Holberg Prize
Laureates
Table:
Year

Laureate(s)

Image

Institution

Nationality

Citation

2004

Julia Kristeva

Paris Diderot University

Bulgarian
French

"for innovative explorations of questions on the intersection of language, culture and literature which inspired research across the humanities and the social sciences throughout the world and have also had a significant impact on feminist theory"[5]

2005

Jürgen Habermas

University of Frankfurt

German

"for developing path-breaking theories of discourse and communicative action and thereby providing new perspectives on law and democracy"[6]

2006

Shmuel Eisenstadt

Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Israeli

"for developing comparative knowledge of exceptional quality and originality concerning social change and modernization, and concerning relations between culture, belief systems and political institutions"[7]

2007

Ronald Dworkin

New York University
University College London

American

"for developing an original and highly influential legal theory grounding law in morality, characterized by a unique ability to tie together abstract philosophical ideas and arguments with concrete everyday concerns in law, morals, and politics"[8]

2008

Fredric Jameson

Duke University

American

"for outstanding contributions to the understanding of the relation between social formations and cultural forms in a project he himself describes as the 'poetics of social forms'"[9]

2009

Ian Hacking

University of Toronto

Canadian

"for his combination of rigorous philosophical and historical analysis which has profoundly altered our understanding of the ways in which key concepts emerge through scientific practices and in specific social and institutional contexts"[10]

2010

Natalie Zemon Davis

University of Toronto
Princeton University

Canadian
American

for "connecting early modern Europe with new areas of comparative history, exploring cultural, geographical and religious interchange"[11]

2011

Jürgen Kocka

Free University of Berlin

German

"for effecting a paradigm shift in German historiography by opening it up to related social sciences and establishing the importance of cross-national comparative approaches"

2012

Manuel Castells

University of Southern California

Spanish

for shaping "our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society"[12]

2013

Bruno Latour

Sciences Po

French

for having "undertaken an ambitious analysis and reinterpretation of modernity, and [having] challenged fundamental concepts such as the distinction between modern and pre-modern, nature and society, human and non-human"[13]

2014

Michael Cook

Princeton University

British

for having "reshaped fields that span Ottoman studies, the genesis of early Islamic polity, the history of the Wahhabiyya movement, and Islamic law, ethics, and theology"[14]

2015

Marina Warner

Birkbeck, University of London

British

for her "analysis of stories and myths and how they reflect their time and place. She is known for the emphasis of gender roles and feminism in her literary work"[15]

2016

Stephen Greenblatt

Harvard University

USA

for being "one of the most important Shakespeare scholars of his generation"[16]

2017

Onora O'Neill

University of Cambridge

British

for "her influential role in ethical and political philosophy"[17]

2018

Cass Sunstein

Harvard University

USA

For having "reshaped our understanding of the relationship between the modern regulatory state and constitutional law. He is widely regarded as the leading scholar of administrative law in the U.S., and he is by far the most cited legal scholar in the United States and probably the world."[18]

2019

Paul Gilroy

University College London

British

"for his contributions to critical race studies, post-colonialism and related fields"[19]

Considering the given table together with the relevant paragraphs below.

State the answer to the question: What is the institution of the Laureate who became known as a `` sociologist of youth '' ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Julia Kristeva ( French : [ kʁisteva ] ; Bulgarian : Юлия Кръстева ; born 24 June 1941 ) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher , literary critic , semiotician , psychoanalyst , feminist , and , most recently , novelist , who has lived in France since the mid-1960s . She is now a professor emeritus at the University Paris Diderot . The author of more than 30 books , including Powers of Horror , Tales of Love , Black Sun : Depression and Melancholia , Proust and the Sense of Time , and the trilogy Female Genius , she has been awarded Commander of the Legion of Honor , Commander of the Order of Merit , the Holberg International Memorial Prize , the Hannah Arendt Prize , and the Vision 97 Foundation Prize , awarded by the Havel Foundation . Kristeva became influential in international critical analysis , cultural studies and feminism after publishing her first book , Semeiotikè , in 1969 . Her sizeable body of work includes books and essays which address intertextuality , the semiotic , and abjection , in the fields of linguistics , literary theory and criticism , psychoanalysis , biography and autobiography , political and cultural analysis , art and art history . She is prominent in structuralist and poststructuralist thought . Kristeva is also the founder of the Simone de Beauvoir Prize committee .
Paris Diderot University , also known as Paris 7 ( French : Université Paris Diderot ( Paris 7 ) ) , was a French university located in Paris , France . It was one of the seven universities of the Paris public higher education academy . The university was a member of the Sorbonne Paris University Group since March 31st , 2010 . It merged with the Paris Descartes University in 2019 , gaining its new appellation , the University of Paris . It was one of the heirs of the old University of Paris , which ceased to exist in 1970 . Professors from the faculties of Science , of Medicine and of Humanities chose then to create a new multidisciplinary university . It adopted its current name in 1994 after the 18th-century French philosopher , art critic and writer Denis Diderot . With two Nobel Prize laureates , two Fields Medal winners and two former French Ministers of Education among its faculty or former faculty , the university is famous for its teaching in science , especially in mathematics . Indeed , many fundamental results of the theory of probability have been discovered at one of its research centres , the Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires ( Laboratory of Probability and Random Models ) . The university is also known for its teaching in psychology , which adopts a specific approach that draws from both psychopathology and psychoanalysis . The university also hosts many other disciplines : currently , with 2,300 educators and researchers , 1,100 administrative personnel and 26,000 students studying humanities , science or medicine . Paris Diderot University is a founding member of the higher education and research alliance Sorbonne Paris Cité , a public institution for scientific co-operation , bringing together four renowned Parisian universities and four higher education and research institutes .
Intersectionality is a theoretical framework for understanding how aspects of one 's social and political identities ( e.g. , gender , race , class , sexuality , ability , etc . ) might combine to create unique modes of discrimination . It aims to broaden the agenda of the first waves of feminism , which largely focused on the experiences of white , middle class women . The broad agenda means that intersectionality is used to find combinations of injustices that are felt by members of society . For example , a black woman might face discrimination from a company that is not distinctly due to her race ( because the company does not discriminate against black men ) nor her gender ( because the company does not discriminate against white women ) , but by a unique combination of the two . Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging the fact that all women have different experiences and identities . It is a qualitative analytic framework that identifies how interlocking systems of power affect those who are most marginalized in society . [ verification needed ] The term was coined by black feminist scholar Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw in 1989 . There are various forms of social stratification such as class , race , sexual orientation , age , religion , creed , ability , and gender , which are included in the consideration of intersectional feminism and its social and cultural effects . The purpose of intersectionality as a theory is to identify how overlapping categories of identity impact individuals and institutions , and take these relationships into account when working to promote social and political equity . It ensures that feminism considers not only gender , but also combinations of various types of oppression that result in peoples experiences of injustice . While the theory began as an exploration of the oppression of women of color within society , today the analysis has expanded to include many more aspects of social identity .
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical , fictional , or philosophical discourse . It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality . It examines women 's and men 's social roles , experiences , interests , chores , and feminist politics in a variety of fields , such as anthropology and sociology , communication , media studies , psychoanalysis , home economics , literature , education , and philosophy . Feminist theory focuses on analyzing gender inequality . Themes explored in feminism include discrimination , objectification ( especially sexual objectification ) , oppression , patriarchy , stereotyping , art history and contemporary art , and aesthetics .
