List of submissions to the 53rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Submissions
Table:
Submitting country
Film title used in nomination
Language(s)
Original title
Director(s)
Result

Austria
Egon Schiele – Exzess und Bestrafung
German
Egon Schiele - Exzesse
Herbert Vesely

Not Nominated

Brazil
Bye Bye Brazil
Portuguese
Bye Bye Brazil
Carlos Diegues

Not Nominated

Cameroon
Our Daughter
French
Notre fille
Daniel Kamwa

Not Nominated

Canada
Good Riddance
French
Les Bons débarras
Francis Mankiewicz

Not Nominated

Colombia
The Latin Immigrant
Spanish
El Inmigrante Latino
Gustavo Nieto Roa

Not Nominated

Czechoslovakia
Love Between the Raindrops
Czech
Lásky mezi kapkami deště
Karel Kachyňa

Not Nominated

Finland
Tulipää
Finnish
Tulipää
Pirjo Honkasalo and Pekka Lehto

Not Nominated

France
The Last Metro
French
Le Dernier métro
François Truffaut

Nominated

East Germany
The Fiancee
German
Die Verlobte
Günther Rücker and Günter Reisch

Not Nominated

West Germany
Fabian
German
Fabian
Wolf Gremm

Not Nominated

Hungary
Confidence
Hungarian
Bizalom
István Szabó

Nominated

Iceland
Land and Sons
Icelandic
Land og synir
Ágúst Guðmundsson

Not Nominated

India
Payal Ki Jhankaar
Hindi
पायल की झंकार
Satyen Bose

Not Nominated

Israel
The Thin Line
Hebrew
על חבל דק
Michal Bat-Adam

Not Nominated

Italy
A Leap in the Dark
Italian
Salto nel vuoto
Marco Bellocchio

Not Nominated

Japan
Kagemusha
Japanese
影武者
Akira Kurosawa

Nominated

Netherlands
In for Treatment
Dutch
Opname
Marja Kok and Erik van Zuylen

Not Nominated

Norway
Life and Death
Norwegian
Liv og død
Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam

Not Nominated

Poland
Olympics 40
Polish
Olimpiada 40
Andrzej Kotkowski

Not Nominated

Portugal
Morning Undersea
Portuguese
Manhã Submersa
Lauro António

Not Nominated

Based on the accompanying table plus the background passages provided.

