List of Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Military and aerospace
Table:
Alumni

Class year

Notability

References

James Patton Anderson

Jefferson 1842†

Confederate Brigadier general during the American Civil War, commanding the Army of Tennessee; Delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress from Florida; U.S. Congressman from Washington Territory (1855–1857)

[41]

John Byers Anderson

Washington 1836

Union Army officer during the American Civil War, serving as Military supervisor of railroads in the Department of the Ohio, Department of the Cumberland, and the Department of the Tennessee during the American Civil War

[42]

Absalom Baird

Washington 1841

Medal of Honor recipient; Inspector General of the U.S. Army (1885–1888); Union Brevet Major general during the American Civil War

[43][44]

Henry H. Bingham

Jefferson 1862

Medal of Honor recipient; Union brigadier general during the American Civil War; U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania (1879–1912)

[45]

Richard Coulter

Jefferson 1845

Brevet Major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War

[46]

Richard C. Drum

Jefferson 1845†

Adjutant General of the U.S. Army (1880–1889)

[47]

Maxwell Hunter

1942

Rocket engineer and proponent of single-stage rocket ships and laser battle stations in space; worked at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and was chief engineer of space systems at Douglas Aircraft Company; developed expendable fuel tanks for space-shuttle and early stages of the Hubble Space Telescope; worked on the staff of National Aeronautics and Space Council; wrote textbook Thrust Into Space

[48]

Albert G. Jenkins

Jefferson 1848

Confederate Brigadier general during the American Civil War; U.S. Congressman from Virginia (1857–1861); member of the First Confederate Congress (1861–1862)

[49]

James S. Jackson

Jefferson 1844

U.S. Congressman from Kentucky (1861), resigned to enter the Union Army during the American Civil War, rising to become Brigadier general; killed during Battle of Perryville

[50]

E. Henry Knoche

1978

Deputy Director of Central Intelligence and Acting Director of Central Intelligence (1976)

[51]

John S. Mason

Washington ?

Brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War

[52]

Walter B. Massenberg

1970

Vice admiral in the United States Navy and director of the Naval Air Systems Command; majored in physics and worked as equipment manager for the Washington & Jefferson basketball team

[53][54]

David McConaughy

Washington 1840

Led the effort to create a national cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg; founded Evergreen Cemetery (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania); attorney

[55]

Daniel McCook

Jefferson ?

Patriarch of the "Tribe of Dan" of the Fighting McCooks; officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War; his home, the Daniel McCook House, is on the National Register of Historic Places

[56]

Henry Christopher McCook

Jefferson 1859

Presbyterian minister, active in developing Sunday Schools; Union chaplain during the American Civil War and member of the celebrated Fighting McCooks; entomologist, publishing articles on ants and spiders; author of fiction, including The Latimers, as well as several religious discourses and hymns; designed the Flag of Philadelphia

[57][58]

John James McCook

Jefferson 1826†

Patriarch of the "Tribe of John" of the Fighting McCooks; surgeon in the Union Army during the American Civil War

[59][60]

Latimer A. McCook

Jefferson ?

Major in the 31st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and a member of the Fighting McCooks

[61]

Philo McGiffen

1875†

American naval officer who went to China and served in the Imperial Chinese Navy; he commanded ships during the First Sino-Japanese War and Sino-French War; best known for his heroism during the Battle of the Yalu River

[62]

Harry E. Miller Jr.

1980

Major General who commanded the 42nd Infantry Division

[63]

George W. Morgan

Washington 1836†

Fought in the Texian Army during the Texas Revolution; Brevet Brigadier general during the American Civil War; served as Consul to Marseille and United States Ambassador to Portugal; U.S. Congressman from Ohio (1867–1868, 1869–1873)

[64]

Consulting the table along with the background passages listed at the end.

Give the answer to the question: What is the last name of the person who started the company who is noted for the alumni that worked on the design of the Douglas B-42 ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

James Patton Anderson ( February 16 , 1822 - September 20 , 1872 ) was an American physician , lawyer , and politician , most notably serving as a United States Congressman from the Washington Territory , a Mississippi state legislator , and a delegate at the Florida state secession convention to withdraw from the United States . He also served in the American Civil War as a general in the Confederate States Army , serving in the Army of Tennessee .
The Confederate States Army was the military land force of the Confederate States of America ( commonly referred to as the Confederacy ) during the American Civil War ( 1861-1865 ) , fighting against the United States forces . On February 28 , 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president , Jefferson Davis . Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy , and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the Mexican-American War . He had also been a United States Senator from Mississippi and U.S. Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce . On March 1 , 1861 , on behalf of the Confederate government , Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston , South Carolina , where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor , held by a small U.S. Army garrison . By March 1861 , the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army . An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records ; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 men . This does not include an unknown number of slaves who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army , such as construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons . Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war , they do not represent the size of the army at any given date . These numbers do not include men who served in Confederate States Navy . Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers , both sides by 1862 resorted to conscription , primarily as a means to force men to register and to volunteer . In the absence of exact records , estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were draftees are about double the 6 percent of United States soldiers who were conscripts .
The general officers of the Confederate States Army ( CSA ) were the senior military leaders of the Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861-1865 . They were often former officers from the United States Army ( the regular army ) prior to the Civil War , while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded . Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate Congress , much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces . Like all of the Confederacy 's military forces , these generals answered to their civilian leadership , in particular Jefferson Davis , the South 's president and therefore commander-in-chief of the Army , Navy , and Marines of the Confederate States .
The American Civil War ( also known by other names ) was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865 , fought between the northern United States ( loyal to the Union ) and the southern United States ( that had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy ) . [ e ] The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people . War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States . The loyalists of the Union in the North , which also included some geographically western and southern states , proclaimed support for the Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South , who advocated for states ' rights in order to uphold slavery . Of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states were declared by their state governments to have seceded from the country , and the Confederate States of America was organized in rebellion against the U.S. constitutional government . The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states , and it claimed the additional states of Kentucky and Missouri by assertions from native secessionists fleeing Union authority . These states were given full representation in the Confederate Congress throughout the Civil War . The two remaining slave states , Delaware and Maryland , were invited to join the Confederacy , but nothing substantial developed due to intervention by federal troops . The Confederate states were never diplomatically recognized as a joint entity by the government of the United States , nor by that of any foreign country . [ f ] The states that remained loyal to the U.S. were known as the Union . [ g ] The Union and the Confederacy quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over the course of four years .
The Army of Tennessee was the principal Confederate army operating between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River during the American Civil War . It was formed in late 1862 and fought until the end of the war in 1865 , participating in most of the significant battles in the Western Theater .
The Provisional Congress of the Confederate States , also known as the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America , was a congress of deputies and delegates called together from the Southern States which became the governing body of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States from February 4 , 1861 , to February 17 , 1862 . It sat in Montgomery , Alabama , until May 21 , 1861 , when it adjourned to meet in Richmond , Virginia , on July 20 , 1861 . It added new members as other states seceded from the Union and directed the election on November 6 , 1861 , at which a permanent government was elected .
Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion .
The Territory of Washington was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2 , 1853 , until November 11 , 1889 , when the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Washington . It was created from the portion of the Oregon Territory north of the lower Columbia River and north of the 46th parallel east of the Columbia . At its largest extent , it also included the entirety of modern Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming , before attaining its final boundaries in 1863 .
John Byers Anderson ( November 22 , 1817 - July 7 , 1897 ) ( alternatively John Byars Anderson ) was an educator , railroad contractor and United States Army officer who served in the American Civil War as a colonel and superintendent of the Union railroads in the Department of the Ohio , Department of the Tennessee and Department of the Cumberland .
During the American Civil War , the Union Army referred to the United States Army , the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states . Also known as the Federal Army , it proved essential to the preservation of the United States as a working , viable republic . The Union Army was made up of the permanent regular army of the United States , but further fortified , augmented , and strengthened by the many temporary units of dedicated volunteers as well as including those who were drafted in to service as conscripts . To this end , the Union Army fought and ultimately triumphed over the efforts of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War . Over the course of the war , 2,128,948 men enlisted in the Union Army , including 178,895 colored troops ; 25% of the white men who served were foreign-born . Of these soldiers , 596,670 were killed , wounded or went missing . The initial call-up was for just three months , after which many of these men chose to reenlist for an additional three years .
The Department of the Ohio was an administrative military district created by the United States War Department early in the American Civil War to administer the troops in the Northern states near the Ohio River .
The Army of the Cumberland was one of the principal Union armies in the Western Theater during the American Civil War . It was originally known as the Army of the Ohio .
The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the Western Theater of the American Civil War , named for the Tennessee River . It appears that the term Army of the Tennessee was first used within the Union Army in March 1862 , to describe Union forces perhaps more properly described as the Army of West Tennessee ; these were the troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in the Union 's District of West Tennessee . In April 1862 , Grant 's troops survived a severe test in the bloody Battle of Shiloh . Then , during six months marked by discouragement and anxiety for Grant , his army first joined with two other Union armies to prosecute the relatively bloodless Siege of Corinth and then strained to hold Union positions in Tennessee and Mississippi . In October 1862 , Grant 's command was reconfigured and elevated to departmental status , as the Department of the Tennessee ; the title of his command was thus officially aligned with that of his army . Grant commanded these forces until after his critically important victory at Vicksburg on July 4 , 1863 . Under other generals , starting with William Tecumseh Sherman , the army marched and fought from the Chattanooga Campaign , through the Relief of Knoxville , the Meridian Campaign , the Atlanta Campaign , the March to the Sea , the Carolinas Campaign , and to the end of the war and disbandment . This article also discusses Grant 's 1861-1862 commands - the District of Southeast Missouri and the District of Cairo - because the troops Grant led in the Battle of Belmont and the Henry-Donelson campaign during that period became the nucleus of the Army of the Tennessee . A 2005 study of the army states that it was present at most of the great battles that became turning points of the war - Fort Donelson , Vicksburg , and Atlanta and won the decisive battles in the decisive theater of the war . More poetically , in 1867 , apparently speaking of the Atlanta campaign , General Sherman said that the Army of the Tennessee was never checked - always victorious ; so rapid in motion - so eager to strike ; it deserved its name of the 'Whip-lash , ' swung from one flank to the other , as danger called , night or day , sunshine or storm .
Absalom Baird ( August 20 , 1824 - June 14 , 1905 ) was a career United States Army officer who distinguished himself as a Union Army general in the American Civil War . Baird received the Medal of Honor for his military actions .
The Medal of Honor is the United States of America 's highest and most prestigious personal military decoration that may be awarded to recognize U.S. military service members who have distinguished themselves by acts of valor . The medal is normally awarded by the President of the United States in the name of the U.S. Congress . Because the medal is presented in the name of Congress , it is often referred erroneously as the Congressional Medal of Honor . However , the official name of the current award is Medal of Honor . Within the United States Code the medal is referred to as the Medal of Honor , and less frequently as Congressional Medal of Honor . U.S. awards , including the Medal of Honor , do not have post-nominal titles , and while there is no official abbreviation , the most common abbreviations are MOH and MH . There are three versions of the medal , one each for the Army , Navy and Air Force . Personnel of the Marine Corps and Coast Guard receive the Navy version while members of the Space Force receive the Air Force version . The Medal of Honor was introduced for the Navy in 1861 , soon followed by an Army version in 1862 . The Medal of Honor is the oldest continuously issued combat decoration of the United States ' armed forces . The President typically presents the Medal at a formal ceremony intended to represent the gratitude of the U.S. people , with posthumous presentations made to the primary next of kin . According to the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States , there have been 3,525 Medals of Honor awarded to 3,506 individuals since the decoration 's creation , with over 40% awarded for actions during the American Civil War .
The Inspector General of the United States Army serves to provide impartial , objective and unbiased advice and oversight to the Army through relevant , timely and thorough inspection , assistance , investigations , and training . The Inspector General has historically been a high ranking Army official before their appointment to the position
In many of the world 's military establishments , a brevet ( /brəˈvɛt/ ( listen ) or /ˈbrɛvɪt/ ( listen ) ) was a warrant giving a commissioned officer a higher rank title as a reward for gallantry or meritorious conduct but without conferring the authority , precedence , or pay of real rank . An officer so promoted was referred to as being brevetted ( for example , he was brevetted Major General ) . The promotion would be noted in the officer 's title ( for example , Bvt . Maj. Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain or Bvt . Col. Arthur MacArthur ) . It is not to be confused with a brevet in Francophone European military circles , where it is an award , nor should it be confused with temporary commissions .
In the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , and United States Air Force , major general is a two-star general officer rank , with the pay grade of O-8 . Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general . [ Note 1 ] A major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers . Major general is equivalent to the two-star rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard , and is the highest permanent peacetime rank in the uniformed services . Higher ranks are technically temporary and linked to specific positions , although virtually all officers promoted to those ranks are approved to retire at their highest earned rank .
