List of Kappa Kappa Gamma sisters
Notable alumnae -- Sports
Table:
Name

Chapter

Notability

Ref(s)

Roberta Alison

Gamma Pi

Professional tennis player, runner-up at the 1965 Cincinnati Masters

[18]

Kristin Armstrong

Beta Kappa

Cyclist, two-time Olympic gold medalist in the individual time trial in 2008 and 2012.

[29][30]

Peggy Kirk Bell

Delta Epsilon

Professional golfer, won the 1949 Titleholders Championship

[18]

Patty Berg

Chi

Professional golfer and a founding member of Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame

[31]

Jane Blalock

Delta Epsilon

Professional golfer, member of the LPGA

[32]

Doris Hart

Delta Kappa

Professional tennis player, won the U.S. Women's Open in 1954 and 1955, inductee of the International Tennis Hall of Fame

[32]

Kelley O'Hara

Beta Eta Deuteron

Professional soccer player, Sky Blue FC. Olympic gold medalist with the U.S. Women's National Team at the London games in 2012. 2015 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Champion.

[32]

Helen Wills Roarke

Pi (Deuteron)

Professional tennis player, won the French Championships four times, the U.S. Championships seven times, and Wimbledon eight times

[32]

Betty Robinson Schwartz

Upsilon

Received the gold for the 100 m at the 1928 Olympics, and again at the 1936 Olympics for the 4 × 100 m relay

[32]

Hollis Stacy

Delta Epsilon

Professional golfer, won the U.S. Women's Open in 1977, 1978, and 1984

[32]

Donna de Varona

Gamma Xi

Swimmer, received two golds at the 1964 Olympics, and again at the 1963 Pan American Games

[32]

Sharon Weber

Beta Nu

Gymnast, judge at the 1984 Summer Olympics

[32]

Beth Whittall

Gamma Delta

Canadian swimmer, won the Lou Marsh Trophy

[32]

Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman

Pi (Deuteron)

Professional tennis player, won the U.S. Championships in 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1919

[32]

Genevra (Gevvie) Stone

Zeta Phi

Rower, Single Sculls, competed in London 2012, earned Silver medal in Rio 2016

[citation needed]

Eleanor (Elle) Logan

Beta Eta Deuteron

Rower, first American rower to win a gold medal in three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, 2016)

[citation needed]

Consulting the following table together with the relevant paragraphs below.

