List of National Historic Landmarks in Colorado
National Historic Landmarks in Colorado
Table:
Landmark name	Date designated	Location	County	Description

1	Bent 's Old Fort	December 19 , 1960 ( # 66000254 )	La Junta 38°02′34″N 103°25′51″W / 38.042886°N 103.430786°W / 38.042886 ; -103.430786 ( Bent 's Old Fort )	Otero	Adobe fort built in 1833 to trade with Plains Indians and trappers , on Santa Fe Trail

2	Central City/Black Hawk Historic District	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000246 )	Central City and Black Hawk 39°48′04″N 105°30′27″W / 39.801111°N 105.5075°W / 39.801111 ; -105.5075 ( Central City/Black Hawk Historic District )	Gilpin	Former gold mining camps in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains , once known as the ' Richest Square Mile on Earth

3	Colorado Chautauqua	February 10 , 2006 ( # 78000830 )	Boulder 39°59′52″N 105°16′50″W / 39.997778°N 105.280556°W / 39.997778 ; -105.280556 ( Colorado Chautauqua )	Boulder	This 1898 Chautauqua is the only one West of the Mississippi , one of only four continuously operating since its inception , and the only one open year round

4	Cripple Creek Historic District	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000939 )	Cripple Creek 38°45′07″N 105°10′31″W / 38.751944°N 105.175278°W / 38.751944 ; -105.175278 ( Cripple Creek Historic District )	Teller	The gold mining town of Cripple Creek and the surrounding hills

5	Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension ( Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad )	October 16 , 2012 ( # 73000462 )	Antonito , CO and Chama , NM 37°00′22″N 106°17′44″W / 37.006048°N 106.295485°W / 37.006048 ; -106.295485 ( Denver & Rio Grande Railroad San Juan Extension )	Archuleta , CO , Conejos , CO , and Rio Arriba , NM	Longest & most complete representation of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century railroading

6	Denver Civic Center	October 16 , 2012 ( # 12001017 )	Denver 39°44′21″N 104°59′12″W / 39.739237°N 104.986753°W / 39.739237 ; -104.986753 ( Denver Civic Center )	Denver	City Beautiful -era civic center

7	Durango-Silverton Narrow-Gauge Railroad	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000247 )	Durango to Silverton 37°17′51″N 107°42′39″W / 37.2975°N 107.710833°W / 37.2975 ; -107.710833 ( Durango-Silverton Narrow-Gauge Railroad )	San Juan and La Plata	Narrow gauge mining railroad which has continued to serve as a tourist line between Durango and Silverton

8	Georgetown-Silver Plume Historic District	November 13 , 1966 ( # 66000243 )	Georgetown and Silver Plume 39°41′55″N 105°42′48″W / 39.698611°N 105.713333°W / 39.698611 ; -105.713333 ( Georgetown-Silver Plume Historic District )	Clear Creek	Historic district which includes the silver mining towns of Georgetown and Silver Plume as well as the 1884 railway engineering marvel which connects them , the Georgetown Loop Railroad

9	Granada Relocation Center	February 10 , 2006 ( # 94000425 )	Granada 38°02′58″N 102°19′43″W / 38.049444°N 102.328611°W / 38.049444 ; -102.328611 ( Granada Relocation Center )	Prowers	World War II Japanese American internment center

10	Leadville Historic District	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000248 )	Leadville 39°14′39″N 106°13′42″W / 39.244167°N 106.228333°W / 39.244167 ; -106.228333 ( Leadville Historic District )	Lake	Historic Leadville , Colorado mining district and village area

11	Lindenmeier Site	January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000249 )	Norfolk 40°58′48″N 105°03′44″W / 40.979898°N 105.062256°W / 40.979898 ; -105.062256 ( Lindenmeier Site )	Larimer	The only extensive Folsom culture campsite yet found with artifacts dating from approximately 11200 BCE to 3000 BCE

12	Lowry Ruin	July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000253 )	Pleasant View 37°35′04″N 108°55′11″W / 37.584531°N 108.919647°W / 37.584531 ; -108.919647 ( Lowry Ruin )	Montezuma	Ancestral Puebloan archaeological site from 1060 with a very large kiva

13	Ludlow Tent Colony Site	January 16 , 2009 ( # 85001328 )	Ludlow 37°20′00″N 104°35′00″W / 37.333333°N 104.583333°W / 37.333333 ; -104.583333 ( Ludlow Tent Colony Site )	Las Animas	Site of 1914 miners ' strike that culminated in Ludlow Massacre

14	Mesa Verde Administrative District	May 29 , 1987 ( # 87001410 )	Mesa Verde National Park 37°10′53″N 108°29′26″W / 37.181264°N 108.490654°W / 37.181264 ; -108.490654 ( Mesa Verde Administrative District )	Montezuma	First buildings built by the National Park Service with intent to reflect cultural traditions in the park area , built in 1921

15	Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel No . 6	February 27 , 1987 ( # 78000861 )	Burlington 39°18′26″N 102°16′13″W / 39.307102°N 102.270324°W / 39.307102 ; -102.270324 ( Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel No . 6 )	Kit Carson	Carousel built for Elitch Gardens in 1905 . In 1928 it moved to Kit Carson County fairgrounds where it remains open today . It is the only antique carousel in America retaining its original paint on both the scenery panels and the animals , and it is the only surviving Philadelphia Toboggan Company menagerie carousel

16	Pikes Peak	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000245 )	Colorado Springs 38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W / 38.840556°N 105.044167°W / 38.840556 ; -105.044167 ( Pikes Peak )	El Paso	Pike 's Peak ( everything above 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) elevation ) . This mountain was inspiration for America the Beautiful as well as the motto Pike 's Peak or Bust

