List of submissions to the 51st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Submissions
Table:
Submitting country
Film title used in nomination
Language(s)
Original title
Director(s)
Result

Brazil
The Lyre of Delight
Portuguese
A Lira do Delírio
Walter Lima Jr.

Not Nominated

Cuba
Viva el Presidente
Spanish
El Recurso del método
Miguel Littín

Not Nominated

Czechoslovakia
Nick Carter in Prague
Czech
Adéla ještě nevečeřela
Oldřich Lipský

Not Nominated

Denmark
Me and Charly
Danish
Mig og Charly
Morten Arnfred and Henning Kristiansen

Not Nominated

France
Get Out Your Handkerchiefs
French
Préparez vos mouchoirs
Bertrand Blier

Won Academy Award

West Germany
The Glass Cell
German
Die Gläserne Zelle
Hans W. Geißendörfer

Nominated

Hungary
Hungarians
Hungarian
Magyarok
Zoltán Fábri

Nominated

India
The Chess Players
Hindi, Urdu
Shatranj Ke Khilari शतरंज के खिलाड़ी
Satyajit Ray

Not Nominated

Israel
Lemon Popsicle
Hebrew
אסקימו לימון
Boaz Davidson

Not Nominated

Italy
Viva Italia!
Italian
I Nuovi mostri
Dino Risi, Ettore Scola and Mario Monicelli

Nominated

Japan
Empire of Passion
Japanese
愛の亡霊
Nagisa Oshima

Not Nominated

Kuwait
The Wedding of Zein
Arabic
عرس الزين
Khalid Al Siddiq

Not Nominated

Lebanon
Promise of Love
Armenian
Սիրո Խոստումը
Sarky Mouradian

Not Nominated

Mexico
The Place Without Limits
Spanish
El Lugar sin límites
Arturo Ripstein

Not Nominated

Netherlands
Pastorale 1943
Dutch
Pastorale 1943
Wim Verstappen

Not Nominated

Poland
Death of a President
Polish
Smierc prezydenta
Jerzy Kawalerowicz

Not Nominated

Spain
Somnambulists
Spanish
Sonámbulos
Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón

Not Nominated

Soviet Union
White Bim Black Ear
Russian
Белый Бим Черное ухо
Stanislav Rostotsky

Nominated

Yugoslavia
Occupation in 26 Pictures
Croatian, Italian
Okupacija u 26 slika
Lordan Zafranović

Not Nominated

Leveraging the table and the context snippets listed below.

