List of conservation areas in Brighton and Hove
Conservation areas
Table:
Name

Size

Date

Notes

Refs

Benfield Barn, Hangleton
1.43 acres (0.58 ha)
1989
The city's smallest conservation area includes a Grade II-listed barn—part of an ancient farm next to the former Benfield Manor house—and the four terraced cottages which replaced it. The red-brick and flint barn may be late-18th-century, and the houses were built in 1871 for farm workers. They are of yellow stock brick with slate-tiled roofs.
[33]

Brunswick Town, Hove
95.92 acres (38.82 ha)
1969
Local architecture evolved into "serious Neoclassical" at this carefully planned and landscaped set-piece in the mid-1820s. Columns of various orders, pilasters and bow fronts characterise the square and its flanking terraces, all of which enjoy sea views and access to extensive lawns. Smaller squares and streets, such as Adelaide Crescent, Lansdowne Place and Palmeira Square, surround the centrepiece, and are slightly more modest in scope. Stuccoed façades, slate roofs, consistent building heights and long parapets contribute to the impression of regularity and formality.
[34][35]
[36][37]

Carlton Hill
4.05 acres (1.64 ha)
2008
This early-19th-century working-class area was comprehensively redeveloped in the mid-20th century after degenerating into a slum, but a few old buildings remain: Tilbury Place is a good example of Georgian architecture, George Cheesman junior's severely Classical church dates from 1839, and the cobble-fronted Mighell Farmhouse survived when adjacent buildings were demolished for Amex House, a large office block. The area's character derives from these buildings, its site on a steep hill with long views, and the survival of fragments of old street layouts and boundary walls in places.
[18][31]
[38][39]

Cliftonville, Hove
40.05 acres (16.21 ha)
1969
A small area of "delightful mid-Victorian houses", in a villa style with angled bay windows and exterior ironwork, this 1850s suburb is an example of the long-lasting influence of the Regency style on Victorian domestic architecture. The increasingly fashionable Italianate style is also evident. Slight differences can be seen between individual houses: plots were sold speculatively, so most houses were built to individuals' requirements. Sash windows with valances are characteristic features.
[10][22]
[40][41]

College
18.60 acres (7.53 ha)
1988
Many architects associated with Brighton have made complementary additions to George Gilbert Scott's original buildings for Brighton College, founded in 1848: T.G. Jackson, F.T. Cawthorn and Clayton & Black, amongst others. Pevsner found the ensemble "joyless", but they are important as Brighton's largest set of Gothic Revival buildings (a style rarely found among secular buildings in the city). Flint and brick predominate, and there is much use of terracotta.
[42][43]
[44][45]
[46]

Denmark Villas, Hove
7.42 acres (3.00 ha)
1984
This road was a northern extension of Cliftonville, built on the way to Hove railway station (opened in 1865). The area has well-spaced Italianate houses in a more modestly detailed style than the rest of Cliftonville, with prominent architraves, quoins and eaves, yellow brickwork and mosaic tiled paths. The road is lined with mature trees, contributing to its character.
[10][47]

East Cliff
153.99 acres (62.32 ha)
1973
Hundreds of listed buildings, a strong and little changed street pattern and the prevalence of Regency architecture characterise the East Cliff, which developed from the late 18th century because of its proximity to the fashionable Old Steine. Many landowners held small plots, so cohesive large-scale developments were not possible; instead, streets tended to follow a north–south alignment defined by old field boundaries. The houses and hotels of Marine Parade, the east–west clifftop road (built from 1827 on the site of a trackway), present a long stuccoed façade which has been described as "unsurpassed anywhere in Britain".
[48][49]
[50]

Engineerium, West Blatchington
8.89 acres (3.60 ha)
1982
Built in 1866 as the Goldstone Pumping Station to provide more piped water for Brighton and Hove's rapidly growing population, this became a museum in 1976. Considered to be excellent examples of 19th-century industrial design, the brick buildings are intricately detailed with Classical motifs and multicoloured brickwork. The tall chimney is a significant landmark.
[26][51]

Hangleton
15.54 acres (6.29 ha)
1984
Hangleton became a postwar overspill estate, with what Pevsner called "a grisly set of parodies of the English cottage", but at the centre a set of ancient buildings remain around a park. St Helen's Church has changed little since the 11th century, and Hangleton Manor is Hove's oldest secular building. Now used as a restaurant, it retains its old dovecote and associated cottages.
[52][53]
[54][55]

Hove Station
14.56 acres (5.89 ha)
1996
Built as Cliftonville in 1865, Hove railway station soon stimulated middle-class residential development. Goldstone Villas, a wide tree-lined avenue with terraced houses in various styles, was developed in the 1880s and 1890s. Brick in pale colours such as yellow, buff and brown predominates; slate roofs are also common, and many windows are canted bays. Some large-scale late-20th-century developments have affected the area. The Ralli Memorial Hall, a red brick and stone Renaissance-style building of 1913, and a Neoclassical former chapel of 1878 (now an office) provide variety.
[56][57]
[58]

Kemp Town
47.94 acres (19.40 ha)
1970
The estate has two sea-facing terraces (Arundel and Chichester Terrace) linked to a three-sided square (Sussex Square) by Lewes Crescent, an 840-foot (260 m) double curve of 28 stuccoed houses with large Corinthian pilasters at regular intervals. Charles Busby's original designs were followed most closely in the crescent; the 300-by-550-foot (91 m × 168 m) square took longer to complete and diverges from his plan. Chichester Terrace was finished only in 1855. Thomas Cubitt built 37 of the estate's 106 houses. Surrounding mews and backstreets, the private gardens at the centre, original street furniture and the seafront esplanade (by Henry Kendall) are included in the conservation area.
[14][59]
[60][61]

Montpelier & Clifton Hill
75.40 acres (30.51 ha)
1973
Clifton Hill rises gently to a summit between the old town centre and West Hill. Built up from the 1820s to the 1860s, the southwest-facing slopes became Brighton's most desirable suburb. Regency and Italianate architecture dominate the area, and many buildings are stuccoed. St Nicholas' Church, Brighton's ancient parish church, is in the area, and is one of hundreds of listed buildings. Other listed churches include St Michael and All Angels, whose interior is considered the best in England, and St Mary Magdalen, but the Gothic Christ Church burnt down in the 1970s and was replaced by International/Modern-style flats.
[62][63]
[64]

North Laine
41.37 acres (16.74 ha)
1977
Based around the east end of Church Street, the oldest road, this tightly packed residential and commercial area was developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, helped by Brighton railway station's proximity. A laine was an open field which was divided into strips (furlongs and paul-pieces) separated by pathways; pre-modern Brighton was surrounded by five, including North Laine. The boundaries defined the pattern of development: main roads (such as Church Street) follow the old paths, while side streets run at right-angles along the furlongs and paul-pieces. Total redevelopment was proposed in the 1960s, but the area survived; its "attractive townscape has a distinctive ambience" which makes it "the heart and soul of Brighton".
[65][66]
[67]

Old Hove
34.44 acres (13.94 ha)
1997
Hove Street—the ancient village street, whose manor house was demolished in the 1930s—and its surroundings make up this conservation area. Most housing is of the late 19th century: large, mostly semi-detached or terraced and built of red brick. St Andrew's, the former parish church (rebuilt in a Neo-Norman/Romanesque style by George Basevi in 1834) and Hove Public Library are both listed buildings. The former Connaught Road School, of brown and red brick with Dutch gables and terracotta dressings, adds further interest.
[68][69]

