List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Politics and public service -- United States
Table:
Name

Degree

Degree year

Notability

Notes

Lt. Gen. James Alan Abrahamson (USAF Ret'd)

SB – Aeronautical Engineering

1955

Director of President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative
US Air Force general

[4]

Ben Bernanke

PhD – Economics

1979

Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank

[5]

Samuel Bodman

ScD – Chemical Engineering

1965

Secretary of Energy (2005–2009)

[6]

Jun Choi

SB – Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering

1994

Mayor of Edison, New Jersey

Henry Cohen

SM – Urban Planning

1949

Director of Föhrenwald Displaced Persons camp in the American sector of post-World War II Germany

Leighton I. Davis

SM – Aeronautical Engineering

1941

US Air Force general

John M. Deutch

SB – Chemical Engineering, PhD – Chemistry

1961, 1966

Director of Central Intelligence and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton

Jimmy Doolittle

SM, ScD – Aeronautical Engineering

1924, 1925

US Air Force general

Herbert W. Ehrgott

SB – Mechanical Engineering

1930

US Air Force general

Luis A. Ferré

SB, SM – Mechanical Engineering

1924, 1925

3rd Governor of Puerto Rico

Julius A. Furer

SM

1905

US Navy admiral

J. Michael Gilmore

SB – Physics

Director of the Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate

Jonathan Gruber

SB – Economics

1987

Director of the Health Care Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, Professor of economics at MIT

Frank Kowalski

SM – Mechanical Engineering

1937

United States Representative from Connecticut

Jon C. Kreitz

US Navy admiral

Herbert B. Loper

BS – Civil Engineering

1922

US Army general

N. Gregory Mankiw

PhD – Economics

1984

Chairman of President Bush's Council of Economic Advisors

Willian F. Martin

SM – "Without Course"

1974

Deputy Secretary of Energy (1968–1988)

Executive Secretary of National Security Council

Special Assistant to President Reagan

Thomas Massie

BS – Electrical Engineering, MS – Mechanical Engineering

Member of the US House of Representatives

from Kentucky's 4th district

[7]

Mark McClellan

PhD – Economics

1993

Head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration

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James Alan Abrahamson ( born May 19 , 1933 ) is a retired U.S. Air Force general who served as a designated astronaut , Associate Director of NASA and former director of President Ronald Reagan 's Strategic Defense Initiative from 1984 until 1989 . He is a successful businessman who served as chairman of the board of GeoEye , a company he helped to transform into the world 's largest space imaging corporation and that merged with DigitalGlobe Inc in January 2013 . Previously , he served as chairman of Oracle Corporation 's board of directors from 1992 until 1995 .
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈreɪɡən/ ; February 6 , 1911 - June 5 , 2004 ) was an American politician who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism . Prior to his presidency , he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . Reagan was raised in a low-income family in small towns of northern Illinois . He graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and worked as a sports commentator on several regional radio stations . After moving to California in 1937 , he found work as an actor and starred in a few major productions . Reagan was twice elected president of the Screen Actors Guild - the labor union for actors - where he worked to root out Communist influence . In the 1950s , he moved into television and was a motivational speaker at General Electric factories , during which time he became a conservative . Reagan was a Democrat until 1962 when he switched to the Republican Party . In 1964 , Reagan 's speech A Time for Choosing supported Barry Goldwater 's foundering presidential campaign and earned him national attention as a new conservative spokesman . Building a network of supporters , Reagan was elected governor of California in 1966 . As governor , Reagan raised taxes , turned a state budget deficit to a surplus , challenged the protesters at the University of California , ordered in National Guard troops during a period of protest movements in 1969 , and was re-elected in 1970 . He twice ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination , in 1968 and 1976 .
The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons ( intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles ) . The concept was first announced publicly by President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 . Reagan was a vocal critic of the doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) , which he described as a suicide pact , and he called upon the scientists and engineers of the United States to develop a system that would render nuclear weapons obsolete . The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee development . A wide array of advanced weapon concepts , including lasers , particle beam weapons and ground- and space-based missile systems were studied , along with various sensor , command and control , and high-performance computer systems that would be needed to control a system consisting of hundreds of combat centers and satellites spanning the entire globe and involved in a battle that would last only minutes . A number of these concepts were tested through the late 1980s , and follow-on efforts and spin-offs continue to this day . Under the SDIO 's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office , headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson , the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories , universities , and in industry ; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics , supercomputing/computation , advanced materials , and many other critical science and engineering disciplines - funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists , and which would be politically impossible to fund outside of the defense budget environment . [ citation needed ] In 1987 , the American Physical Society concluded that the technologies being considered were decades away from being ready for use , and at least another decade of research was required to know whether such a system was even possible . After the publication of the APS report , SDIs budget was repeatedly cut . By the late 1980s , the effort had been re-focused on the Brilliant Pebbles concept using small orbiting missiles not unlike a conventional air-to-air missile , which was expected to be much less expensive to develop and deploy . SDI was controversial in some sectors , and was criticized for threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite an offensive arms race . SDI was derisively nicknamed by Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy as Star Wars , after the 1977 film by George Lucas .
The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .
Ben Shalom Bernanke ( /bərˈnæŋki/ bər-NANG-kee ; born December 13 , 1953 ) is an American economist at the Brookings Institution who served two terms as Chair of the Federal Reserve , the central bank of the United States , from 2006 to 2014 . During his tenure as chair , Bernanke oversaw the Federal Reserve 's response to the late-2000s financial crisis . Before becoming Federal Reserve chair , Bernanke was a tenured professor at Princeton University and chaired the department of economics there from 1996 to September 2002 , when he went on public service leave . From August 5 , 2002 until June 21 , 2005 , he was a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , proposed the Bernanke Doctrine , and first discussed the Great Moderation - the theory that traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that have occurred in the international economy , particularly increases in the economic stability of developing nations , diminishing the influence of macroeconomic ( monetary and fiscal ) policy . Bernanke then served as chairman of President George W. Bush 's Council of Economic Advisers before President Bush nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve . His first term began February 1 , 2006 . Bernanke was confirmed for a second term as chairman on January 28 , 2010 , after being renominated by President Barack Obama , who later referred to him as the epitome of calm . His second term ended January 31 , 2014 , when he was succeeded by Janet Yellen on February 3 , 2014 . Bernanke wrote about his time as chairman of the Federal Reserve in his 2015 book , The Courage to Act , in which he revealed that the world 's economy came close to collapse in 2007 and 2008 . Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts of the Fed ( cooperating with other agencies and agencies of foreign governments ) that prevented an economic catastrophe greater than the Great Depression .
A Federal Reserve Bank is a regional bank of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . There are twelve in total , one for each of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts that were created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 . The banks are jointly responsible for implementing the monetary policy set forth by the Federal Open Market Committee , and are divided as follows :
Samuel Wright Bodman III ( November 26 , 1938 - September 7 , 2018 ) was an American politician , who was the 11th United States Secretary of Energy serving during the George W. Bush administration from 2005 to 2009 . He was also at different times the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury and the Deputy Secretary of Commerce . In December 2004 , Bodman was nominated to replace Spencer Abraham as the Energy Secretary and was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on January 31 , 2005 . During his tenure , he oversaw the security problems at Los Alamos National Laboratory and a budget in excess of $ 23 billion and over 100,000 federal and contractor employees .
The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy , a member of the Cabinet of the United States , and fifteenth in the presidential line of succession . The position was formed on October 1 , 1977 with the creation of the Department of Energy when President Jimmy Carter signed the Department of Energy Organization Act . Originally the post focused on energy production and regulation . The emphasis soon shifted to developing technology for better and more efficient energy sources as well as energy education . After the end of the Cold War , the department 's attention also turned toward radioactive waste disposal and maintenance of environmental quality . The current Secretary of Energy is Dan Brouillette . Former Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was the first Secretary of Energy , who was a Republican nominated to the post by Democratic President Jimmy Carter , the only time a president has appointed someone of another party to the post . Schlesinger is also the only secretary to be dismissed from the post . Hazel O'Leary , Bill Clinton 's first Secretary of Energy , was the first female and African-American holder . The first Hispanic to serve as Energy Secretary was Clinton 's second , Federico Peña . Spencer Abraham became the first Arab American to hold the position on January 20 , 2001 , serving under the administration of George W. Bush . Steven Chu became the first Asian American to hold the position on January 20 , 2009 , serving under the administration of Barack Obama .
Jun H. Choi ( born May 17 , 1971 ) is an American politician and the former Mayor of Edison , New Jersey , a community of over 100,000 people and the fifth largest municipality in the state . He was sworn in on January 1 , 2006 as the youngest mayor in Edison history and the first Asian American mayor of a major city in New Jersey . He began a good government , reform movement that led to greater fiscal responsibility , economic development , public education improvements , environmental protection and civic engagement . Prior to becoming Mayor of Edison , Choi worked in both business and government . He served as a senior official on education policy at the New Jersey Department of Education where he started the NJ SMART Program , improving public school education performance metrics for 1.4 million New Jersey children . He also served in the White House Office of Management and Budget and worked as a management consultant focusing on strategy and technology issues for Fortune 500 US corporations . In May 2011 Choi announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for New Jersey 's 7th congressional district , a seat currently held by Rep. Leonard Lance , a Republican . However , Choi put his campaign on hold after Edison was placed inside the 6th district by the new Congressional redistricting map . Choi earned a Bachelor of Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a master 's degree in public policy and administration from Columbia University . Choi is also a Leadership New Jersey Fellow ( Class of 2003 ) .
Edison is a township in Middlesex County , New Jersey , United States , in the New York City metropolitan area . Situated in north-central New Jersey , Edison lies within the core of the Raritan Valley region . As of the 2010 United States Census , Edison had a total population of 99,967 , retaining its position as the fifth-most populous municipality in New Jersey . The 2010 population reflected an increase of 2,280 ( +2.3% ) from the 97,687 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn increased by 9,007 ( +10.2% ) from the 88,680 counted in 1990 . Edison 's population has been above the 100,000 threshold since 2010 , increasing by 0.7% to a Census-estimated 100,693 in 2018 . What is now Edison Township was originally incorporated as Raritan Township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17 , 1870 , from portions of both Piscataway Township and Woodbridge Township . Portions of the township were taken to form Metuchen on March 20 , 1900 , and Highland Park on March 15 , 1905 . The name was officially changed to Edison Township on November 10 , 1954 , in honor of inventor Thomas Edison , who had his main laboratory in the Menlo Park section of the township . Edison was ranked the 28th most-livable small city in the United States by CNN Money Magazine , and second in New Jersey in 2006 in Money Magazine 's Best Places To Live . In 2008 , two years later , Money Magazine ranked the township 35th out of the top 100 places to live in the United States . In the 2006 survey of America 's Safest Cities , the township was ranked 23rd , out of 371 cities included nationwide , in the 13th annual Morgan Quitno survey . In 2009 , Edison was ranked as one of America 's 10 Best Places to Grow Up by U.S. News & World Report .
Henry Cohen ( June 5 , 1922 - January 14 , 1999 ) was appointed in 1946 the director of Föhrenwald , the third-largest Displaced Persons camp in the American sector of post-World War II Germany . A native of New York City and a child of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania , Cohen was a graduate of City College of New York . During World War II , he served as an infantryman in the U.S. Army . He later served as research director of the New York City Planning Department and as Deputy City Administrator under Mayor Robert F. Wagner , Jr. Later , he was First Deputy Administrator of the New York Human Resources Administration under Mayor John Lindsay . After leaving the city government , Cohen became the founding Dean of the Milano School of Management , Policy , and Environment at The New School .
