List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
Riots and political unrest
Table:
Event

Victims

Country

Locale(s)

Date

Partition of India and Pakistan

200,000–2,000,000
British India
Punjab and Bengal
1947

La Violencia

200,000–300,000
Colombia
Country-wide
1948–1960

1959 Tibetan uprising

85,000–87,000
Tibet, China
Lhasa
1959

Nika riots

30,000
Byzantium
Constantinople
532

La semaine sanglante

6,667–20,000
France
Paris
1871

February 28 Incident

10,000–30,000
China
Taiwan
1947

Jeju Uprising

14,000–30,000
Southern Korea, present-day South Korea
Jeju island
1948

August Uprising

13,000–15,500
Georgia

1924

1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising

10,000–40,000
El Salvador

1932

Romanian Peasants' Revolt

10,000–20,000
Romania

1907

Kronstadt rebellion

10,000
Russia
Kronstadt
1921

1984 anti-Sikh riots

2,800–8,000
India
New Delhi
1984

March 1st Movement

7,500
Japanese Korea, present-day South Korea
Seoul
1919

Second Intifada

4,179–4,354

Israel/Palestinian territories

2000–2005

Pitchfork Uprising

3,800
Russia

1920

Iranian Revolution[465]

2,781
Iran

1979

8888 Uprising

3,000–10,000
Burma/Myanmar

1987–1993

First Intifada

2,204

Israel/Palestinian territories

1987

Banana Massacre

47–2,000
Colombia
Ciénaga
1928

Santa María School massacre

2,300
Chile
Iquique
1907

Based on the following table together with the textual context below.

