Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
List of JCS vice chairmen
Table:
No.

Portrait

Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Took office
Left office
Time in office
Defence branch
1

Herres, Robert T.General
Robert T. Herres
(1932–2008)	February 6, 1987	February 28, 1990	3 years, 22 days
U.S. Air Force

2

Jeremiah, DavidAdmiral
David E. Jeremiah
(1934–2013)
[a]	March 1, 1990	February 28, 1994	3 years, 364 days
U.S. Navy

3

Owens, WilliamAdmiral
William "Bill" Owens
(born 1940)	March 1, 1994	February 27, 1996	1 year, 363 days
U.S. Navy

4

Ralston, JosephGeneral
Joseph Ralston
(born 1943)	March 1, 1996	February 29, 2000	3 years, 365 days
U.S. Air Force

5

Myers, RichardGeneral
Richard Myers
(born 1942)
[b]	February 29, 2000	October 1, 2001	1 year, 215 days
U.S. Air Force

6

Pace, PeterGeneral
Peter Pace
(born 1945)
[b]	October 1, 2001	August 12, 2005	3 years, 315 days
U.S. Marine Corps

7

Giambastiani, EdmundAdmiral
Edmund Giambastiani
(born 1948)	August 12, 2005	July 27, 2007	1 year, 349 days
U.S. Navy

8

Cartwright, JamesGeneral
James E. Cartwright
(born 1949)	August 31, 2007	August 3, 2011	3 years, 337 days
U.S. Marine Corps

9

Winnefeld, JamesAdmiral
James A. Winnefeld, Jr.
(born 1956)	August 4, 2011	July 31, 2015	3 years, 361 days
U.S. Navy

10

Selva, PaulGeneral
Paul J. Selva
(born 1958)
[7]	July 31, 2015	July 31, 2019	4 years, 0 days
U.S. Air Force

11

Hyten, JohnGeneral
John E. Hyten
(born 1959)	November 21, 2019	Current	4 years, 294 days
U.S. Air Force

Consulting the accompanying table and the background passages listed below.

State the answer to the question: Which industry did the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff who took office on March 1 , 1990 work in after retiring from the navy ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Robert Tralles Herres ( December 1 , 1932 - July 24 , 2008 ) was a United States Air Force officer who served as the first Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .
The United States Air Force ( USAF ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces . It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services . Initially formed as a part of the United States Army on 1 August 1907 , the USAF was established as a separate branch of the U.S. Armed Forces on 18 September 1947 with the passing of the National Security Act of 1947 . It is the second youngest branch of the U.S. Armed Forces , [ a ] and the fourth in order of precedence . The U.S. Air Force articulates its core missions as air superiority , global integrated intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance , rapid global mobility , global strike , and command and control . The U.S. Air Force is a military service branch organized within the Department of the Air Force , one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense . The Air Force , through the Department of the Air Force , is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force , who reports to the Secretary of Defense , and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation . The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force , who exercises supervision over Air Force units and serves as one of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Certain Air Force components are assigned , as directed by the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of the Air Force , to unified combatant commands . Combatant commanders are delegated operational authority of the forces assigned to them , while the Secretary of the Air Force and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force retain administrative authority over their members . Along with conducting independent air operations , the U.S. Air Force provides air support for land and naval forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field . As of 2017 [ update ] , the service operates more than 5,369 military aircraft , 406 ICBMs and 170 military satellites .
David Elmer Jeremiah ( February 25 , 1934 - October 7 , 2013 ) was a United States Navy admiral who served as Vice Chairman and also acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . After his retirement from the Navy in February 1994 , he worked in the field of investment banking . He served as partner and President , CEO and later Chairman of Technology Strategies & Alliances Corporation , a strategic advisory and investment banking firm engaged primarily in the aerospace , defense , telecommunications , and electronics industries . During his military career Jeremiah earned a reputation as an authority on strategic planning , financial management and the policy implications of advanced technology .
The United States Navy ( USN ) is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . It is the largest and most capable navy in the world and it has been estimated that in terms of tonnage of its active battle fleet alone , it is larger than the next 13 navies combined , which includes 11 U.S. allies or partner nations . It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world 's largest aircraft carrier fleet , with eleven in service , two new carriers under construction , and five other carriers planned . With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve , the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel . It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019 [ update ] , making it the third-largest air force in the world , after the United States Air Force and the United States Army . The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy , which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter . After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers , the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates , the first ships of the U.S. Navy . The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers . It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan . The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world . The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence , deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific , the Mediterranean , and the Indian Ocean . It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world , engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises , making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy .
William A. Owens ( born May 8 , 1940 ) is a retired admiral of the United States Navy and who served as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1994 to 1996 . Since leaving the military in 1996 , he served as an executive or as a member of the board of directors of various companies , including Nortel Networks Corporation .
General Joseph W. Ralston ( born November 4 , 1943 ) is currently the United States Special Envoy for Countering the Kurdistan Workers Party ( PKK ) and holds senior positions in various defense related corporations . He was previously a career officer in the United States Air Force , and served as the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( 1996-2000 ) as well as Supreme Allied Commander for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in Europe ( 2000-2003 ) .
Richard Bowman Myers ( born March 1 , 1942 ) is the 14th president of Kansas State University and a retired four-star general in the United States Air Force who served as the 15th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . As Chairman , Myers was the highest ranking uniformed officer of the United States ' military forces . Myers became the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs on October 1 , 2001 . In this capacity , he served as the principal military advisor to the President , the Secretary of Defense , and the National Security Council during the earliest stages of the War on Terror , including planning and execution of the 2003 invasion of Iraq . On September 30 , 2005 , he retired and was succeeded by General Peter Pace . His Air Force career included operational command and leadership positions in a variety of Air Force and Joint assignments . Myers began serving as the interim President of Kansas State University in late April 2016 , and was announced as the permanent president on November 15 , 2016 .
Peter Pace ( born November 5 , 1945 ) is a United States Marine Corps general who served as the 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Pace was the first Marine officer appointed as chairman , and the first Marine officer to be appointed to three different four-star assignments ; the others as the 6th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1 , 2001 , to August 12 , 2005 , and as Commander-in-Chief , U.S. Southern Command from September 8 , 2000 , to September 30 , 2001 . Appointed chairman by President George W. Bush , Pace succeeded U.S. Air Force General Richard Myers on September 30 , 2005 . Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced on June 8 , 2007 , that he would advise the President to not renominate Pace for a second term . Pace retired from the Marine Corps and stepped down as chairman on October 1 , 2007 . He was replaced by Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Michael Mullen .
The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve .
Edmund P. Giambastiani Jr. ( born May 4 , 1948 ) is a retired United States Navy admiral who served as the seventh Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 2005 to 2007 . He retired in 2007 , after 37 years of service .
James Edward Hoss Cartwright ( born September 22 , 1949 ) is a retired United States Marine Corps four-star general who last served as the eighth Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from August 31 , 2007 , to August 3 , 2011 . He previously served as the Commander , U.S. Strategic Command , from September 1 , 2004 , to August 10 , 2007 , and as Acting Commander , U.S. Strategic Command from July 9 , 2004 , to September 1 , 2004 . He retired from the Marine Corps on August 3 , 2011 , after nearly 40 years of service . Cartwright was accused of providing classified information that was published in the book Confront and Conceal by David Sanger . During the course of the investigation , Cartwright agreed to be interviewed by the FBI without a lawyer present . He was indicted for lying to the FBI regarding the time and locations of meetings with Sanger . Cartwright was never charged with leaking any classified information ; Sanger maintains that Cartwright did not provide him with any classified material . On October 17 , 2016 , he pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI regarding an investigation into the source of leaked classified information ; He had been scheduled to be sentenced on January 31 , 2017 , but was pardoned and had his security clearance restored by President Obama on January 17 , 2017 .
James Alexander Sandy Winnefeld Jr. ( born April 24 , 1956 ) is a retired United States Navy admiral who served as the ninth Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from August 4 , 2011 to July 31 , 2015 . He previously served as the fourth Commander , U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) and the 21st Commander , North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) from May 19 , 2010 to August 3 , 2011 . Prior to that , Winnefeld served as Director for Strategic Plans and Policy , The Joint Staff which he concurrently served as the Senior Member , U.S. Delegation to the U.N. Military Staff Committee . His other operational commands include serving as the Commander , U.S. Sixth Fleet and Commander , Allied Joint Command Lisbon . As the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Winnefeld was the second highest-ranking officer in the United States Armed Forces , second only to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In 2015 , he retired from the Navy after over 37 years of service . In 2017 , Winnefeld was elected to the board of directors for Raytheon .
Paul Joseph Selva ( born September 27 , 1958 ) is a retired United States Air Force general who served as the 10th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . In this capacity , he was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the nation 's second highest-ranking military officer , and the highest-ranking officer in the Air Force . He assumed his last assignment on July 31 , 2015 , and retired on August 1 , 2019 .
John Earl Hyten ( born 1959 ) is a United States Air Force general and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .