List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota
Current NHLs
Table:
[2]

Landmark name

Image

Date designated[3]

Location
County

Description

1

Christ Church Lutheran

Christ Church Lutheran

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January 16, 2009
(#01000654)

Minneapolis
44°56′38″N 93°13′24″W﻿ / ﻿44.94376°N 93.223208°W﻿ / 44.94376; -93.223208﻿ (Christ Church Lutheran)
Hennepin

Modern-style church designed by father and son architects Eliel Saarinen and Eero Saarinen

2

F. Scott Fitzgerald House

F. Scott Fitzgerald House

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November 11, 1971
(#71000440)

Saint Paul
44°56′29″N 93°07′29″W﻿ / ﻿44.9413805°N 93.1247305°W﻿ / 44.9413805; -93.1247305﻿ (F. Scott Fitzgerald House)
Ramsey

This was the home of Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940); as spokesman for the Jazz Age, he wrote several stories and his first published novel, This Side of Paradise in this Victorian rowhouse on Summit Avenue in Saint Paul. The novels The Beautiful and Damned and The Great Gatsby quickly followed.[4]

3

Fort Snelling

Fort Snelling

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February 19, 1960
(#66000401)

Minneapolis
44°53′34″N 93°10′50″W﻿ / ﻿44.892778°N 93.180556°W﻿ / 44.892778; -93.180556﻿ (Fort Snelling)
Hennepin

Originally known as Fort St. Anthony, this is a former military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is part of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area.

4

Grand Mound

Grand Mound

June 23, 2011
(#11000565)

International Falls
48°31′00″N 93°42′31″W﻿ / ﻿48.516667°N 93.708611°W﻿ / 48.516667; -93.708611﻿ (Grand Mound)
Koochiching

5

James J. Hill House

James J. Hill House

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November 5, 1961
(#66000405)

Saint Paul
44°56′42″N 93°06′32″W﻿ / ﻿44.945111°N 93.108806°W﻿ / 44.945111; -93.108806﻿ (James J. Hill House)
Ramsey

This house was built by railroad magnate James J. Hill. Completed in 1891, it is near the eastern end of Summit Avenue near the Cathedral of Saint Paul. With 36,000 square feet (3,344 square meters) of living area, the house is the largest residence in Minnesota.

6

Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine

Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine

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November 13, 1966
(#66000904)

Hibbing
47°27′N 92°57′W﻿ / ﻿47.45°N 92.95°W﻿ / 47.45; -92.95﻿ (Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine)
St. Louis

This mine is the largest open pit iron mine in the world. Located in the Mesabi Range, it supplied as much as one-fourth of all the iron ore mined in the United States during its peak production years of World War I and World War II. This area of the Mesabi Range was explored in 1893–1894, shortly after the Mountain Iron mine was established in 1892. The early development was as an underground mine, but open cast mining soon proved to be a better choice because of the soft, shallow ore deposits. Many open pits in the area soon merged into one large mine, and the consolidation of mines led to the formation of U.S. Steel in 1901. The growth of the mine even resulted in the town of Hibbing being relocated to accommodate expansion.

7

Kathio Site

Kathio Site

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July 19, 1964
(#66000403)

Vineland
46°09′49″N 93°45′27″W﻿ / ﻿46.163611°N 93.7575°W﻿ / 46.163611; -93.7575﻿ (Kathio Site)
Mille Lacs

This area includes habitation sites and mound groups, believed to date between 3000 BC and 1750 AD, that document Sioux Indian culture and Ojibwe-Sioux relationships. Now a state park, it contains 19 identified archaeological sites, making it one of the most significant archaeological collections in Minnesota. The earliest site dates to the Archaic period and shows evidence of copper tool manufacture.

8

Oliver H. Kelley Homestead

Oliver H. Kelley Homestead

July 19, 1964
(#66000406)

Elk River
45°18′49″N 93°34′53″W﻿ / ﻿45.313601°N 93.5814°W﻿ / 45.313601; -93.5814﻿ (Oliver H. Kelley Homestead)
Sherburne

This farmstead was once owned by Oliver Hudson Kelley, one of the founders of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. Oliver Kelley moved to Minnesota in 1849, the year that Minnesota Territory was formed. Although he knew little about farming, he taught himself using agricultural journals and correspondence with other "scientific-oriented" farmers. He became an expert on farming in Minnesota, and he learned how adverse events such as bad weather, debt, insect pests, and crop failures could devastate a farmer's fortunes.[5]

9

Frank B. Kellogg House

Frank B. Kellogg House

December 8, 1976
(#74001035)

Saint Paul
44°56′14″N 93°07′36″W﻿ / ﻿44.937247°N 93.12661°W﻿ / 44.937247; -93.12661﻿ (Frank B. Kellogg House)
Ramsey

From 1889 until his death, this was the residence of Frank B. Kellogg (1856–1937), lawyer, U.S. Senator, and diplomat. As Secretary of State (1925–29), he negotiated the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize, and shifted foreign policy away from interventionism.[6]

10

Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home

Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home

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May 23, 1968
(#68000027)

Sauk Centre
45°44′14″N 94°57′25″W﻿ / ﻿45.737128°N 94.956976°W﻿ / 45.737128; -94.956976﻿ (Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home)
Stearns

From 1885 to 1902, this was the home of Sinclair Lewis (1885–1951) the first American author to be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature (1930). His novel Main Street (1920) was partly based on his impressions of Sauk Centre, Minnesota.[7]

11

Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., House

Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., House

December 8, 1976
(#70000303)

Little Falls
45°57′27″N 94°23′23″W﻿ / ﻿45.957439°N 94.389789°W﻿ / 45.957439; -94.389789﻿ (Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr., House)
Morrison

This was once the farm of Congressman Charles August Lindbergh and his son Charles Lindbergh, the famous aviator, and is now a state park. Their restored 1906 house and two other farm buildings are within the park boundaries. Three buildings and three structures built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s were named to the National Register of Historic Places. These buildings include a picnic shelter and a water tower, built in the Rustic Style from local stone and logs, and have remained relatively unchanged since construction.

12

Mayo Clinic Buildings

Mayo Clinic Buildings

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August 11, 1969
(#69000075)

Rochester
44°01′18″N 92°27′56″W﻿ / ﻿44.021667°N 92.465556°W﻿ / 44.021667; -92.465556﻿ (Mayo Clinic Buildings)
Olmsted

This building is an architecturally significant part of the Mayo Clinic. It was originally called the 1929 building, but was renamed the Plummer Building after its chief architect and Mayo Clinic co-founder, Henry Stanley Plummer. It was the tallest building in Rochester, Minnesota from its construction in 1929 until 2001 when the nearby Gonda Building was completed.

13

Mountain Iron Mine

Mountain Iron Mine

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November 24, 1968
(#68000052)

Mountain Iron
47°32′N 92°37′W﻿ / ﻿47.54°N 92.62°W﻿ / 47.54; -92.62﻿ (Mountain Iron Mine)
St. Louis

Discovered in 1890, this mine's first shipment of iron ore occurred in 1892. Its production led to the realization that the Mesabi Range possessed the world's largest deposits of iron ore, making Minnesota the nation's premier supplier of the resource.[8]

14

National Farmer's Bank

National Farmer's Bank

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January 7, 1976
(#71000441)

Owatonna
44°05′06″N 93°13′33″W﻿ / ﻿44.0851°N 93.22575°W﻿ / 44.0851; -93.22575﻿ (National Farmer's Bank)
Steele

This bank building was designed by Louis Sullivan with decorative elements by George Elmslie. It was built in 1908, and was the first of Sullivan's "jewel boxes". The building is clad in red brick with green terra cotta bands, and features two large arches. Internal elements include a stained glass window designed by Louis J. Millet, a mural by Oskar Gross, and a cast iron electrolier by William Winslow.

15

Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator

Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator

December 2, 1981
(#78001547)

St. Louis Park
44°56′33″N 93°20′43″W﻿ / ﻿44.9425°N 93.345278°W﻿ / 44.9425; -93.345278﻿ (Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator)
Hennepin

This grain elevator, built in 1899-1900, was the first circular concrete grain elevator in the United States, and possibly in the world. It is notable for proving the viability of concrete in grain elevator construction. Previous grain elevators, being built of wood, were expensive to build and vulnerable to fire. It was located along the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway.

16

Pillsbury "A" Mill

Pillsbury "A" Mill

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November 13, 1966
(#66000402)

Minneapolis
44°59′02″N 93°15′10″W﻿ / ﻿44.983939°N 93.252664°W﻿ / 44.983939; -93.252664﻿ (Pillsbury "A" Mill)
Hennepin

This mill, situated along Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, held the title of largest flour mill in the world for 40 years.[9] Completed in 1881, it was owned by Pillsbury and operated two of the most powerful direct-drive waterwheels ever built, each generating 1,200 horsepower (895 kW). The mill still stands today on the east side of the Mississippi River, but ceased operation in 2003.

17

Rabideau CCC Camp

Rabideau CCC Camp

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February 17, 2006
(#76001046)

Chippewa National Forest
47°38′24″N 94°32′55″W﻿ / ﻿47.639986°N 94.548622°W﻿ / 47.639986; -94.548622﻿ (Rabideau CCC Camp)
Beltrami

This camp was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota. The camp was established in 1935 as a project of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program. The camp, one of 2650 nationwide, was home to about 300 men aged 17–21. Like most CCC camps, the Rabideau camp was established to provide work to those unemployed as a result of the Great Depression. Enrollees at the camp came mostly from Northern Minnesota and worked on projects within the Chippewa National Forest, such as building roads and other facilities, surveying, wildlife protection, and other forestry activities.[10]

18

O. E. Rolvaag House

O. E. Rolvaag House

August 4, 1969
(#69000078)

Northfield
44°27′48″N 93°10′20″W﻿ / ﻿44.463206°N 93.172219°W﻿ / 44.463206; -93.172219﻿ (O. E. Rolvaag House)
Rice

From 1912 until his death, this was the residence of Ole Edvart Rølvaag (1876–1931), a Norwegian immigrant and the first American novelist to give a true accounting of the psychological cost of pioneering on the frontier. His famous trilogy—Giants in the Earth (1927), Peder Victorious (1928), and Their Father's God (1931)—stands in our literature as the most mature and penetrating assessment of the adjustments immigrant pioneers had to make in order to find peace and prosperity in middle America.[11]

19

St. Croix Boom Site

St. Croix Boom Site

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November 13, 1966
(#66000407)

Stillwater
45°04′41″N 92°47′53″W﻿ / ﻿45.078°N 92.798°W﻿ / 45.078; -92.798﻿ (St. Croix Boom Site)
Washington

This site is located on the St. Croix River upstream of Stillwater, Minnesota. It was established by Stillwater lumber barons, including Isaac Staples, in 1856 after the demise of the original St. Croix Boom Company, which had operated a boom further upstream near Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota. Staples and others purchased the Boom Company and moved the site downstream.

