Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester
Churches
Table:
Name

Location

Photograph

Notes

St Michael and All Angels

Ashton-under-Lyne, Tameside
53°29′16″N 2°05′23″W﻿ / ﻿53.4877°N 2.0897°W﻿ / 53.4877; -2.0897﻿ (St Michael, Ashton-under-Lyne)

The church originated in the 15th century, but was virtually rebuilt during the 19th century. The north side was partly rebuilt in 1821. Between 1841 and 1845 Richard Tattersall rebuilt the south wall, and restored the internal piers, pews and galleries. In 1886–88 J. S. Crowther built the west tower. The church is mainly in the Perpendicular style. Twenty of the windows contain medieval stained glass dating from about 1497 to 1512, donated by Sir Thomas Assheton, and depicting scenes from the life of Saint Helen.[20][21]

St Mary

Cheadle, Stockport
53°23′39″N 2°13′03″W﻿ / ﻿53.3942°N 2.2175°W﻿ / 53.3942; -2.2175﻿ (St George, Heaviley)

St Mary's dates mainly from between 1520 and 1550, and is entirely Perpendicular in style. There were restorations in the 19th century, including one by J. Medland Taylor in 1878–80. At the west end is a castellated tower. Inside the church is a camber beam roof with gilded bosses. The church also contains effigies dating from the 15th and 17th centuries.[22][23]

Holy Name of Jesus

Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester
53°27′52″N 2°13′52″W﻿ / ﻿53.4644°N 2.2311°W﻿ / 53.4644; -2.2311﻿ (Holy Name of Jesus, Manchester)

This is a Roman Catholic church built in 1869–71, designed by Joseph Aloysius Hansom and his son, Joseph Stanislaus Hansom. The octagonal top of the tower was designed by Adrian Gilbert Scott, and was completed in 1928. The church is constructed in sandstone with slate roofs. Inside the church, terracotta is used for the rib vaulting and for some of the ornamentation. The high altar, pulpit, font and the baptistery screens were designed by the younger Hansom.[14][24]

St Mary the Virgin

Eccles, Salford
53°29′02″N 2°20′00″W﻿ / ﻿53.4839°N 2.3334°W﻿ / 53.4839; -2.3334﻿ (St Mary, Eccles)

The oldest fabric in the church dates from the 13th century. There were alterations and additions in each of the following three centuries, particularly in the 15th century. The chancel was rebuilt in 1862–63 by J. P. Holden. The roof of the nave has been described as "the chief treasure of the church"; it is coffered, and decorated with elaborate bosses, some with sunbursts.[25][26]

St Anne

Haughton, Denton, Tameside
53°26′46″N 2°06′16″W﻿ / ﻿53.4461°N 2.1044°W﻿ / 53.4461; -2.1044﻿ (St Anne, Haughton)

The church was built in 1880–82, and designed by J. Medland Taylor and Henry Taylor for Joseph Sidebotham, a local industrialist and politician. It is constructed in red brick with tiled roofs, and has a cruciform plan. Over the crossing is a large tower consisting of a truncated pyramidal roof, above which is a timber-framed bell stage with a pyramidal spire containing dormer openings. The marguerite, a symbol of Saint Anne, features prominently in the decorative scheme.[27][28]

St George

Heaviley, Stockport
53°23′50″N 2°09′06″W﻿ / ﻿53.3972°N 2.1518°W﻿ / 53.3972; -2.1518﻿ (St George, Heaviley)

St George's was built between 1893 and 1897, and designed by Hubert Austin of the Lancaster architectural practice of Paley, Austin and Paley. It is Perpendicular in style, with some Art Nouveau features. The church has a tower at the crossing, surmounted by a spire rising to 236 feet (72 m). It is described by the authors of the Buildings of England series as "by far the grandest church of Stockport".[29][30]

Manchester Cathedral

Manchester
53°29′07″N 2°14′40″W﻿ / ﻿53.4853°N 2.2444°W﻿ / 53.4853; -2.2444﻿ (Manchester Cathedral)

This began as a collegiate church in 1421, and became a cathedral in 1847. It was constructed in sandstone, mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries, and is in the Perpendicular style. A series of restorations was carried out in the 19th century by John Palmer, by J. P. Holden, who raised the height of the tower, by J. S. Crowther, who rebuilt the nave arcades, and by Basil Champneys, who added the west porch. The cathedral was bomb-damaged in 1940, and was subsequently repaired by Hubert Worthington.[6][31]

St Ann

Manchester
53°28′54″N 2°14′45″W﻿ / ﻿53.4817°N 2.2458°W﻿ / 53.4817; -2.2458﻿ (St Ann, Manchester)

St Ann's was built in 1709–12 in Neoclassical style. It consists of a six-bay nave, with a semicircular apse at the east end, and a west tower. The tower originally had a three-stage cupola, which was removed in 1777 and replaced with a balustraded parapet. The church was remodelled and restored by Alfred Waterhouse in 1887–91. Inside are galleries on three sides, supported by Tuscan columns. The stained glass scheme in the apse was designed by Frederic Shields.[13][32]

St Leonard

Middleton, Rochdale
53°33′12″N 2°11′40″W﻿ / ﻿53.5532°N 2.1945°W﻿ / 53.5532; -2.1945﻿ (St Leonard, Middleton)

The church stands on a hill, and contains some Norman material in the tower arch. It was rebuilt in 1412 by Bishop Thomas Langley, with a further rebuilding in 1524 by Sir Richard Assheton. There were more alterations carried out in the 17th and 19th centuries. Between 1957 and 1960, George Pace added vestries and a porch. A notable feature of the church is the weatherboarded belfry, dating from 1667, on the tower.[5][33]

St Augustine

Pendlebury, Salford
53°30′40″N 2°19′19″W﻿ / ﻿53.5111°N 2.3219°W﻿ / 53.5111; -2.3219﻿ (St Augustine, Pendlebury)

G. F. Bodley designed the church for the Manchester banker Edward Stanley Heywood. It was built in 1870–74 on a concrete raft to prevent damage from mining subsidence, and cost £33,000. The church is constructed in brick with stone dressings and tiled roofs. The buttresses are internal; they rise through the roof, and are capped by small gables. Many of the internal furnishings were designed by Bodley, including the large and elaborate reredos. On the chancel walls are paintings and stencilling.[11][34]

St Mary

Prestwich, Bury
53°31′46″N 2°17′12″W﻿ / ﻿53.5294°N 2.2866°W﻿ / 53.5294; -2.2866﻿ (St Mary, Prestwich)

A church has been present on the site since at least 1200, but the oldest part of the present church is the tower, which dates from the 15th century. The nave and aisles are from the following century. The south porch was added in 1865, followed by two chapels in 1874–75. In 1888–89, Paley, Austin and Paley replaced the chancel, added a turret at the east end, and rebuilt the north chapel. The same architects also designed many of the internal furnishings. Among the monuments is one by Sievier.[35][36]

St Mary

Radcliffe, Bury
53°33′52″N 2°18′29″W﻿ / ﻿53.5644°N 2.3081°W﻿ / 53.5644; -2.3081﻿ (St Mary, Radcliffe)

The church dates from the 14th century. The tower is probably from the following century, and was restored in 1665. The chancel was rebuilt in 1817. J. Medland Taylor carried out restorations and extensions in 1870 and 1905; these included replacing the south transept with an aisle, giving the church an almost square plan.[7][37]

St Elisabeth

Reddish, Stockport
53°26′17″N 2°09′48″W﻿ / ﻿53.4380°N 2.1633°W﻿ / 53.4380; -2.1633﻿ (St Nary, Reddish)

Designed by Alfred Waterhouse, the church was built in 1882–83 for Sir William Houldsworth. It is constructed in red brick with stone bands and dressings. Outside the east end of the south aisle is a tower linked to the body of the church by a flying bridge; the tower is surmounted by a lead spire. At the east end of the church is an apsidal chancel flanked by a Lady chapel and a vestry.[10][38]

St Edmund

Rochdale
53°37′15″N 2°09′57″W﻿ / ﻿53.6209°N 2.1658°W﻿ / 53.6209; -2.1658﻿ (St Edmund, Rochdale)

The church was built in 1870–73, and designed by J. Medland Taylor for Albert Hudson Royds, a local banker and prominent Freemason. It is constructed in sandstone with tiled roofs, at a cost of £28,000. The church has a cruciform plan with a tower at the crossing. It is notable for its combination of Gothic Revival architectural features with symbols of Freemasonry. The church closed in 2009, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.[39][40][41][42]

Edgar Wood Centre

Rusholme, Manchester
53°27′28″N 2°12′58″W﻿ / ﻿53.4579°N 2.2162°W﻿ / 53.4579; -2.2162﻿ (Edgar Wood Centre, Manchester)

The first church for the Christian Scientists in Britain, the Edgar Wood Centre was built in 1903–04, with additions in 1905–07. Its design is Expressionist with Art Nouveau details. Constructed in partly rendered brick, it has a steeply pitched roof. The entrance front has a window shaped like a cross, and an entrance under a semicircular arch. There are two wings, one of them in the form of a turret with a conical roof. Along the sides of the church are dormer windows. The building is now used by the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.[43]

All Saints

Stand, Whitefield, Bury
53°33′00″N 2°17′55″W﻿ / ﻿53.5501°N 2.2986°W﻿ / 53.5501; -2.2986﻿ (All Saints, Stand)

All Saints was built in 1821–26 as a Commissioners' church. It was designed by Charles Barry, and was his first commission. The church is tall, in a style that has been described as "fanciful" Gothic. Its plan is rectangular, with a canted apse at the east end, and a west tower. Many of the internal furnishings are by Austin and Paley, and one of the monuments is by Sievier.[12][44]

St Wilfrid

Standish, Wigan
53°35′12″N 2°39′45″W﻿ / ﻿53.5868°N 2.6625°W﻿ / 53.5868; -2.6625﻿ (St Wilfrid, Standish)

St Wilfrid's dates mainly from about 1582–84 when it largely replaced an earlier church. A new tower was added in 1867. In 1913–14 the east vestry was built by Austin and Paley. The west tower has an octagonal bell stage. Inside the church the arcades are supported by Tuscan columns, probably the earliest full-scale use of the Tuscan order in England. The church also contains a piscina and aumbry dating from the 13th or 14th century, and 14th-century monuments.[45][46]

St Mary

Stockport
53°24′40″N 2°09′20″W﻿ / ﻿53.4112°N 2.1555°W﻿ / 53.4112; -2.1555﻿ (St Mary, Stockport)

The chancel and the northeast chapel date from the 14th century, and are in Decorated style. The rest of the church was rebuilt between 1813 and 1817 in Perpendicular style. Alterations were made in 1881–82 by J. S. Crowther. In the chancel are a sedilia, a double piscina and an Easter Sepulchre, and there is another piscina in the chapel. Also in the church are a number of monuments, including one by Richard Westmacott.[47][48]

St Thomas

Stockport
53°24′13″N 2°09′18″W﻿ / ﻿53.4036°N 2.1550°W﻿ / 53.4036; -2.1550﻿ (St Thomas, Stockport)

This was a Commissioners' church and an early design by George Basevi. It is in Greek Revival style. At the east end is a large portico supported by six Ionic columns, and at the west end is a clock tower. The church was refurbished by T. H. Allen in 1881, and the chancel was remodelled by J. Medland Taylor in 1890. Inside the church are galleries on three sides, carried on Corinthian columns.[49][50]

All Saints

Urmston, Trafford
53°28′24″N 2°21′11″W﻿ / ﻿53.4734°N 2.3530°W﻿ / 53.4734; -2.3530﻿ (All Saints, Urmston)

E. W. Pugin designed this Roman Catholic church, which was built in 1867–68 for Sir Humphrey de Trafford. The building started in 1863 as a family mausoleum, which became church's north chapel. Once a parish church, it has since been used as a friary for the Friars Minor Conventual. At the west end of the church is a large rose window, and a bell-tower with the appearance of a flèche. The church is considered to be E. W. Pugin's masterwork.[15][51]

With reference to the table and the article excerpts listed below.

Respond to the question below: When did the architect die who designed the church tower erected in 1928 ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

St. Michael 's Church ( in full , St. Michael and All Angels ' Church ) in Ashton-under-Lyne ( grid reference SJ94159900 ) , Greater Manchester , is a Grade I Listed Building . It is one of 116 surviving medieval parish churches in the North West . The church dates back to at least 1262 , and a church on the site was mentioned in the Domesday Book . The church was rebuilt in the fifteenth century ; however little of the previous church remains after it was rebuilt again in the nineteenth century .
Ashton-under-Lyne is a market town in Tameside , Greater Manchester , England . The population was 45,198 at the 2011 census . Historically in Lancashire , it is on the north bank of the River Tame , in the foothills of the Pennines , 6.2 miles ( 10.0 km ) east of Manchester . Evidence of Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Viking activity has been discovered in Ashton-under-Lyne . The Ashton part of the town 's name probably dates from the Anglo-Saxon period , and derives from Old English meaning settlement by ash trees . The origin of the under-Lyne suffix is less clear ; it possibly derives from the British lemo meaning elm or from Ashton 's proximity to the Pennines . In the Middle Ages , Ashton-under-Lyne was a parish and township and Ashton Old Hall was held by the de Asshetons , lords of the manor . Granted a Royal Charter in 1414 , the manor spanned a rural area consisting of marshland , moorland , and a number of villages and hamlets . Until the introduction of the cotton trade in 1769 , Ashton was considered bare , wet , and almost worthless . The factory system , and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution triggered a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area , and by the mid-19th century Ashton had emerged as an important mill town at a convergence of newly constructed canals and railways . Ashton-under-Lyne 's transport network allowed for an economic boom in cotton spinning , weaving , and coal mining , which led to the granting of municipal borough status in 1847 . In the mid-20th century , imports of cheaper foreign goods led to the decline of Ashton 's heavy industries but the town has continued to thrive as a centre of commerce and Ashton Market is one of the largest outdoor markets in the United Kingdom .
A pier , in architecture , is an upright support for a structure or superstructure such as an arch or bridge . Sections of structural walls between openings ( bays ) can function as piers .
Joseph Stretch Crowther ( 1820-1893 ) , usually known as J. S. Crowther , was an English architect who practised in Manchester . Crowther studied under Richard Tattersall from 1838-1843 . He worked as a managing clerk for Henry Bowman until 1846 , when Bowman took him into partnership , the firm being known as Bowman and Crowther . Crowther then went into independent practice , designing churches in Gothic Revival style , and villas in a variety of styles . He was appointed as the diocesan architect for Manchester Cathedral , and was working on the restoration of the cathedral at the time of his death , which occurred in March 1893 .
English Gothic is an architectural style , which originated in France and flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 . As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe , English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches , vaulted roofs , buttresses , large windows , and spires . The Gothic style was introduced from France , where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris , built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144 . The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture ( often known in England as Norman architecture ) . This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral , which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known . English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe . Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods , which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles . Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century . The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries , but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century . Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture , notably the medieval cathedrals of England , are largely built in the Gothic style . So are numerous castles , palaces , great houses , universities , and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings , including almshouses and trade halls .
England in the Middle Ages concerns the history of England during the medieval period , from the end of the 5th century through to the start of the Early Modern period in 1485 . When England emerged from the collapse of the Roman Empire , the economy was in tatters and many of the towns abandoned . After several centuries of Germanic immigration , new identities and cultures began to emerge , developing into kingdoms that competed for power . A rich artistic culture flourished under the Anglo-Saxons , producing epic poems such as Beowulf and sophisticated metalwork . The Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity in the 7th century and a network of monasteries and convents was built across England . In the 8th and 9th centuries England faced fierce Viking attacks , and the fighting lasted for many decades , eventually establishing Wessex as the most powerful kingdom and promoting the growth of an English identity . Despite repeated crises of succession and a Danish seizure of power at the start of the 11th century , it can also be argued that by the 1060s England was a powerful , centralised state with a strong military and successful economy . The Norman invasion of England in 1066 led to the defeat and replacement of the Anglo-Saxon elite with Norman and French nobles and their supporters . William the Conqueror and his successors took over the existing state system , repressing local revolts and controlling the population through a network of castles . The new rulers introduced a feudal approach to governing England , eradicating the practice of slavery , but creating a much wider body of unfree labourers called serfs . The position of women in society changed as laws regarding land and lordship shifted . England 's population more than doubled during the 12th and 13th centuries , fueling an expansion of the towns , cities , and trade , helped by warmer temperatures across Northern Europe .
Helena , or Saint Helena ( Greek : Ἁγία Ἑλένη , Hagía Helénē , Latin : Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta ; c. 246/248 - c. 330 ) , was an Empress of the Roman Empire , and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great . Born outside of the noble classes , a Greek , possibly in the Greek city of Drepana , Bithynia in Asia Minor , she became the consort of the future Roman Emperor Constantius Chlorus and the mother of the future Emperor Constantine the Great . Helena ranks as an important figure in the history of Christianity and of the world due to her influence on her son . In her final years , she made a religious tour of Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem , during which ancient tradition claims that she discovered the True Cross . The Eastern Orthodox Churches , Oriental Orthodox Churches , Roman Catholic Church , and the Anglican Communion revere her as a saint ; the Lutheran Church commemorates her .
St Mary 's Church in Cheadle , Greater Manchester , England , is a Grade I listed building . It is an Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Cheadle . Its benefice is united with that of St Cuthbert .
Cheadle /ˈtʃiːdəl/ is a suburban village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , it borders Cheadle Hulme , Gatley , Heald Green and Cheadle Heath in Stockport , and East Didsbury in Manchester . In 2011 [ update ] , it had a population of 14,698 .
The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .
A battlement in defensive architecture , such as that of city walls or castles , comprises a parapet ( i.e. , a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height ) , in which gaps or indentations , which are often rectangular , occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences . These gaps are termed crenels ( also known as carnels , or embrasures ) , and a wall or building with them is called crenellated ; alternative ( older ) terms are castellated and embattled . The act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation . The function of battlements in war is to protect the defenders by giving them something to hide behind , from which they can pop out to launch their own missiles . A defensive building might be designed and built with battlements , or a manor house might be fortified by adding battlements , where no parapet previously existed , or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall . A distinctive feature of late medieval English church architecture is to crenellate the tops of church towers , and often the tops of lower walls . These are essentially decorative rather than functional , as are many examples on secular buildings . The solid widths between the crenels are called merlons . Battlements on walls have protected walkways ( chemin de ronde ) behind them . On tower or building tops , the ( often flat ) roof is used as the protected fighting platform .
In building , a camber beam is a piece of timber cut archwise , and steel bent or rolled , with an obtuse angle in the middle , commonly used in platforms as church leads , and other occasions where long and strong beams are required . The camber curve is ideally a parabola , but practically a circle segment as even with modern materials and calculations , cambers are imprecise . A camber beam is much stronger than another of the same size , since being laid with the hollow side downwards , as they usually are , they form a kind of supporting arch .
Gilding is any decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold to solid surfaces such as metal ( most common ) , wood , porcelain , or stone . A gilded object is also described as gilt . Where metal is gilded , it was traditionally silver in the West , to make silver-gilt ( or vermeil ) objects , but gilt-bronze is commonly used in China , and also called ormolu if it is Western . Methods of gilding include hand application and gluing , typically of gold leaf , chemical gilding , and electroplating , the last also called gold plating . Parcel-gilt ( partial gilt ) objects are only gilded over part of their surfaces . This may mean that all of the inside , and none of the outside , of a chalice or similar vessel is gilded , or that patterns or images are made up by using a combination of gilt and ungilted areas . Gilding gives an object a gold appearance at a fraction of the cost of creating a solid gold object . In addition , a solid gold piece would often be too soft or too heavy for practical use . A gilt surface also does not tarnish as silver does .
In architecture , a boss is a knob or protrusion of stone or wood .
An effigy is a representation of a specific person in the form of sculpture or some other three-dimensional medium . The use of the term is normally restricted to certain contexts in a somewhat arbitrary way : recumbent effigies on tombs are so called , but standing statues of individuals , or busts , are usually not . Likenesses of religious figures in sculpture are not normally called effigies . Effigies are common elements of funerary art , especially as a recumbent effigy ( in a lying position ) in stone or metal placed on a tomb , or a less permanent funeral effigy , placed on the coffin in a grand funeral , wearing real clothing . Figures , often caricatural in style , that are damaged , destroyed or paraded in order to harm the person represented by magical means , or merely to mock or insult them or their memory , are also called effigies . It is common to burn an effigy of a person ( burn in effigy ) as an act of protest . The word is first documented in English in 1539 and comes , perhaps via French , from the Latin effigies , meaning representation . This spelling was originally used in English for singular senses : even a single image was the effigies of . ( This spelling seems to have been later reanalyzed as a plural , creating the singular effigy . ) In effigie was probably understood as a Latin phrase until the 18th century . The word occurs in Shakespeare 's As You Like It of 1600 ( II , vii , 193 ) , where scansion suggests that the second syllable is to be emphasized , as in the Latin pronunciation ( but unlike the modern English pronunciation ) .
The Church of the Holy Name of Jesus on Oxford Road , Manchester , England was designed by Joseph A. Hansom and built between 1869 and 1871 . The tower , designed by Adrian Gilbert Scott , was erected in 1928 in memory of Fr Bernard Vaughan , SJ . The church has been Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England since 1989 , having previously been Grade II* listed since 1963 .
Chorlton-on-Medlock is an inner city area of Manchester , England . Historically in Lancashire , Chorlton-on-Medlock is bordered to the north by the River Medlock , which runs immediately south of Manchester city centre . Its other borders roughly correspond to Stockport Road , Hathersage Road , Moss Lane East and Boundary Lane . Neighbouring districts are Hulme to the west , Ardwick to the east and Victoria Park , Rusholme and Moss Side to the south . A large portion of the district along Oxford Road is occupied by the campuses of the University of Manchester , Manchester Metropolitan University , and the Royal Northern College of Music . To the south of the university 's Oxford Road campus a considerable area is occupied by a group of contiguous hospitals including Manchester Royal Infirmary , to the west of which is Whitworth Park .
The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy .
Joseph Aloysius Hansom ( 26 October 1803 - 29 June 1882 ) was a prolific English architect working principally in the Gothic Revival style . He invented the Hansom cab and founded the eminent architectural journal , The Builder , in 1843 .
