List of submissions to the 39th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Submissions
Table:
Submitting country
Film title used in nomination
Language(s)
Original title
Director(s)
Result

Czechoslovakia
Loves of a Blonde
Czech
Lásky jedné plavovlásky
Miloš Forman

Nominated

Denmark
Hunger
Danish
Sult
Henning Carlsen

Not Nominated

Egypt
Cairo 30
Arabic
القاهرة 30
Salah Abu Seif

Not Nominated

France
A Man and a Woman
French
Un homme et une femme
Claude Lelouch

Won Academy Award

West Germany
Young Törless
German
Der junge Törless
Volker Schlöndorff

Not Nominated

Greece
Queen of Clubs
Greek
Ντάμα σπαθί
George Skalenakis

Not Nominated

Hong Kong
Come Drink with Me
Mandarin
大醉俠
King Hu

Not Nominated

Hungary
The Round-Up
Hungarian
Szegénylegények
Miklós Jancsó

Not Nominated

India
Amrapali
Hindi
Amrapali
Lekh Tandon

Not Nominated

Israel
The Flying Matchmaker
Hebrew
שני קוני למל
Israel Becker

Not Nominated

Italy
The Battle of Algiers
French, Arabic
La Battaglia di Algeri
Gillo Pontecorvo

Nominated

Japan
Koto
Japanese
湖の琴
Tomotaka Tasaka

Not Nominated

South Korea
Rice
Korean
쌀
Shin Sang-ok

Not Nominated

Mexico
Black Wind
Spanish
Viento negro
Servando González

Not Nominated

Poland
Pharaoh
Polish
Faraon
Jerzy Kawalerowicz

Nominated

Romania
The Uprising
Romanian
Răscoala
Mircea Mureșan

Not Nominated

Sweden
Persona
Swedish
Persona
Ingmar Bergman

Not Nominated

Taiwan
The Silent Wife
Mandarin
哑女情深
Hsing Lee

Not Nominated

Yugoslavia
Three
Serbo-Croatian
Tri
Aleksandar Petrović

Nominated

By analysing the accompanying table plus the supporting text provided.