Residents enjoyed freedom to practice their religion . A yeshiva ( rabbinic seminary and Torah academy ) was established within the camp . With the presence of Rabbi Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam , founder of the Sanz-Klausenberg Hasidic sect , and his followers , Föhrenwald became the center for Hasidic Jewry in the American sector . Streets in Föhrenwald were typically named for American states and individuals , but these have been renamed . For example , Rooseveltstrasse is now Thomasstrasse ; Pennsylvianastrasse has become Faulhaberstrasse , etc . During the early years of the camp 's operation , residents mounted several protest campaigns against Allied policy , particularly regarding the restrictions on Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine . The Zionist youth movements organized communal groups called kibbutzim for training young pioneers . A number of residents who attempted clandestine immigration to Mandatory Palestine in violation of British restrictions , were apprehended by the authorities and sent back to Föhrenwald . A tuberculosis epidemic swept the camp in the summer of 1946 , prompted the establishment of a Committee of Jewish Tubercular Patients . The committee became an advocate for those residents who were unwilling or unable to leave . In 1951 , the West German government took over administration of the camp , while the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee maintained a presence there until 1954 . By that time , the remaining residents of other camps that were closed were transferred to Föhrenwald which continued in operation until 1956 .
Leighton Ira Davis ( February 10 , 1910 - May 6 , 1995 ) was a Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force .
The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .
John Mark Deutch ( born July 27 , 1938 ) is an American physical chemist and civil servant . He was the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense from 1994 to 1995 and Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) from May 10 , 1995 until December 15 , 1996 . He is an emeritus Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and serves on the boards of directors of Citigroup , Cummins , Raytheon , and Schlumberger Ltd. Deutch is also a member of the Trilateral Commission .
The Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005 , acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the President of the United States and the United States National Security Council , as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various U.S. intelligence agencies ( collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards ) . The office existed from January 1946 to April 21 , 2005 . After the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act it was replaced by the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) as head of the Intelligence Community and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( D/CIA ) as head of the CIA .
The deputy secretary of defense ( acronym : DepSecDef ) is a statutory office ( 10 U.S.C . § 132 ) and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America . The deputy secretary is the principal civilian deputy to the secretary of defense , and is appointed by the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate . The deputy secretary , by statute , is designated as the DoD chief management officer and must be a civilian , at least seven years removed from service as a commissioned officer on active-duty at the date of appointment . The current deputy secretary of defense is David Norquist , effective July 31 , 2019 .
William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association .
James Harold Doolittle ( December 14 , 1896 - September 27 , 1993 ) was an American general and aviation pioneer . He made early coast-to-coast flights , won many flying races , and helped develop instrument flying . Doolittle did his undergraduate studies at University of California , Berkeley , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1922 and earning a doctorate in aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1925 . He was a flying instructor during World War I and a Reserve officer in the United States Army Air Corps , but he was recalled to active duty during World War II . He was awarded the Medal of Honor for personal valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid , a bold long-range retaliatory air raid on some of the Japanese main islands on April 18 , 1942 , four months after the attack on Pearl Harbor . The attack was a major morale booster for the United States , and Doolittle was celebrated as a hero . Doolittle was promoted to lieutenant general and commanded the Twelfth Air Force over North America , the Fifteenth Air Force over the Mediterranean , and the Eighth Air Force over Europe . After World War II , he retired and left the air force but remained active in many technical fields , and was eventually promoted to general 26 years after retirement .
Herbert William Ehrgott ( October 31 , 1904 - September 20 , 1982 ) was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force .
Don Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo ( February 17 , 1904 - October 20 , 2003 ) was a Puerto Rican engineer , industrialist , politician , philanthropist , and a patron of the arts . He was Governor of Puerto Rico , serving from 1969 to 1973 . He was the founding father of the New Progressive Party , which advocates for Puerto Rico to become a state of the United States of America . He is a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom .
Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty .
Julius Augustus Furer ( October 9 , 1880 - June 5 , 1963 ) was a highly decorated naval architect and an engineer in the United States Navy with the rank of Rear admiral . During World War II , Furer served as Coordinator of Research and Development and the senior member of the National Research and Development Board .
The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy .
J. Michael Gilmore is a former Director of the Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate of the United States Department of Defense . Gilmore served as Assistant Director for National Security of the Congressional Budget Office and Deputy Director of General Purpose Programs in the Office of the Director , Program Analysis and Evaluation of the Department of Defense . He was served as the Director of the Operational Test and Evaluation Directorate from 2009 to 2017 .
The Director , Operational Test and Evaluation ( DOT & E ) is the principal staff assistant and adviser to the US Secretary of Defense on operational and live fire test and evaluation ( OT & E ) activities involving U.S. Department of Defense ( DOD ) weapons systems .
Jonathan Holmes Gruber ( born September 30 , 1965 ) is an American professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where he has taught since 1992 . He is also the director of the Health Care Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research , where he is a research associate . An associate editor of both the Journal of Public Economics and the Journal of Health Economics , Gruber has been heavily involved in crafting public health policy . He has been described as a key architect of both the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform , sometimes referred to as Romneycare , and the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , sometimes referred to as the ACA and Obamacare . He became the focus of a media and political firestorm in late 2014 when videos surfaced in which he made controversial statements about the legislative process , marketing strategies , and public perception surrounding the passage of the ACA .