Give the answer to the question: Which organization led the uprising that killed 13,000-15,500 in 1924 ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The Partition of India of 1947 was the division of British India [ b ] into two independent dominion states , the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The Union of India is today the Republic of India ; the Dominion of Pakistan is today the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People 's Republic of Bangladesh . The partition involved the division of two provinces , Bengal and Punjab , based on district-wise non-Muslim or Muslim majorities . The partition also saw the creation of the British Indian Army , the Royal Indian Navy , the Indian Civil Service , the railways , and the central treasury . The partition was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj , or Crown rule in India . The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14-15 August 1947 . The partition displaced between 10-12 million people along religious lines , creating overwhelming refugee crises in the newly constituted dominions ; there was large-scale violence , with estimates of loss of life accompanying or preceding the partition disputed and varying between several hundred thousand and two million . [ c ] The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to the present . The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971 , nor the earlier separations of Burma ( now Myanmar ) and Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) from the administration of British India . [ d ] The term also does not cover the political integration of princely states into the two new dominions , nor the disputes of annexation or division arising in the princely states of Hyderabad , Junagadh , and Jammu and Kashmir , though violence along religious lines did break out in some princely states at the time of the partition . It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947-1954 , nor the annexation of Goa and other districts of Portuguese India by India in 1961 . Other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947 , Sikkim , Bhutan , Nepal , and the Maldives were unaffected by the partition .
Punjab ( /pʌnˈdʒɑːb/ ( listen ) , Punjabi : [ pənˈdʒaːb ] ) is a state in northern India . Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent , the state is bordered by the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the north , and the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east , Haryana to the south and southeast , and Rajasthan to the southwest . It is bordered by the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west . The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres , 1.53% of India 's total geographical area . It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area . With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population , comprising 22 districts . Punjabi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state . The main ethnic group are the Punjabis , with Sikhs ( 58% ) and Hindus ( 38% ) . The state capital is Chandigarh , a Union Territory and also the capital of the neighbouring state of Haryana . The five tributary rivers of the Indus River from which the region took its name are Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab and Jhelum Rivers ; Sutlej , Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab . The history of Punjab has witnessed the migration and settlement of innumerable races , forming a melting pot of Punjabi civilisation . The first traces of human habitation in India were found in the Punjab region .
Bengal ( /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ ; Bengali : বাংলা/বঙ্গ , romanized : Bānglā/Bôngô Bengali pronunciation : [ bɔŋgo ] ) is a geopolitical , cultural and historical region in South Asia , specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal . Geographically , it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system , the largest such formation in the world ; along with mountains in its north bordering the Himalayan states of Nepal and Bhutan and east bordering Burma . Politically , Bengal is currently divided between Bangladesh ( which covers two-thirds of the region ) and the Indian territories of West Bengal , Tripura and Assam 's Barak Valley ( altogether cover the remaining one-third ) . In 2011 , the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million , making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world . Among them , an estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh and 91.3 million people live in West Bengal . The predominant ethnolinguistic group is the Bengali people , who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language . Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh and Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal and Tripura , while Barak Valley contains almost equal proportions of Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims . Outside Bengal proper , the Indian territories of Jharkhand , Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are also home to significant communities of Bengalis . Dense woodlands , including hilly rainforests , cover Bengal 's northern and eastern areas ; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area . In the littoral southwest are the Sundarbans , the world 's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger . In the coastal southeast lies Cox 's Bazar , the longest beach in the world at 125 km ( 78 mi ) . The region has a monsoon climate , which the Bengali calendar divides into six seasons .
La Violencia ( Spanish pronunciation : [ la βjoˈlensja ] , The Violence ) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958 , between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party , fought mainly in the countryside . La Violencia is considered to have begun with the 9 April 1948 assassination of the popular politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán , a Liberal Party presidential candidate for the election in November 1949 . His murder provoked the Bogotazo rioting that lasted for ten hours and killed some 5,000 people . An alternative historiography proposes as the start the Conservatives ' return to power following the election of 1946 . Rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants , which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia . La Violencia is estimated to have cost the lives of at least 200,000 people .
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law .
The 1959 Tibetan uprising or the 1959 Tibetan rebellion began on 10 March 1959 , when a revolt erupted in Lhasa , the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region , which had been under the effective control of the People 's Republic of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement was reached in 1951 . Armed conflict between Tibetan guerillas and the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) had started in 1956 in the Kham and Amdo regions , which had been subjected to socialist reform . The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962 . The anniversary of the uprising is observed by Tibetan exiles as the `` Tibetan Uprising Day '' and Women 's Uprising Day . The anniversary of its end is officially celebrated in the Tibetan Autonomous Region as Serfs Emancipation Day .
