Comparison of assemblers
Single target assemblers -- x86 assemblers
Table:
Assembler

Operating system

FOSS

License

Development active

A86/A386

Windows, DOS

No

Proprietary

No

ACK

Linux, MINIX, Unix-like

Yes

BSD since 2003

1985-? [1]

IBM ALP

OS/2

No

Proprietary

No

AT&T

Unix System V

No

Proprietary

1985-?[2]

Digital Research ASM86

CP/M-86, DOS, Intel's ISIS and iRMX

No

Proprietary

1978-1992

FASM

Windows, DOS, Linux, Unix-like

Yes

BSD with added Copyleft

Yes

GAS

Unix-like, Windows, DOS, OS/2

Yes

GNU GPL

Since 1987

HLA

Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, macOS

Yes

Public domain

Yes

Open Watcom Assembler (HJWASM a.k.a. UASM, JWASM, WASM)

Linux, Windows, DOS, FreeBSD, OS/2

approved by OSI, but not by FSF

Sybase Open Watcom Public

Yes

MASM

Windows, DOS, OS/2

No

Microsoft EULA

Since 1981[3]

NASM

Linux, macOS, Windows, DOS, OS/2

Yes

BSD

Yes

Tim Paterson's ASM

86-DOS, DOS DEBUG

No

Proprietary

1979-1983

TASM

Windows, DOS

No

Proprietary

?[4][5]

TCCASM

Unix-like, Windows

Yes

LGPL

Yes

vasm

various

Yes

Free

Yes

Xenix

Xenix 2.3 and 3.0 (before 1985)

No

Proprietary

1982-1984

Yasm

Windows, DOS, Linux, Unix-like

Yes

BSD

No[6]

Considering the provided table and the relevant paragraphs listed.

State the answer to the question: What do people refer this system as on which this ARM processor C compiler created by Fabrice Bellard ran ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