17	Pike 's Stockade	July 4 , 1961 ( # 66000244 )	Sanford 37°17′30″N 105°48′36″W / 37.291792°N 105.809944°W / 37.291792 ; -105.809944 ( Pike 's Stockade )	Conejos	Explorer Zebulon Pike set up a fort here

18	Raton Pass	December 19 , 1960 ( # 66000474 )	Trinidad , CO and Raton , NM 36°59′25″N 104°29′17″W / 36.9903°N 104.488°W / 36.9903 ; -104.488 ( Raton Pass )	Las Animas , CO and Colfax , NM	Mountain pass between New Mexico and Colorado

19	Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp	August 4 , 2015 ( # 90000725 )	Morrison , CO 39°39′41″N 105°12′29″W / 39.661389°N 105.208056°W / 39.661389 ; -105.208056 ( Red Rocks Park and Mount Morrison Civilian Conservation Corps Camp )	Jefferson	Denver Mountain Park and camp where workers stayed while building the park 's amphitheater

20	Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building	January 3 , 2001 ( # 01000069 )	Estes Park 40°21′58″N 105°33′39″W / 40.366111°N 105.560833°W / 40.366111 ; -105.560833 ( Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building )	Larimer	Also known as the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center , it was designed by Taliesin Associated Architects , their first major work after Frank Lloyd Wright had died . It demonstrated how modern architecture could be successful inside the National Parks and was the last significant project in Mission 66

Drawing on the table and the background passages listed.