Joseph Stanislaus Hansom , FRIBA ( 1845-1931 ) was a British architect . He was the son and partner of the better known Joseph Aloysius Hansom , inventor of the Hansom cab . He trained with his father , becoming his partner in 1869 and taking over the family practice fully in 1880 . In 1881 he inherited the practice of John Crawley ( 1834-1881 ) . In 1881 , he designed Our Lady of Sorrows Church in Bognor Regis . He was among the founders , in 1904 , of the Catholic Record Society , and was so active on its behalf that Cardinal Gasquet described him as its prime mover and energy .
Adrian Gilbert Scott ( 6 August 1882 - 23 April 1963 ) was an English ecclesiastical architect .
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized ( 0.0625 to 2 mm ) mineral particles or rock fragments . Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar ( both silicates ) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth 's surface , as seen in the Goldich dissolution series . Like uncemented sand , sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals , but the most common colors are tan , brown , yellow , red , grey , pink , white , and black . Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features , certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions . Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities , making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs . Fine-grained aquifers , such as sandstones , are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices , such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity . Quartz-bearing sandstone can be changed into quartzite through metamorphism , usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts .
Slate is a fine-grained , foliated , homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism . It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock . Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering , but instead is in planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression . The foliation in slate is called slaty cleavage . It is caused by strong compression causing fine grained clay flakes to regrow in planes perpendicular to the compression . When expertly cut by striking parallel to the foliation , with a specialized tool in the quarry , many slates will display a property called fissility , forming smooth flat sheets of stone which have long been used for roofing , floor tiles , and other purposes . Slate is frequently grey in color , especially when seen , en masse , covering roofs . However , slate occurs in a variety of colors even from a single locality ; for example , slate from North Wales can be found in many shades of grey , from pale to dark , and may also be purple , green or cyan . Slate is not to be confused with shale , from which it may be formed , or schist . The word slate is also used for certain types of object made from slate rock . It may mean a single roofing tile made of slate , or a writing slate . They were traditionally a small , smooth piece of the rock , often framed in wood , used with chalk as a notepad or notice board , and especially for recording charges in pubs and inns .
Terracotta , terra cotta or terra-cotta ( pronounced [ ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta ] ; Italian : baked earth , from the Latin terra cocta ) , a type of earthenware , is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware , and also for various practical uses including vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , roofing tiles , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta , which varies considerably . [ citation needed ] This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture , as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration . Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered . Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century . Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which made a large contribution to the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . [ citation needed ] In archaeology and art history , terracotta is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potter 's wheel . Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same material are called earthenware pottery ; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or firing technique . Unglazed pieces , and those made for building construction and industry , are also more likely to be referred to as terracotta , whereas tableware and other vessels are called earthenware ( though sometimes terracotta if unglazed ) , or by a more precise term such as faience . [ citation needed ]
A rib vault is an architectural feature used to cover a large interior space in a building , usually the nave of a church or cathedral , in which the surface of the vault is divided into webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs . It is also called a ribbed vault . It was a key feature of Gothic architecture . The thin stone ribs of the vault meet in a pointed arch , and carry the thrust of the weight of the roof outward and downwards to pillars on the ground floor , and to heavy flying buttresses outside the walls , rather than to the walls themselves . The use of rib vaults permitted the construction of much higher and thinner walls , and of stained glass windows of enormous size , which flooded the cathedrals with light . The rib vault was an improvement upon the earlier barrel vault , with semicircular arches , widely used by the Romans . An early version of the rib vault was used in the 8th century in Islamic Architecture , at the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba in Moorish Spain , though it was decorative , not bearing the weight of the structure . They were also frequently used in later Romanesque and Norman architecture . Beginning in the 11th century , they were used in all of the major Gothic Cathedrals in Europe . Their form gradually changed from complex sexpartite vault to the simpler but stronger quadripartite vault , allowing the building of much higher cathedrals . By the thirteenth century , they had again become highly ornamental and complex , in such forms as the fan vault .
A pulpit is a raised stand for preachers in a Christian church . The origin of the word is the Latin pulpitum ( platform or staging ) . The traditional pulpit is raised well above the surrounding floor for audibility and visibility , accessed by steps , with sides coming to about waist height . From the late medieval period onwards , pulpits have often had a canopy known as the sounding board or abat-voix above and sometimes also behind the speaker , normally in wood . Though sometimes highly decorated , this is not purely decorative , but can have a useful acoustic effect in projecting the preacher 's voice to the congregation below . Most pulpits have one or more book-stands for the preacher to rest his or her bible , notes or texts upon . The pulpit is generally reserved for clergy . This is mandated in the regulations of the Roman Catholic church , and several others ( though not always strictly observed ) . Even in Welsh Nonconformism , this was felt appropriate , and in some chapels a second pulpit was built opposite the main one for lay exhortations , testimonials and other speeches . Many churches have a second , smaller stand called the lectern , which can be used by lay persons , and is often used for all the readings and ordinary announcements . The traditional Catholic location of the pulpit to the side of the chancel or nave has been generally retained by Anglicans and some Protestant denominations , while in Presbyterian and Evangelical churches the pulpit has often replaced the altar at the centre . Equivalent platforms for speakers are the bema ( bima , bimah ) of Ancient Greece and Jewish synagogues , and the minbar of Islamic mosques .
A baptismal font is an article of church furniture used for baptism .
In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry ( Old French baptisterie ; Latin baptisterium ; Greek βαπτιστήριον , 'bathing-place , baptistery ' , from βαπτίζειν , baptízein , 'to baptize ' ) is the separate centrally planned structure surrounding the baptismal font . The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral , and provided with an altar as a chapel . In the early Church , the catechumens were instructed and the sacrament of baptism was administered in the baptistery .
St Mary the Virgin 's Church is an active Anglican parish church in Eccles , Greater Manchester , England . The church is in the Eccles deanery , the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester . Together with St Andrew 's Eccles , St Paul 's , Monton , Christ Church , Patricroft and St James ' , Hope the church is part of the team benefice of Eccles . The church was granted Grade I Listed status in 1964 .
Eccles ( /ˈɛkəlz/ ; pop . 38,756 ( 2011 ) ) is a town in Greater Manchester , England . It is a district within the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford . Eccles in 2.7 miles ( 4.3 km ) west of Salford and 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) west of Manchester city centre , split by the M602 motorway and bordered by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south . Historically part of Lancashire , Eccles grew up around the 13th-century Parish Church of St Mary . Evidence of pre-historic human settlement has been discovered locally , but the area was predominantly agricultural until the Industrial Revolution , when a textile industry was established in the town . The arrival of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , the world 's first passenger railway , led to the town 's expansion along the route of the track linking those two cities . Eccles cakes , first produced and sold in the town in 1796 , are now exported across the world .
In church architecture , the chancel is the space around the altar , including the choir and the sanctuary ( sometimes called the presbytery ) , at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building . It may terminate in an apse . It is generally the area used by the clergy and choir during worship , while the congregation is in the nave . Direct access may be provided by a priest 's door , usually on the south side of the church . This is one definition , sometimes called the strict one ; in practice in churches where the eastern end contains other elements such as an ambulatory and side chapels , these are also often counted as part of the chancel , especially when discussing architecture . In smaller churches , where the altar is backed by the outside east wall and there is no distinct choir , the chancel and sanctuary may be the same area . In churches with a retroquire area behind the altar , this may only be included in the broader definition of chancel . In a cathedral or other large church , there may be a distinct choir area at the start of the chancel ( looking from the nave ) , before reaching the sanctuary , and an ambulatory may run beside and behind it . All these may be included in the chancel , at least in architectural terms ( see above ) . In many churches , the altar has now been moved to the front of the chancel , in what was built as the choir area , or to the centre of the transept , somewhat confusing the distinction between chancel , choir and sanctuary . In churches with less traditional plans , the term may not be useful in either architectural or ecclesiastical terms . The chancel may be a step or two higher than the level of the nave , and the sanctuary is often raised still further .
The nave /neɪv/ is the central part of a church , stretching from the ( normally western ) main entrance or rear wall , to the transepts , or in a church without transepts , to the chancel . When a church contains side aisles , as in a basilica-type building , the strict definition of the term nave is restricted to the central aisle . In a broader , more colloquial sense , the nave includes all areas available for the lay worshippers , including the side-aisles and transepts . Either way , the nave is distinct from the area reserved for the choir and clergy .
A coffer ( or coffering ) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square , rectangle , or octagon in a ceiling , soffit or vault . A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault , also called caissons ( boxes ) , or lacunaria ( spaces , openings ) , so that a coffered ceiling can be called a lacunar ceiling : the strength of the structure is in the framework of the coffers .
St Anne 's Church in Haughton , Denton is a Grade I Listed Building . The church was built in 1881 and designed by J. Medland Taylor . The construction was funded by E. Joseph Sidebotham , a member of the Sidebotham mill-owning family of Hyde . The church was built in brick in the Gothic Revival style , but also utilised timber framing . It has been described as the best-known work of the architects , an 'extraordinary free-form brick church [ that ] forms the nucleus of the most important cluster of their buildings ' surviving . The lychgate and rectory that adjoin the main church are also of architectural significance , and each is on the register of protected buildings in its own right .
Haughton Green is a large village in Tameside , Greater Manchester , England . It formed part of the ancient township of Haughton , Lancashire , along with Haughton Dale , Higher Haughton , Lower Haughton , Haughton Hall and Haughton itself .
Denton is a town in Tameside , Greater Manchester , England , five miles ( 8 km ) east of Manchester city centre . Historically part of Lancashire , it had a population of 36,591 at the 2011 Census .
Joseph Watson Sidebotham ( 29 April 1857 - 10 June 1925 ) was a British colliery owner and Conservative politician .
Cruciform means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross .
Timber framing and post-and-beam construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers , creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs . It is commonplace in wooden buildings through the 19th century . If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered , and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect . The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany . Timber framed houses are spread all over the country except in the southeast . The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut dimensional lumber . Hewing this with broadaxes , adzes , and draw knives and using hand-powered braces and augers ( brace and bit ) and other woodworking tools , artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building . Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world , many styles of historic framing have developed . These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation , walls , how and where the beams intersect , the use of curved timbers , and the roof framing details .
A dormer is a roofed structure , often containing a window , that projects vertically beyond the plane of a pitched roof . A dormer window is a form of roof window . Dormers are commonly used to increase the usable space in a loft and to create window openings in a roof plane . The term dormer is commonly used to refer to a dormer window although a dormer does not necessarily contain a window . A dormer is often one of the primary elements of a loft conversion . As a prominent element of many buildings , different types of dormer have evolved to complement different styles of architecture . When the structure appears on the spires of churches and cathedrals , it is usually referred to as a lucarne .
Leucanthemum vulgare , commonly known as the ox-eye daisy , oxeye daisy , dog daisy and other common names , is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia , and an introduced plant to North America , Australia and New Zealand .
According to apocryphal Christian and Islamic tradition , Saint Anne was the mother of Mary and the maternal grandmother of Jesus . Mary 's mother is not named in the canonical gospels . In writing , Anne 's name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha , of which the Gospel of James ( written perhaps around 150 ) seems to be the earliest that mentions them . The mother of Mary is mentioned , but not named , in the Quran .
St George 's Church is in Buxton Road , Heaviley , an area of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Stockport , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield , and the diocese of Chester . Its benefice is united with that of St Gabriel , Adswood . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . The authors of the Buildings of England series express the opinion that it is by far the grandest church of Stockport , and state St George is a church on a splendid scale . According to the visitors ' guide to the church , the Rt Revd Geoffrey Fisher , former Archbishop of Canterbury , said that it is the finest church built in England since the Reformation .
Hubert James Austin ( 31 March 1841 - 1915 ) was an English architect who practised in Lancaster . With his partners he designed many churches and other buildings , mainly in the northwest of England .
Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkəstər/ , /ˈlænkæs-/ ) the county town of Lancashire , England , is on the River Lune and has a population of 52,234 . The wider City of Lancaster local government district has a population of 138,375 . The House of Lancaster was a branch of the English royal family , whilst the Duchy of Lancaster holds large estates on behalf of Elizabeth II , who is also the Duke of Lancaster . It is an ancient settlement , dominated by Lancaster Castle , Lancaster Priory Church and the Ashton Memorial . It is home to Lancaster University and a campus of the University of Cumbria .
Sharpe , Paley and Austin are the surnames of architects who practised in Lancaster , Lancashire , England , between 1835 and 1946 , working either alone or in partnership . The full names of the principals in their practice , which went under various names during its life , are Edmund Sharpe ( 1809-77 ) ; Edward Graham Paley ( 1823-97 ) , who practised as E. G. Paley ; Hubert James Austin ( 1841-1915 ) ; Henry Anderson Paley ( 1859-1946 ) , son of Edward , usually known as Harry Paley ; and , for a very brief period , Geoffrey Langshaw Austin ( 1884-1971 ) , son of Hubert . The firm 's commissions were mainly for buildings in Lancashire and what is now Cumbria , but also in Yorkshire , Cheshire , the West Midlands , North Wales , and Hertfordshire . The practice specialised in work on churches ; the design of new churches , restoring older churches , and making additions or alterations . They also designed country houses , and made alterations to existing houses . Almost all their churches were designed in Gothic Revival style , except for some of Sharpe 's earliest churches and a few designed later by the practice . Within the Gothic Revival style , the practice initially used Early English and , particularly , Decorated features . E. G. Paley introduced Perpendicular elements , and Perpendicular became the dominant style used by the practice following the arrival of Hubert Austin , to such a degree that the firm became regarded as the regional leader in the use of that style . The practice used a greater variety of styles when working on country houses , including Elizabethan and Jacobean elements as well as Gothic . Other features were incorporated towards the end of the 19th century similar to those in works produced by the Aesthetic and the Arts and Crafts Movements . Not all the firm 's work was on a large scale ; as the major architectural practice in North West England they also undertook work on schools , vicarages , hospitals , factories , hotels , shops , railway stations , and war memorials .
Art Nouveau ( /ˌɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ , ˌɑːr/ ; French : [ aʁ nuvo ] ) is an international style of art , architecture and applied art , especially the decorative arts , known in different languages by different names : Jugendstil in German , Stile Liberty in Italian , Modernisme in Catalan , etc . In English it is also known as the Modern Style ( not to be confused with Modernism and Modern architecture ) . The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910 . It was a reaction against the academic art , eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration . It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers . Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement , often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines , and the use of modern materials , particularly iron , glass , ceramics and later concrete , to create unusual forms and larger open spaces . One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts ( especially painting and sculpture ) and applied arts . It was most widely used in interior design , graphic arts , furniture , glass art , textiles , ceramics , jewelry and metal work . The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians , such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc ( 1814-1879 ) and British art critic John Ruskin ( 1819-1900 ) . In Britain , it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement . German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk ( total work of art ) that would unify the architecture , furnishings , and art in the interior in a common style , to uplift and inspire the residents . The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s , in the architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar , Henry van de Velde , and especially Victor Horta , whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893 .
A crossing , in ecclesiastical architecture , is the junction of the four arms of a cruciform ( cross-shaped ) church . In a typically oriented church ( especially of Romanesque and Gothic styles ) , the crossing gives access to the nave on the west , the transept arms on the north and south , and the choir , as the first part of the chancel , on the east . The crossing is sometimes surmounted by a tower or dome . A large crossing tower is particularly common on English Gothic cathedrals . With the Renaissance , building a dome above the crossing became popular . Because the crossing is open on four sides , the weight of the tower or dome rests heavily on the corners ; a stable construction thus required great skill on the part of the builders . In centuries past , it was not uncommon for overambitious crossing towers to collapse . Sacrist Alan of Walsingham 's octagon , built between 1322 and 1328 after the collapse of Ely 's nave crossing on 22 February 1322 , is the . greatest individual achievement of architectural genius at Ely Cathedral according to architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner . A tower over the crossing may be called a lantern tower if it has openings through which light from outside can shine down to the crossing . In Early Medieval churches , the crossing square was often used as a module , or a unit of measurement . The nave and transept would have lengths that were a certain multiple of the length of the crossing square .
The Pevsner Architectural Guides are a series of guide books to the architecture of Great Britain and Ireland . Begun in the 1940s by the art historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner , the 46 volumes of the original Buildings of England series were published between 1951 and 1974 . The series was then extended to Scotland , Wales and Ireland in the late 1970s . Most of the English volumes have had second editions , chiefly by other authors . The final Scottish volume , Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire , was published in autumn 2016 . This completed the series ' coverage of Great Britain in the 65th anniversary year of its inception . The Irish series remains incomplete .
Manchester Cathedral , formally the Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Mary , St Denys and St George , [ a ] in Manchester , England , is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Manchester , seat of the Bishop of Manchester and the city 's parish church . It is on Victoria Street in Manchester city centre . The former parish church was rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style in the years following the foundation of the collegiate body in 1421 . Then at the end of the 15th century , James Stanley II ( warden 1485-1506 ) was responsible for rebuilding the nave and collegiate choir with high clerestory windows ; also commissioning the late-medieval wooden internal furnishings , including the pulpitum , choir stalls and the nave roof supported by angels with gilded instruments . The medieval church was extensively refaced , restored and extended in the Victorian period , and again following bomb damage in the 20th century . The collegiate church became the cathedral of the new Diocese of Manchester in 1847 , and is one of fifteen Grade I listed buildings in Manchester .
In Christianity , a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons : a non-monastic or secular community of clergy , organised as a self-governing corporate body , which may be presided over by a dean or provost . In its governance and religious observance a collegiate church is similar to a cathedral , although a collegiate church is not the seat of a bishop and has no diocesan responsibilities . Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church , or by tithe income from appropriated benefices . They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community .
An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches , with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers . Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians . The walkway may be lined with retail stores . An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway . Alternatively , a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall . Blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that influenced Gothic architecture . In the Gothic architectural tradition , the arcade can be located in the interior , in the lowest part of the wall of the nave , supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral , or on the exterior , in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters . Many medieval arcades housed shops or stalls , either in the arcaded space itself , or set into the main wall behind . From this , arcade has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building , regardless of the architectural form . The word arcade comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata , based on Latin arcus , bow ( see arc and arch ) .
Basil Champneys ( 17 September 1842 - 5 April 1935 ) was an English architect and author whose most notable buildings include Manchester 's John Rylands Library , Somerville College Library ( Oxford ) , Newnham College , Cambridge , Lady Margaret Hall , Oxford , Mansfield College , Oxford and Oriel College , Oxford 's Rhodes Building .
Sir John Hubert Worthington RA ( 4 July 1886 - 26 July 1963 ) was an English architect .
St Ann 's Church in Manchester , England was consecrated in 1712 . Although named after St Anne , it also pays tribute to the patron of the church , Ann , Lady Bland . St Ann 's Church is a Grade I listed building .
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .
In architecture , a bay is the space between architectural elements , or a recess or compartment . The term bay comes from Old French baee , meaning an opening or hole .
In architecture , an apse ( plural apses ; from Latin absis : arch , vault from Greek ἀψίς apsis arch ; sometimes written apsis , plural apsides ) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome , also known as an exedra . In Byzantine , Romanesque , and Gothic Christian church ( including cathedral and abbey ) architecture , the term is applied to a semi-circular or polygonal termination of the main building at the liturgical east end ( where the altar is ) , regardless of the shape of the roof , which may be flat , sloping , domed , or hemispherical . Smaller apses may also be in other locations , especially shrines .
In architecture , a cupola /ˈkjuːpələ/ is a relatively small , most often dome-like , tall structure on top of a building . Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air , it usually crowns a larger roof or dome .
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft , square , or lathe-turned form found in stairways , parapets , and other architectural features . In furniture construction it is known as a spindle . Common materials used in its construction are wood , stone , and less frequently metal and ceramic . A group of balusters supporting handrail , coping , or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade . The term baluster shaft is used to describe forms such as a candlestick , upright furniture support , and the stem of a brass chandelier . [ citation needed ] The term banister ( also bannister ) refers to the system of balusters and handrail of a stairway . It may be used to include its supporting structures , such as a supporting newel post .
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof , terrace , balcony , walkway or other structure . The word comes ultimately from the Italian parapetto ( parare to cover/defend and petto breast ) . The German equivalent Brüstung has the same meaning . Where extending above a roof , a parapet may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that continues above the edge line of the roof surface , or may be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the roof such as a fire wall or party wall . Parapets were originally used to defend buildings from military attack , but today they are primarily used as guard rails and to prevent the spread of fires . In the Bible the Hebrews are obligated to build a parapet on the roof of their houses to prevent people falling .
Alfred Waterhouse RA PPRIBA ( 19 July 1830 - 22 August 1905 ) was an English architect , particularly associated with the Victorian Gothic Revival architecture , although he designed using other architectural styles as well . He is perhaps best known for his design for Manchester Town Hall and the Natural History Museum in London , although he also built a wide variety of other buildings throughout the country . Besides his most famous public buildings he designed other town halls , the Manchester Assize buildings bombed in World War II and the adjacent Strangeways Prison . He also designed several hospitals , the most architecturally interesting being the Royal Infirmary Liverpool and University College Hospital London . He was particularly active in designing buildings for universities , including both Oxford and Cambridge but also what became Liverpool , Manchester and Leeds universities . He designed many country houses , the most important being Eaton Hall in Cheshire , largely demolished in 1961-63 . He designed several bank buildings and offices for insurance companies , most notably the Prudential Assurance Company . Although not a major church designer he produced several notable churches and chapels . He was both a member of The Royal Institute of British Architects , of which he served a term as President , and a Royal Academician , acting as Treasurer for the Royal Academy . Financially speaking , Waterhouse was probably the most successful of all Victorian architects . He designed some of the most expensive buildings of the Victorian age . The three most expensive were Manchester Town Hall , Eaton Hall and the Natural History Museum all under construction during the 1870s .
The Tuscan order ( Latin Ordo Tuscanicus or Ordo Tuscanus , with the meaning of Etruscan order ) is one of the two classical orders developed by the Romans , the other being the composite order . It is influenced by the Doric order , but with un-fluted columns and a simpler entablature with no triglyphs or guttae . While relatively simple columns with round capitals had been part of the vernacular architecture of Italy and much of Europe since at least Etruscan architecture , the Romans did not consider this style to be a distinct architectural order ( for example , the Roman architect Vitruvius did not include it alongside his descriptions of the Greek Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders ) . Its classification as a separate formal order was made during the Italian Renaissance . Sebastiano Serlio described five orders including a Tuscan order , the solidest and least ornate , in his fourth book of Regole generali di architettura sopra le cinque maniere de gli edifici ( 1537 ) . Though Fra Giocondo had attempted a first illustration of a Tuscan capital in his printed edition of Vitruvius ( 1511 ) , he showed the capital with an egg and dart enrichment that belonged to the Ionic . The most rustic Tuscan order of Serlio was later carefully delineated by Andrea Palladio . In its simplicity , the Tuscan order is seen as similar to the Doric order , and yet in its overall proportions , intercolumniation and simpler entablature , it follows the ratios of the Ionic . This strong order was considered most appropriate in military architecture and in docks and warehouses when they were dignified by architectural treatment . Serlio found it suitable to fortified places , such as city gates , fortresses , castles , treasuries , or where artillery and ammunition are kept , prisons , seaports and other similar structures used in war .
Frederic James Shields ( 14 March 1833 - 26 February 1911 ) was a British artist , illustrator and designer closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelites through Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Ford Madox Brown .
St Leonard 's is an Anglican parish church in Middleton , Greater Manchester , England . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . Much of the present building was erected in 1412 by Thomas Langley ( born in Middleton in 1363 ) who served as Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England . He re-used the Norman doorway from an earlier structure to create the tower arch . Also distinctive in this part of the world is the wooden belfry tower . The church of St Leonard was completed in 1524 by Sir Richard Assheton , in celebration of the knighthood granted to him by Henry VIII for his part in the Battle of Flodden in 1513 . The Flodden Window , in the sanctuary , is thought to be the oldest war memorial in the UK . It commemorates on it the names of the Middleton archers who fought at Flodden . The church also has one of the finest collections of monumental brasses in the area , including the only brass in the UK of an English Civil War officer in full armour , Major-General Sir Ralph Assheton . In 1958 George Pace added a new north porch and vestries . He also installed light fittings , and designed a memorial to the First World War . In the extension of the churchyard are the war graves of two First World War soldiers , and an airman from the Second World War .
Middleton is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale , Greater Manchester , England , on the River Irk 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) southwest of Rochdale and 4.4 miles ( 7.1 km ) northeast of Manchester city centre . Middleton had a population of 42,972 at the 2011 Census . It lies on the northern edge of Manchester , with Blackley to the south and Moston to the south east . Historically part of Lancashire , Middleton 's name comes from it being the centre of several circumjacent settlements . It was an ecclesiastical parish of the hundred of Salford , ruled by aristocratic families . The Church of St Leonard is a Grade I listed building . The Flodden Window in the church 's sanctuary is thought to be the oldest war memorial in the United Kingdom , memorialising the archers of Middleton who fought at the Battle of Flodden in 1513 . In 1770 , Middleton was a village of twenty houses , but in the 18th and 19th centuries it grew into a thriving and populous seat of textile manufacture and it was granted borough status in 1886 . Langley in the north of the town was one of Manchester City Council 's overspill council estates , whilst Alkrington in the south is a suburban area .
The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . In particular the term is traditionally used for English Romanesque architecture . The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps , and at the same time monasteries , abbeys , churches and cathedrals , in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches ( particularly over windows and doorways ) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style .
Thomas Langley ( c. 1363 - 20 November 1437 ) was an English prelate who held high ecclesiastical and political offices in the early to mid-15th century . He was Dean of York , Bishop of Durham , twice Lord Chancellor of England to three kings , and a Pseudocardinal . In turn Keeper of the King 's signet and Keeper of the Privy Seal before becoming de facto England 's first Foreign Secretary . He was the second longest serving Chancellor of the Middle Ages .
George Gaze Pace , CVO ( 31 December 1915 - 23 August 1975 ) was an English architect who specialised in ecclesiastical works . He was trained in London , and served in the army , before being appointed as surveyor to a number of cathedrals . Most of his work was carried out on churches , although he did some secular work . His architectural style was Modernist , but he respected traditional styles , and on occasions combined both styles in his works .
A vestry was a committee for the local secular and ecclesiastical government for a parish in England and Wales , which originally met in the vestry or sacristy of the parish church , and consequently became known colloquially as the vestry . For many centuries the vestries were the sole de facto local government and presided over local , communal fundraising and expenditure until the mid or late 19th century with local Established Church chairmanship . More punitive matters tended to be dealt with by the manorial court and hundred court during the epoch of the vestries . Their initial power derived from custom and was very occasionally ratified by the common law or asserted in statute such as the Elizabethan Poor Law . At the high point of their powers before removal of Poor Law responsibilities in 1834 , the vestries spent not far short of one-fifth of the budget of the British government which derived much of its income from global trade and imperialism . Secular and ecclesiastical aspects of the vestries were separated , for all areas where they had not earlier been , under a reforming statute of 1894 . Their secular duties have been performed in England since then by parish councils or more superior councils , leaving their ecclesiastical duties to the Church of England where they have been performed by parochial church councils ( PCCs ) since 1921 . Realised secularisation of local government was opposed by administrations of the Tory Party preceding the Third Salisbury ministry , the British government led by Lord Salisbury from 1895 to 1900 and several earlier influential High Whigs . A public right in the PCC ( church ) meeting remains in that all Members of an overlapping civil parish can speak at their annual meetings ( which may appoint churchwardens for instance ) . A right to tax by a PCC for church chancel repairs remains as to liable ( apportioned ) local residents and businesses across an apportioned area of many church parishes , in the form of chancel repair liability however in some tithes were replaced by no further such taxation .
Clapboard /ˈklæbərd/ , also called bevel siding , lap siding , and weatherboard , with regional variation in the definition of these terms , is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards , often overlapping .
St. Augustines Church is an active Anglican church in Pendlebury , Greater Manchester , England . Dedicated to St Augustine , it is part of the benefice of Swinton and Pendlebury along with St Peter 's Church in Swinton and All Saints ' Church in Wardley . The church is in the Eccles deanery , the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester . The church was granted Grade II* listed status in 1966 but has since been upgraded to Grade I . Called the Miners ' Cathedral , due to its almost cathedralesque stature , in the heart of a one time coal-mining community , it was also sometimes locally called Gussie 's . The church is situated on Bolton Road and has a connected primary school .
Pendlebury is a suburban town in the City of Salford , Greater Manchester , England . The population at the 2011 Census was 13,069 . It lies 4.1 miles ( 6.6 km ) northwest of Manchester city centre , 3.4 miles ( 5.5 km ) northwest of Salford , and 5.9 miles ( 9.5 km ) southeast of Bolton . Historically in Lancashire , Pendlebury , together with the neighbouring settlements of Swinton and Clifton , formed the municipal borough of Swinton and Pendlebury . Pendlebury saw extensive coal extraction from several collieries until the closure of Agecroft Colliery in the 1990s .
George Frederick Bodley RA ( 14 March 1827 - 21 October 1907 ) was an English Gothic Revival architect . He was a pupil of Sir George Gilbert Scott , and worked in partnership with Thomas Garner for much of his career . He was one of the founders of Watts & Co .
A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall . Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings , as a means of providing support to act against the lateral ( sideways ) forces arising out of the roof structures that lack adequate bracing . The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress , and is often used when referring to dams , retaining walls and other structures holding back earth . Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple ( ancient Uruk ) , dating to as early as the 4th millennium BCE . [ citation needed ]
A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .
A reredos ( /ˈrɪərˌdɒs , ˈrɪərɪ- , ˈrɛrɪ-/ REER-dos , REER-ih- , RERR-ih- ) is a large altarpiece , a screen , or decoration placed behind the altar in a church . It often includes religious images .
The Church of St Mary the Virgin is on Church Lane , Prestwich , Greater Manchester , England . It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Radcliffe and Prestwich , the archdeaconry of Bolton and the diocese of Manchester . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . Pevsner refers to it as a major church .
Prestwich ( /ˈprɛstwɪtʃ/ PREST-witch ) is a suburban town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England , 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) north of Manchester city centre , 3.1 miles ( 5 km ) north of Salford and 4.7 miles ( 7.6 km ) south of Bury . Historically part of Lancashire , Prestwich was the seat of the ancient parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham , in the hundred of Salfordshire . The Church of St Mary the Virgin - a Grade I listed building - has lain at the centre of the community for centuries . The oldest part of Prestwich , around Bury New Road , is known as Prestwich Village . There is a large Jewish community in Prestwich together with neighbouring Whitefield , Cheetham Hill , Crumpsall and Broughton Park in Salford which forms the second-largest Jewish community in the United Kingdom .