20

St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area

St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area

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September 25, 1997
(#97001261)

Hinckley
46°00′41″N 92°56′40″W﻿ / ﻿46.011389°N 92.944444°W﻿ / 46.011389; -92.944444﻿ (St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area)
Pine

This area was used for logging between the mid-19th century and about 1915. After the logging era was over, farmers were attracted to the newly cleared land, but the soil was poor and not productive enough to make a living. In 1934, 18,000 acres (73 km²) of farmland was purchased, and the following year, the St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area was started. Under the direction of the National Park Service, the Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps built group camps, roads, and campgrounds.

Using the given table as well as the supporting evidence provided at the end.

Solve the question: Built by a Canadian-American railroad executive in the capital city of Minnesota , what historic site was completed in 1891 ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Christ Church Lutheran is a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) located at 3244 34th Avenue South , Minneapolis , Minnesota . Its buildings , a sanctuary with chapel ( 1949 ) and an education wing ( 1962 ) designed by Finnish-American architects Eliel Saarinen and Eero Saarinen , have been internationally recognized , most recently in 2009 as National Historic Landmark by the U.S Department of the Interior . The congregation was established in 1911 as part of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod , but left in the 1970s as part of a dispute that led to the formation of the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches , which in turn was among the founding denominations of the ELCA . The Rev . Eva Jensen currently serves as interim lead pastor , with the Rev . Erik Haaland as associate pastor . The congregation is also served by its cantors , the Rev . Robert Buckley Farlee and the Rev . Martin A. Seltz .
Minneapolis ( /ˌmɪniˈæpəlɪs/ ( listen ) ) is the county seat of Hennepin County and the larger of the Twin Cities , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States . As of 2018 , Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 425,403 . The Twin Cities metropolitan area consists of Minneapolis , its neighbor Saint Paul and suburbs which altogether contain about 3.63 million people , and is the third-largest economic and population center in the Midwest . Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River , just north of the river 's confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Saint Paul , the state 's capital . The city is abundantly rich in water , with 13 lakes , wetlands , the Mississippi River , creeks and waterfalls ; many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . It was once the world 's flour milling capital and a hub for timber . The city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle . Minneapolis is home to five Fortune 500 companies , and the Twin Cities are the fifth-largest hub of major corporate headquarters in the United States . Minneapolis has one of the highest percentages of LGBT populations in the U.S . Noted for its strong music and performing arts scenes , Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub . Reflecting the region 's status as an epicenter of folk , funk , and alternative rock music , the city served as the launching pad for several of the 20th century 's most influential musicians , including Bob Dylan and Prince . Minneapolis has also become noted for its underground and independent hip-hop and rap scenes , producing artists such as Lizzo , Brother Ali , Atmosphere , and Dessa .
Hennepin County ( /ˈhɛnəpɪn/ HEN-ə-pin ) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census the population was 1,152,425 . It is the most populous county in Minnesota and the 32nd-most populous county in the United States ; more than one in five Minnesotans live in Hennepin County . Its county seat is Minneapolis , the state 's most populous city . The county is named in honor of the 17th-century explorer Father Louis Hennepin . Hennepin County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington Metropolitan Statistical Area . The center of population of Minnesota is in Hennepin County , in the city of Minneapolis .
Modern architecture , or modernist architecture , was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction , particularly the use of glass , steel and reinforced concrete ; the idea that form should follow function ( functionalism ) ; an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s , when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture .
Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen ( /ˈsɑːrɪnən/ , Finnish : [ ˈeliel ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1873 - July 1 , 1950 ) was a Finnish-American architect known for his work with art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century . He was the father of Eero Saarinen .
Eero Saarinen ( /ˈeɪroʊ ˈsɑːrɪnən , ˈɛəroʊ -/ , Finnish : [ ˈeːro ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1910 - September 1 , 1961 ) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style . Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington , D.C. , the TWA Flight Center in New York City , and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Missouri . He was the son of noted Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen .
The F. Scott Fitzgerald House , also known as Summit Terrace , in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States , is part of a rowhouse designed by William H. Willcox and Clarence H. Johnston Sr . The house , at 599 Summit Avenue , is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with author F. Scott Fitzgerald . The design of the rowhouse was called the New York Style , where each unit was given a distinctive character similar to rowhouses in eastern cities . Architecture critic Larry Millett describes it as A brownstone row house that leaves no Victorian style unaccounted for , although the general flavor is Romanesque Revival . The Fitzgerald house is a brownstone two bays wide , with a polygonal two-story window bay on the right , and the entrance , recessed under a round arch that is flush with the bay front , on the left . At the mansarded roof level there is a gable with two round-arch windows and decorative finials . Fitzgerald 's parents , Edward and Mollie , moved back to St. Paul in 1914 while F. Scott Fitzgerald was a student at Princeton University . They lived in the unit at 593 Summit Avenue for a while , then moved to the 599 Summit Avenue unit in 1918 . In July and August 1919 , Fitzgerald rewrote the manuscript that became his first novel , This Side of Paradise . He lived here until January 1920 , writing short stories , and then moved to New Orleans . Of the several places the Fitzgeralds lived , this one is most closely associated with his literary fame , and typifies the environments of some of his later works . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 .
Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2018 , the city 's estimated population was 307,695 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the Twin Cities , the two form the core of Minneapolis-Saint Paul , the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its twin city , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . The settlement originally began at present-day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre Pig 's Eye Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations .
Ramsey County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 508,640 , making it the second-most populous county in Minnesota . Its county seat and largest city is St. Paul , the state capital . The county was founded in 1849 and is named for Alexander Ramsey ( W ) , the first governor of the Minnesota Territory . Ramsey County is included in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul-Bloomington , MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area . It is the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota , as well as one of the most densely populated counties in the United States .
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald ( September 24 , 1896 - December 21 , 1940 ) was an American writer . His novels depicted the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age . Though he achieved popular success , fame , and fortune in his lifetime , Fitzgerald did not receive much critical acclaim until after his death . Considered a member of the Lost Generation of the 1920s , today he is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century . He finished four novels : This Side of Paradise , The Beautiful and Damned , The Great Gatsby , and Tender Is the Night . The unfinished novel The Last Tycoon was published posthumously . Four collections of his short stories were published , as well as 164 short stories in magazines during his lifetime .
This Side of Paradise is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald , published in 1920 . The book examines the lives and morality of post-World War I youth . Its protagonist Amory Blaine is an attractive student at Princeton University who dabbles in literature . The novel explores the theme of love warped by greed and status seeking , and takes its title from a line of Rupert Brooke 's poem Tiare Tahiti . The novel famously helped F. Scott Fitzgerald gain Zelda Sayre 's hand in marriage ; its publication was her condition of acceptance .
Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture .
In architecture and city planning , a terrace or terrace house ( UK ) or townhouse ( US ) is a form of medium-density housing that originated in Europe in the 16th century , whereby a row of attached dwellings share side walls . They are also known in some areas as row houses or row homes ( especially in Baltimore , New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , and Washington , D.C. ) . Terrace housing can be found throughout the world , though it is in abundance in Europe and Latin America , and extensive examples can be found in Australia and North America . The Place des Vosges in Paris ( 1605-1612 ) is one of the early examples of the style . Sometimes associated with the working class , historical and reproduction terraces have increasingly become part of the process of gentrification in certain inner-city areas .
Summit Avenue is a street in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States , known for being the longest avenue of Victorian homes in the country , having a number of historic houses , churches , synagogues , and schools . The street starts just west of downtown Saint Paul and continues four and a half miles west to the Mississippi River where Saint Paul meets Minneapolis . Other cities have similar streets , such as Prairie Avenue in Chicago , Euclid Avenue in Cleveland , and Fifth Avenue in New York City . Summit Avenue is notable for having preserved its historic character and mix of buildings , as compared to these other examples . Historian Ernest R. Sandeen described Summit Avenue as the best preserved example of the Victorian monumental residential boulevard . Summit Avenue is part of two National Historic Districts and two City of Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Districts . The National Historic Districts are the Historic Hill District , an irregular area roughly bounded by Lexington Avenue , Portland Avenue , Dale Street North , Marshall Avenue , Pleasant Street , and Grand Avenue ( exclusive of the area within the Woodland Park Historic District ) , and the West Summit Avenue Historic District , a narrow area running from Oxford Street South west to the Mississippi River along Summit Avenue . The city districts are Summit Hill , also known as Crocus Hill , a triangular region from Lexington Avenue on the west , Summit Avenue on the north , and the bluffs ( just north of Interstate Highway 35E ) on the south , and Ramsey Hill , the area bounded by Summit Avenue , Dale Street , Interstate Highway 94 , and a line running north from the Cathedral of Saint Paul . Most of the houses in this district are large , distinctive houses built between 1890 and 1920 . Summit Avenue was named one of 10 great streets nationally by the American Planning Association in 2008 .
The Beautiful and Damned , first published by Scribner 's in 1922 , is F. Scott Fitzgerald 's second novel . It explores and portrays New York café society and the American Eastern elite during the Jazz Age before and after the Great War and in the early 1920s . As in his other novels , Fitzgerald 's characters in this novel are complex , especially with respect to marriage and intimacy . The work generally is considered to be based on Fitzgerald 's relationship and marriage with his wife Zelda Fitzgerald .
The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval and excess , creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary [ a ] tale regarding the American Dream . Fitzgerald - inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's North Shore - began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , something new - something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referred to the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue . First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly . In its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel .
Fort Snelling , originally known as Fort Saint Anthony , is a United States military fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers in Hennepin County , Minnesota . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area , a National Park Service unit , includes historic Fort Snelling . The fort is located in Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory in Hennepin County , Minnesota , named after the fortification . The Minnesota Historical Society now runs the fort , located atop a bluff along the river . The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources runs Fort Snelling State Park , protecting the land at the bottom of the bluff . Fort Snelling once encompassed both parcels . The fort is designated as a National Historic Landmark and has been named a national treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation .
A military is a heavily armed , highly organised force primarily intended for warfare , also known collectively as armed forces . It is typically officially authorized and maintained by a sovereign state , with its members identifiable by their distinct military uniform . It may consist of one or more military branches such as an army , navy , air force , space force , marines , or coast guard . The main task of the military is usually defined as defence of the state and its interests against external armed threats . In broad usage , the terms armed forces and military are often treated as synonymous , although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country 's armed forces may include both its military and other paramilitary forces . There are various forms of irregular military forces , not belonging to a recognized state ; though they share many attributes with regular military forces , they are less often referred to as simply military .
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare , and is also used to solidify rule in a region during peacetime . The term is derived from the Latin fortis ( strong ) and facere ( to make ) . From very early history to modern times , defensive walls have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest . Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were the first small cities to be fortified . In ancient Greece , large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece , such as the ancient site of Mycenae ( famous for the huge stone blocks of its 'cyclopean ' walls ) . A Greek phrourion was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military garrison , and is the equivalent of the Roman castellum or English fortress . These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower , to guard certain roads , passes , and borders . Though smaller than a real fortress , they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the border . The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called castrametation since the time of the Roman legions . Fortification is usually divided into two branches : permanent fortification and field fortification . There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification . Castles are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a monarch or noble and command a specific defensive territory .
In geography , a confluence ( also : conflux ) occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel . A confluence can occur in several configurations : at the point where a tributary joins a larger river ( main stem ) ; or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name ( such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers at Pittsburgh , forming the Ohio ) ; or where two separated channels of a river ( forming a river island ) rejoin at the downstream end .
The Minnesota River ( Dakota : Mnisóta Wakpá ) is a tributary of the Mississippi River , approximately 332 miles ( 534 km ) long , in the U.S. state of Minnesota . It drains a watershed of nearly 17,000 square miles ( 44,000 km2 ) , 14,751 square miles ( 38,200 km2 ) in Minnesota and about 2,000 sq mi ( 5,200 km2 ) in South Dakota and Iowa . It rises in southwestern Minnesota , in Big Stone Lake on the Minnesota-South Dakota border just south of the Laurentian Divide at the Traverse Gap portage . It flows southeast to Mankato , then turns northeast . It joins the Mississippi south of the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul , near the historic Fort Snelling . The valley is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota . The name Minnesota comes from the Dakota language phrase , Mnisota Makoce which is translated to land where the waters reflect the sky , as a reference to the many lakes in Minnesota rather than the cloudiness of the actual river . For over a century prior to the organization of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 , the name St. Pierre ( St. Peter ) had been generally applied to the river by French and English explorers and writers . Minnesota River is shown on the 1757 edition of Mitchell Map as Ouadebameniſsouté [ Watpá Mnísota ] or R. St. Peter . On June 19 , 1852 , acting upon a request from the Minnesota territorial legislature , the United States Congress decreed the aboriginal name for the river , Minnesota , to be the rivers official name and ordered all agencies of the federal government to use that name when referencing it . The valley that the Minnesota River flows in is up to five miles ( 8 km ) wide and 250 feet ( 80 m ) deep . It was carved into the landscape by the massive glacial River Warren between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago at the end of the last ice age in North America .
The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent , second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system . From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota , it flows generally south for 2,320 miles ( 3,730 km ) to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico . With its many tributaries , the Mississippi 's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains . The main stem is entirely within the United States ; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi ( 2,980,000 km2 ) , of which only about one percent is in Canada . The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest river and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world . The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , Tennessee , Arkansas , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years . Most were hunter-gatherers , but some , such as the Mound Builders , formed prolific agricultural societies . The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers , then settlers , ventured into the basin in increasing numbers . The river served first as a barrier , forming borders for New Spain , New France , and the early United States , and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link . In the 19th century , during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny , the Mississippi and several western tributaries , most notably the Missouri , formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States . Formed from thick layers of the river 's silt deposits , the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile regions of the United States ; steamboats were widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries to ship agricultural and industrial goods .
The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area protects a 72-mile ( 116 km ) and 54,000-acre ( 22,000 ha ) corridor along the Mississippi River from the cities of Dayton and Ramsey , Minnesota to just downstream of Hastings , Minnesota . This includes the stretch of Mississippi River which flows through Minneapolis and St. Paul , Minnesota . This stretch of the upper Mississippi River includes natural , historical , recreational , cultural , scenic , scientific , and economic resources of national significance . This is the only national park dedicated exclusively to the Mississippi River . It is located in parts of Anoka , Dakota , Hennepin , Ramsey , and Washington counties , all within the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is a long name and therefore is frequently referred to as MNRRA ( often pronounced like minnra ) or MISS ( the four letter code assigned to the park by the National Park Service ) . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MISS ) was established in 1988 as a new unique type of National Park known as a partnership park . Unlike traditional national parks , MISS is not a major land owner and therefore does not have control over land use . MISS works with dozens of partners ( local , state , and federal governments , non-profits , businesses , educational institutions , and individuals ) who own land along the river or who have an interest in the Mississippi River to achieve the National Park Service 's mission to protect and preserve for future generations . Some of the most prominent attractions within the park include the St. Anthony Falls Historic District ( including Mill City Museum , the Guthrie Theater , the Stone Arch Bridge , and Mill Ruins Park ) , the Historic Fort Snelling and the adjacent Fort Snelling State Park , Minnehaha Falls , and the rustic Winchell Trail . There are many additional attractions , trails , and programs all within the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area . As of 2016 MNRRA has two visitor centers , one located inside the Science Museum of Minnesota in St. Paul , MN and the other at Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock & Dam in Minneapolis , both of which are staffed by National Park Rangers .
Grand Mound is a prehistoric burial site in Koochiching County , Minnesota , United States . It is the largest surviving prehistoric structure in the upper Midwest , dating back to 200 BCE . The site was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 23 , 2011 . The main burial mound measures 140 feet ( 43 m ) in length and 100 feet ( 30 m ) in width , about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high , plus a 200 feet ( 61 m ) tail measuring 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) in width and 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) in height . There are four other smaller earthworks at the site , closer in size to typical burial mounds around the Midwest . Besides the mound , the site contains a number of stratified deposits from villages dating to the Middle Woodland and Late Woodland periods . The main mound was for many years thought to be typical conical mound , but in the 21st century it was discovered to have a tail , and has been reclassified as an effigy mound , possibly resembling a muskrat . The mound is part of a larger series of interconnected archaeological sites that include seasonal camp locations and fishing areas . The site once had a visitor center operated by the Minnesota Historical Society , opened in 1975 . The visitor center was closed in 2003 and the site was closed to the public in 2007 , amid concerns that having tourists viewing burial sites was inappropriate . Bill Keyes , the head of the Historical Society 's historic sites and museums division , said , What we heard from tribal elders was that this was like a cemetery , it was a burial ground , and that operating it as a tourist attraction was really not an appropriate way to go .
International Falls is a city in and the county seat of Koochiching County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 6,424 at the 2010 census . International Falls is located on the Rainy River directly across from Fort Frances , Ontario , Canada . The two cities are connected by the Fort Frances-International Falls International Bridge . Voyageurs National Park is located 11 miles east of International Falls . There is a major U.S. Customs and Border Protection Port of Entry on the International Falls side of the toll bridge and a Canadian Customs entry point on the north side of the bridge . International Falls is nicknamed the Icebox of the Nation , with an average of 109.4 days per year with a high temperature below 32 °F ( 0 °C ) .
Koochiching County ( /ˈkuːtʃɪtʃɪŋ/ KOO-chitch-ing ) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 13,311 . Its county seat is International Falls . A portion of the Bois Forte Indian Reservation is in the county . A small part of Voyageurs National Park extends into its boundary , with Lake of the Woods County to its northwest .
The James J. Hill House in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States , was built by railroad magnate James J. Hill . The house , completed in 1891 , is near the eastern end of Summit Avenue near the Cathedral of Saint Paul . The house , for its time , was very large and was the showcase of St. Paul until James J. Hill 's death in 1916 . It is listed as a U.S. National Historic Landmark , operated by the Minnesota Historical Society . It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District . The home has 36,000 square feet ( 3,344 square meters ) of living area and 44,552 square feet of total space .
James Jerome Hill ( September 16 , 1838 - May 29 , 1916 ) , was a Canadian-American railroad executive . He was the chief executive officer of a family of lines headed by the Great Northern Railway , which served a substantial area of the Upper Midwest , the northern Great Plains , and Pacific Northwest . Because of the size of this region and the economic dominance exerted by the Hill lines , Hill became known during his lifetime as The Empire Builder .
The Cathedral of Saint Paul is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of St. Paul , Minnesota . It is the Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis ; the Co-Cathedral is the Basilica of St. Mary in Minneapolis . One of the most distinctive cathedrals in the United States , it sits on Cathedral Hill overlooking downtown St. Paul and features a distinctive copper-clad dome . It is the third largest completed church in the United States , and the fourth tallest . [ citation needed ] It is dedicated to Paul the Apostle , who is also the namesake of the City of St. Paul . The current building opened in 1915 as the fourth cathedral of the archdiocese to bear this name . On March 25 , 2009 , it was designated as the National Shrine of the Apostle Paul by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Vatican .
Minnesota ( /ˌmɪnɪˈsoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Upper Midwest , Great Lakes , and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has many lakes , and is known as the Land of 10,000 Lakes . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 22nd most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 55% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the Twin Cities ) . This area has the largest concentration of transportation , business , industry , education , and government in the state . Urban centers in Greater Minnesota include Duluth , Mankato , Moorhead , Rochester and St . Cloud . The geography of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed , and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Thousands of years before Europeans arrived , Minnesota was inhabited by various indigenous peoples , some of whom remain in the state today . French explorers , missionaries , and fur traders began exploring the region in the 17th century , encountering the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe tribes . Much of what is now Minnesota was part of the vast French holding of Louisiana , which was purchased by the United States in 1803 .
The Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine in Hibbing , Minnesota , United States , is the largest operating open-pit iron mine in Minnesota . The pit stretches more than three miles ( 5 km ) long , two miles ( 3 km ) wide , and 535 feet ( 163 m ) deep . It was established in 1895 and was one of the world 's first mechanized open-pit mines . The mine , located in the Mesabi Range , supplied as much as one-fourth of all the iron ore mined in the United States during its peak production from World War I through World War II . This prodigious output made Minnesota the nation 's largest iron ore producer and the U.S. the world 's largest steel manufacturer . The Hull-Rust-Mahoning Mine was named a National Historic Landmark in 1966 . The city of Hibbing has long maintained a public overlook and visitor center on the rim of the mine , attracting tens of thousands of tourists each year . In 2019 , the overlook was to be moved as mining operations expand .
Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 16,361 at the 2010 census . The city was built on the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range . At the edge of town is the largest open-pit iron mine in the world , the Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine . U.S. Highway 169 , State Highway 37 , State Highway 73 , Howard Street , and 1st Avenue are five of the main routes in Hibbing . The Range Regional Airport offers daily commercial flights between Hibbing and Minneapolis-St. Paul , as well as hosting many private pilots and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources fire fighting aircraft .
St. Louis County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 200,226 . Its county seat is Duluth . It is the largest county by total area in Minnesota , and the largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River . St. Louis County is included in the Duluth , MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area . Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism . Surface mining of taconite and processing it into high grade iron ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range . Parts of the federally recognized Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county .
Open-pit , open-cast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow . This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunnelling into the earth , such as long wall mining . Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface . It is applied to ore or rocks found at the surface because the overburden is relatively thin or the material of interest is structurally unsuitable for tunnelling ( as would be the case for sand , cinder , and gravel ) . In contrast , minerals that have been found underground but are difficult to retrieve due to hard rock , can be reached using a form of underground mining . To create an open-pit mine , the miners must determine the information of the ore that is underground . This is done through drilling of probe holes in the ground , then plotting each hole location on a map . The information gained through the holes with provide an idea of the vertical extent of the ore 's body . This vertical information is then used to pit tentative locations of the benches that will occur in the mine . It is important to consider the grade and economic value of the ore in the potential pit . Open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries . Open-pit mines are typically enlarged until either the mineral resource is exhausted , or an increasing ratio of overburden to ore makes further mining uneconomic .
The Mesabi Iron Range is an elongate trend containing large deposits of iron ore , and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota . Discovered in 1866 , it is the chief iron ore mining district in the United States . The district is located in northeast Minnesota , largely in Itasca and Saint Louis counties . It was extensively worked in the earlier part of the 20th century . Extraction operations declined throughout the mid-1970s but rebounded in 2005 . China 's growing demand for iron , along with the falling value of the U.S. dollar versus other world currencies , have made taconite production profitable again , and some mines that had closed have been reopened , while current mines have been expanded .
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted . The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey , bright yellow , or deep purple to rusty red . The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite ( Fe3O4 , 72.4% Fe ) , hematite ( Fe2O3 , 69.9% Fe ) , goethite ( FeO ( OH ) , 62.9% Fe ) , limonite ( FeO ( OH ) ·n ( H2O ) , 55% Fe ) or siderite ( FeCO3 , 48.2% Fe ) . Ores containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite ( greater than about 60% iron ) are known as natural ore or direct shipping ore , meaning they can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces . Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron , which is one of the main raw materials to make steel - 98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel . Indeed , it has been argued that iron ore is more integral to the global economy than any other commodity , except perhaps oil .
The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power .
World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan .
World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 . The vast majority of the world 's countries - including all the great powers - eventually formed two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . A state of total war emerged , directly involving more than 100 million people from more than 30 countries . The major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 70 to 85 million fatalities , most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , premeditated death from starvation and disease , and the only use of nuclear weapons in war . Japan , which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific , was at war with China by 1937 , [ b ] though neither side had declared war on the other . World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 , with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa , and the Fall of France in mid 1940 , the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire . War in the Balkans , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz , and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed .
Mountain Iron is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States ; in the heart of the Mesabi Range . The population was 2,869 at the 2010 census . U.S. Highway 169 serves as a main route in Mountain Iron . The city 's motto is the Taconite Capital of the World . The local mine , Minntac , is owned by the United States Steel Corporation ( U.S. Steel ) . Mountain Iron is part of the Quad Cities of Virginia , Eveleth , and Gilbert .
United States Steel Corporation ( NYSE : X ) , more commonly known as U.S. Steel , is an American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with production operations in the United States and Central Europe . As of 2016 , the company was the world 's 24th-largest steel producer and second-largest domestic producer , trailing only Nucor Corporation . Though renamed USX Corporation in 1986 , the company returned to its present name in 2001 after spinning off its energy business , including Marathon Oil , and other assets from its core steel concern . The company experienced significant downsizing during the 1980s ; a decline in market capitalization resulted in its removal from the S & P 500 Index in 2014 .
Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 16,361 at the 2010 census . The city was built on the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range . At the edge of town is the largest open-pit iron mine in the world , the Hull-Rust-Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine . U.S. Highway 169 , State Highway 37 , State Highway 73 , Howard Street , and 1st Avenue are five of the main routes in Hibbing . The Range Regional Airport offers daily commercial flights between Hibbing and Minneapolis-St. Paul , as well as hosting many private pilots and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources fire fighting aircraft .
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Vineland is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation portion of Mille Lacs County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 1,001 at the 2010 census . Its name in the Ojibwe language is Neyaashiing , meaning on the point of land due to its location on Indian Point ( also known as University , Cormorant or Shawboshkung Point ) of Mille Lacs Lake . It serves as the administrative center for the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe . Vineland is located within ZIP code 56359 based in Onamia .
Mille Lacs County ( /ˌmɪl ˈlæks/ mil LAKS ) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 26,097 . Its county seat is Milaca . The county was founded in 1857 , and its boundary was expanded in 1860 . Mille Lacs County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area . A portion of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation is in the county .
The Sioux ( /suː/ ; Dakota : Očhéthi Šakówiŋ /otʃʰeːtʰi ʃakoːwĩ/ ) are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America . The term is an exonym created from a French transcription of the Anishinaabe term Nadouessioux , and can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation 's many language dialects . The modern Sioux consist of two major divisions based on language divisions : the Dakota and Lakota . Before the 17th century , the Santee Dakota ( Isáŋyathi ; Knife also known as the Eastern Dakota ) lived around Lake Superior with territories in present-day northern Minnesota and Wisconsin . They gathered wild rice , hunted woodland animals and used canoes to fish . Wars with the Ojibwe throughout the 1700s pushed the Dakota into southern Minnesota , where the Western Dakota ( Yankton , Yanktonai ) and Teton ( Lakota ) were residing . In the 1800s , the Dakota signed treaties with the United States , ceding much of their land in Minnesota . Failure of the United States to make treaty payments on time , as well as low food supplies , led to the Dakota War of 1862 , which resulted in the Dakota being exiled from Minnesota to numerous reservations in Nebraska , North and South Dakota and Canada . After 1870 , the Dakota people began to return to Minnesota , creating the present-day reservations in the state . The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota ( Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ; Village-at-the-end and Little village-at-the-end ) , collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena , resided in the Minnesota River area before ceding their land and moving to South Dakota in 1858 . Despite ceding their lands , their treaty with the U.S. government allowed them to maintain their traditional role in the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ as the caretakers of the Pipestone Quarry , which is the cultural center of the Sioux people . They are considered to be the Western Dakota ( also called middle Sioux ) , and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota .
The Ojibwe , Ojibwa , Chippewa , or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people of Canada and the northern Midwestern United States . They are one of the most numerous indigenous peoples north of the Rio Grande . In Canada , they are the second-largest First Nations population , surpassed only by the Cree . In the United States , they have the fifth-largest population among Native American peoples , surpassed in number only by the Navajo , Cherokee , Choctaw and Sioux . The Ojibwe people traditionally speak the Ojibwe language , a branch of the Algonquian language family . They are part of the Council of Three Fires and the Anishinaabeg , which include the Algonquin , Nipissing , Oji-Cree , Odawa and the Potawatomi . Historically , through the Saulteaux branch , they were a part of the Iron Confederacy , joining the Cree , Assiniboine , and Metis . The majority of the Ojibwe people live in the United States . There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe ; 76,760 Saulteaux ; and 8,770 Mississauga , organized in 125 bands . They live from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia . As of 2010 [ update ] , Ojibwe in the U.S. census population is 170,742 . The Ojibwe are known for their birch bark canoes , birch bark scrolls , mining and trade in copper , as well as their cultivation of wild rice and maple syrup .
In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America , the Archaic period in North America , taken to last from around 8500 to 3000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages , is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development . The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts , seeds , and shellfish . As its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming , this date can vary significantly across the Americas . The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period .
The Oliver Kelley Farm is a historic farmstead in Elk River , Minnesota . It was once owned by Oliver Hudson Kelley , one of the founders of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry . The farmstead is a U.S. National Historic Landmark , which also places it on the National Register of Historic Places . The farm is currently operated as a historic site by the Minnesota Historical Society . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .
Elk River is a city in Sherburne County , Minnesota , United States , about 34 miles northwest of Minneapolis . It is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi and Elk Rivers . The population was 22,974 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat . The city 's population exceeded 20,000 as of year 2005 . U.S . Highways 10 and 169 and State Highway 101 are three of the main routes in Elk River , and a station on the Northstar Commuter Rail line to downtown Minneapolis is located in the city . Elk River is located 33.2 miles northwest of Minneapolis and 37.4 miles southeast of St . Cloud .