Solve the question: When was the site in the most populous municipality of Otero County , Colorado designated a National Historic Site ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Bent 's Old Fort is an 1833 fort located in Otero County in southeastern Colorado , United States . A company owned by Charles Bent and William Bent and Ceran St. Vrain built the fort to trade with Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Plains Indians and trappers for buffalo robes . For much of its 16-year history , the fort was the only major white American permanent settlement on the Santa Fe Trail between Missouri and the Mexican settlements . It was destroyed in 1849 . The area of the fort was designated a National Historic Site under the National Park Service on June 3 , 1960 . It was further designated a National Historic Landmark later that year on December 19 , 1960 . The fort was reconstructed and is open to the public .
La Junta is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Otero County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 7,077 at the 2010 United States Census . La Junta is located on the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado 68 miles ( 109 km ) east of Pueblo .
Otero County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,831 . The county seat is La Junta . The county was named for Miguel Antonio Otero , one of the founders of the town of La Junta and a member of a prominent Hispanic family .
The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century route through central North America that connected Franklin , Missouri with Santa Fe , New Mexico . Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell , who departed from the Boonslick region along the Missouri River , the trail served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880 . Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , which carried trade from Mexico City . The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north-western corner of Comancheria , the territory of the Comanches , who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail , and represented another market for American traders . Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico , making it more dependent on the American trade , and provided the Comanches with a steady supply of horses for sale . By the 1840s , trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land , contributing to their collapse , which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region . The American army used the trail route in 1846 for the invasion of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War . After the U.S. acquisition of the Southwest ending the war , the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement , playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired . The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . A highway route that roughly follows the trail 's path through the entire length of Kansas , the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway .
The Central City/Black Hawk Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses Central City and Black Hawk , Colorado . They are adjacent former gold mining camps in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Gilpin County , Colorado , United States . For a time , the area was known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth . The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 4 , 1961 .
The City of Central , commonly known as Central City , is the Home Rule Municipality in Gilpin and Clear Creek counties that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Gilpin County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 663 at the 2010 United States Census . The city is a historic mining settlement founded in 1859 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush and came to be known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth . Central City and the adjacent city of Black Hawk form the federally designated Central City/Black Hawk Historic District . The city is now a part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .
The City of Black Hawk is a Home Rule Municipality in Gilpin County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 118 at the 2010 United States Census , making Black Hawk the least populous city ( rather than town ) in Colorado . The tiny city is a historic mining settlement founded in 1859 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush . Black Hawk is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area . Black Hawk is located adjacent to Central City , another historic mining settlement in Gregory Gulch . The two cities form the federally designated Central City/Black Hawk National Historic District . The area flourished during the mining boom of the late 19th century following the construction of mills and a railroad link to Golden . The town declined during the 20th century , but has been revived in recent years after the 1991 establishment of casino gambling following a statewide initiative in 1990 . In early 2010 , the Black Hawk city council passed a law banning the riding of bicycles in the town , drawing a reaction from bicycle advocacy groups and international press . The ban was overturned by the Colorado Supreme Court in 2013 .
Gilpin County is the second-least extensive of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado , behind only the City and County of Broomfield . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,441 . The county seat is Central City . The county was formed in 1861 , while Colorado was still a Territory , and was named after Colonel William Gilpin , the first territorial governor . Gilpin County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .
The Colorado Chautauqua , located in Boulder , Colorado , United States , and started in 1898 , is the only Chautauqua west of the Mississippi River still continuing in unbroken operation since the heyday of the Chautauqua Movement in the 1920s . It is one of the few such continuously operating Chautauquas remaining in the United States , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006 . According to its governing body , the Colorado Chautauqua Association , it is also unique in that it is the only year-round Chautauqua .
Boulder ( /ˈboʊldər/ ) is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County , Colorado , United States . It is the state 's 11th-most-populous municipality ; Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 5,430 feet ( 1,655 m ) above sea level . The city is 25 miles ( 40 km ) northwest of Denver . The population of the City of Boulder was 97,385 people at the 2010 U.S. Census , while the population of the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area was 294,567 . Boulder is known for its association with gold seekers and for being the home of the main campus of the University of Colorado , the state 's largest university . The city frequently receives high rankings in art , health , well-being , quality of life , and education .
Boulder County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado of the United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 294,567 . The most populous municipality in the county and the county seat is Boulder . Boulder County comprises the Boulder , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area .
Chautauqua ( /ʃəˈtɔːkwə/ shə-TAW-kwə ) was an adult education and social movement in the United States , highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Chautauqua assemblies expanded and spread throughout rural America until the mid-1920s . The Chautauqua brought entertainment and culture for the whole community , with speakers , teachers , musicians , showmen , preachers , and specialists of the day . Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is the most American thing in America .
The Chautauqua adult education movement flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , then declined . However , some Independent Chautauquas still operate today , and these are the 21st century Chautauquas . They are divided into two categories , Continuously Operating Chautauquas and Revival Chautauquas .
Cripple Creek Historic District is a historic district including Cripple Creek , Colorado , United States and is significant for its gold mining era history . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . Many Cripple Creek buildings post-date the gold mining era . The district includes a number of surviving structures , possibly including the following seven :
Cripple Creek is the Statutory City that is the county seat of Teller County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 1,189 at the 2010 United States Census . Cripple Creek is a former gold mining camp located 44 miles ( 71 km ) southwest of Colorado Springs near the base of Pikes Peak . The Cripple Creek Historic District , which received National Historic Landmark status in 1961 , includes part or all of the city and the surrounding area . The city is now a part of the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Teller County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,350 . The county seat is Cripple Creek , and the most populous city is Woodland Park . Teller County is included in the Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .
The Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad , often abbreviated as the C & TSRR , is a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge heritage railroad running for 64 miles ( 103 km ) of track between Antonito , Colorado and Chama , New Mexico , United States . The railroad gets its name from two geographical features along the route , the 10,015-foot ( 3,053 m ) -high Cumbres Pass and the Toltec Gorge . Originally part of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad 's narrow-gauge network , the line has been jointly owned by the states of Colorado and New Mexico since 1970 .
The Town of Antonito is a Statutory Town located in Conejos County , Colorado , United States . The town population was 781 at the 2010 United States Census .
Chama is a village in Rio Arriba County , New Mexico , United States . The population was 1,022 at the 2010 census . The village is located in the Rocky Mountains about 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of the Colorado-New Mexico border . Chama has been featured in numerous films , including The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ( 1969 ) , Bite the Bullett ( 1975 ) , The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez ( 1982 ) and Butch and Sundance : The Early Days ( 1989 ) .
Archuleta County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,084 . The county seat and the only incorporated municipality in the county is Pagosa Springs .
Conejos County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,256 . The county seat is the unincorporated community of Conejos .
Rio Arriba County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 40,246 . Its county seat is Tierra Amarilla . Its northern border is the Colorado state line . Rio Arriba County comprises the Española , NM Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas , NM Combined Statistical Area .
Civic Center is a neighborhood in Denver , Colorado . The area is known as the center of the civic life in the city , with numerous institutions of arts , government , and culture as well as numerous festivals , parades , and protests throughout the year . The park bearing the same name is home to a fountain , several statues , and formal gardens , and includes a Greek amphitheater , a war memorial , and the Voorhies Memorial Seal Pond . It is well known for its symmetrical Neoclassical design .
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/ ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 716,492 in 2018 , Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city , and with a 19.38% increase since the 2010 United States Census , it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States . The metropolitan city is located in the middle of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front with Cheyenne , Wyoming , to the north and Albuquerque , New Mexico , to the south , this rapidly growing region has a population of 5,467,633 , according to the 2010 United States Census . The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is named after James W. Denver , a governor of the Kansas Territory . It is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5280 feet or 1609.3 meters ) above sea level . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 2,932,415 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12-city Denver-Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2018 population of 3,572,798 and is the 15th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2018 population of 4,976,781 .
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities . It was a part of the progressive social reform movement in North America under the leadership of the upper-middle class concerned with poor living conditions in all major cities . The movement , which was originally associated mainly with Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit , and Washington , D.C. , promoted beauty not only for its own sake , but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations . Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life , while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform ; Jane Jacobs referred to the movement as an architectural design cult .
The Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad , often abbreviated as the D & SNG , is a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge heritage railroad that operates 45.2 miles ( 72.7 km ) of track between Durango and Silverton , in the U.S. state of Colorado . The railway is a federally designated National Historic Landmark and is also designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark . The route was originally opened in 1882 by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad ( D & RG ) to transport silver and gold ore mined from the San Juan Mountains . The line was an extension of the D & RG 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow-gauge line from Antonito , Colorado , to Durango . The last train to operate into Durango from the east was on December 6 , 1968 . The states of New Mexico and Colorado purchased 64 miles between Antonito and Chama , New Mexico , in 1970 and operates today as the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad . Trackage between Chama and Durango was removed by 1971 . The line from Durango to Silverton has run continuously since 1881 , although it is now a tourist and heritage line hauling passengers , and is one of the few places in the U.S. which has seen continuous use of steam locomotives . In March 1981 , the Denver & Rio Grande Western sold the line and the D & SNG was formed . Some rolling stock dates back to the 1880s . Trains operate from Durango to the Cascade Wye in the winter months and Durango-Silverton during the summer months . Durango depot was built in January 1882 and has been preserved in its original form .
Durango is the county seat and the most populous municipality of La Plata County , Colorado , United States . It is home to Fort Lewis College . The United States Census Bureau reported a population of 16,887 in the 2010 census .
The town of Silverton is a Statutory Town that is the county seat of , and the only incorporated municipality in San Juan County , Colorado , United States . Silverton is a former silver mining camp , most or all of which is now included in a federally designated National Historic Landmark District , the Silverton Historic District . The town population reached 637 in the U.S. Census 2010 . Silverton is linked to Durango by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad , a National Historic Landmark . Silverton no longer has active mining , but subsists by tourism , maintenance of US 550 ( which links Montrose with Durango via Silverton ) , mine pollution remediation , and retirees . In 2002 an extreme ski mountain , Silverton Mountain , opened near the town .
San Juan County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 699 , making it the least populous county in Colorado . The county seat and the only incorporated municipality in the county is Silverton . The county name is the Spanish language name for Saint John , the name Spanish explorers gave to a river and the mountain range in the area . With a mean elevation of 11,240 feet ( 3426 meters ) , San Juan County is the highest county in the United States .
La Plata County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 51,334 . The county seat is Durango . The county was named for the La Plata River and the La Plata Mountains . La plata means the silver in Spanish . La Plata County comprises the Durango , CO Micropolitan Statistical Area . The county is home to Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site , the type site for the Basketmaker II period of Anasazi culture .
The Georgetown-Silver Plume National Historic Landmark District is a federally designated United States National Historic Landmark that comprises the Town of Georgetown , the Town of Silver Plume , and the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park between the two silver mining towns along Clear Creek in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County , Colorado , United States . The district includes well-preserved examples of the buildings and mining structures of the Colorado Silver Boom from 1864 to 1893 . The Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park includes the reconstructed Georgetown Loop , a spectacular example of 19th-century 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge railway engineering required to negotiate the 601 feet ( 183 meters ) of elevation rise in the mere 2.0 miles ( 3.2 kilometers ) between the two towns . Historic steam locomotives pull passenger trains over the loop from late May through the beautiful Autumn colors of early October . Guided tours of the Lebanon Silver Mine are also available . The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on 1966-11-13 .
