Ethnic groups in Indonesia
Statistics -- 2010
Table:
Ethnic group

Population (millions)

Percentage

Main regions

Javanese

94.843

40.06

Bengkulu, East Java, East Kalimantan, Central Java, Jambi, Lampung, North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra, Yogyakarta

Sundanese

36.705

15.51

Banten, West Java

Malay

8.754

3.7

Bangka-Belitung Islands, Jambi, Riau, Riau Islands, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan

Batak

8.467

3.58

North Sumatra, Riau, Riau Islands, Jakarta

Madurese

7.179

3.03

East Java

Betawi

6.808

2.88

Jakarta

Minangkabau

6.463

2.73

Riau, West Sumatra

Buginese

6.415

2.71

Central Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi

Bantenese

4.642

1.96

Banten

Banjarese

4.127

1.74

South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan

Balinese

3.925

1.66

Bali

Acehnese

3.404

1.44

Aceh

Dayak

3.220

1.36

Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, West Kalimantan

Sasak

3.175

1.34

West Nusa Tenggara

Chinese Indonesian

2.833

1.2

Bangka-Belitung Islands, North Sumatra, Jakarta, Riau, Riau Islands, West Kalimantan, North Coast of Central Java and East Java.

Makassarese

2.673

1.13

South Sulawesi

Cirebonese

1.878

0.79

West Java

Lampung

1.376

0.58

Lampung

Palembang

1.252

0.53

South Sumatra

Gorontalo

1.252

0.53

Gorontalo

Based on the provided table and the supplementary paragraphs listed below.

Provide an answer to this question: What is the predominant religious affiliation of the ethnicity with 94,843,000 inhabitants in Indonesia ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

The Javanese people ( Javanese : Ngoko : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ ( Wong Jawa ) , Krama : ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ ( Tiyang Jawi ) ; ( Indonesian : Suku Jawa or Orang Jawa ) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java . With approximately 100 million people , they form the largest ethnic group in Indonesia . They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of the island . There are also significant numbers of people of Javanese descent in most provinces of Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Suriname , Saudi Arabia and the Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups , such as the Mataram , Cirebonese , Osing , Tenggerese , Samin , Naganese , Banyumasan , etc . A majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Muslims , with a minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . However , Javanese civilization has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and the Indian Hindu - Buddhist culture , and this influence is still visible in Javanese history , culture , traditions , and art forms . With a sizeable global population , the Javanese are considered significant as they are the fourth largest ethnic group among Muslims , in the world , after the Arabs , Bengalis and Punjabis .
Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra . It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the former Bengkulu Residency area from the province of South Sumatra under Law No . 9 of 1967 and was finalised by Government Regulation No . 20 of 1968 . Spread over 19,813 km2 , it is bordered by the provinces of West Sumatra to the north , Jambi to the northeast , Lampung to the southeast , and South Sumatra to the east , and by the Indian Ocean to the northwest , south , southwest , and west . Bengkulu is the 25th largest province by area ; it is divided into nine regencies and the city of Bengkulu , the capital and largest city . Bengkulu is also the 26th largest province by population in Indonesia , with 1,715,518 inhabitants at the 2010 Census and 1,872,136 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 1,971,800 . According to a release by Badan Pusat Statistik , it has the eleventh highest Human Development Index among the provinces , with a score of about 0.744 in 2013 . By 2014 , the province is positioned 28th highest in gross domestic product and 20th highest in life expectancy , 70.35 years . Bengkulu also includes Mega Island and Enggano Island in the Indian Ocean . Bengkulu has 525 kilometres of coastline along the Indian Ocean on its western side , from Dusun Baru Pelokan in Muko-Muko Regency to Tebing Nasal in Kaur Regency .
East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur ) is a province of Indonesia . It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west ; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts , respectively , while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali . Located in eastern Java , it also includes the island of Madura , which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia , the Suramadu Bridge , as well as the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos located further east and north , respectively . Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center . Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java . The province covers an area of 47,800 km2 , According to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing in the East Java , making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province ; the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 39,744,800 . East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups , such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 96% of the total population . Other religions are also worshipped , such as Christianity , which are mostly worshipped by Chinese Indonesians and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are mostly worshipped by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali . The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are the most frequently used language . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes . East Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia that offers different types of tourist attractions .
East Kalimantan ( Indonesian : Kalimantan Timur ) is a province of Indonesia . Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo . It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 Census ( within the current boundary ) and 3.42 million at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) is 3,619,700 . Its capital is Samarinda . The province will host the future capital city of Indonesia that will be built on the border of Kutai Kartanegara and North Penajam Paser regencies . While the future capital is yet to be named , its construction is projected to start in 2020 , and conclude in 2024 . East Kalimantan has a total area of 129,066.64 square kilometres ( 49,832.91 sq mi ) and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan . The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and North Sulawesi ; its Mangkalihat Peninsula separates the Makassar Strait from the Celebes Sea . Its former northernmost region was split off in October 2012 and is now North Kalimantan Province ; to its south , East Kalimantan borders the South Kalimantan province . The province bordered Sabah before the split , but still borders Sarawak . In December 2012 , the existing West Kusai Regency was split in two , with the northernmost five districts forming a new Mahakam Ulu Regency . East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities .
Central Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Tengah ) is a province of Indonesia , located in the middle of the island of Java . Its administrative capital is Semarang . It is bordered by West Java in the west , the Indian Ocean and the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the south , East Java in the east , and the Java Sea in the north . It has a total area of 32,548 km² , with a population of 34,552,500 million in mid 2019 , making it the third-most populous province in both Java and Indonesia after West Java and East Java . The province also includes the island of Nusakambangan in the south ( close to the border of West Java ) , and the Karimun Jawa Islands in the Java Sea . Central Java is also a cultural concept that includes the Special Region and city of Yogyakarta . However , administratively the city and its surrounding regencies have formed a separate special region ( equivalent to a province ) since the country 's independence , and is administrated separately . Although known as the heart of Javanese culture , there are several other non-Javanese ethnic groups , such as the Sundanese on the border with West Java . Chinese Indonesians , Arab Indonesians , and Indian Indonesians are also scattered throughout the province . The province has been inhabited by humans since the prehistoric-era . Remains of a Homo erectus , known as Java Man , were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River , and date back to 1.7 million years ago . What is present-day Central Java was once under the control of several Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms , Islamic sultanates , and the Dutch East Indies colonial government .
Jambi is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the east coast of central Sumatra and spans to the Barisan Mountains in the west . Its capital and largest city is Jambi . The province has a land area of 50,058 km2 , and it has a population of 3,092,265 according to the 2010 Census ; by January 2014 this had risen to 3,412,459 .
Lampung is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra . It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest , and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north . It is the original home of the Lampung people , who speak their own language , and possess their own written script . Its capital is Bandar Lampung . The province covers a land area of 35,376 sq.km and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 Census and 8,109,601 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( as at mid 2019 ) was 8,457,600 , with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese , Madurese , and Balinese migrants . These migrants came from more densely populated islands , in search of available land , as well as being part of the national government 's Indonesian transmigration program , of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations . On 10 May 2005 , a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province . In 1883 , the volcano of Krakatoa , located on an island in the Sunda Strait , separating the islands of Sumatra and Java , suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history , with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere , including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands , and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years .
North Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatra Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It consists of a large northwestern belt of the island of Sumatra and its capital is Medan . North Sumatra is the fourth most-populous province after West Java , East Java and Central Java - it covers an area of 72,981 sq.km , and at the Census of 2015 it had a population of 13,923,262 ; the latest official estimate as at mid 2019 is 14,639,400 .
Riau , is a province of Indonesia . It is located in the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca . Until 2004 the province included the offshore Riau Islands , a large group of small islands ( of which the principal islands are Batam and Bintan ) located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore , before these islands were split off as a province in July 2004 . The provincial capital and the largest city of Riau is Pekanbaru . The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest , West Sumatra to the west , and Jambi to the south . The total area for Riau province is 87,023.66 square kilometres ( 33,600.02 sq mi ) , which stretches from the slopes of the Bukit Barisan to the Strait of Malacca . Riau has a wet tropical climate with average rainfall ranging between 2000 and 3000 millimeters per year , and the average rainfall per year is about 160 days . Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources , particularly petroleum , natural gas , rubber , palm oil and fibre plantations . Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau , and associated fires have contributed to haze across the larger region . Riau is considered part of the Malay world . It is currently considered as the cultural center of the Malays in Indonesia . Nevertheless , Riau is considered a very diverse province , as it is inhabited by many ethnic groups , such as Malay , Minangkabau , Chinese and Batak .
South Sumatra ( Jawi : سومترا سلتن , Indonesian : Sumatera Selatan , abbreviated as Sumsel ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra , The province spans 91,592.43 km2 ( 35,364 sq mi ) and had a population of 7,450,394 at the 2010 Census and 8,043,042 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate is 8,497,200 ( as at mid 2019 ) . The capital of the province is Palembang . The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north , Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south . The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka , which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province . This province is rich in natural resources , such as petroleum , natural gas and coal . The province is very diverse , as it is inhabited by many different ethnic groups . The Malays is the dominant ethnic group in the province . Most of them spoke the Palembang Malay , which is mutually unintelligible to both Indonesian and Standard Malay . Other ethnic groups also inhabits the province , such as the Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau and Chinese . Most of them are concentrated around urban areas , as they are mostly immigrants from other parts of Indonesia . The province was once the seat of many great kingdoms and empires .
Yogyakarta ( /ˌdʒɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə , ˌjɒɡ-/ ; also Jogjakarta or Jogja ; Javanese : ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ , Ngayogyakarta ) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia . As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy , Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet , batik textiles , drama , literature , music , poetry , silversmithing , visual arts , and wayang puppetry . Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education , Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities , including Gadjah Mada University , the country 's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious . Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution , with Gedung Agung as the president 's office . One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta , Kotagede , was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613 . The city 's population was 422,732 inhabitants at the 2017 census . Its built-up area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants , which includes Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman , Klaten , Bantul , Kulon Progo , and Magelang regencies . At 0.837 , Yogyakarta has one of the highest HDI within Indonesia , with which it is considered a developed city .
The Sundanese ( Sundanese : ᮅᮛᮀ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , Urang Sunda ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Indonesian province of West Java and Banten , which is located at the western part of the Indonesian island of Java . They number approximately 40 million , and form Indonesia 's second most populous ethnic group , after the neighboring Javanese . In their language , Sundanese , the Sundanese refer to themselves as Urang Sunda ( Sundanese : Sunda people ) , while Orang Sunda or Suku Sunda is its Indonesian equivalent . The Sundanese have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of West Java , Banten , Jakarta , and the western part of Central Java . Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung and South Sumatra , and to lesser extent in Central Java and East Java .
Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java , in Indonesia . Its provincial capital city is Serang . The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta to the east , the Java Sea to the north , the Indian Ocean to the south , and the Sunda Strait to the west , which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra . The population of Banten was officially estimated at 12,959,169 in the middle of 2019 , up from over 10.6 million during the 2010 census . Formerly part of the province of West Java , Banten became a separate province in 2000 . The province is a transit corridor to the neighbouring Indonesian island of Sumatra . Historically , it has had a culture distinct from the rest of Java and that of the broader Indonesian archipelago . In recent years , the northern half , particularly those areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast , have experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization , while the southern half , particularly that facing the Indian Ocean , maintains more of its traditional character . Centuries ago , the area in what-is-now Banten is ruled by the Sundanese Tarumanagara kingdom . After the fall of the Tarumanegara , Banten was controlled by many Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms , such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Sunda Kingdom . The spread of Islam in the region begins in the 15th century . By the late 16th century , Islam has replaced Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in the province , with the establishment of the Banten Sultanate .
West Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Barat ) is a province of Indonesia on the western part of the island of Java , with its provincial capital in Bandung . West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country 's capital region of Jakarta to the west , the Java Sea to the north , the province of Central Java to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south . The province is the homeland of the Sundanese people , the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia after the Javanese . West Java was one of the early eight provinces of Indonesia formed following the country 's independence proclamation and was later legally reestablished on 4 July 1950 . In 1966 , the city of Jakarta was split off from West Java as a 'special capital region ' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ) , with a status equivalent to that of a province , while in 2000 the western parts of the province were in turn split away to form a separate Banten province . Even following these split-offs , West Java is the most populous province of Indonesia with a population of 49,316,712 as of mid 2019 . The province 's largest cities , Bekasi and Bandung , are the third and fourth most populous cities proper in Indonesia , respectively . As a satellite city within the Jakarta metropolitan area , Bekasi experiences a highly rapid population growth , having surpassed the West Java capital of Bandung in 2012 . Nonetheless , Bandung remains one of the most densely populated city proper in the world , while Bekasi and Depok , both satellites of Jakarta , are respectively the seventh and tenth most populous suburbs in the world .
Malay Indonesians ( Malay : orang Melayu Indonesia ; Jawi : اورڠ ملايو ايندونيسيا ) are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia as one of the indigenous peoples of the island nation . Indonesia has the second largest ethnic Malay population after Malaysia . Indonesian , the national language of Indonesia , is a standardized form of Riau-Johor Malay . There were a number of Malay kingdoms in Indonesia that covered the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan , such as Srivijaya , Melayu Kingdom , Dharmasraya , Sultanate of Deli , Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , Riau-Lingga Sultanate , Sultanate of Bulungan , Pontianak Sultanate , and the Sultanate of Sambas .
The Bangka Belitung Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Bangka Belitung ) is a province of Indonesia . Situated off the southeastern coast of Sumatra , the province comprises two main islands , Bangka and Belitung , and several smaller ones . Bangka Belitung is bordered by the Bangka Strait to the west , the Natuna Sea to the north , the Java Sea is to the south , and the Karimata Strait to the east . The province 's capital and largest city is Pangkal Pinang . As of the 2015 census , the population of Bangka Belitung was 1,372,813 . The province has an equatorial climate with tropical rainforests , which however is disappearing due to deforestation . Mount Maras is the highest point in the province and the island of Bangka , with a height of 699 m. There are several rives in the province , such as the Sebuku River , Baturusa River and Mendo River . The province is ethnically , culturally , and linguistically diverse ; major ethnic groups including Malays , Chinese and Javanese . Indonesian is the official language of the province , while the local Malay dialect and Hakka serves as the lingua franca of the province . Historically , Bangka Belitung alternated into the kingdoms of Sriwijaya , Majapahit and Palembang , before being a colony of foreign countries the Dutch , the British , and the Japanese . Bangka Belitung was a residency within the Dutch East Indies . Upon the independence of Indonesia , the region was administered under the province of Sumatra and South Sumatra .
The Riau Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Riau ) is a province of Indonesia . It comprises a total of 1,796 islands scattered between the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra , and Borneo . Situated on one of the world 's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the South China Sea , the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore , Malaysia , and Vietnam . The Riau Islands also has a relatively large potential of mineral resources , energy , as well as marine resources . The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang and the largest city is Batam . The Riau archipelago was once part of the Johor Sultanate , which was later partitioned between the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , in which the archipelago fell under Dutch influence . A Dutch protectorate , the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , was established in the region between 1824 and 1911 before being directly ruled by the Dutch East Indies . The archipelago became a part of Indonesia following the occupation of the Japanese Empire ( 1942-1945 ) and the Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945-1949 ) . The Riau Islands separated from the province of Riau in September 2002 , becoming Indonesia 's third-youngest province . A free trade zone of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle , the Riau Islands has experienced rapid industrialisation since the 1970s . The Riau Islands is one of the country 's most prosperous provinces , having a GDP per capita of Rp72.571,75 ( USD 8.300,82 ) as of 2011 , the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after East Kalimantan , Jakarta and Riau . In addition , as of 2018 , the Riau Islands has a Human Development Index of 0.748 , also the fourth largest among all provinces in Indonesia after Jakarta , Special Region of Yogyakarta and East Kalimantan .
West Kalimantan ( Indonesian : Kalimantan Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . It is one of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan , the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo . Its capital city is Pontianak . The province has an area of 147,307 km² with a recorded population of 4,395,983 at the 2010 Census . Ethnic groups include the Dayak , Malay , Chinese , Javanese , Bugis , and Madurese . The latest official estimate ( 2019 ) is 5,045,700 . The borders of West Kalimantan roughly trace the mountain ranges surrounding the watershed of the Kapuas River , which drains most of the province . The province shares land borders with Central Kalimantan to the southeast , East Kalimantan to the east , and the Malaysian territory of Sarawak to the north . West Kalimantan is an area that could be dubbed The Province of a Thousand Rivers . The nickname is aligned with the geographical conditions that have hundreds of large and small rivers that which can be and often are navigable . Several major rivers are still the main route for freight to the hinterland , despite road infrastructure now reaching most districts . Although a small part of West Kalimantan region is sea water , West Kalimantan has dozens of large and small islands ( mostly uninhabited ) spread along the Karimata Strait and Natuna Sea that borders the province of Riau Islands .
Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra , Indonesia who speak Batak languages . The term is used to include the Karo , Pakpak , Simalungun , Toba , Angkola , and Mandailing which are related groups with distinct languages and traditional customs ( adat ) .
Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑːrtə/ ; Indonesian pronunciation : [ dʒaˈkarta ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta ) , is the capital and largest city of Indonesia . Situated on the northwest coast of the world 's most populous island of Java , it is the centre of economy , culture and politics of Indonesia with a population of more than ten million as of 2014 [ update ] . Although Jakarta only covers 699.5 square kilometres ( 270.1 sq mi ) , the smallest among any Indonesian provinces , its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres ( 2,468 sq mi ) ; it is the world 's second most populous urban area after Tokyo , with a population of about 30 million as of 2010 [ update ] . Jakarta 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures . Jakarta is nicknamed the Big Durian , the thorny strongly-odored fruit native to the region , as the city is seen as the Indonesian equivalent of New York ( Big Apple ) . Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta is officially a province with special capital region status , though it is commonly referred to as a city . Its provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat , making it an important city for international diplomacy . Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city . Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur , Bangkok and Beijing .
The Madurese ( sometimes Madurace or Madhure ; also known as Orang Madura and Suku Madura in Indonesian ) are an ethnic group originally from the island of Madura now found in many parts of Indonesia , where they are the third-largest ethnic group by population . Common to most Madurese throughout the archipelago is the Islamic religion and the use of the Madurese language . The Madurese are a religious ethnicity , often affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama , a moderate Indonesian Muslim organization . Pesantren has a pivotal role in Madurese life . While the Madurese have their roots on Madura off the northeastern coast of Java , the majority of Madurese do not now live on that island . The Madurese people have migrated out of Madura over several hundred years , mostly driven by poor agricultural resources in their home island . The majority have settled on Java , where an estimated six million Madurese live , especially in East Java where they form about half the population .
Betawi people or Betawis ( Orang Betawi in Indonesian , meaning people of Batavia ) , are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts , as such often described as the native inhabitants of the city . They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia ( the colonial name of Jakarta ) from the 17th century onwards . However , the term native itself is questionable , since the Betawi people emerged in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various immigrant ethnic groups into Batavia .
Minangkabau people ( Minangkabau : Urang Minang ; Malay : Minang or Minangkabau ; Jawi : ميناڠكاباو ) , also known as Minang , are an ethnic group native to the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra , Indonesia . The Minangkabau 's West Sumatran homelands was the seat of the Pagaruyung Kingdom , believed by early orientalists to have been the cradle of the Malay race , and the location of the Padri War ( 1821 to 1837 ) . Minangkabau are ethnic majority in West Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan . Minangkabau are also recognised minority in other parts of Indonesia as well as Malaysia , Singapore and the Netherlands .
West Sumatra ( Indonesian : Sumatera Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . Located on the west coast of the island of Sumatra , the province had a 2019 estimated population of 5,479,491 across an area of 42,012.89 km2 . The province includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast and borders the provinces of North Sumatra to the north , Riau and Jambi to the east , and Bengkulu to the southeast . West Sumatra is sub-divided into twelve regencies and seven cities . It has relatively more cities than other provinces outside of Java . Padang is the province 's capital and largest city . West Sumatra is home to the Minangkabau people , although the traditional Minangkabau region is actually wider than the province 's boundaries , covering up to the southern region of North Sumatra , the western region of Riau , the western region of Jambi , the northern region of Bengkulu , and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia . Another native ethnic group is Mentawai people , who inhabit the western islands of the same name . Islam is a predominant religion in the province with about 97.4% of the total population . West Sumatra was the centre of Pagaruyung Kingdom , founded by Adityawarman in 1347 . The first European to come to the region was a French traveler named Jean Parmentier who arrived around 1523 . The region was later colonised by the Dutch Empire and became a residency named Sumatra 's WestKust ( Sumatra 's West Coast ) , whose administrative area included the present-day Kampar Regency in Riau and Kerinci Regency in Jambi .
The Buginese or Bugis people are an ethnic group - the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi , in the southwestern province of Sulawesi , third largest island of Indonesia . The Austronesian ancestors of the Bugis people settled on Sulawesi around 2500 B.C.E . There is historical linguistic evidence of some late Holocene immigration of Austronesian speakers to South Sulawesi from Taiwan - which means that the Buginese have possible ultimate ancestry in South China , and that as a result of this immigration , there was an infusion of an exogenous population from China or Taiwan . Migration from South China by some of the paternal ancestors of the Bugis is also supported by studies of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups . The Bugis in 1605 converted to Islam from Animism . Some Buginese have retained their pre-Islamic belief called Tolotang , and some Bugis converted to Christianity by means of marriage ; but they have remained a minority . Despite the population numbering only around 6 million , the Bugis are influential in the politics in modern Indonesia , and historically influential on the Malay peninsula and other parts of the archipelago where they have migrated , starting in the late seventeenth century . The third president of Indonesia , B.J . Habibi ( 1999-2002 ) , and the former Vice President of Indonesia , Jusuf Kalla were Bugis , and the sixth Prime Minister of Malaysia , Najib Razak has Bugis ancestry . Although many Bugis people live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare , the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros . The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name ; ( To ) Ugi is the endonym . The Bugis people speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian , called Basa Ugi , Bugis or Bugis .
Central Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Tengah ) is a province of Indonesia located at the centre of the island of Sulawesi . The administrative capital and largest city is located in Palu . The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province , and the 2015 Census of 2,872,859 , while the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 3,042,100 . Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,841.29 km2 ( 23,877 sq mi ) , the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island , and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi . It is bordered by the provinces of Gorontalo to the north , West Sulawesi , South Sulawesi and South East Sulawesi to the south , by Maluku to the east , and by the Makassar Strait to the west . The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups , such as the Kaili , Tolitoli , etc . The official language of the province is Indonesian , which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication , while there are several indigenous language spoken by the Indigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi . Islam is the dominant religion in the province , followed by Christianity which are mostly adhered by the people in the eastern part of the province . In the 13th century , several kingdoms had been established in Central Sulawesi such as the Kingdom of Banawa , the Kingdom of Tawaeli , the Kingdom of Sigi , the Kingdom of Bangga , and the Kingdom of Banggai . The influence of Islam on the kingdoms in Central Sulawesi began to be felt in the 16th century . The spread of Islam in Central Sulawesi was a result of the expansion of kingdoms in South Sulawesi . The influence that first came was from the Kingdom of Bone and the Kingdom of Wajo .
North Kalimantan ( Indonesian : Kalimantan Utara ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located on the northernmost of Kalimantan , the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo . North Kalimantan borders the Malaysian states of Sabah to the north and Sarawak to the west , and by the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan to the south . Tanjung Selor serves as the capital of the province , while Tarakan is the largest city and the financial centre . North Kalimantan covers 72,275.12 square kilometres and consists of four regencies and one city . Statistics Indonesia estimated its population at 695,562 as of mid 2019 , making it the least populous province in Indonesia . Formed on 25 October 2012 , it is the youngest province in Indonesia . North Kalimantan was separated from the province of East Kalimantan to reduce development disparity and Malaysia 's influence over the territory .
South Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Selatan , abbreviated as Sulsel ; Buginese : ᨔᨘᨒᨓᨙᨔᨗ ᨑᨗᨐᨈ ) is a province in the southern peninsula of Sulawesi . The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province . The capital is Makassar . The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north , the Gulf of Bone and Southeast Sulawesi to the east , Makassar Strait to the west , and Flores Sea to the south . The 2010 census estimated the population as 8,032,551 which makes South Sulawesi the most populous province on the island ( 46% of the population of Sulawesi is in South Sulawesi ) , and the sixth most populous province in Indonesia . By mid 2019 this was estimated to have risen to 8,819,500 . The main ethnic groups in South Sulawesi are the Buginese , Makassarese , Toraja , and Mandar . The economy of the province is based on agriculture , fishing , and mining of gold , magnesium , iron and other metals . The pinisi , a traditional Indonesian two-masted sailing ship , is still used widely by the Buginese and Makassarese , mostly for inter-insular transportation , cargo , and fishing purposes within the Indonesian archipelago . During the golden era of the spice trade , from the 15th to 19th centuries , South Sulawesi served as the gateway to the Maluku Islands . There were a number of small kingdoms , including two prominent ones , the Kingdom of Gowa near Makassar and the Bugis kingdom located in Bone . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) began operating in the region in the 17th century .
Southeast Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Tenggara , abbreviation : Sultra ) is a province on the island of Sulawesi , forming the southeastern peninsula of that island , together with a number of large offshore islands such as Buton , Muna , Kabaena and Wawonii , with smaller islands . The capital is Kendari , on the east coast of the peninsula . The province has no highway road connecting to the rest of the island , and the primary transportation link is a ferry across the Bone Gulf between Watampone ( Bone ) in South Sulawesi and the port of Kolaka in Southeast Sulawesi .
West Sulawesi ( Indonesian : Sulawesi Barat ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located in the western of the Sulawesi island . Its capital is Mamuju . The 2010 Census recorded a population of 1,158,651 , while that in 2015 recorded 1,279,994 . The province was established in 2004 , having been split off from South Sulawesi .
The Bantenese are a distinct subgroup of the Sundanese people , native to Banten Province on the island of Java . The area of Banten province corresponds more or less with the area of the former Banten Sultanate , a Banten nation state that precedes Indonesia . In his book The Sultanate of Banten , Guillot Claude writes on page 35 : These estates , owned by the Bantenese of Chinese origin , were concentrated around the village of Kelapadua . Most of Bantenese are Sunni Muslim .
The Banjar or Banjarese ( Urang Banjar in Banjarese language ; اورڠ بنجر in Jawi script ) , are ethnic group native to South Kalimantan province , Indonesia . Several centuries ago , some of them had travelled to many places in the Malay archipelago .
South Kalimantan ( Indonesian : Kalimantan Selatan ) is a province of Indonesia . It is located in Kalimantan , the Indonesian territory of Borneo . The provincial capital is Banjarmasin . The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census , and at nearly 4 million at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( for 2017 ) is 4,119,794 . One of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan , it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east , Central Kalimantan in the west and north , the Java Sea in the south , and East Kalimantan in the north . The province also includes the island of Laut , located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan . The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities . South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people , although there are some part of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan that is also included in this criteria . Nevertheless , South Kalimantan , especially the capital city Banjarmasin has always be the cultural capital of Banjarese culture . Many Banjarese has migrated to other parts of Indonesia , as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia . In addition , other ethnic groups also inhabit the province , such as several group of the Dayaks , who mostly live in the interior part of the province , as well as the Javanese , who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era . The history of South Kalimantan was synonymous with the establishment of the Kingdom of Tanjung Puri around the 5th to 6th century AD .
Central Kalimantan ( Indonesian : Kalimantan Tengah ) , is a province of Indonesia . It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan , the Indonesian part of Borneo . Its provincial capital is Palangkaraya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million , while the 2015 showed a rise to 2.49 million and the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 2,649,803 . The population growth rate was almost 3.0% per annum between 1990 and 2000 , one of the highest provincial growth rates in Indonesia during that time ; in the subsequent decade to 2010 the average annual growth rate slowed markedly to around 1.8% , but it rose again in the decade beginning 2010 . More than is the case in other province in the region , Central Kalimantan is populated by the Dayaks , the indigenous inhabitants of Borneo .
The Balinese people ( Indonesian : Suku Bali ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Indonesian island of Bali . The Balinese population of 4.2 million ( 1.7% of Indonesia 's population ) live mostly on the island of Bali , making up 89% of the island 's population . There are also significant populations on the island of Lombok and in the easternmost regions of Java ( e.g . the regency of Banyuwangi ) .
Bali is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands . Located east of Java and west of Lombok , the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands , notably Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan , and Nusa Ceningan . The provincial capital , Denpasar , is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second largest , after Makassar , in Eastern Indonesia . Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia , with 83.5% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism . Bali is Indonesia 's main tourist destination , with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s . Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy . It is renowned for its highly developed arts , including traditional and modern dance , sculpture , painting , leather , metalworking , and music . The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali . Other international events held in Bali include the Miss World 2013 and 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group . In March 2017 , TripAdvisor named Bali as the world 's top destination in its Traveller 's Choice award . Bali is part of the Coral Triangle , the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species especially fish and turtles . In this area alone , over 500 reef-building coral species can be found .
The Acehnese ( also written as Atjehnese and Achinese ) are an ethnic group from Aceh , Indonesia on the northernmost tip of the island of Sumatra . The area has a history of political struggle against the Dutch . The vast majority of the Acehnese people are Muslims . The Acehnese people are also referred to by other names such as Lam Muri , Lambri , Akhir , Achin , Asji , A-tse and Atse . Their language , Acehnese , belongs to the Aceh-Chamic group of Malayo-Polynesian of the Austronesian language family . A 14th century Suruaso inscription was found in Tanah Datar Regency ( West Sumatra ) , and written in two languages , Old Malay and Tamil . Tamil merchants also assimilated with Acehnese people and do not practice Tamil culture or speak the Tamil language . Among the present day Acehnese can also be found descent from Arab and Turkish merchants . The Acehnese were at one time Hinduised , as evident from their traditions and the many Sanskrit words in their language . They have been Muslims for several centuries and are generally considered the most conservative Muslim ethnic group in Indonesia with the implementation of Sharia law in their home province of Aceh . The estimated number of Acehnese ranges between 3,526,000 people and at least 4.2 million people Traditionally , there have been many Acehnese agriculturists , metal-workers and weavers . Traditionally matrilocal , their social organisation is communal .
Aceh ( /ˈɑːtʃeɪ/ ) is the westernmost province of Indonesia . It is located on the northern end of Sumatra , with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city . Granted a special autonomous status , Aceh is a religiously conservative territory and the only Indonesian province practicing Sharia law officially . There are ten indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of the region 's population . Aceh is the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and later the Indonesian government . Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) .
The Dayak /ˈdaɪ.ək/ or Dyak or Dayuh are the native people of Borneo . It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic subgroups , located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo , each with its own dialect , customs , laws , territory and culture , although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable . Dayak languages are categorised as part of the Austronesian languages in Asia . The Dayak were animist in belief ; however , many converted to Islam and since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity . Today [ when ? ] most Dayak still follow their ancient animistic traditions , but often state to belong to one of the six recognized religions in Indonesia .
The Sasak people live mainly on the island of Lombok , Indonesia , numbering around 3.6 million ( 85% of Lombok 's population ) . They are related to the Balinese in language and ancestry , although the Sasak are predominantly Muslim while the Balinese are predominantly Hindu . Sasak people who practice pre-Islamic beliefs are also known as Sasak Boda in reference to the name of the Sasak people 's original religion , Bodha .
West Nusa Tenggara ( Indonesian : Nusa Tenggara Barat - NTB ) is a province of Indonesia . It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the exception of Bali which is its own province . Mataram , on Lombok , is the capital and largest city of the province . The 2010 census recorded the population at 4,500,212 ; the total rose to 4,830,118 at the 2015 Census ; the latest official estimate ( for mid 2019 ) is 5,152,400 . The province 's area is 19,708.79 km2 . The two largest islands in the province are Lombok in the west and the larger Sumbawa island in the east .
Chinese Indonesians ( Indonesian : Orang Indonesia keturunan Tionghoa ) or ( in Indonesia ) simply Orang Tionghoa ( simplified Chinese : 中华 ; traditional Chinese : 中華 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiong-hôa ) , are Indonesians whose ancestors arrived from China at some stage in the last eight centuries . Most Chinese Indonesians are descended from Southern Chinese immigrants . Chinese people have lived in the Indonesian archipelago since at least the 13th century . Many came initially as sojourners ( temporary residents ) , intending to return home in their old age . Some , however , stayed in the region as economic migrants . Their population grew rapidly during the colonial period when workers were contracted from their home provinces in southern China . Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians has occurred since the start of Dutch colonialism in the region , although government policies implemented since 1998 have attempted to redress this . Resentment of ethnic Chinese economic aptitude grew in the 1950s as Native Indonesian merchants felt they could not remain competitive . In some cases , government action propagated the stereotype that ethnic Chinese-owned conglomerates were corrupt . Although the 1997 Asian financial crisis severely disrupted their business activities , reform of government policy and legislation removed a number of political and social restrictions on Chinese Indonesians . The development of local Chinese society and culture is based upon three pillars : clan associations , ethnic media and Chinese language schools . These flourished during the period of Chinese nationalism in the final years of China 's Qing dynasty and through the Second Sino-Japanese War ; however , differences in the objective of nationalist sentiments brought about a split in the population .
The Makassar people ( also Makassarese ) are an ethnic group that inhabits the southern part of the South Peninsula , Sulawesi ( formerly Celebes ) in Indonesia . They live around Makassar , the capital city of the province of South Sulawesi , as well as the Konjo highlands , the coastal areas , and the Selayar and Spermonde islands . They speak Makassarese , which is closely related to Buginese and also a Malay creole called Makassar Malay .
The Cirebonese or Cirebonese people are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native on the city of Cirebon and its immediate surrounding area , located in the northern part of the island of Java in Indonesia . Numbering approximately 1.9 million , the Cirebonese are mostly Muslim . Their language , Cirebonese , is a mixture of Javanese and Sundanese , with a heavier influence from Javanese , and as such is variably classified as either a dialect of both of those languages or as an independent language .
The Lampung people , also commonly referred to as Ulun Lampung , are an ethnic group indigenous to Lampung province and parts of South Sumatra province of the southern and central region that occupy areas such as Martapura , Muaradua at upstream of Komering River , Kayu Agung , Tanjung Raja at downstream of Komering River , Merpas on the southern side of Bengkulu province , as well as Cikoneng in the southwest coast of Banten province , Indonesia . They speak the Lampung language , a Lampungic language estimated to have 1.5 million speakers .
Malays ( Malay : Orang Melayu , Jawi : أورڠ ملايو ) are an Austronesian ethnic group and nation native to the Malay Peninsula , eastern Sumatra of Indonesia and coastal Borneo , as well as the smaller islands which lie between these locations - areas that are collectively known as the Malay world . These locations are today part of the nations of Malaysia ( Malay nation state ) , Brunei , Singapore , Indonesia and Southern Thailand . There is considerable genetic , linguistic , cultural , artistic , and social diversity among the many Malay subgroups , mainly due to hundreds of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicity and tribes within Maritime Southeast Asia . Historically , the Malay population is descended primarily from the earlier Malayic-speaking Austronesians and Austroasiatic tribes who founded several ancient maritime trading states and kingdoms , notably Brunei , Kedah , Langkasuka , Gangga Negara , Chi Tu , Nakhon Si Thammarat , Pahang , Melayu and Srivijaya . The advent of the Malacca Sultanate in the 15th century triggered a major revolution in Malay history , the significance of which lies in its far-reaching political and cultural legacy . Common definitive markers of a Malayness - the religion of Islam , the Malay language and traditions - are thought to have been promulgated during this era , resulting in the ethnogenesis of the Malay as a major ethnoreligious group in the region . In literature , architecture , culinary traditions , traditional dress , performing arts , martial arts , and royal court traditions , Malacca set a standard that later Malay sultanates emulated . The golden age of the Malay sultanates in the Malay Peninsula , Sumatra and Borneo saw many of their inhabitants , particularly from various tribal communities like the Batak , Dayak , Orang Asli and the Orang Laut become subject to Islamisation and Malayisation . Today , some Malays have recent forebears from other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia , termed as anak dagang ( traders ) and who predominantly consist of Banjar , Bugis , Minangkabau people and Acehnese peoples , while some are also descended from more recent immigrants from other countries . Throughout their history , the Malays have been known as a coastal-trading community with fluid cultural characteristics . They absorbed , shared and transmitted numerous cultural features of other local ethnic groups , such as those of Minang , Acehnese , and to some degree Javanese culture ; however Malay culture differs by being more overtly Islamic than the multi-religious Javanese culture . Ethnic Malays are also the major source of the ethnocultural development of the related Betawi , Banjar , Cape Malay , Cocos Malays and Sri Lankan Malay cultures , as well as the development of Malay trade and creole languages like Ambonese Malay , Baba Malay , the Betawi language and Manado Malay .
Gorontaloan or Hulandalo people are the native people of the northern part of Sulawesi . They are the most populous ethnicity in the Minahasa Peninsula . The Gorontaloans are predominantly Muslim . Their native language is Gorontaloan . The Gorontaloans have traditionally been concentrated in the provinces of Gorontalo , North Sulawesi , and the northern part of Central Sulawesi .
Gorontalo ( Gorontaloan : Hulontalo ) is a province of Indonesia on the island of Sulawesi . Located on the Minahasa Peninsula , Gorontalo was formerly part of the province of North Sulawesi until its inauguration on 5 December 2000 . In Indonesia history , the only Indonesian President from the Gorontaloan people is the 3rd President of the Republic of Indonesia , Prof. DR. Ing . B.J . Habibie . His father , Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie comes from the Habibie clan . The provincial capital as well as the main gateway and the most populated city is Gorontalo City ( often called Hulontalo City ) which is also famous for the nickname Porch of Medina ( Indonesian : Serambi Madina ) . This is because the kingdoms of Gorontalo have applied Islamic law as a basis for implementing the law , both in the fields of government , society and the courts . The total area of the province is 12,435 square kilometres ( 4,801 sq mi ) with a population of 1,133,237 as of 2016 with population density of 88 inhabitants per km² .