Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region
Previous Nominated Monuments
Table:
Name

Completion Date

Location

Construction type

Comments

Image

Former Catholic Seminary (旧羅典神学校)[14]
1875
Nagasaki
Timber-framed Brick
Important Cultural Property

Aosagaura Church (青砂ヶ浦天主堂)[15]
1910
Shinkamigotō
Brick
Important Cultural Property

Mementos of Father Marc Marie de Rotz (ド・ロ神父遺跡)

Nagasaki

Former Shitsu Aid Center (旧出津救助院)[16][17][18]

Nagasaki

Shelter, macaroni factory, and sardine processing area are all Important Cultural Properties

Dōzaki Church (堂崎教会)
1907
Gotō
Brick

Hōki Church (宝亀教会)
1899
Hirado
Wood/Brick

Christian tombstone (吉利支丹墓碑)[19]

Minamishimabara

Historic Site

Site of the Martyrdom of the 26 Saints of Japan (日本二十六聖人殉教地)
1864
Nagasaki

Site of Saint Dominic Church (サント・ドミンゴ教会跡)
1609
Nagasaki

Urakami Cathedral (浦上天主堂)
1959
Nagasaki
Reinforced concrete

Former Residence of Archbishop (旧大司教館)
1914
Nagasaki

Kaminoshima Church (神ノ島教会)
1897
Nagasaki
Brick

Kurosaki Church (黒崎教会)
1920
Nagasaki
Brick

Himosashi Church (紐差教会)
1929
Hirado
Reinforced concrete

Ōso Church (大曾教会)
1916
Shinkamigotō
Brick

Based on the following table along with the background passages listed at the end.