Respond to the question below: Who was a member of the chapter at the university formerly known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Roberta Alison Baumgardner spent her life in her native Alabama , where she died on March 20 , 2009 , aged 65 , from injuries she sustained in a fire at her home a week earlier . She was buried in Alexander City 's cemetery .
The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars .
Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye .
The Cincinnati Masters ( currently sponsored by the Western & Southern Financial Group and called the Western & Southern Open ) is an annual outdoor hardcourt tennis event held in Mason near Cincinnati , Ohio , USA . The event started on September 18 , 1899 and is the oldest tennis tournament in the United States played in its original city . The tournament is the second largest summer tennis event in the U.S. after the U.S. Open , as its men 's portion is one of nine elite Masters 1000 tournaments on the ATP Tour and its women 's event is one of five Premier 5 events on the WTA Tour .
Kristin Armstrong ( born August 11 , 1973 ) is a former professional road bicycle racer and three-time Olympic gold medalist , the winner of the women 's individual time trial in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Before temporarily retiring to start a family in 2009 , she rode for Cervélo TestTeam in women 's elite professional events on the National Racing Calendar ( NRC ) and UCI Women 's World Cup . She announced a return to competitive cycling beginning in the 2011 season , competing for Peanut Butter & Co. TWENTY12 at the Redlands Classic .
The University of Idaho ( U of I , or UIdaho ) is a public university in Moscow , Idaho . It is the state 's land-grant and primary research university . It is the lead university in the Idaho Space Grant Consortium . The University of Idaho was the state 's sole university for 71 years , until 1963 , and its College of Law , established in 1909 , was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925 . Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30 , 1889 , the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3 , with an initial class of 40 students . The first graduating class in 1896 contained two men and two women . It has an enrollment exceeding 12,000 , with over 11,000 on the Moscow campus . The university offers 142 degree programs , from accountancy to wildlife resources , including bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and specialists ' degrees . Certificates of completion are offered in 30 areas of study . At 25% and 53% , its 4 and 6 year graduation rates are the highest of any public university in Idaho , and it generates 74 percent of all research money in the state , with research expenditures of $ 100 million in 2010 alone . As a land-grant university and the primary research university in the state , UI has the largest campus in the state at 1,585 acres ( 6.4 km2 ) , in the rolling hills of the Palouse region at an elevation of 2,600 feet ( 790 m ) above sea level . The school is home to the Idaho Vandals , who compete in NCAA Division I athletics .
Cycling , also called biking or bicycling , is the use of bicycles for transport , recreation , exercise or sport . People engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists , bikers , or less commonly , as bicyclists . Apart from two-wheeled bicycles , cycling also includes the riding of unicycles , tricycles , quadracycles , recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles ( HPVs ) . Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide . They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world . Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances . Bicycles provide numerous benefits in comparison with motor vehicles , including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling , easier parking , increased maneuverability , and access to roads , bike paths and rural trails . Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels , less air or noise pollution , and much reduced traffic congestion . These lead to less financial cost to the user as well as to society at large ( negligible damage to roads , less road area required ) . By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses , transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve . In addition , cycling provides a variety of health benefits . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) states that cycling can reduce the risk of cancers , heart disease , and diabetes that are prevalent in sedentary lifestyles .
The Summer Olympic Games ( French : Jeux Olympiques d'été ) or the Games of the Olympiad , first held in 1896 , is a major international multi-sport event held once every four years . The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) organises the Games and oversees the host city 's preparations . In each Olympic event , gold medals are awarded for first place , silver medals are awarded for second place , and bronze medals are awarded for third place ; this tradition began in 1904 . The Winter Olympic Games were created out of the success of the Summer Olympics . The Olympics have increased in scope from a 42 competition event programme with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations in 1896 , to 306 events with 11,238 competitors ( 6,179 men , 5,059 women ) from 206 nations in 2016 . The Summer Olympics has been hosted on five continents by a total of nineteen countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , and 1996 ) , three times in the United Kingdom ( 1908 , 1948 , and 2012 ) , twice each in Greece ( 1896 and 2004 ) , France ( 1900 and 1924 ) , Germany ( 1936 and 1972 ) , and Australia ( 1956 and 2000 ) , and once each in Sweden ( 1912 ) , Belgium ( 1920 ) , Netherlands ( 1928 ) , Finland ( 1952 ) , Italy ( 1960 ) , Japan ( 1964 ) , Mexico ( 1968 ) , Canada ( 1976 ) , Soviet Union ( 1980 ) , South Korea ( 1988 ) , Spain ( 1992 ) , China ( 2008 ) , and Brazil ( 2016 ) . The IOC has selected Tokyo , Japan , for a second time , to host the Summer Olympics in 2020 . The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris , France , for a third time , exactly one hundred years after the city 's last Summer Olympics in 1924 . The IOC has also selected Los Angeles , California , to host its third Summer Games in 2028 . To date , only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympic Games - Australia , France , Great Britain , Greece , and Switzerland .
An individual time trial ( ITT ) is a road bicycle race in which cyclists race alone against the clock ( in French : contre la montre - literally against the watch , in Italian : tappa a cronometro stopwatch stage ) . There are also track-based time trials where riders compete in velodromes , and team time trials ( TTT ) . ITTs are also referred to as the race of truth , as winning depends only on each rider 's strength and endurance , and not on help provided by teammates and others riding ahead and creating a slipstream . Individual time trial are usually held on flat or rolling terrain , although sometimes they are held up a mountain road ( in Italian : cronoscalata chrono climbing ) . Sometimes the opening stage of stage race is a very short individual time trial called a prologue . Starting times are at equal intervals , usually one or two minutes apart . The starting sequence is usually based on the finishing times in preceding races ( or preceding stages in the case of a multi-stage race ) with the highest ranked cyclist starting last . Starting later gives the racer the advantage of knowing what time they need to beat ( and also makes the event more interesting to spectators ) . Competitors are not permitted to draft ( ride in the slipstream ) behind each other . Any help between riders is forbidden . The rider with the fastest time is declared the winner .
The Women 's road time trial at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 13 at the Urban Road Cycling Course . Of the 25 women competing in the event , the medal hopefuls included Karin Thürig ( Switzerland ) , Judith Arndt and Hanka Kupfernagel ( Germany ) , Marianne Vos ( Netherlands ) , Christiane Soeder ( Austria ) , and road race gold medalist Nicole Cooke ( Great Britain ) . Cyclists started at two-minute intervals on the course , which was 23.5 km ( 14.6 mi ) in length . They competed against the clock rather than in a direct race against the cyclists . Kristin Armstrong of the USA won the event in under 35 minutes , finishing 24.29 seconds ahead of Emma Pooley of Great Britain . Armstrong 's average speed was 40.445 km/h ( 25.1 mph ) .
The women 's road time trial , one of the cycling events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London , took place on 1 August in southwest London and Surrey . Kristin Armstrong of the United States was the defending champion . The competition consisted of a time trial over one lap of a 29 km ( 18.0 mi ) course , with staggered starts . Armstrong retained the title and won the gold medal with a winning time of 37 minutes 34.82 seconds . Judith Arndt from Germany was second and won silver , while Olga Zabelinskaya of Russia collected bronze .
Margaret Anne Peggy Kirk Bell ( October 28 , 1921 - November 23 , 2016 ) was an American professional golfer and golf instructor known for her strong advocacy of women 's golf . She was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame , class of 2019 , in the lifetime achievement category . Born in Findlay , Ohio , Peggy started playing golf at age 17 . She took to the game immediately and quickly won a number of titles . She played college golf at Rollins College . She was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma . She played the ladies amateur tour in the 1940s before the development of a professional tour , winning three Ohio Amateurs and the 1949 Titleholders Championship and North and South Women 's Amateur . She was also a member of the 1950 U.S. Curtis Cup team . At that time she competed as Peggy Kirk , and in 1953 she married her high school sweetheart , Warren Bullet Bell , who had played professional basketball with the Fort Wayne Pistons before turning to business . Warren died in 1984 . In 1990 , she was voted the Bob Jones Award , the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf . She became the first woman voted into the World Golf Teachers Hall of Fame in 2002 .
Rollins College is a private liberal arts college in Winter Park , Florida . It was founded in 1885 and is a member of the SACS , NASM , ACS , FDE , AAM , AACSB International , Council for Accreditation of Counseling , and Related Educational Programs . Rollins has about 30 undergraduate majors and several graduate programs .
A professional golfer is somebody that receives payment for their performance at golf . In golf , the distinction between amateurs and professionals is rigorously maintained . An amateur who breaches the rules of amateur status may lose their amateur status . A golfer who has lost their amateur status may not play in amateur competitions until amateur status has been reinstated ; a professional may not play in amateur tournaments unless the Committee is notified , acknowledges and confirms the participation . It is very difficult for a professional to regain their amateur status ; simply agreeing not to take payment for a particular tournament is not enough . A player must apply to the governing body of the sport to have amateur status reinstated .
The Titleholders Championship was a women 's golf tournament played from in 1937 to 1966 and again in 1972 . It was later designated a major championship by the LPGA Tour . It should not be confused with two other LPGA events with similar names :
