List of dairy products
S
Table:
Name

Image

Origin

Description

Sarasson

France

A French dairy product resembling cream cheese or fromage blanc made from buttermilk[27]

Semifreddo

Italy

A class of semi-frozen desserts, typically ice-cream cakes, semi-frozen custards, and certain fruit tarts. It has the texture of frozen mousse because it is usually produced by uniting two equal parts of ice cream and whipped cream.

Sergem

Tibet

A Tibetan food made from milk once the butter from the milk is extracted. It is then put in a vessel and heated and when it is about to boil, sour liquid call "chakeu" is add and this leads to the separation of sergem from that milk.

Sheep milk

Also known as ewe's milk, it is the milk of domestic sheep. Though not widely drunk in any modern culture, sheep's milk is commonly used to make cultured dairy products.

Shrikhand

India

An Indian sweet dish made of strained yogurt.[28] It is one of the main desserts in Maharashtrian cuisine and Gujarati cuisine.

Skorup

Kajmak that is matured in dried animal skin sacks is called skorup.

Skyr

Iceland

An Icelandic cultured dairy product, similar to strained yogurt. It has been a part of Icelandic cuisine for over a thousand years.[29]

Smetana

Central and Eastern Europe

A range of sour creams from Central and Eastern Europe. It is a dairy product produced by souring heavy cream.

Snow cream

A cream-based dessert with one or more flavoring agents added or dessert in which snow is mixed with a sweetened dairy-based liquid to make an ice cream substitute.

So

Japan

A type of dairy product that was made in Japan between 7th and 10th centuries.[30] So was made from layers of milk skin.

Soft serve

United States

A type of ice cream that is softer than regular ice cream, as a result of air being introduced during freezing. Soft serve ice cream has been sold commercially since the late 1930s.

Sour cream

Obtained by fermenting a regular cream with certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria.[31] The bacterial culture, which is introduced either deliberately or naturally, sours and thickens the cream.

Soured milk

Produced from the acidification of milk. It is not the same as spoiled milk that has soured naturally and which may contain toxins. Acidification, which gives the milk a tart taste, is achieved either through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar, or through bacterial fermentation.

Spaghettieis

Mannheim, Germany

A German ice cream made to look like a plate of spaghetti. It was created by Dario Fontanella in the late 1960s in Mannheim, Germany.

Strained yogurt

Yogurt which has been strained in a cloth or paper bag or filter to remove the whey, giving a consistency between that of yogurt and cheese, while preserving yogurt's distinctive sour taste. Pictured is strained yogurt with olive oil.

Súrmjólk

Iceland

A cultured milk product, or a type of yogurt. It is made from either whole or semi-skimmed milk and various flavorings are sometimes added.[32]

Looking at the accompanying table as well as the context paragraphs provided at the end.

Provide an answer to this question: What is the climate of the country where skyr originated ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

Sarasson ( French pronunciation : ​ [ sa.ʁa.sɔ̃ ] ) is a French dairy product resembling cream cheese or fromage blanc made from buttermilk . It is traditionally produced in the French departments of Loire , Ardèche , Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme . In the 1600 textbook of agriculture Théâtre d'agriculture et mesnage des champs , Olivier de Serres mentions the product .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Semifreddo ( pronounced [ ˌsemiˈfreddo ] , Italian : half cold ) is a class of semi-frozen desserts . The main ingredients are egg yolks , sugar , and cream . It has the texture of frozen mousse . Such a dessert 's Spanish counterpart is called semifrío . It is often called an ice-cream cake , but a true ice-cream cake has layers of cake and ice-cream . [ citation needed ]
Dessert ( /dɪˈzɜːrt/ ) is a course that concludes a meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods , such as confections dishes or fruit , and possibly a beverage such as dessert wine or liqueur ; however , in the United States it may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items regarded as a separate course elsewhere . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal . The term dessert can apply to many confections , such as biscuits , cakes , cookies , custards , gelatins , ice creams , pastries , pies , puddings , sweet soups , and tarts . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .
Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on milk or cream cooked with egg yolk to thicken it , and sometimes also flour , corn starch , or gelatin . Depending on the recipe , custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce ( crème anglaise ) to the thick pastry cream ( crème pâtissière ) used to fill éclairs . The most common custards are used in desserts or dessert sauces and typically include sugar and vanilla , however savory custards are also found , e.g. , in quiche . Custard is usually cooked in a double boiler ( bain-marie ) , or heated very gently in a saucepan on a stove , though custard can also be steamed , baked in the oven with or without a water bath , or even cooked in a pressure cooker . Custard preparation is a delicate operation , because a temperature increase of 3-6 °C ( 5-10 °F ) leads to overcooking and curdling . Generally , a fully cooked custard should not exceed 80 °C ( ~175 °F ) ; it begins setting at 70 °C ( ~160 °F ) . A water bath slows heat transfer and makes it easier to remove the custard from the oven before it curdles . Adding a small amount of cornflour to the egg-sugar mixture stabilises the resulting custard , allowing it to be cooked in a single pan as well as in a double-boiler . A sous-vide water bath may be used to precisely control temperature .
A mousse ( /ˈmuːs/ ; French : [ mus ] ; foam ) is a soft prepared food that incorporates air bubbles to give it a light and airy texture . It can range from light and fluffy to creamy and thick , depending on preparation techniques . A mousse may be sweet or savory . Sweet mousses are typically made with whipped egg whites , whipped cream , or both , and flavored with one or more of chocolate , coffee , caramel , puréed fruits , or various herbs and spices , such as mint or vanilla . In the case of some chocolate mousses , egg yolks are often stirred into melted chocolate to give the final product a richer mouthfeel . Mousses are also typically chilled before being served , which gives them a denser texture . Sweetened mousse is served as a dessert , or used as an airy cake filling . It is sometimes stabilized with gelatin . Savory mousses can be made from meat , fish , shellfish , foie gras , cheese , or vegetables . Hot mousses often get their light texture from the addition of beaten egg whites .
Whipped cream is a culinary colloid produced when cream is aerated by one of two processes : mechanical agitation with a high-speed blade or whip , or injecting a gas under high pressure which expands rapidly when released from pressurized containment . It is often sweetened and sometimes flavored with vanilla . Whipped cream is also called Chantilly cream or Crème chantilly ( pronounced [ kʁɛm ʃɑ̃tiji ] ) .
Sergem is a Tibetan food made from milk once the butter from the milk is extracted . It is then put in a vessel and heated and when it is about to boil , sour liquid call chakeu is add and this leads to the separation of sergem from that milk . One can also prepare a soup out of sergem , add sergem to an achaar , or eat it with momo .
Tibet ( /tɪˈbɛt/ ( listen ) ; Tibetan : བོད་ , Lhasa dialect : [ /pʰøː˨˧˩/ ] ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng ) is a region in Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Tamang , Qiang , Sherpa , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , Earth 's highest mountain , rising 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories . The bulk of western and central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa , Shigatse , or nearby locations ; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship . Thus Tibet remained a suzerainty of the Mongol and later Chinese rulers in Nanjing and Beijing , with reasonable autonomy given to the Tibetan leaders . The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai . The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century . Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area ( Ü-Tsang ) . The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government . Later , Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang , China .
Tibetan cuisine includes the culinary traditions and practices and its peoples . The cuisine reflects the Tibetan landscape of mountains and plateaus and includes influences from neighbours ( including India and Nepal where many Tibetans abide ) . It is known for its use of noodles , goat , yak , mutton , dumplings , cheese ( often from yak or goat milk ) , butter , yoghurt ( also from animals adapted to the Tibetan climate ) and soups . Vegetarianism has been debated by religious practitioners since the 11th century , but is not prevalent due to the difficulty of growing vegetables , and cultural traditions promoting consumption of meat . Crops must be able to grow at high altitudes , although a few areas are at low enough altitude to grow crops such as rice , oranges , bananas and lemons . The most important crop is barley . Flour milled from roasted barley , called tsampa , is the staple food of Tibet , as well as Sha phaley ( meat and cabbage in bread ) . Balep is Tibetan bread eaten for breakfast and lunch . Various other types of balep bread and fried pies are consumed . Thukpa is a dinner staple consisting of vegetables , meat and noodles of various shapes in broth . Tibetan cuisine is traditionally served with bamboo chopsticks , in contrast to other Himalayan cuisines , which are eaten by hand . Mustard seeds are cultivated and feature heavily in its cuisine .
Sheep 's milk ( or ewes ' milk ) is the milk of domestic sheep . It is commonly used to make cultured dairy products such as cheese . Some of the most popular sheep cheeses include feta ( Greece ) , ricotta ( Italy ) , and Roquefort ( France ) . [ citation needed ]
Sheep ( Ovis aries ) are quadrupedal , ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock . Like most ruminants , sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla , the even-toed ungulates . Although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus Ovis , in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries . Numbering a little over one billion , domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep . An adult female is referred to as a ewe ( /juː/ ) , an intact male as a ram , occasionally a tup , a castrated male as a wether , and a young sheep is a lamb . Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia and one of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes , sheep are raised for fleeces , meat ( lamb , hogget or mutton ) and milk . A sheep 's wool is the most widely used animal fiber , and is usually harvested by shearing . Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones in Commonwealth countries , and lamb in the United States ( including from adults ) . Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today , and are also occasionally raised for pelts , as dairy animals , or as model organisms for science . Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world , and has been fundamental to many civilizations . In the modern era , Australia , New Zealand , the southern and central South American nations , and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production . There are a large lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region and dialect .
Shrikhand is an Indian sweet dish made of strained dahi ( yogurt ) .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Indian cuisine consists of a wide variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent . Given the range of diversity in soil type , climate , culture , ethnic groups , and occupations , these cuisines vary substantially from each other and use locally available spices , herbs , vegetables , and fruits . Indian food is also heavily influenced by religion , in particular Hinduism , cultural choices and traditions . The cuisine is also influenced by centuries of Islamic rule , particularly the Mughal rule . Samosas and pilafs can be regarded as examples . Historical events such as foreign invasions , trade relations , and colonialism have played a role in introducing certain foods to this country . The Columbian discovery of the New World brought a number of new vegetables and fruit to India . A number of these such as the potato , tomatoes , chillies , peanuts , and Guava have become staples in many regions of India . Indian cuisine has shaped the history of international relations ; the spice trade between India and Europe was the primary catalyst for Europe 's Age of Discovery . Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia . Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across the world , especially those from Europe ( especially Britain ) , the Middle East , Southern African , East Africa , Southeast Asia , North America , Mauritius , Fiji , Oceania , and the Caribbean .
Strained yogurt , Greek yogurt , yogurt cheese , or sack yoghurt is yogurt that has been strained to remove most of its whey , resulting in a thicker consistency than unstrained yogurt , while preserving yogurt 's distinctive sour taste . Like many types of yogurt , strained yogurt is often made from milk that has been enriched by boiling off some of its water content , or by adding extra butterfat and powdered milk . In Europe and North America , it is often made from low-fat or fat-free milk . In Iceland , a similar product named skyr is made . Strained yogurt is generally marketed in North America as Greek yogurt and in Britain as Greek-style yoghurt , though strained yogurt is also widely eaten in Levantine , Eastern Mediterranean , Middle Eastern , Central Asian and South Asian cuisines , wherein it is often used in cooking ( as it is high enough in fat content to avoid curdling at higher temperatures ) . Such dishes may be cooked or raw , savoury or sweet . Due to the straining process to remove excess whey , even non-fat varieties of strained yogurt are much thicker , richer , and creamier than yogurts that have not been strained . Since the straining process removes the whey , or fluid , from the milk solids , it requires substantially more plain yogurt to produce a cup of strained yogurt , so the cost to make it is increased accordingly . Thickeners , such as pectin , locust bean gum , starches or guar gum , listed in the ingredients indicate straining was not the method used to consolidate the milk solids . Marketing of Greek or Greek-style yogurt in the United States allows the use of more thickeners instead of straining , so there is little difference between the yogurt of years prior to the introduction of strained yogurt other than an increase of thickeners , even though the price is now higher for the original , unstrained products . In western Europe and the US , strained yogurt has increased in popularity compared to unstrained yogurt . Since the straining process removes some of the lactose , strained yogurt is lower in sugar than unstrained yogurt .
Maharashtrian or Marathi cuisine is the cuisine of the Marathi people from the Indian state of Maharashtra . It has distinctive attributes , while sharing much with other Indian cuisines . Traditionally , Maharashtrians have considered their food to be more austere than others . Maharashtrian cuisine includes mild and spicy dishes . Wheat , rice , jowar , bajri , vegetables , lentils and fruit are dietary staples . Peanuts and cashews are often served with vegetables . Meat was traditionally used sparsely or only by the well off until recently , because of economic conditions and culture . The urban population in metropolitan cities such as Mumbai , Pune and others has been influenced by cuisine from other parts of India and abroad . For example , the Udupi dishes idli and dosa , as well as Chinese and Western dishes , are quite popular in home cooking , and in restaurants . Distinctly Maharashtrian dishes include ukdiche modak , aluchi patal bhaji and Thalipeeth .
Gujarati cuisine is that of the state of Gujarat , in western India . The typical Gujarati thali consists of roti , dal or kadhi , rice , and shaak ( a dish made up of several different combinations of vegetables and spices , which may be either spicy or sweet ) . The thali will also include preparations made from pulses or whole beans ( called kathor in Gujarati ) such as mung , black eyed beans etc. , a snack item ( farsaan ) like dhokla , pathra , samosa etc . and a sweet ( mishthaan ) like mohanthal , jalebi , doodh pak etc . Gujarati cuisine varies widely in flavour and heat , depending on a family 's tastes as well as the region of Gujarat to which they belong . North Gujarat , Kathiawad , Kachchh , Central Gujarat and South Gujarat are the five major regions of Gujarat that contribute their unique touch to Gujarati cuisine . Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet , salty , and spicy simultaneously . Despite having an extensive coastline providing wholesome seafood , Gujarat is primarily a vegetarian state due to the influence of Jain vegetarianism . Many communities , however , do include seafood , chicken and mutton in their diet .
Kaymak is a creamy dairy product similar to clotted cream , made from the milk of water buffalos , cows , sheep , or goats in Central Asia , some Balkan countries , some Caucasus countries , Turkic regions , Iran and Afghanistan . The traditional method of making kaymak is to boil the milk slowly , then simmer it for two hours over a very low heat . After the heat source is shut off , the cream is skimmed and left to chill ( and mildly ferment ) for several hours or days . Kaymak has a high percentage of milk fat , typically about 60% . It has a thick , creamy consistency ( not entirely compact due to milk protein fibers ) and a rich taste .
Kaymak is a creamy dairy product similar to clotted cream , made from the milk of water buffalos , cows , sheep , or goats in Central Asia , some Balkan countries , some Caucasus countries , Turkic regions , Iran and Afghanistan . The traditional method of making kaymak is to boil the milk slowly , then simmer it for two hours over a very low heat . After the heat source is shut off , the cream is skimmed and left to chill ( and mildly ferment ) for several hours or days . Kaymak has a high percentage of milk fat , typically about 60% . It has a thick , creamy consistency ( not entirely compact due to milk protein fibers ) and a rich taste .
Skyr [ a ] is an Icelandic cultured dairy product . It has the consistency of Greek yogurt , but a milder flavor . Skyr can be classified as a fresh sour milk cheese ( similar to curd cheese eaten in Germany and Russia ) but is consumed like a yogurt . It has been a part of Icelandic cuisine for centuries . Skyr has a slightly sour dairy flavor , with a hint of residual sweetness . It is traditionally served cold with milk and a topping of sugar . Commercial manufacturers of skyr have added flavors such as vanilla or fruit to increase the appeal of the product .
Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden .
Milk is a nutrient-rich , white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals . It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals ( including humans who are breastfed ) before they are able to digest other types of food . Early-lactation milk contains colostrum , which carries the mother 's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases . It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose . Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon , particularly among humans , many of whom consume the milk of other mammals . As an agricultural product , milk , also called dairy milk , is extracted from farm animals during or soon after pregnancy . Dairy farms produced about 730 million tonnes of milk in 2011 , from 260 million dairy cows . India is the world 's largest producer of milk , and is the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder , yet it exports few other milk products . The ever-increasing rise in domestic demand for dairy products and a large demand-supply gap could lead to India being a net importer of dairy products in the future . New Zealand , Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters of milk products . China and Russia were the world 's largest importers of milk and milk products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient , contributing to a worldwide glut of milk . Throughout the world , more than six billion people consume milk and milk products .
Icelandic cuisine , the cuisine of Iceland , has a long history . Important parts of Icelandic cuisine are lamb , dairy , and fish , the latter due to Iceland being surrounded by ocean . Popular foods in Iceland include skyr , hangikjöt ( smoked lamb ) , kleinur , laufabrauð , and bollur . Þorramatur is a traditional buffet served at midwinter festivals called Þorrablót ; it includes a selection of traditionally cured meat and fish products served with rúgbrauð ( dense dark and sweet rye bread ) and brennivín ( an Icelandic akvavit ) . The flavors of this traditional country food originates in its preservation methods ; pickling in fermented whey or brine , drying , and smoking . Modern Icelandic chefs usually emphasise the quality of available ingredients rather than age-old cooking traditions and methods . Numerous restaurants in Iceland specialise in seafood . At the annual Food and Fun chef 's competition ( held since 2004 ) , competitors create innovative dishes with fresh ingredients produced in Iceland . Points of pride are the quality of the lamb meat , seafood , and ( more recently ) skyr . Other local ingredients include seabirds and waterfowl ( including their eggs ) , salmon and trout , crowberry , blueberry , rhubarb , Iceland moss , wild mushrooms , wild thyme , lovage , angelica , and dried seaweed , as well as a wide array of dairy products . Because of the history of settlement in a harsh climate , animal products dominate Icelandic cuisine . Popular taste has been developing , however , to become closer to the European norm .
Smetana is a type of sour cream from Central and Eastern Europe . It is a dairy product produced by souring heavy cream . It is similar to crème fraîche ( 28% fat ) , but nowadays mainly sold with 9% to 36% milkfat content depending on the country . Its cooking properties are different from crème fraîche and the lighter sour creams sold in the US , which contain 12 to 16% butterfat . It is widely used in cooking and baking .
Central and Eastern Europe , abbreviated CEE , is a term encompassing the countries in Central Europe ( the Visegrád Group ) , the Baltics , Eastern Europe , and Southeastern Europe ( Balkans ) , usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc ( Warsaw Pact ) in Europe . Scholarly literature often uses the abbreviations CEE or CEEC for this term . The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development also uses the term Central and Eastern European Countries ( CEECs ) for a group comprising some of these countries .
Souring is a cooking technique that uses exposure to an acid to cause a physical and chemical change in food . This acid can be added explicitly ( for example , in the form of vinegar , lemon juice , lime juice , etc . ) , or can be produced within the food itself by a microbe such as Lactobacillus . Souring is similar to pickling or fermentation , but souring typically occurs in minutes or hours , while pickling and fermentation can take a much longer time .
Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization . In un-homogenized milk , the fat , which is less dense , eventually rises to the top . In the industrial production of cream , this process is accelerated by using centrifuges called separators . In many countries , it is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content . It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets , and contains high levels of saturated fat . Cream skimmed from milk may be called sweet cream to distinguish it from cream skimmed from whey , a by-product of cheese-making . Whey cream has a lower fat content and tastes more salty , tangy and cheesy . In many countries , cream is usually sold partially fermented : sour cream , crème fraîche , and so on . Both forms have many culinary uses in sweet , bitter , salty and tangy dishes . Cream produced by cattle ( particularly Jersey cattle ) grazing on natural pasture often contains some natural carotenoid pigments derived from the plants they eat ; this gives it a slightly yellow tone , hence the name of the yellowish-white color : cream . This is also the origin of butter 's yellow color . Cream from goat 's milk , or from cows fed indoors on grain or grain-based pellets , is white .
Snow cream can be one of two distinct desserts .
So ( 蘇 ) was a type of dairy product made in Japan between the seventh and 10th centuries . According to Engishiki , so was introduced from Baekje , and acted as a gift in kind to the emperors . Daigo was produced by further processing of so . The first record of so was made during the era of Emperor Mommu ( 697-707 AD ) . Tennyakuryo , then a part of the Ministry of Imperial Household , was responsible for the production of so . It was used as a medicine and as an offering to gods . The production sites known to date include Ajifu in Settsu ( current Higashiyodogawa-ku in Osaka ) . So is made by solidifying layers of milk skin . The flavor is light , similar to that of cottage cheese .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Milk skin or lactoderm refers to a sticky film of protein that forms on top of dairy milk and foods containing dairy milk ( such as hot chocolate and some soups ) . Milk film can be produced both through conventional boiling and by microwaving the liquid , and as such can often be observed when heating milk for use in drinks such as drinking chocolate . It is caused by the denaturation of proteins such as beta-lactoglobulin ( whey protein ) . When milk is boiled , soluble milk proteins are denatured and then coagulate with milk 's fat and form a sticky film across the top of the liquid , which then dries by evaporation . The layer does not need to be discarded and can be consumed , as protein 's nutritional value is unaffected by the denaturation process . Milk film is often considered to be desirable and is used in several recipes for various foods .
Soft serve is a frozen dairy dessert , similar to ice cream but softer and less dense as a result of air being introduced during freezing . Soft serve has been sold commercially since the late 1930s in the US . In the US , soft serve is not sold prepackaged in supermarkets , but is common at fairs , carnivals , amusement parks , restaurants ( especially fast food and buffet ) , and specialty shops . All ice cream must be frozen quickly to avoid crystal growth . With soft serve , this is accomplished by a special machine that holds pre-mixed product at a very low , but non-frozen temperature , at the point of sale .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
Ice cream ( derived from earlier iced cream or cream ice ) is a sweetened frozen food typically eaten as a snack or dessert . It may be made from dairy milk or cream and is flavored with a sweetener , either sugar or an alternative , and any spice , such as cocoa or vanilla . Colourings are usually added , in addition to stabilizers . The mixture is stirred to incorporate air spaces and cooled below the freezing point of water to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming . The result is a smooth , semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures ( below 2 °C or 35 °F ) . It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases . The meaning of the name ice cream varies from one country to another . Terms such as frozen custard , frozen yogurt , sorbet , gelato , and others are used to distinguish different varieties and styles . In some countries , such as the United States , ice cream applies only to a specific variety , and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to the relative quantities of the main ingredients , notably the amount of cream . Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are sometimes labelled frozen dairy dessert instead . In other countries , such as Italy and Argentina , one word is used for all variants . Analogues made from dairy alternatives , such as goat 's or sheep 's milk , or milk substitutes ( e.g. , soy , cashew , coconut , almond milk or tofu ) , are available for those who are lactose intolerant , allergic to dairy protein , or vegan .
Sour cream ( American English ) or soured cream ( British English ) is a dairy product obtained by fermenting regular cream with certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria . The bacterial culture , which is introduced either deliberately or naturally , sours and thickens the cream . Its name comes from the production of lactic acid by bacterial fermentation , which is called souring .
Fermentation in food processing is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms - yeasts or bacteria - under anaerobic conditions . Fermentation usually implies that the action of microorganisms is desired . The science of fermentation is known as zymology or zymurgy . The term fermentation sometimes refers specifically to the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol , producing alcoholic drinks such as wine , beer , and cider . However , similar processes take place in the leavening of bread ( CO2 produced by yeast activity ) , and in the preservation of sour foods with the production of lactic acid , such as in sauerkraut and yogurt . Other widely consumed fermented foods include vinegar , olives , and cheese . More localised foods prepared by fermentation may also be based on beans , grain , vegetables , fruit , honey , dairy products , fish .
Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization . In un-homogenized milk , the fat , which is less dense , eventually rises to the top . In the industrial production of cream , this process is accelerated by using centrifuges called separators . In many countries , it is sold in several grades depending on the total butterfat content . It can be dried to a powder for shipment to distant markets , and contains high levels of saturated fat . Cream skimmed from milk may be called sweet cream to distinguish it from cream skimmed from whey , a by-product of cheese-making . Whey cream has a lower fat content and tastes more salty , tangy and cheesy . In many countries , cream is usually sold partially fermented : sour cream , crème fraîche , and so on . Both forms have many culinary uses in sweet , bitter , salty and tangy dishes . Cream produced by cattle ( particularly Jersey cattle ) grazing on natural pasture often contains some natural carotenoid pigments derived from the plants they eat ; this gives it a slightly yellow tone , hence the name of the yellowish-white color : cream . This is also the origin of butter 's yellow color . Cream from goat 's milk , or from cows fed indoors on grain or grain-based pellets , is white .
Lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) are an order of gram-positive , low-GC , acid-tolerant , generally nonsporulating , nonrespiring , either rod-shaped ( bacilli ) or spherical ( cocci ) bacteria that share common metabolic and physiological characteristics . These bacteria , usually found in decomposing plants and milk products , produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation . This trait has , throughout history , linked LAB with food fermentations , as acidification inhibits the growth of spoilage agents . Proteinaceous bacteriocins are produced by several LAB strains and provide an additional hurdle for spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms . Furthermore , lactic acid and other metabolic products contribute to the organoleptic and textural profile of a food item . The industrial importance of the LAB is further evidenced by their generally recognized as safe ( GRAS ) status , due to their ubiquitous appearance in food and their contribution to the healthy microbiota of animal and human mucosal surfaces . The genera that comprise the LAB are at its core Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc , Pediococcus , Lactococcus , and Streptococcus , as well as the more peripheral Aerococcus , Carnobacterium , Enterococcus , Oenococcus , Sporolactobacillus , Tetragenococcus , Vagococcus , and Weissella ; these belong to the order Lactobacillales .
A microbiological culture , or microbial culture , is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions . Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as a research tool in molecular biology . Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism , its abundance in the sample being tested , or both . It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium . For example , a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms , such as Streptococcus pyogenes , the causative agent of strep throat . Furthermore , the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to selectively growing a specific kind of microorganism in the lab . It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms . A pure ( or axenic ) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types . A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism , in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another . For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture , the medium of agarose gel ( agar ) is used . Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed . A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum , which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles .
Soured milk denotes a range of food products produced by the acidification of milk . Acidification , which gives the milk a tart taste , is achieved either through bacterial fermentation or through the addition of an acid , such as lemon juice or vinegar . The acid causes milk to coagulate and thicken , inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and improving the product 's shelf life . Soured milk that is produced by bacterial fermentation is more specifically called fermented milk or cultured milk . Traditionally , soured milk was simply fresh milk that was left to ferment and sour by keeping it in a warm place for a day , often near a stove . Modern commercial soured milk may differ from milk that has become sour naturally . [ full citation needed ] Soured milk that is produced by the addition of an acid , with or without the addition of microbial organisms , is more specifically called acidified milk . In the United States , acids used to manufacture acidified milk include acetic acid ( commonly found in vinegar ) , adipic acid , citric acid ( commonly found in lemon juice ) , fumaric acid , glucono-delta-lactone , hydrochloric acid , lactic acid , malic acid , phosphoric acid , succinic acid , and tartaric acid . Soured milk is commonly made at home or is sold and consumed in Europe , especially in Eastern Europe ( Bulgaria , Belarus , Poland , Slovakia , Russia , Ukraine ) , all over the countries of the former Yugoslavia ( Macedonia , Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Slovenia ) , Romania , Greece , Finland , Germany , and Scandinavia . It is also made at home or sold in supermarkets and consumed in the Great Lakes region of Somalia and Eastern Africa ( Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi and Tanzania ) . It is also a traditional food of the Bantu people of Southern Africa . Since the 1970s , some producers have used chemical acidification in place of biological agents .