Jürgen Habermas ( UK : /ˈhɑːbərmæs/ , US : /-mɑːs/ ; German : [ ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈhaːbɐmaːs ] ; born 18 June 1929 ) is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism . His work addresses communicative rationality and the public sphere . Associated with the Frankfurt School , Habermas 's work focuses on the foundations of epistemology and social theory , the analysis of advanced capitalism and democracy , the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context , albeit within the confines of the natural law tradition , and contemporary politics , particularly German politics . Habermas 's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason , emancipation , and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests . Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity , particularly with respect to the discussions of rationalization originally set forth by Max Weber . He has been influenced by American pragmatism , action theory , and poststructuralism .
Goethe University Frankfurt ( German : Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main ) is a university located in Frankfurt , Germany . It was founded in 1914 as a citizens ' university , which means it was founded and funded by the wealthy and active liberal citizenry of Frankfurt . The original name was Universität Frankfurt am Main . In 1932 , the university 's name was extended in honour of one of the most famous native sons of Frankfurt , the poet , philosopher and writer/dramatist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . The university currently has around 45,000 students , distributed across four major campuses within the city . The university celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2014 . The first female president of the university , Birgitta Wolff , was sworn into office in 2015 . 20 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university , including Max von Laue and Max Born . The university is also affiliated with 18 winners of the prestigious Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize . Goethe University Frankfurt is part of the IT cluster Rhine-Main-Neckar . The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , the Goethe University Frankfurt and the Technische Universität Darmstadt together form the Rhine-Main-Universities ( RMU ) .
In sociology , communicative action is cooperative action undertaken by individuals based upon mutual deliberation and argumentation . The term was developed by German philosopher-sociologist Jürgen Habermas in his work The Theory of Communicative Action .
Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt ( Hebrew : שמואל נח אייזנשטדט 10 September 1923 , Warsaw - 2 September 2010 , Jerusalem ) was an Israeli sociologist . In 1959 he was appointed to a teaching post in the sociology department of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem . From 1990 until his death in September 2010 he was professor emeritus . He held countless guest professorships , at the University of Chicago , Harvard University , the University of Zurich , the University of Vienna , the University of Bern , Stanford and the University of Heidelberg , among others . Eisenstadt received a number of prizes , including the Balzan prize and the Max-Planck research prize . He was also the 2006 winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize . He was a member of many academies , including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Advisory Editors Council of the Social Evolution & History Journal . In the field of sociology he became known as a sociologist of youth ( after a term in From Generation to Generation , a work closely related to the ideas of Talcott Parsons ) . However :
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel 's second-oldest university , established in 1918 , 30 years before the establishment of the State of Israel . The Hebrew University has three campuses in Jerusalem and one in Rehovot . The world 's largest Jewish studies library is located on its Edmond J. Safra Givat Ram campus . The university has 5 affiliated teaching hospitals including the Hadassah Medical Center , 7 faculties , more than 100 research centers , and 315 academic departments . As of 2018 , a third of all the doctoral candidates in Israel were studying at the Hebrew University . The first Board of Governors included Albert Einstein , Sigmund Freud , Martin Buber , and Chaim Weizmann . Four of Israel 's prime ministers are alumni of the Hebrew University . As of 2018 , 15 Nobel Prize winners , 2 Fields Medalists , and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with the University .
Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies . Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern ' or 'traditional ' to a 'modern ' society . Modernization theory originated from the ideas of German sociologist Max Weber ( 1864-1920 ) , which provided the basis for the modernization paradigm developed by Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons ( 1902-1979 ) . The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance , traditional countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have been . Modernization theory was a dominant paradigm in the social sciences in the 1950s and 1960s , then went into a deep eclipse . It made a comeback after 1991 but remains a controversial model .
Ronald Myles Dworkin , FBA ( /ˈdwɔːrkɪn/ ; December 11 , 1931 - February 14 , 2013 ) was an American philosopher , jurist , and scholar of United States constitutional law . At the time of his death , he was Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law and Philosophy at New York University and Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London . Dworkin had taught previously at Yale Law School and the University of Oxford , where he was the Professor of Jurisprudence , successor to renowned philosopher H. L. A. Hart . An influential contributor to both philosophy of law and political philosophy , Dworkin received the 2007 Holberg International Memorial Prize in the Humanities for his pioneering scholarly work of worldwide impact . According to a survey in The Journal of Legal Studies , Dworkin was the second most-cited American legal scholar of the twentieth century . After his death , the Harvard legal scholar Cass Sunstein said Dworkin was one of the most important legal philosophers of the last 100 years . He may well head the list . His theory of law as integrity as presented in his book titled Law 's Empire , in which judges interpret the law in terms of consistent moral principles , especially justice and fairness , is among the most influential contemporary theories about the nature of law . Dworkin advocated a moral reading of the United States Constitution , and an interpretivist approach to law and morality . He was a frequent commentator on contemporary political and legal issues , particularly those concerning the Supreme Court of the United States , often in the pages of The New York Review of Books .
New York University ( NYU ) is a private research university based in New York City . Founded in 1831 , NYU 's historical campus is in Greenwich Village , Lower Manhattan . NYU is also a global university with degree-granting campuses in Abu Dhabi and Shanghai , and academic centers in Accra , Berlin , Buenos Aires , Florence , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Paris , Prague , Sydney , Tel Aviv , and Washington , D.C . Alumni include heads of state , royalty , aristocrats , eminent scientists , inventors and entrepreneurs , media figures , founders and CEOs of Fortune 500 companies , and astronauts . As of October 2019 [ update ] , 37 Nobel Laureates , 8 Turing Award winners , 5 Fields Medalists , over 30 Academy Award winners , over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners , and hundreds of members of the National Academies of Sciences and United States Congress have been affiliated as faculty or alumni .
University College London , which has operated under the official name of UCL since 2005 , is a public research university located in London , United Kingdom . It is a member institution of the federal University of London , and is the third largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment , and the largest by postgraduate enrolment . Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham , UCL was the first university institution to be established in London , and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion . UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England [ note 1 ] and the first to admit women . [ note 2 ] In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London , which was granted a royal charter in the same year . It has grown through mergers , including with the Institute of Neurology ( in 1997 ) , the Royal Free Hospital Medical School ( in 1998 ) , the Eastman Dental Institute ( in 1999 ) , the School of Slavonic and East European Studies ( in 1999 ) , the School of Pharmacy ( in 2012 ) and the Institute of Education ( in 2014 ) . UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London , with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and satellite campuses in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford , east London and in Doha , Qatar . UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties , within which there are over 100 departments , institutes and research centres . UCL operates several museums and collections in a wide range of fields , including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy , and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing . In 2017/18 , UCL had around 41,500 students and 15,100 staff ( including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors ) and had a total group income of £1.45 billion , of which £476.3 million was from research grants and contracts . In the most recent Research Excellence Framework rankings for research power , UCL was the top-rated university in the UK as calculated by Times Higher Education , and second as calculated by The Guardian/Research Fortnight . UCL had the 9th highest average entry tariff in the UK for students starting in 2017 .
Fredric Jameson ( born April 14 , 1934 ) is an American literary critic , philosopher and Marxist political theorist . He is best known for his analysis of contemporary cultural trends , particularly his analysis of postmodernity and capitalism . Jameson 's best-known books include Postmodernism , or , The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism ( 1991 ) and The Political Unconscious ( 1981 ) . Jameson is currently Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Professor of Comparative Literature and Romance Studies ( French ) and the director of the Center for Critical Theory at Duke University . In 2012 , the Modern Language Association gave Jameson its sixth Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement .
Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture .
Ian MacDougall Hacking CC FRSC FBA ( born February 18 , 1936 ) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in the philosophy of science . Throughout his career , he has won numerous awards , such as the Killam Prize for the Humanities and the Balzan Prize , and been a member of many prestigious groups , including the Order of Canada , the Royal Society of Canada and the British Academy .
The University of Toronto ( U of T or UToronto ) is a public research university in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , located on the grounds that surround Queen 's Park . It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King 's College , the first institution of higher learning in the colony of Upper Canada . Originally controlled by the Church of England , the university assumed its present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution . As a collegiate university , it comprises eleven colleges each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs and significant differences in character and history . The university also operates two satellite campuses located in Scarborough and Mississauga . Academically , the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory , known collectively as the Toronto School . The university was the birthplace of insulin and stem cell research , and was the site of the first practical electron microscope , the development of deep learning , multi-touch technology , the identification of the first black hole Cygnus X-1 , and the development of the theory of NP-completeness . It receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university and is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States , the other being McGill University . The Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches , with long and storied ties to gridiron football , rowing and ice hockey . The earliest recorded college football game was played in the University of Toronto 's University College in the early 1860s . The university 's Hart House is an early example of the North American student centre , simultaneously serving cultural , intellectual , and recreational interests within its large Gothic-revival complex . The University of Toronto has educated three Governors General of Canada , four Prime Ministers of Canada , three foreign leaders , and fourteen Justices of the Supreme Court .