An operating system ( OS ) is system software that manages computer hardware , software resources , and provides common services for computer programs . Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time , mass storage , printing , and other resources . For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation , the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware , although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it . Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer - from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers . The dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 82.74% . macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place ( 13.23% ) , and the varieties of Linux are collectively in third place ( 1.57% ) . In the mobile ( including smartphones and tablets ) sector , Google Android 's share is up to 70% in the year 2017 . According to third quarter 2016 data , Android 's share on smartphones is dominant with 87.5 percent with also a growth rate of 10.3 percent per year , followed by Apple 's iOS with 12.1 percent with per year decrease in market share of 5.2 percent , while other operating systems amount to just 0.3 percent . Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors . Other specialized classes of operating systems , such as embedded and real-time systems , exist for many applications .
Free and open-source software ( FOSS ) is software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software . [ a ] That is , anyone is freely licensed to use , copy , study , and change the software in any way , and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software . This is in contrast to proprietary software , where the software is under restrictive copyright licensing and the source code is usually hidden from the users . FOSS maintains the software user 's civil liberty rights ( see the Four Essential Freedoms , below ) . Other benefits of using FOSS can include decreased software costs , increased security and stability ( especially in regard to malware ) , protecting privacy , education , and giving users more control over their own hardware . Free and open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendants of BSD are widely utilized today , powering millions of servers , desktops , smartphones ( e.g . Android ) , and other devices . Free-software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages . The free-software movement and the open-source software movement are online social movements behind widespread production and adoption of FOSS .
A software license is a legal instrument ( usually by way of contract law , with or without printed material ) governing the use or redistribution of software . Under United States copyright law , all software is copyright protected , in both source code and object code forms , unless that software was developed by the United States Government , in which case it can not be copyrighted . Authors of copyrighted software can donate their software to the public domain , in which case it is also not covered by copyright and , as a result , can not be licensed . A typical software license grants the licensee , typically an end-user , permission to use one or more copies of software in ways where such a use would otherwise potentially constitute copyright infringement of the software owner 's exclusive rights under copyright .
A86 is computer software , a compact commercial assembler developed for the Intel x86 family of microprocessors by Eric Isaacson . It was first made available as shareware in the 1980s . The assembler is contained in one 32K executable and can directly produce an MS-DOS-compatible COM file or an object file for use with a standard linker . While still supporting expected x86 syntax , A86 allows the use of slightly simpler shorthand in some cases . It also does not require the use of directives , such as ASSUME and PROC , as do Microsoft Macro Assembler and other contemporaries . Isaacson claimed that A86 can assemble 100,000 lines of source per second on a Pentium II or better . It comes with a debugger , D86 . A86 and D86 target 16-bit x86 platforms . Isaacson added 32-bit support in the mid 1990s in the form of A386 and D386 . These were not distributed as shareware , but were provided to users who registered A86 . Isaacson never ported the A86 family of products to Windows , though it is possible to use the object files created by A386 with a Windows linker . The assembler can not be used to create 64-bit code .
Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms .
DOS ( /dɒs/ , /dɔːs/ ) is a platform-independent acronym for Disk Operating System which later became a common shorthand for disk-based operating systems on IBM PC compatibles . DOS primarily consists of Microsoft 's MS-DOS and a rebranded IBM version under the name PC DOS , both of which were introduced in 1981 . Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR DOS ( 1988 ) , ROM-DOS ( 1989 ) , PTS-DOS ( 1993 ) , and FreeDOS ( 1998 ) . MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995 . Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym DOS , beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966 . Others include Apple DOS , Apple ProDOS , Atari DOS , Commodore DOS , TRSDOS , and AmigaDOS .
Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights .
The Amsterdam Compiler Kit ( ACK ) is a retargetable compiler suite and toolchain written by Andrew Tanenbaum and Ceriel Jacobs , and was MINIX 's native toolchain until the MINIX userland was largely replaced by that of NetBSD ( MINIX 3.2.0 ) and clang was adopted as the system compiler . The ACK was originally closed-source software ( that allowed binaries to be distributed for MINIX as a special case ) , but in April 2003 it was released under an open source BSD license . It has frontends for programming languages C , Pascal , Modula-2 , Occam , and BASIC . The ACK 's notability stems from the fact that in the early 1980s it was one of the first portable compilation systems designed to support multiple source languages and target platforms . The ACK achieves maximum portability by using an intermediate language using bytecode , called EM . Each language front-end produces EM object files , which are then processed through several generic optimisers before being translated by a back-end into native machine code . ACK comes with a generic linker and librarian capable of manipulating files in the ACK 's own a.out-based format ; it will work on files containing EM code as well as native machine code . However , EM code can not be linked to native machine code without translating the EM binary first .
Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .
Minix ( from mini-Unix ) is a POSIX-compliant ( since version 2.0 ) , Unix-like operating system based on a microkernel architecture . Early versions of MINIX were created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum for educational purposes . Starting with MINIX 3 , the primary aim of development shifted from education to the creation of a highly reliable and self-healing microkernel OS . MINIX is now developed as open-source software . MINIX was first released in 1987 , with its complete source code made available to universities for study in courses and research . It has been free and open-source software since it was re-licensed under the BSD license in April 2000 .
A Unix-like ( sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system , while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . There is no standard for defining the term , and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like . The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs ' Unix or designed to emulate its features , commercial and proprietary work-alikes , and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code ( which may be sufficiently Unix-like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark ) .
BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses , imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software . This is in contrast to copyleft licenses , which have share-alike requirements . The original BSD license was used for its namesake , the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , a Unix-like operating system . The original version has since been revised , and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses . BSD is both a license and a class of license ( generally referred to as BSD-like ) . The modified BSD license ( in wide use today ) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix . The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format , or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format . The BSD license ( unlike some other licenses ) does not require that source code be distributed at all .
IBM Assembly Language Processor ( ALP ) is an assembler written by IBM for 32-bit OS/2 Warp ( OS/2 3.0 ) , which was released in 1994 . ALP accepts source programs compatible with Microsoft Macro Assembler ( MASM ) version 5.1 , which was originally used to build many of the device drivers included with OS/2 . For OS/2 versions 3 and 4 ALP was distributed , along with other tools and documentation , as part of the Device Driver Kit ( DDK ) . The DDK was withdrawn in 2004 as part of IBM 's discontinuance of OS/2 .
OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems , initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci . As a result of a feud between the two companies over how to position OS/2 relative to Microsoft 's new Windows 3.1 operating environment , the two companies severed the relationship in 1992 and OS/2 development fell to IBM exclusively . The name stands for Operating System/2 , because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM 's Personal System/2 ( PS/2 ) line of second-generation personal computers . The first version of OS/2 was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001 . OS/2 was intended as a protected-mode successor of PC DOS . Notably , basic system calls were modeled after MS-DOS calls ; their names even started with Dos and it was possible to create Family Mode applications - text mode applications that could work on both systems . Because of this heritage , OS/2 shares similarities with Unix , Xenix , and Windows NT . IBM discontinued its support for OS/2 on 31 December 2006 . Since then , it has been updated , maintained and marketed under the name eComStation . In 2015 it was announced that a new OEM distribution of OS/2 would be released that was to be called ArcaOS . ArcaOS is available for purchase .
AT & T Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered at Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas , Texas . It is the world 's largest telecommunications company , the largest provider of mobile telephone services , and the largest provider of fixed telephone services in the United States through AT & T Communications . Since June 14 , 2018 , it is also the parent company of mass media conglomerate WarnerMedia , making it the world 's largest media and entertainment company in terms of revenue . As of 2018 [ update ] , AT & T is ranked # 9 on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . AT & T began its history as Southwestern Bell Telephone Company , a subsidiary of the Bell Telephone Company , founded by Alexander Graham Bell in 1877 . The Bell Telephone Company became the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885 and was later rebranded as AT & T Corporation . The 1982 United States v. AT & T antitrust lawsuit resulted in the divestiture of AT & T Corporation 's ( Ma Bell ) subsidiaries or Regional Bell Operating Companies ( RBOCs ) , commonly referred to as Baby Bells , resulting in several independent companies , including Southwestern Bell Corporation ; the latter changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995 . In 2005 , SBC purchased its former parent AT & T Corporation and took on its branding , with the merged entity naming itself AT & T Inc. and using its iconic logo and stock-trading symbol . In 2006 , AT & T Inc. acquired BellSouth , the last independent Baby Bell company , making their formerly joint venture Cingular Wireless ( which had acquired AT & T Wireless in 2004 ) wholly owned and rebranding it as AT & T Mobility . The current AT & T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System , and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies along with the original long distance division .
Unix System V ( pronounced : System Five ) is one of the first commercial versions of the Unix operating system . It was originally developed by AT & T and first released in 1983 . Four major versions of System V were released , numbered 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 . System V Release 4 ( SVR4 ) was commercially the most successful version , being the result of an effort , marketed as Unix System Unification , which solicited the collaboration of the major Unix vendors . It was the source of several common commercial Unix features . System V is sometimes abbreviated to SysV . As of 2020 [ update ] , the AT & T-derived Unix market is divided between three System V variants : IBM 's AIX , Hewlett-Packard 's HP-UX and Oracle 's Solaris .
Digital Research , Inc. ( DR or DRI ) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit , 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M , Concurrent DOS , FlexOS , Multiuser DOS , DOS Plus , DR DOS and GEM . It was the first large software company in the microcomputer world . Digital Research was originally based in Pacific Grove , California , later in Monterey , California .
CP/M-86 was a version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research ( DR ) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088 . The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80 . Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format . [ nb 1 ] Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86 , MP/M-86 , which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86 . When an emulator was added to provide PC DOS compatibility , the system was renamed Concurrent DOS , which later became Multiuser DOS , of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation . The FlexOS , DOS Plus , and DR DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well .
Intel Corporation ( commonly known as Intel and stylized as intel ) is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara , California , in Silicon Valley . It is the world 's largest and highest valued semiconductor chip manufacturer based on revenue , and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors , the processors found in most personal computers ( PCs ) . Intel ranked No . 46 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . Intel is incorporated in Delaware . Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple , Lenovo , HP , and Dell . Intel also manufactures motherboard chipsets , network interface controllers and integrated circuits , flash memory , graphics chips , embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing . Intel Corporation was founded on July 18 , 1968 , by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore ( of Moore 's law ) , and is associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove . The company 's name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics , with co-founder Noyce having been a key inventor of the integrated circuit ( microchip ) . The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information also made the name appropriate . Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips , which represented the majority of its business until 1981 . Although Intel created the world 's first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971 , it was not until the success of the personal computer ( PC ) that this became its primary business .
ISIS , short for Intel System Implementation Supervisor , is an operating system for early Intel microprocessors like the 8080 . It was originally developed by Ken Burgett under the new management of Bill Davidow for the Intel Microprocessor Development System starting in 1975 , and later adopted as ISIS-II for systems with floppy drives .
iRMX is a real-time operating system designed specifically for use with the Intel 8080 and Intel 8086 family of processors . It is an acronym for Real-time Multitasking eXecutive .
FASM ( flat assembler ) is an assembler for x86 processors . It supports Intel-style assembly language on the IA-32 and x86-64 computer architectures . It claims high speed , size optimizations , operating system ( OS ) portability , and macro abilities . It is a low-level assembler and intentionally uses very few command-line options . It is free and open-source software . All versions of FASM can directly output any of the following : flat raw binary ( usable also as DOS COM executable or SYS driver ) , objects : Executable and Linkable Format ( ELF ) or Common Object File Format ( COFF ) ( classic or MS-specific ) , or executables in either MZ , ELF , or Portable Executable ( PE ) format ( including WDM drivers , allows custom MZ DOS stub ) . An unofficial port targeting the ARM architecture ( FASMARM ) also exists .
Copyleft , distinguished from copyright , is the practice of offering people the right to freely distribute copies and modified versions of a work with the stipulation that the same rights be preserved in derivative works created later . Copyleft software licenses are considered protective or reciprocal , as contrasted with permissive free-software licenses . Copyleft is a form of licensing , and can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works ranging from computer software , to documents , to art , to scientific discoveries and instruments in medicine . In general , copyright law is used by an author to prohibit recipients from reproducing , adapting , or distributing copies of their work . In contrast , under copyleft , an author must give every person who receives a copy of the work permission to reproduce , adapt , or distribute it , with the accompanying requirement that any resulting copies or adaptations are also bound by the same licensing terms . Copyleft licenses for software require that information necessary for reproducing and modifying the work must be made available to recipients of the binaries . The source code files will usually contain a copy of the license terms and acknowledge the authors . Copyleft type licenses are a novel use of existing copyright law to ensure a work remains freely available . The GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , originally written by Richard Stallman , was the first software copyleft license to see extensive use , and continues to dominate in that area . Creative Commons , a non-profit organization founded by Lawrence Lessig , provides a similar license-provision condition called share-alike .
The GNU Assembler , commonly known as gas or simply as , its executable name , is the assembler used by the GNU Project . It is the default back-end of GCC . It is used to assemble the GNU operating system and the Linux kernel , and various other software . It is a part of the GNU Binutils package . The GAS executable is named as , the standard name for a Unix assembler . GAS is cross-platform , and both runs on and assembles for a number of different computer architectures . Released under the GNU General Public License v3 , GAS is free software .
The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause .
High Level Assembly ( HLA ) is a high-level assembly language developed by Randall Hyde . It allows the use of higher-level language constructs to aid both beginners and advanced assembly developers . It fully supports advanced data types and object-oriented programming . It uses a syntax loosely based on several high-level programming languages ( HLLs ) , such as Pascal , Ada , Modula-2 , and C++ , to allow creating readable assembly language programs , and to allow HLL programmers to learn HLA as fast as possible .
FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 .
