List of New World monkey species
Extant species -- Family : Cebidae
Table:
Scientific name

Common name

Classified

Average size

Conservation status

References

Cebus capucinus

Colombian white-faced capuchin

1758 Linnaeus

3,900 g (140 oz)

least concern

[86][87]

Cebus imitator

Panamanian white-faced capuchin

1903 Thomas

3,900 g (140 oz)

least concern

Cebus albifrons

Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin

1812 Humboldt

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

least concern

[88][89]

Cebus aequatorialis

Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin

1914 Allen

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

critically endangered

Cebus yuracus

Marañón white-fronted capuchin

1949 Hershkovitz

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

Cebus cesarae

Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin

1949 Hershkovitz

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

data deficient

Cebus malitiosus

Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin

1909 Elliot

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

endangered

Cebus cuscinus

Shock-headed capuchin

1901 Thomas

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

near threatened

Cebus leucocephalus

Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin

1866 Gray

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

Cebus unicolor

Spix's white-fronted capuchin

1823 Spix

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

Cebus versicolor

Varied white-fronted capuchin

1845 Pucheran

2,900–3,400 g (100–120 oz)

endangered

Cebus olivaceus

Wedge-capped capuchin

1848 Schomburgk

least concern

[90][91]

Cebus brunneus

Brown weeper capuchin

1914 Allen

least concern

Cebus kaapori

Kaapori capuchin

1992 Queiroz

critically endangered

[92][93]

Sapajus apella

Tufted capuchin

1758 Linnaeus

1,900–4,800 g (67–169 oz)

least concern

[94][95]

Sapajus libidinosus

Black-striped capuchin

1823 Spix

least concern

[96][97]

Sapajus nigritus

Black capuchin

1809 Goldfuss

near threatened

[98][99]

Sapajus xanthosternos

Golden-bellied capuchin

1826 Wied

critically endangered

[100][101]

Sapajus flavius

Blond capuchin

1774 Schreber

2,000–3,000 g (71–106 oz)

critically endangered

[2][102][103]

Sapajus cay

Azaras's capuchin

1815 Illiger

least concern

Consulting the given table and the context snippets listed below.

State the answer to the question: What country was the discoverer of the Cebus Capucinus born in ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