Georgetown is a Territorial Charter Municipality that is the county seat of Clear Creek County , Colorado , United States . The former silver mining camp along Clear Creek in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains was established in 1859 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush . The federally designated Georgetown-Silver Plume Historic District comprises Georgetown , the neighboring town of Silver Plume , and the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park between the two towns . The town population was 1,034 at the 2010 census . The Georgetown Post Office has the ZIP code 80444 . The town sits at an elevation of 8,530 feet ( 2,600 m ) above sea level , nestled in the mountains near the upper end of the valley of Clear Creek in the mountains west of Denver along Interstate 70 . Although a small town today , the town was a historic center of the mining industry in Colorado during the late 19th century , earning the nickname the Silver Queen of Colorado . It has evolved into a lively historical summer tourist center today with many preserved structures from the heyday of the Colorado Silver Boom . The town stretches roughly north-south along Clear Creek , hemmed in by the mountains , with the historic downtown located at the southern ( upper ) end and modern development located at the northern ( lower ) end of town .
Silver Plume is a Statutory Town located in Clear Creek County , Colorado , United States . Silver Plume is a former silver mining camp along Clear Creek in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . The federally designated Georgetown-Silver Plume Historic District comprises Silver Plume , the neighboring town of Georgetown , and the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park between the two towns . The town population was 170 at the 2010 census . The Silver Plume Post Office has the ZIP code 80476 .
Clear Creek County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 9,088 . The county seat is Georgetown . Clear Creek County is part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area .
The Georgetown Loop Railroad is a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge United States heritage railroad located in the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County , adjacent to Interstate 70 in Colorado . This tourist train runs between the communities of Georgetown and Silver Plume , a distance of 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . The route is 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) long and ascends an elevation of 640 feet ( 195.1 m ) through mountainous terrain along with trestles , cuts , fills , and a grand loop . The railroad is situated near I-70 , with Silver Plume Depot sitting adjacent to the eastbound on-ramp . Just east of Silver Plume on I-70 there is a parking area named Georgetown Loop Overlook providing scenic views to motorists . The Clear Creek Greenway Trail access road connects Silver Plume Depot , Georgetown Loop Overlook , and the Devil 's Gate Station near Georgetown . This trail is accessible to bicyclists and hikers .
The Granada War Relocation Center , also known as Camp Amache , was a Japanese American concentration camp located in southeast Colorado , about a mile west of the small farming community of Granada , south of US 50 . The camp was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 18 , 1994 , and designated a National Historic Landmark on February 10 , 2006 .
Granada is a Statutory Town in Prowers County , Colorado , United States . The population was 640 at the 2000 census .
Prowers County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,551 . The county seat is Lamar . The county is named in honor of John W. Prowers , a leading pioneer in the lower Arkansas valley region .
World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed .
The internment of Japanese Americans in the United States during World War II was the forced relocation and incarceration in concentration camps in the western interior of the country of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry , most of whom lived on the Pacific Coast . Sixty-two percent of the internees were United States citizens . These actions were ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt shortly after Imperial Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . Of 127,000 Japanese Americans living in the continental United States at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack , 112,000 resided on the West Coast . About 80,000 were Nisei ( literal translation : second generation ; American-born Japanese with U.S. citizenship ) and Sansei ( third generation ; the children of Nisei ) . The rest were Issei ( first generation ) immigrants born in Japan who were ineligible for U.S. citizenship under U.S. law . Japanese Americans were incarcerated based on local population concentrations and regional politics . More than 112,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were forced into interior camps . However , in Hawaii , where 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were also interned . The internment is considered to have resulted more from racism than from any security risk posed by Japanese Americans . California defined anyone with 1/16th or more Japanese lineage as sufficient to be interned . Colonel Karl Bendetsen , the architect behind the program , went so far as saying anyone with one drop of Japanese blood qualified .
The Leadville Historic District is in the mining town of Leadville , Colorado . The National Historic Landmark District includes 67 mines in the mining district east of the city up to the 12,000 foot ( 3658 m ) level , and a defined portion of the village area . It was designated in 1961 . The National Register of Historic Places lists a number of structures along the Harrison Avenue corridor .
Leadville is the statutory city that is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Lake County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 2,602 at the 2010 census and an estimated 2,762 in 2018 . Leadville is situated at an elevation of 10,152 feet ( 3,094 m ) . A former silver mining town that lies among the headwaters of the Arkansas River in the heart of the Rocky Mountains , the Leadville Historic District contains many historic structures and sites in its dynamic mining era . In the late 19th century , Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado , after Denver . Leadville is notable for having many 14,000 foot peaks viewable from town .
Lake County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 7,310 . The county seat and the only municipality in the county is Leadville . The highest natural point in Colorado and the entire Rocky Mountains is the summit of Mount Elbert in Lake County at 14,440 feet ( 4401.2 meters ) elevation .
The Lindenmeier Site is a stratified multi-component archaeological site most famous for its Folsom component . It is located on the former Lindenmeier Ranch , now the Soapstone Prairie Natural Area , in northeastern Larimer County , Colorado , United States . The site contains the most extensive Folsom culture campsite yet found with a radiocarbon date of 10,600 to 10,720 B.P . Artifacts were also found from subsequent Archaic and Late pre-historic periods . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 20 , 1961 . The United States National Park Service has studied the possibility of making the Lindenmeier Site a United States National Monument .
Norfolk , Colorado is an unincorporated location in Larimer County , Colorado . It is the nearest community to Lindenmeier Site , a National Historic Landmark .
Larimer County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 299,630 . The county seat and most populous city is Fort Collins . The county was named for William Larimer , Jr. , the founder of Denver . Larimer County comprises the Fort Collins , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area . The county is located at the northern end of the Front Range , at the edge of the Colorado Eastern Plains along the border with Wyoming .
The Complex Folsom is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America . The term was first used in 1927 by Jesse Dade Figgins , director of the Colorado Museum of Natural History . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some restricted to the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada as well as adjacent areas to the west and south west . The Folsom Tradition was characterised by use of Folsom points as projectile tips and activities known from kill sites where slaughter and butchering of bison took place and Folsom tools were left behind . Some kill sites exhibit evidence of up to 50 bison being killed , although the Folsom diet apparently included mountain sheep , marmots , deer and cottontail rabbit as well . A Folsom site at Hanson , Wyoming , also revealed areas of hardstanding , which indicate possible dwellings . The type site is Folsom Site , near Folsom , New Mexico , in Colfax County ( 29CX1 ) , a marsh-side kill site found in about 1908 by George McJunkin , a cowboy and former slave who had lived in Texas as a child . Archaeologists excavated the site in 1926 . The Folsom Complex dates to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC and is thought to have derived from the earlier Clovis culture . The Lindenmeier Site in Colorado is a campsite that was used throughout a longer period , spanning this era .