macOS ( /ˌmækoʊˈɛs/ ; previously Mac OS X and later OS X ) is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001 . It is the primary operating system for Apple 's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop , laptop and home computers , and by web usage , it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows . macOS is the second major series of Macintosh operating systems . The first is colloquially called the classic Mac OS , which was introduced in 1984 , and the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The first desktop version , Mac OS X 10.0 , was released in March 2001 , with its first update , 10.1 , arriving later that year . After this , Apple began naming its releases after big cats , which lasted until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion . Since OS X 10.9 Mavericks , releases have been named after locations in California . Apple shortened the name to OS X in 2012 and then changed it to macOS in 2016 , adopting the nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . The latest version is macOS Catalina , which was publicly released in October 2019 . Between 1999 and 2009 , Apple sold a separate series of operating systems called Mac OS X Server . The initial version , Mac OS X Server 1.0 , was released in 1999 with a user interface similar to Mac OS 8.5 .
The public domain consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply . Those rights may have expired , been forfeited , expressly waived , or may be inapplicable . As examples , the works of William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven , and most early silent films , are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed , or by their copyright term having expired . Some works are not covered by copyright , and are therefore in the public domain - among them the formulae of Newtonian physics , cooking recipes , and all computer software created prior to 1974 . Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain ( see waiver ) ; some examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms , the image-processing software ImageJ ( created by the National Institutes of Health ) , and the CIA 's World Factbook . The term public domain is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights , in which case use of the work is referred to as under license or with permission . As rights vary by country and jurisdiction , a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another . Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis , and the absence of registration in a particular country , if required , gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country . The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the public sphere or commons , including concepts such as the commons of the mind , the intellectual commons , and the information commons .
Open Watcom Assembler or WASM is an x86 assembler produced by Watcom and included as part of the Watcom C/C++ compiler . Further development is being done on the 32- and 64-bit JWASM project , . which more closely matches the syntax of Microsoft 's assembler . There are experimental assemblers for PowerPC , Alpha AXP , and MIPS .
The Open Source Initiative ( OSI ) is a California public benefit corporation , with 501 ( c ) 3 tax-exempt status , founded in 1998 . It promotes the usage of Open Source Software . The organization was founded in late February 1998 by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond , part of a group inspired by the Netscape Communications Corporation publishing the source code for its flagship Netscape Communicator product . Later , in August 1998 , the organization added a board of directors . Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005 , followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann . In May 2012 , the new board elected Simon Phipps as president and in May 2015 Allison Randal was elected as president when Phipps stepped down in preparation for the 2016 end of his Board term . Phipps became President again in September 2017 . Molly de Blanc was elected President in May , 2019 .
The Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement , which promotes the universal freedom to study , distribute , create , and modify computer software , with the organization 's preference for software being distributed under copyleft ( share alike ) terms , such as with its own GNU General Public License . The FSF was incorporated in Massachusetts , US , where it is also based . From its founding until the mid-1990s , FSF 's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project . Since the mid-1990s , the FSF 's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community . Consistent with its goals , the FSF aims to use only free software on its own computers .
The Sybase Open Watcom Public Licence is a software license that has been approved by the Open Source Initiative . It is the licence under which the Open Watcom C/C++ compiler is released . The license has not been accepted as free under the Debian Free Software Guidelines , due to the license 's termination clauses . The Free Software Foundation has stated that the license is not free as it requires the source to be published when you deploy the software for private use only . In contrast , FSF 's GPL does not require that modified source code has to be made public when the software modification was only used privately without a public release of the software . This makes the Watcom license also GPL incompatible and a stronger copyleft license than the GPL and even the AGPL . The Fedora project also considers the license as non free , citing the FSF argumentation .
The Microsoft Macro Assembler ( MASM ) is an x86 assembler that uses the Intel syntax for MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows . Beginning with MASM 8.0 , there are two versions of the assembler : One for 16-bit & 32-bit assembly sources , and another ( ML64 ) for 64-bit sources only . MASM is maintained by Microsoft , but since version 6.12 it has not been sold as a separate product . It is instead supplied with various Microsoft SDKs and C compilers . Recent versions of MASM are included with Microsoft Visual Studio .
An end-user license agreement ( EULA ) is a legal contract entered into between a software developer or vendor and the user of the software , often where the software has been purchased by the user from an intermediary such as a retailer . A EULA specifies in detail the rights and restrictions which apply to the use of the software . Many form contracts are only contained in digital form , and only presented to a user as a click-through which the user must accept . As the user may not see the agreement until after he or she has already purchased the software , these documents may be contracts of adhesion . Software companies often make special agreements with large businesses and government entities that include support contracts and specially drafted warranties . Some end-user license agreements accompany shrink-wrapped software that is presented to a user sometimes on paper or more usually electronically , during the installation procedure . The user has the choice of accepting or rejecting the agreement . The installation of the software is conditional to the user clicking a button labelled accept . See below . Many EULAs assert extensive liability limitations . Most commonly , an EULA will attempt to hold harmless the software licensor in the event that the software causes damage to the user 's computer or data , but some software also proposes limitations on whether the licensor can be held liable for damage that arises through improper use of the software ( for example , incorrectly using tax preparation software and incurring penalties as a result ) . One case upholding such limitations on consequential damages is M.A .