Henry Harrison Bingham ( December 4 , 1841 - March 22 , 1912 ) was a Union Army officer in the American Civil War , who received the United States Military 's highest award for valor , the Medal of Honor , for his actions at the Battle of the Wilderness . After graduating from college Bingham accepted a commission as a first lieutenant for service in the American Civil War . While participating in the war he fought in several battles and served as Judge advocate . After the Civil War ended he was postmaster of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania from 1867 to 1872 , a court clerk from 1872 to 1879 , and a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1879 to 1912 .
In the United States Armed Forces , brigadier general ( BG , BGen , or Brig Gen ) is a one-star general officer with the pay grade of O-7 in the U.S. Army , U.S. Marine Corps , and U.S. Air Force . Brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below major general . The rank of brigadier general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral ( lower half ) in the other uniformed services ( the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , as both Armed Forces and Uniformed Services ; and the Public Health Service and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration , as Uniformed Services ) . The NATO equivalent is OF-6 .
Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia .
Richard Coulter , Sr. ( October 1 , 1827 - October 14 , 1908 ) was an American Civil War Colonel and brevet brigadier general of volunteers in the Union Army , a businessman , and banker . During the Civil War he was colonel of the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry , often rising to brigade command upon the wounding of superior officers . In 1866 , he was nominated and confirmed as a brevet major general of volunteers to rank from April 1 , 1865 .
Richard Coulter Drum ( May 28 , 1825 - October 15 , 1909 ) was Adjutant General of the United States Army from 1880 to 1889 .
This List of Adjutants General of the U.S. Army gives the chief administrative officer of the United States Army , from 1775 to present .
Maxwell White Hunter II ( March 11 , 1922 - November 10 , 2001 ) was a prominent American aerospace engineer . He worked on the design of the Douglas B-42 and Douglas B-43 bombers , the Honest John , Nike-Ajax , and Nike-Zeus missiles , the Thor IRBM , and on parts of the Strategic Defense Initiative . In later years he worked on space-launch vehicles and was a proponent of Single-stage-to-orbit ( SSTO ) designs . He was honored in 1995 by the National Space Society for lifelong contributions to the technology of spaceflight .
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company ( LMSC ) was a unit of the Lockheed Corporation Missiles , Space , and Electronics Systems Group . LMSC was started by Willis Hawkins who served as its president . After Lockheed merged with Martin-Marietta the unit became known as Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space . Located in Sunnyvale , California adjacent to Moffett Field , it operated a major satellite development and manufacturing plant .
The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American aerospace manufacturer based in Southern California . It was founded in 1921 by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. and later merged with McDonnell Aircraft in 1967 to form McDonnell Douglas , when it then operated as a division of McDonnell Douglas . McDonnell Douglas later merged with Boeing in 1997 .
The National Space Council is a body within the Executive Office of the President of the United States created in 1989 during the George H.W . Bush administration , disbanded in 1993 , and reestablished in June 2017 by the Donald Trump administration . It is a modified version of the earlier National Aeronautics and Space Council ( 1958-1973 ) . The National Space Council operates as an office of policy development and handles a portfolio of civil , commercial , national security , and international space policy matters . Composed of cabinet-level members and supported by a Users Advisory Group , the council is chaired by the Vice President of the United States .
Albert Gallatin Jenkins ( November 10 , 1830 - May 21 , 1864 ) was a Virginia attorney , planter , slaveholder , politician and soldier from what would become West Virginia during the American Civil War . He served in the United States Congress and later the First Confederate Congress . After Virginia 's secession , Jenkins raised a company of partisan rangers and rose to become a Confederate brigadier general , commanding of a brigade of cavalry . Wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg and again during the Confederate loss at the Battle of Cloyd 's Mountain ( during which he was captured ) , Jenkins died days after his arm was amputated by Union surgeons . His former home is now a museum operated by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History .
Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World .
The 1st Confederate States Congress , consisting of the Confederate States Senate and the Confederate States House of Representatives , met from February 18 , 1862 , to February 17 , 1864 , during the first two years of Jefferson Davis 's presidency , at the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond , Virginia .
James Streshly Jackson ( September 27 , 1823 - October 8 , 1862 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .
Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel .
The Battle of Perryville ( also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills ) was fought on October 8 , 1862 , in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville , Kentucky , as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive ( Kentucky Campaign ) during the American Civil War . Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg 's Army of Mississippi [ b ] initially won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell 's Union Army of the Ohio . The battle is considered a strategic Union victory , sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky , since Bragg withdrew to Tennessee soon thereafter . The Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war . On October 7 , Buell 's army , in pursuit of Bragg , converged on the small crossroads town of Perryville in three columns . Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general , on Peters Hill , when the Confederate infantry arrived . Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water . The next day , at dawn , fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike , halting just before the Confederate line . After noon , a Confederate division struck the Union left flank - the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook - and forced it to fall back . When more Confederate divisions joined the fray , the Union line made a stubborn stand , counterattacked , but finally fell back with some units routed . Buell , several miles behind the action , was unaware that a major battle was taking place and did not send any reserves to the front until late in the afternoon . The Union troops on the left flank , reinforced by two brigades , stabilized their line , and the Confederate attack sputtered to a halt .