The Lowry Pueblo is an Ancestral Puebloan archaeological site located in Canyons of the Ancients National Monument near Pleasant View , Colorado , United States . The pueblo was constructed around 1060 AD atop abandoned pithouses from an earlier period of occupation . It was occupied by 40 to 100 people at a time for 165 years . The structure was built up to about 40 rooms and featured multiple kivas . The architecture of Lowry Pueblo was influenced by the settlement at Chaco Canyon , approximately 100 miles to the south . The inhabitants were farmers who also hunted small game , made elaborately decorated pottery , and wove cotton obtained by trade . Its last occupation occurred in the early 13th century . The pueblo was named for the early area homesteader George Lowry . Lowry Pueblo was excavated during summer field seasons from 1930 to 1936 by Paul Sidney Martin of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark on 1964-07-19 . Lowry Pueblo was incorporated as part of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument on 2000-06-09 , and is now managed by the Bureau of Land Management .
Pleasant View is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office located in Montezuma County , Colorado , United States . The Pleasant View Post Office has the ZIP Code 81331 . Pleasant View should not be confused with the Census-designated place ( CDP ) in Jefferson County , also known as Pleasant View .
Montezuma County is the southwesternmost of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 25,535 . The county seat is Cortez . Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Yucca House National Monument , and Hovenweep National Monument preserve hundreds of ancient Amerindian structures , including the famous cliff-dwellings , found in the county . Montezuma County is also home to most of the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation , home of the Weeminuche Band of the Ute Nation , known as the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe , with its headquarters at Towaoc .
The Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Native American culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southeastern Utah , northeastern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . The Ancestral Puebloans are believed to have developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger structures to house clans , grand pueblos , and cliff-sited dwellings for defense . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture . The kiva , a congregational space that was used chiefly for ceremonial purposes , was an integral part of this ancient people 's community structure . In contemporary times , the people and their archaeological culture were referred to as Anasazi for historical purposes . The Navajo , who were not their descendants , called them by this term , which meant ancient enemies . Contemporary Puebloans do not want this term to be used . Archaeologists continue to debate when this distinct culture emerged . The current agreement , based on terminology defined by the Pecos Classification , suggests their emergence around the 12th century BC , during the archaeologically designated Early Basketmaker II Era . Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations , researchers identified Ancestral Puebloans as the forerunners of contemporary Pueblo peoples .
A kiva is a room used by Puebloans for rites and political meetings , many of them associated with the kachina belief system . Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo people , kivas are square-walled and underground , and are used for spiritual ceremonies . Similar subterranean rooms are found among ruins in the North-American South-West , indicating uses by the ancient peoples of the region including the ancestral Puebloans , the Mogollon , and the Hohokam . Those used by the ancient Pueblos of the Pueblo I Period and following , designated by the Pecos Classification system developed by archaeologists , were usually round and evolved from simpler pit-houses . For the Ancestral Puebloans , these rooms are believed to have had a variety of functions , including domestic residence along with social and ceremonial purposes .
Ludlow Tent Colony Site is an area in Ludlow , Colorado associated with the Ludlow Massacre that was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark on January 16 , 2009 . It is an archeological site . The press release reads :
Ludlow is a ghost town in Las Animas County , Colorado , United States . It was famous as the site of the Ludlow Massacre-part of the Colorado Coalfield War-in 1914 . The town site is nestled at the entrance to a canyon in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains . It is located along the western side of Interstate 25 approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of the town of Trinidad . Nearby points of interest include the Ludlow Monument , a monument to the coal miners and their families who were killed in the 1914 massacre , the Hastings coke ovens , and the Victor American Hastings Mine Disaster Monument . Robert Adams made a series of photographs in Ludlow in 1981 .
Las Animas County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 15,507 . The county seat is Trinidad . The county takes its name from the Mexican Spanish name of the Purgatoire River , originally called El Río de las Ánimas Perdidas en el Purgatorio , which means River of the Lost Souls in Purgatory .
The Ludlow Massacre was a domestic massacre resulting from strike-breaking . The Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards attacked a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families in Ludlow , Colorado , on April 20 , 1914 , with the National Guard using machine guns to fire into the colony . Approximately 21 people , including miners ' wives and children , were killed . The chief owner of the mine , John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , was widely criticized for having orchestrated the massacre . The massacre , the seminal event of the Colorado Coal Wars , resulted in the deaths of an estimated 21 people ; accounts vary . Ludlow was the deadliest single incident in the southern Colorado Coal Strike , which lasted from September 1913 to December 1914 . The strike was organized by the miners against coal mining companies in Colorado . The three largest companies involved were Colorado Fuel & Iron Company , owned by the powerful Rockefeller family ; Rocky Mountain Fuel Company , and Victor-American Fuel Company . In retaliation for the massacre at Ludlow , the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of anti-union establishments over the next ten days , destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg . An estimated 69 to 199 deaths occurred during the strike . Historian Thomas G. Andrews has called it the deadliest strike in the history of the United States , and it is commonly known as the Colorado Coalfield War . The Ludlow Massacre was a watershed moment in American labor relations .
Mesa Verde Administrative District is a set of six National Park Service buildings within Mesa Verde National Park , constructed in 1921 in a Pueblo Revival Style architecture . The Park Service buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987 .
Mesa Verde National Park is an American national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County , Colorado . The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States . Established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 , the park occupies 52,485 acres ( 21,240 ha ) near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest . With more than 5,000 sites , including 600 cliff dwellings , it is the largest archaeological preserve in the United States . Mesa Verde ( Spanish for green table ) is best known for structures such as Cliff Palace , thought to be the largest cliff dwelling in North America . Starting c. 7500 BC Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by a group of nomadic Paleo-Indians known as the Foothills Mountain Complex . The variety of projectile points found in the region indicates they were influenced by surrounding areas , including the Great Basin , the San Juan Basin , and the Rio Grande Valley . Later , Archaic people established semi-permanent rock shelters in and around the mesa . By 1000 BC , the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population , and by 750 AD the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture . The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting , gathering , and subsistence farming of crops such as corn , beans , and squash . They built the mesa 's first pueblos sometime after 650 , and by the end of the 12th century , they began to construct the massive cliff dwellings for which the park is best known . By 1285 , following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts , they abandoned the area and moved south to locations in Arizona and New Mexico , including Rio Chama , Pajarito Plateau , and Santa Fe .
The National Park Service ( NPS ) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks , many national monuments , and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations . It was created on August 25 , 1916 , by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior . The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment . As of 2018 [ update ] , the NPS employs approximately 12,363 employees who oversee 419 units , of which 62 are designated national parks .
Elitch Gardens Carousel , also known as Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel # 6 or as the Kit Carson County Carousel , is a 1905 Philadelphia Toboggan Company carousel located in Burlington , Colorado .
