Power-to-weight ratio
Examples -- Vehicles
Table:
Vehicle

Power

Vehicle Weight

Power to Weight ratio

Benz Patent Motorwagen 954 cc 1886[93]

560 W / 0.75 bhp

265 kg / 584 lb

2.1 W/kg / 779 lb/hp

Stephenson's Rocket 0-2-2 steam locomotive with tender 1829[94]

15 kW / 20 bhp

4,320 kg / 9524 lb

3.5 W/kg / 476 lb/hp

CBQ Zephyr streamliner diesel locomotive with railcars 1934[95]

492 kW / 660 bhp

94 t / 208,000 lb

5.21 W/kg / 315 lb/hp

Alberto Contador's Verbier climb 2009 Tour de France on Specialized bike[92]

420 W / 0.56 bhp

62 kg / 137 lb

6.7 W/kg / 245 lb/hp

Force Motors Minidor Diesel 499 cc auto rickshaw[96][97]

6.6 kW / 8.8 bhp

700 kg / 1543 lb

9 W/kg / 175 lb/hp

PRR Q2 4-4-6-4 steam locomotive with tender 1944

5,956 kW / 7,987 bhp

475.9 t / 1,049,100 lb

12.5 W/kg / 131 lb/hp

Mercedes-Benz Citaro O530BZ H2 fuel cell bus 2002[98]

205 kW / 275 bhp

14,500 kg / 32,000 lb

14.1 W/kg / 116 lb/hp

TGV BR Class 373 high-speed Eurostar Trainset 1993

12,240 kW / 16,414 bhp

816 t / 1,798,972 lb

15 W/kg / 110 lb/hp

General Dynamics M1 Abrams Main battle tank 1980[99]

1,119 kW / 1500 bhp

55.7 t / 122,800 lb

20.1 W/kg / 81.9 lb/hp

BR Class 43 high-speed diesel electric locomotive 1975

1,678 kW / 2,250 bhp

70.25 t / 154,875 lb

23.9 W/kg / 69 lb/hp

GE AC6000CW diesel electric locomotive 1996

4,660 kW / 6,250 bhp

192 t / 423,000 lb

24.3 W/kg / 68 lb/hp

BR Class 55 Napier Deltic diesel electric locomotive 1961

2,460 kW / 3,300 bhp

101 t / 222,667 lb

24.4 W/kg / 68 lb/hp

International CXT 2004[100]

164 kW / 220 bhp

6,577 kg / 14500 lb

25 W/kg / 66 lb/hp

Ford Model T 2.9 L flex-fuel 1908

15 kW / 20 bhp

540 kg / 1,200 lb

28 W/kg / 60 lb/hp

TH!NK City 2008[101]

30 kW / 40 bhp

1038 kg / 2,288 lb

28.9 W/kg / 56.9 lb/hp

Messerschmitt KR200 Kabinenroller 191 cc 1955

6 kW / 8.2 bhp

230 kg / 506 lb

30 W/kg / 50 lb/hp

Wright Flyer 1903

9 kW / 12 bhp

274 kg / 605 lb

33 W/kg / 50 lb/hp

Tata Nano 624 cc 2008

26 kW / 35 bhp

635 kg / 1,400 lb

41.0 W/kg / 40 lb/hp

Bombardier JetTrain high-speed gas turbine-electric locomotive 2000[102]

3,750 kW / 5,029 bhp

90,750 kg / 200,000 lb

41.2 W/kg / 39.8 lb/hp

Suzuki MightyBoy 543 cc 1988

23 kW / 31 bhp

550 kg / 1,213 lb

42 W/kg / 39 lb/hp

Using the following table plus the supporting text provided.