Patricia Jane Berg ( February 13 , 1918 - September 10 , 2006 ) was an American professional golfer and a founding member and then leading player on the LPGA Tour during the 1940s , 1950s and 1960s . Her 15 major title wins remains the all-time record for most major wins by a female golfer . She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame .
The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature .
The Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) is an American organization for female professional golfers . The organization is headquartered at the LPGA International in Daytona Beach , Florida , and is best known for running the LPGA Tour , a series of weekly golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world .
The World Golf Hall of Fame is located at World Golf Village near St. Augustine , Florida , in the United States , and it is unusual among sports halls of fame in that a single site honors both men and women . It is supported by a consortium of 26 golf organizations from all over the world . The Hall of Fame Museum Building was designed by the specialist museum architecture firm E. Verner Johnson and Associates of Boston . They also produced the museum master plan that established the size , mission and qualities of the museum and the surrounding facilities and site . The Hall of Fame Museum features a permanent exhibition and a rolling program of temporary exhibitions . Designed by museum design firm Ralph Appelbaum Associates , the Hall of Fame and exhibition area contains exhibits on the game 's history , heritage , and techniques ; major players and organizations ; golf course design , equipment , and dress ; and new directions , such as ecological concerns in course management .
Barbara Jane Blalock ( born September 19 , 1945 ) is an American business executive and retired professional golfer . After winning several New England golf tournaments in her youth , Blalock joined the LPGA Tour as a professional in 1969 , being named LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year in 1969 and Most Improved Golfer in 1970 and 1971 . She won the historically notable Dinah Shore Colgate Winner 's Circle in 1972 , earning the richest prize in women 's golf history . After successfully fighting a suspension from the LPGA for allegedly signing an incorrect scorecard a month after Dinah Shore , by 1977 she was the sixth-highest paid female golfer of all time . The Evening Independent described her as one of the foremost women golfers of her time the following year . Nursing a herniated disc , Blalock failed to win a tournament from 1981 until 1984 , though after two wins in 1985 she was named Comeback Player of the Year by Golf Digest . Since retiring in 1987 , Blalock continues to hold the world record for most consecutive cuts made on a professional [ golf ] tour , with her 299 unbroken cuts considered the longest streak for any LPGA Tour or PGA Tour player in history . She also has the most wins of any LPGA player without a major championship . Voted into the Legends Hall of Fame in 2014 by a committee of LPGA veterans , she remains founder and CEO of both the Legends Tour for veteran female LPGA golfers and the LPGA Golf Clinics for Women . Her company , JBC Golf , Inc. , manages both programs . Associated with various boards and non-profit organizations , she has authored two books : The Guts To Win ( Simon & Schuster , 1977 ) and Gimmies , Bogies and Business ( Mastermedia , 1999 ) .
Doris Hart ( June 20 , 1925 - May 29 , 2015 ) was a tennis player from the United States who was active in the 1940s and first half of the 1950s . She was ranked World No . 1 in 1951 . She was the fourth player , and second woman , to win a Career Grand Slam in singles . She was the first of only three players ( all women ) to complete the career Boxed Set of Grand Slam titles , which is winning at least one title in singles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events . Only Margaret Smith Court and she achieved this during the amateur era of the sport . Court claimed an additional Boxed Set in the open era and the only other player to claim one is Martina Navratilova .
The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 .
The United States Open Tennis Championships is a hard court tennis tournament . The tournament is the modern version of one of the oldest tennis championships in the world , the U.S. National Championship , for which men 's singles and men 's doubles were first played in 1881 . Since 1987 , the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year . The other three , in chronological order , are the Australian Open , the French Open , and Wimbledon . The US Open starts on the last Monday of August and continues for two weeks , with the middle weekend coinciding with the U.S. Labor Day holiday . The tournament consists of five primary championships : men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles , and mixed doubles . The tournament also includes events for senior , junior , and wheelchair players . Since 1978 , the tournament has been played on acrylic hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park , Queens , New York City . The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association ( USTA ) , a non-profit organization , and the chairperson of the US Open is Katrina Adams . [ citation needed ] Revenue from ticket sales , sponsorships , and television contracts are used to develop tennis in the United States . The US Open employs standard 7-points tiebreakers in every set of a singles match . For the other three Grand Slam events , there are special scoring methods for a match that reaches 6-6 in the last possible set ( the third for women and the fifth for men ) : in the French Open , the decisive set continues until a player takes a two-game lead , in Australia , an extended tiebreaker to 10 points is played , and at Wimbledon , a standard tiebreaker is played only if the game score reaches 12-12 .
The International Tennis Hall of Fame is located in Newport , Rhode Island , United States . It honors both players and other contributors to the sport of tennis . The complex , the former Newport Casino , includes a museum , grass tennis courts , an indoor tennis facility , and a court tennis ( or real tennis ) facility .
Kelley Maureen O'Hara ( born August 4 , 1988 ) is an American soccer player for the Utah Royals FC of the National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) , the highest division of women 's professional soccer in the United States , and the United States women 's national soccer team . As a forward for the Stanford women 's soccer team , she was the recipient of the 2009 Hermann Trophy . She majored in science , technology and society with a focus in environmental engineering . In the history of the United States under-20 team , she is tied as the all-time third leading scorer and is sixth in number of caps played . At the senior level , she competed in the 2011 , 2015 , and 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cups , and was one of three players for the U.S. that played every minute in the 2012 Olympics women 's football tournament .
Stanford University , officially Leland Stanford Junior University , is a private research university in Stanford , California . Stanford is known for its academic achievements , wealth , close proximity to Silicon Valley , and selectivity ; it ranks as one of the world 's top universities . The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child , Leland Stanford Jr. , who had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the previous year . Stanford was a U.S . Senator and former Governor of California who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon . The school admitted its first students on October 1 , 1891 , as a coeducational and non-denominational institution . Stanford University struggled financially after the death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Following World War II , Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates ' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley . The university is also one of the top fundraising institutions in the country , becoming the first school to raise more than a billion dollars in a year . The university is organized around three traditional schools consisting of 40 academic departments at the undergraduate and graduate level and four professional schools that focus on graduate programs in law , medicine , education , and business . Students compete in 36 varsity sports , and the university is one of two private institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference . It has gained 126 NCAA team championships , and Stanford has won the NACDA Directors ' Cup for 24 consecutive years , beginning in 1994-1995 .
Helen Newington Wills ( October 6 , 1905 - January 1 , 1998 ) , also known as Helen Wills Moody and Helen Wills Roark , was an American tennis player . She became famous around the world for holding the top position in women 's tennis for a total of nine years : 1927-33 , 1935 and 1938 . She won 31 Grand Slam tournament titles ( singles , women 's doubles , and mixed doubles ) during her career , including 19 singles titles . Wills was the first American woman athlete to become a global celebrity , making friends with royalty and film stars despite her preference for staying out of the limelight . She was admired for her graceful physique and for her fluid motion . She was part of a new tennis fashion , playing in knee-length pleated skirts rather than the longer ones of her predecessors . Unusually , she practiced against men to hone her craft , and she played a relentless game , wearing down her female opponents with power and accuracy . In 1933 she beat the 8th-ranked US male player in an exhibition match . Her record of eight wins at Wimbledon was not surpassed until 1990 when Martina Navratilova won nine . She was said to be arguably the most dominant tennis player of the 20th century , and has been called by some ( including Jack Kramer , Harry Hopman , Mercer Beasley , Don Budge , and AP News ) the greatest female player in history .
The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .
The French Open ( French : Championnats Internationaux de France de Tennis ) , also called Roland-Garros ( French : [ ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁos ] ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France , beginning in late May . The venue is named after the French aviator Roland Garros . It is the premier clay court tennis championship tournament in the world and the second of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . The French Open is currently the only Grand Slam tournament held on clay , and it is the conclusion of the spring clay court season . Before the Australian Open and the US Open were converted into hardcourt , the French Open was the lone non-grass tournament . Between the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .
The Championships , Wimbledon , commonly known simply as Wimbledon or The Championships , is the oldest tennis tournament in the world , and is regarded by many as the most prestigious . It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon , London , since 1877 and is played on outdoor grass courts , and since 2009 with a retractable roof over Centre Court . Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments , the others being the Australian Open , the French Open and the US Open . Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988 , Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass , which is widely considered as the classic tennis court . The tournament traditionally took place over two weeks in late June and early July , starting on the last Monday in June and culminating with the Ladies ' and Gentlemen 's Singles Finals , scheduled for the Saturday and Sunday at the end of the second week . However , recent changes to the tennis calendar have seen the event moved back by a week to begin in early July . Five major events are held each year , with additional junior and invitational competitions also taking place . Wimbledon traditions include a strict all-white dress code for competitors and royal patronage . Strawberries and cream are traditionally consumed at the tournament . In 2017 , fans consumed 34,000 kg ( 33 tons ) of English strawberries and 10,000 litres ( 2,200 gallons ) of cream . Pimm 's is a favoured and traditional refreshment . The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts , with the exception of Rolex , which provides timekeeping technology during matches .
Elizabeth R. Schwartz ( née Robinson ; August 23 , 1911 - May 18 , 1999 ) was an American athlete and winner of the first Olympic 100 m for women . Robinson was born in Riverdale , Illinois , and was a student at Thornton Township High School when she achieved national acclaim as an Olympic champion . Robinson ran her first official race on March 30 , 1928 , at the age of 16 , an indoor meet where she finished second to Helen Filkey in the 60-yard dash . At her next race , outdoors at 100 meters , she equalled the world record , though her time was not recognized because it was deemed wind-aided . At the Amsterdam Olympics , her third 100 m competition , Robinson reached the final and won , equalling the world record . She was the inaugural Olympic champion in the event , since athletics for women had not been on the program before , and its inclusion was in fact still heavily disputed among officials . With the American 4×100 meters relay team , Robinson added a silver medal to her record . At Northwestern University , she was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma . In 1931 , Robinson was involved in a plane crash , and was severely injured . Initial reports had her being discovered unconscious in the wreckage wrongly thought was dead by her rescuer . He took her to an undertaker , where his mistake was discovered . Actually she was taken to a local infirmary , where it was determined she had suffered severe multiple injuries .
Northwestern University ( NU ) is a private research university based in Evanston , Illinois , with other campuses in Chicago and Doha , Qatar , and academic programs and facilities in Miami , Florida ; Washington , D.C. ; and San Francisco , California . Along with its selective undergraduate programs , Northwestern is known for its Kellogg School of Management , Pritzker School of Law , Feinberg School of Medicine , Bienen School of Music , Medill School of Journalism , Media , Integrated Marketing Communications , School of Communication , and McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science . Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program , attracting nearly $ 800 million in sponsored research each year . As of January 2020 , Northwestern has the twelfth-largest university endowment in the United States , valued at $ 11.1 billion . The university 's former and present faculty and alumni include 19 Nobel Prize laureates , 38 Pulitzer Prize winners , six MacArthur Genius Fellows , 16 Rhodes Scholars , 65 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and two Supreme Court Justices . Northwestern 's School of Communication is a leading producer of Academy Award , Emmy Award and Tony Award-winning actors , actresses , playwrights , writers and directors . Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans , for whom the city of Evanston is named , and eight other lawyers , businessmen and Methodist leaders . Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory , an area that includes the states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota . Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869 . Today , the main campus is a 240-acre ( 97 ha ) parcel in Evanston , along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago . The university 's law , medical , and professional schools , along with its nationally ranked affiliated Northwestern Memorial Hospital , are located on a 25-acre ( 10 ha ) campus in Chicago 's Streeterville neighborhood . In 2008 , the university opened a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar with programs in journalism and communication .
At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam , 27 athletics events were contested . The competition was held on a 400-meter track and would become the standard for athletics tracks in the future . For the first time , women 's events in athletics were included in the Olympic Games program . There was a total of 706 participants from 40 countries competing .
At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , 29 athletics events were contested , 23 for men and 6 for women . The program of events was unchanged from the previous Games . There was a total of 776 participants from 43 countries competing .
Hollis Stacy ( born March 16 , 1954 ) is an American professional golfer . She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1974 , winning four major championships and 18 LPGA Tour events . She was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in the veterans category in 2012 .