Give the answer to the question: The 1980 historical-drama film about German-occupied France that was nominated for Best Foreign Film at the 53rd Academy Awards was directed by a director who also directed what 1961 film ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized .
Egon Schiele - Exzess und Bestrafung , also known as Egon Schiele - Excess and Punishment ( English ) and Egon Schiele , enfer et passion ( French ) is a 1981 film based on the life of the Austrian artist Egon Schiele . Set in Austria during the years immediately prior to and during Great War , the film stars Mathieu Carriere as Schiele , with Jane Birkin as his muse Walburga ( Wally ) Neuzil , Christine Kaufmann as his wife Edith , and Kristina van Eyck as Edith 's sister . Essentially a depiction of obsession and its constituents of sex , alcohol , and uncontrolled emotions , the film portrays Schiele as an agent of social change leading to the destruction of those he loves and ultimately of himself .
Herbert Vesely ( 31 March 1931 - 13 July 2002 ) was an Austrian film director and screenwriter . He directed 17 films between 1955 and 1988 .
Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .
Bye Bye Brazil ( Portuguese : Bye Bye Brasil ) is a 1979 Brazilian-French-Argentine film , directed by Carlos Diegues . Locations for the film include Belém and Altamira in the state of Pará , Maceió , the capital of Alagoas state , and the national capital Brasília .
Carlos Diegues , also known as Cacá Diegues ( born May 19 , 1940 ) , is a Brazilian film director . He was born in Maceió , Alagoas , and is best known as a member of the Cinema Novo movement . He is popularly known for his unconventional , yet intriguing film techniques [ according to whom ? ] among other film producers of the Cinema Novo movement . Diegues is also widely known for his dynamic use visuals , ideas , plots , themes , and other cinematic techniques . He incorporated many musical acts in his film as he favored musical pieces to be complementary of his ideas . Diegues remains very popular and is regarded one the most cinematic producers of his generation . Of the Cinema Novo directors , he would go on to produce films , plays , musicals and other forms of entertainment in Brazil . Diegues ' contributions to Brazilian cinema developed the film industry . He would pioneer expensive film projects that domestic filmmakers had ever seen . Films such as Bye Bye Brazil were two million dollar projects and later on films such as God is Brazilian would be over 10 million dollars . This was a new era in Brazil as domestic directors had yet to produce any films with that kind of financial support .
Cameroon ( /ˌkæməˈruːn/ ( listen ) ; French : Cameroun ) , officially the Republic of Cameroon ( French : République du Cameroun ) , is a country in Central Africa . It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north ; Chad to the northeast ; the Central African Republic to the east ; and Equatorial Guinea , Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south . Cameroon 's coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra , part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean . Although Cameroon is not an ECOWAS member state , it is geographically and historically in West Africa with the Southern Cameroons which now form her Northwest and Southwest Regions having a strong West African history . The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa . Cameroon is home to over 250 native languages spoken by nearly 20 million people . The official languages of the country are English and French . Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest . Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ( Shrimp River ) , which became Cameroon in English . Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century , and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms . Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun . After World War I , the territory was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates .
Our Daughter ( French : Notre fille ) is a 1981 Cameroonian drama film directed by Daniel Kamwa . It was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival . The film was also selected as the Cameroonian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Daniel Kamwa ( born 14 April 1943 ) is a filmmaker and actor from Nkongsamba , Cameroon . He studied drama in Paris , France , before producing his first film , Boubou-cravate , in 1973 . His 1981 film Our Daughter was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival .
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom .
Good Riddance ( French : Les Bons débarras ) is a 1980 French-language Canadian drama film . Directed by Francis Mankiewicz and written by Réjean Ducharme , the film concerns Manon ( Charlotte Laurier ) , an unstable young girl who lives with her mother Michelle ( Marie Tifo ) and her alcoholic and intellectually disabled uncle Ti-Guy ( Germain Houde ) . Starting as the first screenplay by the novelist Ducharme , the film was shot by Mankiewicz and cinematographer Michel Brault on a low budget . It debuted at the Berlin International Film Festival and won several Genie Awards , including Best Motion Picture . It was established as a classic Canadian film , with the Toronto International Film Festival repeatedly placing it in the Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time .
Francis Mankiewicz ( March 15 , 1944 in Shanghai , China - August 14 , 1993 in Montreal , Quebec , Canada ) was a Canadian film director , screenwriter and producer . In 1945 , his family moved to Montreal , where Francis spent all his childhood . His father was a second cousin to the famous Hollywood brothers , Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Herman J. Mankiewicz .
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law .
The Latin Immigrant ( Spanish : El inmigrante latino ) is a 1980 Colombian comedy film directed by Gustavo Nieto Roa . The film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Gustavo Nieto Roa ( born 3 April 1942 ) is a Colombian film director , producer and screenwriter . He has directed eleven films since 1973 .
Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Love Between the Raindrops ( Czech : Lásky mezi kapkami deště ) is a 1979 Czech drama film directed by Karel Kachyňa . The film was selected as the Czechoslovak entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Karel Kachyňa ( 1 May 1924 - 12 March 2004 ) was a Czech film director . His career spanned over five decades . He was married to Alena Mihulová . They had one daughter , Karolína , together . He was born in Vyškov , Czechoslovakia and died in Prague , Czech Republic . His 1961 film Pouta was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival . His 1986 film Forbidden Dreams was entered into the 15th Moscow International Film Festival .
Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions .
Flame Top ( Finnish : Tulipää ) is a 1980 Finnish drama film directed by Pirjo Honkasalo and Pekka Lehto . It was entered into the 1981 Cannes Film Festival . The film depicts the life of the writer Algot Untola . The film was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Pirjo Irene Honkasalo ( born 22 February 1947 ) is a Finnish film director who has also worked as a cinematographer , film editor , producer , screenwriter and actress . In 1980 she co-directed Flame Top with Pekka Lehto , with whom she worked earlier and later as well . The film was chosen for the 1981 Cannes Film Festival . In the 1990s she focused on feature documentaries such as The Trilogy of the Sacred and the Satanic ( Mysterion , Tanjuska and the 7 Devils and Atman ) . Honkasalo returned to fiction with Fire-Eater ( 1998 ) and Concrete Night ( 2013 ) , both of which were written by Pirkko Saisio . Concrete Night won six Jussi Awards in 2014 , among them the Jussi for the Best Direction and the Jussi for the Best Film . Its world premiere was at the Toronto International Film Festival in Masters series . Pirjo Honkasalo worked as provincial artist laureate in Central Finland 1974-1975 . At that time she drove around the area with one-armed scholar who made research of traditional handcrafts . Honkasalo photographed all the interviewees voluntarily . On that journey she met the main characters of her documentary Their Age . She is the first honorary member of Women in Film & Television Finland .
Pekka Lehto ( born 14 March 1948 ) is a Finnish film director . He has directed fifteen films since 1976 . He co-directed Flame Top with Pirjo Honkasalo and the film was entered into the 1981 Cannes Film Festival . He also won the Jussi Award for Best Director for the film . His 1992 film Kaivo was entered into the competition at the 49th Venice International Film Festival .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
The Last Metro ( French : Le Dernier Métro ) is a 1980 historical drama film , written and directed by François Truffaut , that stars Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu . Opening in 1942 during the German occupation of France , it follows the fortunes of a small theatre in the Montmartre area of Paris which keeps up passive resistance by maintaining its cultural integrity , despite censorship , antisemitism and material shortages , to emerge triumphant at the wars end . The title evokes two salient facts of city life under the Germans : fuel shortages led people to spend their evenings in theatres and other places of entertainment , but the curfew meant they had to catch the last Métro train home . In 1981 , the film won 10 Césars for : best film , best actor ( Depardieu ) , best actress ( Deneuve ) , best cinematography , best director ( Truffaut ) , best editing , best music , best production design , best sound and best writing . It received Best Foreign Film nominations in the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards . The Last Metro was one of Truffaut 's more successful productions , grossing $ 3,007,436 in the United States ; this was also true in France , where it had 3,384,045 admissions , making it one of his more successful films in his native country .
François Roland Truffaut ( UK : /ˈtruːfoʊ , ˈtrʊfoʊ/ TROO-foh , TRUUF-oh , US : /truːˈfoʊ/ troo-FOH , French : [ fʁɑ̃swa ʁɔlɑ̃ tʁyfo ] ; 6 February 1932 - 21 October 1984 ) was a French film director , screenwriter , producer , actor , and film critic . He is widely regarded as one of the founders of the French New Wave . In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century , he remains an icon of the French film industry , having worked on over 25 films . Truffaut 's film The 400 Blows came to be a defining film of the French New Wave movement , and was followed by four sequels , Antoine et Colette , Stolen Kisses , Bed and Board , and Love on the Run , between 1958 and 1979 . Truffaut 's 1973 film Day for Night earned him critical acclaim and several accolades , including the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . His other notable films include Shoot the Piano Player ( 1960 ) , Jules and Jim ( 1961 ) , The Soft Skin ( 1964 ) , The Wild Child ( 1970 ) , Two English Girls ( 1971 ) , The Last Metro ( 1980 ) , and The Woman Next Door ( 1981 ) .
East Germany , officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ; German : Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk ] , DDR ) , was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 , the period when the eastern portion of Germany was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Commonly described as a communist state in English usage , it described itself as a socialist workers ' and peasants ' state . It consisted of territory that was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II - the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement , bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line . The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it ; as a result , West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR . The German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet zone , while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones . East Germany was a satellite state of the Soviet Union . Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 , and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949 . However , Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War . Until 1989 , the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) , though other parties nominally participated in its alliance organisation , the National Front . The SED made the teaching of Marxism-Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools . The economy was centrally planned and increasingly state-owned . Prices of housing , basic goods and services were set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand ; and were heavily subsidised .