The Netwide Assembler ( NASM ) is an assembler and disassembler for the Intel x86 architecture . It can be used to write 16-bit , 32-bit ( IA-32 ) and 64-bit ( x86-64 ) programs . NASM is considered to be one of the most popular assemblers for Linux . NASM was originally written by Simon Tatham with assistance from Julian Hall . As of 2016 [ update ] , it is maintained by a small team led by H. Peter Anvin . It is open-source software released under the terms of a simplified ( 2-clause ) BSD license .
Tim Paterson ( born 1 June 1956 ) is an American computer programmer , best known for creating 86-DOS , an operating system for the Intel 8086 . This system emulated the application programming interface ( API ) of CP/M , which was created by Gary Kildall . 86-DOS later formed the basis of MS-DOS , the most widely used personal computer operating system in the 1980s .
86-DOS is a discontinued operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products ( SCP ) for its Intel 8086-based computer kit . Initially known as QDOS ( Quick and Dirty Operating System ) , the name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system in 1980 . 86-DOS had a command structure and application programming interface that imitated that of Digital Research 's CP/M operating system , which made it easy to port programs from the latter . The system was licensed and then purchased by Microsoft and developed further as MS-DOS and PC DOS .
The line-oriented debugger DEBUG is an external command in operating systems such as DOS , OS/2 and Windows ( only in 16-bit/32-bit versions ) . DEBUG can act as an assembler , disassembler , or hex dump program allowing users to interactively examine memory contents ( in assembly language , hexadecimal or ASCII ) , make changes , and selectively execute COM , EXE and other file types . It also has several subcommands which are used to access specific disk sectors , I/O ports and memory addresses .
Turbo Assembler ( TASM ) is a computer assembler ( software for program development ) developed by Borland which runs on and produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 DOS or Microsoft Windows . It can be used with Borland 's high-level language compilers , such as Turbo Pascal , Turbo Basic , Turbo C and Turbo C++ . The Turbo Assembler package is bundled with the Turbo Linker , and is interoperable with the Turbo Debugger . TASM can assemble Microsoft Macro Assembler ( MASM ) source using its MASM mode and has an ideal mode with a few enhancements . Object-Oriented programming has been supported since version 3.0 . The last version of Turbo Assembler is 5.4 , with files dated 1996 and patches up to 2010 ; it is still supplied with Delphi and C++Builder . TASM itself is a 16-bit program ; it will run on 16- and 32-bit versions of Windows , and produce code for the same versions . There are ways to run 16-bit programs such as TASM on 64-bit Windows ( e.g. , on a virtual machine ) , but it will not generate 64-bit Windows code . The Borland Turbo Assembler 5.0 package is supplied on three 3.5-inch diskettes and with three small books .
The Tiny C Compiler ( a.k.a . TCC , tCc , or TinyCC ) is an x86 , X86-64 and ARM processor C compiler created by Fabrice Bellard . It is designed to work for slow computers with little disk space ( e.g . on rescue disks ) . Windows operating system support was added in version 0.9.23 ( 17 Jun 2005 ) . TCC is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License . TCC claims to implement all of ANSI C ( C89/C90 ) , much of the C99 ISO standard , and many GNU C extensions including inline assembly .
The GNU Lesser General Public License ( LGPL ) is a free-software license published by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) . The license allows developers and companies to use and integrate a software component released under the LGPL into their own ( even proprietary ) software without being required by the terms of a strong copyleft license to release the source code of their own components . However , any developer who modifies an LGPL-covered component is required to make their modified version available under the same LGPL license . For proprietary software , code under the LGPL is usually used in the form of a shared library , so that there is a clear separation between the proprietary and LGPL components . The LGPL is primarily used for software libraries , although it is also used by some stand-alone applications . The LGPL was developed as a compromise between the strong copyleft of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) and more permissive licenses such as the BSD licenses and the MIT License . The word Lesser in the title shows that the LGPL does not guarantee the end user 's complete freedom in the use of software ; it only guarantees the freedom of modification for components licensed under the LGPL , but not for any proprietary components .
vasm is a free assembler supporting various CPUs and many different output formats . CPUs officially supported by vasm include M680x0 family , ColdFire family , 80x86 family , PowerPC , ARM family , Z80 family , C16x/ST10 , 6502 etc . Vasm supports Standard MIT ( GNU-as style ) , Motorola/Freescale 68k ( Devpac compatible ) and Old 8-bit style syntax flavours . Output file formats include ELF , a.out , Amiga hunk format , Atari TOS/MiNT executable format , EHF extended hunk format , Raw , binary output , Motorola S-record format , VOBJ proprietary versatile object format , Test and debugging output .
Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms , licensed by Microsoft from AT & T Corporation in the late 1970s . The Santa Cruz Operation ( SCO ) later acquired exclusive rights to the software , and eventually replaced it with SCO UNIX ( now known as SCO OpenServer ) . In the mid-to-late 1980s , Xenix was the most common Unix variant , measured according to the number of machines on which it was installed . Microsoft chairman Bill Gates said in 1996 that , for a long time , Microsoft had the highest-volume AT & T Unix license .