Sherburne County is a county in Central Minnesota . At the 2010 United States Census , the population was 88,499 . The county seat is Elk River . Sherburne County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington , MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Oliver Hudson Kelley ( January 7 , 1826 - January 20 , 1913 ) is one of the key founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry , a fraternal organization in the United States .
The Grange , officially named The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry , is a fraternal organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture . The Grange , founded after the Civil War in 1867 , is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope . The Grange actively lobbied state legislatures and Congress for political goals , such as the Granger Laws to lower rates charged by railroads , and rural free mail delivery by the Post Office . In 2005 , the Grange had a membership of 160,000 , with organizations in 2,100 communities in 36 states . It is headquartered in Washington , D.C. , in a building built by the organization in 1960 . Many rural communities in the United States still have a Grange Hall and local Granges still serve as a center of rural life for many farming communities .
The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3 , 1849 , until May 11 , 1858 , when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota .
The Frank B. Kellogg House is a historic house at 633 Fairmount Avenue in Saint Paul , Minnesota , United States . It is listed as a National Historic Landmark for its association with Nobel Peace Prize-winner Frank B. Kellogg , co-author of the Kellogg-Briand Pact . Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul is also named for him . The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District . The house is a large 2-1/2 story structure , built mostly out of a variety of stone , including granite , sandstone , and brownstone . The original rectangular block was designed by William H. Willcox and completed in 1890 , and exhibits a blend of Queen Anne and Romanesque styling . In 1923 Kellogg added a large addition , designed by Allen H. Stem was constructed on the north-east side of the house , reorienting the front from Fairmount Avenue to Dale Street . This addition was called the Coolidge Wing , although it is not clear whether it was built before or after President Calvin Coolidge visited Kellogg here in 1923 . The house is one of two surviving structures closely associated with Kellogg ; the other is in Washington , DC . From 1889 until his death , this was the permanent residence of Frank B. Kellogg ( 1856-1937 ) , lawyer , U.S . Senator , and diplomat .
Frank Billings Kellogg ( December 22 , 1856 - December 21 , 1937 ) was an American lawyer , politician , and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State . He co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929 .
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .
The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state 's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy , and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government 's minister of foreign affairs . The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The secretary of state , along with the secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently US $ 210,700 ) . The current secretary of state is Mike Pompeo , who has served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Donald Trump since early 2018 .
The Kellogg-Briand Pact ( or Pact of Paris , officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy ) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be , which may arise among them . There were no mechanisms for enforcement . Parties failing to abide by this promise should be denied of the benefits furnished by [ the ] treaty . It was signed by Germany , France , and the United States on 27 August 1928 , and by most other states soon after . Sponsored by France and the U.S. , the Pact renounced the use of war and calls for the peaceful settlement of disputes . Similar provisions were incorporated into the Charter of the United Nations and other treaties and it became a stepping-stone to a more activist American policy . It is named after its authors , United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand . The pact was concluded outside the League of Nations and remains in effect . A common criticism is that the Kellogg-Briand Pact did not live up to all of its aims , but has arguably had some success . It did not end war , nor stop the rise of militarism , and was unable to prevent the Second World War . The pact has been ridiculed for its moralism and legalism and lack of influence on foreign policy . Moreover , it effectively erased the legal distinction between war and peace because the signatories began to wage wars without declaring them .
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . Per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947-1989 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905-1946 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901-1904 ) . Due to its political nature , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of numerous controversies .
The Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark in Sauk Centre , Minnesota , United States . From 1889 until 1902 it was the home of young Sinclair Lewis ( 1885-1951 ) , who would become the most famous American novelist of the 1920s and the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature . His most famous book , Main Street , was inspired by the town of Sauk Centre as Lewis perceived it from this home . The Sinclair Lewis Foundation acquired the house in 1956 and has restored to its appearance during Lewis 's boyhood . They offer tours regularly during the summer and by appointment throughout the rest of the year .
Sauk Centre is a city in Stearns County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 4,317 at the 2010 census . It is the birthplace of Sinclair Lewis , a novelist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature , and Sauk Centre served as the inspiration for Gopher Prairie , the fictional setting of Lewis 's 1920 novel Main Street . Sauk Centre is part of the St . Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area .
Stearns County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 150,642 . Its county seat is St . Cloud . The county was founded in 1855 . It was originally named for Isaac Ingalls Stevens , then renamed for Charles Thomas Stearns . Stearns County is part of the St . Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Minneapolis-St. PaulCombined Statistical Area .
Harry Sinclair Lewis ( February 7 , 1885 - January 10 , 1951 ) was an American novelist , short-story writer and playwright . In 1930 , he became the first writer from the United States ( and the first from the Americas ) to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature , which was awarded for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create , with wit and humor , new types of characters . His works are known for their critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars . He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women . H. L. Mencken wrote of him , [ If ] there was ever a novelist among us with an authentic call to the trade . it is this red-haired tornado from the Minnesota wilds . He has been honored by the U.S . Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series .
The Nobel Prize in Literature is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually , since 1901 , to an author from any country who has , in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel , produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction ( original Swedish : den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ) . Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy , the award is based on an author 's body of work as a whole . The Swedish Academy decides who , if anyone , will receive the prize . The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 . On some occasions the award has been postponed to the following year , most recently in 2018 .
Main Street is a satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis , and published in 1920 . Satirizing small town life , Main Street is perhaps Sinclair Lewis 's most famous book , and led in part to his eventual 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature . It relates the life and struggles of Carol Milford Kennicott in the small town of Gopher Prairie , Minnesota , as she comes into conflict with the small-town mentality of its residents . Highly acclaimed upon publication , Main Street remains a recognized American classic .
Charles A. Lindbergh State Park is a 569-acre ( 2.3 km² ) Minnesota state park on the outskirts of Little Falls . The park was once the farm of Congressman Charles August Lindbergh and his son Charles Lindbergh , the famous aviator . Their restored 1906 house and two other farm buildings are within the park boundaries . The house , a National Historic Landmark , and an adjacent museum are operated by the Minnesota Historical Society , known as the Charles Lindbergh House and Museum . Three buildings and three structures built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s were named to the National Register of Historic Places . These buildings include a picnic shelter and a water tower , built in the Rustic Style from local stone and logs , and have remained relatively unchanged since construction . Although the property includes shoreline on the Mississippi River , the Lindbergh family requested that the park not include intensive use areas for swimming or camping , so development was kept to a minimum .
Little Falls is a city in Morrison County , Minnesota , United States , near the geographic center of the state . Established in 1848 , Little Falls is one of the oldest European-American cities in Minnesota . It is the county seat of Morrison County . The population was 8,343 at the 2010 census . Little Falls was the boyhood home of noted aviator Charles Lindbergh . Just across from his former home is Charles A. Lindbergh State Park , named after Lindbergh 's father , prominent Minnesota lawyer and U.S . Congressman Charles August Lindbergh . The town developed at falls on the Mississippi River , and was named after them . Several different dams have been built over the falls during the town 's history , some of which powered sawmills in the 19th century . Today , the Little Falls Dam is a hydroelectric station that generates power for the surrounding area .
Morrison County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 33,198 . Its county seat is Little Falls . Camp Ripley Military Reservation occupies a significant area in north-central Morrison County .
Charles August Lindbergh ( born Carl Månsson ; January 20 , 1859 - May 24 , 1924 ) was a United States Congressman from Minnesota 's 6th congressional district from 1907 to 1917 . He opposed American entry into World War I as well as the 1913 Federal Reserve Act . Lindbergh is best known as the father of famed aviator Charles Lindbergh .
Charles Augustus Lindbergh ( February 4 , 1902 - August 26 , 1974 ) was an American aviator , military officer , author , inventor , and activist . At age 25 in 1927 , he went from obscurity as a U.S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the Orteig Prize for making a nonstop flight from New York to Paris . Lindbergh covered the ​33 1⁄2-hour , 3,600-statute-mile ( 5,800 km ) flight alone in a purpose-built , single-engine Ryan monoplane , the Spirit of St. Louis . Although not the first non-stop transatlantic flight , this was the first solo transatlantic flight , the first transatlantic flight between two major city hubs , and the longest transatlantic flight by almost 2,000 miles , thus it is widely known as a turning point in the trajectory of aviation history and advancement . Lindbergh was an officer in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve , and he received the United States ' highest military decoration , the Medal of Honor , for his transatlantic flight . His achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail , which revolutionized the aviation industry , and he devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity . Lindbergh 's historic flight and celebrity status also led to tragedy . In March 1932 , his infant son , Charles Jr. , was kidnapped and murdered in what the American media called the Crime of the Century . The case prompted the United States Congress to establish kidnapping as a federal crime once the kidnapper had crossed state lines with their victim . By late 1935 , the hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe , from which they returned in 1939 . Before the United States entered World War II , Lindbergh was an advocate of non-interventionism and a supporter of Nazi Germany . He opposed not only the intervention of the United States , but also the granting of aid to the United Kingdom .
The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was an American New Deal agency , employing millions of job-seekers ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . It was established on May 6 , 1935 , by Executive Order 7034 . In one project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . The five projects dedicated to these were : the Federal Writers Project ( FWP ) , the Historical Records Survey ( HRS ) , the Federal Theatre Project ( FTP ) , the Federal Music Project ( FMP ) , and the Federal Art Project ( FAP ) . In the Historical Records Survey , for instance , many former slaves in the South were interviewed ; these documents are of great importance for American history . Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States , and gave more than 225,000 performances . Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures , and the development of professional archaeology in the US . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $ 4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States , while developing infrastructure to support the current and future society . Above all , the WPA hired workers and craftsmen who were mainly employed in building streets . Thus , under the leadership of the WPA , more than 1 million km of streets and over 10,000 bridges were built , in addition to many airports and much housing . The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority , which provided the impoverished Tennessee Valley with dams and waterworks to create an infrastructure for electrical power .