Provide an answer to this question: How much , in USD , was the launch price of the compact city car with a power to weight ratio of 41.0 W/kg / 40 lb/hp ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The Benz Patent-Motorwagen ( patent motorcar ) , built in 1885 , is widely regarded as the world 's first production automobile , that is , a vehicle designed to be propelled by an internal combustion engine . The original cost of the vehicle in 1885 was 600 imperial German marks , approximately 150 US dollars ( equivalent to $ 4,268 in 2019 ) . The vehicle was awarded the German patent number 37435 , for which Karl Benz applied on 29 January 1886 . Following official procedures , the date of the application became the patent date for the invention once the patent was granted , which occurred in November of that year . Benz 's wife , Bertha , financed the development process . Benz unveiled his invention to the public on 3 July 1886 , on the Ringstrasse in Mannheim . About 25 Patent-Motorwagen were built between 1886 and 1893 .
Stephenson 's Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement . It was built for , and won , the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in October 1829 for demonstration of improved steam locomotive designs able to demonstrate fixed stationary engines would not be required . Rocket was designed by Robert Stephenson in 1829 , and built at the Forth Street Works of his company in Newcastle upon Tyne . Though Rocket was not the first steam locomotive , it was the first to bring together several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day . It is the most famous example of an evolving design of locomotives by Stephenson that became the template for most steam engines in the following 150 years . The locomotive was preserved and displayed in the Science Museum in London until 2018 . It was loaned to Newcastle Discovery Museum between 22 June and 9 September 2018 , to the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester from 25 September 2018 to 8 September 2019 , and moved to the National Railway Museum in York later in 2019 .
An 0-2-2 , in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement , is one that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two trailing wheels , with no leading wheels . The configuration was briefly built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
A steam locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine . These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material - usually coal , wood , or oil - to produce steam in a boiler . The steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotive 's main wheels ( drivers ) . Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive , either on the locomotive itself or in wagons ( tenders ) pulled behind . Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century . Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive in 1802 . The first commercially successful steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop. , the Salamanca ( locomotive ) , the Locomotion No . 1 , built by George Stephenson and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , was the first steam locomotive to haul passengers on a public railway , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . In 1830 , George Stephenson opened the first public inter-city railway , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . Robert Stephenson and Company was the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in the United Kingdom , the United States , and much of Europe in the first decades of steam . In the 20th century , Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) Nigel Gresley designed some of the most famous locomotives , including the Flying Scotsman , the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service , and a LNER Class A4 , 4468 Mallard , which still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world ( 126 mph ) . From the early 1900s , steam locomotives were gradually superseded by electric and diesel locomotives , with railways fully converting to electric and diesel power beginning in the late 1930s .
A tender or coal-car is a special rail vehicle hauled by a steam locomotive containing its fuel ( wood , coal , or oil ) and water . Steam locomotives consume large quantities of water compared to the quantity of fuel , so their tenders are necessary to keep them running over long distances . A locomotive that pulls a tender is called a tender locomotive . Locomotives that do not have tenders and carry all their fuel and water on board the locomotive ( itself ) instead are called tank locomotives . A brake tender is a tender that is heavy and used ( primarily ) to provide greater braking efficiency .
The Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad ( reporting mark CBQ ) was a railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States . Commonly referred to as the Burlington Route , the Burlington or as the Q , it operated extensive trackage in the states of Colorado , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Wisconsin , Wyoming , and also in New Mexico and Texas through subsidiaries Colorado and Southern Railway , Fort Worth and Denver Railway , and Burlington-Rock Island Railroad . [ citation needed ] Its primary connections included Chicago , Minneapolis-St. Paul , St. Louis , Kansas City and Denver . Because of this extensive trackage in the midwest and mountain states , the railroad used the advertising slogans Everywhere West , Way of the Zephyrs , and The Way West . In 1967 , it reported 19,565 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 723 million passenger miles ; corresponding totals for C & S were 1,100 and 10 and for FW & D were 1,466 and 13 . At the end of the year CB & Q operated 8,538 route-miles , C & S operated 708 and FW & D operated 1362 . ( These totals may or may not include the former Burlington-Rock Island Railroad . ) In 1970 , it merged with the Northern Pacific Railway and Great Northern to form the Burlington Northern Railroad .
The Pioneer Zephyr is a diesel-powered trainset built by the Budd Company in 1934 for the Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad ( CB & Q ) , commonly known as the Burlington Route . The trainset was the second internal combustion powered streamliner built for mainline service in the United States , the first such train powered by a diesel engine , and the first to enter revenue service . The trainset consists of one power/RPO car , one baggage/buffet/coach car , and one coach/observation car . The cars are made of stainless steel , permanently articulated together with Jacobs bogies . The construction incorporated recent advances such as shotwelding ( a specialized type of spot welding ) to join the stainless steel , and unibody construction and articulation to reduce weight . It was the first of nine similarly built trainsets made for Burlington and its technologies were pivotal in the subsequent dieselization of passenger rail service . Its operating economy , speed , and public appeal demonstrated the potential for diesel-electric powered trains to revitalize and restore profitability to passenger rail service that had suffered a catastrophic loss of business with the Great Depression . Originally named the Burlington Zephyr during its demonstration period , it became the Pioneer Zephyr as Burlington expanded its fleet of Zephyr trainsets . On May 26 , 1934 , it set a speed record for travel between Denver , Colorado , and Chicago , Illinois , when it made a 1,015.4-mile ( 1,633 km ) non-stop Dawn-to-Dusk dash in 13 hours 5 minutes at an average speed of almost 78 mph ( 124 km/h ) . For one section of the run it reached a speed of 112.5 mph ( 181 km/h ) . The historic dash inspired a 1934 film and the train 's nickname , The Silver Streak . The train entered regular revenue service on November 11 , 1934 , between Kansas City , Missouri , Omaha , Nebraska , and Lincoln , Nebraska .
A streamliner is a vehicle incorporating streamlining in a shape providing reduced air resistance . The term is applied to high-speed railway trainsets of the 1930s to 1950s , and to their successor bullet trains . Less commonly , the term is applied to fully faired recumbent bicycles . As part of the Streamline Moderne trend , the term was applied to passenger cars , trucks , and other types of light- , medium- , or heavy-duty vehicles , but now vehicle streamlining is so prevalent that it is not an outstanding characteristic . In land speed racing , it is a term applied to the long , slender , custom built , high-speed vehicles with enclosed wheels .
A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine . Several types of diesel locomotive have been developed , differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels . Early internal combustion locomotives and railcars used kerosene and gasoline as their fuel . Rudolf Diesel patented his first compression ignition engine in 1898 , and steady improvements to the design of diesel engines reduced their physical size and improved their power-to-weight ratios to a point where one could be mounted in a locomotive . Internal combustion engines only operate efficiently within a limited torque range , and while low power gasoline engines could be coupled to mechanical transmissions , the more powerful diesel engines required the development of new forms of transmission . This is because clutches would need to be very large at these power levels and would not fit in a standard 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) -wide locomotive frame , or wear too quickly to be useful . The first successful diesel engines used diesel-electric transmissions , and by 1925 a small number of diesel locomotives of 600 hp ( 450 kW ) were in service in the United States . In 1930 , Armstrong Whitworth of the United Kingdom delivered two 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) locomotives using Sulzer-designed engines to Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway of Argentina . In 1933 , diesel-electric technology developed by Maybach was used to propel the DRG Class SVT 877 , a high-speed intercity two-car set , and went into series production with other streamlined car sets in Germany starting in 1935 . In the United States , diesel-electric propulsion was brought to high-speed mainline passenger service in late 1934 , largely through the research and development efforts of General Motors dating back to the late 1920s and advances in lightweight car body design by the Budd Company . The economic recovery from World War II caused the widespread adoption of diesel locomotives in many countries . They offered greater flexibility and performance than steam locomotives , as well as substantially lower operating and maintenance costs .
A railroad car or railcar ( American and Canadian English ) , [ a ] railway wagon , trucks , or railway carriage ( British English and UIC ) , also called a train car or train wagon , is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system ( a railroad/railway ) . Such cars , when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives , form a train . Alternatively , some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units . The term car is commonly used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit . Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the same manner , though the term has other meanings in other variants of English . In American English , railcar is a generic term for a railway vehicle ; in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled , powered , railway vehicle . Although some cars exist for the railroad 's own use - for track maintenance purposes , for example - most carry a revenue-earning load of passengers or freight , and may be classified accordingly as passenger cars or coaches on the one hand or freight cars ( or wagons ) on the other .
The tonne ( /tʌn/ ( listen ) or /tɒn/ ; symbol : t ) , is a non-SI unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms . It is commonly referred to as a metric ton in the United States . It is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds , 1.102 short tons ( US ) or approximately 0.984 long tons ( UK ) . The official SI unit is the megagram ( Mg ) , a less common way to express the same mass . The tonne is derived from the mass of one cubic metre of pure water ; at 4 °C one thousand litres of pure water has an absolute mass of one tonne .
Alberto Contador Velasco ( Spanish pronunciation : [ alˈβeɾto kontaˈðoɾ βeˈlasko ] ; born 6 December 1982 ) is a Spanish former professional cyclist . He is one of the most successful riders of his era , winning the Tour de France twice ( 2007 , 2009 ) , the Giro d'Italia twice ( 2008 , 2015 ) , and the Vuelta a España three times ( 2008 , 2012 , 2014 ) . He is one of only seven riders to have won all three Grand Tours of cycling . He has also won the Vélo d'Or a record 4 times . He was regarded as the natural successor of Lance Armstrong and won the 2007 Tour de France with the Discovery Channel team . During his time at the Astana team , he won the 2008 Giro d'Italia , the 2008 Vuelta a España and the 2009 Tour de France . Between 2007 and 2011 he won six consecutive Grand Tours that he entered . This included winning the 2010 Tour de France with Astana , although it later emerged that he had tested positive for clenbuterol during the race . After a long battle in court , he was suspended by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and stripped of his 2010 Tour and 2011 Giro wins . Contador was known as an attacking rider who excelled as a climber , and on his best days was also an excellent time-trialist . He was also known for being able to turn races around to his favour , most notably during the Fuente Dé stage at the 2012 Vuelta a España . Following his return from suspension , he won the Vuelta twice and the Giro once more .
