List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations larger than 1000 MW capacity
Table:
Station
Country
Location
Power Capacity (MW)

Storage Capacity (MWh)

Year
Ref

Bath County Pumped Storage Station
United States
38°12′32″N 79°48′00″W﻿ / ﻿38.20889°N 79.80000°W﻿ / 38.20889; -79.80000﻿ (Bath County Pumped Storage Station)
3,003

24,000

[1][2]

Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station
China
23°16′07″N 114°18′50″E﻿ / ﻿23.26861°N 114.31389°E﻿ / 23.26861; 114.31389﻿ (Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station)
2,448

[3][4][5]

Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station
China
23°45′52″N 113°57′12″E﻿ / ﻿23.76444°N 113.95333°E﻿ / 23.76444; 113.95333﻿ (Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station)
2,400

[6][7]

Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station
Japan
35°14′12″N 134°51′23″E﻿ / ﻿35.23667°N 134.85639°E﻿ / 35.23667; 134.85639﻿ (Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,932

[8]

Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant
United States
43°53′37″N 86°26′43″W﻿ / ﻿43.89361°N 86.44528°W﻿ / 43.89361; -86.44528﻿ (Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant)
1,872

19,548

[9]

Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station
China
30°28′13″N 119°36′21″E﻿ / ﻿30.47028°N 119.60583°E﻿ / 30.47028; 119.60583﻿ (Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,836

[6]

Tumut-3
Australia
35°36′42″S 148°17′29″E﻿ / ﻿35.61167°S 148.29139°E﻿ / -35.61167; 148.29139﻿ (Tumut 3 Hydroelectric Power Station)
1,800

[10]

Grand'Maison Dam
France
45°12′21″N 06°07′01″E﻿ / ﻿45.20583°N 6.11694°E﻿ / 45.20583; 6.11694﻿ (Grand Maison Dam)
1,800

[11]

La Muela II Pumped Storage Power Station
Spain
39°14′20″N 0°55′41″W﻿ / ﻿39.23889°N 0.92806°W﻿ / 39.23889; -0.92806﻿ (La Muela II Pumped Power Station)
1,772

[12]

Dinorwig Power Station
United Kingdom
53°07′07″N 04°06′50″W﻿ / ﻿53.11861°N 4.11389°W﻿ / 53.11861; -4.11389﻿ (Dinorwig Power Station)
1,728

9,100

[13] [14]

Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant
United States
35°02′55″N 85°23′48″W﻿ / ﻿35.04861°N 85.39667°W﻿ / 35.04861; -85.39667﻿ (Raccoon Mountain Hydroelectric Power Station)
1,652

36,344

Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant
Taiwan
23°50′11″N 120°52′04″E﻿ / ﻿23.83639°N 120.86778°E﻿ / 23.83639; 120.86778﻿ (Mingtan Dam)
1,602

[10][15]

Okukiyotsu Pumped Storage Power Station (1 & 2)
Japan
36°50′37.00″N 138°45′58.00″E﻿ / ﻿36.8436111°N 138.7661111°E﻿ / 36.8436111; 138.7661111﻿ (Okukiyotsu Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,600

[16]

Castaic Power Plant
United States
34°35′14″N 118°39′23″W﻿ / ﻿34.58722°N 118.65639°W﻿ / 34.58722; -118.65639﻿ (Castaic Power Plant)
1,566

Liyang Pumped Storage Power Station
China
31°14′17″N 119°22′35″E﻿ / ﻿31.23806°N 119.37639°E﻿ / 31.23806; 119.37639﻿ (Liyang Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,500

[17][18]

Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station

China

28°40′09″N 120°25′19″E﻿ / ﻿28.66917°N 120.42194°E﻿ / 28.66917; 120.42194﻿ (Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station)

1,500

Okumino Pumped Storage Power Station
Japan
35°44′19″N 136°40′15″E﻿ / ﻿35.73861°N 136.67083°E﻿ / 35.73861; 136.67083﻿ (Shimogo Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,500

[19][20]

Linth-Limmern Pumped Storage Station
Switzerland
46°51′00″N 9°0′03″E﻿ / ﻿46.85000°N 9.00083°E﻿ / 46.85000; 9.00083﻿ (Linth–Limmern Pumped Storage Power Station)
1,480

[21][22]

Chaira Hydropower Cascade
Bulgaria
42°09′32″N 23°52′15″E﻿ / ﻿42.15889°N 23.87083°E﻿ / 42.15889; 23.87083﻿ (Chaira Hydro Power Plant)
1,455

Sardar Sarovar Dam
India
21°49′49″N 73°44′50″E﻿ / ﻿21.83028°N 73.74722°E﻿ / 21.83028; 73.74722﻿ (Sardar Sarovar Dam)
1,450

[23]

Taking into account the following table and the relevant paragraphs listed.