An aisle ( British English : gangway ) is , in general ( common ) , a space for walking with rows of seats on both sides or with rows of seats on one side and a wall on the other . Aisles can be seen in airplanes , certain types of buildings , such as churches , cathedrals , synagogues , meeting halls , parliaments and legislatures , courtrooms , theatres , and in certain types of passenger vehicles . Their floors may be flat or , as in theatres , stepped upwards from a stage . Aisles can also be seen in shops , warehouses , and factories , where rather than seats , they have shelving to either side . In warehouses and factories , aisles may consist of storage pallets , and in factories , aisles may separate work areas . In health clubs , exercise equipment is normally arranged in aisles . Aisles are distinguished [ how ? ] from corridors , hallways , walkways , footpaths/pavements ( American English sidewalks ) , trails , paths and ( enclosed ) open areas .
Sharpe , Paley and Austin are the surnames of architects who practised in Lancaster , Lancashire , England , between 1835 and 1946 , working either alone or in partnership . The full names of the principals in their practice , which went under various names during its life , are Edmund Sharpe ( 1809-77 ) ; Edward Graham Paley ( 1823-97 ) , who practised as E. G. Paley ; Hubert James Austin ( 1841-1915 ) ; Henry Anderson Paley ( 1859-1946 ) , son of Edward , usually known as Harry Paley ; and , for a very brief period , Geoffrey Langshaw Austin ( 1884-1971 ) , son of Hubert . The firm 's commissions were mainly for buildings in Lancashire and what is now Cumbria , but also in Yorkshire , Cheshire , the West Midlands , North Wales , and Hertfordshire . The practice specialised in work on churches ; the design of new churches , restoring older churches , and making additions or alterations . They also designed country houses , and made alterations to existing houses . Almost all their churches were designed in Gothic Revival style , except for some of Sharpe 's earliest churches and a few designed later by the practice . Within the Gothic Revival style , the practice initially used Early English and , particularly , Decorated features . E. G. Paley introduced Perpendicular elements , and Perpendicular became the dominant style used by the practice following the arrival of Hubert Austin , to such a degree that the firm became regarded as the regional leader in the use of that style . The practice used a greater variety of styles when working on country houses , including Elizabethan and Jacobean elements as well as Gothic . Other features were incorporated towards the end of the 19th century similar to those in works produced by the Aesthetic and the Arts and Crafts Movements . Not all the firm 's work was on a large scale ; as the major architectural practice in North West England they also undertook work on schools , vicarages , hospitals , factories , hotels , shops , railway stations , and war memorials .
In architecture , a turret ( from Italian : torretta , little tower ; Latin : turris , tower ) is a small tower that projects vertically from the wall of a building such as a medieval castle . Turrets were used to provide a projecting defensive position allowing covering fire to the adjacent wall in the days of military fortification . As their military use faded , turrets were used for decorative purposes , as in the Scottish baronial style . A turret can have a circular top with crenelations as seen in the picture at right , a pointed roof , or other kind of apex . It might contain a staircase if it projects higher than the building ; however , a turret is not necessarily higher than the rest of the building ; in this case , it is typically part of a room , that can be simply walked into - see the turret of Chateau de Chaumont on the collection of turrets , which also illustrates a turret on a modern skyscraper . A building may have both towers and turrets ; turrets might be smaller or higher but turrets instead project from the edge of a building rather than continue to the ground . The size of a turret is therefore limited , since it puts additional stresses on the structure of the building . Turrets were traditionally supported by a corbel . In modern times , a gun turret is a weapon mount that houses the crew or mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon , allowing the weapon to be aimed and fired in some degree of azimuth and elevation . It can be found on warships , combat vehicles , military aircraft , and land fortifications , and usually offers some degree of armour or protection .
Robert William Sievier FRS ( 24 July 1794 - 28 April 1865 ) was a notable English engraver , sculptor and later inventor of the 19th century .
The Parish Church of St Mary , Radcliffe is a church in Radcliffe , Greater Manchester . It was built during the 14th century , but the tower was not added until the 15th century . The building is designated Grade I by English Heritage , having been listed in 1966 under its former name of the Church of St Mary and St Bartholomew . In 1991 , some local parishes were merged , and the church adopted its present name . The churchyard contains the war graves of six soldiers of World War I and three of World War II .
Radcliffe is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England . Historically a part of Lancashire , it lies in the Irwell Valley 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) south-west of Bury and 6.5 miles ( 10 km ) north-northwest of Manchester and is contiguous with Whitefield to the south . The disused Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal bisects the town . Evidence of Mesolithic , Roman and Norman activity has been found in Radcliffe and its surroundings . A Roman road passes through the area , along the border between Radcliffe and Bury . Radcliffe appears in an entry of the Domesday Book as Radeclive and in the High Middle Ages formed a small parish and township centred on the Church of St Mary and the manorial Radcliffe Tower , both of which are Grade I listed buildings . Plentiful coal in the area facilitated the Industrial Revolution , providing fuel for the cotton spinning and papermaking industries . By the mid-19th century , Radcliffe was an important mill town with cotton mills , bleachworks and a road , canal and railway network . At the 2011 Census , Radcliffe had a population of 29,950 . Radcliffe is predominantly a residential area whose few remaining cotton mill buildings are now occupied by small businesses .
A transept ( with two semitransepts ) is a transverse part of any building , which lies across the main body of the edifice . In churches , a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ( cross-shaped ) building within the Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architectural traditions . Each half of a transept is known as a semitransept .
St. Elisabeth 's Church is an Anglo Catholic church in Reddish , Stockport designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Victorian Gothic style . It is a grade I listed building .
Reddish is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England , 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) north of Stockport and 4.6 miles ( 7.4 km ) southeast of Manchester . At the 2011 Census , the population was 28,052 . Historically part of Lancashire , Reddish grew rapidly in the Industrial Revolution and still retains landmarks from that period , such as Houldsworth Mill , a former textile mill . Reddish Vale is a country park .
Sir William Henry Houldsworth , 1st Baronet DL ( 20 August 1834 in Ardwick , Manchester - 18 April 1917 in Kilmarnock ) was a mill-owner in Reddish , Lancashire . He was Conservative MP for Manchester North West from 1883 to 1906 , and sometime chairman of the Fine Cotton Spinners ' Association . He was made a baronet in 1887 .
A Lady chapel or lady chapel is a traditional British term for a chapel dedicated to Our Lady , the Blessed Virgin Mary , particularly those inside a cathedral or other large church . The chapels are also known as a Mary chapel or a Marian chapel , and they were traditionally the largest side chapel of a cathedral , placed eastward from the high altar and forming a projection from the main building as in Winchester Cathedral . Most Roman Catholic and many Anglican cathedrals still have such chapels , while mid-sized churches have smaller side-altars dedicated to the Virgin . The occurrence of lady chapels varies by location and exist in most of the French cathedrals and churches where they form part of the chevet . In Belgium they were not introduced before the 14th century ; in some cases they are of the same size as the other chapels of the chevet , but in others ( probably rebuilt at a later period ) they became much more important features . Some of the best examples can be found in churches of the Renaissance period in Italy and Spain .
Saint Edmunds Church ( or the Church of Saint Edmund ) is a redundant church building located on Clement Royds Street in the Falinge area of Rochdale , in Greater Manchester , England . Commissioned by Rochdale 's local industrialist and Freemason Albert Royds , the construction of the building was completed to a high and rich specification in 1873 , with an enormous cost of around £25,000 ( £2.23 million in 2020 ) . It is the only known church building in England so overtly dedicated to Masonic symbolism and is therefore unique within English architecture . Art critic Nikolaus Pevsner described the building as Rochdale 's temple to Freemasonry , a total concept as exotic as Roslin Chapel in Scotland . Because of the building 's craftsmanship , design and prevalent Masonic theme , St Edmund 's Church was recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building in 1985 . The church closed for worship in 2007 , and in 2009 , The Victorian Society identified the building as unusual and extraordinary but also critically endangered . St Edmund 's heritage status was upgraded to a Grade I listing in 2010 in recognition of its unique Masonic architecture and exceptional architectural interest . It has since been acquired by the Churches Conservation Trust .
Rochdale /ˈrɒtʃdeɪl/ is a town in Greater Manchester , England , at the foothills of the South Pennines in the dale on the River Roch , 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) northwest of Oldham and 9.8 miles ( 15.8 km ) northeast of Manchester . It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale , which had a population of 211,699 in 2011 . Historically part of Lancashire , Rochdale 's recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under Recedham Manor . The ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the hundred of Salford and one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England , comprising several townships . By 1251 , Rochdale had become important enough to have been granted a Royal charter . Rochdale flourished into a centre of northern England 's woollen trade , and by the early 18th century was described as being remarkable for many wealthy merchants . Rochdale rose to prominence in the 19th century as a mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the first industrialised towns . The Rochdale Canal - one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom - was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton , wool and coal to and from the area . The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdale 's textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in its region . However , during the 20th century Rochdale 's spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt . Rochdale is the birthplace of the modern Co-operative Movement , to which more than one billion people worldwide belonged in 2012 .
Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons that from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients . The degrees of Freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds , those of Apprentice , Journeyman or fellow ( now called Fellowcraft ) , and Master Mason . The candidate of these three degrees is progressively taught the meanings of the symbols of Freemasonry , and entrusted with grips , signs and words to signify to other members that he has been so initiated . The degrees are part allegorical morality play and part lecture . Three degrees are offered by Craft ( or Blue Lodge ) Freemasonry , and members of any of these degrees are known as Freemasons or Masons . There are additional degrees , which vary with locality and jurisdiction , and are usually administered by their own bodies ( separate from those who administer the Craft degrees ) . The basic , local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge . These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level ( usually coterminous with either a state , province , or national border ) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient . There is no international , worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry ; each Grand Lodge is independent , and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate . Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups . Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture be open in a working lodge , that every member profess belief in a Supreme Being , that no women be admitted ( although , in some jurisdictions , those who transition to women after being initiated may stay ; see below ) , and that the discussion of religion and politics be banned . Continental Freemasonry is now the general term for the jurisdictions which have removed some , or all , of these restrictions .
Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .
The Churches Conservation Trust is a registered UK charity ( number 258612 ) whose purpose is to protect historic churches at risk in England . In practice , the Trust works to prevent any deterioration in the condition of the buildings in its care and to ensure they are in use as community assets . Local communities are encouraged to use them for activities and events and the buildings provide an educational resource , allowing children and young people to study history , architecture and other subjects . The charity cares for 354 English churches of architectural , cultural and historic significance . To date , 94% of the churches saved from closure are Grade I or Grade II listed . Many are open to visitors as heritage sites on a daily basis and nearly 2 million people visit the Trust 's churches each year . The majority of the churches remain consecrated though they are not used for regular worship . The charity is run by a board of trustees , nine individuals , who delegate the day-to-day management to a chief executive and the senior management team which includes five directors . Since 2017 , the chief executive has been Peter Aiers . The central office of The Churches Conservation Trust is located at Society Building , 8 All Saints Street , London , N1 9RL .
The Edgar Wood Centre is a former Church of Christ , Scientist building in Fallowfield , Manchester , England . The church was designed by Edgar Wood in 1903 . Nikolaus Pevsner considered it the only religious building in Lancashire that would be indispensable in a survey of twentieth century church design in all England . It is a Grade I listed building and has been on the Heritage at Risk Register published by Historic England .
Rusholme is an inner-city area of Manchester , England , about two miles south of the city centre . The population of Rusholme ward at the 2011 census was 13,643 . Rusholme is bounded by the neighbourhoods of Chorlton-on-Medlock to the north , Victoria Park and Longsight to the east , Fallowfield to the south and Moss Side to the west . It has a large student population , with several student halls and many students renting terraced houses , and suburban houses towards the Victoria Park area .
Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices belonging to the metaphysical family of new religious movements . [ n 2 ] It was developed in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy , who argued in her 1875 book Science and Health that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone . [ n 3 ] The book became Christian Science 's central text , along with the Bible , and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies . Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter in 1879 to found the Church of Christ , Scientist , and in 1894 the Mother Church , The First Church of Christ , Scientist , was built in Boston , Massachusetts . Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States , with nearly 270,000 members there by 1936 , a figure that had declined by 1990 to just over 100,000 , and by 2009 reportedly to under 50,000 . The church is known for its newspaper , The Christian Science Monitor , which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002 , and for its public Reading Rooms around the world . [ n 4 ] Eddy described Christian Science as a return to primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing . There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of traditional Christianity . In particular , adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism , believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion . This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder , and that the sick should be treated not by medicine but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health . The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid all medical care - adherents use dentists , optometrists , obstetricians , physicians for broken bones , and vaccination when required by law - but maintains that Christian-Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine . Between the 1880s and 1990s , the avoidance of medical treatment led to the deaths of several adherents and their children .
Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany . Brick Expressionism is a special variant of this movement in western and northern Germany and in The Netherlands ( Amsterdam School ) . Expressionist architecture is one of the three dominant styles of Modern architecture : International Style , Expressionist , and Constructivist architecture .
Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water . Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid . It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings , and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture . Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials , such as metal , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe . In English , stucco usually refers to a coating for the outside of a building and plaster to a coating for interiors ; as described below , the material itself is often little different . However , other European languages , notably including Italian , do not have the same distinction ; stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both . This has led to English-speakers sometimes using stucco for interior decorative plasterwork in relief .
The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God ( UCKG ) ( Portuguese : Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus , IURD ) is an Evangelical charismatic Christian denomination with its headquarters at the Temple of Solomon in São Paulo , Brazil . The church was founded in 1977 in Rio de Janeiro by bishop Edir Macedo , owner of the multi-billion television company RecordTV . In 1999 , it claimed to have 8 million members in Brazil and was already considered a commercial church and had established temples in the United Kingdom and in Africa and India , claiming a total of more than 12 million members worldwide that year . By 2013 , the church had congregations in the New York City borough of Brooklyn , and - according to the website of the Universal Church in the United States - now has more than 300 congregations in 33 U.S. states . The church openly supports Brazil 's president Jair Bolsonaro . In 2017 , the church was accused of adopting children in Portugal and taking them abroad illegally . It has also been accused of Cult-like illegal activities and corruption , including money laundering , charlatanism , and witchcraft , as well as intolerance towards other religions . It has been subject to bans in several African countries . A London UCKG pastor in 2000 arranged a service to cast out the devil when his help was sought for an ill and badly injured child whose guardians thought she was possessed ; she died and her guardians were convicted of murder . There have been accusations that the church extracts money from poor members for the benefit of its leaders .
All Saints ' Church or Stand Church is an active Anglican parish church in Stand , Whitefield , Greater Manchester , England . It is in the deanery of Radcliffe and Prestwich , the archdeaconry of Bolton , and the diocese of Manchester . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I-listed building . It was a Commissioners ' church , having received a grant towards its construction from the Church Building Commission . The church is a tall building , standing on high ground , and is constructed on a platform .
Stand is a residential area in Whitefield , Greater Manchester , England . The name is derived from a hunting stand , from which the surrounding countryside could be scanned for game . Stand Old Hall , built on the highest point in Whitefield overlooking Pilkington Deer Park ( now the junction of Stand Lane and Ringley Road ) was the manor house of the Pilkington family , Lords of the Manor of Pilkington and Bury . Stand Old Hall was replaced by Stand Hall around 1515 after the Earl of Derby took control of Pilkington . The old hall was converted into a barn and in the 19th century it became a shippon ( cowshed ) . The old hall fell into disrepair and was demolished in the early 1960s . The view from Stand Hall was described in 1806 . All Saints ' Church on Church Lane is a Grade I Listed Anglican parish church designed by Charles Barry and built between 1821 and 1826 . Stand Grammar School was founded in 1688 under the will of Henry Siddall and had close connections with the Unitarian Chapel in Ringley Road . The school ran into financial difficulties in the early 20th century and was taken over by Lancashire Education Committee in 1908 . A new school was built on Church Lane on seven acres of land bought from the Earl of Derby and opened on 6 September 1913 . When the new building was opened the Old Standians Association put up a memorial to the school 's distinguished former pupil , Robert Clive , who became 1st Baron Clive , also known as Clive of India .
Whitefield ( pop . 23,283 ) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England . It lies on undulating ground above the Irwell Valley , along the south bank of the River Irwell , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south-southeast of Bury , and 4.9 miles ( 7.9 km ) to the north-northwest of the city of Manchester . Prestwich and the M60 motorway lie just to the south . Historically a part of Lancashire , Whitefield has been suggested as lying on the path of an ancient Roman road leading from Mamucium ( Manchester ) in the south to Bremetennacum ( Ribchester ) in the north . Throughout the Middle Ages , Whitefield was a division of the township of Pilkington , itself a part of the parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham and hundred of Salford . Pilkington and Whitefield have historic associations with the Earls of Derby . Farming was the main industry of this rural area , with locals supplementing their incomes by hand-loom woollen weaving in the domestic system . The urbanisation and development of Whitefield largely coincided with the Industrial Revolution . The name Whitefield is thought to derive from the medieval bleachfields used by Flemish settlers to whiten their woven fabrics , or else from the wheat crop once cultivated in the district . The construction of a major roads routed through the village facilitated Whitefield 's expansion into a mill town during the mid-19th century . Whitefield was created a local government district in 1866 , and was governed by a local board of health until 1894 , when the area of the local board became an urban district .
A Commissioners ' church , also known as a Waterloo church and Million Act church , is an Anglican church in the United Kingdom built with money voted by Parliament as a result of the Church Building Acts of 1818 and 1824 . The 1818 Act supplied a grant of money and established the Church Building Commission to direct its use , and in 1824 made a further grant of money . In addition to paying for the building of churches , the Commission had powers to divide and subdivide parishes , and to provide endowments . The Commission continued to function as a separate body until the end of 1856 , when it was absorbed into the Ecclesiastical Commission . In some cases the Commissioners provided the full cost of the new church ; in other cases they provided a partial grant and the balance was raised locally . In total 612 new churches were provided , mainly in expanding industrial towns and cities .
Sir Charles Barry FRS RA ( 23 May 1795 - 12 May 1860 ) was an English architect , best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster ( also known as the Houses of Parliament ) in London during the mid-19th century , but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens . He is known for his major contribution to the use of Italianate architecture in Britain , especially the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses , city mansions and public buildings . He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses .
Cant or canted in architecture is an angled ( oblique ) line or surface particularly which cuts off a corner . Canted facades are a typical of , but not exclusive to , Baroque architecture . The angle breaking the facade is less than a right angle , thus enabling a canted facade to be viewed as , and remain , one composition . Bay windows frequently have canted sides .
The Church of St Wilfrid is in Market Place , Standish , Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . It is an active Anglican parish church in the Diocese of Blackburn . It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . The authors of the Buildings of England series describe it as one of the most interesting churches in Lancashire .
Standish is a small town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan , Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Lancashire , it is on the A49 road between Chorley and Wigan , near Junction 27 of the M6 motorway . The population of the village was 13,278 in the 2011 census .
A piscina is a shallow basin placed near the altar of a church , or else in the vestry or sacristy , used for washing the communion vessels . The sacrarium is the drain itself . Anglicans usually refer to the basin , calling it a piscina . Roman Catholics usually refer to the drain , and by extension , the basin , as the sacrarium . They are often made of stone and fitted with a drain , and are in some cases used to dispose of materials used in the sacraments and water from liturgical ablutions . They are found in Roman Catholic , Anglican , and Lutheran churches , and a similar vessel is used in Eastern Orthodox churches .
An ambry ( or almery , aumbry ; from the medieval form almarium , cf . Lat . armārium , a place for keeping tools ; cf . O. Fr . aumoire and mod . armoire ) is a recessed cabinet in the wall of a Christian church for storing sacred vessels and vestments . They are sometimes near the piscina , but more often on the opposite side . The word also seems in medieval times to be used commonly for any closed cupboard and even bookcase . Items kept in an ambry include chalices and other vessels , as well as items for the reserved sacrament , the consecrated elements from the Eucharist . This latter use was infrequent in pre-Reformation churches , although it was known in Scotland , Sweden , Germany and Italy . More usually the sacrament was reserved in a pyx , usually hanging in front of and above the altar or later in a sacrament house . After the Reformation and the Tridentine reforms , in the Roman Catholic Church the sacrament was no longer reserved in ambries ; some ambries were used to house the oil for the Anointing of the Sick .
St Mary 's Church is the oldest parish church in the town of Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . It stands in Churchgate overlooking the market place . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Stockport .
Stockport is a large major town in Greater Manchester , England , 7 miles ( 11 km ) south-east of Manchester city centre , where the River Goyt and Tame merge to create the River Mersey , and the largest in the metropolitan borough of the same name . Historically , most of the town was in Cheshire , but the area to the north of the Mersey was in Lancashire . Stockport in the 16th century was a small town entirely on the south bank of the Mersey , and known for the cultivation of hemp and manufacture of rope . In the 18th century the town had one of the first mechanised silk factories in the British Isles . However , Stockport 's predominant industries of the 19th century were the cotton and allied industries . Stockport was also at the centre of the country 's hatting industry , which by 1884 was exporting more than six million hats a year ; the last hat works in Stockport closed in 1997 . Dominating the western approaches to the town is the Stockport Viaduct . Built in 1840 , the viaduct 's 27 brick arches carry the mainline railways from Manchester to Birmingham and London over the River Mersey . This structure featured as the background in many paintings by L. S. Lowry .
In church architecture , sedilia ( plural of Latin sedīle , seat ) are seats , usually made of stone , found on the liturgical south side of an altar , often in the chancel , for use during Mass for the officiating priest and his assistants , the deacon and sub-deacon . The seat is often set back into the main wall of the church itself . Not all sedilia are stone ; there is a timber one thought to be 15th century in St Nicholas ' Church at Rodmersham in Kent . When there is only one such seat , the singular form sedile is used , as for instance at St Mary 's , Princes Risborough , Buckinghamshire or at St Agatha 's , Coates , West Sussex . The first examples in the catacombs were single inlays for the officiating priest . In time the more usual number became three , although there are examples of up to five sedilia . The custom of recessing them in the thickness of the wall began about the end of the 12th century ; some early examples consist only of stone benches , and there is one instance of a single seat or arm-chair in stone at Lenham in Kent . The niches or recesses into which they are sunk are often richly decorated with canopies and subdivided with moulded shafts , pinnacles and tabernacle work ; the seats are sometimes at different levels , the eastern being always the highest , and sometimes an additional niche is provided in which the piscina is placed .
An Easter Sepulchre is a feature of British church architecture ( interior design ) .
Sir Richard Westmacott RA ( 15 July 1775 - 1 September 1856 ) was a British sculptor .
St Thomas ' Church is in St Thomas 's Place , Wellington Road South , Stockport , Greater Manchester , England . It is an active Church of England church in the parish of Stockport and Brinnington , in the deanery of Stockport , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield , and the diocese of Chester . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . It was a Commissioners ' church , having received a grant towards its construction from the Church Building Commission . When it was built , Stockport was in the county of Cheshire , and it was the only church in that county to receive money from the first parliamentary grant administered by the Commission . It was designed by the architect George Basevi , and was one of his earlier works . It is his only surviving Commissioners ' church .
Elias George Basevi FRS ( 1 April 1794 - 16 October 1845 ) was an English architect who worked in both Neoclassical and Gothic Revival styles . A pupil of Sir John Soane , his designs included Belgrave Square in London , and the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge . He was surveyor to the Guardian Assurance Company , to the Trustees of Smith 's Charity and to the Thurloe estate .
The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States . It revived the style of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple , with varying degrees of thoroughness and consistency . A product of Hellenism , it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which had for long mainly drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts , London in 1842 . With a newfound access to Greece , or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites , archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders . In each country it touched , the style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism and civic virtue , and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that was thought to characterize the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took hold . This was especially the case in Britain , Germany and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design , sometimes called Neo-Grec , was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century , when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire , and Regency architecture in Britain . Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries , lasting until the Civil War in America ( 1860s ) and even later in Scotland .
A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building , or extended as a colonnade , with a roof structure over a walkway , supported by columns or enclosed by walls . This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cultures , including most Western cultures . Some noteworthy examples of porticos are the East Portico of the United States Capitol , the portico adorning the Pantheon in Rome and the portico of University College London . Porticos are sometimes topped with pediments . Palladio was a pioneer of using temple-fronts for secular buildings . In the UK , the temple-front applied to The Vyne , Hampshire , was the first portico applied to an English country house . A pronaos ( UK : /proʊˈneɪ.ɒs/ or US : /proʊˈneɪ.əs/ ) is the inner area of the portico of a Greek or Roman temple , situated between the portico 's colonnade or walls and the entrance to the cella , or shrine . Roman temples commonly had an open pronaos , usually with only columns and no walls , and the pronaos could be as long as the cella . The word pronaos is Greek for before a temple . In Latin , a pronaos is also referred to as an anticum or prodomus .
The Ionic order forms one of the three classical orders of classical architecture , the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian . There are two lesser orders : the Tuscan ( a plainer Doric ) , and the rich variant of Corinthian called the composite order , both added by 16th-century Italian architectural writers , based on Roman practice . Of the three canonic orders , the Ionic order has the narrowest columns . The Ionic capital is characterized by the use of volutes . The Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform ; the cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart . Since Vitruvius , a female character has been ascribed to the Ionic ( in contrast to the masculine Doric ) .
The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture . The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest , followed by the Ionic order . When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance , two more orders were added to the canon : the Tuscan order and the Composite order . The Corinthian , with its offshoot the Composite , is the most ornate of the orders . This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls . There are many variations . The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth , although the style had its own model in Roman practice , following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus ( c. 2 AD ) . It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée , Nîmes and at the comparable Temple of Augustus and Livia [ fr ] at Vienne . Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona ( both of the reign of Trajan , 98-117 AD ) , the Column of Phocas ( re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin ) , and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek ( c. 150 AD ) .
All Saints ' Church is a Roman Catholic church in Urmston , Greater Manchester , England , on Redclyffe Road ( grid reference SJ76649741 ) , close to the Manchester Ship Canal . The church was constructed between 1867 and 1868 and was designed by E. W. Pugin in the Gothic Revival style for Sir Humphrey de Trafford . The church is a Grade I listed building and considered to be an example of Pugins best work .
Urmston /ˈɜːrmstən/ ( listen ) is a town in Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , which had a population of 41,825 at the 2011 Census . Historically in Lancashire , it is about six miles ( 10 km ) southwest of Manchester city centre . The southern boundary is the River Mersey , with Stretford lying to the east and Flixton to the west . Davyhulme lies to the north of the town centre . Urmston covers an area of 4,799 acres ( 19 km² ) . The town has early medieval origins , and until the arrival of the railway in 1873 was a small farming community . The railway acted as a catalyst , transforming the town into a residence for the middle classes . Today , Urmston is one of the major urban areas in Trafford as it includes the areas of Davyhulme and Flixton .
Edward Welby Pugin ( 11 March 1834 - 5 June 1875 ) was an English architect , the eldest son of architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin and Louisa Barton . His father was an architect and designer of Neo-Gothic architecture , and after his death in 1852 Edward took up his successful practice . At the time of his own early death in 1875 , Pugin had designed and completed more than one hundred Catholic churches . He designed churches and cathedrals primarily in the British Isles . However , commissions for his exemplary work were also received from countries throughout Western Europe , Scandinavia and as far away as North America .
Sir Humphrey de Trafford , 2nd Baronet ( 1 May 1808 - 4 May 1886 ) was a prominent English Catholic . Born at Croston Hall near Chorley , Lancashire on 1 May 1808 , he was the fourth child and the eldest son of Sir Thomas de Trafford .
A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people . A monument without the interment is a cenotaph . A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb , or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum .
A parish church ( or parochial church ) in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish . In many parts of the world , especially in rural areas , the parish church may play a significant role in community activities , often allowing its premises to be used for non-religious community events . The church building reflects this status , and there is considerable variety in the size and style of parish churches . Many villages in Europe have churches that date back to the Middle Ages , but all periods of architecture are represented .
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics , monks or nuns , whether living in communities or alone ( hermits ) . A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which may be a chapel , church , or temple , and may also serve as an oratory , or in the case of communities anything from a single building housing only one senior and two or three junior monks or nuns , to vast complexes and estates housing tens or hundreds . A monastery complex typically comprises a number of buildings which include a church , dormitory , cloister , refectory , library , balneary and infirmary . Depending on the location , the monastic order and the occupation of its inhabitants , the complex may also include a wide range of buildings that facilitate self-sufficiency and service to the community . These may include a hospice , a school , and a range of agricultural and manufacturing buildings such as a barn , a forge , or a brewery . In English usage , the term monastery is generally used to denote the buildings of a community of monks . In modern usage , convent tends to be applied only to institutions of female monastics ( nuns ) , particularly communities of teaching or nursing religious sisters . Historically , a convent denoted a house of friars ( reflecting the Latin ) , now more commonly called a friary . Various religions may apply these terms in more specific ways .
The Order of Friars Minor Conventual ( OFM Conv ) , commonly known as the Conventual Franciscans , or Minorites , is a Catholic branch of the Franciscans , founded by Francis of Assisi in 1209 .
Rose window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window , but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style that are divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery . The term rose window was not used before the 17th century and according to the Oxford English Dictionary , among other authorities , comes from the English flower name rose . The name wheel window is often applied to a window divided by simple spokes radiating from a central boss or opening , while the term rose window is reserved for those windows , sometimes of a highly complex design , which can be seen to bear similarity to a multi-petalled rose . Rose windows are also called Catherine windows after Saint Catherine of Alexandria , who was sentenced to be executed on a spiked breaking wheel . A circular window without tracery such as are found in many Italian churches , is referred to as an ocular window or oculus . Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France . Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period . Their popularity was revived , with other medieval features , during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world .
In French architecture , a flèche ( Fr . for arrow ) is a lead-covered timber spire , or spirelet . These are placed on the ridges of church or cathedral roofs and are usually relatively small . However , larger versions can be found on cathedrals such as Amiens Cathedral , Coventry Cathedral , and previously Notre-Dame de Paris , before its collapse in a 2019 fire that also destroyed the roof . The highest flèche in the world was built at the end of the 19th century for Rouen Cathedral . Its height is 157 metres ( 515 ft ) .