlier . The City of Antelope was originally a stage and freight wagon road stop on the Old Dalles to Canyon City Trail . Howard Maupin came to Antelope in 1863 to operate a horse ranch , becoming the caretaker of the stage station which was established by Henry Wheeler in 1864 . Maupin began raising cattle to provide meat for travelers . Nathan Wallace , who is sometimes credited with being Antelope 's first postmaster , acquired the Antelope stage station from Maupin in 1870 . Records indicate the community was considered to have been established in 1872 . In the early 1980s , members of the Rajneesh movement moved in and effectively took over the government of the city by outnumbering the original residents with new voter registrations . On September 18 , 1984 , a vote was held and the city was renamed to Rajneesh . By 1985 , after several of the Rajneesh movement leaders were discovered to have been involved in criminal behavior ( including a mass food poisoning attack and an aborted plot to assassinate a U.S. Attorney ) , their guru left the country as part of a negotiated settlement of federal immigration fraud charges , and the Rajneesh commune collapsed . On November 6 , 1985 , the city voted to rename itself back to Antelope .
The Balch Hotel is a historic commercial lodging building in Dufur , Oregon , United States . It was built in 1907 by Charles Balch , a local land owner and businessman . The hotel has changed hands a number of times over the years , but it has remained in continuous use since it was constructed . Today , the Balch Hotel is an active hotel serving visitors to the Dufur area . Because of its importance to local history , the Balch Hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
Dufur is a city in Wasco County , Oregon , United States . The population was 604 at the 2010 census . It is a farming community where wheat , tree fruit , and grapes are important crops .
The Great Southern Railroad was a 41-mile short-line which interchanged with the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company , later the Oregon-Washington Railway and Navigation Company ( OWR & N ) , in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . The rail line ran south along Fifteen Mile Creek through Boyd to Dufur , and on to the small community of Friend . Besides the railhead junction with OWR & N , the Great Southern also had connections with two steamship line operating on the Columbia River ; The Dalles , Portland & Astoria Navigation Co. , and The Open River Transportation Co . The railroad was established by John G. Heimrich , a late 19th Century entrepreneur of German ancestry . Construction of the railroad was started on April 8 , 1904 , and was completed on July 1 , 1913 with the establishment of regular train service from The Dalles to Friend . The Great Southern served agricultural and timber interests on the Columbia Plateau south of The Dalles and eastern slopes of Mount Hood . The general offices for the Great Southern were located in The Dalles , Oregon . The General Officers of the company , listed in 1925 , were as follows :
A stagecoach is a four-wheeled public coach used to carry paying passengers and light packages on journeys long enough to need a change of horses . It is strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses . Widely used before steam-powered rail transport was available a stagecoach made long scheduled trips using stage stations or posts where the stagecoach 's horses would be replaced by fresh horses . The business of running stagecoaches or the act of journeying in them was known as staging . Familiar images of the stagecoach are that of a Royal Mail coach passing through a turnpike gate , a Dickensian passenger coach covered in snow pulling up at a coaching inn , and a highwayman demanding a coach to stand and deliver . The yard of ale drinking glass is associated by legend with stagecoach drivers , though it was mainly used for drinking feats and special toasts .
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s , beginning in the United States . The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations ; in most countries , it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s . It was the longest , deepest , and most widespread depression of the 20th century . The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world 's economy can decline . The Great Depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4 , 1929 , and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29 , 1929 , ( known as Black Tuesday ) . Between 1929 and 1932 , worldwide gross domestic product ( GDP ) fell by an estimated 15% . By comparison , worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession . Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s . However , in many countries , the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II . The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor . Personal income , tax revenue , profits and prices dropped , while international trade plunged by more than 50% . Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33% .
Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who can not repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts . In most jurisdictions , bankruptcy is imposed by a court order , often initiated by the debtor . Bankrupt is not the only legal status that an insolvent person may have , and the term bankruptcy is therefore not a synonym for insolvency .
The Barlow Road ( at inception , Mount Hood Road ) is a historic road in what is now the U.S. state of Oregon . It was built in 1846 by Sam Barlow and Philip Foster , with authorization of the Provisional Legislature of Oregon , and served as the last overland segment of the Oregon Trail . Its construction allowed covered wagons to cross the Cascade Range and reach the Willamette Valley , which had previously been nearly impossible . Even so , it was by far the most harrowing 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the nearly 2,000-mile ( 3,200 km ) Oregon Trail . Before the opening of the Barlow Road , pioneers traveling by land from the east followed the Oregon Trail to Wascopam Mission ( now The Dalles ) and floated down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver , then a perilous and expensive journey . It was also possible to drive livestock over Lolo Pass on the north side of Mount Hood , but that trail was too rugged for vehicles and unsuitable for wagons . A trading post ( allowed by the Department of War ) had been built where river crossings could be made along with the disassembly of wagons to make rafts suitable for floating down the remainder of the Columbia . [ citation needed ] The Barlow Road begins at Wascopam Mission and heads south to Tygh Valley ( some consider Tygh Valley the origin ) , then turns west and roughly parallels the White River on the north and then west , crosses the south shoulder of Mount Hood at Barlow Pass , follows Camp Creek and the Sandy River for some way , and finally leads to Oregon City . The road was rendered largely irrelevant in the early 1900s by the construction of the Mount Hood Highway . It still exists as a dirt road in some places , while many other parts have been paved over by newer streets and highways .
The Mount Hood National Forest is 62 miles ( 100 km ) east of the city of Portland , Oregon , and the northern Willamette River valley . The Forest extends south from the Columbia River Gorge across more than 60 miles ( 97 km ) of forested mountains , lakes and streams to the Olallie Scenic Area , a high lake basin under the slopes of Mount Jefferson . The Forest includes and is named after Mount Hood , a stratovolcano . The Forest encompasses some 1,067,043 acres ( 4,318.17 km2 ) . Forest headquarters are located in Sandy , Oregon . A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was 345,300 acres ( 139,700 ha ) . The Forest is divided into four separate districts - Barlow ( with offices in Dufur ) , Clackamas River ( Estacada ) , Hood River ( Mount Hood-Parkdale ) , and Zigzag ( Zigzag ) . In descending order of land area the National Forest is located in parts of Clackamas , Hood River , Wasco , Multnomah , Marion , and Jefferson counties .
Wamic is a census-designated place ( CDP ) and unincorporated community in Wasco County , Oregon , United States . Wamic was named for the Womack family , which settled the area . A post office was established at Wamic in 1884 and it closed in 1958 . The population was 36 at the 2000 census .
Rhododendron is an unincorporated community in Clackamas County , Oregon , United States . It is located within the Mount Hood Corridor , between Government Camp and Zigzag on U.S. Route 26 ( a.k.a . the Mount Hood Scenic Byway ) . It is one of the communities that make up the Villages at Mount Hood . A post office was established in the area in 1909 and named Rowe after Henry S. Rowe , a mayor of Portland , Oregon who was interested in developing the state 's scenic attractions . In 1917 the office was renamed Zig Zag and shortly thereafter Zigzag . ( The name was later reused for the post office in the current community of Zigzag . ) In 1920 the office was renamed Rhododendron because of the large number of rhododendrons growing near there . The community started out as a summer resort colony , but with the increased popularity of skiing , it became a year-round settlement .
A road is a thoroughfare , route , or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance , including a motor vehicle , cart , bicycle , or horse . Roads consist of one or two roadways ( British English : carriageways ) , each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks ( British English : pavement ) and road verges . There is sometimes a bike path . Other names for roads include parkways , avenues , freeways , tollways , interstates , highways , or primary , secondary , and tertiary local roads .
Samuel Kimbrough Barlow ( December 7 , 1795 - July 14 , 1867 ) was a pioneer in the area that became the U.S. state of Oregon , and was key in establishing the Barlow Road , the most widely chosen final segment to the Oregon Trail .