The NBER was founded in 1920 . Its first staff economist , director of research , and one of its founders was American economist Wesley Mitchell . He was succeeded by Malcolm C. Rorty in 1922 . The Russian American economist Simon Kuznets , and student of Mitchell , was working at the NBER when the U.S. government recruited him to oversee the production of the first official estimates of national income , published in 1934 . In the early 1940s , Kuznets ' work on national income became the basis of official measurements of GNP and other related indices of economic activity . The NBER is currently located in Cambridge , Massachusetts with a branch office in New York City .
Frank Kowalski ( October 18 , 1907 - October 11 , 1974 ) was a career officer in the United States Army , and was a veteran of World War II and the Korean War . After retiring as a colonel , Kowalski went on to serve as a United States Representative from Connecticut . Kowalski quit school in 1924 , and enlisted in the Army . He received an appointment to West Point after a competitive examination , and graduated in 1930 . He served initially in Infantry assignments , and then received a graduate degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He conducted experiments and research with weapons and vehicles in the late 1930s , and was responsible for training soldiers and units for deployment to the North African Theater at the start of World War II . He subsequently served at Allied Headquarters in London , where he planned and oversaw the execution of plans for de-militarizing and rebuilding Germany after the war . During the Korean War , Kowalski served in Japan , and his assignments included training and equipping a Japanese internal defense force ; this force was organized as a police force rather than a military one , enabling Japan to skirt its post-World War II prohibition on training and equipping an army . After retiring from the Army in 1958 , Kowalski was a successful Democratic candidate for the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut . He served two terms , 1959 to 1963 , and was an unsuccessful United States Senate candidate in 1962 . After leaving Congress , Kowalski served on the Subversive Activities Control Board from 1963 to 1966 . Kowalski retired to Alexandria , Virginia .
Jon C. Kreitz is a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy and Deputy Director of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency .
Herbert Bernard Loper ( 22 October 1896 - 25 August 1989 ) was a United States Army major general who helped plan the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Okinawa campaign during World War II . He was chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project from 1952 to 1953 , and Chairman of the Military Liaison Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1954 to 1961 . A graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point , he was commissioned in the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1919 . He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas in 1940 , and became Assistant Chief , and later Chief , of the Intelligence Division at the Office of the Chief of Engineers in Washington , DC . In May 1942 , he negotiated the Loper-Hotine Agreement , under which responsibility for military mapping and survey of the globe was divided between the United States and the United Kingdom . In 1944 , he was appointed Chief Engineer of US Army Forces , Pacific Ocean Areas . In this role he was involved with the planning of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Okinawa campaign . After the fighting ended , he participated in the Occupation of Japan . Loper returned to the United States to become Chief of the Joint Photo and Survey Section of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's Joint Intelligence Group in 1948 . The next year he was appointed as an Army member of the Military Liaison Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . He wrote a report which became known as the Loper Memorandum , which was influential in the decision to develop thermonuclear weapons . He was Deputy Commander of Joint Task Force 3 , which was responsible for the conduct the Operation Greenhouse nuclear tests in the Pacific .
The United States Army ( USA ) is the land warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services , and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution . As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence , the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army , which was formed ( 14 June 1775 ) to fight the American Revolutionary War ( 1775-1783 ) - before the United States of America was established as a country . After the Revolutionary War , the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army . The United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army , and considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775 . As a uniformed military service , the U.S. Army is part of the Department of the Army , which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant , the secretary of the Army ( SECARMY ) and by a chief military officer , the chief of staff of the Army ( CSA ) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . It is the largest military branch , and in the fiscal year 2017 , the projected end strength for the Regular Army ( USA ) was 476,000 soldiers ; the Army National Guard ( ARNG ) had 343,000 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve ( USAR ) had 199,000 soldiers ; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,018,000 soldiers . As a branch of the armed forces , the mission of the U.S. Army is to fight and win our Nation 's wars , by providing prompt , sustained land dominance , across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict , in support of combatant commanders . The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States .
Nicholas Gregory Mankiw ( /ˈmænkjuː/ ; born February 3 , 1958 ) is an American macroeconomist who is currently the Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University . Mankiw is best known in academia for his work on New Keynesian economics . Mankiw has written widely on economics and economic policy . As of April 2016 [ update ] , the RePEc overall ranking based on academic publications , citations , and related metrics put him as the 23rd most influential economist in the world , out of nearly 50,000 registered authors . He was the 11th most cited economist and the 9th most productive research economist as measured by the h-index . In addition , Mankiw is the author of several best-selling textbooks , writes a popular blog , and since 2007 has written a column , approximately monthly , for the Sunday business section of The New York Times . According to the Open Syllabus Project , Mankiw is the most frequently cited author on college syllabi for economics courses . Mankiw is a conservative and has been an economic adviser to several Republican politicians . From 2003 to 2005 , Mankiw was Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President George W. Bush . In 2006 , he became an economic adviser to Mitt Romney , and worked with Romney during his presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012 .
The Council of Economic Advisers ( CEA ) is a United States agency within the Executive Office of the President established in 1946 , which advises the President of the United States on economic policy . The CEA provides much of the empirical research for the White House and prepares the annual Economic Report of the President .
William Flynn Martin ( born October 4 , 1950 ) is an American energy economist , educator , and international diplomat . Martin served as Special Assistant to Ronald Reagan for National Security Affairs , Executive Secretary of the United States National Security Council , and United States Deputy Secretary of Energy during the Ronald Reagan Administration . He was President of the Council of the University for Peace , appointed to the Council by Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan . In 1992 , he was Executive Director of the Republican Platform committee under George H. W. Bush . Martin was born in Tulsa , Oklahoma . He achieved his Bachelor of Science from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and his Master of Science from MIT in 1974 . His master 's thesis was the basis of an article he co-authored with George Cabot Lodge in the March , 1975 Harvard Business Review entitled Our Society in 1985 : Business May Not Like It . William F. Martins official White House government National Security Council files are available in the Ronald Reagan Library archive .
The Deputy Secretary of Energy is a high-ranking position within the United States Department of Energy . The Deputy Secretary is the second-highest-ranking official of the Department and assists the Secretary of Energy in the supervision and direction of the Department . The Deputy Secretary succeeds the Secretary in his absence , sickness , or unavailability . The Deputy Secretary is appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve at the request of the President . Dan Brouillette served as Deputy Secretary from August 2017 to December 2019 . The office is currently vacant .
The White House National Security Council ( NSC ) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security , military , and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Since its inception under Harry S. Truman , the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies . The Council also serves as the President 's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies . The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of many other nations .
Thomas Harold Massie ( born January 13 , 1971 ) is an American Republican politician who has been the United States Representative for Kentucky 's 4th congressional district since 2012 . In 2012 , Massie defeated Bill Adkins in the special and general elections to represent Northern Kentucky in the House of Representatives . Before joining congress , Massie was Judge-Executive of Lewis County , Kentucky , from 2011 to 2012 . He also ran a start-up company based in Massachusetts , where he previously studied robotics at MIT . He is an engineer by practice and education . Massie has been described as a libertarian Republican and is associated with the House Liberty Caucus of Tea Party Republicans .
The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .
Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel .
Kentucky 's 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Kentucky . Located in the northeastern portion of the state , it is a long district that follows the Ohio River . The majority of voters live in the booming suburban Cincinnati counties of Boone , Kenton and Campbell , which includes such suburbs as Fort Mitchell , Covington , Florence , Newport , and Fort Thomas . It also stretches into the eastern suburbs of Louisville ( including a small portion of Louisville itself ) and the western suburbs of Lexington . The district is currently represented by Republican Thomas Massie , who was elected in a special election in 2012 to succeed Republican Geoff Davis , who resigned on July 31 , 2012 citing family concerns .
Mark Barr McClellan ( born June 26 , 1963 ) is the director of the Robert J Margolis Center for Health Policy and the Margolis Professor of Business , Medicine and Health Policy at Duke University . Formerly , he was a senior fellow and director of the Health Care Innovation and Value Initiative at the Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform at The Brookings Institution , in Washington , D.C. McClellan served as commissioner of the United States Food and Drug Administration under President George W. Bush from 2002 through 2004 , and subsequently as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 2004 through 2006 .
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) , is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , and health insurance portability standards . In addition to these programs , CMS has other responsibilities , including the administrative simplification standards from the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) , quality standards in long-term care facilities ( more commonly referred to as nursing homes ) through its survey and certification process , clinical laboratory quality standards under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments , and oversight of HealthCare.gov .
The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA or USFDA ) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , one of the United States federal executive departments . The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety , tobacco products , dietary supplements , prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs ( medications ) , vaccines , biopharmaceuticals , blood transfusions , medical devices , electromagnetic radiation emitting devices ( ERED ) , cosmetics , animal foods & feed and veterinary products . The FDA was empowered by the United States Congress to enforce the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act , which serves as the primary focus for the Agency ; the FDA also enforces other laws , notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations , many of which are not directly related to food or drugs . These include regulating lasers , cellular phones , condoms and control of disease on products ranging from certain household pets to sperm donation for assisted reproduction . The FDA is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate . The Commissioner reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services . Stephen M. Hahn , MD is the acting commissioner , as of December 2019 [ update ] . The FDA has its headquarters in unincorporated White Oak , Maryland . The agency also has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located throughout the 50 states , the United States Virgin Islands , and Puerto Rico . In 2008 , the FDA began to post employees to foreign countries , including China , India , Costa Rica , Chile , Belgium , and the United Kingdom .