Tibet ( /tɪˈbɛt/ ( listen ) ; Tibetan : བོད་ , Lhasa dialect : [ /pʰøː˨˧˩/ ] ; Chinese : 西藏 ; pinyin : Xīzàng ) is a region in Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau . It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa , Tamang , Qiang , Sherpa , and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people . Tibet is the highest region on Earth , with an average elevation of 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) . The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest , Earth 's highest mountain , rising 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) above sea level . The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century , but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories . The bulk of western and central Tibet ( Ü-Tsang ) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa , Shigatse , or nearby locations ; these governments were at various times under Mongol and Chinese overlordship . Thus Tibet remained a suzerainty of the Mongol and later Chinese rulers in Nanjing and Beijing , with reasonable autonomy given to the Tibetan leaders . The eastern regions of Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure , being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups , while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo ; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai . The current borders of Tibet were generally established in the 18th century . Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912 , Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area ( Ü-Tsang ) . The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government . Later , Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang , China .
Lhasa or Chengguan is a district and administrative capital of Lhasa City in the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People 's Republic of China . The inner urban area of Lhasa City is equivalent to the administrative borders of Chengguan District , which is part of the wider prefectural Lhasa City . Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and , at an altitude of 3,656 metres ( 11,990 ft ) , Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world . The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century . It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace , Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces .
The Nika riots ( Greek : Στάσις τοῦ Νίκα Stásis toû Níka ) , Nika revolt or Nika sedition took place against Emperor Justinian I in Constantinople over the course of a week in 532 CE . They were the most violent riots in the city 's history , with nearly half of Constantinople being burned or destroyed and tens of thousands of people killed .
The Byzantine Empire , also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire , or Byzantium , was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages , when its capital city was Constantinople ( modern Istanbul , formerly Byzantium ) . It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . During most of its existence , the empire was the most powerful economic , cultural and military force in Europe . Byzantine Empire is a term created after the end of the realm ; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire ( Greek : Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia Rhōmaiōn ; Latin : Imperium Romanum ) , or Romania ( Ῥωμανία ) , and to themselves as Romans . Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire 's Greek East and Latin West diverged . Constantine I ( r. 324-337 ) reorganised the empire , made Constantinople the new capital and legalised Christianity . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379-395 ) , Christianity became the state religion and other religious practices were proscribed . In the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610-641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use in place of Latin . Although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople , oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture and characterised by Eastern Orthodox Christianity . The borders of the empire fluctuated through cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527-565 ) , the empire reached its greatest extent , after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including North Africa , Italy and Rome , which it held for two more centuries .
Constantinople /ˌkɒnstæntɪˈnoʊpəl/ ( Greek : Κωνσταντινούπολις , translit . Kōnstantinoúpolis ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ; Latin : Cōnstantīnopolis ) was the capital city of the Roman Empire ( 330-395 ) , of the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire ( 395-1204 and 1261-1453 ) , of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire ( 1204-1261 ) and of the Ottoman Empire ( 1453-1923 ) . In 1923 the capital of Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , was moved to Ankara and the name Constantinople was officially changed to Istanbul ; the city is still referred to as Constantinople in Greek-speaking sources . The city is located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul . In 324 the ancient city of Byzantium became the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great , after whom it was renamed , and dedicated on 11 May 330 . From the mid-5th century to the early 13th century , Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe . The city became famous for its architectural masterpieces , such as Hagia Sophia , the cathedral of the Eastern Orthodox Church , which served as the seat of the Ecumenical Patriarchate , the sacred Imperial Palace where the Emperors lived , the Galata Tower , the Hippodrome , the Golden Gate of the Land Walls , and the opulent aristocratic palaces lining the arcaded avenues and squares . The University of Constantinople was founded in the fifth century and contained numerous artistic and literary treasures before it was sacked in 1204 and 1453 , including its vast Imperial Library which contained the remnants of the Library of Alexandria and had over 100,000 volumes of ancient texts . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times as the home of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and as the guardian of Christendom 's holiest relics such as the Crown of thorns and the True Cross .