Burlington is a Home Rule Municipality and the county seat of Kit Carson County , Colorado , United States . The city population was 4,254 as of the 2010 United States Census .
Kit Carson County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,270 . The county seat is Burlington . The county was established in 1889 and named for American frontiersman and Indian fighter Kit Carson .
Elitch Gardens was a family-owned seasonal amusement park , theater , and botanic garden in the West Highland neighborhood in northwest Denver , Colorado , United States , at 38th and Tennyson streets . For more than a century Elitch 's was one of the most popular entertainment destinations in Colorado . It was nationally known for its luscious gardens , the Trocadero Ballroom , the Theatre at the Gardens and the premier wooden roller coaster , Mister Twister . The park moved to downtown Denver in 1994 and later became Six Flags Elitch Gardens ( now simply Elitch Gardens once again ) . The former location has been redeveloped .
Kit Carson County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 8,270 . The county seat is Burlington . The county was established in 1889 and named for American frontiersman and Indian fighter Kit Carson .
Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters , commonly referred to as PTC , is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world . Based in Hatfield , Pennsylvania , it was established in 1904 by Henry Auchey and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company . The company manufactured carousels , wooden roller coasters , toboggans ( roller coaster cars ) and later , roller coaster trains .
Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains , in North America . The ultra-prominent 14,115-foot ( 4,302.31 m ) fourteener is located in Pike National Forest , 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of downtown Colorado Springs , Colorado . The mountain is named in honor of American explorer Zebulon Pike ( though he was unable to reach the summit ) . The summit is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude .
Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the largest city by area in Colorado as well as the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County , Colorado , United States . It is in east central Colorado , on Fountain Creek , 60 miles ( 97 km ) south of Denver . At 6,035 feet ( 1,839 m ) the city stands over 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) above sea level , though some areas are significantly higher and lower . Colorado Springs is near the base of Pikes Peak , which rises 14,115 feet ( 4,302 m ) above sea level on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains . The United States Air Force Academy opened just north of Colorado Springs in 1958 . The city is home to 24 national sports governing bodies , including the United States Olympic Committee , the United States Olympic Training Center , and USA Hockey . The city had an estimated population of 472,688 in 2018 , and a metro population of approximately 738,939 , making it Colorado 's second most populous city , behind Denver , and the 39th most populous city in the United States . The Colorado Springs , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016 . The city is in the Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming , generally following Interstate 25 . The city covers 194.9 square miles ( 505 km2 ) , making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado . In 2017 and 2018 , Colorado Springs received several accolades . In 2018 U.S. News named it the most desirable place to live in the United States .
El Paso County is one of the 64 counties of the U.S. state of Colorado . The 2010 Census recorded its population of 622,263 for El Paso County . The Census Bureau 's 2018 estimate indicates it is the second-most populous county in Colorado , after the City and County of Denver . The county seat is Colorado Springs , the second most populous city in Colorado . El Paso County is included in the Colorado Springs , Colorado , Metropolitan Statistical Area . El Paso County is located in Colorado 's 5th congressional district . Since its creation in 1871 , El Paso County has typically voted for the Republican presidential candidate in presidential elections ; the last Democratic nominee to win the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 . The Democratic Party won El Paso County four additional times prior , and the Populist Party won in 1892 , with General James B. Weaver . In 2004 , the voters of Colorado Springs and El Paso County established the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority ( PPRTA ) and adopted a 1% sales tax dedicated to improving the region 's transportation infrastructure . Together with state funding for COSMIX ( 2007 completion ) and the I-25 interchange with Highway 16 ( 2008 completion ) , significant progress has been made since 2003 in addressing the transportation needs of the area . In 2010 and 2014 , the county voted to criminalize marijuana . On March 12 , 2019 , the county unanimously voted to become a Second Amendment sanctuary .
America the Beautiful is a patriotic song . The lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates , and the music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A . Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark , New Jersey . The two never met . Bates originally wrote the words as a poem , Pikes Peak , first published in the Fourth of July edition of the church periodical The Congregationalist in 1895 . At that time , the poem was titled America for publication . Ward had originally written the music , Materna , for the hymn O Mother dear , Jerusalem in 1882 , though it was not first published until 1892 . Ward 's music combined with the Bates poem was first published in 1910 and titled America the Beautiful . The song is one of the most popular of the many U.S. patriotic songs .
The Pike 's Peak Gold Rush ( later known as the Colorado Gold Rush ) was the boom in gold prospecting and mining in the Pike 's Peak Country of western Kansas Territory and southwestern Nebraska Territory of the United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28 , 1861 . An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest gold rushes in North American history . The participants in the gold rush were known as Fifty-Niners after 1859 , the peak year of the rush and often used the motto Pike 's Peak or Bust ! In fact , the location of the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush was centered 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Pike 's Peak . The name Pike 's Peak Gold Rush was used mainly because of how well known and important Pike 's Peak was at the time .
Pike 's Stockade , located near Sanford , Colorado , on the Conejos River , about 45 miles southwest of Fort Garland , was built in 1807 . Here , the American flag was raised on Spanish soil by Zebulon Pike . The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 . The stockade was reconstructed from notes in Pike 's journal and is maintained by the History Colorado .
Sanford is a Statutory Town in Conejos County , Colorado , United States . The population was 879 at the 2010 census . A post office called Sanford has been in operation since 1888 . The town was named after Silas Sanford Smith , a Mormon pioneer .
Zebulon Montgomery Pike ( January 5 , 1779 - April 27 , 1813 ) was an American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named . As a U.S. Army officer he led two expeditions under authority of third President Thomas Jefferson through the new Louisiana Purchase territory , first in 1805-1806 to reconnoiter the upper northern reaches of the Mississippi River , and then in 1806-1807 to explore the Southwest to the fringes of the northern Spanish-colonial settlements of New Mexico and Texas . Pike 's expeditions coincided with other Jeffersonian expeditions , including the Lewis and Clark Expedition ( 1804-1806 ) and the Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis expedition up the Red River ( 1806 ) . Pike 's second expedition crossed the Rocky Mountains into what is now southern Colorado , which led to his capture by the Spanish colonial authorities near Santa Fe , who sent Pike and his men to Chihuahua ( present-day Mexico ) , for interrogation . Later in 1807 , Pike and some of his men were escorted by the Spanish through Texas and released near American territory in Louisiana . In 1810 , Pike published an account of his expeditions , a book so popular that it was translated into Dutch , French , and German languages , for publication in Europe . He later achieved the rank of brigadier general in the American Army and served during the War of 1812 , until he was killed during the Battle of York , in April 1813 , outside the then British colonial capital of Upper Canada ( later Toronto , Ontario ) .