Respond to the question below: what is the language of the film by the director born 6/4/1927 ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Loves of a Blonde ( Czech : Lásky jedné plavovlásky ) , also known as A Blonde in Love , is a 1965 Czechoslovak ensemble comedy film directed by Miloš Forman that follows a young woman , Andula , who has a routine job in a shoe factory in provincial Czechoslovakia , and her attempts at forging a romantic relationship . Forman based his story on a real-world incident from his past and the filmmakers focused much of their attention on trying to create a real-life look and feel by filming on location in a small Czech town with a shoe factory of its own , utilizing a largely non-professional cast , relying on a considerable amount of dialogue improvisation , and employing documentary-style cinematographic techniques . Upon its release , Loves of a Blonde was a popular success in its home country and was shown at some major film festivals , where it was well-received , garnering a number of nominations and awards . Critical response was largely positive , although some reviewers were less enthusiastic than others . The film is now considered one of the most significant examples of the Czech New Wave , a movement which took advantage of a temporary relaxation of totalitarian control over creative artists to use cinema as a means to explore new narrative strategies while making pointed critiques of social and political conditions behind the Iron Curtain . Loves of a Blonde was nominated for the 1966 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film .
Czech ( /tʃɛk/ ; Czech čeština [ ˈtʃɛʃcɪna ] ) , historically also Bohemian ( /boʊˈhiːmiən , bə-/ ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) is a West Slavic language of the Czech-Slovak group . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree , as well as Polish . Like other Slavic languages , Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order . Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German . The Czech-Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period , and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech-Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period . In the later 18th to mid-19th century , the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The main non-standard variety , known as Common Czech , is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken as an interdialect throughout most of the Czech Republic . The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech , although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak . Czech has a moderately-sized phoneme inventory , comprising ten monophthongs , three diphthongs and 25 consonants ( divided into hard , neutral and soft categories ) . Words may contain complicated consonant clusters or lack vowels altogether . Czech has a raised alveolar trill , which is known to occur as a phoneme in only a few other languages , represented by the grapheme ř. Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model .
Jan Tomáš Miloš Forman ( /ˈmiːloʊʃ/ ; Czech : [ ˈmɪloʃ ˈforman ] ; 18 February 1932 - 13 April 2018 ) was a Czech-American film director , screenwriter , actor , and professor who rose to fame in his native Czechoslovakia before emigrating to the United States in 1968 . Forman was an important figure in the Czechoslovak New Wave . Film scholars and Czechoslovakian authorities saw his 1967 film The Firemen 's Ball as a biting satire on Eastern European Communism , and it was banned for many years in his home country . He left Czechoslovakia for the United States , and his films One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) and Amadeus ( 1984 ) acquired particular renown and for both films he won the Academy Award for Best Director . One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest was the second film to win all five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Actor in Leading Role , Actress in Leading Role , Director , and Screenplay ) . Forman also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Director for The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) . He also won Golden Globe , Cannes , Berlinale , BAFTA , Cesar , David di Donatello , European Film Academy , and Czech Lion awards .
Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .
Hunger ( Danish : Sult , Swedish : Svält ) is a 1966 black-and-white drama film directed by Denmark 's Henning Carlsen , starring Swedish actor Per Oscarsson , and based upon the novel Hunger by Norwegian Nobel Prize-winning author Knut Hamsun . Filmed on location in Oslo , it was the first film produced as a cooperative effort among the three Scandinavian countries . With its stark focus on a life of poverty and desperation , the film is considered a masterpiece of social realism . Film historians suggest it is the first Danish film to gain serious international attention since the work of Carl Theodor Dreyer . It is one of the ten films listed in Denmark 's cultural canon by the Danish Ministry of Culture .
Danish ( /ˈdeɪnɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; dansk pronounced [ ˈtænˀsk ] ( listen ) , dansk sprog [ ˈtænˀsk ˈspʁɔu̯ˀ ] ) is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people , principally in Denmark , Greenland and in the region of Southern Schleswig in northern Germany , where it has minority language status . Also , minor Danish-speaking communities are found in Norway , Sweden , Spain , the United States , Canada , Brazil , and Argentina . Due to immigration and language shift in urban areas , around 15-20% of the population of Greenland speak Danish as their first language . Along with the other North Germanic languages , Danish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples who lived in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . Danish , together with Swedish , derives from the East Norse dialect group , while the Middle Norwegian language before the influence of Danish and Norwegian Bokmål are classified as West Norse along with Faroese and Icelandic . A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish as mainland Scandinavian , while Icelandic and Faroese are classified as insular Scandinavian . Until the 16th century , Danish was a continuum of dialects spoken from Schleswig to Scania with no standard variety or spelling conventions . With the Protestant Reformation and the introduction of printing , a standard language was developed which was based on the educated Copenhagen dialect . It spread through use in the education system and administration , though German and Latin continued to be the most important written languages well into the 17th century . Following the loss of territory to Germany and Sweden , a nationalist movement adopted the language as a token of Danish identity , and the language experienced a strong surge in use and popularity , with major works of literature produced in the 18th and 19th centuries . Today , traditional Danish dialects have all but disappeared , though regional variants of the standard language exist . The main differences in language are between generations , with youth language being particularly innovative .
Henning Carlsen ( 4 June 1927 - 30 May 2014 ) was a Danish film director , screenwriter , and producer most noted for his documentaries and his contributions to the style of cinéma vérité . Carlsen 's 1966 social-realistic drama Hunger ( Sult ) was nominated for the Palme D'Or and won the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film . Carlsen also won the Bodil Award the following year for the comedy People Meet and Sweet Music Fills the Heart . Acting as his own producer since 1960 , Carlsen has directed more than 25 films , 19 for which he wrote the screenplay . In 2006 , he received the Golden Swan Lifetime Achievement Award at the Copenhagen International Film Festival .
Egypt ( /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ( listen ) EE-jipt ; Arabic : مِصر Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip ( Palestine ) and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia , and across the Mediterranean lie Greece , Turkey and Cyprus , although none share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th-4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman Turkish , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British-held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic .
Cairo 30 ( Arabic : القاهرة 30 , translit . Al-Qāhira 30 ) is a 1966 Egyptian drama film directed by Salāḥ Abu Seif , and based on Naguib Mahfouz 's 1945 novel Modern Cairo . The film was selected as the Egyptian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominée .
Arabic ( Arabic : اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , al-ʿarabiyyah , [ al ʕaraˈbijːa ] ( listen ) or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , [ ˈʕarabiː ] ( listen ) or [ ʕaraˈbij ] ) is a Semitic language that first emerged in the 1st to 4th centuries CE . It is now the lingua franca of the Arab world . It is named after the Arabs , a term initially used to describe peoples living in the area bounded by Mesopotamia in the east and the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west , in Northwestern Arabia and in the Sinai Peninsula . The ISO assigns language codes to thirty varieties of Arabic , including its standard form , Modern Standard Arabic , also referred to as Literary Arabic , which is modernized Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists ; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic , but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ , the purest Arabic ) or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ) . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities and is used to varying degrees in workplaces , government and the media . Arabic , in its standard form , is the official language of 26 states , as well as the liturgical language of the religion of Islam , since the Quran and Hadith were written in Arabic . During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe , especially in science , mathematics and philosophy . As a result , many European languages have also borrowed many words from it . Arabic influence , mainly in vocabulary , is seen in European languages - mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese and Catalan - owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and almost 800 years of Arabic culture and language presence in the Iberian Peninsula , referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus . Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words , many of which relate to agriculture and related activities , [ full citation needed ] as a legacy of the Emirate of Sicily from the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries , while Maltese language is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages , including Greek and Bulgarian , have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish .
Salah Abu Seif ( Arabic : صلاح أبو سيف , Ṣalāḥ Abū Sayf ) ( May 10 , 1915 - June 23 , 1996 ) was one of the most famous Egyptian film directors , and is considered to be the godfather of Neorealist cinema in Egypt . Many of the 41 films he directed are considered Egyptian classics . His film Bidaya wa nihaya ( 1960 ) was the first adaptation a novel by Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz . He is sometimes credited as Salah Abu Saif , Salah Abou Seif or Salah Abouseif . In 1977 he was a member of the jury at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
A Man and a Woman ( French : Un homme et une femme ) is a 1966 French film written and directed by Claude Lelouch and starring Anouk Aimée and Jean-Louis Trintignant . Written by Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven , the film is about a young widow and widower who meet by chance at their children 's boarding school and whose budding relationship is complicated by the memories of their deceased spouses . The film is notable for its lush photography , which features frequent segues between full color , black-and-white , and sepia-toned shots , and for its memorable musical score by Francis Lai . A Man and a Woman had a total of 4,272,000 admissions in France and was also the 6th highest-grossing film of the year . In the United States , the film earned $ 14,000,000 . The film won several awards , including the Palme d'Or at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival , two Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Actress - Drama ( for Aimée ) , and two Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Original Screenplay . A sequel , A Man and a Woman : 20 Years Later ( Un Homme et une Femme , 20 Ans Déjà ) was released in 1986 , followed by The Best Years of a Life , which was released in 2019 .
French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language .
Claude Barruck Joseph Lelouch ( French : [ ləluʃ ] ; born 30 October 1937 ) is a French film director , writer , cinematographer , actor and producer .
West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .
Young Törless ( German : Der junge Törless ) is a 1966 German film directed by Volker Schlöndorff , adapted from the autobiographical novel The Confusions of Young Törless by Robert Musil . It deals with the violent , sadistic and homoerotic tendencies of a group of boys at an Austrian military academy at the beginning of the 20th century .
German ( Deutsch , pronounced [ dɔʏtʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe . It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , South Tyrol in Italy , the German-speaking Community of Belgium and Liechtenstein . It is one of the three official languages of Luxembourg and a co-official language in the Opole Voivodeship in Poland . The languages that are most similar to German are the other members of the West Germanic language branch , including Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , Low German/Low Saxon , Luxembourgish , and Yiddish . There are strong similarities in vocabulary with Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , although those belong to the North Germanic group . German is the second most widely spoken Germanic language , after English . One of the major languages of the world , German is a native language to almost 100 million people worldwide and the most widely spoken native language in the European Union . German is the third most commonly spoken foreign language in the EU after English and French , making it the second biggest language in the EU in terms of overall speakers . German is also the second most widely taught foreign language in the EU after English at primary school level ( but third after English and French at lower secondary level ) , the fourth most widely taught non-English language in the US ( after Spanish , French and American Sign Language ) , and the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books , with one tenth of all books ( including e-books ) in the world being published in the German language . In the United Kingdom , German and French are the most sought-after foreign languages for businesses ( with 49% and 50% of businesses identifying these two languages as the most useful , respectively ) . German is an inflected language with four cases for nouns , pronouns and adjectives ( nominative , accusative , genitive , dative ) , three genders ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) , two numbers ( singular , plural ) , and strong and weak verbs .