Respond to the question below: During what war was the city that is the location of the oldest known structure bombed ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Nagasaki ( Japanese : 長崎 , Long Cape ) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan . It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries and the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War . During World War II , the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and , to date , last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack ( at 11:02 am , August 9 , 1945 'Japan Standard Time ( UTC+9 ) ' ) . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 412,643 and a population density of 1,017 people per km² . The total area is 405.86 km2 ( 156.70 sq mi ) .
Timber framing and post-and-beam construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers , creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs . It is commonplace in wooden buildings through the 19th century . If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered , and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect . The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany . Timber framed houses are spread all over the country except in the southeast . The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut dimensional lumber . Hewing this with broadaxes , adzes , and draw knives and using hand-powered braces and augers ( brace and bit ) and other woodworking tools , artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building . Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world , many styles of historic framing have developed . These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation , walls , how and where the beams intersect , the use of curved timbers , and the roof framing details .
A brick is building material used to make walls , pavements and other elements in masonry construction . Traditionally , the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay , but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil , sand , and lime , or concrete materials . Bricks can be joined together using mortar , adhesives or by interlocking them . Bricks are produced in numerous classes , types , materials , and sizes which vary with region and time period , and are produced in bulk quantities . Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks . Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials , but is usually larger than a brick . Lightweight bricks ( also called lightweight blocks ) are made from expanded clay aggregate . Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials , sometimes referred to as artificial stone , and have been used since circa 4000 BC . Air-dried bricks , also known as mudbricks , have a history older than fired bricks , and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw . Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds , collectively known as brickwork , and may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure .
Shin-Kamigotō ( 新上五島町 , Shin-Kamigotō-chō ) is a town located in Minami-Matsuura District , Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . The town was established on August 1 , 2004 after the merger of the towns of Arikawa , Kamigotō , Narao , Shin-Uonome and Wakamatsu , all from Minami-Matsuura District . It occupies the two main islands of Nakadōri and Wakamatsu , which are connected by Wakamatsu Oohashi ( Wakamatsu Great Bridge ) via the small , unpopulated islet of Kaminakajima ( 上中島 ) , as well as several smaller islands , including the populated islands of Arifuku , Hinoshima , Ryōzegaura , Kashiragashima , and Kirinoko . Wakamatsu Island is connected at its northwestern extremity to Ryōzegaura Island by the Ryōzegaura Bridge , and Ryōzegaura Island is further linked with the islands of Arifuku and Hinoshima by breakwaters that allow traffic of automobiles . Kashiragashima Oohashi connects the eastern end of the main island of Nakadōri with Kashiragashima , on which the famous Kashiragashima Church and the defunct Kamigotō Airport are located . The islands that comprise the territory of Shin-Kamigotō Town also form the northeastern half of the Gotō Islands archipelago , which is the origin of the name Kamigotō ( literally , Upper Five Islands ) , in which Gotō ( Five Islands ) is the name of the entire archipelago , and Kami- ( Upper ) refers to the fact that this half of the archipelago is located closer to the Japanese capital relative to the southwestern half . The prefix Shin- ( 新 ) at the beginning of the town 's name means new , so its full name may be translated literally to English as New Upper Five Islands Town , though the name may be interpreted to refer to the town as a new and expanded version of the former Kamigotō Town , which was centered on the port of Aokata on the western side of the middle of Nakadōri Island . As of March 31 , 2017 , the town has an estimated population of 19,866 and a density of 93 persons per km2 . The total area is 213.98 km2 .
Gotō ( 五島市 , Gotō-shi ) is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . It comprises the south-west half of the Gotō Islands plus ( uninhabited ) Danjo and Hizen Torishima archipelagos in the East China Sea . Although the core islands of the city lay some 100 kilometers from Nagasaki , the other archipelagos lay 60 km further to South-West . The city consists of 11 inhabited and 52 uninhabited islands . The three main islands of the city are Fukue , Hisaka , and Naru . As of March 31 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 37,775 and a population density of 90 persons per km2 . The total area is 420.81 km2 .
Hirado ( 平戸市 , Hirado-shi ) , historically known as Firando is a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . The part historically named Hirado is located on Hirado Island . With recent mergers , the city 's boundaries have expanded , and Hirado now occupies parts of the main island of Kyushu . The components are connected by the Hirado Bridge . As of March 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 31,192 and a population density of 130 persons per km² . The total area is 235.63 km2 ( 91 square miles ) .
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants . It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression . Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees , or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs . [ citation needed ] In a living tree it performs a support function , enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves . It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves , other growing tissues , and the roots . Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties , and to material engineered from wood , or wood chips or fiber . Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel , as a construction material , for making tools and weapons , furniture and paper . More recently it emerged as a feedstock for the production of purified cellulose and its derivatives , such as cellophane and cellulose acetate . As of 2005 , the growing stock of forests worldwide was about 434 billion cubic meters , 47% of which was commercial . As an abundant , carbon-neutral renewable resource , woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy . In 1991 approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested . Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction .
Minamishimabara ( 南島原市 , Minami-Shimabara-shi , lit . South Shimabara City ) is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan . It occupies the southern tip of Shimabara Peninsula . As of 1 March 2017 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 45,465 and a population density of 270 persons per km² . The total area is 169.89 km² . [ citation needed ] The modern city of Minamishimabara was founded on March 31 , 2006 , from the merger of the towns of Arie , Fukae , Futsu , Kazusa , Kitaarima , Kuchinotsu , Minamiarima and Nishiarie ( all from Minamitakaki District ) . Minamitakaki District was dissolved as a result of this merger .
The Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan ( 日本二十六聖人 , Nihon Nijūroku Seijin ) were a group of Catholics who were executed by crucifixion on February 5 , 1597 , at Nagasaki . Their martyrdom is especially significant in the history of the Catholic Church in Japan . A promising beginning to Catholic missions in Japan - with perhaps as many as 300,000 Catholics by the end of the 16th century - met complications from competition between the missionary groups , political difficulty between Spain and Portugal , and factions within the government of Japan . Christianity was suppressed , and it was during this time that the 26 martyrs were executed . By 1630 , Catholicism had been driven underground . When Christian missionaries returned to Japan 250 years later , they found a community of hidden Catholics that had survived underground .
The Immaculate Conception Cathedral ( 無原罪の聖母司教座聖堂 ) also St. Mary 's Cathedral , often known as Urakami Cathedral ( Japanese : 浦上天主堂 , romanized : Urakami Tenshudō ) after its location Urakami , is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Motoomachi , Nagasaki , Japan .
Reinforced concrete ( RC ) ( also called reinforced cement concrete or RCC ) is a composite material in which concrete 's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility . The reinforcement is usually , though not necessarily , steel reinforcing bars ( rebar ) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets . Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure . Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel , polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not . Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed ( concrete in compression , reinforcement in tension ) , so as to improve the behaviour of the final structure under working loads . In the United States , the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning . For a strong , ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the following properties at least :