The 2009 Tour de France was the 96th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It started on 4 July in the principality of Monaco with a 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) individual time trial which included a section of the Circuit de Monaco . The race visited six countries : Monaco , France , Spain , Andorra , Switzerland and Italy , and finished on 26 July on the Champs-Élysées in Paris . The total length was 3,445 kilometres ( 2,141 mi ) , sfn including 93 kilometres ( 58 mi ) in time-trials . There were seven mountain stages , three of which had mountaintop finishes , and one medium-mountain stage . The race had a team time trial for the first time since 2005 , the shortest distance in individual time trials since 1967 , and the first penultimate-day mountain stage in the Tour 's history . 2007 winner Alberto Contador won the race by a margin of 4′11″ , having won both a mountain and time trial stage . His Astana team also took the team classification . and supplied the initial third-place finisher , Lance Armstrong . Armstrong 's achievement was later voided by the UCI in October 2012 following his non-dispute of a doping accusation by USADA , and fourth place Bradley Wiggins was promoted to the podium . Andy Schleck , second overall , won the young riders ' competition as he had the previous year . Franco Pellizotti originally won the polka dot jersey as the King of the Mountains , but had that result ( along with all his 2009 results ) stripped by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in 2011 due to his irregular values in the UCI 's biological passport program detected in May 2010. and the King of the Mountains title was retroactively awarded to Egoi Martínez .
Specialized Bicycle Components , Inc. , commonly called Specialized , is a United States-based company that designs , manufactures and markets bicycles , bicycle components and related products under the brand name Specialized . The Morgan Hill , California-based company was founded in 1974 by Mike Sinyard .
Aside from manufacturing light transport vehicles , Force Motors also makes engines and axles , as well as a large variety of die-cast aluminium parts . The foundation of Bajaj Tempo originates with the Bachraj Trading company , which was established in 1945 . Bachraj started assembling three-wheeled Tempo auto rickshaws and small trucks in 1951 , under license from Germany . In 1958 the companies announced the creation of a joint venture , called Bajaj Tempo Motors , with 26 percent of the shares belonging to Tempo . In 1968 the Firodia Group took a majority stake in Bajaj Tempo . In 1971 Tempo ( Germany ) passed into the hands of Daimler-Benz , who retained a 16.8 percent share in Bajaj Tempo until 2001 . Daimler sold its stake in April 2001 after 43 years citing little synergy between the two companies . The Tempo Matador was the first diesel light commercial vehicle in India . The company started production of the Hanseat 3-Wheelers in collaboration with Vidal & Sohn Tempo Werke Germany in 1958 . The word Tempo ( a registered trade mark of Daimler ) is now generic for any small goods carrier in India .
An auto rickshaw is a motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw . Most have three wheels and do not tilt . They are known by many terms in various countries including auto , baby taxi , bajaj , chand gari , lapa , tuk-tuk , 3wheel or tukxi . The auto rickshaw is a common form of urban transport , both as a vehicle for hire and for private use , in many countries around the world , especially those with tropical or subtropical climates , including many developing countries . As of 2019 , Bajaj Auto of Pune , India is the world 's largest auto rickshaw manufacturer , selling 780,000 during the fiscal year .
The Pennsylvania Railroad 's class Q2 comprised one prototype and twenty-five production duplex steam locomotives of 4-4-6-4 wheel arrangement . They were the largest non-articulated locomotives ever built and the most powerful locomotives ever static tested , producing 7,987 cylinder horsepower ( 5,956 kW ) on the PRR 's static test plant . They were by far the most successful duplex type . The duplex propensity to slip was combated by an automatic slip control mechanism that reduced power to the slipping unit . The Q2 locomotive was 78% more powerful than the locomotives that PRR had in service at the time , and the company claimed the Q2 could pull 125 freight cars at a speed of 50 mph ( 80 km/h ) . These were an improved version of the previous Q1 class , which was a 4-6-4-4 dual-purpose engine instead of a 4-4-6-4 freight engine . Despite overall success , the Q2s were all out of service by 1951 . With dieselization , they were the obvious first targets to be withdrawn since they were only a little more capable than the conventional J1 class 2-10-4s but with far higher operating and maintenance costs . The final Q2 , 6199 's power output is 7,987 hp . All have been scrapped and none are preserved .
A 4-4-6-4 , in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement , is one that has four leading wheels followed by four coupled driving wheels , a second set of six coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels . The Pennsylvania Railroad 's Q2 class were the only locomotives ever to use this arrangement . These were duplex locomotives , in which both sets of driving wheels were mounted in a common , rigid locomotive frame . This locomotive design was a further development of the highly successful 2-10-4 . The divided drive , or duplex arrangement , allowed for higher speeds with less damage to the track . Other equivalent classifications are : UIC classification : 2BC2 ( also known as German classification and Italian classification ) French classification : 2232 Turkish classification : 2435 Swiss classification : 2/4+3/5 up to the early 1920s , later 5/9
Mercedes-Benz ( German : [ mɛɐ̯ˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts , -dɛs- ] ) is a German global automobile marque and a division of Daimler AG . Mercedes-Benz is known for luxury vehicles , vans , trucks , buses , coaches and ambulances . The headquarters is in Stuttgart , Baden-Württemberg . The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz . In 2018 , Mercedes-Benz was the largest seller of premium vehicles in the world , having sold 2.31 million passenger cars . Mercedes-Benz origins ' come from Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft 's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz 's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen , which is widely regarded as the first gasoline-powered automobile . The slogan for the brand is the best or nothing .
The Mercedes-Benz Citaro is a single-decker , rigid or articulated bus manufactured by Mercedes-Benz/EvoBus . Introduced in 1997 , the Citaro is available in a range of configurations , and is in widespread use throughout Europe and parts of Asia , with more than 40,000 produced .
Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1 . With a standard atomic weight of 1.008 , hydrogen is the lightest element in the periodic table . Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe , constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass . [ note 1 ] Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state . The most common isotope of hydrogen , termed protium ( name rarely used , symbol 1H ) , has one proton and no neutrons . The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch ( Big Bang ) . At standard temperature and pressure , hydrogen is a colorless , odorless , tasteless , non-toxic , nonmetallic , highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2 . Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most nonmetallic elements , most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as water or organic compounds . Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid-base reactions because most acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules . In ionic compounds , hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge ( i.e. , anion ) when it is known as a hydride , or as a positively charged ( i.e. , cation ) species denoted by the symbol H+ . The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton , but in reality , hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex . As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically , study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics .
A fuel cell bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels , sometimes augmented in a hybrid fashion with batteries or a supercapacitor . Several companies have conducted hydrogen fuel cell research and practical fuel cell bus trials . These include :
The idea of the TGV was first proposed in the 1960s , after Japan had begun construction of the Shinkansen ( also known as the bullet train ) in 1959 . At the time the Government of France favoured new technology , exploring the production of hovercraft and the Aérotrain air-cushion vehicle . Simultaneously , the SNCF began researching high-speed trains on conventional tracks . In 1976 , the administration agreed to fund the first line . By the mid-1990s , the trains were so popular that SNCF President Louis Gallois declared that the TGV was the train that saved French railways .
The British Rail Class 373 or TGV TMST is a French designed and built electric multiple unit train that is used for Eurostar international high-speed rail services from the United Kingdom to France and Belgium through the Channel Tunnel . Part of the TGV family , it was built with a smaller cross-section to fit the smaller loading gauge in Britain , was originally capable of operating on the UK third rail network , and has extensive fireproofing in case of fire in the tunnel . It is both the second longest - 387 metres ( 1,270 ft ) - and second fastest train in regular UK passenger service , operating at speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) . It is beaten in both aspects by the Class 374 ( Eurostar e320 ) which is 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) long and has a top speed of 320 kilometres per hour ( 200 mph ) , although it can only run at 300 kilometres per hour on HS1 in the UK , most LGVs in France , and HSL 1 in Belgium . Known as the TransManche Super Train ( TMST ) or Cross-channel Super Train before being introduced in 1993 , the train is designated Class 373 under the British TOPS classification system and series 373000 TGV in France . It was built by the French company GEC-Alsthom at its factories in La Rochelle ( France ) , Belfort ( France ) and Washwood Heath ( Britain ) and by Brugeoise et Nivelles ( BN , now part of Bombardier Transportation ) in Bruges ( Belgium ) . Since the introduction of the new Class 374 e320 units from Siemens in 2015 , refurbished versions of the Class 373 or TGV-TMST sets have been officially referred to as e300 by Eurostar to distinguish them from the new Velaro fleet .
High-speed rail ( HSR ) is a type of rail transport that runs significantly faster than traditional rail traffic , using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks . While there is no single standard that applies worldwide , new lines in excess of 250 kilometres per hour ( 160 mph ) and existing lines in excess of 200 kilometres per hour ( 120 mph ) are widely considered to be high-speed . The first high-speed rail system , the Tōkaidō Shinkansen , began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train . High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design . Many countries have built and developed high-speed rail infrastructure to connect major cities , including Belgium , China , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , Morocco , The Netherlands , Russia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Taiwan , Turkey , the United Kingdom , the United States and Uzbekistan . Only in Europe does high-speed rail cross international borders . China had built over 29,000 kilometres ( 18,000 mi ) of high-speed rail as of December 2018 , accounting for two-thirds of the world 's total .
Eurostar is an international high-speed railway service connecting London with Amsterdam , Avignon , Brussels , Bourg-Saint-Maurice , Disneyland Paris , Lille , Fréthun , Lyon , Marseille , Paris , and Rotterdam . All its trains travel through the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France , owned and operated separately by Getlink . The London terminus is St Pancras International , the other British calling points are Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent . Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe , with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord . Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels . The only intermediate calling station in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal and trains terminate at Amsterdam Centraal . There are direct services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy , direct services to southern France ( Lyon , Avignon and Marseille ) , and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter ( December to April ) . The service is operated by eighteen-coach Class 373/1 trains and sixteen-coach Class 374 trains which run at up to 320 kilometres per hour ( 199 mph ) on a network of high-speed lines . The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994 , and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later - HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in south-east England . The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris-Brussels Thalys services and TGV trains . In the United Kingdom the two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1 , when the London terminus of Eurostar moved from London Waterloo International to St Pancras International . Until 2010 , Eurostar was operated jointly by the national railway companies of France and Belgium , SNCF and SNCB/NMBS , and Eurostar ( UK ) Ltd ( EUKL ) , a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) that owned the high-speed infrastructure and stations on the British side .
General Dynamics Corporation ( GD ) is an American aerospace and defense corporation . As of 2019 , it was the fifth-largest defense contractor in the United States , and the sixth-largest in the world , by sales . The company ranked No . 92 in the 2019 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue . It is headquartered in Reston , Fairfax County , Virginia . Formed in 1954 with the merger of submarine manufacturer Electric Boat and aircraft manufacturer Canadair , it evolved through multiple mergers and divestitures and changed markedly in the post-Cold War era of defense consolidation . General Dynamics ' former Fort Worth Division , which manufactured the F-16 Fighting Falcon , was sold to the Lockheed Corporation in 1993 , but GD re-entered the airframe business in 1999 with its purchase of business jet manufacturer Gulfstream Aerospace .
The M1 Abrams is a third-generation American main battle tank designed by Chrysler Defense ( now General Dynamics Land Systems ) . Conceived for modern armored ground warfare and now one of the heaviest tanks in service at nearly 68 short tons ( almost 62 metric tons ) , it introduced several innovative features , including a multifuel turbine engine , sophisticated Chobham composite armor , a computer fire control system , separate ammunition storage in a blow-out compartment , and NBC protection for crew safety . Initial models of the M1 were armed with a licensed-produced 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 gun , while later variants feature a licensed Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 . The M1 Abrams was developed from the failure of the MBT-70 project to replace the obsolescent M60 Patton . There are three main operational Abrams versions , the M1 , M1A1 , and M1A2 , with each new iteration seeing improvements in armament , protection , and electronics . Efforts to develop an M1A3 version were first publicly disclosed in 2009 . [ needs update ] Extensive improvements have been implemented to the latest M1A2C and D ( formerly designated M1A2 System Enhancement Package version 3 or SEPv3 and M1A2 SEPv4 , respectively ) versions such as improved composite armor , better optics , digital systems and ammunition . The Abrams was due to be replaced by the Future Combat Systems XM1202 but due its cancellation , the U.S. military has opted to continue maintaining and operating the M1 series for the foreseeable future by upgrading with improved optics , armor and firepower . The M1 Abrams entered service in 1980 and currently serves as the main battle tank of the United States Army and Marine Corps . The export version is used by the armies of Egypt , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Australia , and Iraq . The Abrams was first used in combat in the Persian Gulf War and has seen combat in both the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War under U.S. service , while Iraqi Abrams tanks have seen action in the war against ISIL and have seen use by Saudi Arabia during the Yemeni Civil War .
A main battle tank ( MBT ) , also known as a battle tank or universal tank , is a tank that fills the armor-protected direct fire and maneuver role of many modern armies . Cold War-era development of more powerful engines , better suspension systems and lighter weight composite armor allowed a tank to have the firepower of a super-heavy tank , armor protection of a heavy tank , and mobility of a light tank all in a package with the weight of a medium tank . Through the 1960s , the MBT replaced almost all other tanks , leaving only some specialist roles to be filled by lighter designs or other types of armored fighting vehicles . Today , main battle tanks are considered a key component of modern armies . Modern MBTs seldom operate alone , as they are organized into armoured units which involve the support of infantry , who may accompany the MBTs in infantry fighting vehicles . They are also often supported by surveillance or ground-attack aircraft .
The British Rail Class 43 ( HST ) is the TOPS classification used for the InterCity 125 High Speed Train ( formerly classes 253 and 254 ) power cars , built by British Rail Engineering Limited from 1975 to 1982 , and in service in the UK since 1976 . The class is officially the fastest diesel locomotive in the world , with an absolute maximum speed of 148 mph ( 238 km/h ) , and a regular service speed of 125 mph ( 201 km/h ) . The record run was led by 43102 and trailed by 43159 .
A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine . Several types of diesel locomotive have been developed , differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels . Early internal combustion locomotives and railcars used kerosene and gasoline as their fuel . Rudolf Diesel patented his first compression ignition engine in 1898 , and steady improvements to the design of diesel engines reduced their physical size and improved their power-to-weight ratios to a point where one could be mounted in a locomotive . Internal combustion engines only operate efficiently within a limited torque range , and while low power gasoline engines could be coupled to mechanical transmissions , the more powerful diesel engines required the development of new forms of transmission . This is because clutches would need to be very large at these power levels and would not fit in a standard 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) -wide locomotive frame , or wear too quickly to be useful . The first successful diesel engines used diesel-electric transmissions , and by 1925 a small number of diesel locomotives of 600 hp ( 450 kW ) were in service in the United States . In 1930 , Armstrong Whitworth of the United Kingdom delivered two 1,200 hp ( 890 kW ) locomotives using Sulzer-designed engines to Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway of Argentina . In 1933 , diesel-electric technology developed by Maybach was used to propel the DRG Class SVT 877 , a high-speed intercity two-car set , and went into series production with other streamlined car sets in Germany starting in 1935 . In the United States , diesel-electric propulsion was brought to high-speed mainline passenger service in late 1934 , largely through the research and development efforts of General Motors dating back to the late 1920s and advances in lightweight car body design by the Budd Company . The economic recovery from World War II caused the widespread adoption of diesel locomotives in many countries . They offered greater flexibility and performance than steam locomotives , as well as substantially lower operating and maintenance costs .
GE Transportation is a division of Wabtec . It was known as GE Rail and owned by General Electric until sold to Wabtec on February 25 , 2019 . The organization manufactures equipment for the railroad , marine , mining , drilling and energy generation industries . The company was founded in 1907 . It is headquartered in Chicago , Illinois while its main manufacturing facility is located in Erie , Pennsylvania . Locomotives are assembled at the Erie plant , while engine manufacturing takes place in Grove City , Pennsylvania . In May 2011 , the company announced plans to build a second locomotive factory in Fort Worth , Texas , which opened in January 2013 .
The AC6000CW is a 6,000-horsepower ( 4,500 kW ) diesel electric locomotive built by GE Transportation . It is among the world 's most powerful single-engined diesel locomotives .
The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built in 1961 and 1962 by English Electric for British Rail . They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line ( ECML ) between Edinburgh and London King 's Cross . They gained the name Deltic from the prototype locomotive , DP1 Deltic ( the running number DP1 was never carried ) , which in turn was named after its Napier Deltic power units . Twenty-two locomotives were built , which dominated express passenger services on the ECML , particularly from London to Leeds and Edinburgh , until 1978 when Class 43 High Speed Trains ( HSTs ) were introduced . They were subsequently relegated to semi-fast services on the Kings Cross to York , Edinburgh and Hull routes and continued on sleeper services along the ECML . Other occasional destinations , although with no officially diagrammed work , included Cleethorpes , Stockport , Liverpool Lime Street and Aberdeen . They rarely worked to Skegness and Scarborough . Other very unusual destinations included Bridlington , Leicester and a BR Merrymaker trip to Fort William . They could be found on diversionary routes such as Newcastle to Edinburgh via Carlisle and Doncaster to Peterborough via Lincoln and Spalding , rarely Cambridge although arriving at Kings Cross via Hertford was not unusual . During the latter years , organised Railtours took them further afield to Worcester , Cardiff , Bognor Regis , Dover , Norwich and Exeter . All were withdrawn from service between January 1980 and December 1981 . Three were retained for a few days , until 2 January 1982 , to work the farewell special , all being withdrawn immediately on arrival back at York .
The Napier Deltic engine is a British opposed-piston valveless , supercharged uniflow scavenged , two-stroke Diesel engine used in marine and locomotive applications , designed and produced by D. Napier & Son . Unusually , the cylinders were disposed in a three bank triangle , with a crankshaft at each corner of the triangle . The term Deltic ( meaning in the form of the Greek letter ( capital ) delta ) is used to refer to both the Deltic E.130 opposed-piston high-speed Diesel engine and the locomotives produced by English Electric using these engines , including its demonstrator locomotive named DELTIC and the production version for British Railways , which designated these as ( TOPS ) Class 55 . A single half-sized , turbocharged Deltic power unit also featured in the English Electric-built Type 2 locomotive , designated as the Class 23 . Both locomotive and engine became better known as the Baby Deltic .
The International Extreme Truck Series ( often identified by the acronym XT ) is a range of pickup trucks produced by Navistar International from 2004 to 2008 . The first vehicle marketed by International to consumers since the discontinuation of the Scout in 1980 , the XT trucks marked the return of International to pickup truck production since the discontinuation of the 100-series pickups in 1975 . Two vehicles were based on the International medium-duty truck range , while another was derived from a military tactical vehicle produced by Navistar . In response to lower than expected sales , Navistar discontinued production of the XT-Series in 2008 . During its production , International produced the XT trucks in Garland , Texas and Springfield , Ohio .
The Ford Model T ( colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie , Leaping Lena , jitney or flivver ) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1 , 1908 , to May 26 , 1927 . It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile , that made car travel available to middle-class Americans . The relatively low price was partly the result of Ford 's efficient fabrication , including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting . The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition , ahead of the BMC Mini , Citroën DS , and Volkswagen Type 1 . Ford 's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale , but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of the United States age of modernization . With 16.5 million sold , it stood eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time , as of 2012 [ update ] . Although automobiles had been produced from the 1880s , until the Model T was introduced in 1908 , they were mostly scarce , expensive , and often unreliable . Positioned as reliable , easily maintained , mass-market transportation , it was a runaway success . In a matter of days after the release , 15,000 orders had been placed . The first production Model T was built on August 12 , 1908 and left the factory on September 27 , 1908 , at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit , Michigan . On May 26 , 1927 , Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park , Michigan . Henry Ford conceived a series of cars between the founding of the company in 1903 and the introduction of the Model T. Ford named his first car the Model A and proceeded through the alphabet up through the Model T , twenty models in all .
A flexible-fuel vehicle ( FFV ) or dual-fuel vehicle ( colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle ) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel , usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel , and both fuels are stored in the same common tank . Modern flex-fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark timing are adjusted automatically according to the actual blend detected by a fuel composition sensor . Flex-fuel vehicles are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles , where two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time , for example , compressed natural gas ( CNG ) , liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) , or hydrogen . The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle , with about 60 million automobiles , motorcycles and light duty trucks manufactured and sold worldwide by March 2018 , and concentrated in four markets , Brazil ( 30.5 million light-duty vehicles and over 6 million motorcycles ) , the United States ( 20 million by the end of 2016 ) , Canada ( 1.6 million by 2014 ) , and Europe , led by Sweden ( 243,100 ) . In addition to flex-fuel vehicles running with ethanol , in Europe and the US , mainly in California , there have been successful test programs with methanol flex-fuel vehicles , known as M85 flex-fuel vehicles . There have been also successful tests using P-series fuels with E85 flex fuel vehicles , but as of June 2008 , this fuel is not yet available to the general public . These successful tests with P-series fuels were conducted on Ford Taurus and Dodge Caravan flexible-fuel vehicles . Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture of gasoline and ethanol , from pure gasoline up to 100% ethanol ( E100 ) , North American and European flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on E85 , a blend of 85% anhydrous ethanol fuel with 15% gasoline . This upper limit in the ethanol content is set to reduce ethanol emissions at low temperatures and to avoid cold starting problems during cold weather , at temperatures lower than 11 °C ( 52 °F ) . The alcohol content is reduced during the winter in regions where temperatures fall below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) to a winter blend of E70 in the U.S. or to E75 in Sweden from November until March . Brazilian flex fuel vehicles are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel ( E100 ) . The Brazilian flex vehicles are built-in with a small gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine when temperatures drop below 15 °C ( 59 °F ) .
