List of languages by time of extinction
List -- 19th century
Table:
Date
Language
Language family
Region
Notes

late 19th century
Adai
isolate
Louisiana, United States

late 19th century
Istrian Albanian
Albanian
Croatia

later 19th century (?)
Mbara
Pama-Nyungan
Australia
[174]

ca. 1899
Nawathinehena
Algic > Algonquian
Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States[175]

by 1899
Ahom
Tai
India

by 1899

Waling

Sino-Tibetan

Nepal

[176]

10 June 1898
Dalmatian
Romance
Croatia; Montenegro
with the death of Tuone Udaina[177][178]

1898
Moriori
Malayo-Polynesian
Chatham Island, New Zealand
with the death of Hirawanu Tapu[179]

after 1894
Tsetsaut
Na-Dene > Athabaskan
British Columbia, Canada

after 1892
Awabakal
Pama-Nyungan
Queensland, Australia

1886
Comecrudo
Comecrudan
Mexico; Texas, United States

1886
Cotoname
isolate
Mexico; Texas, United States

1884
Yaquina
Penutian
Oregon, United States

ca. 1880
Auregnais
Romance
Alderney, United Kingdom

1877
Aruá
Arauan
Brazil

8 May 1876
Bruny Island
Tasmanian
Tasmania, Australia
with the death of Truganini[notes 8]

mid-1870s
Yola
Germanic
Wexford, Ireland
[181]

1871
Tutelo
Siouan
Virginia, United States
with the death of Nikonha[182][notes 9]

1870
Clatskanie
Na-Dene > Athabaskan
Washington (state), United States

after 1867
Andoquero
Witotoan
Colombia
[183]

Based on the accompanying table along with the textual context listed at the end.

State the answer to the question: When did the language that was spoken by Bantawa ethnic groups go extinct ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Adai ( also Adaizan , Adaizi , Adaise , Adahi , Adaes , Adees , Atayos ) is an extinct Native American language that was spoken in northwestern Louisiana .
A language isolate , in the absolute sense , is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical ( or genetic ) relationship with other languages , one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language . Language isolates are in effect language families consisting of a single language . Commonly cited examples include Ainu , Basque , Sumerian , Elamite , and Vedda , though in each case a minority of linguists claim to have demonstrated a relationship with other languages . Some sources use the term language isolate to indicate a branch of a larger family with only one surviving member . For instance , Albanian , Armenian and Greek are commonly called Indo-European isolates . While part of the Indo-European family , they do not belong to any established branch ( such as the Romance , Indo-Iranian , Celtic , Slavic or Germanic branches ) , but instead form independent branches . Similarly , within the Romance languages , Sardinian is a relative isolate . However , without a qualifier , isolate is understood to mean having no demonstrable genetic relationship to any other known language . Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families . This happened with Japanese ( now included in the Japonic family along with Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan ) and Korean in Koreanic languages with Jeju language . The Etruscan language of Italy has long been considered an isolate , but some have proposed that it is related to the so-called Tyrsenian languages , an extinct family of closely related ancient languages proposed by Helmut Rix in 1998 , including the Rhaetian language , formerly spoken in the central Alps , and the Lemnian language , formerly spoken on the Greek island of Lemnos . Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages that remain unclassified even after extensive efforts .
Louisiana ( /luˌiːziˈænə/ ( listen ) , /ˌluːzi-/ ( listen ) ) [ a ] is a state in the Deep South region of the South Central United States . It is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Louisiana is bordered by the state of Texas to the west , Arkansas to the north , Mississippi to the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the south . A large part of its eastern boundary is demarcated by the Mississippi River . Louisiana is the only U.S. state with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are equivalent to counties . The state 's capital is Baton Rouge , and its largest city is New Orleans . Much of the state 's lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River , leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp . [ self-published source ] These contain a rich southern biota ; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets . There are also many species of tree frogs , and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish . In more elevated areas , fire is a natural process in the landscape and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas . These support an exceptionally large number of plant species , including many species of terrestrial orchids and carnivorous plants . Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other southern state , including four that are federally recognized , ten that are state recognized , and four that have not received recognition .
Istrian Albanian was a dialect of the Albanian language , which was spoken in the area of Poreč , Croatia , until the late 19th century .
Albanian ( /ælˈbeɪniən/ ; shqip [ ʃc͡çip ] or gjuha shqipe [ ɟ͡ʝuha ˈʃc͡çipɛ ] ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas , Europe and Oceania . With about 7.5 million speakers , it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language . First attested in the 15th century , it is the last Indo-European branch to appear in written records . This is one of the reasons why its still-unknown origin has long been a matter of dispute among linguists and historians . Albanian is considered to be the descendant of one of the Paleo-Balkan languages of antiquity . For more historical and geographical reasons than specifically linguistic ones , there are various modern historians and linguists who believe that the Albanian language may have descended from a southern Illyrian dialect spoken in much the same region in classical times . Alternative hypotheses hold that Albanian may have descended from Thracian or Daco-Moesian , other ancient languages spoken farther east than Illyrian . Not enough is known of these languages to completely prove or disprove the various hypotheses . The two main Albanian dialects , Gheg and Tosk which are primarily distinguished by phonological differences , are mutually intelligible , with Gheg spoken in the north and Tosk spoken in the south of the Shkumbin river . Their characteristics in the treatment of the native and loanwords from other languages , have led to the conclusion that the dialectal split occurred after Christianisation of the region ( 4th century AD ) and at the time of the Slavic migration to the Balkans , with the historic boundary between Gheg and Tosk being the Shkumbin which straddled the Jireček line . Standard Albanian is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on the Tosk dialect . It is the official language of Albania and Kosovo [ a ] and a co-official language in North Macedonia as well as a minority language of Italy , Montenegro , Romania and Serbia .
Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia .
Mbara , or Midjamba , is an extinct aboriginal language of Queensland . The Mbara people were traditionally the neighbours of the Yanga , Gugu-Badhun , Yirandali , Wunumara and Ngawun peoples . Yanga was mutually intelligible , but has also been classified as a dialect of Biri . Speakers of Mbara and related dialects were affected by the gold and cattle rushes during the second half of the nineteenth century .
The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian Aboriginal languages , containing perhaps 300 languages . The name Pama-Nyungan is derived from the names of the two most widely separated groups , the Pama languages of the northeast and the Nyungan languages of the southwest . The words pama and nyunga mean man in their respective languages . The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are occasionally referred to , by exclusion , as non-Pama-Nyungan languages , though this is not a taxonomic term . The Pama-Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread , most of the Aboriginal population , and the greatest number of languages . Most of the Pama-Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer . The vast majority of languages , either due to disease or elimination of their speakers , have become extinct , and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some way . Only in the central inland portions of the continent do Pama-Nyungan languages remain spoken vigorously by the entire community . The Pama-Nyungan family was identified and named by Kenneth L. Hale , in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages . Hale 's research led him to the conclusion that of the Aboriginal Australian languages , one relatively closely interrelated family had spread and proliferated over most of the continent , while approximately a dozen other families were concentrated along the North coast .
Nawathinehena is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken among the Arapaho people . It had a phonological development quite different from either Gros Ventre or Arapaho proper . It has been identified as the former language of the Southern Arapaho , who switched to speaking Arapaho proper in the 19th century . However , the language is not well attested , being documented only in a vocabulary collected in 1899 by Alfred L. Kroeber from the Oklahoma Arapaho . While it shares many important phonological innovations with Arapaho , it presents the merger of *r , *θ and *s with *t as t instead of n as in Arapaho , a sound change reminiscent of Blackfoot and Cheyenne ( Goddard 1974 , Jacques 2013 ) . PA *w changes to m instead of merging with *r , *s and *n as n .
The Algic ( also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan ) languages are an indigenous language family of North America . Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian subfamily , dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada . The other Algic languages are the Yurok and Wiyot of northwestern California , which , despite their geographic proximity , are not closely related . All these languages descend from Proto-Algic , a second-order proto-language estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto-Algonquian language and the Wiyot and Yurok languages .
The Algonquian languages ( /ælˈɡɒŋkiən/ or /ælˈɡɒŋkwiən/ ; also Algonkian ) are a subfamily of American indigenous languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family . The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the indigenous Ojibwe language ( Chippewa ) , which is a senior member of the Algonquian language family . The term Algonquin has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word elakómkwik ( pronounced [ ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik ] ) , they are our relatives/allies . A number of Algonquian languages , like many other Native American languages , are now extinct . Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America to the Rocky Mountains . The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend , Proto-Algonquian , was spoken around 2,500 to 3,000 years ago . There is no scholarly consensus about where this language was spoken .
Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas .
Wyoming ( /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States . The state is the 10th largest by area , the least populous , and the second most sparsely populated state in the country . Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana , on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska , on the south by Colorado , on the southwest by Utah , and on the west by Idaho and Montana . The state population was estimated at 577,737 in 2018 , which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities including Denver in neighboring Colorado . Cheyenne is the state capital and the most populous city , with an estimated population of 63,624 in 2017 . The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly by the mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountains , while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie called the High Plains . Almost half of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government , leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by proportion of a state 's land owned by the federal government . Federal lands include two national parks - Grand Teton and Yellowstone - two national recreation areas , two national monuments , several national forests , historic sites , fish hatcheries , and wildlife refuges . Original inhabitants of the region include the Crow , Arapaho , Lakota , and Shoshone . Southwestern Wyoming was claimed by the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American War . The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress in 1865 to provide a temporary government for the territory of Wyoming . The name was used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania , and is derived from the Munsee word xwé : wamənk , meaning at the big river flat .
The Ahom language is a dead language that was spoken by the Ahom people that is undergoing revivalism . The Ahom people established the Ahom kingdom and ruled parts of the Brahmaputra river valley in the present day Indian state of Assam between the 13th and the 18th centuries . The language was the court language of the kingdom , till it began to be replaced by Assamese language in the 17th century . Since the early 18th century , there has been no native speakers of the language , though extensive manuscripts in the language still exists today . The tonal system of the language is entirely lost . The language was only partially known by a small group of traditional priests of the Ahom religion and it was being used only for ceremonial or ritualistic purposes . The language is classified in a Northwestern subgrouping of Southwestern Tai owing to close affinities with Shan , Khamti and , more distantly , Thai . Although the language is no longer spoken , the exhaustive 1795 Ahom-Assamese lexicon known as the Bar Amra preserves the form of the language that was spoken during the Ahom Kingdom . Ahom is an important language in Tai studies . It was relatively free of both Mon-Khmer and Indo-Aryan influences and has a written tradition dating back to the 13th century .
The Tai or Zhuang-Tai languages ( Thai : ภาษาไท or ภาษาไต , transliteration : p̣hās̛̄āthay or p̣hās̛̄ātay ) , are a branch of the Kra-Dai language family . The Tai languages include the most widely spoken of the Tai-Kadai languages , including Standard Thai or Siamese , the national language of Thailand ; Lao or Laotian , the national language of Laos ; Myanmar 's Shan language and Zhuang , a major language in the Southern Chinese province of Guangxi .
The Bantawa Language ( also referred to as An Yüng , Bantaba , Bantawa Dum , Bantawa Rai , Bantawa Yong , Bantawa Yüng , Bontawa , Kirawa Yüng ) , is a Kiranti language spoken in the eastern Himalayan hills of eastern Nepal by Bantawa ethnic groups . They use a syllabic alphabet system known as Kirat Rai . Among the Kirat Rai people of Eastern Nepal , Bantawa is the largest language spoken . According to the 2001 National Census , at least 1.63% of the Nepal 's total population speaks Bantawa . About 370,000 speak Bantawa Language mostly in eastern hilly regions of Nepal ( 2001 ) . Although Bantawa Rai is among the more widely used variety of the Bantawa language , it falls in the below-100,000 category of endangered languages . It is experiencing language shift to Nepali , especially in the northern region . Bantawa is spoken in subject-object-verb order , and has no noun classes or genders .
Sino-Tibetan , in a few sources also known as Trans-Himalayan , is a family of more than 400 languages , second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers . The Sino-Tibetan language with the most native speakers is Mandarin Chinese ( 920 million ) , although since not all forms of Mandarin are mutually-intelligible , it may be regarded as a complex series of dialect continua . Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese ( 33 million ) and the Tibetic languages ( six million ) . Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas , the Southeast Asian Massif , and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau ; the latter group , in most cases , have only small speech communities , in remote mountain areas , and as such are poorly documented . While most linguists do not include Kra-Dai and Hmong-Mien languages within Sino-Tibetan , Chinese linguists generally do include them . [ citation needed ] Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed , but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage , so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear . Although the family is traditionally presented as divided into Sinitic ( i.e . Chinese ) and Tibeto-Burman branches , a common origin of the non-Sinitic languages has never been demonstrated . Several links to other language families have been proposed , but none has broad acceptance .
Nepal ( Nepali : नेपाल [ neˈpal ] ) , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked country in South Asia . It is located mainly in the Himalayas , but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . With an estimated population of 26.4 million , it is 48th largest country by population and 93rd largest country by area . It borders China in the north and India in the south , east and west while Bangladesh is located within only 27 km ( 17 mi ) of its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the capital and the largest city . Nepal is a multiethnic country with Nepali as the official language . The name Nepal is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian subcontinent , the era in ancient India when Hinduism was founded , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans , and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders .
Dalmatian /dælˈmeɪʃən/ or Dalmatic /dælˈmætɪk/ ( Dalmatian : langa dalmata , dalmato ; Italian : lingua dalmatica , dalmatico ; Croatian : dalmatski ) is an extinct Romance language that was spoken in the Dalmatia region of present-day Croatia , and as far south as Kotor in Montenegro [ needs citation ] . The name refers to a tribe of the Illyrian linguistic group , Dalmatae . The Ragusan dialect of Dalmatian , the most studied prestige dialect , was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa for much of its medieval history until it was gradually supplanted by other local languages . Dalmatian speakers lived in the coastal towns of Zadar ( Jadera ) , Trogir ( Tragur , Traù ) , Spalato ( Split ; Spalato ) , Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ; Raugia , Ragusa ) , and Kotor ( Cattaro ) , each of these cities having a local dialect , and on the islands of Krk ( Vikla , Veglia ) , Cres ( Crepsa ) , and Rab ( Arba ) . [ citation needed ]
The Romance languages ( nowadays rarely Latin languages , or Neo-Latin languages ) are the modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin between the third and eighth centuries . They are a subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language family . Today , around 800 million people are native speakers worldwide , mainly in the Americas , Europe , and parts of Africa , as well as elsewhere . Additionally , the major Romance languages have many non-native speakers and are in widespread use as lingua francas . This is especially the case for French , which is in widespread use throughout Central and West Africa , Madagascar , Mauritius , and North Africa ( excluding Egypt ) . The five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish ( 480 million ) , Portuguese ( 221 million ) , French ( 77 million ) , Italian ( 65 million ) , and Romanian ( 24 million ) . Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum , various counts of the modern Romance languages are given ; for example , Dalby lists 23 based on mutual intelligibility . The following , more extensive list [ citation needed ] , includes 35 current , living languages , and one extinct language , Dalmatian :
Montenegro ( /ˌmɒntɪˈneɪɡroʊ , -ˈniːɡroʊ , -ˈnɛɡroʊ/ ( listen ) ; Montenegrin : Црна Гора , romanized : Crna Gora , [ tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡǒra ] ) is a country of South and Southeast Europe on the coast of the Balkans . It borders Bosnia-Herzegovina to the northwest , Serbia to the northeast , Kosovo [ a ] to the east , Albania to the southeast , the Adriatic Sea to the southwest , and Croatia to the west . Montenegro has an area of 13,812 square kilometres and a population of 620,079 ( 2011 census ) . Its capital Podgorica is one of the twenty-three municipalities in the country . Cetinje is designated as the Old Royal Capital . During the Early Medieval period , three principalities were located on the territory of modern-day Montenegro : Duklja , roughly corresponding to the southern half ; Travunia , the west ; and Rascia proper , the north . In 1042 , archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja from the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty . After being ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty for two centuries , the independent Principality of Zeta emerged in the 14th and 15th centuries , ruled by the House of Balšić between 1356 and 1421 , and by the House of Crnojević between 1431 and 1498 , when the name Montenegro started being used for the country . After falling under Ottoman rule , Montenegro regained de facto independence in 1697 under the rule of the House of Petrović-Njegoš , first under the theocratic rule of prince-bishops , before being transformed into a secular principality in 1852 . Montenegro 's de jure independence was recognised by the Great Powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , following the Montenegrin-Ottoman War . In 1905 , the country became a kingdom . After World War I , it became part of Yugoslavia .
Moriori is an extinct Polynesian language most closely related to New Zealand Māori . It is the native language of the Moriori , the indigenous people of New Zealand 's Chatham Islands ( Rēkohu in Moriori ) , an archipelago located east of the South Island .
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages , with approximately 385.5 million speakers . The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia , going well into the Malay peninsula . Cambodia , Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan serve as the northwest geographic outlier . The northernmost geographical outlier does not pass beyond the north of Pattani , which is located in southern Thailand . Malagasy is spoken in the island of Madagascar located off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean . Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has been a stronghold of Hinduism , Buddhism and , later , Islam . Two morphological characteristics of the Malayo-Polynesian languages are a system of affixation and the reduplication ( repetition of all or part of a word , such as wiki-wiki ) to form new words . Like other Austronesian languages they have small phonemic inventories ; thus a text has few but frequent sounds . The majority also lack consonant clusters ( e.g. , [ str ] in English ) . Most also have only a small set of vowels , five being a common number .
Chatham Island is by far the largest island of the Chatham Islands group , in the south Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of New Zealand 's South Island . It is said to be halfway between the equator and the pole , and right on the International Date Line , though the point ( 180° , 45°S ) in fact lies ca . 173 miles WSW of the island 's westernmost point . The island is called Rekohu ( misty skies ) in Moriori , and Wharekauri in Māori . The island was named after the survey ship HMS Chatham which was the first European ship to locate the island in 1791 . It covers an area of 920 square kilometres ( 355 sq mi ) . Chatham Island lies 650 km ( 404 mi ) south-east of Cape Turnagain , the nearest point of mainland New Zealand to the island .
The Tsetsaut language is an extinct Athabascan language formerly spoken by the now-extinct Tsetsaut in the Behm and Portland Canal area of Southeast Alaska and northwestern British Columbia . Virtually everything known of the language comes from the limited material recorded by Franz Boas in 1894 from two Tsetsaut slaves of the Nisga ' a , which is enough to establish that Tsetsaut formed its own branch of Athabaskan . It is not known precisely when the language became extinct . One speaker was still alive in 1927 . [ citation needed ] The Nisga ' a name for the Tsetsaut people is Jits'aawit The Tsetsaut referred to themselves as the Wetaŀ . The English name Tsetsaut is an anglicization of [ tsʼətsʼaut ] , those of the interior , used by the Gitxsan and Nisga ' a to refer to the Athabaskan-speaking people to the north and east of them , including not only the Tsetsaut but some Tahltan and Sekani .
Na-Dene ( /ˌnɑːdɪˈneɪ/ ; also Nadene , Na-Dené , Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit , Tlina-Dene ) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages , Eyak , and Tlingit languages . An old inclusion of Haida is now considered doubtful . In February 2008 , a proposal connecting Na-Dene ( excluding Haida ) to the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia into a Dené-Yeniseian family was published and well-received by a number of linguists . It was proposed in a 2014 paper that the Na-Dene languages of North America and the Yeniseian languages of Siberia had a common origin in a language spoken in Beringia , between the two continents .
Athabaskan ( also spelled Athabascan , Athapaskan or Athapascan , and also known as Dene ) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America , located in western North America in three groups of contiguous languages : Northern , Pacific Coast and Southern ( or Apachean ) . Kari and Potter 2010:10 place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres ( 1,553,000 sq mi ) . Chipewyan is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language , while Navajo is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico . Although the term Athabaskan is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology , there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms Dené and Dené languages , which is how their native speakers identify it . [ citation needed ] They are applying these terms to the entire language family . [ citation needed ] For example , following a motion by attendees in 2012 , the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Dené Languages Conference . [ citation needed ]
British Columbia ( BC ; French : Colombie-Britannique ) is the westernmost province in Canada , located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains . With an estimated population of 5.1 million as of 2019 [ update ] , it is Canada 's third-most populous province . The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria , established in 1843 , which gave rise to the City of Victoria , at first the capital of the separate Colony of Vancouver Island . Subsequently , on the mainland , the Colony of British Columbia ( 1858-1866 ) was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment , in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . Moody was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for the Colony and the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia : he was hand-picked by the Colonial Office in London to transform British Columbia into the British Empire 's bulwark in the farthest west , and to found a second England on the shores of the Pacific . Moody selected the site for and founded the original capital of British Columbia , New Westminster , established the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park , and designed the first version of the Coat of arms of British Columbia . Port Moody is named after him . In 1866 , Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia , and Victoria became the united colony 's capital . In 1871 , British Columbia became the sixth province of Canada . Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu ( Splendour without Diminishment ) . The capital of British Columbia is Victoria , the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada , named for Queen Victoria , who ruled during the creation of the original colonies . The largest city is Vancouver , the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada , the largest in Western Canada , and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest .
Awabakal ( also Awabagal or the Hunter River - Lake Macquarie ( HRLM ) language ) is an Australian Aboriginal language that was spoken around Lake Macquarie and Newcastle in New South Wales . The name is derived from Awaba , which was the native name of the lake . It was spoken by Awabakal and Wonnarua peoples . It was studied by missionary Lancelot Threlkeld in the 19th century , who wrote a grammar of the language , but the spoken language had died out before 21st-century revival efforts .
Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain .
Comecrudo is an extinct Pakawan language of Mexico . The name Comecrudo is Spanish for eat-raw ; Carrizo is Spanish for reed . It was best recorded in a list of 148 words in 1829 by French botanist Jean Louis Berlandier ( Berlandier called it Mulato ) ( Berlandier et al . 1828-1829 ) . It was spoken on the lower Rio Grande near Reynosa , Tamaulipas , in Mexico . Comecrudo has often been considered a Coahuiltecan language although most linguists now consider the relationship between them unprovable due to the lack of information . Comecrudo tribal names were recorded in 1748 ( Saldivar 1943 ) :
Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande . Comecrudo is the best known . Very little is known about these languages or the people who spoke them . Knowledge of them primarily consists of word lists collected by European missionaries and explorers . All Comecrudan languages are extinct .
Texas ( /ˈtɛksəs/ , locally /ˈtɛksɪz/ ; Spanish : Texas or Tejas , pronounced [ ˈtexas ] ( listen ) ) is the second largest state in the United States by area ( after Alaska ) and population ( after California ) . Located in the South Central region , Texas shares borders with the states of Louisiana to the east , Arkansas to the northeast , Oklahoma to the north , New Mexico to the west , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas to the southwest , and has a coastline with the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Houston is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth largest in the U.S. , while San Antonio is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. Dallas-Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest metropolitan statistical areas in the country , respectively . Other major cities include Austin , the second-most populous state capital in the U.S. , and El Paso . Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic , and as a reminder of the state 's struggle for independence from Mexico . The Lone Star can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal . The origin of Texas 's name is from the word taysha , which means friends in the Caddo language . Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault , Texas contains diverse landscapes common to both the U.S. Southern and Southwestern regions . Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. southwestern deserts , less than 10% of Texas 's land area is desert . Most of the population centers are in areas of former prairies , grasslands , forests , and the coastline . Traveling from east to west , one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods , to rolling plains and rugged hills , and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend . The term six flags over Texas [ note 1 ] refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory .
Cotoname was a Pakawan language spoken by Native Americans indigenous to the lower Rio Grande Valley of northeastern Mexico and extreme southern Texas ( United States ) . Today it is extinct .
Alsea or Alsean ( also Yakonan ) was two closely related speech varieties spoken along the central Oregon coast . They are sometimes taken to be different languages , but it is difficult to be sure given the poor state of attestation ; Mithun believes they were probably dialects of a single language .
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America , predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , and California . The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists . Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed . Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation . Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated . The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into an Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan . Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family . There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping ( originally named Shahapwailutan by J. N. B. Hewitt and John Wesley Powell in 1894 ) which would consist of Klamath-Modoc , Molala , and the Sahaptian languages ( Nez Percé and Sahaptin ) .
Oregon ( /ˈɒrɪɡən/ ( listen ) ORR-ih-gən ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States . The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon 's northern boundary with Washington , while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho . The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada . Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before European traders , explorers , and settlers arrived . An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848 . Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14 , 1859 . Today , at 98,000 square miles ( 250,000 km2 ) , Oregon is the ninth largest and , with a population of 4 million , 27th most populous U.S. state . The capital , Salem , is the second most populous city in Oregon , with 169,798 residents . Portland , with 647,805 , ranks as the 26th among U.S. cities . The Portland metropolitan area , which also includes the city of Vancouver , Washington , to the north , ranks the 25th largest metro area in the nation , with a population of 2,453,168 . Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S. , marked by volcanoes , abundant bodies of water , dense evergreen and mixed forests , as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands . At 11,249 feet ( 3,429 m ) , Mount Hood , a stratovolcano , is the state 's highest point .
Auregnais , Aoeur'gnaeux , or Aurignais was the Norman dialect of the Channel Island of Alderney ( French : Aurigny , Auregnais : Aoeur'gny or Auregny ) . It was closely related to the Guernésiais ( Guernsey ) , Jèrriais ( Jersey ) , and Sercquiais ( Sark ) dialects of the neighbouring islands , as well as continental Norman on the European mainland . The dialect became extinct in the 20th century . Only a few examples of Auregnais survive , mostly in place names in Alderney , and one audio recording is known to exist .
The Romance languages ( nowadays rarely Latin languages , or Neo-Latin languages ) are the modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin between the third and eighth centuries . They are a subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language family . Today , around 800 million people are native speakers worldwide , mainly in the Americas , Europe , and parts of Africa , as well as elsewhere . Additionally , the major Romance languages have many non-native speakers and are in widespread use as lingua francas . This is especially the case for French , which is in widespread use throughout Central and West Africa , Madagascar , Mauritius , and North Africa ( excluding Egypt ) . The five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish ( 480 million ) , Portuguese ( 221 million ) , French ( 77 million ) , Italian ( 65 million ) , and Romanian ( 24 million ) . Because of the difficulty of imposing boundaries on a continuum , various counts of the modern Romance languages are given ; for example , Dalby lists 23 based on mutual intelligibility . The following , more extensive list [ citation needed ] , includes 35 current , living languages , and one extinct language , Dalmatian :
