List of doping cases in athletics
D
Table:
Name

Country

Event

Date of
violation

Banned substance(s)/
Anti-doping rule violation

Sanction

Reference(s)

Peter Dajia

Canada

Shot put

1983–
1986

Self admittance in 1989: Steroids
Positive test: Steroids, Testosterone

18 months

[2][284][285]

Martina Danišová-Hrasnová

Slovakia

Hammer throw

2003

Nandrolone

2 years

[286][287]

Bonnie Dasse

United States

Shot put

1992

Clenbuterol

4 years

[288]

Marie Davenport
(Marie McMahon)

Ireland

Long distance

1996

Phenylpropanolamine

Reprimand

[289][290][291]

Walter Davis

United States

Triple jump

2013

3 whereabouts failures

1 year

[30][35]

Alice Decaux

France

Hurdling

2013

β-Methylphenethylamine

6 months

[76][292][293]

Mary Decker
(Mary Slaney)

United States

Middle distance

1996

Testosterone

[45][294]

Tony Dees

United States

Hurdling

2001

Norandrosterone, Noretiochdandone

Life ban

[263]

Hind Dehiba

France

Middle distance

2007

EPO

2 years

[295]

Tatyana Dektyareva

Russia

Hurdling

2014

Ostarine

2 years

[101][296][297]

Dimitrios Delifotis

Greece

Long jump

1984

[1][2]

Luis Delís

Cuba

Discus throw/shot put

1990

[298]

Tezeta Dengersa

Turkey

Middle/Long distance

2005

Metenolone

2 years

[66]

Frédéric Denis

France

Steeplechase

2007

EPO

2 years

[79]

Sébastien Denis

France

Hurdling

2005

Ephedrine

Public warning

[66]

Lyubov Denisova

Russia

Marathon

2007

Prostanozol, testosterone

2 years

[299]

Manuela Derr

Germany

Sprinting

1992

Clenbuterol

3 years

[300]

Ronald Desruelles

Belgium

Long jump

1980

[1][301]

Hrysopiyi Devetzi

Greece

Triple/Long jump

2009
2007 (Retest 2015)

Failure to submit to doping control
Stanozolol

2 years
4 years

[10][79][302]
[94][95]

Vadim Devyatovskiy

Belarus

Hammer throw

2000

Nandrolone

2 years

[102][303]

By analysing the following table along with the supplementary paragraphs listed at the end.

