List of French Open women's singles champions
Statistics -- Champions by country
Table:
Country

Amateur Era

Open Era

All-time

First title

Last title

France (FRA)
29
1
30
1897
2000

United States (USA)
14
15
29
1928
2015

Australia (AUS)
4
5
9
1962
2019

Great Britain (GBR)
7
1
8
1933
1976

Germany (GER)[l]
1
6
7
1931
1999

Russia (RUS)
0
4
4
2004
2014

Yugoslavia (YUG) ¤
0
4
4
1977
1992

Belgium (BEL)
0
4
4
2003
2007

Spain (ESP)
0
4
4
1989
2016

Germany (GER)
3
0
3
1935
1937

West Germany (FRG) ¤[k]
0
2
2
1987
1988

Romania (ROU)
0
2
2
1978
2018

Netherlands (NED)
1
0
1
1927
1927

Hungary (HUN)
1
0
1
1958
1958

Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[h]
0
1
1
1981
1981

Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
1997
1997

Serbia (SRB)
0
1
1
2008
2008

Italy (ITA)
0
1
1
2010
2010

China (CHN)
0
1
1
2011
2011

Latvia (LAT)
0
1
1
2017
2017

By analysing the tabular data together with the textual context below.

Solve the question: when was the last title of the country that is a little bit smaller than all of Europe ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
The French Open ( French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis ) , also called Roland-Garros ( French : [ ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos ] ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France , beginning in late May . The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros . It is the premier clay court tennis championship tournament in the world and the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam tournament held on clay , and it is the conclusion of the spring clay court season . Before the Australian Open and the US Open were converted into hardcourt , the French Open was the lone non-grass tournament . Between the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .
The 2000 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June . It was the 104th staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 2000 .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
The 1928 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay ourts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 24 May until 4 June . It was the 33rd staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was the first tournament held at the new Roland-Garros stadium which was built during the winter of 1927/1928 . In the women 's singles , Helen Wills Moody became the first American to win the singles event .
The 2015 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 119th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 24 May to 7 June and consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Rafael Nadal was the five-time defending champion in the Men 's Singles , but lost to Novak Djokovic in the quarter finals . Stan Wawrinka won his first French Open title , defeating Djokovic in the final . Maria Sharapova was defending the Women 's Singles title , but lost to Lucie Šafářová in the fourth round . Serena Williams defeated Šafářová in the final and won her third French Open title , 20th Grand Slam Singles title , and third Career Grand Slam .
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) .
The 1962 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 21 May until 2 June . It was the 66th staging of the French Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1962 . Rod Laver and Margaret Smith won the singles titles .
The 2019 French Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was held at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from 26 May to 9 June , comprising singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair tournaments are also scheduled . Rafael Nadal was the defending champion in men 's singles and won a record 12th French Open singles title . Simona Halep was the defending champion in the women 's singles , but lost in the quarterfinals . It was the 123rd edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of 2019 . The main singles draws included 16 qualifiers for men and 12 for women out of 128 players in each draw . This was in contrast to two other Grand Slam tournaments - the Australian Open and Wimbledon , which from 2019 increased the number of women qualifiers to 16 , to match with the US Open . 2019 was the final year in which there was no roof on any of the French tennis courts . On 5 June 2019 , the entire day 's tennis was washed out due to heavy rain . It is also the only Grand Slam to retain the advantage set in the final sets , whereas Australian Open and Wimbledon have now switched to tiebreaks .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
The 1933 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 25 May until 5 June . It was the 38th staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year . Jack Crawford and Margaret Scriven won the singles title .
The 1976 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 31 May until 14 June . It was the 80th staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1976 .
Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights .
The 1999 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 24 May until 6 June . It was the 103rd staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1999 .
Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state .
The 2004 French Open was the 108th edition of the tournament . Gastón Gaudio became the first men 's Open Era Grand Slam title winner to save two match points in the final ; the last time that had happened was 70 years earlier . Gaudio also became the first Argentine man since Guillermo Vilas to win a grand slam , in 1979 . Fellow Argentine Guillermo Coria , widely regarded as the favourite and best clay court player in the world coming into the tournament , was seeded 3rd for the event , whereas Gaudio was unseeded ( ranked 44th ) and with only two titles to his name , both of which he had won over two years before . After winning the first two sets convincingly , Coria began suffering from leg cramps . Gaudio won the next two sets ; however , Coria came back and was up two breaks of serve in the final set . Coria had two match points at 6-5 before Gaudio prevailed 0-6 , 3-6 , 6-4 , 6-1 , 8-6 . Gaudio also became the first man to win a Grand Slam tournament final after being bagelled in the first set . The tournament was noted for the excellent performance of the Argentine players - in addition to the two finalists , there were a semifinalist ( David Nalbandian ) and a quarterfinalist ( Juan Ignacio Chela ) . It was also highlighted by a first round match between Fabrice Santoro and Arnaud Clément , lasting 6 hours and 33 minutes and ending in Clement 's defeat 6-4 , 6-3 , 6-7 , 3-6 , 16-14 , setting a new record for the longest singles match in the open era , [ citation needed ] which would stand until Wimbledon 2010 . It was also the last Grand Slam tournament to feature neither Roger Federer nor Rafael Nadal in the semi-finals until the 2012 US Open . In the women 's draw , Anastasia Myskina became first Russian female tennis player to win a Grand Slam title .