Ratón Pass is a 7,834 ft ( 2,388 m ) elevation mountain pass on the Colorado-New Mexico border in the western United States . Ratón is Spanish for mouse . It is located on the eastern side of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains between Trinidad , Colorado and Raton , New Mexico , approximately 180 miles ( 290 km ) northeast of Santa Fe . The pass crosses the line of volcanic mesas that extends east from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains along the state line , and furnishes the most direct land route between the valley of the Arkansas River to the north and the upper valley of the Canadian River , leading to Santa Fe , to the south . The pass now carries Interstate 25 and railroad tracks . The pass is a historically significant landmark on the Santa Fe Trail , a major 19th-century settlement route between Kansas City , Missouri and Santa Fe . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for this association .
Trinidad is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Las Animas County , Colorado , United States . The population was 9,096 as of the 2010 census , up slightly from 9,078 in 2000 . The estimate as of 2018 was 8,211 . Trinidad lies 21 mi ( 34 km ) north of Raton , New Mexico , and 195 mi ( 314 km ) south of Denver . It is on the historic Santa Fe Trail .
Raton ( /rəˈtoʊn/ rə-TONE ) is a city and the county seat of Colfax County in northeastern New Mexico . The city is located just south of Raton Pass . The city is also located approximately 6.5 miles south of the New Mexico/ Colorado border and 85 miles west of Texas .
Colfax County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,750 . Its county seat is Raton . It is south from the Colorado state line . This county was named for Schuyler Colfax ( 1823-1885 ) , seventeenth Vice President of the United States under U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant . Colfax County is the home of Philmont Scout Ranch and the NRA Whittington Center .
Red Rocks Park is a mountain park in Jefferson County , Colorado , owned and maintained by the city of Denver as part of the Denver Mountain Parks system . The park is known for its very large red sandstone outcrops . Many of these rock formations within the park have names , from the mushroom-shaped Seat of Pluto to the inclined Cave of the Seven Ladders . The most visited rocks , around the amphitheater , are Creation Rock to the north , Ship Rock to the south , and Stage Rock to the east . The red sandstone found throughout Red Rocks Park is geologically identified as belonging to the Fountain Formation . Other Colorado examples of Fountain Formation geology include nearby Roxborough State Park , Garden of the Gods near Colorado Springs , and the Flatirons near Boulder . The rocks were formed about 290-296 million years ago when the Ancestral Rocky Mountains were eroded during the Pennsylvanian epoch . Later , uplift during the Laramide orogeny tilted the rocks to the angle at which they sit today . An Army expedition led by Stephen Long discovered present day Red Rocks in 1820 . The park was in times far past a favored campsite of the Ute tribe for it provided natural cover from the elements . Its earliest known name was the Garden of the Angels , reputedly given to it on July 4 , 1870 , by Martin Van Buren Luther , a pioneer Colorado judge . It was renamed Garden of the Titans in 1906 by famed editor John Brisben Walker when he purchased the place with proceeds from his sale of Cosmopolitan Magazine ; John Brisben Walker organized concerts on a temporary platform at the Garden of the Titans .
The Town of Morrison is a Home Rule Municipality in Jefferson County , Colorado , United States . The population was 428 at the 2010 census . Red Rocks Amphitheatre is located nearby .
Jefferson County , is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado . As of the 2010 census , the population was 534,543 , making it the fourth-most populous county in Colorado . The county seat is Golden , and the most populous city is Lakewood . Jefferson County is included in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area . Located along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains , Jefferson County is adjacent to the state capital of Denver . In 2010 , the center of population of Colorado was located in Jefferson County . The county 's slogan is the Gateway to the Rocky Mountains , and it is commonly nicknamed Jeffco . The name Jeffco is incorporated in the name of the Jeffco School District , the Jeffco Business Center Metropolitan District No . 1 , and several businesses located in Jefferson County . Jeffco is also incorporated in the unofficial monikers of many Jefferson County agencies . The Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport operated by Jefferson County was previously known as the Jeffco Airport . A major employer in Jefferson County is the large Coors Brewing Company in Golden .
Beaver Meadows Visitor Center , also known as Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building , is a building in Rocky Mountain National Park that is nationally significant for its architecture .
Estes Park /ˈɛstɪs/ is a statutory town in Larimer County , Colorado , United States . A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park , Estes Park lies along the Big Thompson River . Estes Park had a population of 5,858 at the 2010 census . Landmarks include The Stanley Hotel and The Baldpate Inn . The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam .
Taliesin Associated Architects was an architectural firm founded by Frank Lloyd Wright to carry on his architectural vision after his death in 1959 . The firm disbanded in 2003 . It was headquartered at Taliesin West and had up to 14 principals who had all worked under Wright . One of their first major projects was the Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building , part of Mission 66 for the National Park Service . Along with original work such as the Kaden Tower ( originally Lincoln Tower , Louisville , Kentucky , 1966 ) , the firm completed several of Wright 's unbuilt designs , and performed renovation and expansion , for instance at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix . The first managing principal was Wright 's protégé and son-in-law William Wesley Peters , until his death in 1991 . Other TAA architects included Charles Montooth and John Rattenbury .
Frank Lloyd Wright ( June 8 , 1867 - April 9 , 1959 ) was an American architect , interior designer , writer , and educator , whose creative period spanned more than 70 years , designing more than 1,000 structures , of which 532 were completed . Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment , a philosophy he called organic architecture . This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater ( 1935 ) , which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture . As a founder of organic architecture , Wright played a key role in the architectural movements of the twentieth century , influencing three generations of architects worldwide through his works . Wright was the pioneer of what came to be called the Prairie School movement of architecture , and he also developed the concept of the Usonian home in Broadacre City , his unique vision for urban planning in the United States . In addition to his houses , Wright designed original and innovative offices , churches , schools , skyscrapers , hotels , museums , and other structures . He often designed interior elements for these buildings , as well , including furniture and stained glass . Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and Europe . Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time . In 2019 , a selection of his work became a listed World Heritage Site as The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright . Raised in rural Wisconsin , Wright studied civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin and then apprenticed in Chicago with noted architects Joseph Lyman Silsbee and Louis Sullivan . He opened his own successful Chicago practice in 1893 , and developed an influential home and studio in Oak Park , Illinois .
Mission 66 was a United States National Park Service ten-year program that was intended to dramatically expand Park Service visitor services by 1966 , in time for the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Park Service . When the National Park Service was created in 1916 , long-distance travel in North America was typically accomplished by train . There was no national road system , and airline travel was in its infancy . Railroads were closely involved in the development of visitor services at such parks as Grand Canyon National Park , Glacier National Park and Yellowstone National Park , and in many cases the railroads built and operated park visitor facilities . With the development of the US highway system as a public works project during the Great Depression , many previously remote parks became accessible via good roads and inexpensive automobiles . The explosion in prosperity following World War II brought a tide of automobile-borne tourists that the parks were ill-equipped to receive . By the mid-1950s it was apparent that massive investment in park infrastructure was required . Mission 66 was conceived as the means to accommodate increased visitor numbers and to provide high-quality interpretation services . While Mission 66 involved a variety of infrastructure projects such as roads , utilities and employee housing , the most visible components were interpretive facilities and visitor centers . Visitor centers were often the first point of contact between the Park Service and visitors , and the Park Service put considerable emphasis on the appropriate orientation and learning opportunities that visitor centers could provide .