Old Town
46.77 acres (18.93 ha)
1973
The narrow, winding twittens known as The Lanes were built up in the 16th and 17th centuries as Brighton's fishing industry thrived. Most surviving buildings come from a second period of growth in the 18th and 19th centuries, as small houses were built for newly arrived workers. Many have been converted into small independent shops. Several old pubs, Thomas Lainson's Byzantine Revival Middle Street Synagogue (1875) and the Quaker meeting house (1805) are also in the area.
[70][71]
[72]

Ovingdean
48.58 acres (19.66 ha)
1970
Events in Harrison Ainsworth's novel Ovingdean Grange are fictional, but the building (formerly the manor house) exists in the centre of this downland village, inland from Rottingdean and 2.5 miles (4 km) east of Brighton. St Wulfran's Church, whose churchyard contains a memorial to the family of William Willett, is 12th-century. The adjacent rectory, Ovingdean Hall (a school until 2010) and many flint cottages, mostly of the 18th century, surround the village green and main street.
[29][73]
[74][75]
[76]

Patcham
20.78 acres (8.41 ha)
1970
This ancient downland village was extensively suburbanised in the interwar period, but the core of the village—around All Saints Church—remains intact. One of Sussex's largest villages (and parishes) in the 11th century, the population declined by the 19th century; the conservation area's boundary match those of the village as it was from the 1870s until expansion began (as a result of its inclusion within the Borough of Brighton in 1928). Well-wooded parkland, especially around the Grade II*-listed Patcham Place, and access to the South Downs (affected by construction of the Brighton Bypass in the 1990s) contribute to the area's character. Many buildings are of flint or cobblestone; some have glazed black mathematical tiles.
[77][78]
[79][80]
[81]

Pembroke & Princes, Hove
54.74 acres (22.15 ha)
1989
Most of this area consists of large late Victorian and early Edwardian houses built during Hove's westward expansion. There is also some later housing, mainly of the 1920s and 1930s. Large front gardens, wide curved tree-lined streets, tile-hung façades, painted exterior timbers and hipped roofs with gable ends characterise the area. Non-residential buildings of interest include the Italianate Brooker Hall, now a museum, and Barford Court—an unusual Neo-Georgian/Art Deco nursing home built of handmade purple bricks.
[82][83]

Portslade Old Village
34.21 acres (13.84 ha)
1974
Portslade sits in a valley west of Hove and has pre-medieval origins; the old village clusters around St Nicolas' Church and the ruined manor house. Pevsner thought that the combination of small flint-walled cottages and a huge Classical/Italianate brewery building of 1881 made it a "bizarre landscape". Extensive parkland, nearby woodland, extensive flint walling and some large 19th-century detached houses contribute to the area's character. Many buildings are listed.
[84][85]

Preston Park
214.47 acres (86.79 ha)
1970
This area consists of the extensive late-19th-century residential areas north and east of Preston Park: the park itself is part of the neighbouring Preston Village conservation area. Developed in a controlled, architecturally harmonious manner between 1865 and 1885, the long, straight streets of brick villas have features such as timbered gables, decorated bargeboards, canted bay windows and walls combining red brickwork and stucco. Two churches, including the Grade II-listed St Augustine's, contribute to the character of the area.
[86][87]
[88]

By analysing the table together with the textual context below.