Volker Schlöndorff ( born 31 March 1939 ) is a German filmmaker who has worked in Germany , France and the United States . He was a prominent member of the New German Cinema of the late 1960s and early 1970s , which also included Werner Herzog , Wim Wenders , Margarethe von Trotta and Rainer Werner Fassbinder . He won an Oscar as well as the Palme d'or at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival for The Tin Drum ( 1979 ) , the film version of the novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Günter Grass .
Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture .
Queen of Clubs ( Greek : Ντάμα σπαθί , translit . Dama spathi ) is a 1966 Greek drama film directed by George Skalenakis . The film was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Greek ( Modern Greek : ελληνικά , elliniká ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages , native to Greece , Cyprus , Albania and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea . It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language , spanning at least 3,500 years of written records . Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history ; other systems , such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary , were used previously . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Armenian , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems . The Greek language holds an important place in the history of the Western world and Christianity ; the canon of ancient Greek literature includes works in the Western canon such as the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science , especially astronomy , mathematics and logic and Western philosophy , such as the Platonic dialogues and the works of Aristotle , are composed ; the New Testament of the Christian Bible was written in Koiné Greek . Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the study of the Greek texts and society of antiquity constitutes the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world , West Asia and many places beyond . It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire and develop into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language in two countries , Greece and Cyprus , a recognised minority language in seven other countries , and is one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . The language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece , Cyprus , Italy , Albania , and Turkey and by the Greek diaspora . Greek roots are often used to coin new words for other languages ; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary .
George Skalenakis ( Greek : Γιώργος Σκαλενάκης ; 17 May 1926 - 14 September 2014 ) was a Greek film director and actor .
Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index .
Come Drink with Me is a 1966 Hong Kong wuxia film directed by King Hu . Set during the Ming Dynasty , it stars Cheng Pei-pei and Yueh Hua as warriors with Chan Hung-lit as the villain , and features action choreography by Han Ying-chieh . It is widely considered one of the best Hong Kong films ever made . [ unreliable source ] The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not nominated .
Mandarin ( /ˈmændərɪn/ ( listen ) ; simplified Chinese : 官话 ; traditional Chinese : 官話 ; pinyin : Guānhuà ; literally : 'speech of officials ' ) is a group of related Sinitic languages spoken across most of northern and southwestern China . The group includes the Beijing dialect , the basis of Standard Chinese or Standard Mandarin . Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north , the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects ( 北方话 ; běifānghuà ) . Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible . Nevertheless , Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers ( with nearly a billion ) . Mandarin is by far the largest of the seven or ten Chinese dialect groups , spoken by 70 percent of all Chinese speakers over a large geographical area , stretching from Yunnan in the southwest to Xinjiang in the northwest and Heilongjiang in the northeast . This is generally attributed to the greater ease of travel and communication in the North China Plain compared to the more mountainous south , combined with the relatively recent spread of Mandarin to frontier areas . Most Mandarin varieties have four tones . The final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties , but some have merged them as a final glottal stop . Many Mandarin varieties , including the Beijing dialect , retain retroflex initial consonants , which have been lost in southern varieties of Chinese . The capital has been within the Mandarin area for most of the last millennium , making these dialects very influential . Some form of Mandarin has served as a national lingua franca since the 14th century .
Hu Jinquan ( 29 April 1932 - 14 January 1997 ) , better known as King Hu , was a Chinese film director based in Hong Kong and Taiwan . He is best known for directing various wuxia films in the 1960s and 1970s , which brought Hong Kong and Taiwanese cinema to new technical and artistic heights . His films Come Drink with Me ( 1966 ) , Dragon Inn ( 1967 ) , and A Touch of Zen ( 1969-1971 ) inaugurated a new generation of wuxia films in the late 1960s . Apart from being a film director , Hu was also a screenwriter and set designer .
Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians .
The Round-Up ( Hungarian : Szegénylegények , Outlaws ) is a 1966 Hungarian film directed by Miklós Jancsó . Well received in its home country , it was Jancsó 's first film to receive international acclaim . Today , many consider The Round-Up a classic of world cinema ; it was selected to be screened in the Cannes Classics section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival .
Hungarian ( magyar nyelv ( help·info ) ) is a Uralic language spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries . It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia , western Ukraine ( Subcarpathia ) , central and western Romania ( Transylvania ) , northern Serbia ( Vojvodina ) , northern Croatia and northern Slovenia ( Mur region ) . It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide , especially in North America ( particularly the United States and Canada ) and Israel . With 13 million speakers , it is the Uralic family 's largest member by number of speakers .