The Colombian white-faced capuchin ( Cebus capucinus ) , also known as the Colombian white-headed capuchin or Colombian white-throated capuchin , is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae , subfamily Cebinae . It is native to the extreme eastern portion of Panama and the extreme north-western portion of South America in western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador . The Colombian white-faced capuchin was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work , Systema Naturae . It is a member of the family Cebidae , the family of New World monkeys containing capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys . It is the type species for the genus Cebus , the genus that includes all the capuchin monkeys . Until the 21st century the Panamanian white-faced capuchin , Cebus imitator , was considered conspecific with the Colombian white-faced capuchin , as the subspecies C. capucinus imitator . Some primatologists continue to consider the Panamanian and Colombian white-faced capuchins as a single species . In 2012 a study by Boubli , et al demonstrated that C. imitator and C. capucinus split up to 2 million years ago . Although the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is the most well-studied capuchin monkey species , as of 2014 there had been no field studies of the Colombian white-faced capuchin . Two subspecies of Colombian white-faced capuchin are recognized :
The 10th edition of Systema Naturae is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759 , which marks the starting point of zoological nomenclature . In it , Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature for animals , something he had already done for plants in his 1753 publication of Species Plantarum .
Carl Linnaeus ( /lɪˈniːəs , lɪˈneɪəs/ ; 23 May [ note 1 ] 1707 - 10 January 1778 ) , also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː ] ( listen ) ) , was a Swedish botanist , zoologist , and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature , the modern system of naming organisms . He is known as the father of modern taxonomy . Many of his writings were in Latin , and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus ( after 1761 Carolus a Linné ) . Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden . He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730 . He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738 , where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands . He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala . In the 1740s , he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals . In the 1750s and 1760s , he continued to collect and classify animals , plants , and minerals , while publishing several volumes . He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death . Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message : Tell him I know no greater man on earth . Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote : With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza , I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly .
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin ( Cebus imitator ) , also known as the Panamanian white-headed capuchin or Central American white-faced capuchin , is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae , subfamily Cebinae . Native to the forests of Central America , the white-faced capuchin is important to rainforest ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and pollen . Among the best known monkeys , the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is recognized as the typical companion to the organ grinder . In recent years the species has become popular in North American media , particularly in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . It is a highly intelligent monkey and has been trained to assist paraplegic persons . It is a medium-sized monkey , weighing up to 3.9 kg ( 8.6 lb ) . It is mostly black , but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body , giving it its common name . It has a distinctive prehensile tail that is often carried coiled up and is used to help support the monkey when it is feeding beneath a branch . In the wild , the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is versatile , living in many different types of forest , and eating many different types of food , including fruit , other plant material , invertebrates , and small vertebrates . It lives in troops that can exceed 20 animals and include both males and females . It is noted for its tool use , including rubbing plants over its body in an apparent use of herbal medicine , and also using tools as weapons and for getting to food . It is a long-lived monkey , with a maximum recorded age of over 54 years .
Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas FRS FZS ( 21 February 1858 - 16 June 1929 ) was a British zoologist .
Humboldt 's white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey . The species name Cebus albifrons was formerly considered to also include several types of white-fronted capuchin monkey which are now regarded as separate species based on genetic studies by Boubli and Lynch Alfaro .
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt ( 14 September 1769 - 6 May 1859 ) was a Prussian polymath , geographer , naturalist , explorer , and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science . He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister , philosopher , and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt ( 1767-1835 ) . Humboldt 's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography . Humboldt 's advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement laid the foundation for modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring . Between 1799 and 1804 , Humboldt travelled extensively in the Americas , exploring and describing them for the first time from a modern scientific point of view . His description of the journey was written up and published in an enormous set of volumes over 21 years . Humboldt was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined ( South America and Africa in particular ) . Humboldt resurrected the use of the word cosmos from the ancient Greek and assigned it to his multivolume treatise , Kosmos , in which he sought to unify diverse branches of scientific knowledge and culture . This important work also motivated a holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity . He was the first person to describe the phenomenon and cause of human-induced climate change , in 1800 and again in 1831 , based on observations generated during his travels .
The Ecuadorian capuchin ( Cebus aequatorialis ) , or Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey of the family Cebidae . It was formerly classified as a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin . Mittermeier and Rylands elevated it to a separate species in 2013 . It lives in tropical forests in Ecuador and Peru . It is listed as critically endangered .
Joel Asaph Allen ( July 19 , 1838 - August 29 , 1921 ) was an American zoologist , mammalogist , and ornithologist . He became the first president of the American Ornithologists ' Union , the first curator of birds and mammals at the American Museum of Natural History , and the first head of that museum 's Department of Ornithology . He is remembered for Allen 's rule , which states that the bodies of endotherms ( warm-blooded animals ) vary in shape with climate , having increased surface area in hot climates to lose heat , and minimized surface area in cold climates , to conserve heat .
The Marañón white-fronted capuchin or Peruvian white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus yuracus ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from the upper Amazon Basin . It had been regarded as synonymous with the shock-headed capuchin ( C. cuscinus ) , which was then considered a subspecies of Humboldt 's white-fronted capuchin , but it was classified as a separate species by Mittermeier and Rylands based on genetic studies by Boubli .
Philip Hershkovitz ( 12 October 1909 - 15 February 1997 ) was an American mammalogist . Born in Pittsburgh , he attended the Universities of Pittsburgh and Michigan and lived in South America collecting mammals . In 1947 , he was appointed a curator at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago and he continued to work there until his death . He has published much on the mammals of the Neotropics , particularly primates and rodents , and described almost 70 new species and subspecies of mammals . About a dozen species have been named after him .
The Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus cesarae ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from the Río Cesar Valley in northern Colombia . It had previously been considered a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin ( C. albifrons ) . Genetic analysis by Jean Boubli in 2012 revealed that the Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin is actually more closely related to the Colombian white-faced capuchin ( C. capucinus ) than it is to C. albifrons . Some authors regard it to be a subspecies of the varied white-fronted capuchin ( C. versicolor cesarae ) . The Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin lives in dry semi-deciduous forest , gallery forest and mangroves . Its fur is light colored . Males have a head and body length between 30.8 and 40.7 cm ( 12.1 and 16.0 in ) with a tail length of between 41.9 and 49.5 cm ( 16.5 and 19.5 in ) . Females have a head and body length between 35.3 and 38.5 cm ( 13.9 and 15.2 in ) with a tail length of between 46.1 and 50 cm ( 18.1 and 19.7 in ) .
The Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus malitiosus ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Colombia . It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Cebus albifrons or a synonym of the Colombian white-faced capuchin ( C. capucinus ) , but Mittermeier and Rylands elevated it to a species in 2013 , following previous work by Rylands , Hershkovitz , Cooper and Hernandez-Camacho . The IUCN follows this taxonomy . The Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin range is restricted to forests near the northwest base of Sierra de Santa Marta in northern Colombia . Males have a head and body about 45.7 cm ( 18.0 in ) long and a tail about 43.3 cm ( 17.0 in ) long .
Daniel Giraud Elliot ( March 7 , 1835 - December 22 , 1915 ) was an American zoologist and the founder of the American Ornithologist Union .
The shock-headed capuchin ( Cebus cuscinus ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Bolivia and Peru . It was previously classified as a subspecies of the Humboldt 's white-fronted capuchin ( C. albifrons ) , but in 2013 Mittermeier and Rylands elevated it to a separate species , following genetic studies by Boubli et al in 2012 and Lynch Alfaro et al in 2010 . The shock-headed capuchin lives in lowland and seasonally inundated forests of the upper Amazon Basin , as well as montane forests of the western Andes Mountains up to elevations of 1,800 m ( 5,900 ft ) . Males have a head and body length of about 40 cm ( 16 in ) with a tail length of about 44 cm ( 17 in ) . Females have a head and body length between 39 and 46 cm ( 15 and 18 in ) with a tail length between 39 and 47.5 cm ( 15.4 and 18.7 in ) .
The Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus leucocephalus ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Colombia and Venezuela . It had formerly been regarded as a subspecies of the Humboldt 's white-fronted capuchin but was reclassified by Mittermeier and Rylands as a separate species in 2013 , based on genetic studies by Jean Boubli . The range of the Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin is restricted to the forests in a portion of northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela . Males have a head and body that ranges between 37 and 40.7 cm ( 14.6 and 16.0 in ) with a tail length of between 39.2 and 49.9 mm ( 1.54 and 1.96 in ) .
John Edward Gray , FRS ( 12 February 1800 - 7 March 1875 ) was a British zoologist . He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ( 1766-1828 ) . The standard author abbreviation J.E.Gray is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name . The same is used for a zoological name . Gray was keeper of zoology at the British Museum in London from 1840 until Christmas 1874 , before the natural history holdings were split off to the Natural History Museum . He published several catalogues of the museum collections that included comprehensive discussions of animal groups and descriptions of new species . He improved the zoological collections to make them amongst the best in the world .
Spix 's white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus unicolor ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey . It had previously been classified as a subspecies of the Humboldt 's white-fronted capuchin ( C. albifrons ) . Following genetic studies by Boubli , et al , Mittermeier and Ryland elevated it to a full species . Spix 's white-fronted capuchin has a wide range within the upper Amazon Basin in Brazil and Peru . It also occurs in northern Bolivia . It has a head and body length between 36.5 and 37.5 cm ( 14.4 and 14.8 in ) and a tail length of between 42 and 46 cm ( 17 and 18 in ) .
Johann Baptist Ritter von Spix ( 9 February 1781 - 13 March 1826 ) was a German biologist . From his expedition to Brazil he brought to Germany a large variety of specimens of plants , insects , mammals , birds , amphibians and fish . They constitute an important basis for today 's National Zoological Collection in Munich . Numerous examples of his ethnographic collections , such as dance masks and the like , are now part of the collection of the Museum of Ethnography in Munich .
The varied white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus versicolor ) is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Colombia . It had been classified as a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin ( C. albifrons ) Genetic analysis by Jean Boubli in 2012 revealed it to be a separate species . Some authors regard the Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin to be a subspecies of the varied white-fronted capuchin . The varied white-fronted capuchin lives in lowland moist forest and in palm swamps in the Río Magdalena Valley of northern Colombia . It has reddish fur on its back , forearms and the front of its legs , contrasting with lighter fur overall . It has a dark brown crown on its head contrasting with light fur on the temples , forehead , chin , throat and on the sides of its face and neck . It has a head and body length between 45 and 50.5 cm ( 17.7 and 19.9 in ) with a tail length of between 42 and 45.5 mm ( 1.65 and 1.79 in ) .
Jacques Pucheran ( 2 June 1817 - 13 January 1895 ) was a French zoologist born in Clairac . He was a grandnephew to physiologist Étienne Serres ( 1786-1868 ) . Pucheran accompanied the expedition on the Astrolabe between 1837 and 1840 , under the command of Jules Dumont d'Urville , with fellow-naturalists Jacques Bernard Hombron and Honoré Jacquinot . On his return he contributed the ornithological section ( with Jacquinot ) of Voyage au Pôle sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes L'Astrolabe et La Zélée ( 1841-1854 ) . Pucheran worked as a zoologist and naturalist at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle . He was the author of many works in the fields of ornithology , mammalogy , anthropology , etc . With Florent Prévost and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , he published a catalog involving species of mammals and birds kept in the collections at the museum , titled Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Paris . Catalogue méthodique , etc . ( 1851 ) . He was a member of the Société d'Agen académique , and a chevalier in the Légion d'honneur and the Ordre de la Conception de Portugal . He classified numerous zoological taxa , and the following are a few ornithological species that are named after him .
The wedge-capped capuchin or weeper capuchin ( Cebus olivaceus ) is a capuchin monkey from South America . It is found in northern Brazil , Guyana , French Guiana , Suriname , Venezuela and possibly northern Colombia . The genus Cebus is divided into several different species . However , taxonomists argue over the specific divisions within the genus , which are uncertain and controversial . Cebus olivaceus is known to dwell in tall , primary forest and travel over long distances during the day . These primates are medium-sized monkeys with distinctive wedge cap markings on their head and slightly longer limbs than other capuchins for jumping through the forest canopy . Similar to other capuchin monkeys , the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits , invertebrates , other plant parts , and on rare occasions small vertebrates . They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur , especially in the rainy seasons , as a potential means of mosquito repellent . Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars . Cebus olivaceus is a polygamous species that lives in groups anywhere from 5-30 individuals , with a female biased sex ratios . The group is organized according to a pre-determined hierarchal system of dominance for both males and females . Although biological lineage is less of a factor of dominance for males than it is for females , due to male migration between groups .
Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk ( 5 June 1804 - 11 March 1865 ) was a German-born explorer for Great Britain who carried out geographical , ethnological and botanical studies in South America and the West Indies , and also fulfilled diplomatic missions for Great Britain in the Dominican Republic and Thailand .
The Brown weeper capuchin ( Cebus brunneus ) or Venezuelan brown capuchin is a species of gracile capuchin monkey from Venezuela . It had previously been considered to be synonymous with the Guianan weeper capuchin ( C. olivaceus ) but genetic analysis by Jean Boubli revealed it to be a separate species . Following Boubli , Mittermeier and Rylands recognized the Trinidad white-fronted capuchin to be synonymous with the brown weeper capuchin , but other authors such as the IUCN regard that as a separate species C. trinitatis . The brown weeper capuchin has brown , thick fur with a dark wedge on the forehead and lighter face , cheeks and chin . Its head and body are about 42 centimetres ( 17 in ) with a 44 cm ( 17 in ) tail . It lives in various types of forest in the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela , in dry semi-deciduous forests and gallery forests in the Western Venezuelan Llanos , as well as in Trinidad ( under the assumption that the Trinidad white-fronted capuchin is synonymous ) . Trinidad white-fronted capuchins have been observed using leaves as cups to drink water from tree cavities . The leaves used were modified before by changing the shape of the leaf . The leaves are discarded after one use , meaning that a different leaf is used for repeat visits . These observations suggest that , like the common chimpanzee , wild capuchins demonstrate tool manufacture and use in foraging-related contexts .
The Kaapori capuchin ( Cebus kaapori ) is a capuchin monkey endemic to Brazil . This species is located the Brazilian states of Pará and Maranhão along the Atlantic coast to the north of the country , and usually found in dense forest regions , where their food is more abundant , but can also be found in secondary growth areas during the dry season . Like most Capuchins , the Kaapori capuchin is diurnal , arboreal and omnivorous , their diet consisting of small animals and plants . They eat roughly equal portions of plants and animals , mainly feeding on ripe fruits and small insects and invertebrates such as spiders , snails , wasps , caterpillars , grasshoppers , ants , and bird eggs . It weighs about 2 - 3 kg . The Kaapori capuchin is polygamous , and females usually give birth to one infant per birth , with twins being rare . Births usually occur every 2 years , but they may occur closer together if a baby dies , with a gestation period of 150 - 180 days . Formerly considered a subspecies of the wedge-capped capuchin ( Cebus olivaceus ) , it was recently elevated to species status .
Hélder Lima de Queiroz ( born 1963 ) is a Brazilian conservation biologist , primatologist , and fish behaviorist . He is the Director of the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá ( MISD ) in Amazonas state , dedicated to protecting the biodiversity of the Amazon flood forest and the well-being of those who live there , through community management of the environment . Queiroz received his doctorate in 2000 from St. Andrews University , Scotland , in Environmental And Evolutionary Biology , with the thesis Natural history and conservation of pirarucu , Arapaima gigas , at the Amazonian várzea : Red giants in muddy waters . His advisor was the population biologist Anne E. Magurran . He has discovered and named a new species of capuchin monkey ( Queiroz , 1992 ) . He currently ( 2013 ) works on Amazon flooded forest ecology , ecology and behaviour of Amazonian vertebrates , and Indigenous hunting . He is a graduate faculty member in zoology at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi , and animal sciences at Federal University of Pará State ( UFPA ) , in Belém .
The tufted capuchin ( Sapajus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin , black-capped capuchin , or pin monkey is a New World primate from South America . As traditionally defined , it is one of the most widespread primates in the Neotropics , but it has recently been recommended considering the black-striped , black and golden-bellied capuchins as separate species in a new genus , thereby effectively limiting the tufted capuchin to the Amazon basin and nearby regions . The tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although it sometimes feeds on small vertebrates ( e.g . lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts . It can be found in many different kinds of environment , including moist tropical and subtropical forest , dry forest , and disturbed or secondary forest . Like other capuchins , it is a social animal , forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals that are led by an alpha or dominant male .
The black-striped capuchin ( Sapajus libidinosus ) , also known as the bearded capuchin , is a capuchin monkey from South America . It was the first non-ape primate in which tool usage was documented in the wild , as individuals have been seen cracking nuts by placing them on a stone anvil while hitting them with another large stone . Adaptations to carrying large stones and fruit include strengthened back and leg muscles that permit the monkey to walk on its hind legs while carrying stones . The black-striped capuchin has traditionally been considered a subspecies of the tufted capuchin . On the contrary , the southern population here included in S. libidinosus has sometimes been considered another species , Azaras 's capuchin ( S. cay ) ( syn . S. paraguayanus ) . The black-striped capuchin is found in the Caatinga , Cerrado , and Pantanal of Brazil . Some confusion surrounds the taxon juruanus , here included as a subspecies of the black-striped capuchin . It has been considered to occur from the upper Juruá River east and south to Mato Grosso , or alternatively entirely restricted to the region near the upper Juruá River . In the latter case , its range would be surrounded by C. apella , leading to doubts over its true taxonomic status . Groves ( 2005 ) recognizes four subspecies :
The black capuchin , ( Sapajus nigritus ) , also known as the black-horned capuchin , is a capuchin monkey from the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil and far north-eastern Argentina . Historically , it was included as a subspecies of the tufted capuchin .
Georg August Goldfuss ( Goldfuß , 18 April 1782 - 2 October 1848 ) was a German palaeontologist , zoologist and botanist . Goldfuss was born at Thurnau near Bayreuth . He was educated at Erlangen , where he graduated Ph.D. in 1804 and became professor of zoology in 1818 . He was subsequently appointed professor of zoology and mineralogy at the University of Bonn . Aided by Count Georg zu Münster , he issued the important Petrefacta Germaniae ( 1826-44 ) , a work which was intended to illustrate the invertebrate fossils of Germany , but it was left incomplete after the sponges , corals , crinoids , echinoderms and part of the mollusca had been figured . A collection of Goldfuss ' botanical specimens are housed at Bonn University . Goldfuss died at Bonn . In 1820 , he coined the word protozoa to refer to single-celled organisms such as ciliates .
The golden-bellied capuchin ( Sapajus xanthosternos ) , also known as the yellow-breasted or buffy-headed capuchin , is a species of New World monkey . Although there are differences between individuals as well as between the sexes and across age groups , S. xanthosternos is described as having a distinctive yellow to golden red chest , belly and upper arms . Its face is a light brown and its cap for which the capuchins were first named is a dark brown/black or light brown . Formerly thought to be a subspecies of tufted capuchin ( S. apella ) , it was elevated to the status of species . Despite this previous classification , S. xanthosternos does not have very evident tufts , as they are oriented towards the rear of the skull and are hardly noticeable . A band of short hair around the upper part of the face with speckled colouring contrasts with the darker surrounding areas . The limbs and tail are also darkly coloured . Populations of S. xanthosternos are restricted to the Atlantic forest of south-eastern Bahia , Brazil , due possibly to high degrees of interference from humans . Historically they probably would have inhabited the entire area east of , and north to , the Rio São Francisco . The largest continuous area of forest in its known range , the Una Biological Reserve in Bahia , is estimated to contain a population of 185 individuals . As of 2004 , there were 85 individuals in zoos and breeding facilities in Europe and Brazil .
Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied ( 23 September 1782 - 3 February 1867 ) was a German explorer , ethnologist and naturalist . He led a pioneering expedition to southeast Brazil between 1815-1817 , from which the album Reise nach Brasilien , which first revealed to Europe real images of Brazilian Indians , was the ultimate result . It was translated into several languages and recognized as one of the greatest contributions to the knowledge of Brazil at the beginning of the nineteenth century . In 1832 he embarked on another expedition , this time to United States , together with the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer . Prince Maximilian collected many examples of ethnography , and many specimens of flora and fauna of the area , still preserved in museum collections , notably in the Lindenmuseum , Stuttgart . The genus Neuwiedia Blume ( Orchidaceae ) was named for him . Also , Prince Maximilian is honored in the scientific names of eight species of reptiles : Hydromedusa maximiliani , Micrablepharis maximiliani , Bothrops neuwiedi , Polemon neuwiedi , Pseudoboa neuwiedi , Sibynomorphus neuwiedi , Xenodon neuwiedii , and Ramphotyphlops wiedii .
The blond capuchin ( Sapajus flavius ) is a species of the capuchin monkeys group , the genus Sapajus . This critically endangered species was rediscovered in 2006 . It is endemic to northeastern Brazil , and only an estimated 180 individuals remain .
Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber ( 17 January 1739 in Weißensee , Thuringia - 10 December 1810 in Erlangen ) , often styled J.C.D . von Schreber , was a German naturalist .
Azaras 's capuchin or hooded capuchin ( Sapajus cay ) is a species of robust capuchin . It occurs in eastern Paraguay , southeastern Bolivia , northern Argentina , and Brazil , at Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso states , in Pantanal.Its habitat consists of subtropical , humid , semi-deciduous , gallery forests and forested regions of the pantanals . Formerly , it was considered a subspecies of black-striped capuchin , according to Groves ( 2005 ) with the name Cebus libidinosus paraguayanus , but Silva Jr. ( 2001 ) considered it a separated species . They are considered as frugivores-insectivores which means that their diet mainly consists of a variety of fruits , seeds , arthropods , frogs , small mammals , etc .
Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger ( 19 November 1775 - 10 May 1813 ) was a German entomologist and zoologist . Illiger was the son of a merchant in Braunschweig . He studied under the entomologist Johann Hellwig , and later worked on the zoological collections of Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg . Illiger was professor and director of the zoological museum ( which is the Natural History Museum of Berlin in the present day ) from its formation in 1810 until his death . He was the author of Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium ( 1811 ) , which was an overhaul of the Linnaean system . It was a major influence on the adoption of the concept of the family . He also edited the Magazin für Insektenkunde , widely known as Illiger 's Magazine . In 1811 he introduced the taxonomic order Proboscidea for elephants , the American mastodon and the woolly mammoth . He also described the subspecies Odobenus rosmarus divergens , commonly known as the Pacific walrus . Illiger 's macaw ( Promolius maracana ; Vieillot , 1816 ) and Illiger 's saddle-back tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri ; Pucheran , 1845 ) commemorate his name . The botanical genus Illigera ( family Hernandiaceae ) also bears his name .