Give the answer to the question: What is the size in acres of the area that includes a part formerly known as Copperas Gap ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Hangleton is a neighbourhood in west Hove , East Sussex . The estate was developed in the 1930s after the Dyke railway was closed . Within the neighbourhood boundaries lies the oldest building in the city of Brighton and Hove , the 11th century St Helen 's Church . Hangleton Manor , Hove 's oldest secular building , dates to the 15th century and is now known as Hangleton Manor Inn . [ dead link ] The wider area surrounding and including Hangleton is commonly referred to as Hangleton and Knoll , with The Knoll being a neighbouring estate . Various community initiatives serve both Hangleton and Knoll , although each has its own identity . Brighton and Hove Council 's Urban Characterisation has identified Hangleton and Knoll as two separate neighbourhoods , and gives a history of the growth of these areas as part of the character . Coordinates : 50°51′N 0°12′W / 50.850°N 0.200°W / 50.850 ; -0.200
A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor . The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system ; within its great hall were held the lord 's manorial courts , communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets . The term is today loosely applied to various country houses , frequently dating from the late medieval era , which formerly housed the gentry . They were sometimes fortified , but this was frequently intended more for show than for defence . Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed , where they were sometimes known as castles , palaces , and so on .
London stock brick is the type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of Flettons and other machine-made bricks in the early 20th century . Its distinctive yellow colour and soft appearance come from the yellow local clay from which the bricks were made . London Stocks are still made in comparatively small quantities in traditional brickworks , mainly in Kent and Sussex , for heritage work , and machine-made versions are available for use where a cheaper approximation to the traditional product is acceptable . Red stock bricks are also fairly common , but only the yellow or brown coloured bricks are usually known as London stocks .
Brunswick Town is an area in Hove , in the city of Brighton and Hove , England . It is best known for the Regency architecture of the Brunswick estate .
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .
An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions , regulated by the office that each part has to perform . Coming down to the present from Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilization , the architectural orders are the styles of classical architecture , each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details , and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed . The three orders of architecture - the Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian - originated in Greece . To these the Romans added , in practice if not in name , the Tuscan , which they made simpler than Doric , and the Composite , which was more ornamental than the Corinthian . The architectural order of a classical building is akin to the mode or key of classical music ; the grammar or rhetoric of a written composition . It is established by certain modules like the intervals of music , and it raises certain expectations in an audience attuned to its language . Whereas the orders were essentially structural in Ancient Greek architecture , which made little use of the arch until its late period , in Roman architecture where the arch was often dominant , the orders became increasingly decorative elements except in porticos and similar uses . Columns shrank into half-columns emerging from walls or turned into pilasters . This treatment continued after the conscious and correct use of the orders , initially following exclusively Roman models , returned in the Italian Renaissance . Greek Revival architecture , inspired by increasing knowledge of Greek originals , returned to more authentic models , including ones from relatively early periods .
In classical architecture , a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall , with only an ornamental function . It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface , usually treated as though it were a column , with a capital at the top , plinth ( base ) at the bottom , and the various other column elements . In contrast to a pilaster , an engaged column or buttress can support the structure of a wall and roof above . In human anatomy , a pilaster is a ridge that extends vertically across the femur , which is unique to modern humans . Its structural function is unclear .
Adelaide Crescent is a mid-19th-century residential development in Hove , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . Conceived as an ambitious attempt to rival the large , high-class Kemp Town estate east of Brighton , the crescent was not built to its original plan because time and money were insufficient . Nevertheless , together with its northerly neighbour Palmeira Square ( with which it is continuous ) , it forms one of Hove 's most important architectural set-pieces . Building work started in 1830 to the design of Decimus Burton . The adjacent land was originally occupied by the world 's largest conservatory , the Anthaeum ; its collapse stopped construction of the crescent , which did not resume until the 1850s . The original design was modified and the crescent was eventually finished in the mid-1860s . Together with the Kemp Town and Brunswick Town estates , the crescent is one of the foremost pre-Victorian residential developments in the Brighton area : it has been claimed that outside Bath , [ they ] have no superior in England . The buildings in the main part of Adelaide Crescent are Grade II* listed . Some of the associated buildings at the sea-facing south end are listed at the lower Grade II .
Palmeira Square ( /pælˈmɪərə/ ) is a mid-19th-century residential development in Hove , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . At the southern end it adjoins Adelaide Crescent , another architectural set-piece which leads down to the seafront ; large terraced houses occupy its west and east sides , separated by a public garden ; and at the north end is one of Hove 's main road junctions . This is also called Palmeira Square , and its north side is lined with late 19th-century terraced mansions . Commercial buildings and a church also stand on the main road , which is served by many buses ( some of which terminate there ) . The land was originally occupied by the world 's largest conservatory , the Anthaeum - a visitor attraction planned by botanist , author and building promoter Henry Phillips . The giant dome 's collapse and total destruction on the day it was due to open in 1833 made Phillips go blind from shock , and the debris occupied the site for many years . Work began in the early 1850s and was largely complete in the mid-1860s , although commercial and residential buildings such as Palmeira House and Gwydyr Mansions continued to be added at the northern end throughout the late 19th century . English Heritage has listed the residential buildings on the western , eastern and northern sides of the square at Grade II for their architectural and historical importance , although one building has the higher Grade II* status because of its opulent custom-designed interior .
Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water . Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid . It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings , and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture . Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials , such as metal , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe . In English , stucco usually refers to a coating for the outside of a building and plaster to a coating for interiors ; as described below , the material itself is often little different . However , other European languages , notably including Italian , do not have the same distinction ; stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both . This has led to English-speakers sometimes using stucco for interior decorative plasterwork in relief .
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof , terrace , balcony , walkway or other structure . The word comes ultimately from the Italian parapetto ( parare to cover/defend and petto breast ) . The German equivalent Brüstung has the same meaning . Where extending above a roof , a parapet may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that continues above the edge line of the roof surface , or may be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the roof such as a fire wall or party wall . Parapets were originally used to defend buildings from military attack , but today they are primarily used as guard rails and to prevent the spread of fires . In the Bible the Hebrews are obligated to build a parapet on the roof of their houses to prevent people falling .
Carlton Hill is an inner-city area of Brighton , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . First developed in the early and mid-19th century on steeply sloping farmland east of central Brighton , it grew rapidly as the town became a fashionable , high-class destination . Carlton Hill 's population was always poor , though , and by the early 20th century the area was Brighton 's worst slum : overcrowding , crime and disease were rife . Extensive slum clearance in the mid-20th century introduced high-density tower blocks , but some old buildings remain : in 2008 , Brighton and Hove City Council designated part of Carlton Hill as the city 's 34th conservation area . The area now has housing of various styles and ages , large offices and small-scale industry ; there are also churches , a school and some open space . Carlton Hill 's pattern of development was defined by the long-established structure of land ownership around Brighton , whereby land was divided into long , narrow strips with many different owners . This encouraged the development of terraced housing - the predominant housing pattern until the council undertook large-scale demolition and high-density rebuilding in the mid-20th century . This work introduced more open space and varied land uses : Brighton Art College was able to expand into the area , and American Express opened a large , visually dominant headquarters . Buildings lost during the 20th century include schools and several chapels serving various Christian denominations . The former St John the Evangelist 's Anglican church was declared redundant and sold to Brighton 's Greek Orthodox community ; meanwhile , a distinctive Modernist church was built in the 1960s for Spiritualists . A cluster of historic early 19th-century houses and other structures survived the redevelopment , and several were awarded listed status by English Heritage . These buildings and their surroundings were afforded further protection in 2008 when the city council designated the Carlton Hill conservation area .
Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830 . It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover - George I , George II , George III , and George IV - who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830 . The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture ; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture . In the United States the term Georgian is generally used to describe all buildings from the period , regardless of style ; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are architectural in intention , and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period , though that covers a wide range . The Georgian style is highly variable , but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome , as revived in Renaissance architecture . Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition , but typically restrained , and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior . The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before , replacing English vernacular architecture ( or becoming the new vernacular style ) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period . Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance ; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube . Regularity , as with ashlar ( uniformly cut ) stonework , was strongly approved , imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules : the lack of symmetry , where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible , was deeply felt as a flaw , at least before John Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles . Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning . Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century , Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece .
Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity , or sometimes even more specifically , from the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius . Different styles of classical architecture have arguably existed since the Carolingian Renaissance , and prominently since the Italian Renaissance . Although classical styles of architecture can vary greatly , they can in general all be said to draw on a common vocabulary of decorative and constructive elements . In much of the Western world , different classical architectural styles have dominated the history of architecture from the Renaissance until the second world war , though it continues to inform many architects to this day . The term classical architecture also applies to any mode of architecture that has evolved to a highly refined state , such as classical Chinese architecture , or classical Mayan architecture . It can also refer to any architecture that employs classical aesthetic philosophy . The term might be used differently from traditional or vernacular architecture , although it can share underlying axioms with it . For contemporary buildings following authentic classical principles , the term New Classical architecture is sometimes used .
The Church of the Holy Trinity is a Greek Orthodox church in Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . Built in 1838 in one of Brighton 's most notorious slum districts , Carlton Hill , it was an Anglican church for most of its life : dedicated to St John the Evangelist , it was used by the Anglican community until it was declared redundant in 1980 . After some uncertainty about its future , it was sold to Brighton 's Greek Orthodox community in 1985 and has been used as their permanent place of worship since then . Reflecting its architectural and historical importance , it has been listed at Grade II since 1971 .
Amex House , popularly nicknamed The Wedding Cake , was the former European headquarters of American Express , the multinational financial services company . Its site is located in the Carlton Hill area of Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . The nine-floor building , designed by British architecture firm Gollins , Melvin , Ward & Partners , was commissioned by the company in 1977 to consolidate their operations in Brighton , which had been spread over several sites . The white and blue structure , a landmark on the city skyline , received both praise and criticism for its distinctive style . Demolition work began in April 2016 after the completion of a new headquarters building on land owned by American Express adjacent to the site . In October 2017 demolition was completed and the site was sold to First Base and Patron Capital , a pan-European institutional investor focused on property backed investments who proposed a vibrant new mixed-use development including new homes , workspace and importantly , new jobs to revive this area of Brighton .
Hove /hoʊv/ is a seaside resort in the county of East Sussex , and a constituent part of the city of Brighton and Hove . Originally a small but ancient fishing village surrounded by open farmland , it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton , and by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status . Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . In 1997 , as part of local government reform , the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove , and this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000 .
In the history of the United Kingdom , the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign , from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901 . The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period , and its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe . In terms of moral sensibilities and political reforms , this period began with the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . There was a strong religious drive for higher moral standards led by the nonconformist churches , such as the Methodists , and the Evangelical wing of the established Church of England . Britain 's relations with the other Great Powers were driven by the colonial antagonism of the Great Game with Russia , climaxing during the Crimean War ; a Pax Britannica of international free trade was maintained by the country 's naval and industrial supremacy . Britain embarked on global imperial expansion , particularly in Asia and Africa , which made the British Empire the largest empire in history . National self-confidence peaked . Ideologically , the Victorian era witnessed resistance to the rationalism that defined the Georgian period and an increasing turn towards romanticism and even mysticism with regard to religion , social values , and arts . Domestically , the political agenda was increasingly liberal , with a number of shifts in the direction of gradual political reform , social reform , and the widening of the franchise . There were unprecedented demographic changes : the population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 , and Scotland 's population also rose rapidly , from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901 . However , Ireland 's population decreased sharply , from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901 , mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine . Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrated from Great Britain , mostly to the United States , Canada , South Africa , New Zealand , and Australia .
A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a bay in a room .
Regency architecture encompasses classical buildings built in the United Kingdom during the Regency era in the early 19th century when George IV was Prince Regent , and also to earlier and later buildings following the same style . The period coincides with the Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands , Federal style in the United States and the French Empire style . Regency style is also applied to interior design and decorative arts of the period , typified by elegant furniture and vertically striped wallpaper , and to styles of clothing ; for men , as typified by the dandy Beau Brummell , for women the Empire silhouette . The style is strictly the late phase of Georgian architecture , and follows closely on from the neo-classical style of the preceding years , which indeed continued to be produced throughout the period . The Georgian period takes its name from the four Kings George of the period 1714-1830 , including King George IV . The British Regency strictly lasted only from 1811 to 1820 , but the term is applied to architecture more widely , both before 1811 and after 1820 ; the next reign , of William IV from 1830 to 1837 , has not been given its own stylistic descriptor . Regency architecture is especially distinctive in its houses , and also marked by an increase in the use of a range of eclectic revival styles , from Gothic through Greek to Indian , as alternatives to the main neoclassical stream . The opening years of the style were marked by greatly reduced levels of building because of the Napoleonic Wars , which saw government spending on building eliminated , shortages of imported timber , and high taxes on other building materials . In 1810 there was a serious financial crisis , though the only major asset class not to lose value was houses , at least in London , mainly because the low level of recent building had created pent-up demand . After the decisive victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 ended the wars for good , there was a long financial boom amid greatly increased British self-confidence . Most Regency architecture comes from this period .
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis .
A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels , or sashes , [ A ] that form a frame to hold panes of glass , which are often separated from other panes ( or lights ) by glazing bars , also known as muntins in the US ( moulded strips of wood ) . Although any window with this style of glazing is technically a sash , the term is used almost exclusively to refer to windows where the glazed panels are opened by sliding vertically , or horizontally in a style known as a Yorkshire light , sliding sash , or sash and case ( so called because the weights are concealed in a box case ) .
A window valance ( or pelmet in the UK ) is a form of window treatment that covers the uppermost part of the window and can be hung alone or paired with window blinds , or curtains . Valances are a popular decorative choice in concealing drapery hardware . Window valances were popular in Victorian interior design . In draping or bunting form they are commonly referred to as swag .
Brighton College is an independent , co-educational boarding and day school for boys and girls aged 3 to 18 in Brighton , England . The school has three sites : Brighton College ( the senior school , ages 11 to 18 ) ; Brighton College Preparatory School ( children aged 8 to 13 , located next to the senior school ) ; and the Pre-Prep School ( children aged 3 to 8 ) . Brighton College was named Englands Independent School 2019 of the Year by The Sunday Times . In 2018 it was ranked 5th in the country for average A-level results , with 99% of grades being A*-B . In 2011 , Brighton College opened its first international campus in Abu Dhabi . Brighton College International Schools ] ( BCIS ) has subsequently opened campuses in Al Ain , Bangkok and Dubai .
Sir George Gilbert Scott RA ( 13 July 1811 - 27 March 1878 ) , styled Sir Gilbert Scott , was a prolific English Gothic revival architect , chiefly associated with the design , building and renovation of churches and cathedrals , although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses . Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him . Scott was the architect of many iconic buildings , including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station , the Albert Memorial , and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , all in London , St Mary 's Cathedral , Glasgow , the main building of the University of Glasgow , St Mary 's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King 's College Chapel , London .