The United States Women 's Open Golf Championship , one of thirteen national championships conducted by the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) , is the oldest of the LPGA Tour 's five major championships , which includes the ANA Inspiration , Women 's PGA Championship , Women 's British Open , and The Evian Championship . Established 74 years ago in 1946 , the U.S. Women 's Open is the only event to have been recognized as a major by the LPGA since the group 's founding in 1950 . Originally operated by the Women 's Professional Golfers Association ( WPGA ) for its first three years and the LPGA for the next four , it became a USGA event in 1953 . Now held in late May/early June . the U.S. Women 's Open is the second major of the LPGA season and has the highest purse in women 's golf , at $ 5.5 million in 2019 . Unlike the U.S. Open , the U.S. Women 's Open is not globally recognized as a major championship . The Ladies European Tour does not sanction any of the three majors held in the United States , and the LPGA of Japan Tour has its own set of majors . The significance of this is limited , as the LPGA Tour is the dominant tour in women 's golf . In 2007 , international players outnumbered Americans for the first time . The 2008 tournament was won by 19-year-old South Korean Inbee Park , who became the event 's youngest winner ever . The 2012 championship , won by Choi Na-yeon , was played July 5-8 at Blackwolf Run in Kohler , Wisconsin , which previously hosted the event in 1998 , won by Pak Se-ri in a Monday playoff that extended to 20 holes . The Original Championship Course for 2012 played just under 7,000 yards ( 6,400 m ) , over 500 yards ( 460 m ) longer than in 1998 .
Donna de Varona Pinto ( born April 26 , 1947 ) , née Donna Elizabeth de Varona , is an American former competition swimmer , activist , and television sportscaster .
The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) is a public research university in Los Angeles . It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 , making it the fourth-oldest ( after UC Berkeley , UC San Francisco , and UC Davis ) of the 10-campus University of California system and oldest of the campuses in Southern California . It offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines . UCLA enrolls about 31,500 undergraduate and 12,800 graduate students and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016 , including transfer applicants , making the school the most applied-to of any American university . The university is organized into six undergraduate colleges , seven professional schools , and four professional health science schools . The undergraduate colleges are the College of Letters and Science ; Samueli School of Engineering ; School of the Arts and Architecture ; Herb Alpert School of Music ; School of Theater , Film and Television ; and School of Nursing . As of 2017 [ update ] , 24 Nobel laureates , three Fields Medalists , and five Turing Award winners , and two Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with UCLA as faculty , researchers , or alumni . Among the current faculty members , 55 have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 28 to the National Academy of Engineering , 39 to the Institute of Medicine , and 124 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . The university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974 . UCLA is considered one of the country 's Public Ivy universities , meaning that it is a public university thought to provide a quality of education comparable with that of the Ivy League . US News & World Report named UCLA the best public university in the United States for 2019 . UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference .
At the 1964 Summer Olympics , eighteen swimming events were contested , ten for men and eight for women . There were a total of 405 participants from 42 countries competing . For the first time , the 4×100 metres freestyle relay for men and the 400 metres individual medley for both men and women were contested . Olympic records were broken in all events and the world record was broken in ten events . This competition also marked the debut of electronic touchpads for timing .
The fourth Pan American Games were held from April 20 to May 5 , 1963 , in São Paulo , Brazil .
Sharon Weber is an American gymnastics official best known for taking the Judge 's Oath at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . She was the first woman to take the judge 's oath at the Olympic Games . Weber was honored by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG - International Gymnastics Federation ) as an honorary judge in January 2005 for her officiating work at all levels of gymnastics ( US , World Championships , Summer Olympics ) .
The Ohio State University ( OSU , commonly referred to as Ohio State ) is a public research university in Columbus , Ohio . Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862 , the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College . The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor ( later , U.S. president ) Rutherford B. Hayes , and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University . The main campus in Columbus , Ohio , has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States . The university also operates regional campuses in Lima , Mansfield , Marion , Newark , and Wooster . The university has an extensive student life program , with over 1,000 student organizations ; intercollegiate , club and recreational sports programs ; student media organizations and publications , fraternities and sororities ; and three student governments . Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes . As of the 2016 Summer Olympics , athletes from Ohio State have won 104 Olympic medals ( 46 gold , 35 silver , and 23 bronze ) . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports .
The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .
Elizabeth Whittall ( May 26 , 1936 - May 1 , 2015 ) was a Canadian competitive swimmer from Montreal , Quebec , Canada . When she was 17 years old , Whittall won a silver medal in the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games as a member of the Canadian 4×110 yd freestyle relay team . While studying pharmacy at Purdue University , Whittall won two gold medals at the 1955 Pan American Games in Mexico City . She also won the 100-metre butterfly and the 400-metre freestyle events and was a member of the Canadian 4x400-metre medley relay team that won a silver medal . For those achievements , she was awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada 's top athlete for 1955 and was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame . At the end of that year , she held five Canadian swimming records , including the 110-yard butterfly , and the one-mile swim . She finished seventh in the 100-metre butterfly at the 1956 Summer Olympics and retired from competition the following year . In 1987 , at the age of 50 , Whittall set a Canadian record in the 200-metre freestyle for competitors in the 50-to-54 age group . Whittall died on May 1 , 2015 , at the age of 78 , and was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame on June 17 , 2015 .
Purdue University is a public research university in West Lafayette , Indiana , and the flagship campus of the Purdue University system . The university was founded in 1869 after Lafayette businessman John Purdue donated land and money to establish a college of science , technology , and agriculture in his name . The first classes were held on September 16 , 1874 , with six instructors and 39 students . The main campus in West Lafayette offers more than 200 majors for undergraduates , over 69 masters and doctoral programs , and professional degrees in pharmacy and veterinary medicine . In addition , Purdue has 18 intercollegiate sports teams and more than 900 student organizations . Purdue is a member of the Big Ten Conference and enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana , as well as the fourth largest foreign student population of any university in the United States . Purdue University is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Purdue has 25 American astronauts as alumni and as of April 2019 , the university has been associated with 13 Nobel Prizes .
The Lou Marsh Trophy , also known as the Lou Marsh Memorial Trophy and Lou Marsh Award , is a trophy that is awarded annually to Canada 's top athlete , professional or amateur . It is awarded by a panel of journalists , with the vote taking place in December . It was first awarded in 1936 . It is named in honour of Lou Marsh , a prominent Canadian athlete , referee , and former sports editor of the Toronto Star . Marsh died in 1936 and the trophy was named in his honour . The trophy is made of black marble and stands around 75 centimetres high . The words With Pick and Shovel appear above the engraved names of the winners . The voting panel consists of sports media voters from across the country including representatives from the Toronto Star , The Canadian Press , FAN590 , The Globe and Mail , CBC , Rogers Sportsnet , CTV/TSN , La Presse and the National Post . The Trophy has been awarded 79 times and won by 62 individual athletes and three pairs ; in the voting for the 2018 Lou Marsh Trophy , it was decided that in the future pairs should not be eligible for the trophy , thereby disqualifying Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir from consideration . Wayne Gretzky has won the trophy four times , more than any other athlete , while Barbara Ann Scott has won the trophy three times , more than any other woman . It was not awarded from 1942 to 1944 due to World War II . There were ties between different athletes in 1978 and 1983 .
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman , CBE ( née Hotchkiss ; December 20 , 1886 - December 5 , 1974 ) was an American tennis player and founder of the Wightman Cup , an annual team competition for British and American women . She dominated American women 's tennis before World War I , and won 45 U.S. titles during her life .
Genevra Lea 'Gevvie ' Stone ( born July 11 , 1985 ) is an Olympic American rower from Newton , Massachusetts . She is a graduate of Princeton University and Tufts University School of Medicine .
The Zeta Phi Society ( ΖΦ ) was a fraternal organization founded at the University of Missouri ( MU or Mizzou ) in Columbia , Missouri in 1870 . The society became a chapter of Beta Theta Pi in 1890 . It is the oldest fraternity in continuous existence at the University and the first fraternity founded west of the Mississippi River .
Eleanor Logan ( born December 27 , 1987 ) is an American rower . She is the first American rower to win a gold medal in three consecutive Olympics , a three-time Olympic champion and three-time world champion . Logan was born in Portland , Maine . Logan 's home town is Boothbay Harbor and she attended the Brooks School in 2003 in North Andover , Massachusetts for high school . She is affiliated with the Lake Samish Training Center . As an undergrad at Stanford University , Logan earned her first Olympic medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . At Stanford the next year she raced in the 2009 varsity eight that won the Pac-10 Championships and Stanford 's first NCAA Championship . That summer , she earned a silver medal at the 2009 World Championships in Poznan , Poland in the women 's four . In 2010 Logan competed in the World Championships in New Zealand , capturing gold with the women 's eight team . She also won gold in the 2011 World Championships in Bled , Slovenia . Logan graduated from Stanford in 2011 and then began full-time training with the U.S . Team .
A list of chapters of the Kappa Kappa Gamma women 's fraternity .