A toll road , also known as a turnpike or tollway , is a public or private road ( almost always a controlled-access highway in the present day ) for which a fee ( or toll ) is assessed for passage . It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recoup the cost of road construction and maintenance . Toll roads have existed in some form since antiquity , with tolls levied on passing travellers on foot , wagon , or horseback ; but their prominence increased with the rise of the automobile , [ citation needed ] and many modern tollways charge fees for motor vehicles exclusively . The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type , weight , or number of axles , with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars . Tolls are often collected at toll plazas , toll booths , toll houses , stations , bars , or gates . Some toll collection points are autonomous , and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid . To cut costs and minimise time delay , many tolls are collected with electronic toll collection equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer 's transponder or uses automatic number plate recognition to charge drivers by debiting their accounts . Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll , and the cost of the toll booth operators - up to about one-third of revenue in some cases . Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these . Others object to paying twice for the same road : in fuel taxes and with tolls . In addition to toll roads , toll bridges and toll tunnels are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures . Some tolls are set aside to pay for future maintenance or enhancement of infrastructure , or are applied as a general fund by local governments , not being earmarked for transport facilities .
Oregon City is the county seat of Clackamas County , Oregon , United States , located on the Willamette River near the southern limits of the Portland metropolitan area . Established in 1829 by the Hudson 's Bay Company , in 1844 it became the first U.S. city west of the Rocky Mountains to be incorporated . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 31,859 .
Mount Hood , called Wy'east by the Multnomah tribe , is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It is located about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east-southeast of Portland , on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties . In addition to being Oregon 's highest mountain , it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence , and it offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America . The height assigned to Mount Hood 's snow-covered peak has varied over its history . Modern sources point to three different heights : 11,249 feet ( 3,429 m ) , a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) , 11,240 feet ( 3,426 m ) based on a 1993 scientific expedition , and 11,239 feet ( 3,425.6 m ) of slightly older origin . The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields . It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range . Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt , though based on its history , an explosive eruption is unlikely . Still , the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7% , so the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) characterizes it as potentially active , but the mountain is informally considered dormant .
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile ( 3,490 km ) historic east-west , large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and trappers from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory , and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the years 1846-1869 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail .
The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America . The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia , Canada . It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington , then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean . The river is 1,243 miles ( 2,000 km ) long , and its largest tributary is the Snake River . Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province . The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume , the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific . The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the region 's culture and economy for thousands of years . They have been used for transportation since ancient times , linking the region 's many cultural groups . The river system hosts many species of anadromous fish , which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean . These fish - especially the salmon species - provided the core subsistence for native peoples . In the late 18th century , a private American ship became the first non-indigenous vessel to enter the river ; it was followed by a British explorer , who navigated past the Oregon Coast Range into the Willamette Valley . In the following decades , fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route .
Fort Vancouver was a 19th-century fur trading post that was the headquarters of the Hudson 's Bay Company 's Columbia Department , located in the Pacific Northwest . Named for Captain George Vancouver , the fort was located on the northern bank of the Columbia River in present-day Vancouver , Washington . The fort was a major center of the regional fur trading . Every year trade goods and supplies from London arrived either via ships sailing to the Pacific Ocean or overland from Hudson Bay via the York Factory Express . Supplies and trade goods were exchanged with a plethora of Indigenous cultures for fur pelts . Furs from Fort Vancouver were often shipped to the Chinese port of Guangzhou where they were traded for Chinese manufactured goods for sale in the United Kingdom . At its pinnacle , Fort Vancouver watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , six ships , and 600 employees . Today , a full-scale replica of the fort , with internal buildings , has been constructed and is open to the public as Fort Vancouver National Historic Site .
The Bennett-Williams House is a historic house , located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is also listed as a contributing resource in the National Register-listed Trevitt 's Addition Historic District . Built circa 1899 for prominent local lawyer , judge , and Oregon Supreme Court justice Alfred S. Bennett , the house is the most outstanding and best preserved example of Queen Anne architecture in The Dalles . It later became the home of leading members of the Williams family , a notable local merchant family .
A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law , as an advocate , attorney , attorney at law , barrister , barrister-at-law , bar-at-law , canonist , canon lawyer , civil law notary , counsel , counselor , counsellor , solicitor , legal executive , or public servant preparing , interpreting and applying law , but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The role of the lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions .
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings , either alone or as a part of a panel of judges . The powers , functions , method of appointment , discipline , and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions . The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and , typically , in an open court . The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case , assesses the credibility and arguments of the parties , and then issues a ruling on the matter at hand based on his or her interpretation of the law and his or her own personal judgment . In some jurisdictions , the judge 's powers may be shared with a jury . In inquisitorial systems of criminal investigation , a judge might also be an examining magistrate .
The Oregon Supreme Court ( OSC ) is the highest state court in the U.S. state of Oregon . The only court that may reverse or modify a decision of the Oregon Supreme Court is the Supreme Court of the United States . The OSC holds court at the Oregon Supreme Court Building in Salem , Oregon , near the capitol building on State Street . The building was finished in 1914 and also houses the state 's law library , while the courtroom is also used by the Oregon Court of Appeals . Tracing its heritage to 1841 when Oregon pioneers selected a Supreme Judge with probate powers , the court has grown from a single judge to its current make up of seven justices . Justices of the court serve six-year terms upon election , however vacancies are filled by appointments of the Governor of Oregon until the next general election when any qualified candidate may run for the position , including the appointee . These seven justices then select one member to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice . The court 's Chief Justice is not only responsible for assigning cases to the other justices to write the court 's opinions , but is also the chief executive of the Oregon Judicial Department . Primarily an appeals court , the Oregon Supreme Court is also the court of last resort in Oregon . Although most oral arguments before the court are held in the Oregon Supreme Court Building , the court does travel around the state holding sessions in various schools . All cases are heard en banc by the court . It receives appeals from the Oregon Tax Court , the Oregon Court of Appeals , and some select cases such as death penalty appeals .
Alfred Silas Bennett ( June 10 , 1854 - November 28 , 1925 ) was an American judge , educator , and attorney in Oregon . He was the 49th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court , serving from 1919 to 1920 . Previously he had served as a state circuit court judge and as a county school superintendent . An Iowa native , he practiced law in The Dalles , Oregon , with several cases making it to the Supreme Court of the United States .
In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .
Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit . Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain . The term retailer is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of many individuals , who are end-users , rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale , corporate or government clientele . Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products . Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods , including necessities such as food and clothing ; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity . Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing : it does not always result in a purchase . Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history , dating back to antiquity . Some of the earliest retailers were itinerant peddlers . Over the centuries , retail shops were transformed from little more than rude booths to the sophisticated shopping malls of the modern era . Most modern retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store , the market to be served , the optimal product assortment , customer service , supporting services and the store 's overall market positioning . Once the strategic retail plan is in place , retailers devise the retail mix which includes product , price , place , promotion , personnel , and presentation . In the digital age , an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels , including both bricks and mortar and online retailing .
The Historic Columbia River Highway is an approximately 75-mile-long ( 121 km ) scenic highway in the U.S. state of Oregon between Troutdale and The Dalles , built through the Columbia River Gorge between 1913 and 1922 . As the first planned scenic roadway in the United States , it has been recognized in numerous ways , including a listing on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark , designation as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers , and considered a destination unto itself as an All-American Road by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation . The historic roadway was bypassed by the present Columbia River Highway No . 2 ( Interstate 84 ) from the 1930s to the 1950s , leaving behind the old two-lane road . The road is now mostly owned and maintained by the state through the Oregon Department of Transportation as the Historic Columbia River Highway No . 100 ( still partially marked as U.S. Route 30 ; see Oregon highways and routes ) or the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department as the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail . The original highway was promoted by lawyer and entrepreneur Sam Hill and engineer Samuel C. Lancaster , to be modeled after the great scenic roads of Europe . From the very beginning , the roadway was envisioned not just as means of traveling by the then popular Model T , but designed with an elegance that took full advantage of all the natural beauty along the route . When the United States highway system was officially established in 1926 , the highway became the part of U.S. Route 30 . Since then , modern Interstate 84 has been built parallel to the highway between Portland and The Dalles , replacing it as the main travel route and resulting in the loss of some of the original sections of road .
Troutdale is a city in Multnomah County , Oregon , United States , immediately north of Gresham and east of Wood Village . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 15,962 . The city serves as the western gateway to the Historic Columbia River Highway , the Mount Hood Scenic Byway , and the Columbia River Gorge . It is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) east of Portland .
A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land . It is used for major roads , but also includes other public roads and public tracks : It is not an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for autobahn , autoroute , etc . According to Merriam Webster , the use of the term predates the 12th century . According to Etymonline , high is in the sense of main . In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways ( Canada : provincial highways ) . Other roads may be designated county highways in the US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government ( state , provincial , county ) that maintains the roadway . In British English , highway is primarily a legal term . Everyday use normally implies roads , while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access , including footpaths etc . The term has led to several related derived terms , including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process , or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype , product or process . The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design . In some cases , the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan ( such as in craftwork , some engineering , coding , and graphic design ) may also be considered to be a design activity . The design usually has to satisfy certain goals and constraints , may take into account aesthetic , functional , economic , or socio-political considerations , and is expected to interact with a certain environment . Major examples of designs include architectural blueprints , engineering drawings , business processes , circuit diagrams , and sewing patterns . The person who produces a design is called a designer , which is a term generally used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas - usually specifying which area is being dealt with ( such as a textile designer , fashion designer , product designer , concept designer , web designer ( website designer ) or interior designer ) , but also others such as architects and engineers . A designer 's sequence of activities is called a design process , possibly using design methods . The process of creating a design can be brief ( a quick sketch ) or lengthy and complicated , involving considerable research , negotiation , reflection , modeling , interactive adjustment and re-design .
Tourism is travel for pleasure or business ; also the theory and practice of touring , the business of attracting , accommodating , and entertaining tourists , and the business of operating tours . The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally , in terms which go beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only , as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and not less than 24 hours , business and other purposes . Tourism can be domestic ( within the traveller 's own country ) or international , and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country 's balance of payments . Tourism numbers declined as a result of a strong economic slowdown ( the late-2000s recession ) between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009 , and in consequence of the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus , but slowly recovered . Globally , international tourism receipts ( the travel item in balance of payments ) grew to US $ 1.03 trillion ( €740 billion ) in 2005 , corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012 , emerging source markets such as China , Russia , and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade . The ITB Berlin is the world 's leading tourism trade-fair . [ better source needed ] Global tourism accounts for c. 8% of global greenhouse-gas emissions .
The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States . Up to 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) deep , the canyon stretches for over eighty miles ( 130 km ) as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range , forming the boundary between the state of Washington to the north and Oregon to the south . Extending roughly from the confluence of the Columbia with the Deschutes River ( and the towns of Roosevelt , Washington , and Arlington , Oregon ) in the east down to the eastern reaches of the Portland metropolitan area , the water gap furnishes the only navigable route through the Cascades and the only water connection between the Columbia Plateau and the Pacific Ocean . It is thus the route of Interstate 84 , U.S. Route 30 , Washington State Route 14 , and railroad tracks on both sides . A popular recreational destination , the gorge holds federally protected status as the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area and is managed by the Columbia River Gorge Commission and the U.S. Forest Service .
Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country , city , or other area , including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function . Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical improvements such as roads , railways , bridges , tunnels , water supply , sewers , electrical grids , and telecommunications ( including Internet connectivity and broadband speeds ) . In general , it has also been defined as the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable , sustain , or enhance societal living conditions .
Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines , structures , and other items , including bridges , tunnels , roads , vehicles , and buildings . The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering , each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics , applied science , and types of application . See glossary of engineering . The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium , meaning cleverness and ingeniare , meaning to contrive , devise .
The Columbia Southern Hotel , also known as the Shaniko Hotel , is a historic hotel , located in Shaniko , Oregon , United States . Built by the Columbia Southern Railway in 1900-1902 at the southern terminus of its line , the hotel was and remains the most imposing structure in Shaniko . It was the hub and focal point of the community during the heyday of the local wool industry in the early decades of the 20th century . In addition to lodging , it served as saloon , bank , stagecoach stop , dance hall , and general gathering place . The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . In 1982 it was additionally listed as a contributing resource in the National Register-listed Shaniko Historic District .
Shaniko ( /ˈʃænɪkoʊ/ , SHAN-i-koh ) is a city located in Wasco County , Oregon , United States , on U.S. Route 97 and about 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Antelope . The population was 36 at the 2010 census .
The Columbia Southern Railway built a rail line extending 69.46 miles ( 111.79 km ) from Biggs ( on the Columbia River ) south to Shaniko , Oregon , U.S . The company was incorporated on March 5 , 1897 , and intended to continue beyond Shaniko to Prineville , with a branch to Canyon City . Operations began October 6 , 1897 , on 8.5 miles ( 13.7 km ) from Biggs to Wasco , and the line was extended to Moro on January 13 , 1899 , Grass Valley on March 27 , 1900 , and Shaniko on May 13 , 1900 . The Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) , owner of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company ( OR & N ) , which followed the Columbia River through Biggs , gained control of the Columbia Southern in 1905 , [ citation needed ] and leased it to the OR & N on June 30 , 1906 . The properties of the OR & N and Columbia Southern Railway were conveyed to new UP subsidiary Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation Company on December 23 , 1910 . A railway timetable for September 9 , 1900 , listed station stops for Biggs , Gibsons , Wasco , Klondyke , Summit , Hay Canyon Junction , McDonalds , DeMoss , Moro , Erskineville , Grass Valley , Bourbon , Kent , Wilcox , and Shaniko . The morning ( northbound ) train was to leave Shaniko at 8 a.m. and to arrive in Biggs at 11:25 a.m . The southbound train was scheduled to leave Biggs at 1:34 p.m. and to arrive in Shaniko at 5:20 p.m. No extension was ever built beyond Shaniko , but UP subsidiary Des Chutes Railroad built a line to the west along the Deschutes River , reaching Bend in 1911 ; Prineville built its own railroad , the City of Prineville Railway , to a connection with this line in 1917 and 1918 . The Interstate Commerce Commission authorized abandonment of the old Columbia Southern Railway from Shaniko to Kent in 1943 , and of the remainder between Kent and Biggs in 1967 .
A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis . Facilities provided may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger , higher-quality beds , a dresser , a refrigerator and other kitchen facilities , upholstered chairs , a flat screen television , and en-suite bathrooms . Small , lower-priced hotels may offer only the most basic guest services and facilities . Larger , higher-priced hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool , business centre ( with computers , printers , and other office equipment ) , childcare , conference and event facilities , tennis or basketball courts , gymnasium , restaurants , day spa , and social function services . Hotel rooms are usually numbered ( or named in some smaller hotels and B & Bs ) to allow guests to identify their room . Some boutique , high-end hotels have custom decorated rooms . Some hotels offer meals as part of a room and board arrangement . In the United Kingdom , a hotel is required by law to serve food and drinks to all guests within certain stated hours . [ citation needed ] In Japan , capsule hotels provide a tiny room suitable only for sleeping and shared bathroom facilities . The precursor to the modern hotel was the inn of medieval Europe . For a period of about 200 years from the mid-17th century , coaching inns served as a place for lodging for coach travelers . Inns began to cater to richer clients in the mid-18th century .
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals , including cashmere and mohair from goats , qiviut from muskoxen , from hide and fur clothing from bison , angora from rabbits , and other types of wool from camelids ; additionally , the Highland and the Mangalica breeds of cattle and swine , respectively , possess woolly coats . Wool consists of protein together with a small percentage of lipids . In this regard it is chemically quite distinct from the more dominant textile , cotton , which is mainly cellulose .