The National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) is the United States federal government 's official list of districts , sites , buildings , structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance . A property listed in the National Register , or located within a National Register Historic District , may qualify for tax incentives derived from the total value of expenses incurred in preserving the property . The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act ( NHPA ) in 1966 established the National Register and the process for adding properties to it . Of the more than one million properties on the National Register , 80,000 are listed individually . The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts . For most of its history , the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service ( NPS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Interior . Its goals are to help property owners and interest groups , such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation , as well as coordinate , identify and protect historic sites in the United States . While National Register listings are mostly symbolic , their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties . Protection of the property is not guaranteed . During the nomination process , the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places . The application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation , as well as the public and politicians . Occasionally , historic sites outside the country proper , but associated with the United States ( such as the American Embassy in Tangiers ) are also listed .
The Plummer Building in Rochester , Minnesota , is one of the many architecturally significant buildings on the Mayo Clinic campus . This new Mayo Clinic building , opened in 1928 , added much needed space to the ever-expanding Mayo practice . The architect of record is Ellerbe & Co. , now Ellerbe Becket . It was the third building designed by the firm for the Mayo Clinic . The Mayo Clinic Buildings were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1969 , and the Plummer Building was further designated as U.S. National Historic Landmark a week later , designated as Mayo Clinic Building .
Rochester is a city founded in 1854 in the U.S. State of Minnesota and is the county seat of Olmsted County located on the Zumbro River 's south fork in Southeast Minnesota . It is Minnesota 's third-largest city and the largest city located outside the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area . As of 2018 , the Rochester metropolitan area had a population estimated at 219,802 . According to the 2010 United States Census the city had a population of 106,769 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the 2018 population was 116,961 . It is the home of the Mayo Clinic and a major IBM facility , one of the company 's largest at its peak . The city has long been rated as one of the best places to live in the United States by multiple publications such as Money .
Olmsted County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 144,248 , and has an estimated population of 156,277 as of 2018 . Its county seat and largest city is Rochester . Olmsted County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area .
In 1863 , William Worrall Mayo ( 1819-1911 ) came to Rochester , Minnesota , from Salford in Lancashire , England , as part of his appointment as an examining surgeon for the military draft board during the American Civil War . The city was to his liking , and his wife and children joined him in early 1864 ; the family served in several leadership roles in the community . On January 27 , 1864 , William Worrall Mayo advertised in the Rochester City Post the opening of a private medical partnership over the Union Drug Store on Third Street with all calls answered by day or night . Both of W.W. Mayo 's sons , William James Mayo ( 1861-1939 ) and Charles Horace Mayo ( 1865-1939 ) grew up in Rochester and , when old enough , both attended medical school . William graduated in 1883 and joined his father 's practice , and Charles joined after he completed his training in 1888 . On August 21 , 1883 , a tornado struck Rochester , causing at least 37 deaths in the area and over 200 injuries . One-third of the town was destroyed , but the Mayo family escaped serious harm . The relief efforts began immediately with a temporary hospital being established at Rommell 's Hall , and the doctors Mayo ( W.W. and Will ) as well as other local doctors , were extensively involved in treating the injured who were brought there for help . Mother Alfred Moes ( 1828-1899 ) and the Sisters of Saint Francis ( a teaching order ) were called in to act as nurses despite their lack of medical training .
Henry Stanley Plummer , M.D . ( ( 1874-03-03 ) March 3 , 1874 - ( 1936-12-31 ) December 31 , 1936 ) was a prominent internist and endocrinologist who , along with William Mayo , Charles Mayo , Stinchfield , E. Starr Judd , Christopher Graham , and Donald Balfour founded Mayo Clinic . Plummer is also immortalized as the driving force behind the Plummer Building , which still stands as a part of the Clinic he helped establish .
The Gonda Building is a medical building owned by the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota , and designed by Ellerbe Becket Architects and Engineers . It rises 305 feet ( 93 m ) in 21 floors , and was completed in 2001 . The Gonda building was the largest building project in the Mayo Clinic 's history , the Leslie & Susan Gonda Building was constructed in three phases to a height of 21 stories . Located at the heart of the campus , Gonda is the centerpiece of Mayo 's integrated practice . In 2018 , the Mayo Clinic announced a $ 190 million expansion of the Gonda Building which will add 11 stories to its height , including four new floors of clinical space and a seven-story hotel expected to be completed in 2022 . The Gonda Building is physically conjoined on its South side to the Mayo Building although the floors do not match perfectly .
Mountain Iron Mine is a former mine in Mountain Iron , Minnesota , United States . Opened in 1892 , it was the first mine on the Mesabi Range , which has proved to be the largest iron ore deposit ever discovered . Mining operations at the site ceased in 1956 . The bottom of the open-pit mine has filled with water but its dimensions are readily visible . The city maintains an overlook in Mountain Iron Locomotive Park . Mountain Iron Mine was proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1968 and subsequently listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its national significance in the theme of industry . The property was nominated for setting in motion the extraction of iron ore on the Mesabi Range , which helped make Minnesota the nation 's largest iron producer and the United States the world 's largest steel manufacturer .
The National Farmers ' Bank of Owatonna , Minnesota , United States , is a historic bank building designed by Louis Sullivan , with decorative elements by George Elmslie . It was built in 1908 , and was the first of Sullivan 's jewel box bank designs . The building is clad in red brick with green terra cotta bands , and features two large arches on its street-facing facades . Single-story wings , originally housing bank offices , extend along each side . Internal elements include two stained-glass windows designed by Louis J. Millet , a mural by Oskar Gross , and four immense cast iron electroliers designed by Elmslie and cast by Winslow Brothers Company . The officers of the National Farmers ' Bank sought Sullivan out , in part because they wanted a fresh idea of a bank building that would suit their specific needs , and they felt that conventional bank architecture of the time would not meet those . The building Sullivan designed included a farmers ' exchange room , where its clients might do business with each other , a women 's consultation room , a conference room for the bank board , and the president 's office . All of these rooms were richly decorated , with custom furniture . The bank was remodeled in 1940 , and many of the interior architectural elements were destroyed . Subsequent work in 1958 and from 1976 to 1981 restored it to its original grandeur . On January 7 , 1976 , it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark for its architectural significance . The building now houses a branch of the Wells Fargo bank .
Owatonna ( /ˌoʊwəˈtɒnə/ ) is a city in Steele County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 25,599 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Steele County . Owatonna is home to the Steele County Fairgrounds , which hosts the Steele County Free Fair in August . Interstate 35 and U.S . Highways 14 , and 218 are three of the main routes in the city .
Steele County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 36,576 . Its county seat is Owatonna . Steele County comprises the Owatonna , MN Micropolitan Statistical Area .
Louis Henry Sullivan ( September 3 , 1856 - April 14 , 1924 ) was an American architect , and has been called the father of skyscrapers and father of modernism . He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper , was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School , was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright , and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School . Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson , Sullivan is one of the recognized trinity of American architecture . The phrase Form follows function is attributed to him , although he credited the origin of the concept to an ancient architect whose origins were allegedly Italian . In 1944 , Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal .
George Grant Elmslie ( February 20 , 1869 - April 23 , 1952 ) was a Scottish-born American Prairie School architect whose work is mostly found in the Midwestern United States . He worked with Louis Sullivan and later with William Gray Purcell as a partner in the firm Purcell & Elmslie .
Glazed architectural terra-cotta ( the hyphen usually only found in American usage ) is a ceramic masonry building material used as a decorative skin . It has been popular in the United States from the late 19th century until the 1930s , and still one of the most common building materials found in U.S. urban environments . It is the glazed version of architectural terracotta ; the material in both its glazed and unglazed versions is sturdy and relatively inexpensive , and can be molded into richly ornamented detail . Glazed terra-cotta played a significant role in architectural styles such as the Chicago School and Beaux-Arts architecture .
An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it , or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam , the hydrostatic pressure against it . Arches may be synonymous with vaults , but a vault may be distinguished as a continuous arch forming a roof . Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture , and their systematic use started with the ancient Romans , who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures .
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it . Throughout its thousand-year history , the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings . Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows , the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term stained glass to include domestic lead light and objects d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture . The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures , held together ( traditionally ) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame . Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design . The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln . Stained glass , as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design , and the engineering skills to assemble the piece . A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made , must resist wind and rain , and also , especially in the larger windows , must support its own weight . Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages . In Western Europe they constitute the major form of pictorial art to have survived .
Louis J. Millet was an educator , industrial art school founder , and interior designer in the United States . He was a celebrated stained glass artist . He worked on Louis Sullivan and George W. Maher projects and went into business with portraitist George Healy at the interior design firm Healy & Millet offering services including interior decoration , floor tiling , and wood mantels . Millet was nationally known for his decorative work , frescoes , and stained glass .
A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall , ceiling or other permanent surfaces . A distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture . Some wall paintings are painted on large canvases , which are then attached to the wall ( e.g. , with marouflage ) , but the technique has been in common use since the late 19th century .
Oskar Gross ( 1871 - 1963 ) was an artist in Germany and the United States . Born in Vienna , he worked in Munich before moving to the United States . His work included decorative murals in buildings for Daniel Burnham , Louis Sullivan and George C. Nimmons He was also a portraitist . He was born in Vienna in 1871 . He won a competition in 1898 to paint murals for the Austro-Hungarian state pavilions at the Worlds Fair in Paris . This led to an offer to work in Chicago . He did paintings for Sullivan 's National Farmers Bank in Owatonna , Minnesota . He did interior paintings for Chicago 's Franklin Building . He returned to portrait painting after 1920 . His work includes a portrait of Dankmar Adler displayed in the lobby of Roosevelt University . He died in Chicago in 1963 .
Electrolier was the name for a fixture , usually pendent from the ceiling , for holding electric lamps . The word is analogous to chandelier , from which it was formed . For a fine poetical if somewhat confusing description of such a lamp in a Metropolitan Railway ( Early Electric ) station dining room , see Sir John Betjeman 's poem The Metropolitan Railway - Baker Street Station Buffet from his collection A Few Late Chrysanthemums ( 1954 ) : Early Electric ! With what radiant hope / Men formed this many-branched electrolier , / Twisted the flex around the iron rope / And let the dazzling vacuum globes hang clear , / And then with hearts the rich contrivance filld / Of copper , beaten by the Bromsgrove Guild .
The Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator is the world 's first known cylindrical concrete grain elevator . It was built from 1899 to 1900 in St. Louis Park , Minnesota , United States , as an experiment to prove the design was viable . It was an improvement on wooden elevators that were continually at risk for catching fire or even exploding . Its cylindrical concrete design became the industry standard in the United States , revolutionizing grain storage practices . After its initial experiments , the Peavey-Haglin Elevator was never again used to store grain . Since the late 1960s it has been maintained on the grounds of the Nordic Ware company and is painted with their name and logo . The Peavey-Haglin Elevator was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 , proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1981 , and a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983 .
Saint Louis Park ( abbreviated St. Louis Park ) is a city in Hennepin County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 45,250 at the 2010 census . It is a first-ring suburb immediately west of Minneapolis . Other adjacent cities include Edina , Golden Valley , Minnetonka , Plymouth , and Hopkins . St. Louis Park is the birthplace or childhood home of movie directors Joel and Ethan Coen , musician Peter Himmelman , New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman , former Senator Al Franken , songwriter Dan Israel , guitarist Sharon Isbin , writer Pete Hautman , football coach Marc Trestman , and film director Joe Nussbaum . Baseball announcer Halsey Hall also lived there . The Pavek Museum of Broadcasting , which has a major collection of antique radio and television equipment , is also in the city . Items range from radios produced by local manufacturers to the Vitaphone system used to cut discs carrying audio for the first talkie , The Jazz Singer . The Coen brothers set their 2009 film A Serious Man in St. Louis Park circa 1967 . It was important to the Coens to find a neighborhood of original-looking suburban rambler homes as they would have appeared in St. Louis Park in the mid-1960s , and after careful scouting they opted to film scenes in a neighborhood of nearby Bloomington , as well as at St. Louis Park 's B'nai Emet Synagogue , which was later sold and converted into a school .
A grain elevator is an agrarian facility complex designed to stockpile or store grain . In grain trade , the term grain elevator also describes a tower containing a bucket elevator or a pneumatic conveyor , which scoops up grain from a lower level and deposits it in a silo or other storage facility . In most cases , the term grain elevator also describes the entire elevator complex , including receiving and testing offices , weighbridges , and storage facilities . It may also mean organizations that operate or control several individual elevators , in different locations . In Australia the term grain elevator describes only the lifting mechanism . ( See Usage , below . ) Before the advent of the grain elevator , grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk ( large quantities of loose grain ) . Dart 's Elevator was a major innovation . It was invented by Joseph Dart , a merchant , and Robert Dunbar , an engineer , in 1842 and 1843 , in Buffalo , New York . Using the steam-powered flour mills of Oliver Evans as their model , they invented the marine leg , which scooped loose grain out of the hulls of ships and elevated it to the top of a marine tower . Early grain elevators and bins were often built of framed or cribbed wood , and were prone to fire . Grain-elevator bins , tanks , and silos are now usually made of steel or reinforced concrete .
The Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway ( M & StL ) ( reporting mark MSTL ) was an American Class I railroad that built and operated lines radiating south and west from Minneapolis , Minnesota for 90 years from 1870 to 1960 . The railway never reached St. Louis but its North Star Limited passenger train ran to that city via the Wabash Railroad . The railway 's most important route was between Minneapolis and Peoria , Illinois ; a second major route extended from Minneapolis into eastern South Dakota , and other trackage served areas in north-central Iowa and south-central Minnesota . The M & StL was founded in 1870 , and expanded through line construction and acquisition until the early 20th century . Most of the railway 's routes saw only relatively light traffic , and consequently the company 's financial position was frequently precarious ; the railroad operated under bankruptcy protection between 1923 and 1943 . The M & StL was acquired by the Chicago and North Western Railway in 1960 , and much of its former trackage was abandoned . In 1956 it reported 1550 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 2 million passenger-miles on 1397 route-miles and 1748 track-miles operated ; those totals do not include the 117-mile Minnesota Western .
The Pillsbury A-Mill is a former flour mill located on the east bank of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis , Minnesota . It held the distinction of being the world 's largest flour mill for 40 years . Completed in 1881 , it was owned by the Pillsbury Company and operated two of the most powerful direct-drive waterwheels ever built , each capable of generating 1,200 horsepower ( 895 kW ) . The mill was named a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and has since been converted into resident artist lofts .
Saint Anthony Falls , the Falls of Saint Anthony , northeast of downtown Minneapolis , Minnesota , was the only natural major waterfall on the Upper Mississippi River . The natural falls were replaced by a concrete overflow spillway ( also called an apron ) after it partially collapsed in 1869 . Later , in the 1950s and 1960s , a series of locks and dams was constructed to extend navigation to points upstream . Named after the Catholic saint Anthony of Padua , the falls is the birthplace of the former city of St. Anthony and to Minneapolis when the two cities joined in 1872 to fully use its economic power for milling operations . From 1880 to about 1930 , Minneapolis was the Flour Milling Capital of the World .
A gristmill ( also : grist mill , corn mill , flour mill , feed mill or feedmill ) grinds cereal grain into flour and middlings . The term can refer to both the grinding mechanism and the building that holds it .
The Pillsbury Company was a Minneapolis , Minnesota-based company that was one of the world 's largest producers of grain and other foodstuffs until it was bought by General Mills in 2001 . Antitrust law required General Mills to sell off some of the products , so the company kept the rights to refrigerated and frozen Pillsbury branded products , while dry baking products and frosting were sold by its Orrville , Ohio-based Smucker company under license . Brynwood Partners agreed to purchase Pillsbury from Smuckers for $ 375 million in July 2018 . In September 2018 the sale was completed along with other brands including Martha White and Hungry Jack . Advertising company Leo Burnett Worldwide created Pillsbury 's Doughboy and Jolly Green Giant , which are two of the agency 's top brand icons .
A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power , often in a watermill . A water wheel consists of a wheel ( usually constructed from wood or metal ) , with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface . Water wheels were still in commercial use well into the 20th century but they are no longer in common use . Uses included milling flour in gristmills , grinding wood into pulp for papermaking , hammering wrought iron , machining , ore crushing and pounding fiber for use in the manufacture of cloth . Some water wheels are fed by water from a mill pond , which is formed when a flowing stream is dammed . A channel for the water flowing to or from a water wheel is called a mill race . The race bringing water from the mill pond to the water wheel is a headrace ; the one carrying water after it has left the wheel is commonly referred to as a tailrace . In the mid to late 18th century John Smeaton 's scientific investigation of the water wheel led to significant increases in efficiency supplying much needed power for the Industrial Revolution . Water wheels began being displaced by the smaller , less expensive and more efficient turbine , developed by Benoît Fourneyron , beginning with his first model in 1827 . Turbines are capable of handling high heads , or elevations , that exceed the capability of practical-sized waterwheels . The main difficulty of water wheels is their dependence on flowing water , which limits where they can be located . Modern hydroelectric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel , as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill .
Horsepower ( hp ) is a unit of measurement of power , or the rate at which work is done , usually in reference to the output of engines or motors . There are many different standards and types of horsepower . Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower ( or imperial horsepower ) , which is about 745.7 watts , and the metric horsepower , which is approximately 735.5 watts . The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses . It was later expanded to include the output power of other types of piston engines , as well as turbines , electric motors and other machinery . The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions . Most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power . With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1 , 2010 , the use of horsepower in the EU is permitted only as a supplementary unit .
The watt ( symbol : W ) is a unit of power . In the International System of Units ( SI ) it is defined as a derived unit of 1 joule per second , and is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer . In SI base units , the watt is described as k g m 2 s − 3 { \displaystyle kg\ , m^ { 2 } s^ { -3 } } , which can be demonstrated to coherent by dimensional analysis . The watt is named after James Watt , an 18th century scottish inventor .
The Rabideau CCC Camp was a Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) camp in the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota , United States . It is located off Beltrami County Highway 39 , in Taylor Township , and is one of the best-preserved of the nation 's many CCC camps . A National Historic Landmark , it now serves as an educational center .
Chippewa National Forest is a National Forest located in northcentral Minnesota , United States , in the counties of Itasca , Cass and Beltrami . Forest headquarters are located in Cass Lake , Minnesota . There are local ranger district offices in Blackduck , Deer River and Walker .
Beltrami County ( /bɛlˈtræmiː/ bel-TRAM-ee ) is a county in the northern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 44,442 . Its county seat is Bemidji . The county 's name comes from Italian adventurer Giacomo Beltrami from Bergamo , who explored the area in 1825 . The county was created in 1866 and organized in 1896 . Beltrami County comprises the Bemidji , MN Micropolitan Statistical Area . Portions of the Leech Lake and Red Lake Indian reservations are in the county . The northernmost portion of the Mississippi River flows through the southern part of the county , through Bemidji . Beltrami , Renville , and Stearns are Minnesota 's only counties that abut nine other counties .
The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed , unmarried men . Originally for young men ages 18-25 , it was eventually expanded to ages 17-28 . Robert Fechner was the first director of this agency , succeeded by James McEntee following Fechner 's death . The CCC was a major part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal that provided manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal , state , and local governments . The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men and to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States . Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000 . Through the course of its nine years in operation , 3 million young men participated in the CCC , which provided them with shelter , clothing , and food , together with a wage of $ 30 ( equivalent to $ 590 in 2019 ) per month ( $ 25 of which had to be sent home to their families ) .
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvəlt/ , /-vɛlt/ ; January 30 , 1882 - April 12 , 1945 ) , often referred to by his initials FDR , was an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945 . A member of the Democratic Party , he won a record four presidential elections and became a central figure in world events during the first half of the 20th century . Roosevelt directed the federal government during most of the Great Depression , implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history . As a dominant leader of his party , he built the New Deal Coalition , which realigned American politics into the Fifth Party System and defined American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century . His third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II , which ended shortly after he died in office . He is rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents , along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln , but has also been subject to substantial criticism . Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park , New York , to a Dutch American family made well known by the reputation of Theodore Roosevelt , the 26th president of the United States , and William Henry Aspinwall . FDR graduated from Groton School and Harvard College and attended Columbia Law School but left after passing the bar exam to practice law in New York City . In 1905 , he married his fifth cousin once removed , Eleanor Roosevelt . They had six children , of whom five survived into adulthood . He won election to the New York State Senate in 1910 , and then served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Roosevelt was James M. Cox 's running mate on the Democratic Party 's 1920 national ticket , but Cox was defeated by Republican Warren G. Harding . In 1921 , Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness , believed at the time to be polio , and his legs became permanently paralyzed .