Miklós Jancsó ( Hungarian : [ ˈmikloːʃ ˈjɒnt͡ʃoː ] ; 27 September 1921 - 31 January 2014 ) was a Hungarian film director and screenwriter . Jancsó achieved international prominence from the mid-1960s onwards , with works including The Round-Up ( Szegénylegények , 1965 ) , The Red and the White ( Csillagosok , katonák , 1967 ) , and Red Psalm ( Még kér a nép , 1971 ) . Jancsó 's films are characterized by visual stylization , elegantly choreographed shots , long takes , historical periods , rural settings , and a lack of psychoanalyzing . A frequent theme of his films is the abuse of power . His works are often allegorical commentaries on Hungary under Communism and the Soviet occupation , although some critics prefer to stress the universal dimensions of Jancsó 's explorations . Towards the end of the 1960s and especially into the 1970s , Jancsó 's work became increasingly stylized and overtly symbolic .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Amrapali is a 1966 historical Hindi film directed by Lekh Tandon , starring Vyjayanthimala and Sunil Dutt as leads . Music of the film was by Shankar-Jaikishan . The rights to this film are owned by Shah Rukh Khan 's Red Chillies Entertainment . It was based on the life of Amrapali ( Ambapali ) , the nagarvadhu ( royal courtesan ) of Vaishali in present-day Bihar , the capital of the Licchavi republic in ancient India around 500 BC and Ajatashatru , the Haryanka dynasty king of the Magadha empire , who falls in love with her . Though he destroys Vaishali to get her , she in the meantime has been transformed by her encounter with Gautama Buddha , of whom she becomes a disciple and an Arahant herself . Her story finds mention in old Pali texts and Buddhist traditions . The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . Though the film was n't a commercial success , in time it started being seen as classic and is remembered not just for its dramatic cinematography of war scenes by Dwarka Divecha , and Bhanu Athaiya 's costumes for which she travelled to the Ajanta Caves , to seek references in Buddhist frescoes of the era , to create period costumes that subsequently became a template for costumes of that era , but also for the strong Anti-war sentiment the film reveals in the end .
Hindi ( Devanagari : हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Hindī ) or Modern Standard Hindi ( Devanagari : मानक हिन्दी , IAST/ISO 15919 : Mānak Hindī ) , is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and across the Indian subcontinent . Modern Hindi is the standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language , which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and other nearby areas of Northern India . Hindi , written in the Devanagari script , is one of the two official languages of the Government of India , along with the English language . It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India . Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi belt and to a lesser extent other parts of India ( usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi ) . Outside India , several other languages are recognised officially as Hindi but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other dialects , such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri . Such languages include Fiji Hindi , which is official in Fiji , and Caribbean Hindustani , which is spoken in Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , and Suriname . Apart from the script and formal vocabulary , spoken Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu , another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base . As a linguistic variety , Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world , after Mandarin , Spanish and English . Hindi alongside Urdu as Hindustani is the third most-spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English .
Lekh Tandon ( 13 February 1929 - 15 October 2017 ) was an Indian filmmaker and actor . He had directed numerous Bollywood movies and Indian TV Serials . He gained national fame due to success of his directorial ventures Professor ( 1962 film ) , Prince ( 1969 film ) , Ek Baar Kaho and Agar Tum Na Hote . His films Amrapali starring Vyjanthimala and Agar Tum Na Hote with Rajesh Khanna in the lead role are considered as classics . Later after 2000 , he had acted in movies such as Swades , Rang De Basanti , Chennai Express and Chaarfutiya Chhokare . He was the brother of Urdu playwright Yograj Tandon .
Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 .
The Flying Matchmaker ( also : Two Kuni Lemel , Shnei Kuni Leml or שני קוני למל ) is a 1966 Israeli film musical directed by Israel Becker . The story is based on the 1880 Yiddish play Di tsvey Kuni-lemels by Abraham Goldfaden . The film was the first major success on screen for lead actor Mike Burstyn who has a double role as Kuni Leml and his cousin Max , and also casts his father Pesach Burstein in a small role . The film was selected as the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Hebrew ( /ˈhiːbruː/ ; עִבְרִית , Ivrit Hebrew pronunciation : [ ivˈʁit ] or [ ʕivˈɾit ] ( listen ) ) is a Northwest Semitic language native to Israel . In 2013 , Modern Hebrew was spoken by over nine million people worldwide . Historically , it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors , although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh itself . [ note 1 ] The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE . Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family . Hebrew is the only Canaanite language still spoken , and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language . Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE , declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt . [ note 2 ] Aramaic and , to a lesser extent , Greek were already in use as international languages , especially among elites and immigrants . Hebrew survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy , rabbinic literature , intra-Jewish commerce and poetry . With the rise of Zionism in the 19th century , it was revived as a spoken and literary language , becoming the main language of the Yishuv , and subsequently of the State of Israel . According to Ethnologue , in 1998 , Hebrew was the language of five million people worldwide . After Israel , the United States has the second-largest Hebrew-speaking population , with about 220,000 fluent speakers , mostly from Israel .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
The Battle of Algiers ( Italian : La battaglia di Algeri ; Arabic : معركة الجزائر , romanized : Maʿrakat al-Jazāʾir ) is a 1966 Italian-Algerian historical war film co-written and directed by Gillo Pontecorvo and starring Jean Martin and Saadi Yacef . It is based on events by rebels during the Algerian War ( 1954-62 ) against the French government in North Africa ; the most prominent being the titular Battle of Algiers , the capital of Algeria . It was shot on location and the film 's score was composed by Ennio Morricone . The film was shot in a Roberto Rossellini-inspired newsreel style : in black and white with documentary-type editing to add to its sense of historical authenticity . It is often associated with Italian neorealist cinema . The film has been critically celebrated . Both insurgent groups and state authorities have considered it to be an important commentary on urban guerrilla warfare . It occupies the 48th place on the Critics ' Top 250 Films of the 2012 Sight & Sound poll , as well as 120th place on Empire magazine 's list of the '500 greatest movies of all time ' . It was selected to enter the list of the 100 Italian films to be saved . The film concentrates on the years between 1954 and 1957 when guerrilla fighters regrouped and expanded into the Casbah , the citadel of Algiers . Their actions were met by French paratroopers attempting to regain territory . The highly dramatic film is about the organization of a guerrilla movement and the illegal methods , such as torture , used by the colonial power to contain it .
Gillo Pontecorvo ( Italian : [ ˈdʒillo ponteˈkɔrvo ] ; 19 November 1919 - 12 October 2006 ) was an Italian filmmaker . He worked as a film director for more than a decade before his best known film La battaglia di Algeri ( The Battle of Algiers , 1966 ) was released . It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1966 . His other films include Kapò ( 1960 ) , which takes place in a World War II concentration camp , Burn ! ( Queimada , 1969 ) , starring Marlon Brando about the machinations of colonial powers in small countries , and Ogro ( 1979 ) , which reconstructs the murder of Luis Carrero Blanco by ETA . In 2000 , he received the Pietro Bianchi Award at the Venice Film Festival . He was also a screenwriter and composer of film scores , and a close friend of Italian President Giorgio Napolitano .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Lake of Tears ( 湖の琴 , Umi no Koto ) is a 1966 Japanese film directed by Tomotaka Tasaka . It was Japan 's submission to the 39th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo [ ɲihoŋɡo ] ( listen ) ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people , primarily in Japan , where it is the national language . It is a member of the Japonic ( or Japanese-Ryukyuan ) language family , and its relation to other languages , such as Korean , is debated . Japanese has been grouped with language families such as Ainu , Austroasiatic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance . Little is known of the language 's prehistory , or when it first appeared in Japan . Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words , but substantial texts did not appear until the 8th century . During the Heian period ( 794-1185 ) , Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese . Late Middle Japanese ( 1185-1600 ) included changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language , and the first appearance of European loanwords . The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo ( modern Tokyo ) region in the Early Modern Japanese period ( early 17th century-mid-19th century ) . Following the end of Japan 's self-imposed isolation in 1853 , the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly . English loanwords , in particular , have become frequent , and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated . Japanese is an agglutinative , mora-timed language with simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system , phonemic vowel and consonant length , and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject-object-verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words , and sentence structure is topic-comment .
Tomotaka Tasaka ( 田坂 具隆 , Tasaka Tomotaka , 14 April 1902 - 17 October 1974 ) was a Japanese film director .
South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP .
Rice ( Korean : 쌀 , translit . Ssal ) is a 1963 South Korean drama film directed by Shin Sang-ok . The film was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
The Korean language ( South Korean : 한국어/韓國語 hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선말/朝鮮말 chosŏn-mal ) is an East Asian language spoken by about 77 million people . It is a member of the Koreanic language family and is the official and national language of both Koreas : North Korea and South Korea , with different standardized official forms used in each country . It is a recognised minority language in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of Jilin province , China . It is also spoken in parts of Sakhalin , Russia , and Central Asia . Historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate ; however , it does have a few extinct relatives , which together with Korean itself and the Jeju language ( spoken in the Jeju Province and considered somewhat distinct ) form the Koreanic language family . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in Manchuria .
Shin Sang-ok ( October 11 , 1926 - April 11 , 2006 ) was a South Korean film producer and director with more than 100 producer and 70 director credits to his name . His best-known films were made in the 1950s and 60s when he was known as The Prince of South Korean Cinema . He received the Gold Crown Cultural Medal , the country 's top honor for an artist . He is also known for having been kidnapped by the late North Korean leader , Kim Jong-il , for the purpose of producing critically acclaimed films . He was born Shin Tae-seo ; he later changed his name to Shin Sang-ok when he started working in the film industry .
Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .
Black Wind ( Spanish : Viento negro ) is a 1964 Mexican drama film directed by Servando González . It was screened at the San Francisco Film Festival and the Melbourne International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Spanish ( /ˈspænɪʃ/ ( listen ) ; español ( help·info ) ) , or Castilian ( /kæˈstɪliən/ ( listen ) , castellano ( help·info ) ) , is a Romance language that originated in the Iberian Peninsula and today has over 483 million native speakers , mainly in Spain and the Americas . It is a global language , the world 's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese , and the world 's fourth-most spoken language , after Mandarin Chinese , English and Hindi . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in 1492 , the Spanish language was taken to the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . A 1949 study by Italian-American linguist Mario Pei , analyzing the degree of difference from a language 's parent ( Latin , in the case of Romance languages ) by comparing phonology , inflection , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation , indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : In the case of Spanish , it is one of the closest Romance languages to Latin ( 20% distance ) , only behind Sardinian ( 8% distance ) and Italian ( 12% distance ) . Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from Latin , including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with Arabic from an early date , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language makes up the second greatest vocabulary source after Latin itself . It has also been influenced by Basque , Iberian , Celtiberian , Visigothic , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . Additionally , it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly other Romance languages - French , Italian , Andalusi Romance , Portuguese , Galician , Catalan , Occitan , and Sardinian - as well as from Quechua , Nahuatl , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations .
Servando González Hernández ( 15 May 1923 - 5 October 2008 ) was a Mexican film director . He died in Mexico City on 5 October 2008 , at the age of 85 . Servando Gonzalez was the winner of 25 awards with Yanco cinematographic film and participated as co star in dozens of films of Mexican Cinema Gold by the name of Alberto Ramirez actor . Press Chief was Mexican President Adolfo Lopez Mateos and has always characterized by simplicity and talented actor , director , writer and film producer , according to his official biographer Wilbert Alonzo-Cabrera , former vice president of Association of Entertainment JournalistD ( ACE ) , of New York .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
Pharaoh ( Polish : Faraon ) is a 1966 Polish film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz and adapted from the eponymous novel by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus . In 1967 it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . It was also entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival .
Polish ( język polski , [ 'jɛ̃w̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) , polszczyzna or simply polski , [ ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group . It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles . In addition to being an official language of Poland , it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries . There are over 50 million Polish-language speakers around the world and it is one of the official languages of the European Union . Polish is written with the standardized Polish alphabet , which has nine additions to the letters of the basic Latin script ( ą , ć , ę , ł , ń , ó , ś , ź , ż ) . Among the major languages , it is most closely related to Slovak and Czech , but differs from other Slavic varieties in terms of pronunciation and general grammar . In addition , Polish was profoundly influenced by Germanic languages , most notably German , and Italic languages like Latin and French , which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures . Polish currently has the largest number of speakers of the West Slavic group and is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language . Historically , Polish was a lingua franca , important both diplomatically and academically in Central and Eastern Europe . Today , Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland . It is also spoken as a second language in Northern Czech Republic and Slovakia , western parts of Belarus and Ukraine as well as in Central-Eastern Lithuania and Latvia . Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods , most notably after World War II , millions of Polish speakers can be found in countries such as Canada , Argentina , Brazil , Israel , Australia , the United Kingdom and the United States .
Jerzy Franciszek Kawalerowicz ( 19 January 1922 - 27 December 2007 ) was a Polish film director and politician , having been a member of Polish United Workers ' Party from 1954 until its dissolution in 1990 and a deputy in Polish parliament since 1985 until 1989 .
Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania .
Răscoala is a 1965 Romanian drama film directed by Mircea Mureșan . Mureşan won the prize for Best First Work at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival . It was the first Romanian film to be submitted to the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . However , it failed to be nominated . Since then , no Romanian film has won the prize , or been nominated for it .
Romanian ( dated Rumanian or Roumanian ; autonym : limba română [ ˈlimba roˈmɨnə ] ( listen ) , the Romanian language , or românește , lit . in Romanian ) is a Balkan Romance language spoken by approximately 24-26 million people as a native language , primarily in Romania and Moldova , and by another 4 million people as a second language . It is an official and national language of both Romania and Moldova and is one of the official languages of the European Union . Romanian is a part of the Eastern Romance sub-branch of Romance languages , a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin , which was separated from the Western Romance during the 5th-8th centuries . To distinguish it within that group in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives , Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian . Romanian is also known as Moldovan in Moldova , although the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled in 2013 that the official language of the republic is Romanian . [ nb 1 ] Numerous immigrant Romanian speakers are also scattered across many other regions and countries worldwide , with large populations in Italy , Spain , Germany , Russia , Canada , and the United States .
Mircea Mureșan ( born 11 November 1928 ) is a Romanian film director . He has directed 22 films since 1961 . Mureșan won the prize for Best First Work at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival for the film Răscoala .
Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .
Persona is a 1966 Swedish psychological drama film , [ n 1 ] written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann . The story revolves around a young nurse named Alma ( Andersson ) and her patient , well-known stage actress Elisabet Vogler ( Ullmann ) , who has suddenly stopped speaking . They move to a cottage , where Alma cares for Elisabet , confides in her and begins having trouble distinguishing herself from her patient . Characterized by elements of psychological horror , Persona has been the subject of much critical analysis , interpretation and debate . The film 's exploration of duality , insanity and personal identity has been interpreted as reflecting the Jungian theory of persona and dealing with issues related to filmmaking , vampire mythology , lesbianism , motherhood , abortion and other subjects . The experimental style of its prologue and storytelling has also been noted . The enigmatic film has been called the Mount Everest of cinematic analysis ; according to film historian Peter Cowie , Everything one says about Persona may be contradicted ; the opposite will also be true . [ n 2 ] Bergman wrote Persona with Ullmann and Andersson in mind for the lead roles and the idea of exploring their identities , and shot the film in Stockholm and Fårö in 1965 . In production , the filmmakers experimented with effects , using smoke and a mirror to frame one scene and combining the lead characters ' faces in post-production for one shot . Andersson defended a sexually explicit monologue in the screenplay , and rewrote portions of it . When first released , Persona was edited because of its controversial subject matter . It received positive reviews , with Swedish media coining the word Person ( a ) kult to describe its enthusiastic admirers .
Swedish ( svenska [ ˈsvɛ̂nːska ] ( listen ) ) is a North Germanic language spoken natively by 10 million people , predominantly in Sweden ( as the sole official language ) and in parts of Finland , where it has equal legal standing with Finnish . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is largely dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker . Written Norwegian and Danish are usually more easily understood by Swedish speakers than the spoken languages , due to the differences in tone , accent and intonation . Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era . It has the most speakers of the North Germanic languages . Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes , is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century . While distinct regional varieties descending from the older rural dialects still exist , the spoken and written language is uniform and standardized . The standard word order is , as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb ( V ) appears in the second position ( 2 ) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English ; that is , words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases - nominative and genitive ( except for pronouns that , as in English , also are inflected in the object form ) - although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers - plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender , number and definiteness .
Ernst Ingmar Bergman [ a ] ( 14 July 1918 - 30 July 2007 ) was a Swedish director , writer , and producer who worked in film , television , theatre and radio . Considered to be among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time , Bergman 's films include Smiles of a Summer Night ( 1955 ) , The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) , Wild Strawberries ( 1957 ) , Persona ( 1966 ) , Cries and Whispers ( 1972 ) , Scenes from a Marriage ( 1973 ) , and Fanny and Alexander ( 1982 ) ; the last two exist in extended television versions . Bergman directed over sixty films and documentaries for cinematic release and for television screenings , most of which he also wrote . He also directed over 170 plays . He eventually forged a creative partnership with his cinematographers Gunnar Fischer and Sven Nykvist . Among his company of actors were Harriet and Bibi Andersson , Liv Ullmann , Gunnar Björnstrand , Erland Josephson , Ingrid Thulin and Max von Sydow . Most of his films were set in Sweden , and many films from Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) onward were filmed on the island of Fårö . Philip French referred to Bergman as one of the greatest artists of the 20th century . he found in literature and the performing arts a way of both recreating and questioning the human condition . Director Martin Scorsese commented ; If you were alive in the 50s and the 60s and of a certain age , a teenager on your way to becoming an adult , and you wanted to make movies , I do n't see how you could n't be influenced by Bergman .It 's impossible to overestimate the effect that those films had on people .
Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands .
The Silent Wife is a 1965 Taiwanese drama film directed by Li Hsing , based on Chiung Yao 's 1964 novelette .
Li Hsing ( Chinese : 李行 ; pinyin : Lǐ Xíng ; born 20 May 1930 ) is a Taiwanese film director . He directed more than 30 films between 1959 and 1986 .
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFRY ) , also known as SFR Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia , was a country located in Central and Southeastern Europe that existed from its foundation in the aftermath of World War II until its dissolution in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars . Covering an area of 255,804 km² ( 98,766 sq mi ) , the SFRY was bordered by the Adriatic Sea and Italy to the west , Austria and Hungary to the north , Bulgaria and Romania to the east , and Albania and Greece to the south . The nation was a socialist state and a federation governed by the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and made up of six socialist republics - Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia - with Belgrade as its capital . In addition , it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia : Kosovo and Vojvodina . The SFRY 's origin is traced to 26 November 1942 , when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II . On 29 November 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposition of King Peter II , thus ending the monarchy . Until 1948 , the new communist government originally sided with the Eastern Bloc under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito at the beginning of the Cold War , but after the Tito-Stalin split of 1948 , Yugoslavia pursued a policy of neutrality . It became one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement , and transitioned from a command economy to market-based socialism . The SFRY maintained neutrality during the Cold War as part of its foreign policy . It was a founding member of CERN , the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , OSCE , IFAD , WTO , Eutelsat , and BTWC . Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980 , the Yugoslav economy started to collapse , which increased unemployment and inflation . The economic crisis led to a rise in ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s and early 1990s ; dissidence resulted among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics .
Three ( Serbo-Croatian Latin : Tri ) is a 1965 Yugoslav film directed by Aleksandar Petrović . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 39th Academy Awards .
Serbo-Croatian ( /ˌsɜːrboʊkroʊˈeɪʃən , -bə-/ ( listen ) ; srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски or hrvatskosrpski/ хрватскoсрпски ; also called Serbo-Croat /ˌsɜːrboʊˈkroʊæt , -bə-/ , Serbo-Croat-Bosnian [ SCB ] , Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian [ BCS ] , or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian [ BCMS ] ) is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro . It is a pluricentric language with four mutually intelligible standard varieties . South Slavic languages historically formed a continuum . The turbulent history of the area , particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire , resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences . Due to population migrations , Shtokavian became the most widespread language in the western Balkans , intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian ( which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest ) . Bosniaks , Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles , although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords . During that period , the language was referred to under a variety of names , such as Slavic in general or Serbian , Croatian or Bosnian in particular . In a classicizing manner , it was also referred to as Illyrian . The process of linguistic standardization of Serbo-Croatian was originally initiated in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists , decades before a Yugoslav state was established . From the very beginning , there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards , although both were based on the same dialect of Shtokavian , Eastern Herzegovinian . In the 20th century , Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( when it was called Serbo-Croato-Slovenian ) , and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes , so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines .
Aleksandar Saša Petrović ( 14 January 1929 - 20 August 1994 ) was a Yugoslav and Serbian film director who was one of the leading European directors in the 1960s and one of the major figures of the Yugoslav Black Wave . Two of his films were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film : Three in 1966 and I Even Met Happy Gypsies ( Feather Gatherers ) in 1967 . The latter ( original title Skupljaci perja ) was the first movie that presented the existence of Gypsies in society and everyday life ; it was also the first full-feature film where Gypsies spoke their own language , Roma . Most roles were interpreted by real Gypsies ; this was their movie . As a child , I observed them and saw in these people faith and irrationality , said Petrović I Even Met Happy Gypsies won the FIPRESCI Prize and the Grand Prize of the Jury at the Cannes Film Festival ; it also received a nomination for a Golden Globe . In 1967 Petrović was a member of the jury at the 17th Berlin International Film Festival . One of his most famous films is It Rains in My Village . Petrović found inspiration for this film in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's novel The Possessed . The film was nominated for a Palme d'Or ( Golden Palm ) at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival In 1973 , Petrović was forced to leave his post at the Belgrade Film Academy after being accused of holding anti-communist views by the communist government of Yugoslavia . In late December 1989 , he joined the founding committee of the Democratic Party in Serbia , the first opposition anti-communist party in Serbia .