State the answer to the question: Which river is the station with the lowest power capacity located on ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers , letters or symbols . [ note 1 ] The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position ; alternatively , a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector . A common choice of coordinates is latitude , longitude and elevation . To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection .
Nameplate capacity , also known as the rated capacity , nominal capacity , installed capacity , or maximum effect , is the intended full-load sustained output of a facility such as a power plant , electric generator , a chemical plant , fuel plant , metal refinery , mine , and many others . Nameplate capacity is the number registered with authorities for classifying the power output of a power station usually expressed in megawatts ( MW ) . Power plants with an output consistently near their nameplate capacity have a high capacity factor .
The watt ( symbol : W ) is a unit of power . In the International System of Units ( SI ) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second , and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer . In SI base units , the watt is described as k g m 2 s − 3 { \displaystyle kg\ , m^ { 2 } s^ { -3 } } , which can be demonstrated to coherent by dimensional analysis . The watt is named after James Watt , an 18th century scottish inventor .
The Bath County Pumped Storage Station is a pumped storage hydroelectric power plant , which is described as the largest battery in the world , with a maximum generation capacity of 3,003 MW , an average of 2,772 MW , and a total storage capacity of 24,000 MWh . The station is located in the northern corner of Bath County , Virginia , on the southeast side of the Eastern Continental Divide , which forms this section of the border between Virginia and West Virginia . The station consists of two reservoirs separated by about 1,260 feet ( 380 m ) in elevation . It is the largest pumped-storage power station in the world . Construction on the power station , with an original capacity of 2,100 megawatts ( 2,800,000 hp ) , began in March 1977 and was completed in December 1985 at a cost of $ 1.6 billion , Voith-Siemens upgraded the six turbines between 2004 and 2009 , increasing power generation to 500.5 MW and pumping power to 480 megawatts ( 640,000 hp ) for each turbine . Bath County Station is jointly owned by Dominion Generation ( 60% ) and FirstEnergy ( 40% ) , and managed by Dominion . It stores energy for PJM Interconnection , a regional transmission organization in 13 states and the District of Columbia .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
The Huizhou Pumped Storage Power Station is a pumped storage hydroelectric power station near Huizhou in Guangdong province , China . It contains 8 pump-generators that total a 2,448 megawatts ( 3,283,000 hp ) installed capacity . Initial units went online between 2007 and 2008 , and the power station was complete on June 15 , 2011 . The power station is supplied with water by an upper reservoir which is created by two dams . The main dam is a 56 metres ( 184 ft ) tall and 156 metres ( 512 ft ) long roller-compacted concrete ( RCC ) dam . The second , auxiliary , dam is 14 metres ( 46 ft ) high and 133 metres ( 436 ft ) long . Once water from the upper reservoir is transferred through the power station , which is located 420 metres ( 1,380 ft ) underground , and electricity produced , it discharges to a lower reservoir . This lower reservoir is created by a single 61 m ( 200 ft ) tall 420 m ( 1,380 ft ) tall RCC dam . The water can then be pumped by the generators back into the upper reservoir for reuse .
China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II .
The Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station or Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station ( Chinese : 广州抽水蓄能电站 ) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station near Guangzhou , Guangdong Province , China . Power is generated by utilizing eight turbines , each with a 300 megawatts ( 400,000 hp ) capacity , totalling the installed capacity to 2,400 megawatts ( 3,200,000 hp ) . The generated power is sold to China Light and Power customers in Hong Kong . The power station was constructed in two stages , the first four turbines were completed in 1994 and the second four in 2000 .
The Okutataragi Pumped Storage Power Station ( 奥多々良木発電所 , Okutataragi hatsudensho ) is a large pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Asago , in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan . With a total installed capacity of 1,932 megawatts ( 2,591,000 hp ) , it is one of the largest pumped-storage power stations in the world , and the largest in Japan . The facility is currently run by the Kansai Electric Power Company . Like most pumped-storage facilities , the power station utilizes two reservoirs , releasing and pumping as the demand rises and falls . Construction on the facility began in 1970 and was completed in 1974 .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
The Ludington Pumped Storage Plant is a hydroelectric plant and reservoir in Ludington , Michigan . It was built between 1969 and 1973 at a cost of $ 315 million and is owned jointly by Consumers Energy and DTE Energy and operated by Consumers Energy . At the time of its construction , it was the largest pumped storage hydroelectric facility in the world .
The Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station is a pumped-storage power station in Tianhuangping , Anji County of Zhejiang Province , China . The power station has an installed capacity of 1,836 megawatts ( 2,462,000 hp ) utilizing 6 reversible Francis turbines . Construction began in 1993 and the power station was completed in 2004 .
Tumut Hydroelectric Power Station ( /ˈtjuːmət/ ) is a series of three of the original four , now five hydroelectric power stations on the Tumut River in New South Wales , Australia , that are part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme . The generating assets of the three Tumut power stations are owned by Snowy Hydro Limited , a company whose shareholders include the governments of Australia , New South Wales , and Victoria . The company is also licensed to manage the water rights used by the power stations .
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) .
The Grand'Maison Dam is an embankment dam on L'Eau d'Olle , a tributary of the Romanche River . It is located in Vaujany of Isère within the French Alps . The primary purpose of the dam is to serve as the upper reservoir for a pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme where Lac du Verney located lower in the valley is the lower reservoir . The dam was constructed between 1978 and 1985 with its power station being commissioned in 1987 . With an installed capacity of 1,800 MW , it is the largest hydroelectric power station in France .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals .
The Dinorwig Power Station ( /dɪˈnɔːrwɪɡ/ ; Welsh : [ dɪˈnɔrwɪɡ ] ) , known locally as Electric Mountain , is a pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme , near Dinorwig , Llanberis in Snowdonia national park in Gwynedd , northern Wales . The scheme can supply a maximum power of 1,728-megawatt ( 2,317,000 hp ) and has a storage capacity of around 9.1 GWh ( 33 TJ ) .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant is a pumped-storage hydroelectric underground power station in Marion County , just west of Chattanooga in the U.S. state of Tennessee . The facility is owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . Construction was started in 1970 and was completed in 1978 . Water is pumped from Nickajack Lake on the Tennessee River at the base of Raccoon Mountain to a storage reservoir built at the top of the mountain . The reservoir at the top of the mountain covers 528 acres ( 214 ha ) , with a dam that is 230 feet ( 70 m ) high and 5,800 feet ( 1,800 m ) long , the largest rock-fill dam ever built by TVA . It takes 28 hours to fill the upper reservoir . During periods of high electric demand , water can be released from the reservoir through a tunnel drilled through the center of the mountain , driving electric generators in an underground hydroelectric plant . The plant has a maximum power output of 1,652 megawatts ( 2,215,000 hp ) and can generate for up to 22 hours . The plant is used most days and serves as an important element for peak power generation and grid balancing in the TVA system . The plant was idled in March 2012 due to cracks in the generators ' rotors . The plant came entirely back on line in April 2014 .
The Mingtan Dam ( Chinese : 明潭壩 ; pinyin : Míngtán Bà ) is a dam that spans the Shuili River about 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) downstream from the outlet of Sun Moon Lake in central Taiwan with a height of about 61.5 m ( 202 ft ) . It forms Mingtan Reservoir which is the lower reservoir for the Mingtan Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant .
Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands .
The Okukiyotsu Pumped Storage Power Station ( Japanese : 奥清津発電所 , Hepburn : Okukiyotsu Hatsudensho ) No . 1 and No . 2 are two large pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants in Yuzawa , Minamiuonuma , Niigata Prefecture , Japan . With a combined installed capacity of 1,600 megawatts ( 2,100,000 hp ) , the system is the third largest pumped-storage power station in Japan . The facilities are run by Electric Power Development Company ( J-Power ) . Like most pumped-storage facilities , the power station uses two reservoirs , releasing and pumping as the demand rises and falls . Tashiro lake , formed by the Kassa Dam , is the upper artificial reservoir , while Futai Dam on the Kiyotsu river forms the lower reservoir . Both dams are rockfill type dams , with a height of 90 m and 87 m , respectively . The reservoirs were built between 1972 and 1978 . Okukiyotsu No . 1 is the first plant to be built on the site , and employs four 260 MW pump/generator units , for a total net capacity of 1000 MW . The maximum water flow is 260 cubic meters per second .
Castaic Power Plant ( also called Castaic Pumped-Storage Plant ) is a seven unit pumped-storage hydroelectric plant , operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , which provides peak load power from the falling water on the West Branch of the California State Aqueduct . It is a cooperative venture between the LADWP and the Department of Water Resources of the State of California . An agreement between the two organizations was signed on September 2 , 1966 , for construction of the project .