Respond to the question below: What was the first name of the sympathizer in the film submitted by the country where Poznań is a major city ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .
The Lyre of Delight ( Portuguese : A Lira do Delírio ) is a 1978 Brazilian drama film directed by Walter Lima Jr . The film was selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Walter Lima Jr. ( born 26 November 1938 ) is a Brazilian film director and screenwriter . He has directed 17 films since 1965 . His 1969 film Brazil Year 2000 was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won a Silver Bear .
Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 .
The Recourse to the Method ( Spanish : El recurso del método ) is a Mexican-Cuban drama film directed by Chilean filmmaker Miguel Littín . It is based on the novel of the same name written by Alejo Carpentier . It was entered into the 1978 Cannes Film Festival . The film was also selected as the Cuban entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Miguel Ernesto Littin Cucumides ( born 9 August 1942 ) is a Chilean film director , screenwriter , film producer and novelist . He was born to a Palestinian father , Hernán Littin and a Greek mother , Cristina Cucumides .
Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Dinner for Adele ( Czech : Adéla ještě nevečeřela ) is a 1977 Czechoslovak comedy detective film directed by Oldřich Lipský . Alternative titles were Adele Has n't Had Her Dinner Yet , Nick Carter in Prague and Adele Has n't Had Her Supper Yet .
Oldřich Lipský ( 4 July 1924 - 19 October 1986 ) was a popular and influential Czech film director , brother of actor Lubomír Lipský .
Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .
Me and Charly ( Danish : Mig og Charly ) is a 1978 Danish drama film directed by Morten Arnfred and Henning Kristiansen . The film was selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Morten Arnfred ( born 2 August 1945 ) is a Danish film director and screenwriter . His 1983 film Der er et yndigt land was entered into the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival , where it won an Honourable Mention . Ten years later , his film The Russian Singer was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival .
Henning Kristiansen ( 2 July 1927 - 2 November 2006 ) was a Danish cinematographer and film director . He was nominated for a BAFTA award for Best Cinematography for Babette 's Feast .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Get Out Your Handkerchiefs ( French : Préparez vos mouchoirs ) is a 1978 French romantic comedy film directed by Bertrand Blier and starring Carole Laure , Gérard Depardieu , Patrick Dewaere and Riton Liebman . The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards . The film tells the story of a ménage à trois in which two men share a woman to cure her of an unexplained depression , with many symptoms . Eventually , she begins an affair with an underage boy . The film employs heavy references to historical musician Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , combined with the music of the film 's composer Georges Delerue , who won the César Award for Best Original Music . Get Out Your Handkerchiefs was a critical success .
Bertrand Blier ( French : [ bɛʁtʁɑ̃ blje ] ; born 14 March 1939 ) is a French film director and writer . His 1978 film Get Out Your Handkerchiefs won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards . He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier . His 1996 film Mon Homme was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival . His 2005 film How Much Do You Love Me ? was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director . A defence of Blier 's work until 2000 was written by Sue Harris , Queen Mary College , London and published in 2001 by Manchester University Press .
West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .
The Glass Cell ( German : Die gläserne Zelle ) is a 1978 West German crime film directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer , based on the 1964 novel of the same name by Patricia Highsmith . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards .
Hans W. Geißendörfer ( born 6 April 1941 in Augsburg ) is a German film director and producer . Director of The Glass Cell ( 1978 , starring Brigitte Fossey ) , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and 16 other films ( The Wild Duck starring Jean Seberg ; The Magic Mountain starring Rod Steiger ; Justice ) , he is creator of TV-Series Lindenstraße ( since 1985 ) . In 1970 , Geißendörfer won the Film Award in Gold at the Deutscher Filmpreis for Best New Direction for his first film Jonathan . In 1971 he directed the TV film Carlos , which starred Gottfried John and Anna Karina . His 1976 film The Sternstein Manor was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1992 his film Gudrun was entered into the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival where it won an Honourable Mention . His drama Snowland ( 2005 , starring Julia Jentsch and Thomas Kretschmann ) won the Special Grand Prize at the Montréal World Film Festival .
Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians .
Hungarians ( Hungarian : Magyarok ) is a 1978 Hungarian drama film directed by Zoltán Fábri . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards .
Zoltán Fábri ( 15 October 1917 - 23 August 1994 ) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter . His films The Boys of Paul Street ( 1969 ) and Hungarians ( 1978 ) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His 1965 film Twenty Hours shared the Grand Prix with War and Peace at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1969 film The Toth Family was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1975 film 141 Minutes from the Unfinished Sentence was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival , where he won a Special Prize for Directing . Fábri wanted to become an artist from an early age on . He studied painting and graduated at the Hungarian College of Fine Arts . He began working in the Hungarian film industry in 1950 as a production designer . He directed his first film Vihar ( Storm ) in 1951 . He became an internationally acclaimed director with his third feature Körhinta ( Merry Go-Round ) in 1956 . He continued directing and writing until the early 1980s . After his retirement from the film industry Fábri taught on the Hungarian University of Theatrical and Film Arts .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Shatranj Ke Khilari ( English : The Chess Players ) is a 1977 Indian film written and directed by Satyajit Ray , based on Munshi Premchand 's short story of the same name . Amjad Khan plays the role of Wajid Ali Shah , King of Awadh , and Richard Attenborough plays the role of General James Outram . The film also features the actors Sanjeev Kumar , Saeed Jaffrey , Shabana Azmi , David Abraham , and Tom Alter , as well as Amitabh Bachchan as the narrator . This is the first Hindi feature film of filmmaker Satyajit Ray and second being 'Sadgati'- another adaptation of Premchand 's short story .