Alderney ( US : /ˈɔːldərni/ , UK : /ˈɔːldəni/ ; French : Aurigny [ oʁiɲi ] ; Auregnais : Aoeur'gny ) is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands . It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey , a British Crown dependency . It is 3 miles ( 5 km ) long and 1 1⁄2 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide . The area is 3 square miles ( 8 km2 ) , making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands , and the second largest in the Bailiwick . It is around 10 miles ( 15 km ) from the west of La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy , in France , 20 miles ( 30 km ) from the north-east of Guernsey and 60 miles ( 100 km ) from the south coast of Great Britain . It is the closest of the Channel Islands to France and to the United Kingdom . It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race ( French : Raz Blanchard ) . As of 2018 , the island had a population of 2,039 ; natives are traditionally nicknamed vaques after the cows , or else lapins after the many rabbits seen in the island . Formally , they are known as Ridunians , from the Latin Riduna . The only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne , which covers the whole island . The main town , St Anne , historically known as La Ville ( The Town ) , is often referred to as St Anne 's by visitors and incomers , but rarely by locals ( who , in normal conversation , still most frequently refer to the area centred on Victoria Street simply as Town ) . The town 's High Street , which formerly had a small handful of shops , is now almost entirely residential , forming a T-junction with Victoria Street at its highest point .
Arawá AKA Aruá is an extinct language of Brazil . The people were wiped out by introduced measles , and the last speaker died in 1877 . All that survives is a word list from 1869 .
Arawan ( also Arahuan , Arauan , Arawán , Arawa , Arauán ) is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil ( Amazonas , Acre ) and Peru ( Ucayali ) .
Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .
Bruny Island Tasmanian , or Nuenonne ( Nyunoni ) , a name shared with Southeast Tasmanian , is an aboriginal language or pair of languages of Tasmania in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern . It was spoken on Bruny Island , off the southeastern coast of Tasmania , by the Bruny tribe . Bruny Island Tasmanian is attested in a list of 986 words collected by Joseph Milligan ( published 1857 & 1859 ) ; in 515 words collected by George Augustus Robinson ; in 273 words from Charles Sterling ; and in 111 words from R.A. Roberts ( published 1828 ) . The Milligan vocabulary is divergent , and falls out as a distinct language when the lists are compared at p < 0.15 , though it falls together with the rest of the island at a looser criterion of p < 0.20 .
The Tasmanian languages were the languages indigenous to the island of Tasmania , used by Aboriginal Tasmanians . The languages were last used for daily communication in the 1830s , although the terminal speaker , Fanny Cochrane Smith , survived until 1905 . Tasmanian languages are attested by three dozen word lists , the most extensive being those of Joseph Milligan and George Augustus Robinson . All these show a poor grasp of the sounds of Tasmanian , which appear to have been fairly typical of Australian languages in this parameter . Plomley ( 1976 ) presents all the lexical data available to him in 1976 . Crowley and Dixon ( 1981 ) summarise what little is known of Tasmanian phonology and grammar . Bowern ( 2012 ) teases apart the mixture of languages in many of the lists and attempts to classify them into language families . Little is known of the languages and no relationship to other languages is demonstrable . It appears that there were several language families on Tasmania , which would be in keeping with the long period of human habitation on the island . In the 1970s Joseph Greenberg proposed an Indo-Pacific superfamily which includes Tasmanian along with Andamanese and Papuan ( but not Australian ) . However , this superfamily proposal is rejected by the vast majority of historical linguists . Fanny Cochrane Smith recorded a series of wax cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs , the only existing audio recording of a Tasmanian language , though they are of extremely poor quality .
Tasmania ( /tæzˈmeɪniə/ ; abbreviated as TAS , nicknamed Tassie ) is an island state of Australia . It is located 240 km ( 150 mi ) to the south of the Australian mainland , separated by Bass Strait . The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania , the 26th-largest island in the world , and the surrounding 334 islands . The state has a population of around 533,308 as of March 2019 [ update ] . Just over forty percent of the population resides in the Greater Hobart precinct , which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city , Hobart . Tasmania 's area is 68,401 km2 ( 26,410 sq mi ) , of which the main island covers 64,519 km2 ( 24,911 sq mi ) . It is promoted as a natural state , and protected areas of Tasmania cover about 42% of its land area , which includes national parks and World Heritage Sites . Tasmania was the founding place of the first environmental political party in the world . The island is believed to have been occupied by indigenous peoples for 30,000 years before British colonisation . It is thought Aboriginal Tasmanians were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form Bass Strait . The Aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 3,000 and 7,000 at the time of colonisation , but was almost wiped out within 30 years by a combination of violent guerrilla conflict with settlers known as the Black War , intertribal conflict , and from the late 1820s , the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity . The conflict , which peaked between 1825 and 1831 , and led to more than three years of martial law , cost the lives of almost 1,100 Aboriginals and settlers .
The Forth and Bargy dialect , also known as Yola , is an extinct variety of English once spoken in the baronies of Forth and Bargy in County Wexford , Ireland . It is thought to have evolved from Middle English , which was brought to Ireland during the Norman invasion , beginning in 1169 . As such , it was similar to the Fingallian dialect of the Fingal area . Both became extinct in the 19th century , when they were replaced by modern Hiberno-English . The name Yola means old in the dialect .