Sir Thomas Graham Jackson , 1st Baronet RA ( 21 December 1835 - 7 November 1924 ) was one of the most distinguished English architects of his generation . He is best remembered for his work at Oxford for Oxford Military College as well as the University , notably : the Examination Schools , most of Hertford College ( including the Bridge of Sighs over New College Lane ) , much of Brasenose College , ranges at Trinity College and Somerville College , and the Acland Nursing Home in North Oxford . Much of his career was devoted to the architecture of education and he worked extensively for various schools , notably Giggleswick and his own alma mater Brighton College . Jackson designed the former town hall in Tipperary Town , Ireland . He also worked on many parish churches and the college chapel at the University of Wales , Lampeter . He is also famous for designing the chapel ( amongst other things ) at Radley College . The former City of Oxford High School for Boys in George Street , Oxford , Oxford is another building designed by him . He was educated at Brighton College and then Wadham College , Oxford , of which he wrote a history , before being articled as a pupil to Sir George Gilbert Scott . Jackson was a prolific author of carefully researched works in architectural history , often illustrated with sketches made during his extensive travels . Jackson 's travels in Dalmatia , in which he was accompanied by his intrepid wife , would result in Dalmatia , the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the island of Grado ( 3 volumes ) , published by the Clarendon Press , Oxford , in 1887 . It remains today a fundamental source of knowledge of the geography , art , architecture and social life of Dalmatia in those years . He and Norman Shaw edited Architecture , A Profession or an Art published in 1892 , to which William H. White replied by publishing The Architect and his artists , an essay to assist the public in considering the question is architecture a profession or an art .
Clayton & Black were a firm of architects and surveyors from Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . In a career spanning the Victorian , Edwardian and interwar eras , they were responsible for designing and constructing an eclectic range of buildings in the growing town of Brighton and its neighbour Hove . Their work encompassed new residential , commercial , industrial and civic buildings , shopping arcades , churches , schools , cinemas and pubs , and alterations to hotels and other buildings . Later reconstituted as Clayton , Black & Daviel , the company designed some churches in the postwar period . Charles E. Clayton and Ernest Black , their sons Charles L. Clayton and Kenneth Black , and other architects articled to the firm , worked in a range of styles . The architectural pantomime of their Tudor Revival King and Queen pub and the elaborate Classical façade of the First Church of Christ , Scientist contrast with their plain Neo-Georgian Barclays Bank branch and the Gothic Revival St Thomas the Apostle 's Church . Elsewhere in Brighton and Hove , they designed buildings in the Flemish Renaissance , Arts and Crafts , Art Deco and François Premier Revival styles . Many Clayton & Black buildings have been awarded listed status by English Heritage in view of their architectural importance - including their pink Baroque-style office for the Royal Assurance Society , described as their chef d'œuvre .
Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA ( 30 January 1902 - 18 August 1983 ) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides , The Buildings of England ( 1951-74 ) .
Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .
Terracotta , terra cotta or terra-cotta ( pronounced [ ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta ] ; Italian : baked earth , from the Latin terra cocta ) , a type of earthenware , is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware , and also for various practical uses including vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , roofing tiles , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta , which varies considerably . [ citation needed ] This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture , as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration . Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered . Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century . Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which made a large contribution to the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . [ citation needed ] In archaeology and art history , terracotta is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potter 's wheel . Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same material are called earthenware pottery ; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or firing technique . Unglazed pieces , and those made for building construction and industry , are also more likely to be referred to as terracotta , whereas tableware and other vessels are called earthenware ( though sometimes terracotta if unglazed ) , or by a more precise term such as faience . [ citation needed ]
In classical architecture , an architrave ( /ˈɑːrkɪtreɪv/ ; from Italian : architrave chief beam , also called an epistyle ; from Greek ἐπίστυλον epistylon door frame ) is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of columns . The term can also apply to all sides , including the vertical members , of a frame with mouldings around a door or window . The word architrave is also used to refer more generally to a style of mouldings ( or other elements ) framing the top of a door , window or other rectangular opening , where the horizontal head casing extends across the tops of the vertical side casings where the elements join ( forming a butt joint , as opposed to a miter joint ) .
Quoins ( /kɔɪn/ or /kwɔɪn/ ) are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall . Some are structural , providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble , while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner . These imply strength , permanence , and expense , all reinforcing the onlooker 's sense of a structure 's presence . Stone quoins are used on stone or brick buildings . Brick quoins may appear on brick buildings , extending from the facing brickwork in such a way as to give the appearance of generally uniformly cut ashlar blocks of stone larger than the bricks . Where quoins are decorative and non load-bearing a wider variety of materials is used , including timber , stucco , or other cement render .
The eaves are the edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall and , normally , project beyond the side of a building . The eaves form an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may be highly decorated as part of an architectural style , such as the Chinese dougong bracket systems .
A mosaic is an artistic picture or design made out of any materials assembled together . Mosaic are used as decoration . Architects use mosaic murals for kitchen backsplash , shower wall and entry floor art . Mosaic Craft items are used as home decor . Cities often decorate public places such as parks with mosaic murals and sculptures . Traditional mosaics are made of small , flat , roughly square , pieces of stone or glass of different colors , known as tesserae ( singular tessera ) , and Some floor mosaics are made of small rounded pieces of stone and called pebble mosaics . Mosaic skinning ( covering objects with mosaic glass ) is done with thin enameled glass and opaque stained glass . Modern mosaic art is made from any material in any size ranging from carved stone , bottle caps , and found objects to fruit and pieces of toast . Mosaics have a long history , starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC . Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece ; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times , both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome . Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics . Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries ; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century , by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice , and among the Rus in Ukraine .
The British Engineerium ( formerly Brighton and Hove Engineerium ) is an engineering and steam power museum in Hove , East Sussex . It is housed in the Goldstone Pumping Station , a set of High Victorian Gothic buildings started in 1866 . The Goldstone Pumping Station supplied water to the local area for more than a century before it was converted to its present use . The site has been closed to the public since 2006 , and in March 2018 the entire complex was put up for sale . At its greatest extent , between 1884 and 1952 , the complex consisted of two boiler houses with condensing engines , a chimney , coal cellars , workshop , cooling pond , leat and underground reservoir . Situated on top of a naturally fissured chalk hollow , it provided vast quantities of water to the rapidly growing towns of Hove and its larger neighbour , the fashionable seaside resort of Brighton , for more than a century . As new sources of water were found elsewhere and more modern equipment installed to exploit them , the pumping station 's importance declined , and by 1971 the Brighton Water Department had closed it and threatened the complex with demolition . An industrial archaeologist offered to restore the buildings and machinery in return for a lease from the Brighton Water Corporation , and a charitable trust was formed to enable this . Expertise developed by the Engineerium 's employees and volunteers was exploited across the world : they founded museums , undertook restoration projects and trained young people in engineering heritage conservation . Another enthusiast subsequently bought the complex , and as of 2020 it is closed to the public while more restoration and extension work takes place . The High Victorian Gothic buildings are a landmark in Hove , and are a good example of the 19th-century ethos that utility definitely does not equal dullness in industrial buildings . Polychrome brickwork , moulded dressings and facings , decorative gables and elaborate windows characterise all the structures - even the 95-foot ( 29 m ) chimney , which stands apart from the main buildings like a campanile .
West Blatchington is an area in Hove , East Sussex , England . The area grew rapidly in the inter-war period , but unlike nearby Hangleton it had more infrastructure , with St Peter 's Church , a working farm , a windmill and an industrial area grouped around the Goldstone Pumping Station and its workers ' cottages . Blatchington Mill School , formed in 1979 from the Hove County Grammar School , Knoll Boys School and Nevill Secondary School , lies in the centre of West Blatchington . The area is crossed by the Monarch 's Way long-distance footpath , heading towards its terminus at Shoreham-by-Sea .
St Helen 's Church , an Anglican church in the Hangleton area of Hove , is the oldest surviving building in the English city of Brighton and Hove . It is the ancient parish church of Hangleton - an isolated downland village which was abandoned by the Middle Ages and consisted of open farmland until the Interwar period , when extensive residential development took place .
Hangleton Manor Inn , the adjoining Old Manor House and associated buildings form a bar and restaurant complex in Hangleton , an ancient village ( and latterly a 20th-century housing estate ) which is part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . The manor house is the oldest secular building in the Hove part of the city ; some 15th-century features remain , and there has been little change since the High Sheriff of Sussex rebuilt it in the mid-16th century . Local folklore asserts that a 17th-century dovecote in the grounds has been haunted since a monk placed a curse on it . The buildings that comprise the inn were acquired by Hangleton Manor Ltd in 1968 , and converted to an inn under the Whitbread banner . The brewery company Hall & Woodhouse have owned and operated it since 2005 . English Heritage has listed the complex at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance , and the dovecote is listed separately at Grade II .
A dovecote or dovecot /ˈdʌvkɒt/ or doocot ( Scots : doocot ) is a structure intended to house pigeons or doves . Dovecotes may be free-standing structures in a variety of shapes , or built into the end of a house or barn . They generally contain pigeonholes for the birds to nest . Pigeons and doves were an important food source historically in the Middle East and Europe and were kept for their eggs and dung .
Hove railway station serves Hove in the county of East Sussex , England . It is 50 miles 56 chains ( 81.6 km ) measured from London Victoria . The station and the majority of trains serving it are operated by Southern . The only other operator is Great Western Railway , which provides a limited number of services each day towards Wales and the West Country . Gatwick Express trains stable at Hove from time to time . It is the closest railway station to the County Cricket Ground , Hove where Sussex CCC play matches .
Cant or canted in architecture is an angled ( oblique ) line or surface particularly which cuts off a corner . Canted facades are a typical of , but not exclusive to , Baroque architecture . The angle breaking the facade is less than a right angle , thus enabling a canted facade to be viewed as , and remain , one composition . Bay windows frequently have canted sides .
Ralli Hall ( also known as Ralli Memorial Hall ) is a community centre , events venue , theatre stage , business hub and impressive main hall in Hove , part of the English coastal city of Brighton and Hove . Built in 1913 as a memorial to Stephen Ralli , a member of a wealthy Greek family who had donated money to many causes throughout Brighton and Hove , it was used for about 60 years as a church hall linked to Hove 's parish church . The Brighton & Hove Jewish community subsequently bought it , and in 1976 it came back into use as a community and social centre for Jewish and other groups . The Wrenaissance-style brick structure occupies a prominent corner site in a conservation area and provides a visual contrast to the older villas around it . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance .
Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 16th centuries in different regions , demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture . Stylistically , Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture . Developed first in Florence , with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators , the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities . The style was carried to France , Germany , England , Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact . Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry , proportion , geometry and the regularity of parts , as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture , of which many examples remained . Orderly arrangements of columns , pilasters and lintels , as well as the use of semicircular arches , hemispherical domes , niches and aedicula replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings .
Kemp Town is a 19th-century residential estate in the east of Brighton in East Sussex , England , UK . Conceived and financed by Thomas Read Kemp , it has given its name to the larger Kemptown region of Brighton . The majority of the original estate is now demarcated by the modern Kemp Town Conservation Area as defined by the local authority , Brighton and Hove City Council . Kemp Town Estate was designed by Charles Busby and Amon Henry Wilds and constructed by Thomas Cubitt . Building work started in 1823 on Arundel Terrace , Chichester Terrace , Lewes Crescent and Sussex Square . Chichester Terrace incorporated the earlier Chichester House . In 1837 Thomas Kemp fled the country to escape his creditors . The project continued under Cubitt with the support of the Fifth Earl of Bristol . It was completed in 1855 , with Sussex Square larger than London 's Grosvenor Square and at the time the biggest housing crescent in Britain . The original estate is a good example of Regency architecture . A history of the residential occupation of the Estate has been collected as part of a local project called Who 's been living in my house ? . The gardens which form Sussex Square and Lewes Crescent , separated by Eastern Road , are known formally as the Kemp Town Enclosures .
The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture . The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest , followed by the Ionic order . When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance , two more orders were added to the canon : the Tuscan order and the Composite order . The Corinthian , with its offshoot the Composite , is the most ornate of the orders . This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls . There are many variations . The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth , although the style had its own model in Roman practice , following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus ( c. 2 AD ) . It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée , Nîmes and at the comparable Temple of Augustus and Livia [ fr ] at Vienne . Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona ( both of the reign of Trajan , 98-117 AD ) , the Column of Phocas ( re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin ) , and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek ( c. 150 AD ) .
Charles Augustin Busby ( 1786-1834 ) was an English architect . He created many buildings in and around Brighton such as Brunswick Square and St Margarets Church . His style usually included Romanesque style pillars to his buildings . He was also responsible for the Commercial Rooms , Bristol . He worked closely with fellow architect Amon Henry Wilds and his apprentice David J . Field .
Thomas Cubitt ( 25 February 1788 - 20 December 1855 ) was an English master builder , notable for his employment in developing many of the historic streets and squares of London , especially in Belgravia , Pimlico [ a ] and Bloomsbury . [ b ]
Mews is a British name for a row or courtyard of stables and carriage houses with living quarters above them , built behind large city houses before motor vehicles replaced horses in the early twentieth century . Mews are usually located in desirable residential areas having been built to cater for the horses , coachmen and stable-servants of prosperous residents . The renovated servants quarters provide attractive housing in the best locations with off-street parking in the carriage house and stable . The word mews comes from the Royal Mews , royal stables built 500 years ago on a former royal hawk mews . It is now commonly used in English-speaking countries for city housing of a similar design .
Street furniture is a collective term ( used in the United Kingdom , Australia and Canada ) for objects and pieces of equipment installed along streets and roads for various purposes . It includes benches , traffic barriers , bollards , post boxes , phone boxes , streetlamps , traffic lights , traffic signs , bus stops , tram stops , taxi stands , public lavatories , fountains , watering troughs , memorials , public sculptures , and waste receptacles . The design and placement of furniture takes into account aesthetics , visual identity , function , pedestrian mobility and road safety .
Montpelier is an inner suburban area of Brighton , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . Developed together with the adjacent Clifton Hill area in the mid-19th century , it forms a high-class , architecturally cohesive residential district with an exceptionally complete character . Stucco-clad terraced housing and villas predominate , but two of the city 's most significant Victorian churches and a landmark hospital building are also in the area , which lies immediately northwest of Brighton city centre and spreads as far as the ancient parish boundary with Hove . Development was initially stimulated when one of the main roads out of Brighton was turnpiked in the late 18th century , but the hilly land - condemned as hideous masses of unfledged earth by John Constable , who painted it nevertheless - was mostly devoted to agriculture until the 1820s . The ascent of Brighton from provincial fishing town to fashionable resort prompted a building boom in the next quarter-century , and Montpelier and Clifton Hill were transformed into districts of architecturally homogeneous streets with carefully designed , intricately detailed housing . Little demolition , infilling or redevelopment has occurred since , and hundreds of buildings have been granted listed status . The whole suburb is also one of 34 conservation areas in the city of Brighton and Hove . Historic buildings include The Temple - local landowner Thomas Read Kemp 's house , now a private school - the former Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children , currently being redeveloped , and large mid 19th-century houses such as Montpelier Hall . The area also has several set-piece residential squares and crescents such as Clifton Terrace , Powis Square , Vernon Terrace , Montpelier Crescent and Montpelier Villas . The architectural partnership of Amon Wilds , his son Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby - the most important architects in Regency era Brighton and Hove - designed many of these . Montpelier 's range of churches includes some of the city 's finest , but others have been demolished in the postwar period .
West Hill is an area of Brighton and Hove , East Sussex situated on the east-facing hill rising west from Brighton railway station towards Seven Dials . The area is bounded by Dyke Road to the west , by the curve of the railway line and the station to the north and east , and by modern development along Queen 's Road ( with the North Laine area beyond ) to the south-east . The area is mainly residential consisting of late 19th century housing of varying types : small terraced houses in the east of the area close to the station , and larger semi-detached villa-style properties to the west . West Hill was designated a conservation area in 1977 and comprises approximately 56 acres ( 230,000 m2 ) . Brighton railway station is in the West Hill area . It is a Grade II* listed building - one of 70 in the city of Brighton and Hove ( as of February 2001 ) . The West Hill Community Association is active in the West Hill area of Brighton and is based in West Hill Hall in Compton Avenue . Since the 1970s , it produces a community magazine 6 times a year called The Whistler .
The Church of Saint Nicholas of Myra , usually known as St. Nicholas Church , is an Anglican church in Brighton , England . It is both the original parish church of Brighton and the oldest surviving building in Brighton . It is located on high ground at the junction of Church Street and Dyke Road in the city centre , very close to the main shopping areas . Due to its architectural significance the church is a Grade II* listed building .