The Th ! nk City is an electric city car that was produced by Norwegian carmaker Think Global , and production partner Valmet Automotive . It is a small two-seater/2+2-seater highway capable vehicle produced from 2008 to 2012 , with a top speed of 110 kilometres per hour ( 68 mph ) , and an all-electric range of 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) on a full charge . As of early 2011 , the Th ! nk was one of only five crash-tested , mass-produced , and highway-certified electric cars in the world , together with the Tesla Roadster ( 2008 ) , the Mitsubishi i-MiEV , the Nissan Leaf and the Smart ED . The Th ! nk City was sold in Norway , the Netherlands , Spain , France , Austria , Switzerland , Finland , the United Kingdom and the United States . As of October 2010 [ update ] , a total of 2,500 units had been manufactured at Oslo-based TH ! NKs production facility . Norway was the leading market with 1,120 units registered through September 2013 . Due to financial difficulties , production of the Th ! nk City in Finland was stopped in March 2011 , and the company filed for bankruptcy on June 22 , 2011 , for the fourth time in 20 years . Think Global was purchased soon after by Electric Mobility Solutions AS , which announced production to resume in early 2012 with a refined Think City . However , production never resumed , and the Indiana plant completed its final car in August 2012 .
The Messerschmitt KR200 , or Kabinenroller ( Cabin Scooter ) , is a three-wheeled bubble car designed by the aircraft engineer Fritz Fend and produced in the factory of the German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt from 1955 to 1964 .
The Wright Flyer ( often retrospectively referred to as Flyer I or 1903 Flyer ) was the first successful heavier-than-air powered aircraft . It was designed and built by the Wright brothers . They flew it four times on December 17 , 1903 , near Kill Devil Hills , about four miles ( 6.4 km ) south of Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . Today , the airplane is exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C . The U.S. Smithsonian Institution describes the aircraft as the first powered , heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled , sustained flight with a pilot aboard . The flight of Flyer I marks the beginning of the pioneer era of aviation .
The Tata Nano is a compact city car that was manufactured and marketed by Indian automaker Tata Motors over a single generation , primarily in India , as an inexpensive rear-engined hatchback intended to appeal to current riders of motorcycles and scooters - with a launch price of one lakh rupees or US $ 2500 in the year 2008 . Tata Motors projected production figures of 250,000 annually at launch . This was not achieved , and various factors led to decline in sales volume , including delays during the factory relocation from Singur to Sanand , early instances of the Nano catching fire or the perception of the car being unsafe and lacking quality due to cost cutting . Actually sales reached 7,591 for model year 2016-2017 . The project lost money , as confirmed by former Tata Sons chairman Cyrus Mistry and by 2017 Tata Motors management . In 2017 , Tata Motors said manufacturing would continue due to the company 's emotional commitment to the project . Production was eventually halted in May 2018 .
Bombardier Transportation is the rail equipment division of the Canadian multinational firm Bombardier Inc. , bought in 2020 by the French group Alstom . Bombardier Transportation is one of the world 's largest companies in the rail vehicle and equipment manufacturing and servicing industry . Bombardier Transportation is headquartered in Berlin . There are many regional offices , production and development facilities worldwide . Bombardier Transportation produces a wide range of products including passenger rail vehicles , locomotives , bogies , propulsion and controls . Danny Di Perna is the president and chief operating officer of Bombardier Transportation . In February 2019 , the company had 40,650 employees , and 63 manufacturing locations around the world . A year later , reached an agreement with Alstom SA , a train manufacturer in France , for the latter to purchase the entire transportation division .
The JetTrain was an experimental high-speed passenger train concept created by Bombardier Transportation in an attempt to make European-style high-speed service more financially appealing to passenger railways throughout North America . It is designed to use the same LRC-derived tilting carriages as the Acela Express trains that Bombardier built for Amtrak in the 1990s which used all-electric locomotives . Unlike the Acela , powered electrically by overhead lines , the JetTrain would use a combination of a 4,000 horsepower gas turbine engine , a low-power diesel engine , a reduction gearbox , and two alternators to power electric traction motors . This would allow it to run at high speeds on non-electrified lines .
A gas turbine locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a gas turbine . Several types of gas turbine locomotive have been developed , differing mainly in the means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels ( drivers ) . A gas turbine train typically consists of two power cars ( one at each end of the train ) , and one or more intermediate passenger cars . A gas turbine offers some advantages over a piston engine . There are few moving parts , decreasing the need for lubrication and potentially reducing maintenance costs , and the power-to-weight ratio is much higher . A turbine of a given power output is also physically smaller than an equally powerful piston engine , so that a locomotive can be extremely powerful without needing to be inordinately large . However , a gas turbine 's power output and efficiency both drop dramatically with rotational speed , unlike a piston engine , which has a comparatively flat power curve . This makes GTEL systems useful primarily for long-distance high-speed runs . Additional problems with gas turbine-electric locomotives include the fact that they are very noisy and produce such extremely hot exhaust gasses that , if the locomotive were parked under an overpass paved with asphalt , it could melt the asphalt . Unlike steam engines , internal combustion engines require a transmission to power the wheels . The engine must be allowed to continue running when the locomotive is stopped .
The Suzuki Mighty Boy is an automobile which was produced by Japanese automaker Suzuki from 1983 to 1988 . It was the only bonnet type pick up ( or coupé utility ) ever sold in the 550 cc era of the Kei class . It was classified as a commercial vehicle in Japan ( and in Australia ) so as to benefit from lower taxes for such vehicles , but its utilitarian values were certainly restricted . While the Mighty Boy was not a runaway success and was never replaced in the Suzuki lineup , the car still has a dedicated following in Japan .