The Paris Commune ( French : La Commune de Paris , IPA : [ la kɔmyn də paʁi ] ) was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871 . The Franco-Prussian War had led to the capture of Emperor Napoleon III in September 1870 , the collapse of the Second French Empire , and the beginning of the Third Republic . Because Paris was under siege for four months , the Third Republic moved its capital to Tours . A hotbed of working-class radicalism , Paris was primarily defended during this time by the often politicised and radical troops of the National Guard rather than regular Army troops . Paris surrendered to the Prussians on 28 January 1871 , and in February Adolphe Thiers , the new chief executive of the French national government , signed an armistice with Prussia that disarmed the Army but not the National Guard . On 18 March , soldiers of the Commune 's National Guard killed two French army generals , and the Commune refused to accept the authority of the French government . The Commune governed Paris for two months , until it was suppressed by the regular French Army during La semaine sanglante ( The Bloody Week ) beginning on 21 May 1871 . Debates over the policies and outcome of the Commune had significant influence on the ideas of Karl Marx , who described it as an example of the dictatorship of the proletariat .
The February 28 incident or the February 28 massacre , also known as the 228 ( or 2/28 ) incident ( from Chinese : 二二八事件 ; pinyin : Èrèrbā shìjiàn ) , was an anti-government uprising in Taiwan that was violently suppressed by the Kuomintang-led Republic of China government , which killed thousands of civilians beginning on February 28 , 1947 . The number of Taiwanese deaths from the incident and massacre was estimated to be between 5,000 and 28,000 . The massacre marked the beginning of the White Terror in which tens of thousands of other Taiwanese went missing , died or were imprisoned . The incident is one of the most important events in Taiwan 's modern history and was a critical impetus for the Taiwan independence movement . In 1945 , following the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , the Allies handed administrative control of Taiwan to the Republic of China ( ROC ) , thus ending 50 years of Japanese colonial rule . Local inhabitants became resentful of what they saw as highhanded and frequently corrupt conduct on the part of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) authorities , including arbitrary seizure of private property , economic mismanagement , and exclusion from political participation . The flashpoint came on February 27 , 1947 in Taipei , when agents of the State Monopoly Bureau struck a Taiwanese widow suspected of selling contraband cigarettes . An officer then fired into a crowd of angry bystanders , striking one man who died the next day . Soldiers fired upon demonstrators the next day , after which a radio station was seized and news of the revolt was broadcast to the entire island . As the uprising spread , the KMT-installed governor Chen Yi called for military reinforcements , and the uprising was violently put down by the National Revolutionary Army . For the following 38 years , the island was placed under martial law in a period that would be known as White Terror . During White Terror the KMT persecuted perceived political dissidents and the subject was considered too taboo to be discussed .
The Jeju Uprising ( Korean : 제주4·3사건 , Jeju sasam sageon ) was an uprising that occurred on Jeju Island in South Korea from April 1948 to May 1949 . Residents of Jeju opposed to the Division of Korea had protested and struck since 1947 against elections scheduled by the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea to be held only in the territory controlled by the United States Army Military Government in Korea . The Workers ' Party of South Korea and its supporters launched an anti-imperialist , communist-linked insurgency in April 1948 , attacking the police and Northwest Youth League members stationed on Jeju to violently suppress the protests . :166-167 The First Republic of Korea under President Syngman Rhee escalated the suppression of the uprising from August 1948 , declaring martial law in November and beginning an eradication campaign against rebel forces in the rural areas of Jeju in March 1949 , defeating them within two months . Many rebel veterans and suspected sympathizers were later killed upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 , and the existence of the Jeju Uprising was officially censored and repressed in South Korea for several decades . :41 The Jeju Uprising was notable for its extreme violence with between 14,000 and 30,000 people ( 10% of Jeju 's population ) killed and another 40,000 fled to Japan . :139 , 193 Atrocities and war crimes were committed by both sides , but historians have noted that the methods used by the South Korean government to suppress protesters and rebels were especially cruel , with violence against civilians by pro-government forces contributing to the Yeosu-Suncheon rebellion in South Jeolla during the conflict . :171:13-14:186 Some historians and scholars , including military historian Allan R. Millett , regard the Jeju Uprising as the authentic beginning of the Korean War . In 2006 , almost 60 years after the Jeju Uprising , the South Korean government apologized for its role in the killings and promised reparations . In 2019 , the South Korean police and defense ministry apologized for the first time over the massacres .
Jeju Island ( Korean : 제주도 ; Hanja : 濟州島 ; Korean pronunciation : [ t͡ɕed͡ʑudo ] ) is an island in the Jeju Province of South Korea . The island lies in the Korea Strait , below the Korean Peninsula , south of the South Jeolla Province . The island contains the natural world heritage site , Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes . Jeju has a moderate climate ; even in winter , the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) . Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and economic activity from its civil/naval base .
The August Uprising ( Georgian : აგვისტოს აჯანყება , agvistos adjanqeba ) was an unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic from late August to early September 1924 . Aimed at restoring the independence of Georgia from the Soviet Union , the uprising was led by the Committee for Independence of Georgia , a bloc of anti-Soviet political organisations chaired by the Georgian Social Democratic ( Menshevik ) Party . It represented the culmination of a three-year struggle against the Bolshevik regime that Soviet Russia 's Red Army had established in Georgia during a military campaign against the Democratic Republic of Georgia in early 1921 . The Red Army and Cheka troops , under orders of the Georgian Bolsheviks Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze , suppressed the insurrection and instigated a wave of mass repressions that killed several thousand citizens of Georgia . The August uprising proved one of the last major rebellions against the early Soviet government , and its defeat marked a definitive establishment of Soviet rule in Georgia .