Natalie Zemon Davis , CC ( born 8 November 1928 ) is a Canadian and American historian of the early modern period . She is currently an Adjunct Professor of History and Anthropology and Professor of Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in Canada . Her work originally focused on France , but has since broadened to include other parts of Europe , North America , and the Caribbean . For example , Trickster Travels ( 2006 ) views Italy , Spain , Morocco and other parts of North Africa and West Africa through the lens of Leo Africanus 's pioneering geography . It has appeared in four translations , with three more on the way . Davis ' books have all been translated into other languages : twenty-two for The Return of Martin Guerre . She is a hero to many historians and academics , as one of the greatest living historians , constantly asking new questions and taking on new challenges , the second female president of the American Historical Association ( the first , Nellie Neilson , was in 1943 ) and someone who has not lost the integrity and commitment to radical thought which marked her early career . She has been awarded the Holberg International Memorial Prize and National Humanities Medal and been named Companion of the Order of Canada .
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton , New Jersey . Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey , Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . [ a ] The institution moved to Newark in 1747 , then to the current site nine years later , and renamed itself Princeton University in 1896 . Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences , and engineering . It offers professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , the School of Engineering and Applied Science , the School of Architecture and the Bendheim Center for Finance . The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study , Princeton Theological Seminary and the Westminster Choir College of Rider University . [ b ] Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States . From 2001 to 2018 , Princeton University was ranked either first or second among national universities by U.S. News & World Report , holding the top spot for 16 of those 18 years . As of November 2019 , 68 Nobel laureates , 15 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University as alumni , faculty members or researchers . In addition , Princeton has been associated with 21 National Medal of Science winners , 5 Abel Prize winners , 5 National Humanities Medal recipients , 209 Rhodes Scholars , 139 Gates Cambridge Scholars and 126 Marshall Scholars . Two U.S. Presidents , twelve U.S. Supreme Court Justices ( three of whom currently serve on the court ) and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princeton 's alumni body . Princeton has also graduated many prominent members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S .
Jürgen Kocka ( born 19 April 1941 , in Haindorf ) is a German historian . A university professor and former president of the Social Science Research Center Berlin ( 2001-2007 ) , Kocka is a major figure in the new Social History , especially as represented by the Bielefeld School . He has focused his research on the history of employees in large German and American businesses , and on the history of European bourgeoisie . He gained his PhD from the Free University of Berlin in 1968 . From 1992 to 1996 Kocka was the founding director and is to date a Senior Fellow of the Centre for Contemporary History in Potsdam . Since 2008 he is vice president of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities . Inspired by the methods of Ernest Labrousse , he attempts to analyze social processes of German society from the perspective of modernisation , industrialization , and the creation of modern Europe .
The Free University of Berlin ( German : Freie Universität Berlin , often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU ) is a research university in Berlin , Germany . One of Germany 's most distinguished universities , it is known for its research into the humanities , and social sciences , as well as into the natural and life sciences . The Free University was founded in West Berlin in 1948 with American support during the early Cold War period as a de facto western continuation of the Frederick William University , which was in East Berlin and faced strong communist repression ; its name refers to West Berlin 's status as part of the Western Free World , in contrast to the communist-controlled university in East Berlin . The Free University of Berlin is one of eleven German elite universities in the German Universities Excellence Initiative . In 2008 , in a joint effort , The Free University of Berlin , along with the Hertie School of Governance , and WZB Social Science Research Center Berlin , created the Berlin Graduate School for Transnational Studies .
Manuel Castells Oliván ( Spanish : [ kasˈtels ] , Catalan : [ kəsˈteʎs ] ; born 9 February 1942 ) is a Spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society , communication and globalization . In January 2020 , he was appointed Minister of Universities in the Sánchez II Government of Spain . He is Full Professor of Sociology , Universitat Oberta de Catalunya ( UOC ) , in Barcelona . He is as well University Professor and the Wallis Annenberg Chair Professor of Communication Technology and Society at the Annenberg School of Communication , University of Southern California , Los Angeles . He is Professor Emeritus of Sociology , and Professor Emeritus of City and Regional Planning at the University of California , Berkeley , where he taught for 24 years . He is a fellow of St. Johns College , University of Cambridge . Professor Castells hold the chair of Network Society , Collège dÉtudes Mondiales , Paris . The 2000-2014 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world 's fifth most-cited social science scholar , and the foremost-cited communication scholar . He was awarded the 2012 Holberg Prize , for having shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society . In 2013 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Sociology .
The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 .
Bruno Latour ( /ləˈtʊər/ ; French : [ latuʁ ] ; born 22 June 1947 ) is a French philosopher , anthropologist and sociologist . He is especially known for his work in the field of science and technology studies ( STS ) . After teaching at the École des Mines de Paris ( Centre de Sociologie de l'Innovation ) from 1982 to 2006 , he became Professor at Sciences Po Paris ( 2006-2017 ) , where he was the scientific director of the Sciences Po Medialab . He retired from several university activities in 2017 . He was also a Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics . Latour is best known for his books We Have Never Been Modern ( 1991 ; English translation , 1993 ) , Laboratory Life ( with Steve Woolgar , 1979 ) and Science in Action ( 1987 ) . Although his studies of scientific practice were at one time associated with social constructionist approaches to the philosophy of science , Latour has diverged significantly from such approaches . He is best known for withdrawing from the subjective/objective division and re-developing the approach to work in practice . Latour said in 2017 that he is interested in helping to rebuild trust in science and that some of the authority of science needs to be regained . Along with Michel Callon and John Law , Latour is one of the primary developers of actor-network theory ( ANT ) , a constructionist approach influenced by the ethnomethodology of Harold Garfinkel , the generative semiotics of Algirdas Julien Greimas , and ( more recently ) the sociology of Émile Durkheim 's rival Gabriel Tarde . Latour 's monographs earned him a 10th place among most-cited book authors in the humanities and social sciences for the year 2007 .
The Paris Institute of Political Studies ( French : Institut d'études politiques de Paris , IPA : [ ɛ̃stity detyd pɔlitik də paʁi ] ) , commonly referred to as Sciences Po ( IPA : [ sjɑ̃s po ] ) , is a higher education institution located in France , and member of the Conférence des Grandes écoles . It was founded in 1872 to promote a new class of French politicians in the aftermath of the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War . The school 's alumni include many prominent figures of the French and international political elite . Seven recent French presidents , 13 French prime ministers , 12 foreign heads of state or government , and six of the CEOs of France 's largest companies have studied at Sciences Po . Sciences Po undertook a substantial reform agenda starting in the mid-1990s , which broadened its focus to prepare students for the private sector , put an emphasis on the internationalization of the school 's curriculum and student body , and established a special admission process for underprivileged applicants . Sciences Po also expanded outside Paris by establishing additional campuses in Dijon , Le Havre , Menton , Nancy , Poitiers , and Reims . The institution is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs and the Global Public Policy Network . In 2020 , it was ranked third in Politics and International Studies , after Harvard and Oxford by the QS World University Rankings , 242nd ( 7th in France ) in the general ranking of QS World University Rankings and 401-500th in the world ( 19th in France ) in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings .
Modernity , a topic in the humanities and social sciences , is both a historical period ( the modern era ) , as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms , attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of the Renaissance - in the Age of Reason of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century Enlightenment . Some commentators consider the era of modernity to have ended by 1930 , with World War II in 1945 , or the 1980s or 1990s ; the following era is called postmodernity . The term contemporary history is also used to refer to the post-1945 timeframe , without assigning it to either the modern or postmodern era . ( Thus modern may be used as a name of a particular era in the past , as opposed to meaning the current era . ) Depending on the field , modernity may refer to different time periods or qualities . In historiography , the 17th and 18th centuries are usually described as early modern , while the long 19th century corresponds to modern history proper . While it includes a wide range of interrelated historical processes and cultural phenomena ( from fashion to modern warfare ) , it can also refer to the subjective or existential experience of the conditions they produce , and their ongoing impact on human culture , institutions , and politics ( Berman 2010 , 15-36 ) . As an analytical concept and normative ideal , modernity is closely linked to the ethos of philosophical and aesthetic modernism ; political and intellectual currents that intersect with the Enlightenment ; and subsequent developments such as existentialism , modern art , the formal establishment of social science , and contemporaneous antithetical developments such as Marxism . It also encompasses the social relations associated with the rise of capitalism , and shifts in attitudes associated with secularisation and post-industrial life ( Berman 2010 , 15-36 ) . By the late 19th and 20th centuries , modernist art , politics , science and culture has come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America , but almost every civilized area on the globe , including movements thought of as opposed to the West and globalization . The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism , capitalism , urbanization and a belief in the possibilities of technological and political progress . Wars and other perceived problems of this era , many of which come from the effects of rapid change , and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms , have led to many reactions against modern development .
Non-human ( also spelled nonhuman ) is any entity displaying some , but not enough , human characteristics to be considered a human . The term has been used in a variety of contexts and may be used to refer to objects that have been developed with human intelligence , such as robots or vehicles .
Michael Allan Cook FBA ( born in 1940 ) is a British historian and scholar of Islamic history . Cook is the general editor of The New Cambridge History of Islam .
Wahhabism ( Arabic : الوهابية , al-Wahhābiya ( h ) ) is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab . [ a ] It has been variously described as ultraconservative , far-right austere , fundamentalist , or puritan ( ical ) ; as an Islamic reform movement to restore pure monotheistic worship ( tawhid ) by devotees ; and as a deviant sectarian movement , vile sect and a distortion of Islam by its detractors . The term Wahhabi ( sm ) is often used polemically and adherents commonly reject its use , preferring to be called Salafi or muwahhid , claiming to emphasize the principle of tawhid ( the uniqueness and unity of God ) or monotheism , dismissing other Muslims as practising shirk ( idolatry ) . It follows the theology of Ibn Taymiyyah and the Hanbali school of jurisprudence , although Hanbali leaders renounced ibn Abd al-Wahhab 's views . Wahhabism is named after an eighteenth-century preacher and activist , Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ( 1703-1792 ) . He started a reform movement in the remote , sparsely populated region of Najd , advocating a purging of such widespread Sunni practices as the veneration of saints and the visiting of their tombs and shrines , that were practiced all over the Islamic world , but which he considered idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam ( bid'ah ) . Eventually he formed a pact with a local leader , Muhammad bin Saud , offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant power and glory and rule of lands and men . The alliance between followers of ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud 's successors ( the House of Saud ) proved to be a durable one . The House of Saud continued to maintain its politico-religious alliance with the Wahhabi sect through the waxing and waning of its own political fortunes over the next 150 years , through to its eventual proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 , and then afterwards , on into modern times . Today Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab 's teachings are the official , state-sponsored form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia . With the help of funding from Saudi petroleum exports ( and other factors ) , the movement underwent explosive growth beginning in the 1970s and now has worldwide influence . The US State Department has estimated that over the past four decades concerns in Riyadh have directed at least $ 10bn ( £6bn ) to select charitable foundations toward the subversion of mainstream Sunni Islam by Wahhabism .
Sharia ( /ʃəˈriːə/ , Arabic : شريعة [ ʃaˈriːʕah ] ) , Islamic law or sharia law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition . It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam , particularly the Quran and the hadith . In Arabic , the term sharīʿah refers to God 's immutable divine law and is contrasted with fiqh , which refers to its human scholarly interpretations . The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim fundamentalists and modernists . Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia : the Quran , sunnah ( authentic hadith ) , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , [ note 1 ] and ijma ( juridical consensus ) . Different legal schools - of which the most prominent are Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi ' i , Hanbali and Jafari - developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad . Traditional jurisprudence ( fiqh ) distinguishes two principal branches of law , ʿibādāt ( rituals ) and muʿāmalāt ( social relations ) , which together comprise a wide range of topics . Its rulings are concerned with ethical standards as much as with legal norms , assigning actions to one of five categories : mandatory , recommended , neutral , abhorred , and prohibited . Thus , some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with Gods will . Classical jurisprudence was elaborated by private religious scholars , largely through legal opinions ( fatwas ) issued by qualified jurists ( muftis ) . It was historically applied in sharia courts by ruler-appointed judges , who dealt mainly with civil disputes and community affairs . Sultanic courts , the police and market inspectors administered criminal justice , which was influenced by sharia but not bound by its rules .
Dame Marina Sarah Warner , DBE , FRSL , FBA ( born 9 November 1946 ) is an English novelist , short story writer , historian and mythographer . She is known for her many non-fiction books relating to feminism and myth . She has written for many publications , including The London Review of Books , the New Statesman , Sunday Times , The Daily Telegraph and Vogue . She has been a visiting professor , given lectures and taught on the faculties of many universities . She resigned from her position as Professor in the Department of Literature , Film and Theatre Studies at the University of Essex in 2014 , sharply criticising moves towards for-profit business model universities in the UK , and is now Professor of English and Creative Writing at Birkbeck , University of London . In 2017 she was elected president of the Royal Society of Literature ( RSL ) , the first time the role has been held by a woman since the founding of the RSL in 1820 .
Birkbeck , University of London ( legally Birkbeck College , University of London ; informally Birkbeck and abbreviated BBK ) is a public research university located in Bloomsbury London , England , and a constituent college of the federal University of London . Established in 1823 as the London Mechanics ' Institute by its founder , Sir George Birkbeck , and its supporters , Jeremy Bentham , J. C. Hobhouse and Henry Brougham , Birkbeck is one of the few universities to specialise in evening higher education in the United Kingdom . Birkbeck 's main building is based in the area of Bloomsbury in London Borough of Camden in Central London . In partnership with University of East London , Birkbeck has an additional large campus in Stratford , next to the Theatre Royal . Birkbeck offers over 200 undergraduate and postgraduate programmes that can be studied either part-time or full-time , though nearly all lectures are given in the evening . Birkbeck 's academic activities are organised into five constituent faculties which are subdivided into nineteen departments . Birkbeck , being part of the University of London , shares the University 's academic standards and awards University of London degrees . In common with the other University of London colleges , Birkbeck has also secured its own independent degree awarding powers , which were confirmed by the Privy Council in July 2012 . The quality of degrees awarded by Birkbeck was confirmed by the UK Quality Assurance Agency following institutional audits in 2005 and 2010 . Birkbeck is a member of academic organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the European University Association . The university is also a member of the Screen Studies Group , London . Research at Birkbeck in 11 subject areas is rated as internationally excellent and world leading while over 90 percent of Birkbeck academics are research-active .
A gender role , also known as a sex role , is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable , appropriate , or desirable for people based on their biological or perceived sex . Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity , although there are exceptions and variations . The specifics regarding these gendered expectations may vary substantially among cultures , while other characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures . There is ongoing debate as to what extent gender roles and their variations are biologically determined , and to what extent they are socially constructed . Various groups , most notably the feminist movements , have led efforts to change aspects of prevailing gender roles that they believe are oppressive or inaccurate . The term gender role was first used by John Money and colleagues in 1954 , during the course of his study of intersex individuals , to describe the manners in which these individuals expressed their status as a male or female in a situation where no clear biological assignment existed .
Stephen Jay Greenblatt ( born November 7 , 1943 ) is an American Shakespearean , literary historian , and author . He has served as the John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities at Harvard University since 2000 . Greenblatt is the general editor of The Norton Shakespeare ( 2015 ) and the general editor and a contributor to The Norton Anthology of English Literature . Greenblatt is one of the founders of new historicism , a set of critical practices that he often refers to as cultural poetics ; his works have been influential since the early 1980s when he introduced the term . Greenblatt has written and edited numerous books and articles relevant to New Historicism , the study of culture , Renaissance studies and Shakespeare studies and is considered to be an expert in these fields . He is also co-founder of the literary-cultural journal Representations , which often publishes articles by new historicists . His most popular work is Will in the World , a biography of Shakespeare that was on the The New York Times Best Seller list for nine weeks . He won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 2012 and the National Book Award for Nonfiction in 2011 for The Swerve : How the World Became Modern .
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university .
Onora Sylvia O'Neill , Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve CH CBE FRS FBA FMedSci ( born 23 August 1941 ) is a philosopher and a crossbench member of the House of Lords . The daughter of Sir Con O'Neill , she was educated partly in Germany and at St Paul 's Girls ' School , London , before studying philosophy , psychology and physiology at Somerville College , Oxford . She went on to complete a doctorate at Harvard University , with John Rawls as supervisor . During the 1970s she taught at Barnard College , the women 's college in Columbia University , New York City . In 1977 she returned to Britain and took up a post at the University of Essex ; she was Professor of Philosophy there when she became Principal of Newnham College , Cambridge in 1992 . She is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge , a former President of the British Academy ( 2005-2009 ) and chaired the Nuffield Foundation ( 1998-2010 ) . In 2003 , she was the founding President of the British Philosophical Association ( BPA ) . In 2013 she held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam . Until October 2006 , she was the Principal of Newnham College , Cambridge , and she was in chair in the Equality and Human Rights Commission until April 2016 . O'Neill 's work has earned her numerous honors and awards , including the million-dollar Berggruen Prize .
The University of Cambridge ( legally The Chancellor , Masters , and Scholars of the University of Cambridge ) is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge , United Kingdom . Founded in 1209 and granted a royal charter by King Henry III in 1231 , Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world 's fourth-oldest surviving university . The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople . The two 'ancient universities ' share many common features and are often referred to jointly as 'Oxbridge ' . The academic standards , history , influence and wealth of the University of Cambridge has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 semi-autonomous constituent Colleges and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools . Cambridge University Press , a department of the university , is the world 's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world . Cambridge Assessment , also a department of the university , is one of the world 's leading examining bodies and provides assessment to over eight million learners globally every year . The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums , including the Fitzwilliam Museum , as well as a botanic garden . Cambridge 's libraries , of which there are over 100 , hold a total of around 16 million books , around nine million of which are in Cambridge University Library , a legal deposit library . The university is home to , but independent of , the Cambridge Union - the world 's oldest debating society . The university is closely linked to the development of the high-tech business cluster known as 'Silicon Fen ' .
Cass Robert Sunstein FBA ( born September 21 , 1954 ) is an American legal scholar , particularly in the fields of constitutional law , administrative law , environmental law , and law and behavioral economics , who was the Administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2012 . Earlier , as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School for 27 years , he wrote influential works on , among other topics , regulatory and constitutional law . Since leaving the White House , Sunstein is the Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard Law School . Studies of legal publications found Sunstein to be the most frequently cited American legal scholar by a wide margin .
Paul Gilroy FBA ( born 16 February 1956 ) is a British historian , writer and academic , who is the founding Director of the Centre for the Study of Race and Racism at University College London . Gilroy is the 2019 winner of the €660,000 Holberg Prize , for his outstanding contributions to a number of academic fields , including cultural studies , critical race studies , sociology , history , anthropology and African-American studies .