Enno Henry Knoche ( /ˈnɒki/ NOK-ee ; January 14 , 1925 - July 9 , 2010 ) was a deputy director of the CIA and acting Director of Central Intelligence .
The Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2005 , acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the President of the United States and the United States National Security Council , as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various U.S. intelligence agencies ( collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards ) . The office existed from January 1946 to April 21 , 2005 . After the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act it was replaced by the Director of National Intelligence ( DNI ) as head of the Intelligence Community and the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency ( D/CIA ) as head of the CIA .
John Sanford Mason ( August 21 , 1824 - November 29 , 1897 ) was a career officer in the United States Army who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War .
Vice Admiral Walter B. Massenburg ( born 1949 ) is a retired US Navy admiral and former commander of the Naval Air Systems Command in Patuxent River , Maryland . He is a 1970 graduate of Washington and Jefferson College , where he majored in physics . A native of Baltimore , Massenburg was commissioned in 1970 . He completed flight training and received his naval aviator wings in 1971 . He received a master of science degree in systems management from the University of Southern California in 1978 and a master of arts degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in 1990 . Operationally , Massenburg served his initial sea tour with Patrol Squadron 45 , then as executive officer of the Naval Facility , Antigua , as operations officer of Patrol Squadron 45 and as executive officer and subsequently commanding officer of Patrol Squadron 6 . Ashore , he served in operational test with Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 1 , as team leader of the Commander , Patrol Wings Atlantic Tactical Training Team in Patrol Squadron 30 and as a member of the Chief of Naval Operations sponsored Antisubmarine Warfare Continuum in the office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Manpower , Personnel and Training . He was subsequently assigned to the staff of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations ( Air Warfare ) as the antisubmarine warfare aircraft inventory coordinator and , later , served on the staff of the Chairman , Joint Chiefs of Staff , as the branch chief , Tactical Forces Branch in the Force Structure , Resources and Assessment Directorate . Within NAVAIR , Massenburg has served in the Maritime Surveillance Aircraft Program Office as deputy program manager for the P-3 Anti-Surface Warfare Improvement Program and later assumed command of the Maritime Surveillance Aircraft Program Office . After promotion to rear admiral , he assumed leadership and management responsibility as assistant commander for Logistics in 1999 and then as assistant commander for Aviation Depots in 2003 . While serving as the assistant commander for logistics , Massenburg helped create the Naval Aviation Readiness Integrated Improvement Program ( NAVRIIP ) where he acted as chief operating officer for the program . NAVRIIP is a comprehensive program to drive cost-wise readiness initiatives by identifying and reducing actual costs to Naval Aviation .
Vice admiral ( abbreviated as VADM ) is a three-star commissioned naval officer rank in the United States Navy , the United States Coast Guard , the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps , with the pay grade of O-9 . Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral . Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services .
The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy .
The Naval Air Systems Command ( NAVAIR ) provides material support for aircraft and airborne weapon systems for the United States Navy . It is one of the various Navy systems commands , and was established in 1966 as the successor to the Navy 's Bureau of Naval Weapons . NAVAIR is headquartered in Naval Air Station Patuxent River in St. Mary 's County , Maryland , with military and civilian personnel stationed at eight locations across the continental United States and one site overseas . The current commander as of 31 May 2018 is Vice Admiral G. Dean Peters . The vice commander is Rear Admiral ( Lower Half ) ( Sel ) John S. Lemmon . The deputy commander , or senior civilian service member , is Mr. Garry R. Newton . NAVAIR 's mission is to provide full life-cycle support of naval aviation aircraft , weapons and systems operated by Sailors and Marines . This support includes research , design , development and systems engineering , acquisition , test and evaluation , training facilities and equipment , repair and modification , and in-service engineering and logistics support . NAVAIR is organized into eight competencies or communities of practice namely : program management , contracts , research and engineering , test and evaluation , logistics and industrial operations , corporate operations , comptroller and counsel . The competency alignment of the organization is changing to mission alignment . NAVAIR provides support ( through people , processes , tools , training , mission facilities , and core technologies ) to Naval Aviation Program Executive Officers ( PEOs ) and their assigned program managers , who are responsible for meeting the cost , schedule , and performance requirements of their assigned programs .
An equipment manager is the person in charge of equipment used by a business or organization . Their duties include purchasing , maintenance , repair , inventory , transportation , storage , cleaning , and liquidation . They are responsible for providing the proper equipment for the job , either on-site , or off-site . In sports , an equipment manager is a person who is in charge of a sports team 's equipment . In professional and collegiate sports , this is usually a full-time job and includes transportation , laundry , repairs and regular service ( such as sharpening of skates for ice hockey ) .