Georgia , formally the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Georgian SSR ; Georgian : საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos sabch'ota sotsialist'uri resp'ublik ' a ; Russian : Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Gruzinskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991 . Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia , it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia , which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to annexation by the Russian Empire in 1801 . The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921 and subsequently incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922 . Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , which existed as a union republic within the USSR . From November 18 , 1989 , the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws . The republic was renamed the Republic of Georgia on November 14 , 1990 , and subsequently became independent before the dissolution of the Soviet Union on April 9 , 1991 , whereupon each former SSR became a sovereign state . Geographically , the Georgian SSR was bordered by Turkey to the south-west and the Black Sea to the west . Within the Soviet Union it bordered the Russian SFSR to the north , the Armenian SSR to the south and the Azerbaijan SSR to the south-east .
The 1932 Salvadoran farmer massacre occurred on January 22 of that year , in the western departments of El Salvador when a brief farmer-led rebellion was suppressed by the government , then led by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez . The Salvadoran army , being vastly superior in terms of weapons and soldiers , executed those who stood against it . The rebellion was a mixture of protest and insurrection which ended in ethnocide , claiming the lives of an estimated 10,000 and 40,000 peasants and other civilians , many of them were Pipil people .
El Salvador ( /ɛl ˈsælvədɔːr/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : [ el salβaˈðoɾ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of El Salvador ( Spanish : República de El Salvador , literally Republic of The Savior ) , is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America . It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras , on the northwest by Guatemala , and on the south by the Pacific Ocean . El Salvador 's capital and largest city is San Salvador . As of 2018 [ update ] , the country had a population of approximately 6.42 million . El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations , especially the Cuzcatlecs , as well as the Lenca and Maya . In the early 16th century , the Spanish Empire conquered the territory , incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City . However the Viceroyalty of Mexico had little or no influence in the daily affairs of the Central American isthmus , which would be colonized in 1524 . In 1609 the area became the Captaincy General of Guatemala , from which El Salvador was part of until its independence from Spain , which took place in 1821 , as part of the First Mexican Empire , then further seceded , as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , in 1823 . When the Republic dissolved in 1841 , El Salvador became a sovereign nation , then formed a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1895 to 1898 . From the late 19th to the mid-20th century , El Salvador endured chronic political and economic instability characterized by coups , revolts , and a succession of authoritarian rulers . Persistent socioeconomic inequality and civil unrest culminated in the devastating Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979-1992 ) , which was fought between the military-led government and a coalition of left-wing guerrilla groups . The conflict ended with the Chapultepec Peace Accords .
The 1907 Romanian Peasants ' revolt took place between 21 February and 5 April 1907 . It started in northern Moldavia and , after three weeks in which it was localized in that area , it quickly spread , reaching Wallachia , including as far as Oltenia . The main cause was discontent of the peasants about the inequity of land ownership , which was in the hands of just a few large landowners . Following the fall of the Conservative Party government on March 12 , the new Liberal government crushed the revolt violently with the help of the Romanian Army , killing thousands of peasants in the process .
Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania .
The Kronstadt rebellion or Kronstadt mutiny ( Russian : Кронштадтское восстание , tr . Kronshtadtskoye vosstaniye ) was an insurrection of the Soviet sailors , soldiers and civilians of the port city of Kronstadt against the Bolshevik government of the Russian SFSR . It was the last major revolt against the Bolshevik regime on Russian territory during the Russian Civil War that ravaged the country . The revolt began on March 1 , 1921 in the city 's naval fortress , located on the island of Kotlin in the Gulf of Finland . Traditionally , Kronstadt served as the base of the Russian Baltic fleet and as defense for the approaches to Petrograd , located 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) from the island . For sixteen days , the rebels rose in opposition to the Soviet government they had helped to consolidate . Led by Stepan Petrichenko , the rebels , including many Communists disappointed in the direction of the Bolshevik government , demanded a series of reforms , such as the election of new soviets , the inclusion of socialist parties and anarchist groups in the new soviets , and the end of the Bolshevik monopoly on power , economic freedom for peasants and workers , dissolution of the bureaucratic organs of government created during the civil war , and the restoration of civil rights for the working class . Despite the influence of some opposition parties , the sailors did not support any in particular . Convinced of the popularity of the reforms they were fighting for ( which they partially tried to implement during the revolt ) , the Kronstadt seamen waited in vain for the support of the population in the rest of the country and rejected aid from emigrants . Although the council of officers advocated a more offensive strategy , the rebels maintained a passive attitude as they waited for the government to take the first step in negotiations , which eventually isolated continental forces . The authorities , by contrast , took an uncompromising stance , presenting an ultimatum demanding unconditional surrender on March 5 . Once the surrender period expired , the Bolsheviks sent a series of military raids against the island , managing to suppress the revolt on March 17 , causing the deaths of several thousands in the process .