The 2014 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 118th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 25 May to 8 June . It consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Rafael Nadal was the four-time defending champion in the men 's singles and defeated Novak Djokovic in the men 's singles final to win his 9th French Open title and his 14th Grand Slam title . The victory made Nadal the first tennis player to have won 5 consecutive French Open titles , in addition to becoming the only man with at least one Grand Slam title in 10 consecutive years . Serena Williams was the defending women 's singles champion . Williams failed to defend her title , losing to Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round . Maria Sharapova won the women 's singles , defeating Simona Halep to win her second French Open title and her 5th Grand Slam title . This was first time that both singles winners of the Australian Open ( Li Na and Stanislas Wawrinka ) lost in the first round of the French Open . Also , for the first time at any Grand Slam event in the Open era , the top three women 's seeds ( Williams , Li , and Agnieszka Radwańska ) all failed to reach the fourth round .
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics .
The 1977 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 23 May until 5 June . It was the 81st staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1977 .
The 1992 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 25 May until 7 June . It was the 96th staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1992 . This was the last time both the top seeds won the men 's singles and women 's singles until the 2018 French Open .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
The 2003 French Open was the second Grand Slam event of 2003 and the 107th edition of the French Open . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from May 26 through June 8 , 2003 . Both Albert Costa and Serena Williams were unsuccessful in their title defences , both being defeated in the semi-finals by eventual champions Juan Carlos Ferrero and Justine Henin-Hardenne respectively . Ferrero won his first Grand Slam title , defeating Martin Verkerk in the final , and Henin-Hardenne , who had previously won the event in 1997 as a junior , won after defeating Serena Williams , who had won the previous four Grand Slam events , in the semi-final and compatriot and rival Kim Clijsters in the final in straight sets . For Henin-Hardenne , it was the first of seven Grand Slam titles , and the first of four French Open titles .
The 2007 French Open ( Roland Garros ) was held in Paris , France from 27 May through to 10 June 2007 . Rafael Nadal became the first man to win the tournament 3 times consecutively since Björn Borg , 1978-81 ; and maintained his unbeaten run at Roland Garros . Justine Henin also equaled Monica Seles ' record of three consecutive wins . This was the third straight year that Rafael Nadal and Justine Henin won the French Open singles titles .
Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals .
The 1989 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June . It was the 93rd staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1989 . For the first time in French Open history the Singles championships were won by two teenagers - Michael Chang ( 17 years , 3 months ) and Arantxa Sánchez ( 17 years , 6 months ) . Chang still holds the record for youngest ever male Grand Slam singles title winner . He gained admirers for his audacious style of play and battling qualities . Sánchez broke the record for the youngest champion at Roland Garros , a record bettered the following year by Monica Seles ( 16 years , 6 months ) . Sánchez 's victory made her only the seventh woman to win a Grand Slam tournament in the 1980s ; the others being Martina Navratilova , Chris Evert , Tracy Austin , Evonne Goolagong , Steffi Graf and Hana Mandlíková . Steffi Graf 's loss in the women 's final was her only Grand Slam defeat in two years . She won eight of the nine Grand Slam tournaments from the 1988 Australian Open - 1990 Australian Open . This prevented her from completing a second consecutive Grand Slam and was her 9th Grand Slam final on her record run of 13 finals . One notable débutant was Monica Seles , appearing in her first Grand Slam .
The 2016 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 120th edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 22 May to 5 June and consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Novak Djokovic won the men 's singles in the 2016 edition . Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion in men 's singles , but he lost to Andy Murray in the semifinals . Serena Williams was the defending champion in the women 's singles , but she lost to Garbiñe Muguruza in the final . Roger Federer withdrew before the tournament due to a knee injury , making this tournament the first Grand Slam he missed since the 2000 Australian Open . Furthermore , nine-time champion Rafael Nadal withdrew during the tournament due to injury , for the first time in his French Open career . Novak Djokovic 's victory at this tournament in his 20th Grand Slam final completed his career Grand Slam of all four major tournaments , the eighth man to do so in singles and the fifth since the start of the Open Era ( after Rod Laver , Andre Agassi , Roger Federer , and Rafael Nadal ) . Djokovic also achieved a non-calendar year Grand Slam , becoming the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once . The victory by Garbiñe Muguruza was her first Grand Slam win in her second Grand Slam final .
Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945 , when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) controlled the country through a dictatorship . Under Hitler 's rule , Germany became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich ( Greater German Reich ) from 1943 to 1945 . Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich ( Drittes Reich ) , meaning Third Realm or Third Empire , the first two being the Holy Roman Empire ( 800-1806 ) and the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) . The Nazi regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic , Paul von Hindenburg , on 30 January 1933 . The NSDAP then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power . Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency . A national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer ( leader ) of Germany . All power was centralised in Hitler 's person and his word became the highest law . The government was not a coordinated , co-operating body , but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitler 's favour . In the midst of the Great Depression , the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy .
The 1935 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 21 May until 2 June . It was the 40th staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year . Fred Perry and Hilde Sperling won the singles titles .
The 1937 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 18 May until 30 May . It was the 42nd staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year .
West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .
The 1987 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 25 May until 7 June . It was the 91st staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1987 . The event was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix and 1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series .
The 1988 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 23 May until 5 June . It was the 92nd staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1988 .
Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania .
The 1978 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 29 May until 11 June . It was the 82nd staging of the French Open , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1978 .
The 2018 French Open was a Grand Slam tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from 27 May to 10 June and consisted of events for players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Rafael Nadal ( Spain ) was the defending champion in the Men 's Singles and won his 11th French Open title . Simona Halep ( Romania ) won her first Grand Slam title in Women 's Singles . It was the 122nd edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of 2018 . Jeļena Ostapenko was the defending champion in the Women 's Singles but lost in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova . This was the first French Open since 1992 that both the men 's and the women 's singles competitions were won by the top seeds .
The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' .
The 1927 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Francais in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 27 May until 5 June . It was the 32nd staging of the French Championships and the second Grand Slam tournament of the year . Kea Bouman and René Lacoste won the singles titles . Bouman became the first foreign woman to win the women 's singles event and the first , and to date only , Dutch woman to win a Grand Slam singles title .
Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians .
The 1958 French Championships ( now known as the French Open ) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 20 May until 31 May . It was the 62nd staging of the French Championships , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1958 . Mervyn Rose and Zsuzsi Körmöczy won the singles titles .
Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
The 1981 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament ran from 25 May until 7 June . It was the 85th staging of the French Open , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1981 .
Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia .
The 1997 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France . The tournament was held from 26 May until 8 June . It was the 101st staging of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1997 .
Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community .
The 2008 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 112th edition of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from 25 May until 8 June 2008 . Justine Henin did not defend her trophy due to her retirement from the sport on May 14 . Ana Ivanovic , the runner-up to Henin in 2007 , won the Women 's Singles . On the men 's side , Rafael Nadal won the Men 's Singles , and equalled Björn Borg 's record of four consecutive French Open titles in the open era . [ citation needed ] Other competitions included men and women 's doubles , junior singles and doubles as well as wheelchair and 'veteran ' competitions . The 2008 edition marked the first time in the Open Era no American man or woman reached the singles ' quarterfinals at Roland Garros .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
The 2010 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 114th edition of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from 23 May through 6 June 2010 . Roger Federer and Svetlana Kuznetsova were the defending champions . Federer lost to Robin Söderling in the quarterfinals , while Kuznetsova lost to Maria Kirilenko in the third round . The 2010 French Open also featured the return of four-time champion Justine Henin , who retired immediately before the 2008 French Open , where she was the 3-time defending champion .
China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II .
The 2011 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 115th edition of the French Open , and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris , France , from 22 May to 5 June 2011 . Rafael Nadal successfully defended his 2010 title , defeating rival Roger Federer in the final to win his sixth French Open title . Francesca Schiavone was narrowly unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated by Li Na in the final . Li became the first female Asian to win a Grand Slam singles title .
Latvia ( /ˈlɑːtviə/ or /ˈlætviə/ ( listen ) ; Latvian : Latvija [ ˈlatvija ] , Livonian : Lețmō ) , officially known as the Republic of Latvia ( Latvian : Latvijas Republika , Livonian : Lețmō Vabāmō ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe . Since its independence , Latvia has been referred to as one of the Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , Belarus to the southeast , and shares a maritime border with Sweden to the west . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 ( 24,938 sq mi ) . The country has a temperate seasonal climate . The Baltic Sea moderates climate , although it has four distinct seasons and snowy winters . After centuries of Swedish , Polish and Russian rule , a rule mainly executed by the Baltic German aristocracy , the Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I . However , by the 1930s the country became increasingly autocratic after the coup in 1934 establishing an authoritarian regime under Kārlis Ulmanis . The country 's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II , beginning with Latvia 's forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union , followed by the invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and the re-occupation by the Soviets in 1944 ( Courland Pocket in 1945 ) to form the Latvian SSR for the next 45 years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation from Soviet rule and condemning the Communist regime 's illegal takeover . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 . Latvia is a democratic sovereign state , parliamentary republic and a very highly developed country according to the United Nations Human Development Index .
The 2017 French Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts . It was the 121st edition of the French Open and the second Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the Stade Roland Garros from 28 May to 11 June and consisted of events for players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players also took part in singles and doubles events . Novak Djokovic was the defending champion in the Men 's Singles , but he lost in the quarter-finals to Dominic Thiem . Garbiñe Muguruza was the defending champion in the Women 's Singles , but she lost in the 4th Round to Kristina Mladenovic . This was the first time since 1974 French Open that both reigning champions of the Australian Open ( Serena Williams and Roger Federer ) withdrew before the tournament began .