Provide an answer to this question: What event did the athlete who had the longest sanction compete in ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Peter Dajia ( born January 27 , 1964 ) is a Canadian shot putter . He was born in Toronto and is Canadian of Greek and Albanian descent . He competed for Clemson University in 1984 , later transferring to the University of Texas , Arlington . He was banned for doping in June 1986 after failing a drug test , which he appealed . His appeal was rejected and he served an 18-month suspension from the Canadian Track and Field Association . He testified in April 1989 at the Canadian government 's inquiry into drug use by athletes that he had been on muscle-building drugs since 1983 but that he appealed the June 1986 drug test because it indicated that he and two teammates used a specific substance they had not taken . He also stated that it was widespread among athletes at the University of Texas , Arlington which he attended . He also claimed he was reinstated by the Canadian Track and Field Assn . only after he threatened to expose anabolic steroid use by sprinter Ben Johnson and other athletes . He spoke with Steve Findlay , an athletes ' representative at the CTFA in Ottawa ; I threatened to turn in the world 's fastest human being , Dajia said . I told him I had some information about Ben and Angella ( Taylor Issajenko ) , and Dr. ( Jamie ) Astaphan , also , and that I 'd be speaking to a reporter . I had nothing to lose .
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom .
Martina Danišová-Hrašnová ( born 21 March 1983 ) is a Slovak female hammer thrower . Her personal best throw is 76.90 metres , achieved in May 2009 in Trnava . She was suspended from the sport from August 2003 to August 2005 , because a doping out-of-competition test found nandrolon in her body . She was taking maternity in the 2010 season .
Slovakia ( /sloʊˈvækiə , -ˈvɑːk-/ ( listen ) ; Slovak : Slovensko [ ˈslɔʋɛnskɔ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Slovak Republic ( Slovak : Slovenská republika , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked country in the eastern part of Central Europe . It is bordered by Poland to the north , Ukraine to the east , Hungary to the south , Austria to the southwest , and the Czech Republic to the northwest . Slovakia 's territory spans about 49,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) and is mostly mountainous . The population is over 5.6 million and consists mostly of Slovaks . The capital and largest city is Bratislava , and the second-largest city is Košice . The official language is Slovak . The Slavs arrived in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries . In the 7th century they played a significant role in the creation of Samo 's Empire and in the 9th century established the Principality of Nitra , which was later conquered by the Principality of Moravia to establish Great Moravia . In the 10th century , after the dissolution of Great Moravia , the territory was integrated into the Principality of Hungary , which would become the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000 . In 1241 and 1242 , much of the territory was destroyed by the Mongols during their invasion of Central and Eastern Europe . The area was recovered largely thanks to Béla IV of Hungary who also settled Germans who became an important ethnic group in the area , especially in what are today parts of central and eastern Slovakia . After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , the Czechoslovak National Council established Czechoslovakia ( 1918-1939 ) .
Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .
Bonnie L. Dasse ( born July 22 , 1959 in Abilene , Texas ) is a retired female track and field athlete from the United States , who competed in the women 's shot put event . She twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics : 1988 and 1992 . She tested positive for the banned substance clenbuterol at the 1992 Olympics .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
Clenbuterol is a sympathomimetic amine used by sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator . People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier . It is most commonly available as the hydrochloride salt , clenbuterol hydrochloride . It was patented in 1967 and came into medical use in 1977 .
Marie Davenport ( born 24 January 1975 as Marie McMahon in Ennistymon ) is a female long-distance runner from Ireland . She first took part in the 1996 Summer Olympics as a participant in the 5,000 metres , and later in the 2004 Summer Olympics . She was reprimanded after failing a 1996 doping test which she blamed on Robitussin .
Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 .
Phenylpropanolamine ( PPA ) is a sympathomimetic agent which is used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant . It was commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations . In veterinary medicine , it is used to control urinary incontinence in dogs . PPA is also known as β-hydroxyamphetamine , and is a member of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes . It is closely related to the cathinones ( β-ketoamphetamines ) . The compound exists as four stereoisomers , which include d- and l-norephedrine and d- and l-norpseudoephedrine . d-Norpseudoephedrine is also known as cathine , and is found naturally in Catha edulis ( khat ) . Pharmaceutical drug preparations of PPA have varied in their stereoisomer composition in different countries , which may explain differences in misuse and side effect profiles . Analogues of PPA include ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , amphetamine , methamphetamine , and cathinone . Although originally thought to act as a direct agonist of adrenergic receptors , PPA was subsequently found to show only weak or negligible affinity for these receptors , and has been instead characterized as an indirect sympathomimetic which acts by inducing norepinephrine release and thereby activating adrenergic receptors . It was patented in 1938 . In the United States , PPA is no longer sold due to a purported increased risk of stroke in younger women .
Walter L. Davis ( born July 2 , 1979 ) is an African American athlete competing in the triple jump and occasionally in the long jump . He was born in Lafayette , Louisiana Davis won the 2005 World Outdoor and 2006 World Indoor Championships . However , his greatest claim to fame may have occurred in the 2004 Olympic Trials , where in the later rounds of the final he put in an extraordinary jump , during the landing phase of which he lost control , with his foot hitting the sand a significant distance behind his rump , which is the usual area of the body which lands first in the sand . The jump had to be measured from first body contact with the sand , the foot , which was an official 17.63m . The distance of the jump to where his rump landed in the sand was at least 18 m from video analysis . Davis was a member of the Louisiana State University track and field team . In the period from July 2012 to 2013 , he missed three mandatory drug tests . This resulted in a one-year ban from the sport .
Alice Decaux , born 10 April 1985 at Abidjan , is a French athlete , who specializes in the 60 meter hurdles and 100 meters hurdles .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
β-Methylphenethylamine ( β-Me-PEA , BMPEA , or 1-amino-2-phenylpropane ) is an organic compound of the phenethylamine class , and a positional isomer of the drug amphetamine , with which it shares some properties . In particular , both amphetamine and β-methylphenethylamine are human TAAR1 agonists . In appearance , it is a colorless or yellowish liquid . Relatively little information has been published about this substance . Hartung and Munch reported that it had good antihypotensive ( pressor ) activity in experimental animals , and that it was orally active . The MLD ( minimum lethal dose ) for the HCl salt was given as 500 mg/kg ( rat , s.c. ) and 50 mg/kg ( rabbit , i.v. ) . A study by Graham and co-workers at the Upjohn Co. , comparing many β-methylphenethylamines substituted on the benzene ring showed that β-methylphenethylamine itself had 1/700 x the pressor activity of epinephrine , corresponding to ~ 1/3 the potency of amphetamine . The β-methyl compound also had ~ 2 x the broncho-dilating power of amphetamine ( as measured using the isolated rabbit lung ) , and an LD50 of 50 mg/kg ( rat , i.v . ) .
Mary Teresa Slaney ( formerly Tabb , née Decker ; born August 4 , 1958 ) is a retired American middle-distance runner . During her career , she won gold medals in the 1500 meters and 3000 meters at the 1983 World Championships , and was the world record holder in the mile , 5000 meters and 10,000 meters . In total , she set 17 official and unofficial world records , including being the first woman in history to break 4:20 for the mile . She also set 36 US national records at distances ranging from 800 meters to 10,000 meters , and has held the US record in the mile , 2000 meters and 3000 meters since the early 1980s , while her 1500 meters record stood for 32 years . In 2003 , she was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame .
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .
Anthony Michael Tony Dees ( born August 6 , 1963 in Pascagoula , Mississippi ) is a former American hurdler . Dees won the silver medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona behind Mark McKoy . He then finished third at the 1993 World Indoor Championships , eighth at the 1993 World Championships , third again at the 1997 World Indoor Championships and fourth at the 1999 World Championships . 5 times indoor national champion 60 meter hurdles He attended the University of Mississippi , and finished his education at Turabo University in Caguas , Puerto Rico . Dees also was 5 time indoor 60 meter hurdles national champion . Dees ranked # 2 in the world in 1991 , # 3 in the world in 1992 and 1993 in 110 meter hurdles . Dees ended his career at age 38 by posting an impressive 60 meter hurdle best of 7.37 seconds . Another one of his accomplishments is coaching the University School in Cross Country and leading them to their first ever Boys and Girls trip to the regionals in the school 's history . Dees also took four track and field athletes to the state championships which were held in Gainesville at The University of Florida . Dees was inducted into the Ole Miss track hall of fame by coach Joe Walker at The University Of Mississippi . ( Ole Miss )
19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .
Hind Dehiba Chahyd ( born 17 March 1979 , Bejaâd , Morocco ) is a Moroccan-French runner who specializes in the 1500 metres .
Erythropoietin ( /ɪˌrɪθroʊˈpɔɪ.ɪtɪn , -rə- , -pɔɪˈɛtɪn , -ˈiːtɪn/ ; EPO ) , also known as haematopoietin or haemopoietin , is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia ; it stimulates red blood cell production ( erythropoiesis ) in the bone marrow . Low levels of EPO ( around 10 mU/mL ) are constantly secreted sufficient to compensate for normal red blood cell turnover . Common causes of cellular hypoxia resulting in elevated levels of EPO ( up to 10 000 mU/mL ) include any anemia , and hypoxemia due to chronic lung disease . Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with the peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule . It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver . Liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period ; renal production predominates in adulthood . It is homologous with thrombopoietin . Exogenous erythropoietin , recombinant human erythropoietin ( rhEPO ) , is produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture and are collectively called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ( ESA ) : two examples are epoetin alfa and epoetin beta . ESAs are used in the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease , anemia in myelodysplasia , and in anemia from cancer chemotherapy . Risks of therapy include death , myocardial infarction , stroke , venous thromboembolism , and tumor recurrence . Risk increases when EPO treatment raises hemoglobin levels over 11 g/dL to 12 g/dL : this is to be avoided . rhEPO has been used illicitly as a performance-enhancing drug .
Tatyana Valeryevna Dektyareva ( Russian : Татьяна Валерьевна Дектярева ; born 8 May 1981 in Yekaterinburg ) is a Russian track and field athlete who specialises in the 100 metres hurdles .
Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state .
Enobosarm , also known as ostarine , is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator ( SARM ) developed by GTx , Inc. for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis , formerly under development by Merck & Company .
Dimitrios Delifotis ( Greek : Δημήτριος Δεληφώτης ; born February 20 , 1957 in Corfu , Ionia ) is a retired track and field athlete from Greece , who mainly competed in the men 's long jump . He represented his native country at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , Soviet Union .
Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture .
Luis Mariano Delís Fournier ( born December 6 , 1957 in Guantánamo ) is a retired Cuban athlete who competed in discus throw and shot put . Specializing in discus throw on the international scene , he won an Olympic bronze medal in 1980 as well as medals at the two first World Championships . In 1990 he tested positive for banned substances and was disqualified from competition for two years . In light of the ban , Delís chose to retire from athletics . After retiring he became a coach , training 1992 Olympic champion Maritza Martén .
Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 .
Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power .
Metenolone , or methenolone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate ( brand name Primobolan , Nibal ) and metenolone enanthate ( brand name Primobolan Depot , Nibal Injection ) . Metenolone esters are used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . Metenolone acetate is taken by mouth , while metenolone enanthate is given by injection into muscle . Side effects of metenolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone esters are androgen esters and prodrugs of metenolone in the body . Metenolone esters were introduced for medical use in the early 1960s . In addition to their medical use , metenolone esters are used to improve physique and performance . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . They have mostly been discontinued for medical use and have limited availability .
Sébastien Denis ( born 4 May 1971 in Paris ) is a French hurdler . He competed at the 2004 World Indoor Championships and the 2005 European Indoor Championships without reaching the final round . His personal best time was 13.57 seconds , achieved in July 2003 in Narbonne . In 2005 , Denis tested positive for ephedrine . He received not a suspension , but a public warning .
Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant . It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia . It has also been used for asthma , narcolepsy , and obesity but is not the preferred treatment . It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion . It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle , vein , or just under the skin . Onset with intravenous use is fast , while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes , and by mouth can take an hour for effect . When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours . Common side effects include trouble sleeping , anxiety , headache , hallucinations , high blood pressure , fast heart rate , loss of appetite , and inability to urinate . Serious side effects include stroke , heart attack , and abuse . While likely safe in pregnancy , its use in this population is poorly studied . Use during breastfeeding is not recommended . Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors .
Lyubov Denisova ( Russian : Любовь Денисова ; born 6 October 1971 ) is a Russian marathon runner . At the 2006 Honolulu Marathon , Denisova ran 2:27:19 , a race record . Denisova tested positive for an elevated testosterone-to-epitestosterone ratio 20 March 2007 . On 15 May 2007 it was announced that she was banned for two years . She has since become a mother and returned to running . She cites Gainesville , Florida as her home in the US .
Prostanozol , also known as demethylstanozolol tetrahydropyran ether , is an androgen/anabolic steroid ( AAS ) and designer steroid which acts as a prodrug of the 17α-demethylated analogue of stanozolol ( Winstrol ) . It was found in 2005 as an ingredient of products sold as dietary supplements for bodybuilding . It is one of hundreds of drugs banned from the Olympics by the IOC . Russian marathon runner Lyubov Denisova was banned for two years from competition after testing positive for prostanozol and testosterone in 2007 .
Manuela Derr , married Rödel ( born 17 July 1971 in Neubrandenburg ) is a retired East German sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres . She was banned from competing for doping in 1992 .
Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights .
Ronald Desruelles ( 14 February 1955 - 1 November 2015 ) was a Belgian athlete . He started as a long jumper , and achieved a personal best of 8.08 in 1979 , a national record that stood for 17 years . He then concentrated on the short sprints , and won numerous medals in 60 metres . With 6.57 seconds in 1986 he was ranked third on the indoor top performers list that season . He lost a gold medal at the 1980 European Indoor Championships , however , because of a doping offense . Desruelles won the Belgian 100 metres championships 7 times . He also won the 200 in 1985 . In the 1986 European championships in Stuttgart he reached the 100 m semi-final . Desruelles was born in Antwerp . His brother Patrick Desruelles competed in the men 's pole vault . Ronald was found dead in a hotel in Thailand on 1 November 2015 .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
Hrysopiyi Piyi Devetzi ( Greek : Χρυσοπηγή Δεβετζή , [ xrisopiˈʝi ðeveˈdzi ] , born January 2 , 1976 ) is a retired Greek athlete who competed in the triple jump and long jump . Devetzi was born in Alexandroupoli . She won the triple jump silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics with 15.25 and the triple jump bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics with 15.23 . At the 2004 Summer Olympics semifinal she set a Greek record of 15.32 metres . This performance ranked her in the fourth place of all time triple jumpers , after the world record holder , Inessa Kravets , her greatest rival Tatyana Lebedeva and the twice-olympic gold medalist Françoise Mbango Etone . She won another silver medal at the 2006 European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg , losing the gold at the last jump by Tatyana Lebedeva . The same story was repeated at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Valencia , in which Piyi lost the 1st place at the sixth jump by Yargelis Savigne . Devetzi was known for often jumping longer in qualification rounds than in finals , as at the 2004 Olympics , and also for her lack of gold so far at major championships , despite being one of the world 's leading female triple jumpers .
Stanozolol ( abbrev . Stz ) , sold under many brand names , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which was derived from dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , it is used to treat hereditary angioedema . It was developed by American pharmaceutical company Winthrop Laboratories ( Sterling Drug ) in 1962 , and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use , though it is no longer marketed in the USA . It is also used in veterinary medicine . Stanozolol has mostly been discontinued , and remains available in only a few countries . It is given by mouth in humans or by injection into muscle in animals . Unlike most injectable AAS , stanozolol is not esterified and is sold as an aqueous suspension , or in oral tablet form . The drug has a high oral bioavailability , due to a C17α alkylation which allows the hormone to survive first-pass liver metabolism when ingested . It is because of this that stanozolol is also sold in tablet form . Stanozolol is one of the AAS commonly used as performance-enhancing drugs and is banned from use in sports competition under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) and many other sporting bodies . Additionally , stanozolol has been used in US horse racing .
Vadim Anatolyevich Devyatovskiy ( Belarusian : Вадзі́м Анато́левіч Дзевято́ўскі , Vadzim Anatolyevich Dzevyatowski , Łacinka : Vadzim Anatołjevič Dzieviatoŭski , Russian : Вади́м Анато́льевич Девято́вский ; born March 20 , 1977 in Navapołacak , Belarusian SSR , USSR ) is a Belarusian hammer thrower . He finished fourth at the 2004 Summer Olympics , and in 2005 he won the World Championships silver medal . In July the same year he threw 84.90 metres , which currently is his personal best . He originally won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics , but was later taken away for doping , but reinstated afterwards . Since 2008 he is a coach of Estonian hammer thrower Ellina Anissimova .
Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR .