Comparison of document-markup languages
General information
Table:
Language

Creator

First public release date

Editor

Viewer

AsciiDoc

Stuart Rackham

2002

Text editor

Output to XHTML, HTML, DocBook (which can convert to PDF, EPUB, DVI, LaTeX, roff, and Postscript)

Computable Document Format

Wolfram Research

2010

Wolfram Language & Mathematica

CDF Player; CDF format can also be embedded in web pages viewable with conventional browsers.

Creole

2007

Text editor

Output to HTML, RTF, LaTeX, others; renderers for MFC, others.

Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA)

IBM, OASIS

2005

Text/XML editor

Output to HTML, PDF, CHM, javadoc, others.

DocBook

The Davenport Group, OASIS

1992

XML editor

Output to HTML, PDF, CHM, javadoc, others.

Encoded Archival Description (EAD)

Berkeley Project

1998

Text editor

Web browser

Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)

W3C

2000 (January 26)

Text/XML editor, HTML editor

Web browser

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

Tim Berners-Lee

1993

Text editor, HTML editor

Web browser

LilyPond

Han-Wen Nienhuys, Jan Nieuwenhuizen

1996

Text editor, Scorewriter

Output to DVI, PDF, PostScript, PNG, others.

Maker Interchange Format (MIF)

Frame Technology acquired by Adobe Systems in 1995

1986

Text editor, FrameMaker

FrameMaker

MakeDoc

Carl Sassenrath

2000

Text editor

Web browser (XHTML or HTML output)

Markdown

John Gruber and Aaron Swartz

2004

Text editor, E-mail client

Web browser (XHTML or HTML output), preview in gedit-markdown-plugin

Textile

Dean Allen

2002[1]

Text editor

Web browser (XHTML or HTML output), reference and tester (uses latest PHP-Textile version 3.5.5)

Math Markup Language (MathML)

W3C

1999 (July)

Text/XML editor, TeX converter

Web browser, Word processor

The Music Encoding Initiative (MEI)

The MEI Community

1999

XML editor

Verovio

Music Extensible Markup Language (MusicXML)

Recordare

2002

Scorewriter

Scorewriter

Office Open XML (OOXML)

Ecma International, ISO/IEC

2006

Office suite

Office suite

OpenDocument Format (ODF)

OASIS, ISO/IEC

2005

Office suite

Office suite

Open Mathematical Documents (OMDoc)

Michael Kohlhase

2000

Text/XML editor[2]

Output to XHTML+MathML, TeX, others.

Org-mode

Org-mode project

2003

Emacs, text editor

Emacs. Output to HTML, PDF, DocBook, FreeMind, OpenDocument Format (ODF), others.

Looking at the table together with the supporting evidence below.

Solve the question: Which language had the earlier first public release date ? One which was made to allow easy authoring of dynamically generated interactive content , or one which simplified the transfer of content between different wiki engines . ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