The Washington & Jefferson Presidents are the intercollegiate athletic teams for Washington & Jefferson College . The name Presidents refers to the two presidential namesakes of the college : George Washington and Thomas Jefferson . W & J is a member of the Presidents ' Athletic Conference , the Eastern College Athletic Conference , and play in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in both men 's and women 's varsity sports . During the 2005-2006 season , 34 percent of the student body played varsity-level athletics . W & J competes in 26 intercollegiate athletics at the NCAA Division III level . Entering the 2019-20 academic year , the Presidents have won 132 Presidents ' Athletic Conference team championships , collectively . W & J has had 11 individual NCAA Champions . More than 50 students have been selected as conference MVPs , more than 400 students have been named First Team All-Conference , over 75 received students have received All-American honors , and W & J has had 56 Academic All-Americans . The W & J football team has won a conference best 26 PAC Championships and has advanced to the NCAA Division III playoffs 27 times , including two trips to the NCAA Division III National Championship Game in 1992 and 1994 .
David McConaughy ( July 13 , 1823 - January 14 , 1902 ) was a noted attorney , state senator , cemetery president , and civic leader in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , as well as a part-time intelligence officer for the Union Army during the American Civil War . He was a driving force behind the creation of the Gettysburg National Cemetery following the Battle of Gettysburg . He also led early efforts to preserve the Gettysburg Battlefield for future generations .
The Battle of Gettysburg ( locally /ˈɡɛtɪsbɜːrɡ/ ( listen ) ) was fought July 1-3 , 1863 , in and around the town of Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War . The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war 's turning point . Union Maj. Gen. George Meade 's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia , halting Lee 's invasion of the North . After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863 , Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North - the Gettysburg Campaign . With his army in high spirits , Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , or even Philadelphia . Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit , but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade . Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1 , 1863 , as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there , his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it . Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig . Gen. John Buford , and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry . However , two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north , collapsing the hastily developed Union lines , sending the defenders retreating through the streets of the town to the hills just to the south . On the second day of battle , most of both armies had assembled . The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook .
Evergreen Cemetery - formerly called Citizen 's Cemetery and Ever Green Cemetery - is a historic 29.12 acre rural cemetery located just outside Gettysburg Borough , in Cumberland Township , Adams County , Pennsylvania . It is part of Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District , and is surrounded by Gettysburg National Military Park and Soldiers ' National Cemetery . The cemetery played a strategic role in the July 1 to 3 , 1863 Battle of Gettysburg . Four months after the battle , at the dedication of the immediately-adjacent National Cemetery , President Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address from a platform in Evergreen Cemetery .
Daniel McCook ( June 20 , 1798 - July 21 , 1863 ) was an attorney and an officer in the Union army during the American Civil War . He was one of two Ohio brothers who , along with 13 of their sons , became widely known as the Fighting McCooks for their contributions to the war effort .
The Fighting McCooks were members of a family of Ohioans who reached prominence as officers in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Two brothers , Daniel and John McCook , and thirteen of their sons were involved in the army , making the family one of the most prolific in American military history . Six of the McCooks reached the rank of brigadier general or higher . Several family members were killed in action or died from their wounds . Following the war , several others reached high political offices , including governorships and diplomatic posts .
The Daniel McCook House is a historic antebellum house in Carrollton , Ohio , that was home to several of the Fighting McCooks , who rose to fame during the American Civil War . The patriarch , Daniel McCook Sr. , was a major in the Union Army as well as a paymaster , and his sons rose to military prominence during the war . The building is located on the southwest corner of the Carrollton Public Square . It is a perfect example of the popular Federal architecture and was constructed in 1837 . The central door is framed by white side windows and a fan window above . A light sandstone arch surmounts the frame . The hipped roof is framed on both sides by two large chimneys . The building became a National Historic Place in 1970 , and is now a historic house museum operated by the Carroll County Historical Society . The house is owned by the Ohio History Connection . There several period rooms and exhibits about the McCook family and the Civil War .
The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed .
Henry Christopher McCook ( July 3 , 1837 - 1911 ) was an American Presbyterian clergyman , naturalist , and prolific author on religion , history , and nature . He was a member of the celebrated Fighting McCooks , a family of Ohio military officers and volunteers during the American Civil War .
A Sunday school is an educational institution , usually ( but not always ) Christian in character . They were first set up in the 1780s in England to provide education to working children . Today , Sunday school has become the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued and conducted on Sundays by various denominations . William King started a Sunday school in 1751 in Dursley , Gloucestershire , and suggested that Robert Raikes start a similar one in Gloucester . Raikes was editor of the Gloucester Journal . He wrote an article in his journal , and as a result many clergymen supported schools , which aimed to teach the youngsters reading , writing , cyphering ( doing arithmetic ) and a knowledge of the Bible . In 1785 , 250,000 English children were attending Sunday school . There were 5,000 in Manchester alone . By 1835 , the Society for the Establishment and Promotion of Sunday Schools had distributed 91,915 spelling books , 24,232 Testaments and 5,360 Bibles . The Sunday school movement was cross-denominational . Financed through subscription , large buildings were constructed that could host public lectures as well as providing classrooms . Adults would attend the same classes as the infants , as each was instructed in basic reading .
The Latimers : A Tale of the Western Insurrection of 1794 is an historical novel by the American writer and Presbyterian clergyman Henry Christopher McCook ( 1837-1911 ) set in 1790s Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The novel tells the story of Scotch-Irish American pioneers during the Whiskey Rebellion .
The flag of Philadelphia is the municipal flag of the city of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The flag is a yellow-on-blue bicolor vertical triband defaced with the seal of the city ; the Philadelphia City Code defines the flag as divided vertically in 3 equal parts , of which the first and third shall be azure blue and the middle pale golden yellow with the city seal on the center of the yellow stripe ; flags displayed by entities other than the municipal government often omit the seal . The dimensions of the flag are 10 feet long and 6 feet wide , or similar proportions . Official but seldom seen variations include a Merchant Flag , Pennant , and Streamer . The blue and yellow colors commemorate the original Swedish colonization of Philadelphia . One flag manufacturer who supplies flags to the city government stated that the shade of blue used is UN Blue ( the same shade used in the United Nations flag ) . The current version of the coat of arms was designed by Henry Christopher McCook and adopted by City Council in 1874 . According to the City Code , the city seal is ARMS -- On a blue field , a fess golden between a plough above and a ship in full sail below ; both proper . CREST -- A right arm , nude , embowed , couped at shoulder , holding a pair of scales ; all proper . SUPPORTERS -- Two females , standing full face , the one on the right side of the shield habited white and purple , crowned with an olive wreath ; in her right hand a scroll , charged with an anchor ; all proper ; the one on the left side habited white and blue ; in her left hand a cornucopia , proper . MOTTO -- PHILADELPHIA MANETO . According to an attorney for the city , the supporters represent Peace and Plenty
John James McCook ( 1806 - October 11 , 1865 ) , was a patriarch of the Fighting McCooks , one of the most prolific families in United States Army history . Five of his sons became prominent soldiers , chaplains , or sailors , as well as eight of his nephews . McCook was born in Canonsburg , Pennsylvania , to George and Mary McCormack McCook . He attended Jefferson College 's medical school . His older brother Daniel , a local attorney , moved to eastern Ohio in 1826 , settling in Carrollton . Not long afterward , John McCook also moved to the Buckeye State and established a practice in New Lisbon and later in Steubenville . He was married to Catherine Julia Sheldon , a native of Hartford , Connecticut . He was superintendent for several years of the Sunday School of the First Church of Steubenville . He served as a volunteer surgeon in the Union Army during the Civil War . He died just after its close at the headquarters of his son , General Anson G. McCook , in Washington , D. C. , during a visit . McCook was buried at Steubenville beside his wife , who had preceded him in death by just six months .
Latimer A. McCook , a physician and eldest son of Daniel and Martha ( Latimer ) McCook , was born at Canonsburg , Pa. , Apr . 26 , 1820 . After graduation from Jefferson College , he studied medicine with his uncle , Dr. George McCook , and received his degree from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia . He entered the army in 1861 as assistant surgeon , and was promoted to surgeon , with the rank of major , of the 31st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment , known as John Logan 's regiment through most of the civil war . He died Aug. 23 , 1869 , from the result of injuries received during Grant 's Vicksburg campaign , and exposure incident to Sherman 's march to the sea , and injury at Pocotaligo bridge . He was buried at Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati , Ohio . He was a member of the Fighting McCooks family of soldiers .
The 31st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry , nicknamed the Dirty-First , was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War .
Philo Norton McGiffin ( December 12/13 , 1860 - February 11 , 1897 ) was an American naval officer later serving in Chinese service as a naval advisor during the First Sino-Japanese War . Although primarily skilled as an instructor and administrator , he proved a talented tactician during the 1894 Battle of the Yellow Sea as well as the first American to command a modern battleship in wartime .
The Imperial Chinese Navy was the modern navy of the Qing Empire established in 1875 . An Imperial naval force in China first came into existence from 1132 during the Song Dynasty and existed in some form until the end of the Qing period in 1912 . However , the Imperial Chinese Navy usually only refers to the Qing navy which existed between 1875 and 1912 .
The First Sino-Japanese War ( 25 July 1894 - 17 April 1895 ) , also known as the Chino-Japanese War , was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily over influence in Joseon Korea . After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei , the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895 . The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing dynasty 's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty , especially when compared with Japan 's successful Meiji Restoration . For the first time , regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan ; the prestige of the Qing dynasty , along with the classical tradition in China , suffered a major blow . The humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary state sparked an unprecedented public outcry . Within China , the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-sen and Kang Youwei , culminating in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution . The war is commonly known in China as the War of Jiawu ( Chinese : 甲午戰爭 ; pinyin : Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng ) , referring to the year ( 1894 ) as named under the traditional sexagenary system of years . In Japan , it is called the Japan-Qing War ( Japanese : 日清戦争 , Hepburn : Nisshin sensō ) . In Korea , where much of the war took place , it is called the Qing-Japan War ( Korean : 청일전쟁 ; Hanja : 淸日戰爭 ) .
The Sino-French War ( traditional Chinese : 中法戰爭 ; simplified Chinese : 中法战争 ; pinyin : Zhōngfǎ Zhànzhēng , French : Guerre franco-chinoise , Khmer : សង្គ្រាមបារាំង-ចិន , Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh ) , also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War , was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885 , to decide whether France would supplant China 's control of Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) . Although the Chinese armies performed better than in other nineteenth-century wars and the war ended in a stalemate on land , the French achieved their aims in the Treaty of Tientsin . Nevertheless , according to Lloyd Eastman , neither nation reaped diplomatic gains .
The Battle of the Yalu River ( Amnok River ) ( simplified Chinese : 黄海海战 ; traditional Chinese : 黃海海戰 ; pinyin : Huáng Hǎi Hǎizhàn ; Japanese : Kōkai-kaisen ( 黄海海戦 , Naval Battle of the Yellow Sea ) ) was the largest naval engagement of the First Sino-Japanese War , and took place on 17 September 1894 , the day after the Japanese victory at the land Battle of Pyongyang . It involved ships from the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Chinese Beiyang Fleet . The battle is also known by a variety of names : Battle of Haiyang Island , Battle of Dadonggou , Battle of the Yellow Sea and Battle of Yalu , after the geographic location of the battle , which was in the Yellow Sea off the mouth of the Yalu River and not in the river itself . There is also no agreement among contemporary sources on the exact numbers and composition of each fleet .
Harry E. Miller Jr. ( born c. 1958 ) is retired Army National Guard officer . A veteran of the Iraq War , he attained the rank of major general as commander of the 42nd Infantry Division , a position he held from 2013 to 2017 .
The 42nd Infantry Division ( 42ID ) ( Rainbow ) is a division of the United States Army National Guard . The 42nd Infantry Division has served in World War I , World War II and the Global War on Terrorism ( GWOT ) . The division is currently headquartered at the Glenmore Road Armory in Troy , New York . The division headquarters is a unit of the New York Army National Guard . The division currently includes Army National Guard units from fourteen different states , including Connecticut , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , Rhode Island , and Vermont . As of 2007 [ update ] , 67 percent of 42ID soldiers are located in New York and New Jersey .
George Washington Morgan ( September 20 , 1820 - July 26 , 1893 ) was an American soldier , lawyer , politician , and diplomat . He fought in the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War , and was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War . Morgan later served as a three-term postbellum United States Congressman from Ohio .
The Texian Army , also known as the Revolutionary Army and Army of the People , was the land warfare branch of the Texian armed forces during the Texas Revolution . It spontaneously formed from the Texian Militia in October 1835 following the Battle of Gonzales . Along with the Texian Navy , it helped the Republic of Texas win independence from the Centralist Republic of Mexico on May 14 , 1836 at the Treaties of Velasco . Although the Texas Army was officially established by the Consultation of the Republic of Texas on November 13 , 1835 , it did not replace the Texian Army until after the Battle of San Jacinto .
The Texas Revolution ( October 2 , 1835 - April 21 , 1836 ) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos ( Texas Mexicans ) in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico . While the uprising was part of a larger one that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation . The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree , declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such , being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag . Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico , establishing the Republic of Texas , and eventually being annexed by the United States . The revolution began in October 1835 , after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of American settlers in Texas . The Mexican government had become increasingly centralized and the rights of its citizens had become increasingly curtailed , particularly regarding immigration from the United States . Colonists and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824 . While delegates at the Consultation ( provisional government ) debated the war 's motives , Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835 . The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government , whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas . An ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texian Army . In March 1836 , a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas . Determined to avenge Mexico 's honor , Santa Anna vowed to personally retake Texas .
A consul is an official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another , normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul 's own country , and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of the two countries . A consul is distinguished from an ambassador , the latter being a representative from one head of state to another , but both have a form of immunity . There can be only one ambassador from one country to another , representing the first country 's head of state to that of the second , and his or her duties revolve around diplomatic relations between the two countries ; however , there may be several consuls , one in each of several major cities , providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both the citizens of the consul 's own country traveling or living abroad and to the citizens of the country in which the consul resides who wish to travel to or trade with the consul 's country . A less common usage is an administrative consul , who takes a governing role and is appointed by a country that has colonised or occupied another .
Marseille ( /mɑːrˈseɪ/ mar-SAY , also spelled in English as Marseilles ; French : [ maʁsɛj ] ( listen ) , locally [ maʁˈsɛjə ] ( listen ) ; Occitan : Marselha [ maʀˈsejɔ , -ˈsijɔ ] ) is the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . It is located on the Mediterranean coast near the mouth of the Rhône . The city covers an area of 241 km2 ( 93 sq mi ) and had a population of 870,018 in 2016 . Its metropolitan area , which extends over 3,173 km2 ( 1,225 sq mi ) is the third-largest in France after those of Paris and Lyon , with a population of 1,831,500 as of 2010 . Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia ( Greek : Μασσαλία , romanized : Massalía ) , Marseille was an important European trading centre and remains the main commercial port of the French Republic . Marseille is now France 's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce , freight and cruise ships . The city was European Capital of Culture in 2013 and European Capital of Sport in 2017 ; it hosted matches at the 1998 World Cup and Euro 2016 . It is home to Aix-Marseille University .
Bilateral diplomatic relations between the United States and Portugal date from the earliest years of the United States . Following the Revolutionary War , Portugal was the first neutral country to recognize the United States . On February 21 , 1791 , President George Washington opened formal diplomatic relations , naming Col. David Humphreys as U.S. Minister Resident . Subsequent envoys were given the title Minister Plenipotentiary .
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state .