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people [ nb 1 ] mainly in Europe , North America , Oceania and Southern Africa . The most widely spoken Germanic language , English , is the world 's most widely spoken language with an estimated 2 billion speakers . All Germanic languages are derived from Proto-Germanic , spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia . The West Germanic languages include the three most widely spoken Germanic languages : English with around 360-400 million native speakers ; [ nb 2 ] German , with over 100 million native speakers ; and Dutch , with 24 million native speakers . Other West Germanic languages include Afrikaans , an offshoot of Dutch , with over 7.1 million native speakers ; Low German , considered a separate collection of unstandardized dialects , with roughly 0.3 million native speakers and probably 6.7-10 million people who can understand it ( at least 5 million in Germany and 1.7 million in the Netherlands ) ; Yiddish , once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre-World War II Europe , and Scots , both with 1.5 million native speakers ; Limburgish varieties with roughly 1.3 million speakers along the Dutch-Belgian-German border ; and the Frisian languages with over 0.5 million native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany . The largest North Germanic languages are Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , which are mutually intelligible and have a combined total of about 20 million native speakers in the Nordic countries and an additional five million second language speakers ; since the middle ages these languages have however been strongly influenced by the West Germanic language Middle Low German , and Low German words account for about 30-60% of their vocabularies according to various estimates . Other North Germanic languages are Faroese and Icelandic , which are more conservative languages with no significant Low German influence , more complex grammar and limited mutual intelligibility with the others today . The East Germanic branch included Gothic , Burgundian , and Vandalic , all of which are now extinct . The last to die off was Crimean Gothic , spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of Crimea . The SIL Ethnologue lists 48 different living Germanic languages , 41 of which belong to the Western branch and six to the Northern branch ; it places Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German in neither of the categories , but it is often considered a German dialect by linguists . The total number of Germanic languages throughout history is unknown as some of them , especially the East Germanic languages , disappeared during or after the Migration Period . Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration Period , including Lombardic .
Wexford ( Irish : Loch Garman ; Yola : Weiseforth ) is the county town of County Wexford , Ireland . Wexford lies on the south side of Wexford Harbour , the estuary of the River Slaney near the southeastern corner of the island of Ireland . The town is linked to Dublin by the M11/N11 National Primary Route ; and to Rosslare Europort , Cork and Waterford by the N25 . The national rail network connects it to Dublin and Rosslare Europort . It had a population of 20,188 according to the 2016 census .
Tutelo , also known as Tutelo-Saponi , is a member of the Virginian branch of Siouan languages that were originally spoken in what is now Virginia and West Virginia . Some speakers of Tutelo migrated north to escape warfare , traveling through North Carolina , Pennsylvania , New York , and finally , settling in Ontario after the American Revolutionary War with the Cayuga ( Iroqouian speakers ) at what is now known as Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . The last fluent speaker in Tutelo country , Nikonha , died in 1871 at age 106 . The year before , he had managed to impart about 100 words of vocabulary to the ethnologist Horatio Hale , who had visited him at the Six Nations Reserve . In 1753 the Tutelo had joined the Iroquois confederacy under the sponsorship of the Cayuga . Descendants living at Grand River spoke Tutelo well into the twentieth century , when it was recorded by Hale and other scholars including J. N. B. Hewitt , James Owen Dorsey , Leo J. Frachtenberg , Edward Sapir , Frank Speck , and Marianne Mithun . The last active speakers , a mother and daughter , died in a house fire shortly before Mithun 's visit in 1982 . The last native speaker , Albert Green , died some time after that .
Siouan or Siouan-Catawban is a language family of North America that is located primarily in the Great Plains , Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few other languages in the east .
Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World .
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie ( Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai ) is an extinct Athabascan language of Washington State , along the lower Columbia River .
Washington ( /ˈwɒʃɪŋtən/ ( listen ) ) , officially the State of Washington , is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . Named for George Washington , the first U.S. president , the state was made out of the western part of the Washington Territory , which was ceded by the British Empire in 1846 , in accordance with the Oregon Treaty in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute . The state , which is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , Oregon to the south , Idaho to the east , and the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north , was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889 . Olympia is the state capital ; the state 's largest city is Seattle . Washington is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the nation 's capital , Washington , D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state , with an area of 71,362 square miles ( 184,827 km2 ) , and the 13th most populous state , with more than 7.4 million people . Approximately 60 percent of Washington 's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation , business , and industry along Puget Sound , an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands , deep fjords , and bays carved out by glaciers . The remainder of the state consists of deep temperate rainforests in the west ; mountain ranges in the west , central , northeast , and far southeast ; and a semi-arid basin region in the east , central , and south , given over to intensive agriculture . Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States , after California . Mount Rainier , an active stratovolcano , is the state 's highest elevation , at almost 14,411 feet ( 4,392 meters ) , and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous U.S. Washington is a leading lumber producer . Its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir , hemlock , ponderosa pine , white pine , spruce , larch , and cedar . The state is the US 's largest producer of apples , hops , pears , red raspberries , spearmint oil , and sweet cherries , and ranks high in the production of apricots , asparagus , dry edible peas , grapes , lentils , peppermint oil , and potatoes . Livestock and livestock products make important contributions to total farm revenue , and the commercial fishing of salmon , halibut , and bottomfish makes a significant contribution to the state 's economy .
Andoquero ( Miranya , Miraña-Carapana-tapuyo ) is an extinct Witotoan language of Colombia .
Witotoan ( also Huitotoan or Uitotoan , occasionally known as Huitoto-Ocaina to distinguish it from Bora-Witoto ) is a small language family of southwestern Colombia ( Amazonas Department ) and the neighbouring region of Peru .
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law .