A parish church ( or parochial church ) in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish . In many parts of the world , especially in rural areas , the parish church may play a significant role in community activities , often allowing its premises to be used for non-religious community events . The church building reflects this status , and there is considerable variety in the size and style of parish churches . Many villages in Europe have churches that date back to the Middle Ages , but all periods of architecture are represented .
St. Michael 's Church ( in full , St. Michael and All Angels Church ) is an Anglican church in Brighton , England , dating from the mid-Victorian era . Located on Victoria Road in the Montpelier area , to the east of Montpelier Road , it is one of the largest churches in the city of Brighton and Hove . The church is a Grade I listed building .
St Mary Magdalen 's Church [ note 1 ] is a Roman Catholic church in the Montpelier area of Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . It is one of six Roman Catholic churches in Brighton and one of eleven in the city area . Built by ecclesiastical architect Gilbert Blount in a 13th-century Gothic style to serve the rapidly expanding residential area on the border of Brighton and Hove , it has been listed at Grade II by English Heritage in view of its architectural importance . An adjacent presbytery and parish hall have been listed separately at Grade II .
The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modern architecture . It was first defined by Museum of Modern Art curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932 , based on works of architecture from the 1920s . The terms rationalist architecture and modern movement are often used interchangeably with International Style , although the former is mostly used in the English-speaking world to specifically refer to the Italian rationalism of architects such as Giuseppe Terragni and Gino Pollini , or even the International Style that developed in Europe as a whole . It is defined by the Getty Research Institute as the style of architecture that emerged in Holland , France , and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world , becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s . The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass , the use of lightweight , mass-produced , industrial materials , rejection of all ornament and colour , repetitive modular forms , and the use of flat surfaces , typically alternating with areas of glass .
North Laine is a shopping and residential district of Brighton , on the English south coast . Once a slum area , its many pubs , cafés , theatres and museums now make it seen as Brighton 's bohemian and cultural quarter .
Brighton railway station is the southern terminus of the Brighton main line in England , and the principal station serving the city of Brighton , East Sussex . It is 50 miles 49 chains ( 81.45 km ) from London Bridge via Redhill . The station is managed by Southern , which also operates many of the trains . Thameslink , Gatwick Express and Great Western Railway also operate some trains from Brighton . It was built by the London & Brighton Railway in 1840 , initially connecting Brighton to Shoreham-by-Sea , westwards along the coast , and shortly afterwards connecting it to London Bridge and the county town of Lewes to the east . In 1846 , the railway became the London Brighton and South Coast Railway following mergers with other railways with lines between Portsmouth and Hastings . With almost 16.1 million passenger entries and exits in 2011/12 , Brighton was then the seventh-busiest station in the country outside London . By 2016/17 , Brighton was only the ninth-busiest station in the country outside London , with 16.0 million .
St Andrew 's Church is an Anglican church in Church Road , Hove , in the English city of Brighton and Hove . It is usually referred to as St Andrew ( Old Church ) to distinguish it from another St Andrew 's Church in Waterloo Street , elsewhere in Hove . It served as Hove 's parish church for several centuries until 1892 , although the building was in a state of near-ruin until Hove began to grow from an isolated village to a popular residential area in the early 19th century .
The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . In particular the term is traditionally used for English Romanesque architecture . The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps , and at the same time monasteries , abbeys , churches and cathedrals , in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches ( particularly over windows and doorways ) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style .
Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .
Elias George Basevi FRS ( 1 April 1794 - 16 October 1845 ) was an English architect who worked in both Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles . A pupil of Sir John Soane , his designs included Belgrave Square in London , and the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge . He was surveyor to the Guardian Assurance Company , to the Trustees of Smith 's Charity and to the Thurloe estate .
A Dutch gable or Flemish gable is a gable whose sides have a shape made up of one or more curves and has a pediment at the top . The gable may be an entirely decorative projection above a flat section of roof line , or may be the termination of a roof , like a normal gable ( the picture of Montacute House , right , shows both types ) . The preceding is the strict definition , but the term is sometimes used more loosely , though the stepped gable should be distinguished from it . The term Dutch gable is also used in America and Australasia to refer to a gablet roof . The Dutch gable was a notable feature of the Renaissance architecture , which spread to northern Europe from the Low Countries , arriving in Britain during the latter part of the 16th century . Later Dutch gables with flowing curves became absorbed into Baroque architecture . Examples of Dutch-gabled buildings can be found in historic cities across Europe . In Potsdam , Germany , 150 red brick houses featuring steep Dutch gables form part of the city 's Dutch Quarter , while in Bruges , Belgium , a wide range of buildings featuring Dutch gables can be found . The Flemish culture also had a strong architectural impact in Arras , northern France . The style also spread beyond Europe , for example Barbados is well known for the Dutch gables on its historic buildings . Dutch settlers in South Africa also brought with them building styles from the Netherlands which included the use of prominent Dutch gables but adjusted to the Western Cape region where the style became known as Cape Dutch architecture . The formation of Dutch gables requires careful detailing , to weatherproof the junction of the roof with the inner face of the Dutch gable wall with a flashing ( weatherproofing ) .
The Lanes are a collection of narrow lanes in Brighton , in the city of Brighton and Hove famous for their small shops ( including several antique shops ) and narrow alleyways . The Lanes are commonly taken to be bounded by North Street to the north , Ship Street to the west and Prince Albert Street and the north side of Bartholomew Square to the south . The eastern boundary is less well-defined and can be considered either East Street or Market Street . Meeting House Lane is one of the wider lanes which meets with the busy shopping road of North Street and eventually winds around to Market Street . The north end of Meeting House Lane meets North Street a few yards down the road from the southern end of North Laine which is not part of The Lanes .
An alley or alleyway is a narrow lane , path , or passageway , often reserved for pedestrians , which usually runs between , behind , or within buildings in the older parts of towns and cities . It is also a rear access or service road ( back lane ) , or a path , walk , or avenue ( French allée ) in a park or garden . A covered alley or passageway , often with shops , may be called an arcade . The origin of the word alley is late Middle English , from Old French : alee walking or passage , from aller to go , from Latin : ambulare to walk .
Thomas Lainson ( 1825-1898 ) was a British architect . He is best known for his work in the East Sussex coastal towns of Brighton and Hove ( now part of the city of Brighton and Hove ) , where several of his eclectic range of residential , commercial and religious buildings have been awarded listed status by English Heritage . Working alone or ( from 1881 ) in partnership with two sons as Lainson & Sons , he designed buildings in a wide range of styles , from Neo-Byzantine to High Victorian Gothic ; his work is described as having a solid style , typical of the time .
The Byzantine Revival ( also referred to as Neo-Byzantine ) was an architectural revival movement , most frequently seen in religious , institutional and public buildings . It incorporates elements of the Byzantine style associated with Eastern and Orthodox Christian architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries , notably that of Constantinople ( present-day Istanbul ) and the Exarchate of Ravenna . Neo-Byzantine architecture emerged in the 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of the 19th century in the Russian Empire , and later Bulgaria . Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia between World War I and World War II .
The Middle Street Synagogue is a synagogue in the centre of Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . It was the centre for Jewish worship in Brighton and Hove for more than a century . Although it is not in full-time use , the building is still open at certain times , and services are still held at certain times of the year . It has been listed at Grade II* , reflecting its architectural and historic importance .
The Brighton Friends Meeting House is a Friends meeting house ( Quaker place of worship ) in the centre of Brighton , part of the city of Brighton and Hove in East Sussex , England . The building , which dates from 1805 , replaced an earlier meeting house of 1690 what was then a small fishing village on the Sussex coast . Located at the junction of Ship Street and Prince Albert Street in The Lanes , the heart of Brighton 's old town area , its architectural and historic importance has been recognised by English Heritage 's granting of Grade II listed status .
Ovingdean is a small formerly agricultural village in Brighton and Hove , East Sussex , England .
William Harrison Ainsworth ( 4 February 1805 - 3 January 1882 ) was an English historical novelist born at King Street in Manchester . He trained as a lawyer , but the legal profession held no attraction for him . While completing his legal studies in London he met the publisher John Ebers , at that time manager of the King 's Theatre , Haymarket . Ebers introduced Ainsworth to literary and dramatic circles , and to his daughter , who became Ainsworth 's wife . Ainsworth briefly tried the publishing business , but soon gave it up and devoted himself to journalism and literature . His first success as a writer came with Rookwood in 1834 , which features Dick Turpin as its leading character . A stream of 39 novels followed , the last of which appeared in 1881 . Ainsworth died in Reigate on 3 January 1882 , and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery .
Ovingdean Grange is a Grade II listed manor house situated on the south coast of England in the village of Ovingdean , east of Brighton . One of the oldest and most historical residences in Brighton , it gave its name to the novel Ovingdean Grange by the popular 19th-century writer William Harrison Ainsworth .
St Wulfran 's Church , dedicated to the 7th-century French archbishop Wulfram of Sens , is an Anglican church in Ovingdean , a rural village now within the English city of Brighton and Hove . Parts of the structure date from the early 12th century , and the church is listed at Grade I , a designation used for buildings of outstanding architectural or historic interest .
William Willett ( 10 August 1856 - 4 March 1915 ) was a British builder and a tireless promoter of British Summer Time .
A clergy house is the residence , or former residence , of one or more priests or ministers of religion . Such residences are known by various names , including parsonage , manse , and rectory .
Patcham ( /ˈpætʃəm/ ) is an area of the city of Brighton & Hove , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) north of the city centre . It is bounded by the A27 ( Brighton bypass ) to the north , Hollingbury to the east and southeast , Withdean to the south and the Brighton Main Line to the west . The A23 passes through the area .
All Saints Church is the Anglican parish church of Patcham , an ancient Sussex village which is now part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . A place of worship has existed on the hilltop site for about 1,000 years , but the present building has Norman internal features and a 13th-century exterior . Several rounds of restoration in the Victorian era included some structural additions . A wide range of monuments and wall paintings survive inside , including one commemorating Richard Shelley - owner of nearby Patcham Place and one of the most important noblemen in the early history of Brighton . The church , which is Grade II* listed , continues to serve as the Anglican place of worship for residents of Patcham , which 20th-century residential development has transformed from a vast rural parish into a large outer suburb of Brighton . Patcham 's first church served a large rural area north of the fishing village of Brighthelmston - the ancient predecessor of Brighton . A nucleated settlement developed around this building , which was reconstructed during the Norman era . A wide-ranging series of alterations were carried out by Victorian church restorers to improve the building 's structural condition and provide more space to cater for the growing population . As Patcham developed into a suburb in the 20th century , more churches opened in the area and were administered from All Saints Church . The building 's plain exterior contrasts with its well-preserved and , in parts , ancient interior whose features include wall paintings and stone memorials . The churchyard has a set of Grade II-listed tombs .
Patcham Place is a mansion in the ancient village of Patcham , now part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . Built in 1558 as part of the Patcham Place estate , it was owned for many years by Anthony Stapley , one of the signatories of King Charles I 's death warrant . It was extended and almost completely rebuilt in 1764 , with traces of the older buildings remaining behind the Classical façade with its expanses of black glazed mathematical tiles - a feature typical of Brighton buildings of the era . Contemporary uses have included a youth hostel , but the house is currently used as a commercial premises . English Heritage has listed it at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance .
Mathematical tiles are a building material used extensively in the southeastern counties of England - especially East Sussex and Kent - in the 18th and early 19th centuries . They were laid on the exterior of timber-framed buildings as an alternative to brickwork , which their appearance closely resembled . A distinctive black variety with a glazed surface was used on many buildings in Brighton ( now part of the city of Brighton and Hove ) from about 1760 onwards , and is considered a characteristic feature of the town 's early architecture . Although the brick tax ( 1784-1850 ) was formerly thought to have encouraged use of mathematical tiles , in fact the tiles were subject to the same tax .
A hip roof , hip-roof or hipped roof , is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls , usually with a fairly gentle slope ( although a tented roof by definition is a hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak ) . Thus , a hipped roof house has no gables or other vertical sides to the roof . A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid . Hip roofs on houses could have two triangular sides and two trapezoidal ones . A hip roof on a rectangular plan has four faces . They are almost always at the same pitch or slope , which makes them symmetrical about the centerlines . Hip roofs often have a consistent level fascia , meaning that a gutter can be fitted all around . Hip roofs often have dormer slanted sides .
A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .
Hove Museum and Art Gallery is a municipally-owned museum in the town of Hove , which is part of the larger city of Brighton and Hove in the South East of England . The museum is part of Royal Pavilion & Museums , Brighton and Hove , and admission is free . Opened in 1927 by the Hove Corporation , the museum is located in a late 19th-century villa originally known as Brooker Hall . The museum features a toy gallery that includes a significant collection of dolls , teddy bears , mechanical toys , toy trains , dollhouses , rocking horses and tricycles . Another focus is contemporary crafts and fine art . The museum also includes local history displays , and a collection of early cinema artifacts from the 1890s and 1900s . Brooker Hall was constructed in 1877 by the architect Thomas Lainson for Major John Vallance . The building is in the Italianate style made popular by Osborne House , Queen Victoria 's residence on the Isle of Wight . It stands in grounds now laid out as a public park .
Barford Court is a care home operated by the Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution and situated on the seafront in Hove , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . The building , completed in 1937 , has had this function only since 1996 ; it was constructed by cinema architect Robert Cromie as a private house for Ian Stuart Millar , an eccentric iron industry tycoon , who occupied it for only nine years . The large building later accommodated the Brighton and Hove School of Nursing , which for the first time brought together training provision for all local hospitals ' staff on one site . When the school moved away in 1989 , the house spent several years on the market awaiting a buyer - and in steadily deteriorating structural condition - before being refurbished , extended , renamed and converted to its present use . The building is distinctive and idiosyncratic in its layout , positioning , materials and architectural style . Many interior touches are reminiscent of interwar Art Deco cinema architecture , contrasting with the austere Neo-Georgian exterior . Handmade , specially commissioned bricks in an unusual purplish grey colour were used to build the house , which is surrounded by a high wall of the same material . The layout was designed to accommodate the motor-car at a time when they were uncommon , with garaging space integrated into the design of the ground floor . Several design motifs recur throughout , and high-quality internal fittings such as built-in furniture and an unusual staircase have been preserved . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance . The surrounding wall is also listed separately at Grade II .
Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .
Portslade is a western suburb of the city of Brighton and Hove , England . Portslade Village , the original settlement a mile inland to the north , was built up in the 16th century . The arrival of the railway from Brighton in 1840 encouraged rapid development of the coastal area and in 1896 the southern part , formerly known as Copperas Gap , was granted urban district status and renamed Portslade-by-Sea , making it distinct from Portslade Village . After World War II the district of Mile Oak to the north was added . Today , Portslade is bisected from east to west by the old A27 road ( now the A270 ) between Brighton and Worthing , each part having a distinct character . Portslade Village , to the north , nestles in a valley of the South Downs and still retains its rural character with flint buildings , a village green and the small parish church of St Nicolas , which is the second-oldest church in the city , dating from approximately 1150 . Another notable building in the village is Portslade Manor , one of the few surviving ruins of a Norman manor . It was built in the 12th century and is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Foredown Tower houses a camera obscura , one of only two in the south of England . It is open to the public . Portslade-by-Sea , to the south , straddles the small but busy seaport harbour basin of Shoreham harbour and is the industrial centre of Brighton and Hove ; the Monarch 's Way long-distance footpath follows the seafront west towards Shoreham . Terraced housing dating back to the 19th century is interspaced with parks and allotments .
St Nicolas Church is an Anglican church in the Portslade area of the English city of Brighton and Hove . It has 12th-century origins , and serves the old village of Portslade , inland from the mostly 19th-century Portslade-by-Sea area .
Preston Park is a park near Preston Village in the city of Brighton and Hove , East Sussex , England . It is located in Preston Park ward to the north of the centre of Brighton , and served by the nearby Preston Park railway station . Preston Park is also one of the wards of Brighton and Hove City Council . The population as of the 2011 census was 14,911 .
Bargeboard ( probably from Medieval Latin bargus , or barcus , a scaffold , and not from the now obsolete synonym vergeboard ) is a board fastened to the projecting gables of a roof to give them strength , protection , and to conceal the otherwise exposed end of the horizontal timbers or purlins of the roof to which they were attached . Bargeboards are sometimes moulded only or carved , but as a rule the lower edges were cusped and had tracery in the spandrels besides being otherwise elaborated . An example in Britain was one at Ockwells in Berkshire ( built 1446-1465 ) , which was moulded and carved as if it were intended for internal work . In New Orleans , bargeboard is the wood from which many of the creole cottages were constructed in the early to mid-1800s . Barges were constructed up-river to carry goods to New Orleans , and upon arrival dismantled and used for construction of houses . The planks are generally 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) thick and of varying lengths and widths , although 10 inches ( 25 cm ) width is common . It is hard , solid wood that has lasted between 150 and 200 years in a wet , humid climate . [ citation needed ]
St Augustine 's Church is a former Anglican church in Brighton , part of the English city of Brighton and Hove . It is close to the Preston Park and Round Hill areas in the central northern part of the city . Built in 1896 and extended in 1914 , its parish was extended after a nearby church closed , but in 2003 it was declared redundant itself . The building , which is listed at Grade II in view of its architectural importance , has stood empty since then , apart from a few years from 2004 when the building was leased by the Elim Pentecostal Church . The Pentecostal congregation made free-standing internal changes to create internal spaces which could be heated in winter , but did not touch the fabric of the building .