The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms , and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939 . It responded to needs for relief , reform , and recovery from the Great Depression . Major federal programs and agencies included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) . They provided support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . The New Deal included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the 3 Rs : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels , and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 to 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional [ clarification needed ] Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and non-whites and ethnic whites . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 to 1964 .
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s , beginning in the United States . The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations ; in most countries , it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s . It was the longest , deepest , and most widespread depression of the 20th century . The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world 's economy can decline . The Great Depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4 , 1929 , and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29 , 1929 , ( known as Black Tuesday ) . Between 1929 and 1932 , worldwide gross domestic product ( GDP ) fell by an estimated 15% . By comparison , worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession . Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s . However , in many countries , the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II . The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor . Personal income , tax revenue , profits and prices dropped , while international trade plunged by more than 50% . Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33% .
The O. E. Rølvaag House was the home of Ole Edvart Rølvaag ( 1876-1931 ) , Norwegian-American novelist and professor at St. Olaf College . The home is located at 311 Manitou Street in Northfield , Minnesota , United States . Rølvaag wrote most of his works in this house , which is near St. Olaf College , where he taught . Rølvaag was born in Norway in 1876 , and emigrated to the United States in 1896 , settling in South Dakota . He graduated from St. Olaf College in 1905 , and got a position there teaching Norwegian and writing . Rølvaag was the first novelist to describe the psychological cost of pioneering on the American frontier . Rølvaag 's famous trilogy - Giants in the Earth ( 1927 ) , Peder Victorious ( 1928 ) , and Their Father 's God ( 1931 ) - assesses the adjustments immigrant farmers had to make to prosper in the American Midwest . The house stands on the west side of Manitou Street , between Greenvale and Summit Avenues , just east of the St. Olaf College campus . It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure , with a stuccoed first floor and a clapboarded half story . It has a broad side gable roof , with a pair of large gable dormers projecting to the front . The eaves of the main roof and dormers are extended , with exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style . The roof extends downward to shelter a now-enclosed porch extending across the front .
Northfield is a city in Dakota and Rice counties in the State of Minnesota . The city is mostly in Rice County , with a small portion in Dakota County . The population was 20,007 during the 2010 census .
Rice County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 64,142 . Its county seat is Faribault . Rice County comprises the Faribault-Northfield , MN Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul , MN-WI Combined Statistical Area .
Ole Edvart Rølvaag ( Rølvåg in modern Norwegian , Rolvaag in English orthography ) ( April 22 , 1876 - November 5 , 1931 ) was a Norwegian-American novelist and professor who became well known for his writings regarding the Norwegian American immigrant experience . Ole Rolvaag is most frequently associated with Giants in the Earth , his award-winning , epic novel of Norwegian immigrant homesteaders in Dakota Territory .
Giants in the Earth ( Norwegian : I de dage ) is a novel by Norwegian-American author Ole Edvart Rølvaag . First published in the Norwegian language as two books in 1924 and 1925 , the English-language edition was published in 1927 , translated by Rølvaag and author Lincoln Colcord ( 1883-1947 ) , each of whom also wrote prefatory matter .
The Midwestern United States , also referred to as the American Midwest , Middle West , or simply the Midwest , is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau ( also known as Region 2 ) . It occupies the northern central part of the United States . It was officially named the North Central Region by the Census Bureau until 1984 . It is located between the Northeastern United States and the Western United States , with Canada to its north and the Southern United States to its south . The Census Bureau 's definition consists of 12 states in the north central United States : Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Ohio , South Dakota , and Wisconsin . The region generally lies on the broad Interior Plain between the states occupying the Appalachian Mountain range and the states occupying the Rocky Mountain range . Major rivers in the region include , from east to west , the Ohio River , the Upper Mississippi River , and the Missouri River . A 2012 report from the United States Census put the population of the Midwest at 65,377,684 . The Midwest is divided by the Census Bureau into two divisions . The East North Central Division includes Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin , all of which are also part of the Great Lakes region . The West North Central Division includes Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , North Dakota , Nebraska , and South Dakota , several of which are located , at least partly , within the Great Plains region . Chicago is the most populous city in the American Midwest and the third most populous in the entire country .
The St. Croix Boom Site is a historic and scenic wayside on the St. Croix River in Stillwater Township , Minnesota , United States . It commemorates the location of a critical log boom where , from 1856 to 1914 , timber from upriver was sorted and stored before being dispatched to sawmills downstream . The site was developed as a roadside park along Minnesota State Highway 95 in the 1930s . In 1966 it was designated a National Historic Landmark for its national significance in the theme of industry . It was nominated for being the earliest , most important , and longest serving of the log storage and handling operations that supported Minnesota 's major logging industry . Virtually no traces remain of the site 's original buildings and structures .
Stillwater is a city in Washington County , Minnesota across the St. Croix River from the state of Wisconsin . It is the county seat . The population was 18,225 at the 2010 census . Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area .
Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 238,136 , making it the fifth-most populous county in Minnesota . Its county seat is Stillwater . The largest city in the county is Woodbury , which had a population of 61,961 at the 2010 census . Washington County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington , MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area .
The St. Croix River ( French : Holy Cross ) is a tributary of the Mississippi River , approximately 169 miles ( 272 km ) long , in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota . The lower 125 miles ( 201 km ) of the river form the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota . The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service . A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies power to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area .
Lumber ( North American English ) or timber ( as used in other areas ) is a type of wood that has been processed into beams and planks , a stage in the process of wood production . Lumber is mainly used for structural purposes but has many other uses as well . There are two main types of lumber . It may be supplied either rough-sawn , or surfaced on one or more of its faces . Besides pulpwood , rough lumber is the raw material for furniture-making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping . It is available in many species , usually hardwoods ; but it is also readily available in softwoods , such as white pine and red pine , because of their low cost . Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes , mostly for the construction industry - primarily softwood , from coniferous species , including pine , fir and spruce ( collectively spruce-pine-fir ) , cedar , and hemlock , but also some hardwood , for high-grade flooring . It is more commonly made from softwood than hardwoods , and 80% of lumber comes from softwood .
Isaac Staples ( September 25 , 1816 - June 27 , 1898 ) was a powerful lumber baron in the St. Croix River Valley during the logging boom of the late 19th century . Aside from his massive holdings and operations in timber , sawmills and the St. Croix Boom Company , Staples was also the region 's most successful farmer and an important banker . Staples arrived in Stillwater , Minnesota , the heart of the timber-rich St. Croix River Valley , from Maine in 1853 as a representative of eastern investors , including Samuel F. Hersey .
Marine on St. Croix is a city in Washington County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 689 at the 2010 census . It was founded in 1839 as Marine Mills . The city was the site of the first commercial sawmill on the St. Croix River . A substantial portion of the city is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places and by the state of Minnesota .
St. Croix State Park is a state park in Pine County , Minnesota , USA . The park follows the shore of the St. Croix River for 21 miles ( 34 km ) and contains the last 7 miles ( 11 km ) of the Kettle River . At 33,895 acres ( 13,717 ha ) it is the largest Minnesota state park . It was developed as a Recreational Demonstration Area in the 1930s , and is one of the finest surviving properties of this type in the nation . 164 structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration survive , the largest collection of New Deal projects in Minnesota . As a historic district they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places and proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1997 .
Hinckley is a city in Pine County , Minnesota , United States , located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 48 . The population was 1,800 at the 2010 census . Hinckley 's name in the Ojibwe language is Gaa-zhiigwanaabikokaag , meaning the place abundant with grindstones due to being located along the Grindstone River . Portions of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation are located within and adjacent to Hinckley . On September 1 , 1894 , the Great Hinckley Fire killed more than 400 people . Hinckley is generally considered the halfway point on Interstate 35 between Minneapolis-Saint Paul and Duluth .
Pine County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 29,750 . Its county seat is Pine City . The county was formed in 1856 and organized in 1872 . A portion of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation is in Pine County .
Logging is the cutting , skidding , on-site processing , and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars . Logging is the process of cutting trees , processing them , and moving them to a location for transport . It is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw material for many products societies worldwide use for housing , construction , energy , and consumer paper products . Logging systems are also used to manage forests , reduce the risk of wildfires , and restore ecosystem functions . In forestry , the term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest , usually a sawmill or a lumber yard . In common usage , however , the term may cover a range of forestry or silviculture activities . Illegal logging refers to what in forestry might be called timber theft by the timber mafia . It can also refer to the harvesting , transportation , purchase , or sale of timber in violation of laws . The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal , including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests ; extraction without permission or from a protected area ; the cutting of protected species ; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits . Clearcut logging is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method and is simply called clearcutting or block cutting . In the forest products industry logging companies may be referred to as logging contractors , with the smaller , non-union crews referred to as gyppo loggers . Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value , often diseased or malformed trees , is referred to as high grading .
The National Park Service ( NPS ) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks , many national monuments , and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations . It was created on August 25 , 1916 , by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior . The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment . As of 2018 [ update ] , the NPS employs approximately 12,363 employees who oversee 419 units , of which 62 are designated national parks .