A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West . Saloons served customers such as fur trappers , cowboys , soldiers , lumberjacks , businessmen , lawmen , miners and gamblers . A saloon might also be known as a watering trough , bughouse , shebang , cantina , grogshop , and gin mill . The first saloon was established at Brown 's Hole , Wyoming , in 1822 , to serve fur trappers . By 1880 , the growth of saloons was in full swing . In Leavenworth , Kansas , there were about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses . Some saloons in the Old West were little more than casinos , brothels , and opium dens .
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit . Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets . Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country , banks are highly regulated in most countries . Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities . In addition to other regulations intended to ensure liquidity , banks are generally subject to minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital standards , known as the Basel Accords . Banking in its modern sense evolved in the fourteenth century in the prosperous cities of Renaissance Italy but in many ways was a continuation of ideas and concepts of credit and lending that had their roots in the ancient world . In the history of banking , a number of banking dynasties - notably , the Medicis , the Fuggers , the Welsers , the Berenbergs , and the Rothschilds - have played a central role over many centuries . The oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena , while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank .
Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing . From the earliest years of the twentieth century until the early 1960s , the dance hall was the popular forerunner of the discothèque or nightclub . The majority of towns and cities in the West had at least one dance hall , and almost always featured live musicians playing a range of music from strict tempo ballroom dance music to big band , swing and jazz . One of the most famous dance hall musicians was Glenn Miller . Other structural forms of dance halls include the dance pavilion which has a roof but no walls , and the open-air platform which has no roof or walls . The open air nature of the dance pavilion was both a feature and a drawback . The taxi dance hall is a dance hall with a specific arrangement , wherein the patrons hire hall employees to dance with them . Starting in the early 1930s , The Savoy , a dance hall in Harlem ( a black neighborhood in New York City ) was the first truly integrated building in the United States - for both the dancers and the musicians . We did n't care about the color of your skin . All we wanted to know was : Can you dance ? The early days of rock n ' roll were briefly played out in dance halls until they were superseded by nightclubs .
The Original Wasco County Courthouse is a historic former courthouse , located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name First Wasco County Courthouse , and is also listed as a contributing resource in the National Register-listed Trevitt 's Addition Historic District . One of only two remaining courthouses from prior to Oregon statehood , this building served Wasco County from 1859 until 1882 , and then as The Dalles city hall until 1907 . From its original location in downtown The Dalles , it has been moved several times before its current location within Trevitt 's Addition Historic District . As of 2010 , it was managed as a museum by the Wasco County Historical Society .
A courthouse ( sometimes written court house ) is a building that is home to a local court of law and often the regional county government as well , although this is not the case in some larger cities . The term is common in North America . In most other English-speaking countries , buildings which house courts of law are simply called courts or court buildings . In most of Continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies , the equivalent term is a palace of justice ( French : palais de justice , Italian : palazzo di giustizia , Portuguese : palácio da justiça ) .
The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14 , 1848 , until February 14 , 1859 , when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon . Originally claimed by several countries ( see Oregon Country ) , the region was divided between the UK and the US in 1846 . When established , the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon , Washington , and Idaho , as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana . The capital of the territory was first Oregon City , then Salem , followed briefly by Corvallis , then back to Salem , which became the state capital upon Oregon 's admission to the Union .
In local government , a city hall , town hall , civic centre ( in the UK or Australia ) , guildhall , Rathaus ( German ) , or ( more rarely ) a municipal building , is the chief administrative building of a city , town , or other municipality . It usually houses the city or town council , its associated departments , and their employees . It also usually functions as the base of the mayor of a city , town , borough , county or shire . By convention , until the middle of the 19th century , a single large open chamber ( or hall ) formed an integral part of the building housing the council . The hall may be used for council meetings and other significant events . This large chamber , the town hall ( and its later variant city hall ) has become synonymous with the whole building , and with the administrative body housed in it . The terms council chambers , municipal building or variants may be used locally in preference to town hall if no such large hall is present within the building . The local government may endeavor to use the building to promote and enhance the quality of life of the community . In many cases , town halls serve not only as buildings for government functions , but also have facilities for various civic and cultural activities . These may include art shows , stage performances , exhibits and festivals . Modern town halls or civic centres are often designed with a great variety and flexibility of purpose in mind . As symbols of local government , city and town halls have distinctive architecture , and the buildings may have great historical significance - for example the Guildhall , London .
A structure relocation is the process of moving a structure from one location to another . There are two main ways for a structure to be moved : disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination , or transporting it whole . For the latter , the building is first raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short . Otherwise , wheels , such as flatbed trucks , are used . These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building , such as the chimney , as well as obstacles along the journey , such as overhead cables and trees . Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building . Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner , or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands .
The Fivemile Rapids Site ( Smithsonian trinomial : 35 WS 4 ) , is an archaeological site near The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Yielding remains beginning soon after the end of the last glacial period , this and other nearby sites provide a nearly continuous record of human occupation from at least 9000 BCE to 1820 CE . It also provides some of the earliest available evidence of fishing in human economy . The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 .
The Last Glacial Period ( LGP ) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas , encompassing the period c. 115,000 - c. 11,700 years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation extending from c. 2,588,000 years ago to present . The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 Ma is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap . The Antarctic ice sheet began to form earlier , at about 34 Ma , in the mid-Cenozoic ( Eocene-Oligocene extinction event ) . The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used to include this early phase . During this last glacial period there were alternating episodes of glacier advance and retreat . Within the last glacial period the Last Glacial Maximum was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 12,800 years ago , the Younger Dryas , the most recent glacial period , began . Its end about 11,550 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene , the current geological epoch . From the point of view of human archaeology , the last glacial period falls in the Paleolithic and early Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens were confined to lower latitudes and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Denisovans and Homo erectus in Asia .
An archaeological site is a place ( or group of physical sites ) in which evidence of past activity is preserved ( either prehistoric or historic or contemporary ) , and which has been , or may be , investigated using the discipline of archaeology and represents a part of the archaeological record . Sites may range from those with few or no remains visible above ground , to buildings and other structures still in use . Beyond this , the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely , depending on the period studied and the theoretical approach of the archaeologist .
Humans ( Homo sapiens ) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina . Together with chimpanzees , gorillas , and orangutans , they are part of the family Hominidae ( the great apes , or hominids ) . Terrestrial animals , humans are characterized by their erect posture and bipedal locomotion ; high manual dexterity and heavy tool use compared to other animals ; open-ended and complex language use compared to other animal communications ; larger , more complex brains than other animals ; and highly advanced and organized societies . Early hominins - particularly the australopithecines , whose brains and anatomy are in many ways more similar to ancestral non-human apes - are less often referred to as human than hominins of the genus Homo . Several of these hominins used fire , occupied much of Eurasia , and the lineage that gave rise to Homo sapiens is thought to have diverged in Africa around 500,000 years ago , with the earliest fossil evidence of evidence of early Homo sapiens appearing ( also in Africa ) around 300,000 years ago . The oldest early H. sapiens fossils were found in Jebel Irhoud , Morocco dating to about 315,000 years ago . Discovered in 1967 , Omo-Kibish I ( Omo I ) from southern Ethiopia is , as of 2017 [ update ] , the oldest anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeleton currently known ( 196 ± 5 ka ) . Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100,000-70,000 years ago and ( according to recent evidence ) as far back as around 300,000 years ago , in the Middle Stone Age , with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier , and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens . In several waves of migration , H. sapiens ventured out of Africa and populated most of the world . The spread of the large and increasing population of humans has profoundly affected much of the biosphere and millions of species worldwide . Advantages that explain this evolutionary success include a larger brain with a well-developed neocortex , prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes , which enable advanced abstract reasoning , language , problem solving , sociality , and culture through social learning . Humans use tools more frequently and effectively than any other animal : they are the only extant species to build fires , cook food , clothe themselves , and create and use numerous other technologies and arts .