The Liyang Pumped Storage Power Station is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station 22 km ( 14 mi ) south of Liyang in Jiangsu Province , eastern China . Preliminary construction began in 2002 and major works started in May 2011 . The first unit of the power station was commissioned in 2017 , the power station will have an installed capacity of 1,500 MW . As a pumped-storage scheme , the power station shifts water between an upper and a lower reservoir . During periods of low energy demand , when electricity is cheap , the power plant can pump water from the lower reservoir to the upper . When energy demand is high , water is released back down to the power station to produce electricity . The power station will contain six 250 MW reversible Francis pump-turbines which serve to both pump water and generate electricity . The upper reservoir will be formed by a 165 m ( 541 ft ) tall concrete-face rock-fill dam and withhold 14,105,000 m3 ( 11,435 acre⋅ft ) of water . Of that capacity , 12,100,000 m3 ( 9,810 acre⋅ft ) is active ( or usable ) storage for power generation . The lower reservoir will be formed adjacent to the Shahe Reservoir with a series of dikes . The power station will generation an estimated 2.007 billion kWh annually and consume 2.676 billion kWh when pumping . Although the power station will consume more energy than it will produce , it is economical because pumping occurs when electricity is cheaper .
The Okumino Pumped Storage Power Station is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Motosu in Gifu Prefecture , Japan . The station has an installed capacity of 1,500 megawatts ( 2,000,000 hp ) .
The Linth-Limmern Power Stations are a system of hydroelectric power stations located south of Linthal in the canton of Glarus , Switzerland . The system uses five reservoirs and four power stations at steep variations in altitude . Works on the complex began in 1957 with the construction of Lake Limmern Dam and the Mutt , Tierfehd and Linthal Power Stations . The dam was complete in 1963 and the power stations were all operational by 1968 , with an installed capacity of 340 MW . In 2009 , a 140 MW pumped-storage component between Lake Limmern and Tierfehd Reservoir was commissioned . In 2010 , construction began on the Linthal 2015 Project , which included the expansion of Lake Mutt and Tierfehd Reservoir , and the addition of the Limmern Power Station , a 1,000 MW pumped-storage component between Lake Mutt and Lake Limmern . Commissioning of the last unit in Limmern was completed by December 2017 , bringing the total installed capacity of the system to 1480 MW .
Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone .
The Chaira Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant ( Chaira PSHPP ) was built in the Rila mountains , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southeast of Bulgaria 's capital city , Sofia . Chaira has generating capacity of 864 megawatts ( 1,159,000 hp ) and a pumping capacity of 788 megawatts ( 1,057,000 hp ) . The power plant is equipped with four reversible Francis pump-turbines , each rated at 216 megawatts ( 290,000 hp ) in the generating mode , and 197 megawatts ( 264,000 hp ) in pumping mode . Units 1 and 2 have been in operation since 1995 , and at that time Chaira was the largest pumped-storage plant in southeast Europe with the highest head in the world for a single-stage pump turbine ( 690 metres ( 2,260 ft ) generating and 701 metres ( 2,300 ft ) pumping ) . Units 3 and 4 came online in 1999 . The pump-turbines and motor-generators were supplied by Toshiba , and three of them were manufactured under Japanese supervision in Bulgaria . The upper basin for Chaira is formed by the Belmeken Dam which connects to the pumped storage plant by two headrace tunnels with a diameter of 4.2 metres ( 14 ft ) and two penstocks with diameter 4.4 metres ( 14 ft ) , reducing to 4.2 metres ( 14 ft ) . Outflow from the Belmeken reservoir supplies the Sestrimo Hydro Power Plant
Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State .
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam , Gujarat in India . Four Indian states , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra and Rajasthan , receive water and electricity supplied from the dam . The foundation stone of the project was laid out by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 5 April 1961 . The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme funded by the World Bank through their International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity , using a loan of US $ 200 million . The construction for dam begun in 1987 , but the project was stalled by the Supreme Court of India in 1995 in the backdrop of Narmada Bachao Andolan over concerns of displacement of people . In 2000-01 the project was revived but with a lower height of 110.64 metres under directions from SC , which was later increased in 2006 to 121.92 meters and 138.98 meters in 2017 . The water level in the Sardar Sarovar Dam at Kevadia in Narmada district reached its highest capacity at 138.68 metres on 15 September 2019 . One of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada , Sardar Sarovar Dam ( SSD ) is the largest structure to be built . It is one of the largest dams in the world . It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project , a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada river . Following a number of controversial cases before the Supreme Court of India ( 1999 , 2000 , 2003 ) , by 2014 the Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height - and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir , from the original 80 m ( 260 ft ) to a final 163 m ( 535 ft ) from foundation . The project will irrigate more than 18,000 km2 ( 6,900 sq mi ) , most of it in drought prone areas of Kutch and Saurashtra .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .