International rankings of Iran
Industry and mining
Table:
Rankings

Name

Rank

Out of

Source

Notes

Year

World's Largest Petroleum Companies

2

World

Energy Intelligence[95]

The Iranian government-owned corporation of NIOC after Aramco is the world's second-largest petroleum company.

2008

World's largest mining companies

23

World

World Bank

Iran's national mining corporation (IMIDRO) is the world's 23rd largest mining company with 0.6% of the world's total mining production

2007

World's Largest State Owned Corporations

7

World

Financial Times

National Iranian Oil Company with a market capitalization of US$220 billion in 2006 ranked 7th worldwide.

2006

Industrial production growth rate

28

161

CIA World Factbook

Industrial growth rate of 4.0% annually; Alternatively put at 7.4% by Iranian government[13]

2009

List of countries by motor vehicle production

12

52

International Organization of Automobile Manufacturers

1,395,421 automobiles manufactured in 2009; During period 2000-2010 Iran after China had the highest growth in automobile manufacturing; Over 1.6 million vehicles & 1 million motorcycles were produced in 2010;[96] More info: Automotive industry in Iran

2009

High Technology Exports per capita

114

167

World Bank

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in nuclear, aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments and electrical machinery; Iran: ~1,461 $ per 1,000 people/Year

2004

Petrochemical production

45

World

Chemical & Engineering News

Iran is the world's 45th largest chemical producer with an annual production sale value of 7.8 billion dollars;[97][98][99][100] NIOC of Iran with ~1.67 million barrels per day (266,000 m3/d) ranks 11th globally in terms of total oil refining capacity;[101] NIPC of Iran plans to become world's second largest producer of chemicals by 2015,[102] Iran also plans to become world's second largest exporter of Polymers[103]

2008

Non-energy use of bitumen asphalt

6

130

United Nations

Annual use of 3,496,000 tonnes of asphalt

2005

Trademarks Per capita

33

142

World Bank

Trademarks are distinctive signs that identify/protect goods or services as those produced by an enterprise or individual; Iran: ~153 per 1 million people. More info: Intellectual property in Iran

2001

Non-energy use of lubricants

9

147

United Nations

770,000 tonnes of lubricants used annually

2005

Usage of naphtha by industry

13

45

United Nations

Annual use of 2,492,000 tonnes of naphtha

2005

Industrial electricity consumption per capita

73

171

United Nations

~692 kWh per capita/Year

2005

Industrial use of residual oil

5

142

United Nations

6,869,000 tonnes used/Year of residual oil

2005

Quantity of value added manufacturing

29

155

World Bank

21.22 billion constant year 2000 US$/Year of value added manufacturing

2005

Bagasse consumption by industry

27

80

United Nations

1,206,000 tonnes of Bagasse consumed by industry annually

2005

Diesel consumption by industry

15

128

United Nations

1,798,000 tonnes/Year

2005

Total lubricant production

10

86

United Nations

Annual lubricants production of 955,000 tonnes

2005

Natural gas consumption by chemical industry

9

66

United Nations

Annual usage of 138,966 Tera-joules

2005

Blast furnace gas consumption by industry

19

47

United Nations

10,102 Tera-joules of blast furnace gas consumed/Year

2005

Coal consumption by industry

42

89

United Nations

330,000 tonnes/Year

2005

Taking into account the provided table and the relevant paragraphs listed below.

Give the answer to the question: What year was the source founded that was the source for Iran 's number 12 rank in the category list of countries by motor vehicle production ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

A state-owned enterprise ( SOE ) is a business enterprise where the government or state has significant control through full , majority , or significant minority ownership . Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and operation in commercial affairs and activities . While they may also have public policy objectives ( e.g. , a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible ) , SOEs should be differentiated from government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely nonfinancial objectives .
The National Iranian Oil Company ( NIOC ; Persian : شرکت ملّی نفت ایران Sherkat-e Melli-ye Naft-e Īrān ) , is a government-owned national oil and natural gas producer and distributor under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran . NIOC was established in 1948 and restructured under The Consortium Agreement of 1954 . NIOC ranks as the world 's second largest oil company , after Saudi Arabia 's state-owned Aramco . The NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration , drilling , production , distribution and export of crude oil , as well as exploration , extraction and sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) . NIOC exports its surplus production according to commercial considerations determined by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and at the prices prevalent in the international markets . In early 2015 NIOC 's recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves was156.53 billion barrels ( 24.886 km3 ) ( 10% of world 's total ) and recoverable gas reserves were 33.79×1012 m3 ( 15% of world 's total ) . Current NIOC production capacities include over 4 million barrels ( 640×10^3 m3 ) of crude oil and in excess of 750 million cubic meters of natural gas per day . Iran 's overall export crude oil was valued at US $ 85 billion in 2010 . [ citation needed ]
Saudi Aramco ( Arabic : أرامكو السعودية ʾArāmkō al-Saʿūdiyyah ) , officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company ( formerly Arabian-American Oil Company ) , is a Saudi Arabian national petroleum and natural gas company based in Dhahran , Saudi Arabia . It is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue , and according to accounts seen by Bloomberg News , the most profitable company in the world . Saudi Aramco has both the world 's second-largest proven crude oil reserves , at more than 270 billion barrels ( 4.3×1010 m3 ) , and second-largest daily oil production . On 11 December 2019 , the company 's shares commenced trading on the Tadawul stock exchange . The shares rose to 35.2 riyals , giving it a market capitalisation of about $ 1.88 trillion , and surpassed the $ 2 trillion mark on the second day of trading . Saudi Aramco operates the world 's largest single hydrocarbon network , the Master Gas System . Its 2013 crude oil production total was 3.4 billion barrels ( 540,000,000 m3 ) , and it manages over one hundred oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia , including 288.4 trillion standard cubic feet ( scf ) of natural gas reserves . Saudi Aramco operates the Ghawar Field , the world 's largest onshore oil field , and the Safaniya Field , the world 's largest offshore oil field . On 9 April 2019 , Aramco issued $ 12 billion of bonds . Its first international bond issue received more than $ 100 billion in orders from foreign investors which breaks all records for a bond issue by an emerging market entity . On Wednesday , 12 June 2019 , Aramco reported its net income at $ 111.1 billion in 2018 compared to $ 75.9 billion in 2017 , with total revenues at $ 355.9 billion in 2018 .
The following is a list of notable companies in the petroleum industry that are engaged in petroleum exploration and production . The list is in alphabetical order by continent and then by country . This list does not include companies only involved in refining and marketing .
The World Bank ( French : Banque mondiale ) is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects . It comprises of two institutions : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , and the International Development Association ( IDA ) . The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group . The World Bank 's most recent stated goal is the reduction of poverty . As of November 2018 , the largest recipients of World Bank loans were India ( $ 859 million in 2018 ) and China ( $ 370 million in 2018 ) , through loans from IBRD .
Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development & Renovation , known as IMIDRO , is a major state-owned holding company active in the mining sector in Iran . IMIDRO has 8 major companies and 55 operational subsidiaries active in steel , aluminium , copper , cement and mineral exploitation fields . In 2002 IMIDRO and its subsidiaries had 49.3 thousand employees with a total asset value of 33.5 thousand billion Rials . In 2002 IMIDRO subsidiaries ' annual turnover value was estimated at 3.23 thousand billion Rials and their export at 448 million dollars in 2002 .
The following is a list of publicly traded companies having the greatest market capitalization . This list is primarily based on the Financial Times Global 500 . Market capitalization is calculated from the share price ( as recorded on selected day ) multiplied by the number of outstanding shares . Figures are converted into USD millions ( using rate from selected day ) to allow for comparison . Only companies with free float at least 15% are included , value of unlisted stock classes is excluded . Investment companies are not included in the list .
The Financial Times ( FT ) is an English-language international daily newspaper owned by Japanese company Nikkei , Inc. , headquartered in London , with a special emphasis on business and economic news . The paper was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley , and merged in 1945 with its closest rival , the Financial News ( which had been founded in 1884 ) . The Financial Times has a record paying readership of one million , three-quarters of which are digital subscriptions ( as of April 2019 ) . On 23 July 2015 , Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m ( $ 1.32 billion ) and the acquisition was completed on 30 November 2015 .
Market capitalization , commonly called market cap , is the market value of a publicly traded company 's outstanding shares . Market capitalization is equal to the share price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding . Since outstanding stock is bought and sold in public markets , capitalization could be used as an indicator of public opinion of a company 's net worth and is a determining factor in some forms of stock valuation . Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company . A firm 's choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt . A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value ( EV ) , which gives effect to outstanding debt , preferred stock , and other factors . For insurance firms , a value called the embedded value ( EV ) has been used . Market capitalization is used by the investment community in ranking the size of companies , as opposed to sales or total asset figures . It is also used in ranking the relative size of stock exchanges , being a measure of the sum of the market capitalizations of all companies listed on each stock exchange . In performing such rankings , the market capitalizations are calculated at some significant date , such as June 30 or December 31 . The total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators . The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US $ 51.2 trillion in January 2007 and rose as high as US $ 57.5 trillion in May 2008 before dropping below US $ 50 trillion in August 2008 and slightly above US $ 40 trillion in September 2008 .
This is a list of countries by industrial production growth rate mostly based on The World Factbook , accessed in December 2018 .
The World Factbook , also known as the CIA World Factbook , is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world . The official print version is available from the Government Printing Office . Other companies - such as Skyhorse Publishing - also print a paper edition . The Factbook is available in the form of a website that is partially updated every week . It is also available for download for use off-line . It provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics , geography , communications , government , economy , and military of each of 267 international entities including U.S.-recognized countries , dependencies , and other areas in the world . The World Factbook is prepared by the CIA for the use of U.S. government officials , and its style , format , coverage , and content are primarily designed to meet their requirements . However , it is frequently used as a resource for academic research papers and news articles . As a work of the U.S. government , it is in the public domain in the United States .
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران , romanized : Neẓām-e jomhūrī-e eslāmi-e Irān , known simply as Neẓām ( Persian : نظام , lit . 'the system ' ) , is the ruling state and current political system in Iran , in power since the Islamic revolution and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979 . Its constitution , adopted by a referendum , uses separation of powers model with Executive , Legislative , and Judicial systems , while the Supreme Leader is the country 's head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces . It is currently one of the four governments using the title Islamic republic .
This is a list of countries by motor vehicle production based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles ( OICA ) and other data from 2016 and earlier.Figures include passenger cars , light commercial vehicles , minibuses , trucks , buses and coaches .
The Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles , commonly abbreviated OICA ( English : International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers ) , founded 1919 in Paris , is an international trade association whose members are 39 national automotive industry trade associations . OICA facilitates communication among its member national automotive industry trade associations and advocates for policies and position of mutual interest to its members at the international level and to the general public .
The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design , development , manufacturing , marketing , and selling of motor vehicles . It is one of the world 's largest economic sectors by revenue . The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user , [ citation needed ] such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations . The word automotive comes from the Greek autos ( self ) , and Latin motivus ( of motion ) , referring to any form of self-powered vehicle . [ clarification needed ] This term , as proposed by Elmer Sperry [ need quotation to verify ] ( 1860-1930 ) , first came into use with reference to automobiles in 1898 .
Irans automotive industry is the third most active industry of the country , after its oil and gas industry , accounting for 10% of Iran 's GDP and 4% of the workforce ( 700,000 person ) . Iran developed a significant automotive industry with annual production of up to 200,000 units under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 's regime . But after the Iranian Revolution of 1979 production drastically decreased due to Iran-Iraq War and international sanctions . Since the early 2000s , automobile production in Iran has grown exponentially . Iran 's automobile production crossed the 1 million mark in 2007/2008 . Today , Iran is the 18th largest automaker in the world and one of the largest in Asia , with annual production of more than 1.6 million . In 2009 Iran ranked fifth in car production growth standing next to China , Taiwan , Romania and India . According to OICA statistics , production dropped dramatically to under 750,000 automobiles and commercial vehicles in 2013 . As of 2001 , there were 13 public and privately owned automakers in Iran , of which two - Iran Khodro and Saipa - accounted for 94% of the total domestic production . Iran Khodro , which produced the most prevalent car brand in the country - the Peykan , which has been replaced in 2005 by the Samand - , was still the larger with 61% of the market in 2001 , while Saipa contributed 33% of Iran 's total production in the same year . Iran Khodro is one of the largest car manufacturers in Asia . It has established joint-ventures with foreign partners on 4 continents .
High technology , or high tech ( sometimes also called frontier technology or frontier tech ) , is technology that is at the cutting edge : the most advanced technology available . The opposite of high tech is low technology , referring to simple , often traditional or mechanical technology ; for example , a slide rule is a low-tech calculating device . The phrase was used in a 1958 The New York Times story advocating atomic energy for Europe : . Western Europe , with its dense population and its high technology . Robert Metz used the term in a financial column in 1969 : Arthur H. Collins of Collins Radio ] controls a score of high technology patents in a variety of fields . and in a 1971 article used the abbreviated form , high tech . A widely used classification of high-technological manufacturing industries is provided by the OECD . It is based on the intensity of research and development activities used in these industries within OECD countries , resulting in four distinct categories . Startups working on high technologies ( or developing new high technologies ) are sometimes referred to as deep tech .
Research and development ( R & D , R+D , or R ' n 'D ) , known in Europe as research and technological development ( RTD ) , refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products , or improving existing services or products . Research and development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process . R & D activities differ from institution to institution , with two primary models of an R & D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products , or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or technological fields , which may facilitate future product development . R & D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit , and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment . However R & D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through the marketisation of new products .
The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals . It directly interfaces with the petroleum industry , especially the downstream sector . A major part is constituted by the plastics ( polymer ) industry .
Chemical & Engineering News ( C & EN ) is a weekly trade magazine published by the American Chemical Society , providing professional and technical information in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering . It includes information on recent news and research in these fields , career and employment information , business and industry news , government and policy news , funding in these fields , and special reports . The magazine is available to all members of the American Chemical Society . In addition , the front part of the magazine is available online for free for anyone to view , but a subscription is required to see further content .
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha , gasoline , diesel fuel , asphalt base , heating oil , kerosene , liquefied petroleum gas , jet fuel and fuel oils . Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need of using refined products of crude oil such as naphtha . Oil refineries are typically large , sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout , carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units , such as distillation columns . In many ways , oil refineries use much of the technology , and can be thought of , as types of chemical plants . The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant . There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products . Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks . Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location , desired products and economic considerations . An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry . Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels ( 127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters ) of crude oil per day . According to the Oil and Gas Journal in the world a total of 636 refineries were operated on the 31 December 2014 for a total capacity of 87.75 million barrels ( 13,951,000 m3 ) . Jamnagar Refinery is the largest oil refinery , since 25 December 2008 , with a processing capacity of 1.24 million barrels ( 197,000 m3 ) .
The National Petrochemical Company ( NPC ) ( Persian : شرکت ملی صنایع پتروشیمی ) , a subsidiary to the Iranian Petroleum Ministry , is owned by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran . It is responsible for the development and operation of the country 's petrochemical sector . Founded in 1964 , NPC began its activities by operating a small fertilizer plant in Shiraz . Today , NPC is the second largest producer and exporter of petrochemicals in the Middle East . Over these years , it has not only expanded the range and volume of its products , but it has also taken steps in areas such as R & D to achieve more self-sufficiency . Two special economic zones on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf have been developed to be home to the NPC 's new project . These two zones enjoy a good access to feedstock , infrastructural facilities , local and international markets and skilled manpower . Despite pressure being exerted on the Islamic Republic over its nuclear program , Tehran expects to see a surge in petrochemical exports from $ 5.5 billion in 2007 to a total of nearly $ 9 billion in 2008 . The Fourth Five-Year Plan ( 2005-10 ) calls for a fourfold expansion of petrochemical output , to 56 million tons per year .
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals . Central to the modern world economy , it converts raw materials ( oil , natural gas , air , water , metals , and minerals ) into more than 70,000 different products . The plastics industry contains some overlap , as most chemical companies produce plastic as well as other chemicals . Various professionals are deeply involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers , scientists , lab chemists , technicians , etc . As of 2018 , the chemical industry comprises approximately 15% of the US manufacturing economic sector .
A polymer ( /ˈpɒlɪmər/ ; Greek poly- , many + -mer , part ) is a large molecule , or macromolecule , composed of many repeated subunits . Due to their broad range of properties , both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life . Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function . Polymers , both natural and synthetic , are created via polymerization of many small molecules , known as monomers . Their consequently large molecular mass , relative to small molecule compounds , produces unique physical properties including toughness , viscoelasticity , and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures rather than crystals . The terms polymer and resin are often synonymous with plastic . The term polymer derives from the Greek word πολύς ( polus , meaning many , much ) and μέρος ( meros , meaning part ) , and refers to a molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units , from which originates a characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties . The units composing polymers derive , actually or conceptually , from molecules of low relative molecular mass . The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition . The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger , who spent the next decade finding experimental evidence for this hypothesis . Polymers are studied in the fields of biophysics and macromolecular science , and polymer science ( which includes polymer chemistry and polymer physics ) . Historically , products arising from the linkage of repeating units by covalent chemical bonds have been the primary focus of polymer science ; emerging important areas of the science now focus on non-covalent links .
The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security , develop friendly relations among nations , achieve international cooperation , and be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations . It is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City ; other main offices are in Geneva , Nairobi , Vienna and The Hague . The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars , succeeding the ineffective League of Nations . On 25 April 1945 , 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter , which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945 , when the UN began operations . Pursuant to the Charter , the organization 's objectives include maintaining international peace and security , protecting human rights , delivering humanitarian aid , promoting sustainable development , and upholding international law . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; this number grew to 193 in 2011 , representing the vast majority of the world 's sovereign states . The organization 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies . Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring , reporting and confidence-building roles . UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s . Since then , 80 former colonies have gained independence , including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council . By the 1970s , the UN 's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping .
Asphalt , also known as bitumen ( UK : /ˈbɪtjʊmɪn/ , US : /bɪˈtjuːmən , baɪ-/ ) , is a sticky , black , and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum . It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product , and is classed as a pitch . Before the 20th century , the term asphaltum was also used . The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos . The Pitch Lake is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world , estimated to contain 10 million tons . It is located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad , within the Siparia Regional Corporation . The primary use ( 70% ) of asphalt is in road construction , where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete . Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products , including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs . In material sciences and engineering , the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance , although there is regional variation as to which term is most common . Worldwide , geologists tend to favor the term bitumen for the naturally occurring material . For the manufactured material , which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils , bitumen is the prevalent term in much of the world ; however , in American English , asphalt is more commonly used . To help avoid confusion , the phrase liquid asphalt , asphalt binder , or asphalt cement is used in the U.S. Colloquially , various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as tar , as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits , although tar is a different material .
A trademark ( also written trade mark or trade-mark ) is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign , design , or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others , although trademarks used to identify services are usually called service marks . The trademark owner can be an individual , business organization , or any legal entity . A trademark may be located on a package , a label , a voucher , or on the product itself . For the sake of corporate identity , trademarks are often displayed on company buildings . It is legally recognized as a type of intellectual property . The first legislative act concerning trademarks was passed in 1266 under the reign of Henry III , requiring all bakers to use a distinctive mark for the bread they sold . [ citation needed ] The first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century . In France the first comprehensive trademark system in the world was passed into law in 1857 . The Trade Marks Act 1938 of the United Kingdom changed the system , permitting registration based on intent-to-use , creating an examination based process , and creating an application publication system . The 1938 Act , which served as a model for similar legislation elsewhere , contained other novel concepts such as associated trademarks , a consent to use system , a defensive mark system , and non claiming right system . The symbols ™ ( the trademark symbol ) and ® ( the registered trademark symbol ) can be used to indicate trademarks ; the latter is only for use by the owner of a trademark that has been registered .