Kronstadt ( Russian : Кроншта́дт , romanized : Kronštádt [ krɐnˈʂtat ] ) , also spelled Kronshtadt , Cronstadt or Kronštádt ( from German : Krone for crown and Stadt for city ; Estonian : Kroonlinn ) is an early 18th-century foundation which became an important international centre of commerce whose trade role was eclipsed by the growth of its strategic significance in the ensuing centuries as the primary maritime defence outpost of the former Russian capital . It is now the port city in Kronshtadtsky District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg , Russia , located on Kotlin Island , 30 kilometers ( 19 mi ) west of Saint Petersburg , near the head of the Gulf of Finland . It is linked to the former Russian capital by a combination levee-causeway-seagate , the St Petersburg Dam , part of the city 's flood defences , which also acts as road access to Kotlin island from the mainland . In March 1921 , the island city was the site of the Kronstadt rebellion . The main base of the Russian Baltic Fleet was located in Kronstadt , guarding the approaches to Saint Petersburg . The historic centre of the city and its fortifications are part of the World Heritage Site that is Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments . Kronstadt has been a place of pilgrimage for Orthodox Christians for many years due to the memory of Saint John of Kronstadt .
The 1984 anti-Sikh riots , also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre , was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India in response to the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards . The ruling Indian National Congress had been in active complicity with the mob , as to the organisation of the riots . Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and 3,350 nationwide , whilst independent sources estimate the number of deaths at about 8,000-17,000 Violence continued in the early 1980s because of the armed Sikh separatist Khalistan movement which sought independence from India . In July 1982 , the Sikh political party Akali Dal 's President Harchand Singh Longowal had invited Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex to evade arrest . Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarters . In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star since the inception of Akali Dharm Yudh Morcha , the militants had killed 165 Hindus and Nirankaris , even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed . The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured . Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984 , ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed militants from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar , Punjab . Bhindranwale died and militants were removed from the temple complex . The military action in the temple complex was criticized by Sikhs worldwide who had interpreted it as an assault on Sikh religion . Four months after the operation , on 31 October 1984 , Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards , Satwant Singh and Beant Singh , who shot Indira Gandhi 33 times . Public outcry over Gandhi 's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing riots .
The March 1st Movement , also known as Sam-il ( 3-1 ) Movement ( Hangul : 삼일 운동 ; Hanja : 三一 運動 ) was one of the earliest public displays of Korean resistance during the rule of Korea by Japan from 1910 to 1945 . The name refers to an event that occurred on March 1 , 1919 , hence the movement 's name , literally meaning Three-One Movement or March First Movement in Korean . It is also sometimes referred to as the Man-se Demonstrations ( Korean : 만세운동 ; Hanja : 萬歲運動 ; RR : Manse Undong ) .
Seoul ( /soʊl/ , like soul ; Korean : 서울 [ sʌ.ul ] ( listen ) ; lit . Capital ) , officially the Seoul Special City , is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea . Seoul forms the heart of the Seoul Capital Area . Ranked as an alpha world city , Seoul was the world 's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US $ 635 billion in 2014 after Tokyo , New York City and Los Angeles . International visitors generally reach Seoul via AREX from the Incheon International Airport , notable for having been rated the best airport for nine consecutive years ( 2005-2013 ) by the Airports Council International . In 2015 , it was rated Asia 's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis , with the GDP per capita ( PPP ) in Seoul being around $ 40,000 . In 2017 , the cost of living in Seoul was ranked 6th globally . In 2018 , Seoul 's real estate market was ranked 5th in the world for the price of apartments in the downtown center. , Seoul was one of the host cities for the official tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Korea/Japan . With major technology hubs centered in Gangnam and Digital Media City , the Seoul Capital Area is home to the headquarters of 15 Fortune Global 500 companies , including Samsung , LG , and Hyundai . Ranked seventh in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index , the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences . Seoul has hosted the 1986 Asian Games , 1988 Summer Olympics , 2002 FIFA World Cup , and more recently the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit . Seoul was the capital of various Korean kingdoms , including Baekje , Joseon , and the Korean Empire and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo .
The Second Intifada , also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada ( Arabic : انتفاضة الأقصى Intifāḍat al-ʾAqṣā ) , was a period of intensified Israeli-Palestinian violence , which Palestinians describe as an uprising against Israel , while Israelis consider it a prolonged terror campaign perpetuated by the Palestinian National Authority and various Palestinian militant groups . The general triggers for the violence are proposed as the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon conflict in spring 2000 and failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit to reach final agreement on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process in July 2000 . The violence started in September 2000 , after Ariel Sharon made a visit to the Temple Mount , seen by Palestinians as highly provocative . Palestinian demonstrators threw stones at police and were dispersed by the Israeli army , using tear gas and rubber bullets . High numbers of casualties were caused among civilians as well as combatants . The Palestinians engaged in numerous suicide bombings , rock throwing and gunfire , while the Israelis responded with gunfire , tank and air attacks , and numerous targeted killings . The death toll , including both military and civilian , is estimated to be about 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis , as well as 64 foreigners . Many consider the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit on 8 February 2005 to be the end of the Second Intifada . Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon agreed that all Palestinians factions would stop all acts of violence against all Israelis everywhere , while Israel would cease all its military activity against all Palestinians everywhere . They also reaffirmed their commitment to the Roadmap for peace process . Sharon also agreed to release 900 Palestinian prisoners of the 7,500 being held at the time , and to withdraw from West Bank towns . However , the violence continued into the following years , though suicide bombings decreased significantly .
Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 .
The term Palestinian territories has been used for many years to describe the territories occupied by Israel since 1967 , namely the West Bank ( including East Jerusalem ) and the Gaza Strip . More recently , the official United Nations ( UN ) terminology has been used , occupied Palestinian territory ( OPT or oPt ) increasingly replacing other terms since 1999 . The European Union ( EU ) also has adopted this usage . The term Occupied Palestinian Territory was used by the UN and other international organizations between October 1999 and December 2012 to refer to areas controlled by the Palestinian National Authority . The EU had utilized a parallel term Palestinian Authority territories occasionally during the same period . The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) referred to the West Bank , including East Jerusalem , as the Occupied Palestinian Territory and this term was used as the legal definition by the ICJ in the ruling in July 2004 . The West Bank and Gaza Strip had been ruled by Jordan and Egypt , respectively , since the 1948 war until 1967 . Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the Six-Day War of 1967 and has since maintained control . In 1980 , Israel officially absorbed East Jerusalem and has proclaimed the whole of Jerusalem to be its capital . The inclusion , though never formally amounting to legal annexation , was condemned internationally and declared null and void by the United Nations Security Council . The Palestinian National Authority , the United Nations , the international legal and humanitarian bodies and the international community regard East Jerusalem as part of the West Bank , and consequently a part of the Palestinian territories . The Palestinian National Authority never exercised sovereignty over the area , although it housed its offices in Orient House and several other buildings as an assertion of its sovereign interests .
The Pitchfork Uprising of 1920 , also known as Black Eagle Uprising , was a peasant uprising against the Soviet policy of the war communism in what is today Eastern Tatarstan and Western Bashkortostan . It started in the village of Yanga Yelan , Menzelinsky Uyezd , Ufa Governorate on February 4 , 1920 , where local peasants tried to resist confiscation of their food . When they refused to give up their produce , the leader of the military confiscation unit ( prodotryad ) arrested some of them . Peasants asked him to free the hostages , but he refused . Peasants killed the members of prodotryad and circulated the appeal to rise . On February 9 the chairman of Menzelinsk committee and the chief of Zainsk militia were killed in Yanga Yelan . On February 10 the peasants killed the Soviet representative in Zainsk . The uprising spread to the Belebeysky , Birsky uyezds of the Ufa Governorate , Chistopolsky Uyezd of the Kazan Governorate , Bugulminsky Uyezd of the Samara Governorate . The staff of the uprising was found under I. Milovanov . Their slogans were Down with the communist and the Civil War , long live the Constituent Assembly ! The peasant army known as Black Eagle counted 50,000 rebels . However , they were armed only with pitchforks , axes , and spades , which gave the name to the uprising .
The Iranian Revolution ( Persian : انقلاب ایران , romanized : Enqelâbe Irân , pronounced [ ʔeɴɢeˌlɒːbe ʔiːɾɒːn ] ) , also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution , was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the last monarch of Iran , Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , and the replacement of his government with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , who was supported by the United States [ failed verification ( See discussion . ) ] and was a leader of one of the factions in the revolt . The movement against the monarchy was supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and student movements . Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977 , developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements . The protests rapidly intensified in 1978 as a result of the burning of Rex Cinema which was seen as the main cause of the Revolution . Between August and December 1978 , strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country . The Shah left Iran for exile on 16 January 1979 , as the last Persian monarch , leaving his duties to a regency council and Shapour Bakhtiar who was an opposition-based prime minister . Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government , and returned to Tehran to a greeting by several million Iranians . The royal reign collapsed shortly after on 11 February when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting , bringing Khomeini to official power . Iran voted by national referendum to become an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979 and to formulate and approve a new theocratic-republican constitution whereby Khomeini became supreme leader of the country in December 1979 . The revolution was unusual for the surprise it created throughout the world . It lacked many of the customary causes of revolution ( defeat in war , a financial crisis , peasant rebellion , or disgruntled military ) , occurred in a nation that was experiencing relative prosperity , produced profound change at great speed , was massively popular , resulted in the exile of many Iranians , and replaced a pro-Western authoritarian monarchy with an anti-Western theocracy based on the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( or velayat-e faqih ) .
Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age .
The 8888 Nationwide Popular Pro-Democracy Protests ( MLCTS : hrac le : lum : ) , also known as the 8-8-88 Uprisings , or the People Power Uprising , the People 's Democracy Movement and the 1988 Uprising , were a series of nationwide protests , marches and civil unrest in Burma ( Myanmar ) that peaked in August 1988 . Key events occurred on 8 August 1988 and therefore it is known as the 8888 Uprising . The protests began as a student movement and were organised largely by university students at the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University and the Rangoon Institute of Technology ( RIT ) . Since 1962 , the Burma Socialist Programme Party had ruled the country as a totalitarian one-party state , headed by General Ne Win . Under the government agenda , called the Burmese Way to Socialism , which involved economic isolation and strengthening the military , Burma became one of the world 's most impoverished countries . Many firms in the formal sector of the economy were nationalised , and the government combined Soviet-style central planning with Buddhist and traditional beliefs . The 8888 uprising was started by students in Yangon ( Rangoon ) on 8 August 1988 . Student protests spread throughout the country . Hundreds of thousands of monks , children , university students , housewives , doctors and common people protested against the government . The uprising ended on 18 September after a bloody military coup by the State Law and Order Restoration Council ( SLORC ) . Thousands of deaths have been attributed to the military during this uprising , while authorities in Myanmar put the figure at around 350 people killed . During the crisis , Aung San Suu Kyi emerged as a national icon .
Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .
Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .
The First Intifada or First Palestinian Intifada ( also known simply as the intifada or intifadah ) [ note A ] was a sustained series of Palestinian protests , and in some cases violent riots , against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza . The intifada lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991 , though some date its conclusion to 1993 , with the signing of the Oslo Accords . The intifada began on 9 December 1987 , in the Jabalia refugee camp after an Israeli Defense Forces ' ( IDF ) truck collided with a civilian car , killing four Palestinians . Palestinians regarded the collision as a deliberate response for the killing of a Jew in Gaza days earlier . In the wake of the incident , Palestinians began organizing efforts of resistance and civil disobedience , which were accompanied in a number of instances both by spontaneous and coordinated violent protests . There was graffiti , barricading , and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip . These contrasted with civil efforts including general strikes , boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank , an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products , refusal to pay taxes , and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses . Israel deployed some 80,000 soldiers in response . Israeli countermeasures , which initially included the use of live rounds frequently in cases of riots , were criticized as disproportionate . Israel argued that violence from Palestinians necessitated a forceful response . However , the IDF 's rules of engagement were also criticized as too liberally employing lethal force . In the first 13 months , 332 Palestinians and 12 Israelis were killed .
The Banana Massacre ( Spanish : Matanza de las bananeras or Spanish : Masacre de las bananeras ) was a massacre of United Fruit Company workers that occurred between December 5 and 6 , 1928 in the town of Ciénaga near Santa Marta , Colombia . The strike began on November 12 , 1928 , when the workers ceased to work until the company would reach an agreement with them to grant them dignified working conditions . After several weeks with no agreement and no work , costing the company severe financial losses , the conservative government of Miguel Abadía Méndez sent the Colombian army in against the strikers , resulting in the massacre . After U.S. officials in Colombia and United Fruit representatives portrayed the workers ' strike as communist with a subversive tendency in telegrams to Frank B. Kellogg , the United States Secretary of State , the United States government threatened to invade with the U.S. Marine Corps if the Colombian government did not act to protect United Fruits interests . The Colombian government was also compelled to work for the interests of the company , considering they could cut off trade of Colombian bananas with significant markets such as the United States and Europe . Gabriel García Márquez depicted a fictional version of the massacre in his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude , as did Álvaro Cepeda Samudio in his La Casa Grande . Although García Márquez references the number of dead as around three thousand , the actual number of dead workers is unknown .
Ciénaga ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈsjenaɣa ] ) is a municipality and a town in the Magdalena Department , Colombia , the second largest population center in this department , after the city of Santa Marta . It is situated at 11° 00 ' North , 74° 15 ' West , between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , the Caribbean Sea and the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta marsh in northern Colombia . The town is situated in the northern part of Magdalena , 35 km from Santa Marta . According to estimations , in 2019 , there were 105,510 inhabitants . The mean annual temperature is 34 °C .
The Santa María School massacre was a massacre of striking workers , mostly saltpeter works ( nitrate ) miners , along with wives and children , committed by the Chilean Army in Iquique , Chile on December 21 , 1907 . The number of victims is undetermined but is estimated by various sources at between 2,000 and 3,600 . It occurred during the peak of the nitrate mining era , which coincided with the Parliamentary Period in Chilean political history ( 1891-1925 ) . With the massacre and an ensuing reign of terror , not only was the strike broken , but the workers ' movement was thrown into limbo for over a decade . For decades afterward there was official suppression of knowledge of the incident , but in 2007 the government conducted a highly publicized commemoration of its centenary , including an official national day of mourning and the reinterment of the victims ' remains . The site of the massacre was the Domingo Santa María School , [ a ] where thousands of miners from different nitrate mines in Chile 's far north had been camping for a week after converging on Iquique , the regional capital , to appeal for government intervention to improve their living and working conditions . Rafael Sotomayor Gaete , the minister of the interior , decided to crush the strike , by army assault if need be . On December 21 , 1907 , the commander of the troops at the scene , General Roberto Silva Renard , in accordance with this plan , informed the strikers ' leaders that the strikers had one hour to disband or be fired upon . When the time was up and the leaders and the multitude stood firm , General Silva Renard gave his troops the order to fire . An initial volley that felled the negotiators was followed by a hail of rifle and machine gun fire aimed at the multitude of strikers and their accompanying wives and children .
Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .
Iquique ( Spanish pronunciation : [ iˈkike ] ) is a port city and commune in northern Chile , capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region . It lies on the Pacific coast , west of the Pampa del Tamarugal , which is part of the Atacama Desert . It had a population of 191,468 according to the 2017 census . It is also the main commune of Greater Iquique . The city developed during the heyday of the saltpetre mining in the Atacama Desert in the 19th century . Once a Peruvian city with a large Chilean population , it was conquered by Chile in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-1883 ) . Today it is one of only two free ports of Chile , the other one being Punta Arenas , in the country 's far south .