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes . In biochemistry , it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of respiration . In the context of food production , it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage . The science of fermentation is known as zymology . In microorganisms , fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically . Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age . For example , fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers , kombucha , kimchi , and yogurt , as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer . Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals , including humans .
Spaghettieis ( German pronunciation : [ ʃpaˈɡɛtiˌaɪs ] ) is a German ice cream dish made to look like a plate of spaghetti . In the dish , vanilla ice cream is extruded through a modified Spätzle press or potato ricer , giving it the appearance of spaghetti . It is then placed over whipped cream and topped with strawberry sauce ( to simulate tomato sauce ) and either coconut flakes , grated almonds , or white chocolate shavings to represent the parmesan cheese . Besides the usual dish with strawberry sauce , one may also find variations like ice cream with dark chocolate ice cream and nuts , simulating Spaghetti Carbonara instead of Spaghetti Bolognese . Spaghettieis was created by Dario Fontanella in the late 1960s in Mannheim , Germany . Fontanella recalls serving his innovative creation to children who broke into tears because they wanted ice cream and not a plate of spaghetti . He received the Bloomaulorden , a medal bestowed by the city of Mannheim , in 2014 . For many years , the dish was not well known outside Germany , and could only be found at some gelaterias and specialty ice cream parlors , special events , and hotels and restaurants around the world . Recently , Spaghettieis has begun to appear as a novelty in more restaurants and has had some attention on social media [ citation needed ] .
Mannheim ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmanhaɪm ] ( listen ) ; Palatine German : Monnem or Mannem ) is a city in the southwestern part of Germany , the third-largest in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart and Karlsruhe with a 2015 population of approximately 310,000 inhabitants . The city is at the centre of the larger densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region which has a population of 2,400,000 and is Germany 's eighth-largest metropolitan region . Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Rhine and the Neckar in the northwestern corner of Baden-Württemberg . The Rhine separates Mannheim from the city of Ludwigshafen , just to the west of it in Rhineland-Palatinate , and the border of Baden-Württemberg with Hesse is just to the north . Mannheim is downstream along the Neckar from the city of Heidelberg . Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern , leading to its nickname die Quadratestadt ( The City of Squares ) . The eighteenth century Mannheim Palace , former home of the Prince-elector of the Palatinate , now houses the University of Mannheim . The city is home to major corporations including Daimler , John Deere , Caterpillar , ABB , Fuchs Petrolub , IBM , Roche , Reckitt Benckiser , Unilever , Phoenix Group , Siemens , and several other well-known companies . In addition , Mannheim 's SAP Arena is not only the home of the German ice hockey record champions the Adler Mannheim , but also the well-known handball team , the Rhein-Neckar Löwen . According to the Forbes magazine , Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide . The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing Mannheim 's positive economic and innovative environment . Since 2014 , Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of UNESCO City of Music .
Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights .
Spaghetti ( Italian : [ spaˈɡetti ] ) is a long , thin , solid , cylindrical pasta . It is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine . Like other pasta , spaghetti is made of milled wheat and water and sometimes enriched with vitamins and minerals . Italian spaghetti is typically made from durum wheat semolina . Usually the pasta is white because refined flour is used , but whole wheat flour may be added . Spaghettoni is a thicker form of spaghetti , while capellini is a very thin spaghetti . Originally , spaghetti was notably long , but shorter lengths gained in popularity during the latter half of the 20th century and now it is most commonly available in 25-30 cm ( 10-12 in ) lengths . A variety of pasta dishes are based on it and it is frequently served with tomato sauce or meat or vegetables .
Whey is the liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained . It is a byproduct of the manufacture of cheese or casein and has several commercial uses . Sweet whey is a byproduct produced during the manufacture of rennet types of hard cheese , like cheddar or Swiss cheese . Acid whey ( also known as sour whey ) is a byproduct produced during the making of acid types of dairy products , such as cottage cheese or strained yogurt . Whey proteins consist of α-lactalbumin , β-lactoglobulin , serum albumin , immunoglobulins , and proteose-peptones .