Common Era ( CE ) is one of the notation systems for the world 's most widely used calendar era . BCE ( Before the Common Era or Before the Current Era ) is the era before CE . BCE and CE are alternatives to the Dionysian BC and AD system respectively . The Dionysian era distinguishes eras using AD ( anno Domini , in [ the ] year of [ the ] Lord ) and BC ( before Christ ) . Since the two notation systems are numerically equivalent , 2020 CE corresponds to AD 2020 and 400 BCE corresponds to 400 BC . [ a ] Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar ( and its predecessor , the Julian calendar ) . The year-numbering system used by the Gregorian calendar is used throughout the world today , and is an international standard for civil calendars . The expression has been traced back to 1615 , when it first appeared in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin usage annus aerae nostrae vulgaris , and to 1635 in English as Vulgar [ b ] Era . The term Common Era can be found in English as early as 1708 , and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish religious scholars . In the later 20th century , the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications as a culturally neutral term . It is also used by some authors and publishers who wish to emphasize sensitivity to non-Christians by not explicitly referencing Jesus as Christ and Dominus ( Lord ) through use of the abbreviation [ c ] AD .
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish . Fish are normally caught in the wild . Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering , spearing , netting , angling and trapping . Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish , such as molluscs , cephalopods , crustaceans , and echinoderms . The term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish , or to aquatic mammals , such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate . In addition to being caught to be eaten , fish are caught as recreational pastimes . Fishing tournaments are held , and caught fish are sometimes kept as preserved or living trophies . When bioblitzes occur , fish are typically caught , identified , and then released . According to the United Nations FAO statistics , the total number of commercial fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million . Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries . In 2005 , the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms , with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms .
An economy ( from Greek οίκος - household and νέμoμαι - manage ) is an area of the production , distribution and trade , as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents . Understood in its broadest sense , 'The economy is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices , discourses , and material expressions associated with the production , use , and management of resources ' . Economic agents can be individuals , businesses , organizations , or governments . Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service , commonly expressed in a certain currency . However , monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain . Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources , labor and capital . It has changed over time due to technology ( automation , accelerator of process , reduction of cost functions ) , innovation ( new products , services , processes , expanding markets , diversification of markets , niche markets , increases revenue functions ) such as , that which produces intellectual property and changes in industrial relations ( most notably child labor being replaced in some parts of the world with universal access to education ) . A given economy is the result of a set of processes that involves its culture , values , education , technological evolution , history , social organization , political structure and legal systems , as well as its geography , natural resource endowment , and ecology , as main factors . These factors give context , content , and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions . In other words , the economic domain is a social domain of human practices and transactions . It does not stand alone . A market-based economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants ( economic agents ) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network , such as a unit of currency .
Fort Dalles was a United States Army outpost located on the Columbia River at the present site of The Dalles , Oregon , in the United States . Built when Oregon was a territory , the post was used mainly for dealing with wars with Native Americans . The post was first known as Camp Drum and then Fort Drum .
The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States .
Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .
The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations . It may mean :
Fort Dalles was a United States Army outpost located on the Columbia River at the present site of The Dalles , Oregon , in the United States . Built when Oregon was a territory , the post was used mainly for dealing with wars with Native Americans . The post was first known as Camp Drum and then Fort Drum .
The American Indian Wars ( also known as the Indian Wars or the First Nations Wars ; French : Guerres des Premières Nations ) is the collective name for the various armed conflicts that were fought by European governments and colonists , and later by the governments and settlers , against various American Indian and First Nation tribes . These conflicts occurred in North America from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the early 20th century . The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors , including cultural clashes , land disputes , and criminal acts committed by both sides . The European powers and their colonies also enlisted Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other 's colonial settlements . After the American Revolution , many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use ; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal . In Canada , 11 Numbered Treaties covering most of the First Nations lands limited the number of such conflicts . As settlers spread westward across America and Canada after 1780 , armed conflicts increased in size , duration , and intensity between settlers and various Indian and First Nation tribes . The climax came in the War of 1812 , when major Indian coalitions in the Midwest and the South fought against the United States and lost . Conflict with settlers became much less common and was usually resolved by treaty , often through sale or exchange of territory between the federal government and specific tribes . The Indian Removal Act of 1830 authorized the American government to enforce the Indian removal from east of the Mississippi River to the west on the American frontier , especially Oklahoma . The federal policy of removal was eventually refined in the West , as American settlers kept expanding their territories , to relocate Indian tribes to specially designated and federally protected and subsidized reservations .
The Edward French House is a historic house located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Originally dating from circa 1865 , it was acquired by the French family in 1892 and renovated by them in the Italianate style in circa 1900 . Edward French , along with his uncle Daniel and other members of the French family , were prominent bankers and businessmen from early The Dalles until the 1920s . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 .
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis .
A merchant is a person who trades in commodities produced by other people . Historically , a merchant is anyone who is involved in business or trade . Merchants have operated for as long as industry , commerce , and trade have existed . In 16th-century Europe , two different terms for merchants emerged : meerseniers referred to local traders ( such as bakers and grocers ) and koopman ( Dutch : koopman ) referred to merchants who operated on a global stage , importing and exporting goods over vast distances and offering added-value services such as credit and finance . The status of the merchant has varied during different periods of history and among different societies . In ancient Rome and Greece merchants could become wealthy , but lacked high social status . In contrast , in the Middle East , where markets were an integral part of the city , merchants enjoyed high status . In modern times , the term merchant has occasionally been used to refer to a businessperson or someone undertaking activities ( commercial or industrial ) for the purpose of generating profit , cash flow , sales , and revenue utilizing a combination of human , financial , intellectual and physical capital with a view to fueling economic development and growth .
The Fulton-Taylor House is a historic house located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Built and modified in phases between circa 1858 and circa 1930 , this house is only one of a few remaining houses of similar age and style in The Dalles . James Fulton ( in residence 1864 - 1881 ) emigrated to Oregon on the Oregon Trail , and eventually established himself as a cattle rancher , leader of the settler militia , and a state legislator . The Rev . O.D . Taylor ( in residence 1891 - 1897 ) was a Baptist minister , but was far more noted as the driving force behind a major , failed , but long-running real estate scheme that was widely regarded as fraudulent . The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
A ranch is an area of land , including various structures , given primarily to the practice of ranching , the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep most often applies to livestock-raising operations in Mexico , the Western United States and Western Canada , though there are ranches in other areas . People who own or operate a ranch are called ranchers , cattlemen , or stockgrowers . Ranching is also a method used to raise less common livestock such as horses , elk , American bison or even ostrich , emu , and alpaca . Ranches generally consist of large areas , but may be of nearly any size . In the western United States , many ranches are a combination of privately owned land supplemented by grazing leases on land under the control of the federal Bureau of Land Management or the United States Forest Service . If the ranch includes arable or irrigated land , the ranch may also engage in a limited amount of farming , raising crops for feeding the animals , such as hay and feed grains . Ranches that cater exclusively to tourists are called guest ranches or , colloquially , dude ranches . Most working ranches do not cater to guests , though they may allow private hunters or outfitters onto their property to hunt native wildlife . However , in recent years , a few struggling smaller operations have added some dude ranch features , such as horseback rides , cattle drives or guided hunting , in an attempt to bring in additional income . Ranching is part of the iconography of the Wild West as seen in Western movies and rodeos .
A militia ( /mɪˈlɪʃə/ ) is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers , citizens of a nation , or subjects of a state , who can be called upon for military service during a time of need , as opposed to a professional force of regular , full-time military personnel , or historically , members of a warrior nobility class ( e.g. , knights or samurai ) . Generally unable to hold ground against regular forces , it is common for militias to be used for aiding regular troops by skirmishing , holding fortifications , or irregular warfare , instead of being used in offensive campaigns by themselves . Militia are often limited by local civilian laws to serve only in their home region , and to serve only for a limited time ; this further reduces their use in long military campaigns . With the emergence of professional forces ( in the form of mercenaries whose livelihood was military service ) during the Renaissance , Western European militias wilted ; later however , they would be revived as part of Florentine civic humanism , which held that professional militaries were a result of corruption , and admired the Roman model . The civic humanist ideal of the militia was spread through Europe by the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli ( According to Hörnqvist , The Prince , ch . 12 and 13 , Discourses on Livy , and The Art of War . ) Beginning in the late 20th century , some militias ( in particular officially recognized and sanctioned militias of a government ) act as professional forces , while still being part-time or on-call organizations . For instance , the members of U.S. Army National Guard units are considered professional soldiers , as they are trained to maintain the same standards as their full-time ( active duty ) counterparts . [ citation needed ] Militias thus can be military or paramilitary , depending on the instance . Some of the contexts in which the term militia is used include :
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly . There are 60 members of the House , representing 60 districts across the state , each with a population of 65,000 . The House meets at the Oregon State Capitol in Salem . Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits . In 2002 , the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 ( 1992 ) , that had restricted State Representatives to 3 terms ( six years ) on procedural grounds . In the last legislative session , Democrat Tina Kotek from Portland served as Speaker .
The Reverend is an honorific style most often placed before the names of Christian clergy and ministers . There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions . The Reverend is correctly called a style but is often and in some dictionaries called a title , form of address or title of respect . The style is also sometimes used by leaders in non-Christian religions , such as Judaism . The term is an anglicisation of the Latin reverendus , the style originally used in Latin documents in medieval Europe . It is the gerundive or future passive participle of the verb revereri ( to respect ; to revere ) , meaning [ one who is ] to be revered/must be respected . The Reverend is therefore equivalent to The Honourable or The Venerable . It is paired with a modifier or noun for some offices in some religious traditions : Anglican archbishops and most Roman Catholic bishops are usually styled The Most Reverend ( reverendissimus ) ; other Anglican bishops and some Roman Catholic bishops are styled The Right Reverend . With Christian clergy , the forms His Reverence and Her Reverence is also sometimes used , along with its parallel in direct address , Your Reverence . The abbreviation HR is sometimes used .
Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general .
In law , fraud is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain , or to deprive a victim of a legal right . Fraud can violate civil law ( i.e. , a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrator to avoid the fraud or recover monetary compensation ) , a criminal law ( i.e. , a fraud perpetrator may be prosecuted and imprisoned by governmental authorities ) , or it may cause no loss of money , property or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong . The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits , for example by obtaining a passport , travel document , or driver 's license , or mortgage fraud , where the perpetrator may attempt to qualify for a mortgage by way of false statements . A hoax is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victim .
The Hugh Glenn House is a historic house located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . It is one of the most notable and historically well-preserved Queen Anne-style houses in The Dalles . Hugh Glenn , a prominent architect and businessman in The Dalles , designed and built the house around 1882 and lived there until his death in 1927 . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .
In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .
A house is a building that functions as a home . They can range from simple dwellings such as rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes and the improvised shacks in shantytowns to complex , fixed structures of wood , masonry , concrete or other materials containing plumbing , ventilation , and electrical systems . Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space . Houses may have doors or locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers . Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms , a kitchen or cooking area , and a living room . A house may have a separate dining room , or the eating area may be integrated into another room . Some large houses in North America have a recreation room . In traditional agriculture-oriented societies , domestic animals such as chickens or larger livestock ( like cattle ) may share part of the house with humans . The social unit that lives in a house is known as a household . Most commonly , a household is a family unit of some kind , although households may also be other social groups , such as roommates or , in a rooming house , unconnected individuals . Some houses only have a dwelling space for one family or similar-sized group ; larger houses called townhouses or row houses may contain numerous family dwellings in the same structure . A house may be accompanied by outbuildings , such as a garage for vehicles or a shed for gardening equipment and tools .
An architect is a person who plans , designs and reviews the construction of buildings . To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose . Etymologically , architect derives from the Latin architectus , which derives from the Greek ( arkhi- , chief + tekton , builder ) , i.e. , chief builder . Professionally , an architect 's decisions affect public safety , and thus an architect must undergo specialized training consisting of advanced education and a practicum ( or internship ) for practical experience to earn a license to practice architecture . Practical , technical , and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction .
Architecture ( Latin architectura , from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton architect , from ἀρχι- chief and τέκτων creator ) is both the process and the product of planning , designing , and constructing buildings or any other structures . Architectural works , in the material form of buildings , are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art . Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements .
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . Construction starts with planning , design , and financing ; it continues until the project is built and ready for use . Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . A project manager normally manages the budget on the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or architect supervises it . Those involved with the design and execution must consider zoning requirements , environmental impact of the job , scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding . Large construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects .
The Heimrich-Seufert House ( also known as the John G. Heimrich House or Edward Seufert House ) is a historic house in The Dalles , Oregon , United States .
Tudor Revival architecture ( also known as mock Tudor in the UK ) first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century . Based on revival of aspects that were perceived as Tudor architecture , in reality it usually took the style of English vernacular architecture of the Middle Ages that had survived into the Tudor period . The style later became an influence elsewhere , especially the British colonies . For example , in New Zealand , the architect Francis Petre adapted the style for the local climate . In Singapore , then a British colony , architects such as R. A. J. Bidwell pioneered what became known as the Black and White House . The earliest examples of the style originate with the works of such eminent architects as Norman Shaw and George Devey , in what at the time was thought Neo-Tudor design . Tudorbethan is a subset of Tudor Revival architecture that eliminated some of the more complex aspects of Jacobethan in favor of more domestic styles of Merrie England , which were cosier and quaint . It was associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement .
A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger , national railroad networks . The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada . In the U.S. , railroads are categorized by operating revenue , and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board . Shortlines generally exist for one of three reasons : to link two industries requiring rail freight together ( for example , a gypsum mine and a wall board factory , or a coal mine and a power plant ) ; to interchange revenue traffic with other , usually larger , railroads ; or to operate a tourist passenger train service . Often , short lines exist for all three of these reasons .
Salmon /ˈsæmən/ is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae . Other fish in the same family include trout , char , grayling and whitefish . Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic ( genus Salmo ) and Pacific Ocean ( genus Oncorhynchus ) . Many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America . Salmon are intensively farmed in many parts of the world . Typically , salmon are anadromous : they hatch in fresh water , migrate to the ocean , then return to fresh water to reproduce . However , populations of several species are restricted to fresh water through their lives . Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn . Tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true . A portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems ; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon . Homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory . Salmon date back to the Neogene .
Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container ( jars like Mason jars , and steel and tin cans ) . Canning provides a shelf life typically ranging from one to five years , although under specific circumstances it can be much longer . A freeze-dried canned product , such as canned dried lentils , could last as long as 30 years in an edible state . In 1974 , samples of canned food from the wreck of the Bertrand , a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865 , were tested by the National Food Processors Association . Although appearance , smell and vitamin content had deteriorated , there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat .
The Orlando Humason House is a historic house located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Humason ( 1828-1875 ) , the Father of Wasco County , lived in this modest Gothic Revival house from its construction in 1860 until his death . Originally from Ohio , he worked in law , prospecting , agriculture , and journalism , prior to settling in The Dalles as a prosperous merchant and river transport businessman . Representing first Oregon City then The Dalles in the territorial and state legislatures , he introduced legislation establishing Wasco County , Multnomah County , and the City of The Dalles . He also championed a bill to build a canal around the Cascades Rapids to allow Lower Columbia shipping to reach The Dalles , which did not come to fruition in his lifetime . Humason 's other public positions included mayor of The Dalles and Wasco County judge . The house is architecturally notable as one of very few Gothic Revival houses in The Dalles . At some date between 1875 and 1908 , it was moved to its present location from elsewhere in The Dalles . It was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 .
Oregon 's Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory . The upper chamber Council and lower chamber House of Representatives first met in July 1849 ; they served as the region 's legislative body until Oregon became a state in February 1859 , when they were replaced by the bicameral Oregon State Legislature . Ten annual sessions were held , with most starting in December and ending in February . During the sessions the capital of the territory was moved from Oregon City to Salem , then briefly to Corvallis , and back to Salem . Legislation included the creation of new counties , the renaming of old counties , and the authorization to hold the Oregon Constitutional Convention , among other acts . Membership in the Council remained at nine throughout the history of the body , while the House of Representatives membership increased from 17 to as high as 30 due to increases in population .
The Oregon Legislative Assembly is the state legislature for the U.S. state of Oregon . The Legislative Assembly is bicameral , consisting of an upper and lower house : the Senate , whose 30 members are elected to serve four-year terms ; and the House of Representatives , with 60 members elected to two-year terms . There are no term limits for either house in the Legislative Assembly . Each Senate district is composed of exactly two House districts : Senate District 1 contains House Districts 1 and 2 , SD 2 contains HD 3 and HD 4 , and so on . ( Maps of Senate districts can be found in the Oregon State Senate article . ) The legislature is termed as a citizens ' assembly ( meaning that most legislators have other jobs . ) Since 1885 , its regular sessions occurred in odd-numbered years , beginning on the second Monday in January . Effective 2012 , the legislature moved into an annual session , with the even-numbered years having a 35-day short session beginning in February .
A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature . A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature and , in most cases , approved by the executive . Once a bill has been enacted into law , it is called an act of the legislature , or a statute . Bills are introduced in the legislature and are discussed , debated and voted upon .
Multnomah County /mʌltˈnoʊmə/ is one of 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon . As of the 2010 United States Census , the county 's population was 735,334 . Its county seat , Portland , is the state 's largest city . Multnomah County is part of the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro , OR-WA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and though smallest in area , it is the state 's most populous county .
The Cascade Locks and Canal was a navigation project on the Columbia River between the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington , completed in 1896 . It allowed the steamboats of the Columbia River to bypass the Cascades Rapids , and thereby opened a passage from the lower parts of the river as far as The Dalles . The locks were submerged and rendered obsolete in 1938 , when the Bonneville Dam was constructed , along with a new set of locks , a short way downstream .
The Imperial Stock Ranch Headquarters Complex is a historic district near Shaniko in Wasco County , Oregon , United States , listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
The Indian Shaker Church and Gulick Homestead are an ensemble of historic buildings in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Built by Henry Gulick directly on the Columbia riverbank in the 1890s , it is the only remaining 19th century fishing homestead in Oregon . Gulick , an employee of the locally-important Seufert salmon canning concern , included a church building in the complex in ca . 1896 for his wife , Harriet , a member of the Wasco people . The church was the smallest of five Indian Shaker Church congregations in the state . The church and homestead were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .
Interstate 84 ( I-84 ) in the U.S. state of Oregon is a major Interstate Highway that traverses the state from west to east . It is concurrent with U.S. Route 30 ( US 30 ) for most of its length and runs 376 miles ( 605 km ) from an interchange with I-5 in Portland to the Idaho state line near Ontario . The highway roughly follows the Columbia River and historic Oregon Trail in northeastern Oregon , and is designated as part of Columbia River Highway No . 2 and all of the Old Oregon Trail Highway No . 6 ; the entire length is also designated as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway . I-84 intersects several of the state 's main north-south roads , including US 97 , US 197 , I-82 , and US 395 . The freeway serves as the main east-west route through Portland and Gresham and continues into the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area . It passes through the cities of Hood River and The Dalles within the gorge and also serves several state parks and natural monuments . Near Pendleton , it leaves the Columbia River and runs southeasterly across the Blue Mountains via La Grande and Baker City . I-84 crosses the Snake River at Ontario , continuing southeast towards Boise , Idaho . I-84 was established in 1957 and originally carried the designation of Interstate 80N ( I-80N ) until 1980 , when this was changed to I-84 to prevent confusion with the southerly I-80 . The earliest sections of the freeway incorporated the existing Banfield Freeway between Portland and Troutdale , opened in 1955 , and upgraded other parts of US 30 to Interstate standards .
U.S. Route 197 ( US 197 ) is a north-south United States Highway , of which all but 2.76 miles of its 69.93 miles ( 4.44 of 112.54 km ) are within the state of Oregon . The highway starts in rural Wasco County in Central Oregon at an intersection with US 97 . US 197 travels north as a continuation of The Dalles-California Highway No . 4 through the cities of Maupin , Tygh Valley , and Dufur to The Dalles . Within The Dalles , the highway becomes concurrent with US 30 and intersects Interstate 84 ( I-84 ) before it crosses over the Columbia River on The Dalles Bridge into Washington . The highway continues through the neighboring city of Dallesport in Klickitat County and terminates at a junction with State Route 14 ( SR 14 ) . US 197 was established in 1952 using the existing The Dalles-California Highway , itself created as a part of the initial named Oregon highways in 1917 . US 197 traveled from its current northern terminus at Dallesport to US 97 in Maryhill along Primary State Highway 8 ( PSH 8 ) and US 830 , successors to the original State Road 8 designated along the corridor in 1907 . The Dallesport-Maryhill section was transferred to SR 14 in 1979 , but was not recognized by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) until 2006 .
A homestead is an isolated dwelling , especially a farmhouse , and adjacent outbuildings , typically on a large agricultural holding such as a ranch or station . In North America the word homestead historically referred to land claimed by a settler or squatter under the Homestead Acts ( USA ) or Dominion Lands Act ( Canada ) . In Old English the term was used to mean a human settlement , and in Southern Africa the term is used for a cluster of several houses normally occupied by a single extended family .
A church building or church house , often simply called a church , is a building used for Christian religious activities , particularly for Christian worship services . The term is often used by Christians to refer to the physical buildings where they worship , but it is sometimes used ( by analogy ) to refer to buildings of other religions . In traditional Christian architecture , a church interior is often structured in the shape of a Christian cross . When viewed from plan view the vertical beam of the cross is represented by the center aisle and seating while the horizontal beam and junction of the cross is formed by the bema and altar . Towers or domes are often added with the intention of directing the eye of the viewer towards the heavens and inspiring a range of thoughts and emotions in visitors and worshippers . Modern church buildings have a variety of architectural styles and layouts ; many buildings that were designed for other purposes have now been converted for church use , and , conversely , many original church buildings have been put to other uses . The earliest identified Christian church building was a house church founded between 233 and 256 . From the 11th through the 14th centuries , a wave of building of cathedrals and smaller parish churches were erected across Western Europe . A cathedral is a church building , usually Roman Catholic , Protestant ( including Anglican ) , Eastern Orthodox , or Oriental Orthodox , housing a cathedra , the formal name for the seat or throne of a presiding bishop .
Wasco-Wishram are two closely related Chinook Indian tribes from the Columbia River in Oregon . Today the tribes are part of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs living in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon and Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation living in the Yakama Indian Reservation in Washington .
The Indian Shaker Church is a Christian denomination founded in 1881 by Squaxin shaman John Slocum and his wife Mary Slocum in Washington State . The Indian Shaker Church is a unique blend of American Indian , Catholic , and Protestant beliefs and practices . The Indian Shakers are unrelated to the Shakers of New England ( United Society of Believers ) and are not to be confused with the Native American Church .
The Joseph D. and Margaret Kelly House is a historic residence in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . Joseph Kelly , a highly successful farmer during the establishment of wheat as a major cash crop in Wasco County , retired young to this 1908 blufftop house and continued his career as a landlord and businessman . He and his wife Margaret , a teacher and member of another important wheat family , became a prominent philanthropic figures in The Dalles . The house is architecturally notable for its vernacular rendering of the Queen Anne style , reflecting the Kellys ' rural background in contrast to the high Victorian approach used elsewhere in The Dalles . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 .
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed , a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food . The many species of wheat together make up the genus Triticum ; the most widely grown is common wheat ( T. aestivum ) . The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BCE . Botanically , the wheat kernel is a type of fruit called a caryopsis . Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop ( 220.4 million hectares , 2014 ) . World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined . In 2017 , world production of wheat was 772 million tonnes , with a forecast of 2019 production at 766 million tonnes , making it the second most-produced cereal after maize . Since 1960 , world production of wheat and other grain crops has tripled and is expected to grow further through the middle of the 21st century . Global demand for wheat is increasing due to the unique viscoelastic and adhesive properties of gluten proteins , which facilitate the production of processed foods , whose consumption is increasing as a result of the worldwide industrialization process and the westernization of the diet . Wheat is an important source of carbohydrates . Globally , it is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food , having a protein content of about 13% , which is relatively high compared to other major cereals but relatively low in protein quality for supplying essential amino acids . When eaten as the whole grain , wheat is a source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber .
A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit . It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm . The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops , which are those fed to the producer 's own livestock or grown as food for the producer 's family . In earlier times cash crops were usually only a small ( but vital ) part of a farm 's total yield , while today , especially in developed countries , almost all crops are mainly grown for revenue . In the least developed countries , cash crops are usually crops which attract demand in more developed nations , and hence have some export value . Prices for major cash crops are set in commodity markets with global scope , with some local variation ( termed as basis ) based on freight costs and local supply and demand balance . A consequence of this is that a nation , region , or individual producer relying on such a crop may suffer low prices should a bumper crop elsewhere lead to excess supply on the global markets . This system has been criticized by traditional farmers . Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations .
Philanthropy consists of private initiatives , for the public good , focusing on quality of life . Philanthropy contrasts with business initiatives , which are private initiatives for private good , focusing on material gain , and with government endeavors , which are public initiatives for public good , e.g. , focusing on provision of public services . A person who practices philanthropy is a philanthropist . Philanthropy is different from charity , though there is some overlap . Charity aims to relieve the pain of a particular social problem , whereas philanthropy attempts to address the root cause of the problem .
The Maupin Section Foreman 's House is a historic section house in Maupin , Oregon , United States . It recalls the days of the Last Great Railroad War ( construction 1909-1911 ) between the rival transportation empires of E. H. Harriman and James J. Hill , as they raced to build routes up the Deschutes River canyon , connecting the mainlines along the Columbia River to the new markets of Central Oregon . Harriman 's Des Chutes Railroad Company built the house to the Union Pacific Common Standard Plan for buildings ( with allowed variations ) in 1910 . It was one of three buildings in the country combination station at Maupin , and served as residence for the maintenance of way foreman for the local section of track . The other two buildings of the station ( a depot and a bunk residence for the maintenance crew ) were demolished by 1968 . Most of the Des Chutes Railroad tracks in the canyon were abandoned in 1936 , granting Hill the final victory in the race . The road passing in front of the house utilizes the former railroad grade . The Bureau of Land Management acquired the house in 1968 . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 .
Maupin is a city in Wasco County , Oregon , United States . Located on the Deschutes River , much of the city 's economy is related to the river through outdoor activities , such as fishing and rafting . The population was 418 at the 2010 census .
Edward Henry Harriman ( February 20 , 1848 - September 9 , 1909 ) was an American railroad executive .
James Jerome Hill ( September 16 , 1838 - May 29 , 1916 ) , was a Canadian-American railroad executive . He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway , which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest , the northern Great Plains , and Pacific Northwest . Because of the size of this region and the economic dominance exerted by the Hill lines , Hill became known during his lifetime as The Empire Builder .
The Deschutes River /dəˈʃuːts/ in central Oregon is a major tributary of the Columbia River . The river provides much of the drainage on the eastern side of the Cascade Range in Oregon , gathering many of the tributaries that descend from the drier , eastern flank of the mountains . The Deschutes provided an important route to and from the Columbia for Native Americans for thousands of years , and then in the 19th century for pioneers on the Oregon Trail . The river flows mostly through rugged and arid country , and its valley provides a cultural heart for central Oregon . Today the river supplies water for irrigation and is popular in the summer for whitewater rafting and fishing . The river flows generally north , as do several other large Oregon tributaries of the Columbia River , including the Willamette and John Day .
Central Oregon is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Oregon and is traditionally considered to be made up of Deschutes , Jefferson , and Crook counties . Other definitions include larger areas , often encompassing areas to the north towards the Columbia River , eastward towards Burns , or south towards Klamath Falls . These three counties have a combined population of 153,558 as of the 2000 census , with Deschutes the largest of the three counties , having approximately four times the population of the other two counties combined . As of 2015 , the most populous city in the region is Bend , with an estimated 87,014 residents . As defined by the three county definition , Central Oregon covers 7,833 square miles ( 20,290 km2 ) of land . Central Oregon has had 3 record tourism years beginning in 2012 . Over 2.2 million people visited Central Oregon in 2012 and again in 2013 . The region is located in the middle of the state with the Cascades to the west dividing the state from north to south , and the smaller Ochoco Mountains to the east . Portions of the region are part of a basalt plateau formed by the Columbia River Basalt Group , others are part of the slopes of the Cascades , and others part of the Basin and Range . The climate of the area is primarily arid due to the rain shadow effect of the Cascades on the western boundary of the region . Outdoor recreational activities , timber , and ranching are the primary economic activities .
The Union Pacific Railroad ( reporting marks UP , UPP , UPY ) , legally Union Pacific Railroad Company and simply Union Pacific , is a freight-hauling railroad that operates 8,300 locomotives over 32,200 miles ( 51,800 km ) routes in 23 U.S. states west of Chicago and New Orleans . The Union Pacific Railroad system is the second largest in the United States after BNSF and is one of the world 's largest transportation companies . The Union Pacific Railroad is the principal operating company of the Union Pacific Corporation , both headquartered in Omaha , Nebraska . Founded in 1862 , the original Union Pacific Rail Road was part of the First Transcontinental Railroad project , later known as the Overland Route . The railroad was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railway in 1880 , which was absorbed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1897 . Over the next century , UP absorbed the Missouri Pacific Railroad , the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company , the Western Pacific Railroad , the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad and the Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . In 1998 , the Union Pacific merged with Southern Pacific Transportation Company , itself a giant system that was absorbed by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad maintaining the Southern Pacific name . Today , Union Pacific and its chief competitor , BNSF Railway , the nation 's largest freight railroad by volume , have a duopoly on transcontinental freight rail lines in the western United States .
The Rorick House Museum , also known as the Malcolm A. Moody House , is a museum located in The Dalles , Oregon , United States . The building was originally built in 1850 as a two-room residence for non-commissioned officers from Fort Dalles , this is the oldest remaining house in The Dalles . It was subsequently occupied by U.S. Representative Malcolm A. Moody , and has ultimately become a museum . The house is the current headquarters for the Wasco County Historical Society .
A noncommissioned officer ( NCO ) is a military officer who has not earned a commission . Non-commissioned officers usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks . In contrast , commissioned officers usually enter direct from a military academy , and are often expected to have a university degree . The NCO corps usually includes all grades of corporal and sergeant ; in some countries , warrant officers also carry out the duties of NCOs . The naval equivalent includes some or all grades of petty officer . There are different classes of non-commissioned officers , including junior non-commissioned officers ( JNCO ) and senior ( or staff ) non-commissioned officers ( SNCO ) .
The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .
Malcolm Adelbert Moody ( November 30 , 1854 - March 19 , 1925 ) was a Republican U.S. congressman from Oregon .