Iran is a member of the WIPO since 2001 and has acceded to several WIPO intellectual property treaties . Iran joined the Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property ( Paris Convention ) in 1959 . In December 2003 Iran became a party to the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol for the International Registration of Marks . In 2005 Iran joined the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration , which ensures the protection of geographical names associated with products . As at February 2008 Iran had yet to accede to The Hague Agreement for the Protection of Industrial Designs .
A lubricant is a substance , usually organic , introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact , which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move . It may also have the function of transmitting forces , transporting foreign particles , or heating or cooling the surfaces . The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity . In addition to industrial applications , lubricants are used for many other purposes . Other uses include cooking ( oils and fats in use in frying pans , in baking to prevent food sticking ) , bioapplications on humans ( e.g . lubricants for artificial joints ) , ultrasound examination , medical examination . It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute to a better and efficient functioning of a mechanism .
Naphtha ( /ˈnæpθə/ or /ˈnæfθə/ ) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture . Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates , petroleum distillates , and the distillation of coal tar and peat . In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene . Mineral spirits , also historically known as naphtha , are not the same chemical . [ citation needed ] Nephi and naphthar are sometimes used as a synonyms .
Residual oil is oil found in low concentrations naturally or in exhausted oil fields . Often mixed with water , it can not be recovered by conventional techniques . However , part of it can be recovered using carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery ( CO2 EOR ) which involves injecting carbon dioxide into the well reducing viscosity and enhancing flow of the oil . The technique is not new but has not been used extensively on residual oil zones , low-grade deposits of petroleum such as the 40 square miles in the Permian Basin of Texas leased by Tiny Kamalabo . The technique is limited by availability of carbon dioxide . Carbon dioxide is injected and recycled as many times as possible , and stored in the depleted reservoir at the end of the life for the field . United States reserves of residual oil are estimated to be 100 billion barrels . With this much residual oil , reclaiming and upgrading it not only helps meet demand but also improves profitability for refineries . Finding effective options for extracting valuable fuels from the unwanted material is economically attractive . Some other methods used to upgrade residual oil are Deasphalting , Coking , Hydrocracking , Residue Hydrotreating , Resid FCC , and Visbreaking . Another method for upgrading and handling uses a devolatilization [ permanent dead link ] process to separate the quality oil and the asphaltene material .
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labor and machines , tools , chemical or biological processing or formulation and is the essence of secondary industry . The term may refer to a range of human activity from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied to industrial design , in which raw materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a large scale . Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other more complex products ( such as aircraft , household appliances , furniture , sports equipment or automobiles ) , or distributed via the tertiary industry to end users and consumers ( usually through wholesalers , who in turn sell to retailers , who then sell them to individual customers ) . Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product . The manufacturing process begins with the product design , and materials specification from which the product is made . These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part . Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product 's components . Some industries , such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead . The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design . Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation , General Electric , Procter & Gamble , General Dynamics , Boeing , Pfizer , and Precision Castparts . Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group , Siemens , FCA and Michelin . Examples in Asia include Toyota , Yamaha , Panasonic , LG , Samsung and Tata Motors .
Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap .
Blast furnace gas ( BFG ) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron . It has a very low heating value , about 93 BTU/cubic foot ( 3.5 MJ/m3 ) , because it consists of about 60 percent nitrogen and 18-20% carbon dioxide , which are not flammable . The rest is mostly carbon monoxide , which has a fairly low heating value already and some ( 2-4% ) hydrogen . It is commonly used as a fuel within the steel works , but it can be used in boilers and power plants equipped to burn it . It may be combined with natural gas or coke oven gas before combustion or a flame support with richer gas or oil is provided to sustain combustion . Particulate matter is removed so that it can be burned more cleanly . Blast furnace gas is sometimes flared without generating heat or electricity . Blast furnace gas is generated at higher pressure and at about 100-150 °C ( 212-302 °F ) in a modern blast furnace . This pressure is utilized to operate a generator ( Top-gas-pressure Recovery Turbine - i.e . TRT in short ) , which can generate electrical energy up to 35 kWh/t of pig iron without burning any fuel . Dry type TRTs can generate more power than wet type TRT . Auto ignition point of blast furnace gas is approximate 630-650 °C ( 1,166-1,202 °F ) and it has LEL ( Lower Explosive Limit ) of 27% & UEL ( Upper Explosive Limit ) of 75% in an air-gas mixture at normal temperature and pressure .