Satyajit Ray ( Bengali pronunciation : [ ˈʃɔtːodʒit ˈrai̯ ] ( listen ) ; 2 May 1921 - 23 April 1992 ) was an Indian filmmaker , screenwriter , music composer , graphic artist , lyricist and author , widely regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of all time . Ray was born in Calcutta into a Bengali family which was prominent in the field of arts and literature . Starting his career as a commercial artist , Ray was drawn into independent filmmaking after meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica 's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves ( 1948 ) during a visit to London . Ray directed 36 films , including feature films , documentaries and shorts . He was also a fiction writer , publisher , illustrator , calligrapher , music composer , graphic designer and film critic . He authored several short stories and novels , meant primarily for young children and teenagers . Feluda , the sleuth , and Professor Shonku , the scientist in his science fiction stories , are popular fictional characters created by him . He was awarded an honorary degree by Oxford University . Ray 's first film , Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , won eleven international prizes , including the inaugural Best Human Document award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival . This film , along with Aparajito ( 1956 ) and Apur Sansar ( The World of Apu ) ( 1959 ) , form The Apu Trilogy . Ray did the scripting , casting , scoring , and editing , and designed his own credit titles and publicity material . Ray received many major awards in his career , including 32 Indian National Film Awards , a Golden Lion , a Golden Bear , 2 Silver Bears , a number of additional awards at international film festivals and award ceremonies , and an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 .
Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 .
Lemon Popsicle ( Israeli : Eskimo Limon , Hebrew : אסקימו לימון ) is a 1978 West German-Israeli comedy drama film co-written and directed by Boaz Davidson . The success of the film led to a series of sequels . The cult film follows a group of three teenage boys in the late 1950s Tel Aviv .
Boaz Davidson is an Israeli film director , producer and screenwriter . He was born in Tel Aviv , Israel and studied film in London at London Film School .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
I nuovi mostri ( English-language version : Viva l'Italia ! ; meaning of Italian original title : The new monsters ) is a 1977 commedia all'italiana film composed by 14 episodes , directed by Dino Risi , Ettore Scola and Mario Monicelli . It is a sequel of I mostri , made in 1963 . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards .
Dino Risi ( 23 December 1916 - 7 June 2008 ) was an Italian film director . With Mario Monicelli , Luigi Comencini , Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola , he was one of the masters of commedia all'italiana .
Ettore Scola ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈɛttore ˈskɔːla ] ; 10 May 1931 - 19 January 2016 ) was an Italian screenwriter and film director . He received a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film in 1978 for his film A Special Day and over the course of his film career was nominated for five Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film .
Mario Monicelli ( Italian : [ ˈmaːrjo moniˈtʃɛlli ] ; 16 May 1915 - 29 November 2010 ) was an Italian director and screenwriter and one of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana ( Comedy Italian style ) . He was nominated six times for an Oscar .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Empire of Passion ( 愛の亡霊 , Ai no Bōrei ) is a 1978 French-Japanese film produced , written and directed by Nagisa Ōshima , based on a novel by Itoko Nakamura . The film was a co-production between Oshima Prods . and Argos Films . It was released in France as Fantom Amour .
Nagisa Oshima ( 大島 渚 , Ōshima Nagisa , March 31 , 1932 - January 15 , 2013 ) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter . His films include In the Realm of the Senses ( 1976 ) , a sexually explicit film set in 1930s Japan , and Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence ( 1983 ) , about World War II prisoners of war held by the Japanese .
Kuwait ( /kʊˈweɪt/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : الكويت al-Kuwait , Gulf Arabic pronunciation : [ ɪl‿ɪkweːt ] or [ lɪkweːt ] ) , officially the State of Kuwait ( Arabic : دولة الكويت Dawlat al-Kuwait ) , is a country in Western Asia . Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf , it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kuwait has a population of 4.5 million people : 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are expatriates . Expatriates account for approximately 70% of the population . Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938 . In 1946 , crude oil was exported for the first time . From 1946 to 1982 , the country underwent large-scale modernization . In the 1980s , Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash . In 1990 , Kuwait was invaded , and later annexed , by Saddam 's Iraq . The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States . Kuwait is a major non-NATO ally of the United States . It is also a major ally of ASEAN , while maintaining a strong relationship with China .
The Wedding of Zein ( Arabic : عرس الزين , translit . Urs Al-Zayn ) is a 1976 Kuwaiti drama film directed by Khalid Al Siddiq . It is based on the novel of the same name . The film was selected as the Kuwaiti entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era .
Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .
The Place Without Limits ( Spanish : El lugar sin límites , also released as Hell Without Limits ) is a 1978 Mexican drama film directed by Arturo Ripstein , produced in Mexico and based on the 1966 novel of the same name written by Chilean José Donoso . The film was selected selected by Mexico as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . In July 2018 , it was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival .
Arturo Ripstein y Rosen ( born December 13 , 1943 ) is a Mexican film director .
The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' .
Pastorale 1943 is a 1978 Dutch drama film directed by Wim Verstappen and starring Frederik de Groot . The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Wim Verstappen ( 4 May 1937 - 24 July 2004 ) was a Dutch film director and producer , television director , and screen writer . Verstappen grew up on Curaçao . He started at the Netherlands Film and Television Academy in 1961 , and released his first movie in 1966 , De minder gelukkige terugkeer van Joszef Katus naar het land van Rembrandt . He joined the editorial staff of the film magazine Skoop in 1964 , working alongside Nicolai van der Heyde , Gied Jaspars , and Pim de la Parra . From 1966 on he directed and produced films with De la Parra , and in 1967 they founded a production company , Scorpio Films , becoming known as 'Pim & Wim ' . Among their productions was the 1971 explicit film Blue Movie , which led to the abolition of the Dutch film rating system for adults . After the demise of Scorpio Films , Verstappen directed two films based on novels by Simon Vestdijk , Pastorale 1943 ( 1978 ) and Het verboden bacchanaal ( 1981 ) . While the first was a commercial success , drawing an audience of over a million , the second film flopped , as did two later film , De Zwarte Ruiter ( 1983 ) and De Ratelrat ( 1987 ) . Verstappen stopped directing films and focused on film rights , founding an organization to secure authors ' copyrights . In 1992 he was awarded the Dutch Filmmuseum Award for his contributions to the Dutch film industry , and in 1995 he received a Golden Calf for his body of work . He died of cancer in 2004 .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
Death of a President ( Polish : Śmierć prezydenta ) is a 1977 Polish drama film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz . It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution . The film was also selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film depicts the 1922 assassination of the first President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz by artist and Endecja sympathizer Eligiusz Niewiadomski .
Jerzy Franciszek Kawalerowicz ( 19 January 1922 - 27 December 2007 ) was a Polish film director and politician , having been a member of Polish United Workers ' Party from 1954 until its dissolution in 1990 and a deputy in Polish parliament since 1985 until 1989 .
Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals .
Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón ( Torrelavega , Cantabria 2 January 1940 ) is a Spanish screenwriter and film director . His 1973 film Habla , mudita was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival . In 1977 , he won the Silver Bear for Best Director for Camada negra at the 27th Berlin International Film Festival . His 1979 film El corazón del bosque was entered into the 29th Berlin International Film Festival . Two years later , his film Maravillas was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival . His 1982 film Demons in the Garden was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won the FIPRESCI Prize . In 1991 he was a member of the jury at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival . In 1995 his film King of the River was entered into the 45th Berlin International Film Festival . Gutiérrez Aragón was elected to Seat F of the Real Academia Española on 16 April 2015 , he took up his seat on 24 January 2016 .
The Soviet Union , [ b ] officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or СССР ) , [ c ] was a federal sovereign state in northern Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics , [ d ] in practice its government and economy were highly centralized . The country was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) . Other major urban centers were Leningrad , Kiev , Minsk , Tashkent , Alma-Ata , and Novosibirsk . It spanned over 10,000 kilometers ( 6,200 mi ) east to west across 11 time zones , and over 7,200 kilometers ( 4,500 mi ) north to south . Its territory included much of Eastern Europe , as well as part of Northern Europe and all of Northern and Central Asia . It had five climate zones : tundra , taiga , steppes , desert and mountains . The Soviet Union had its roots in the 1917 October Revolution , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced the autocratic regime of Tsar Nicholas II during World War I . In 1922 , after a civil war ending in the Bolsheviks ' victory , the USSR was formed by a treaty which united the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin formalized the Communist Party 's ideology of Marxism-Leninism and replaced the market economy with a command economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . During this period , rapid economic development resulted in dramatic improvements in the average standard of living , particularly in urban areas .
White Bim Black Ear ( Russian : Белый Бим Чёрное ухо , translit . Belyy Bim , Chyornoe ukho ) is a 1977 Soviet drama film directed by Stanislav Rostotsky . It is based upon the book of the same name , written by Gavriil Troyepolsky and is about an English Setter with a black ear who becomes homeless because of his master 's illness . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards .
Stanislav Iosifovich Rostotsky ( Russian : Станислав Иосифович Ростоцкий ; 21 April 1922 , in Rybinsk - 10 August 2001 , in Vyborg ) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter , the recipient of the two USSR State Prizes and a Lenin Prize . He was named People 's Artist of the USSR in 1974 .
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics .
Occupation in 26 Pictures , also known as Occupation in 26 Tableaux ( Croatian : Okupacija u 26 slika ) , is a 1978 Yugoslavian war film directed by Lordan Zafranović . It was entered into the 1979 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Yugoslav entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Lordan Zafranović ( born 11 February 1944 ) is a Czech-Croatian film director , and a major figure of the Yugoslav Black Wave . He lives in Prague and Zagreb .