In computer text processing , a markup language is a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text , meaning when the document is processed for display , the markup language is not shown , and is only used to format the text . The idea and terminology evolved from the marking up of paper manuscripts ( i.e. , the revision instructions by editors ) , which is traditionally written with a red or blue pencil on authors ' manuscripts . Such markup typically includes both content corrections ( such as spelling , punctuation , or movement of content ) , and also typographic instructions , such as to make a heading larger or boldface . In digital media , this blue pencil instruction text was replaced by tags which ideally indicate what the parts of the document are , rather than details of how they might be shown on some display . This lets authors avoid formatting every instance of the same kind of thing redundantly ( and possibly inconsistently ) . It also avoids the specification of fonts and dimensions which may not apply to many users ( such as those with different-size displays , impaired vision and screen-reading software ) . Early markup systems typically included typesetting instructions , as troff , TeX and LaTeX do , while Scribe and most modern markup systems name components , and later process those names to apply formatting or other processing , as in the case of XML . Some markup languages , such as the widely used HTML , have pre-defined presentation semantics - meaning that their specification prescribes some aspects of how to present the structured data on particular media . HTML , like DocBook , Open eBook , JATS and countless others , is a specific application of the markup meta-languages SGML and XML . That is , SGML and XML enable users to specify particular schemas , which determine just what elements , attributes , and other features are permitted , and where . One extremely important characteristic of most markup languages is that they allow mixing markup directly into text streams . This happens all the time in documents : A few words in a sentence must be emphasized , or identified as a proper name , defined term , or other special item .
A file viewer is an application software that presents the data stored in a computer file in a human-friendly form . The file contents are generally displayed on the screen , or they may be printed . Also , they may be read aloud using speech synthesis .
AsciiDoc is a human-readable document format , semantically equivalent to DocBook XML , but using plain-text mark-up conventions . AsciiDoc documents can be created using any text editor and read as-is , or rendered to HTML or any other format supported by a DocBook tool-chain , i.e . PDF , TeX , Unix manpages , e-books , slide presentations , etc .
A text editor is a type of computer program that edits plain text . Such programs are sometimes known as notepad software , following the naming of Microsoft Notepad . Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages , and can be used to change files such as configuration files , documentation files and programming language source code .
eXtensible HyperText Markup Language ( XHTML ) is part of the family of XML markup languages . It mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language ( HTML ) , the language in which Web pages are formulated . While HTML , prior to HTML5 , was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language ( SGML ) , a flexible markup language framework , XHTML is an application of XML , a more restrictive subset of SGML . XHTML documents are well-formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers , unlike HTML , which requires a lenient HTML-specific parser . XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) recommendation on January 26 , 2000 . XHTML 1.1 became a W3C recommendation on May 31 , 2001 . The standard known as XHTML5 is being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML5 specification .
Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) and scripting languages such as JavaScript . Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages . HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document . HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages . With HTML constructs , images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page . HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings , paragraphs , lists , links , quotes and other items . HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img / > and < input / > directly introduce content into the page . Other tags such as < p > surround and provide information about document text and may include other tags as sub-elements . Browsers do not display the HTML tags , but use them to interpret the content of the page . HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages .
DocBook is a semantic markup language for technical documentation . It was originally intended for writing technical documents related to computer hardware and software but it can be used for any other sort of documentation . As a semantic language , DocBook enables its users to create document content in a presentation-neutral form that captures the logical structure of the content ; that content can then be published in a variety of formats , including HTML , XHTML , EPUB , PDF , man pages , Web help and HTML Help , without requiring users to make any changes to the source . In other words , when a document is written in DocBook format it becomes easily portable into other formats , rather than needing to be rewritten .
The Portable Document Format ( PDF ) ( redundantly : PDF format ) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents , including text formatting and images , in a manner independent of application software , hardware , and operating systems . Based on the PostScript language , each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document , including the text , fonts , vector graphics , raster images and other information needed to display it . PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008 , and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation . Today , PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements , interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields , layers , rich media ( including video content ) and three dimensional objects using U3D or PRC , and various other data formats . [ citation needed ] The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures , file attachments and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features .
EPUB is an e-book file format that uses the .epub file extension . The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub . EPUB is supported by many e-readers , and compatible software is available for most smartphones , tablets , and computers . EPUB is a technical standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum ( IDPF ) . It became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007 , superseding the older Open eBook standard . The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard . The EPUB format is implemented as an archive file consisting of HTML files carrying the content , along with images and other supporting files . EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based ( as opposed to PDF ) e-book format ; that is , it is supported by almost all hardware readers , except for Kindle .
The device independent file format ( DVI ) is the output file format of the TeX typesetting program , designed by David R. Fuchs and implemented by Donald E. Knuth in 1982 . Unlike the TeX markup files used to generate them , DVI files are not intended to be human-readable ; they consist of binary data describing the visual layout of a document in a manner not reliant on any specific image format , display hardware or printer . DVI files are typically used as input to a second program ( called a DVI driver ) which translates DVI files to graphical data . For example , most TeX software packages include a program for previewing DVI files on a user 's computer display ; this program is a driver . Drivers are also used to convert from DVI to popular page description languages ( e.g . PostScript , PDF ) and for printing . TeX markup may be at least partially reverse-engineered from DVI files , although this process is unlikely to produce high-level constructs identical to those present in the original markup , especially if the original markup used high-level TeX extensions ( e.g . LaTeX ) . DVI differs from PostScript and PDF in that it does not support any form of font embedding . ( Both PostScript and PDF formats can either embed their fonts inside the documents , or reference external ones . ) For a DVI file to be printed or even properly previewed , the fonts it references must be already installed . Like PDF , DVI uses a limited sort of machine language with termination guarantees that is not a full , Turing-complete programming language like PostScript .
LaTeX ( /ˈlɑːtɛx/ LAH-tekh or /ˈleɪtɛx/ LAY-tekh ) is a document preparation system . When writing , the writer uses plain text as opposed to the formatted text found in What You See Is What You Get word processors like Microsoft Word , LibreOffice Writer and Apple Pages . The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document ( such as article , book , and letter ) , to stylise text throughout a document ( such as bold and italics ) , and to add citations and cross-references . A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MikTeX is used to produce an output file ( such as PDF or DVI ) suitable for printing or digital distribution . Within the typesetting system , its name is stylised as LaTeX . LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents in many fields , including mathematics , statistics , computer science , engineering , chemistry , physics , economics , linguistics , quantitative psychology , philosophy , and political science . It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials , such as Sanskrit and Greek . LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output , and is itself written in the TeX macro language . LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system , or as an intermediate format . In the latter role , for example , it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook and other XML-based formats to PDF . The typesetting system offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing , including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures , chapter and section headings , the inclusion of graphics , page layout , indexing and bibliographies . Like TeX , LaTeX started as a writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists , but even from early in its development , it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts , such as Arabic , Sanskrit and Chinese .
roff was the first Unix text-formatting computer program , the most important application run on the first machine specifically purchased to run UNIX , [ citation needed ] and a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems . It was a Unix version of the runoff text-formatting program from Multics , which was a descendant of RUNOFF for CTSS ( the first computerized text-formatting application ) .
A postscript ( P.S . ) is an afterthought , thought that 's occurring after the letter has been written and signed . The term comes from the Latin post scriptum , an expression meaning written after ( which may be interpreted in the sense of that which comes after the writing ) . A postscript may be a sentence , a paragraph , or occasionally many paragraphs added , often hastily and incidentally , after the signature of a letter or ( sometimes ) the main body of an essay or book . In a book or essay , a more carefully composed addition ( e.g. , for a second edition ) is called an afterword . The word postscript has , poetically , been used to refer to any sort of addendum to some main work , even if it is not attached to a main work , as in Søren Kierkegaard 's book titled Concluding Unscientific Postscript . Sometimes , when additional points are made after the first postscript , abbreviations such as PSS ( post-super-scriptum ) , PPS ( postquam-post-scriptum or post-post-scriptum ) and PPPS ( post-post-post-scriptum ) , and so on , ad infinitum are used , though only PPS has somewhat common usage .
Computable Document Format ( CDF ) is an electronic document format designed to allow easy authoring of dynamically generated interactive content . CDF is a published public format created by Wolfram Research .
Mathematica is a modern technical computing system spanning all areas of technical computing - including neural networks , machine learning , image processing , geometry , data science , visualizations , and others . The system is used in many technical , scientific , engineering , mathematical , and computing fields . In addition to the computational abilities of the system , Mathematica includes a unique and powerful notebook interface . Computational notebooks can be structured using a hierarchy of cells , which allow for outlining and sectioning of a document and support automatic numbering index creation . Documents can be presented in a slideshow environment for presentations and their contents are represented as Mathematica expressions that can be created , modified or analyzed by Mathematica programs or converted to other formats .
The Wolfram Language is a general multi-paradigm computational language developed by Wolfram Research . It emphasizes symbolic computation , functional programming , and rule-based programming and can employ arbitrary structures and data .
Wolfram Mathematica ( usually termed Mathematica ) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing - including neural networks , machine learning , image processing , geometry , data science , visualizations , and others . The system is used in many technical , scientific , engineering , mathematical , and computing fields . It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign , Illinois . The Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica .
CDF Player is a Computable Document Format viewer developed by Wolfram Research . The proprietary CDF Player is released with a restricted license , which can be downloaded free of charge from Wolfram Research . In contrast to static formats such as PDF and pre-generated interactive content provided by formats such as Adobe Flash the CDF Player contains an entire runtime library of Mathematica allowing document content to be generated in response to user interaction using any algorithms or visualizations which can be described in Mathematica . This makes it suitable for scientific , engineering and other technical content and digital textbooks . CDF reader support is available for Microsoft Windows , Macintosh , Linux and iOS but not for e-book readers or Android tablets . The reader supports a plugin mode for Internet Explorer , Mozilla Firefox , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari , which allows CDF content to be embedded inline in HTML pages .
Creole is a lightweight markup language , aimed at being a common markup language for wikis , enabling and simplifying the transfer of content between different wiki engines .
The Rich Text Format ( often abbreviated RTF ) is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed by Microsoft Corporation from 1987 until 2008 for cross-platform document interchange with Microsoft products . Prior to 2008 , Microsoft published updated specifications for RTF with major revisions of Microsoft Word and Office versions . Most word processors are able to read and write some versions of RTF . There are several different revisions of RTF specification and portability of files will depend on what version of RTF is being used . It should not be confused with enriched text ( media type text/enriched of RFC 1896 ) or its predecessor Rich Text ( media type text/richtext of RFC 1341 and 1521 ) , nor with IBM 's RFT-DCA ( Revisable Format Text-Document Content Architecture ) ; these are completely different specifications .
Microsoft Foundation Class Library ( MFC ) is a C++ object-oriented library for developing desktop applications for Windows . MFC was introduced by Microsoft in 1992 and quickly gained widespread use . While Microsoft has introduced alternative application frameworks since then , MFC remains widely used .
The Darwin Information Typing Architecture or Document Information Typing Architecture ( DITA ) is an XML data model for authoring and publishing . It is an open standard that is defined and maintained by the OASIS DITA Technical Committee . The name derives from the following components :
The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ) is a global nonprofit consortium that works on the development , convergence , and adoption of open standards for security , Internet of Things , energy , content technologies , emergency management , and other areas .
An XML editor is a markup language editor with added functionality to facilitate the editing of XML . This can be done using a plain text editor , with all the code visible , but XML editors have added facilities like tag completion and menus and buttons for tasks that are common in XML editing , based on data supplied with document type definition ( DTD ) or the XML tree . There are also graphical XML editors that hide the code in the background and present the content to the user in a more user-friendly format , approximating the rendered version or editing forms . This is helpful for situations where people who are not fluent in XML code need to enter information in XML based documents such as time sheets and expenditure reports . And even if the user is familiar with XML , use of such editors , which take care of syntax details , is often faster and more convenient .
The Portable Document Format ( PDF ) ( redundantly : PDF format ) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents , including text formatting and images , in a manner independent of application software , hardware , and operating systems . Based on the PostScript language , each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document , including the text , fonts , vector graphics , raster images and other information needed to display it . PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008 , and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation . Today , PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements , interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields , layers , rich media ( including video content ) and three dimensional objects using U3D or PRC , and various other data formats . [ citation needed ] The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures , file attachments and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features .
Microsoft Compiled HTML Help is a Microsoft proprietary online help format , consisting of a collection of HTML pages , an index and other navigation tools . The files are compressed and deployed in a binary format with the extension .CHM , for Compiled HTML . The format is often used for software documentation . It was introduced as the successor to Microsoft WinHelp with the release of Windows 98 and is still supported in Windows 7 . Although the format was designed by Microsoft , it has been successfully reverse-engineered and is now supported in many document viewer applications .
Javadoc ( originally cased JavaDoc ) is a documentation generator created by Sun Microsystems for the Java language ( now owned by Oracle Corporation ) for generating API documentation in HTML format from Java source code . The HTML format is used for adding the convenience of being able to hyperlink related documents together . The doc comments format used by Javadoc is the de facto industry standard for documenting Java classes . Some IDEs , like IntelliJ IDEA , NetBeans and Eclipse , automatically generate Javadoc HTML . Many file editors assist the user in producing Javadoc source and use the Javadoc info as internal references for the programmer . Javadoc also provides an API for creating doclets and taglets , which allows users to analyze the structure of a Java application . This is how JDiff can generate reports of what changed between two versions of an API . Javadoc does not affect performance in Java as all comments are removed at compilation time . Writing comments and Javadoc is for better understanding the code and thus better maintaining it .
Encoded Archival Description ( EAD ) is a standard for encoding descriptive information regarding archival records .
A web browser ( commonly referred to as a browser ) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web . When a user requests a particular website , the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the resulting web page on the user 's device . A web browser is not the same thing as a search engine , though the two are often confused . For a user , a search engine is just a website , such as Google Search , Bing , or DuckDuckGo , that stores searchable data about other websites . However , to connect to a website 's server and display its web pages , a user must have a web browser installed . In 2019 , an estimated 4.3 billion people used a browser . Google Chrome is the most used browser , with a 64% market share on all platforms , followed by Safari with 17% .
The World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web . Founded in 1994 and currently led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee , the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web . As of 21 October 2019 [ update ] , the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) has 443 members . The consortium also engages in education and outreach , develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web .
A HTML editor is a program for editing HTML , the markup of a web page . Although the HTML markup in a web page can be controlled with any text editor , specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality . For example , many HTML editors handle not only HTML , but also related technologies such as CSS , XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript . In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV , and version control systems such as Subversion or Git . Many word processing , graphic design and page layout programs that are not dedicated to web design , such as Microsoft Word or Quark XPress , also have the ability to function as HTML editors .
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS FREng FRSA FBCS ( born 8 June 1955 ) , also known as TimBL , is an English engineer and computer scientist , best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web . He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Berners-Lee proposed an information management system , on 12 March 1989 , then implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) client and server via the internet , in mid-November of the same year . Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) , which oversees the continued development of the Web . He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation and is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com founders chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ( CSAIL ) . He is a director of the Web Science Research Initiative ( WSRI ) , and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence . In 2011 , he was named as a member of the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation . He is a founder and president of the Open Data Institute , and is currently an advisor at social network MeWe . In 2004 , Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work . In April 2009 , he was elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences . Named in Time magazine 's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century , Berners-Lee has received a number of other accolades for his invention . He was honoured as the Inventor of the World Wide Web during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony , in which he appeared in person , working with a vintage NeXT Computer at the London Olympic Stadium .
LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving . One of LilyPond 's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules , reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand . LilyPond is cross-platform , and is available for several common operating systems ; released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , LilyPond is free software .
LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving . One of LilyPond 's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules , reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand . LilyPond is cross-platform , and is available for several common operating systems ; released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , LilyPond is free software .
LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving . One of LilyPond 's major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules , reflecting the era when scores were engraved by hand . LilyPond is cross-platform , and is available for several common operating systems ; released under the terms of the GNU General Public License , LilyPond is free software .
A scorewriter , or music notation program is software used with a computer for creating , editing and printing sheet music . A scorewriter is to music notation what a word processor is to text , in that they typically provide flexible editing , automatic layout , and produce high-quality printed results . In addition , most scorewriters , especially those from the 2000s , are able to record notes played on a MIDI keyboard ( or other MIDI instruments ) , and play music back via MIDI or virtual instruments . Playback is especially useful for novice composers or music students or when no musicians ( particularly the very costly full orchestra ) are readily available or affordable .
The device independent file format ( DVI ) is the output file format of the TeX typesetting program , designed by David R. Fuchs and implemented by Donald E. Knuth in 1982 . Unlike the TeX markup files used to generate them , DVI files are not intended to be human-readable ; they consist of binary data describing the visual layout of a document in a manner not reliant on any specific image format , display hardware or printer . DVI files are typically used as input to a second program ( called a DVI driver ) which translates DVI files to graphical data . For example , most TeX software packages include a program for previewing DVI files on a user 's computer display ; this program is a driver . Drivers are also used to convert from DVI to popular page description languages ( e.g . PostScript , PDF ) and for printing . TeX markup may be at least partially reverse-engineered from DVI files , although this process is unlikely to produce high-level constructs identical to those present in the original markup , especially if the original markup used high-level TeX extensions ( e.g . LaTeX ) . DVI differs from PostScript and PDF in that it does not support any form of font embedding . ( Both PostScript and PDF formats can either embed their fonts inside the documents , or reference external ones . ) For a DVI file to be printed or even properly previewed , the fonts it references must be already installed . Like PDF , DVI uses a limited sort of machine language with termination guarantees that is not a full , Turing-complete programming language like PostScript .
PostScript ( PS ) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business . It is a dynamically typed , concatenative programming language and was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock , Charles Geschke , Doug Brotz , Ed Taft and Bill Paxton from 1982 to 1984 .
Portable Network Graphics ( PNG , officially pronounced /pɪŋ/ PING , also commonly pronounced /ˌpiːɛnˈdʒiː/ PEE-en-JEE ) is a raster-graphics file-format that supports lossless data compression . PNG was developed as an improved , non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format ( GIF ) . PNG supports palette-based images ( with palettes of 24-bit RGB or 32-bit RGBA colors ) , grayscale images ( with or without alpha channel for transparency ) , and full-color non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images . The PNG working group designed the format for transferring images on the Internet , not for professional-quality print graphics , and therefore it does not support non-RGB color spaces such as CMYK . A PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of chunks , encoding the basic pixels and other information such as textual comments and integrity checks documented in RFC 2083 . PNG files use the file extension PNG or png and are assigned MIME media type image/png . PNG was published as informational RFC 2083 in March 1997 and as an ISO/IEC standard in 2004 .
Adobe FrameMaker is a document processor designed for writing and editing large or complex documents , including structured documents . It was originally developed by Frame Technology Corporation , which was bought by Adobe .
Adobe FrameMaker is a document processor designed for writing and editing large or complex documents , including structured documents . It was originally developed by Frame Technology Corporation , which was bought by Adobe .
Adobe Inc. ( /əˈdoʊbiː/ ə-DOH-bee , until October 3 , 2018 Adobe Systems Incorporated ) is an American multinational computer software company headquartered in San Jose , California . It has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products , with a more recent foray towards digital marketing software . Adobe is best known for its Adobe Flash web software ecosystem , Photoshop image editing software , Adobe Illustrator vector graphics editor , Acrobat Reader , the Portable Document Format ( PDF ) , and Adobe Creative Suite , as well as its successor Adobe Creative Cloud . Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke , who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language . In 1985 , Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers , which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution . As of 2019 [ update ] , Adobe has more than 21,000 employees worldwide , about 40% of whom work in San Jose . Adobe also has major development operations in Newton , Massachusetts ; New York City , New York ; Minneapolis , Minnesota ; Lehi , Utah ; Seattle , Washington ; and San Francisco , California in the United States . It also has major development operations in Noida and Bangalore in India .
Adobe FrameMaker is a document processor designed for writing and editing large or complex documents , including structured documents . It was originally developed by Frame Technology Corporation , which was bought by Adobe .
MakeDoc is a lightweight markup language created in 2000 by Carl Sassenrath for creating documentation and web pages using simple text notations . The language is used extensively in the REBOL community for documentation , websites , and wikis .
Carl Sassenrath ( born 1957 in California ) is an architect of operating systems and computer languages . He brought multitasking to personal computers in 1985 with the creation of the Amiga Computer operating system kernel , and he is the designer of the REBOL computer language , REBOL/IOS collaboration environment , the Safeworlds AltME private messaging system , and other products . Carl is currently a Principal Engineer at Roku , Inc .
Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain-text-formatting syntax . Its design allows it to be converted to many output formats , but the original tool by the same name only supports HTML . Markdown is often used to format readme files , for writing messages in online discussion forums , and to create rich text using a plain text editor . Since the initial description of Markdown contained ambiguities and unanswered questions , the implementations that appeared over the years have subtle differences and many come with syntax extensions .
John Gruber ( born 1973 ) is a writer , blog publisher , UI designer , and the inventor of the Markdown markup language . Gruber is from the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , area . He received his Bachelor of Science in computer science from Drexel University , then worked for Bare Bones Software ( 2000-02 ) and Joyent ( 2005-06 ) . Since 2002 , he has written and produced Daring Fireball , a technology-focused blog . He hosts a related podcast called The Talk Show . In early 2013 , Gruber , Brent Simmons , and Dave Wiskus founded software development firm Q Branch to develop the Vesper notes app for iOS . The venture was not successful , and Q Branch has since shut down .
Aaron Hillel Swartz ( November 8 , 1986 - January 11 , 2013 ) was an American computer programmer , entrepreneur , writer , political organizer , and Internet hacktivist . He was involved in the development of the web feed format RSS , the Markdown publishing format , the organization Creative Commons , and the website framework web.py , and was a co-founder of the social news site Reddit . He was given the title of co-founder by Y Combinator owner Paul Graham after the formation of Not a Bug , Inc. ( a merger of Swartz 's project Infogami and Reddit , a company run by Alexis Ohanian and Steve Huffman ) . Swartz 's work also focused on civic awareness and activism . He helped launch the Progressive Change Campaign Committee in 2009 to learn more about effective online activism . In 2010 , he became a research fellow at Harvard University 's Safra Research Lab on Institutional Corruption , directed by Lawrence Lessig . He founded the online group Demand Progress , known for its campaign against the Stop Online Piracy Act . In 2011 , Swartz was arrested by Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) police on state breaking-and-entering charges , after connecting a computer to the MIT network in an unmarked and unlocked closet , and setting it to download academic journal articles systematically from JSTOR using a guest user account issued to him by MIT . Federal prosecutors later charged him with two counts of wire fraud and eleven violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act , carrying a cumulative maximum penalty of $ 1 million in fines , 35 years in prison , asset forfeiture , restitution , and supervised release . Swartz declined a plea bargain under which he would have served six months in federal prison . Two days after the prosecution rejected a counter-offer by Swartz , he was found dead in his Brooklyn apartment , where he had hanged himself . In 2013 , Swartz was inducted posthumously into the Internet Hall of Fame .
An email client , email reader or more formally mail user agent ( MUA ) is a computer program used to access and manage a user 's email . A web application which provides message management , composition , and reception functions may act as an web email client , and a piece of computer hardware or software whose primary or most visible role is to work as an email client may also use the term .
Textile is a lightweight markup language that uses a text formatting syntax to convert plain text into structured HTML markup . Textile is used for writing articles , forum posts , readme documentation , and any other type of written content published online .
Mathematical Markup Language ( MathML ) is a mathematical markup language , an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content . It aims at integrating mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents . It is part of HTML5 and an ISO standard ISO/IEC DIS 40314 since 2015 .
TeX ( /tɛx , tɛk/ , see below ) , stylized within the system as TeX , is a typesetting system ( or a formatting system ) which was designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978 . TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae ; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems . TeX is popular in academia , especially in mathematics , computer science , economics , engineering , linguistics , physics , statistics , and quantitative psychology . It has largely displaced Unix troff , [ b ] the other favored formatting system , in many Unix installations which use both for different purposes . It is also used for many other typesetting tasks , especially in the form of LaTeX , ConTeXt , and other macro packages . TeX was designed with two main goals in mind : to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort , and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers , at any point in time ( together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces ) . TeX is free software , which made it accessible to a wide range of users .
A word processor ( WP ) is a device or computer program that provides for input , editing , formatting and output of text , often with some additional features . Early word processors were stand-alone devices dedicated to the function , but current word processors are word processor programs running on general purpose computers . The functions of a word processor program fall somewhere between those of a simple text editor and a fully functioned desktop publishing program . However the distinctions between these three have changed over time , and were unclear after 2010 .
The Music Encoding Initiative ( MEI ) is an open-source effort to create a system for representation of musical documents in a machine-readable structure . MEI closely mirrors work done by text scholars in the Text Encoding Initiative ( TEI ) and while the two encoding initiatives are not formally related , they share many common characteristics and development practices . The term MEI , like TEI , describes the governing organization and the markup language . The MEI community solicits input and development directions from specialists in various music research communities , including technologists , librarians , historians , and theorists in a common effort to discuss and define best practices for representing a broad range of musical documents and structures . The results of these discussions are then formalized into the MEI schema , a core set of rules for recording physical and intellectual characteristics of music notation documents . This schema is expressed in an XML Schema Language , with RelaxNG being the preferred format . The MEI schema is developed using the One-Document-Does-it-all ( ODD ) format , a literate programming XML format developed by the Text Encoding Initiative . MEI is often used for music metadata catalogs , critical editing ( particularly of early music ) , and OMR-based data collection and interchange . MEI uses permissive software licence ; the Educational Community License , Version 2.0 , ( related to the Apache license , 2.0 ) . Verovio is a portable , lightweight library for rendering Music Encoding Initiative ( MEI ) files by transformation into Scalable Vector Graphics format , released under the LGPLv3 license .
MusicXML is an XML-based file format for representing Western musical notation . The format is open , fully documented , and can be freely used under the W3C Community Final Specification Agreement .
Office Open XML ( also informally known as OOXML or Microsoft Open XML ( MOX ) ) is a zipped , XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets , charts , presentations and word processing documents . The format was initially standardized by Ecma ( as ECMA-376 ) , and by the ISO and IEC ( as ISO/IEC 29500 ) in later versions . Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376 , read/write support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional , and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict . Microsoft Office 2013 and Microsoft Office 2016 additionally support both reading and writing of ISO/IEC 29500 Strict . While Office 2013 and onward have full read/write support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict , Microsoft has not yet implemented the strict non-transitional , or original standard , as the default file format yet due to remaining interoperability concerns .
Ecma is a standards organization for information and communication systems . It acquired its current name in 1994 , when the European Computer Manufacturers Association ( ECMA ) changed its name to reflect the organization 's global reach and activities . As a consequence , the name is no longer considered an acronym and no longer uses full capitalization . The organization was founded in 1961 to standardize computer systems in Europe . Membership is open to large and small companies worldwide that produce , market or develop computer or communication systems , and have interest and experience in the areas addressed by the group 's technical bodies . It is located in Geneva .
The International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ; /ˈaɪsoʊ/ ) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations . Founded on 23 February 1947 , the organization promotes worldwide proprietary , industrial , and commercial standards . It is headquartered in Geneva , Switzerland , and works in 164 countries . It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council .
The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ; in French : Commission électrotechnique internationale ) is an international standards organization that prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical , electronic and related technologies - collectively known as electrotechnology . IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation , transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment , semiconductors , fibre optics , batteries , solar energy , nanotechnology and marine energy as well as many others . The IEC also manages four global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment , system or components conform to its international standards . All electrotechnologies are covered by IEC Standards , including energy production and distribution , electronics , magnetics and electromagnetics , electroacoustics , multimedia , telecommunication and medical technology , as well as associated general disciplines such as terminology and symbols , electromagnetic compatibility , measurement and performance , dependability , design and development , safety and the environment .
Productivity software ( also called personal productivity software or office productivity software ) is application software used for producing information ( such as documents , presentations , worksheets , databases , charts , graphs , digital paintings , electronic music and digital video ) . Its names arose from the fact that it increases productivity , especially of individual office workers , from typists to knowledge workers , although its scope is now wider than that . Office suites , which brought word processing , spreadsheet , and relational database programs to the desktop in the 1980s , are the core example of productivity software . They revolutionized the office with the magnitude of the productivity increase they brought as compared with the pre-1980s office environments of typewriters , paper filing , and handwritten lists and ledgers . In the United States , some 78% of middle-skill occupations ( those that call for more than a high school diploma but less than a bachelor 's degree ) now require the use of productivity software . In the 2010s , productivity software has become even more consumerized than it already was , as computing becomes ever more integrated into daily personal life .
The Open Document Format for Office Applications ( ODF ) , also known as OpenDocument , is a ZIP-compressed XML-based file format for spreadsheets , charts , presentations and word processing documents . It was developed with the aim of providing an open , XML-based file format specification for office applications . The standard was developed by a technical committee in the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ) consortium . It was based on the Sun Microsystems specification for OpenOffice.org XML , the default format for OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice . It was originally developed for StarOffice to provide an open standard for office documents . In addition to being an OASIS standard , it was published as an ISO/IEC international standard ISO/IEC 26300 - Open Document Format for Office Applications ( OpenDocument ) .
OMDoc ( Open Mathematical Documents ) is a semantic markup format for mathematical documents . While MathML only covers mathematical formulae and the related OpenMath standard only supports formulae and content dictionaries containing definitions of the symbols used in formulae , OMDoc covers the whole range of written mathematics .
Michael Kohlhase ( born 13 September 1964 in Erlangen ) is a German computer scientist and professor at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg , where he is head of the KWARC research group ( Knowledge Adaptation and Reasoning for Content ) .
Org-mode ( also : Org mode ; /ˈɔːrɡ moʊd/ ) is a document editing , formatting , and organizing mode , designed for notes , planning , and authoring within the free software text editor Emacs . The name is used to encompass plain text files ( org files ) that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy ( such as the outline of an essay , a topic list with subtopics , nested computer code , etc . ) , and an editor with functions that can read the markup and manipulate hierarchy elements ( expand/hide elements , move blocks of elements , check off to-do list items , etc. ) . Org-mode was created by Carsten Dominik in 2003 , originally to organize his own life and work , and since the first release numerous other users and developers have contributed to this free software package . Emacs includes Org-mode as a major mode by default . Bastien Guerry is the current maintainer , in cooperation with an active development community . Since its success in Emacs , some other systems have also begun providing functions to work with org files . Almost orthogonally , Org-mode has functionalities aimed at executing code in various external languages ; these functionalities form org-babel .
Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ or EMACS ( Editor MACroS ) is a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility . The manual for the most widely used variant , GNU Emacs , describes it as the extensible , customizable , self-documenting , real-time display editor . Development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s , and work on its direct descendant , GNU Emacs , continues actively as of 2020 [ update ] . Emacs has over 10,000 built-in commands and its user interface allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work . Implementations of Emacs typically feature a dialect of the Lisp programming language that provides a deep extension capability , allowing users and developers to write new commands and applications for the editor . Extensions have been written to manage email , files , outlines , and RSS feeds , as well as clones of ELIZA , Pong , Conway 's Life , Snake and Tetris . The original EMACS was written in 1976 by Carl Mikkelsen , David A . Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor . It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC and TMACS . The most popular , and most ported , version of Emacs is GNU Emacs , which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project . XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991 . GNU Emacs and XEmacs use similar Lisp dialects and are for the most part compatible with each other .
FreeMind is a free mind mapping application written in Java . FreeMind is licensed under the GNU General Public License Version 2 . It provides extensive export capabilities . It runs on Microsoft Windows , Linux , and macOS via the Java Runtime Environment . As with other mind mapping software packages , FreeMind allows the user to edit a hierarchical set of ideas around a central concept . The non-linear approach assists in brainstorming new outlines and projects as ideas are added around the mind map . As a Java application , FreeMind is portable across multiple platforms and retains the same user interface , causing some amount of variation from the common interface on each platform . Mac users may notice the most difference from their traditional user interface , but a MacWorld reviewer says the software 's features should still appeal to the segment of users who accept function over form . FreeMind was a finalist for Best Project in SourceForge.net 's Community Choice Awards for 2008 , which featured open-source software projects .