The Fiancee ( German : Die Verlobte ) is a 1980 East German drama film directed by Günter Reisch and Günther Rücker and based on a novel by Eva Lippold . The film is about the resistance of the communist Hella Lindau ( Jutta Wachowiak ) and her fiancé Hermann Reimers ( Regimantas Adomaitis ) against the Nazis . The film won the Crystal Globe at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival . It was also chosen as East Germany 's official submission to the 53rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but did not manage to receive a nomination .
Günther Rücker ( February 2 , 1924 - February 24 , 2008 ) was a German writer , playwright and film director . Rücker won several awards for his work , including the National Prize of the GDR and the Prix Italia . Rücker was born at Reichenberg ( Liberec ) , and studied at the Theaterhochschule Leipzig . He was a Stasi informer after 1978 . He died in Meiningen , aged 84 .
Günter Reisch ( 24 November 1927 - 24 February 2014 ) was a German film director and screenwriter . He served in the German Army during the last stage of World War II . On 20 April 1944 he became a member of the Nazi Party . After his release from an American POW camp , he returned to Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone and joined the Free German Youth and later the Socialist Unity Party of Germany . He started working with theater and film and became one of East Germany 's most prominent film makers . He made 20 films , including the two Karl Liebknecht films . His 1978 film Anton the Magician was entered into the 11th Moscow International Film Festival .
West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .
Fabian is a 1980 West German drama film directed by Wolf Gremm . It is based on the novel Fabian , the Story of a Moralist ( 1931 ) by German author Erich Kästner . The film was chosen as West Germany 's official submission to the 53rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but did not manage to receive a nomination .
Wolf Gremm ( 26 February 1942 - 14 July 2015 ) was a German film director and screenwriter . Gremm was born in Freiburg im Breisgau in 1942 . In the 1960s , he studied German literature , psychology , sociology and theater . After graduation , he studied film direction at the Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin and directed his first feature film Ich dachte , ich wär tot in 1973 . During the 1970s and early 1980s , he produced several feature films . His greatest success was the 1980 film Fabian based on a novel by German author Erich Kästner . This film was chosen as West Germany 's official submission to the 53rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film , but was not nominated . He was a close friend of the German film director Rainer Werner Fassbinder , who also starred in Gremm 's 1982 film Kamikaze 1989 . This film was his last feature film ; he then worked solely for television . [ citation needed ]
Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians .
Bizalom ( English : Confidence ) is a 1980 Hungarian film directed by István Szabó . The film is set in World War II involving a couple escaping from the Nazis . Critically acclaimed , it won Szabó the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards .
István Szabó ( Hungarian : [ ˈsɒboː ˈiʃtvaːn ] ; born 18 February 1938 ) is a Hungarian film director , screenwriter , and opera director . Szabó is the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker since the late 1960s . Working in the tradition of European auteurism , he has made films that represent many of the political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe 's recent history , as well as of his own personal history . He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Hungarian Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts , and his first feature film in 1964 . He achieved his greatest international success with Mephisto ( 1981 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Since then , most of Szabó 's films have been international co-productions filmed in a variety of languages and European locations . He has continued to make some films in Hungarian , however , and even in his international co-productions , he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent . Szabó became involved in a national controversy in 2006 when the Hungarian newspaper Life and Literature revealed that he had been an informant of the Communist regime 's secret police .
Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden .
Land and Sons ( Icelandic : Land og synir ) is a 1980 Icelandic drama film directed by Ágúst Guðmundsson . The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Ágúst Guðmundsson ( born 29 June 1947 ) is an Icelandic film director and screenwriter . He studied French , Icelandic in Reykjavík and filmmaking at the National Film School in London . He has made many popular Icelandic films that have also been translated into other languages . His 1998 film The Dance was entered into the 21st Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver St. George for Best Director . He is currently director of BÍL , The Federation of Icelandic Artists .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Payal Ki Jhankaar ( transl . Tinkling of Anklets ) is a 1980 Indian romance film directed by Satyen Bose . The film was selected as the Indian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Satyen Bose ( 22 January 1916 - 9 June 1993 ) was a film director from India . He has directed both Bengali and Hindi language films . Among his most notable films are Raat Aur Din , Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi , Dosti and Jagriti . Jagriti won the Filmfare Best Movie Award in 1956 and Dosti won the same award in 1964 . Without any formal training in cinema Bose rose to fame with his offbeat debut film Parivartan ( 1949 ) . He remade the Bengali film in Hindi as Jagriti in 1954 .
Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 .
The Thin Line ( Hebrew : על חבל דק , translit . Al Hevel Dak ) is a 1980 Israeli drama art film written and directed by Michal Bat-Adam . The film was selected as the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Michal Bat-Adam is an Israeli film director , producer , screenwriter , actress , and musician . She is the first Israeli woman to direct a feature film . Her films deal with complex and conflicted relationships , especially relationships within families . She also explores the line between sanity and mental illness . Many of these movies contain autobiographical elements . As an actress , she has been noted for her work , especially for strong performances in the films of her husband , Moshé Mizrahi .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
A Leap in the Dark ( Italian : Salto nel vuoto , and also known as Leap Into the Void ) is a 1980 Italian film written and directed by Marco Bellocchio . It stars Michel Piccoli and Anouk Aimée , who won the Best Actor and Best Actress prizes respectively at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival . The film also won the David di Donatello for Best Director and was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Marco Bellocchio ( Italian : [ ˈmarko belˈlɔkkjo ] ; born 9 November 1939 ) is an Italian film director , screenwriter , and actor .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Kagemusha ( 影武者 , Shadow Warrior ) is a 1980 jidaigeki film directed by Akira Kurosawa . In Japanese , kagemusha is a term used to denote a political decoy . It is set in the Sengoku period of Japanese history and tells the story of a lower-class criminal who is taught to impersonate a dying daimyō to dissuade opposing lords from attacking the newly vulnerable clan . The daimyō is based on Takeda Shingen , and the film ends with the climactic 1575 Battle of Nagashino . The film won the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and received other honours .
Akira Kurosawa ( Japanese : 黒澤明 or 黒沢明 or 黑澤明 Kurosawa Akira ; March 23 , 1910 - September 6 , 1998 ) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter , who directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years . He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema . Kurosawa entered the Japanese film industry in 1936 , following a brief stint as a painter . After years of working on numerous films as an assistant director and scriptwriter , he made his debut as a director during World War II with the popular action film Sanshiro Sugata ( a.k.a . Judo Saga ) . After the war , the critically acclaimed Drunken Angel ( 1948 ) , in which Kurosawa cast then-unknown actor Toshiro Mifune in a starring role , cemented the director 's reputation as one of the most important young filmmakers in Japan . The two men would go on to collaborate on another 15 films . Rashomon , which premiered in Tokyo , became the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the 1951 Venice Film Festival . The commercial and critical success of that film opened up Western film markets for the first time to the products of the Japanese film industry , which in turn led to international recognition for other Japanese filmmakers . Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , including a number of highly regarded ( and often adapted ) films , such as Ikiru ( 1952 ) , Seven Samurai ( 1954 ) and Yojimbo ( 1961 ) . After the 1960s he became much less prolific ; even so , his later work - including his final two epics , Kagemusha ( 1980 ) and Ran ( 1985 ) - continued to win awards , though more often abroad than in Japan . In 1990 , he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement .
The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' .
In for Treatment ( Dutch : Opname ) is a 1979 Dutch drama film directed by Marja Kok and Erik van Zuylen . It was created by members of the Dutch theater group Het Werkteater [ nl ] after two theater productions on the same theme of facing the prospect of death following a diagnosis remained in demand after hundreds of performances . The story is based on the experiences of the father of the lead actor Joop Admiraal . The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It won the Bronze Leopard and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the Locarno International Film Festival in 1980 .
Marja Kok ( born 29 June 1944 ) is a Dutch actress and film director . In 1981 she won the Golden Calf for Best Actress award . She has appeared in more than 25 films and television shows since 1967 .
Erik van Zuylen ( born 1943 ) is a Dutch film director and screenwriter . He has directed nine films between 1975 and 2005 .
Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg .
Life and Death ( Norwegian : Liv og død ) is a 1980 Norwegian drama film directed by Petter Vennerød and Svend Wam . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Petter Vennerød ( born 25 September 1948 in Oslo ) is a Norwegian film director . He is known for his cooperation with Svend Wam , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . He is a son of film director Øyvind Vennerød , and brother of economist Christian Vennerød .
Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft , known as Svend Wam ( 5 May 1946 - 7 May 2017 ) , was a Norwegian film director . Wam was born in Son , Norway . He was best known for his collaborations with Petter Vennerød , creating fourteen films under the moniker Wam og Vennerød . Wam died in Vestby after a lengthy illness , aged 71 .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
Olympics 40 ( Polish : Olimpiada 40 ) is a 1980 Polish drama film directed by Andrzej Kotkowski . The film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Andrzej Kotkowski ( 17 February 1940 - 15 January 2016 ) was a Polish film director and screenwriter . He directed seventeen films between 1972 and 2009 .
Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers .
Morning Undersea ( Portuguese : Manhã Submersa ) is a 1980 Portuguese drama film directed by Lauro António . It was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma . The film was also selected as the Portuguese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 53rd Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Lauro António ( born 18 August 1942 ) is a Portuguese film director . His 1980 film Morning Undersea was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Diploma .