List of places of worship in Tandridge District
Current places of worship
Table:
Name

Image

Location

Denomination/
Affiliation

Grade

Notes

Refs

St Mary the Virgin's Church

Bletchingley
51°14′29″N 0°05′58″W﻿ / ﻿51.2414°N 0.0995°W﻿ / 51.2414; -0.0995﻿ (St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bletchingley)

Anglican

I

This church is set back from the village street in a large churchyard. Its Norman tower was added to in the 17th century and 1910. The nave is c. 1180 and much 13th-century and older work remains in the chancel, but an aisle was added in 1856 and J.L. Pearson undertook restoration in 1870.

[11][57]
[58]

St Mark's Chapel

Bletchingley
51°13′23″N 0°04′48″W﻿ / ﻿51.2231°N 0.0799°W﻿ / 51.2231; -0.0799﻿ (St Mark's Chapel, South Park, Bletchingley)

Anglican

II

Situated on the South Park estate and originally a 17th-century barn, this private chapel is sometimes used for public services. It was converted in 1909 but was burnt down and rebuilt three years later. Red and brown brick and tiles are the main materials, and the side walls are buttressed. A decorative cupola with a clockface, a dome and a weathervane sits on the gable end.

[59][60]
[61]

St John the Evangelist's Church

Blindley Heath
51°11′46″N 0°03′13″W﻿ / ﻿51.1962°N 0.0536°W﻿ / 51.1962; -0.0536﻿ (St John the Evangelist's Church, Blindley Heath)

Anglican

II

The Early English Gothic Revival church is mostly the work of the Whichcord & Walker firm; their 1842 design was added to in 1886 by Gordon Macdonald Hills, who built the apse and an additional aisle. There is stained glass by Morris & Co. Rubble and ashlar walls with diagonal buttresses lead to a west tower with a thin spire.

[61][62]
[18]

St Bartholomew's Church

Burstow
51°09′21″N 0°07′29″W﻿ / ﻿51.1559°N 0.1248°W﻿ / 51.1559; -0.1248﻿ (St Bartholomew's Church, Burstow)

Anglican

I

The Archbishop of Canterbury owned land in the parish and may have built the first church. There are 12th-century windows and some other Norman features, but 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic work is more prevalent—and the "subtle and deft" 16th-century tower, entirely weatherboarded and with a shingled spire, is the dominant feature of the west end. Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed was rector here, and the east window is a memorial to him.

[12][63]
[64]

St Lawrence's Church

Caterham
51°16′56″N 0°05′10″W﻿ / ﻿51.2821°N 0.0860°W﻿ / 51.2821; -0.0860﻿ (St Lawrence's Church, Caterham)

Anglican

I

The ancient village church fell out of use in 1866 when St Mary's was built opposite, but reopened in 1927 and is back in regular use. The Norman-era apse has gone, but much 12th- and 13th-century work remains and the walls retain their original rubble and clunch. Some windows have their original y-tracery.

[15][65]
[66]

St John the Evangelist's Church

Caterham
51°16′56″N 0°05′07″W﻿ / ﻿51.2821°N 0.0853°W﻿ / 51.2821; -0.0853﻿ (St John the Evangelist's Church, Caterham)

Anglican

II

A church was provided for the rapidly growing Caterham Valley area around the railway station in 1881–82. William Bassett Smith's large church was later extended on the north side by Thomas Graham Jackson. The east window, by an unknown designer, has Art Nouveau influences. Bargate stone is the main material, and the style is Decorated Gothic Revival.

[15][67]
[68]

St Mary the Virgin's Church

Caterham
51°16′52″N 0°04′35″W﻿ / ﻿51.2811°N 0.0763°W﻿ / 51.2811; -0.0763﻿ (St Mary the Virgin's Church, Caterham)

Anglican

II

William and C.A. Bassett Smith's new parish church for Caterham, built in 1866–68 of flint and stone in the Early English Gothic Revival style, was criticised as "routine Middle-Pointed at its worst" by Nikolaus Pevsner. The three-stage tower, with a tall broach spire, stands closest to the road; behind this is a twin-aisled nave and a chancel with two side chapels. The internal fittings are mostly 20th-century.

[15][67]
[69]

Caterham Community Church

Caterham
51°17′16″N 0°05′53″W﻿ / ﻿51.2878°N 0.0981°W﻿ / 51.2878; -0.0981﻿ (Caterham Community Church, Caterham)

Congregational Federation

–

Linked to the main Congregational (now United Reformed) church in Caterham Valley, this was founded in 1876 as Caterham Hill Congregational Church and rebuilt in 1892. It still retained this name when registered for marriages in October 1940, but has since adopted a new name. There are weekly services. The building is in the Caterham on the Hill area of the town.

[70][71]
[26][72]

Caterham Christian Centre

Caterham
51°17′06″N 0°04′44″W﻿ / ﻿51.2850°N 0.0788°W﻿ / 51.2850; -0.0788﻿ (Caterham Christian Centre, Caterham)

Evangelical

–

The present Evangelical fellowship was founded in the 1990s, but an Open Brethren place of worship existed on the site in Croydon Road from 1888. A timber and iron structure served the congregation until the effects of time, weathering and bomb damage made it unusable by the 1960s. The church was rebuilt in brick, and more work took place in the 1970s and 1980s.

[15][73]
[74]

Caterham Methodist Church

Caterham
51°17′20″N 0°05′56″W﻿ / ﻿51.2890°N 0.0989°W﻿ / 51.2890; -0.0989﻿ (Caterham Methodist Church, Caterham)

Methodist

–

The chapel was originally provided for Nonconformist soldiers at the neighbouring barracks (and was registered in July 1904 as Caterham School Chapel and Soldiers' Rooms), but it later opened for public Methodist worship. The interior was refitted in the 1990s, and the building is now used for social and community events and a Sunday school as well as for worship.

[75][76]
[77]

Oakhall Church

Caterham
51°17′20″N 0°05′50″W﻿ / ﻿51.2888°N 0.0973°W﻿ / 51.2888; -0.0973﻿ (Oakhall Church, Caterham)

Non-denominational

–

E.E. Pickard, a missionary from Sevenoaks, ministered successfully in Caterham in the late 19th century, and Oak Hall—a 250-capacity mission hall—opened in Caterham on the Hill in September 1894 under his leadership. A Mr Thompson built it for £206; the land was acquired for £32.10s in May 1894. A modern building with a modified name now serves the congregation.

[78][79]
[80]

Church of the Sacred Heart

Caterham
51°17′15″N 0°05′11″W﻿ / ﻿51.2874°N 0.0864°W﻿ / 51.2874; -0.0864﻿ (Church of the Sacred Heart, Caterham)

Roman Catholic

II

This church and an associated school both opened in 1881. Edward Ingress Bell adopted a cruciform layout for the Bargate stone-built Early English Gothic Revival church, but his intended corner tower and spire were never built. The nave was lengthened in 1930, forming a porch which was extended again in around 2000. The "impressive" interior was designed as a unified composition and included much Hardman & Co. stained glass.

[15][67]
[81][82]
[83]

Caterham Baptist Chapel

Caterham
51°17′16″N 0°04′37″W﻿ / ﻿51.2879°N 0.0769°W﻿ / 51.2879; -0.0769﻿ (Caterham Baptist Chapel, Caterham)

Baptist

–

Ebenezer Chapel opened on 9 September 1895, although Strict Baptist meetings in Caterham Valley started 18 months earlier. Pastors from the church in Croydon gave much assistance in the early 20th century. The old building, which cost £236 at the time, was deregistered in March 1978 and replaced by the present chapel. This was registered under its present name in May 1978. In the postwar period the church moved towards the theology of General Baptists, having previously identified as a Strict and Particular Baptist congregation aligned to the Gospel Standard movement.

[15][84]
[85][86]
[87][88]

Caterham United Reformed Church

Caterham
51°16′49″N 0°04′47″W﻿ / ﻿51.2803°N 0.0798°W﻿ / 51.2803; -0.0798﻿ (Caterham United Reformed Church, Caterham)

United Reformed Church

–

There was no Nonconformist church in the Caterham area until the Soper family founded one in 1863. Temporary premises were replaced by a chapel from 1865, and the present large building (with a prominent clock tower) was built for £6,000 and opened on 6 April 1875. Lecture rooms and a school were subsequently built as well.

[15][89]
[90]

St Peter and St Paul's Church

Chaldon
51°17′07″N 0°07′29″W﻿ / ﻿51.2854°N 0.1247°W﻿ / 51.2854; -0.1247﻿ (St Peter and St Paul's Church, Chaldon)

Anglican

I

One window survives from the 11th century, but the present appearance of this small church is largely late-12th-century. Flint, chalk and local firestone are the main materials in the short, wide and tall building. The Decorated Gothic east window has stained glass of 1869 by James Powell and Sons. A c. 1200 mural representing the Purgatorial Ladder has been called "the most interesting ancient wall-painting in England".

[91][92]
[93]

St Leonard's Church

Chelsham
51°18′51″N 0°00′32″W﻿ / ﻿51.3142°N 0.0089°W﻿ / 51.3142; -0.0089﻿ (St Leonard's Church, Chelsham)

Anglican

II

Victorian restoration (by an architect called Spencer in 1870–71) made the 13th-century exterior "almost unrecognisable", but some even older work survives—such as some herringbone brickwork and a 12th-century shaft and capital inside, possibly from a now vanished arcade (the church has no aisles). The tower is 15th-century.

[13][94]
[95]

St George's Church

Crowhurst
51°12′34″N 0°00′38″W﻿ / ﻿51.2094°N 0.0106°W﻿ / 51.2094; -0.0106﻿ (St George's Church, Crowhurst)

Anglican

II

The walls of this mostly 12th-century church are of local stone with some brickwork, and a tall broach spire rises from a weatherboarded turret at one end of the nave. The windows are various Early English and Decorated Gothic, some incorporating older material. Minimal restoration work has been undertaken (although some was needed after a fire in 1947), and the Victoria County History of Surrey calls it "one of the most interesting churches in the district".

[96][97]
[98]

St John the Evangelist's Church

Dormansland
51°09′35″N 0°00′19″E﻿ / ﻿51.1597°N 0.0053°E﻿ / 51.1597; 0.0053﻿ (St John the Evangelist's Church, Dormansland)

Anglican

–

Condemned as "bad" by Nikolaus Pevsner, this Decorated Gothic Revival-style church was designed in 1883 by Arthur Blomfield and became parished two years later. Previously it was in the parish of Lingfield. The stone building has a bellcote at one end.

[99][100]

Dormansland Baptist Church

Dormansland
51°09′48″N 0°00′27″E﻿ / ﻿51.1634°N 0.0075°E﻿ / 51.1634; 0.0075﻿ (Dormansland Baptist Church, Dormansland)

Baptist

–

A chapel of 1786 was replaced in 1817 by the present two-storey building, a "completely plain ... brick box" with gable ends and a string-course dividing the two floors—a characteristic feature of 17th-century Nonconformist architecture. There are three segmental-arched windows on the symmetrical façade and a datestone in the gable. The interior is galleried on three sides.

[99][100]
[101][102]
[103][104]
[105]

Claridge House

Dormansland
51°10′01″N 0°00′20″E﻿ / ﻿51.1669°N 0.0055°E﻿ / 51.1669; 0.0055﻿ (Claridge House, Dormansland)

Quaker

–

Although Claridge House is primarily a Quaker healing centre and spiritual retreat, public meetings for worship take place every Sunday as part of the West Weald Area Meeting, a group of eight Friends Meeting Houses in the Surrey and West Sussex area.

[106][107]

Looking at the given table together with the context snippets below.

State the answer to the question: How many congregations belong to Caterham Community Church 's religious affiliation ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Bletchingley ( historically Blechingley ) is a village in Surrey , England . It is on the A25 road to the east of Redhill and to the west of Godstone , has a conservation area with medieval buildings and is mostly on a wide escarpment of the Greensand Ridge , which is followed by the Greensand Way .
The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :
The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . In particular the term is traditionally used for English Romanesque architecture . The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and fortifications including Norman keeps , and at the same time monasteries , abbeys , churches and cathedrals , in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded arches ( particularly over windows and doorways ) and especially massive proportions compared to other regional variations of the style .
The nave /neɪv/ is the central part of a church , stretching from the ( normally western ) main entrance or rear wall , to the transepts , or in a church without transepts , to the chancel . When a church contains side aisles , as in a basilica-type building , the strict definition of the term nave is restricted to the central aisle . In a broader , more colloquial sense , the nave includes all areas available for the lay worshippers , including the side-aisles and transepts . Either way , the nave is distinct from the area reserved for the choir and clergy .
In church architecture , the chancel is the space around the altar , including the choir and the sanctuary ( sometimes called the presbytery ) , at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building . It may terminate in an apse . It is generally the area used by the clergy and choir during worship , while the congregation is in the nave . Direct access may be provided by a priest 's door , usually on the south side of the church . This is one definition , sometimes called the strict one ; in practice in churches where the eastern end contains other elements such as an ambulatory and side chapels , these are also often counted as part of the chancel , especially when discussing architecture . In smaller churches , where the altar is backed by the outside east wall and there is no distinct choir , the chancel and sanctuary may be the same area . In churches with a retroquire area behind the altar , this may only be included in the broader definition of chancel . In a cathedral or other large church , there may be a distinct choir area at the start of the chancel ( looking from the nave ) , before reaching the sanctuary , and an ambulatory may run beside and behind it . All these may be included in the chancel , at least in architectural terms ( see above ) . In many churches , the altar has now been moved to the front of the chancel , in what was built as the choir area , or to the centre of the transept , somewhat confusing the distinction between chancel , choir and sanctuary . In churches with less traditional plans , the term may not be useful in either architectural or ecclesiastical terms . The chancel may be a step or two higher than the level of the nave , and the sanctuary is often raised still further .
John Loughborough Pearson RA ( 5 July 1817 - 11 December 1897 ) was a Gothic Revival architect renowned for his work on churches and cathedrals . Pearson revived and practised largely the art of vaulting , and acquired in it a proficiency unrivalled in his generation .
The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .
Historically , an estate comprises the houses , outbuildings , supporting farmland , and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property , such as a country house or mansion . It is the modern term for a manor , but lacks a manor 's now-abolished jurisdictional authority . It is an estate because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center , formerly known as the manor house . Thus , the estate may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself , covering more than one former manor . Examples of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire , England , and Blenheim Palace , in Oxfordshire , England , built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock . Estate , with its stately home connotations , has been a natural candidate for inflationary usage during the 20th century . The term estate properly alludes to estates comprising several farms , and is not well used to describe a single farm . More generally and usually in modern times , an estate is any large packet of land in single ownership : see
A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall . Buttresses are fairly common on more ancient buildings , as a means of providing support to act against the lateral ( sideways ) forces arising out of the roof structures that lack adequate bracing . The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress , and is often used when referring to dams , retaining walls and other structures holding back earth . Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple ( ancient Uruk ) , dating to as early as the 4th millennium BCE . [ citation needed ]
In architecture , a cupola /ˈkjuːpələ/ is a relatively small , most often dome-like , tall structure on top of a building . Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air , it usually crowns a larger roof or dome .
A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches . The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used , which reflects climate , material availability , and aesthetic concerns . A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall , including the gable and the wall below it . Some types of roofs do not have a gable ( for example hip roofs do not ) . One common type of roof with gables , the gable roof , is named after its prominent gables . A parapet made of a series of curves ( Dutch gable ) or horizontal steps ( crow-stepped gable ) may hide the diagonal lines of the roof . Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the same way as the Classic pediment form . But unlike Classical structures , which operate through trabeation , the gable ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures . Thus , the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading . [ citation needed ] Gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures , with varying degree sloped roofs , dependent on how much snowfall is expected . Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture . The opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof .
Godstone is a village and civil parish in the county of Surrey , England . It is centred 6.3 miles ( 10.1 km ) east of Reigate at the junction of the A22 and A25 roads , and near the M25 motorway on the escarpment of the North Downs to the north . In its far south , it has a railway station , with its own small community South Godstone separated by agricultural land . Two other communities exist tied to Godstone , The Enterdent and Blindley Heath , which includes Blindley Heath Site of Special Scientific Interest . The Greensand Way and the North Downs Way pass through areas of Godstone . Godstone has a smaller population than Oxted 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east which is the administrative centre of its mid-unit of local government , Tandridge District . Westerham , Kent is 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) east . The county town of Guildford is 22 miles ( 35 km ) due west and London is centred 18.1 miles ( 29.1 km ) north .
English Gothic is an architectural style , which originated in France and flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 . As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe , English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches , vaulted roofs , buttresses , large windows , and spires . The Gothic style was introduced from France , where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris , built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144 . The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture ( often known in England as Norman architecture ) . This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral , which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known . English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe . Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods , which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles . Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century . The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries , but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century . Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture , notably the medieval cathedrals of England , are largely built in the Gothic style . So are numerous castles , palaces , great houses , universities , and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings , including almshouses and trade halls .
Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .
John Whichcord Snr ( 1790-1860 ) was a British architect who worked in Maidstone , Kent and designed many public and institutional buildings in the town .
In architecture , an apse ( plural apses ; from Latin absis : arch , vault from Greek ἀψίς apsis arch ; sometimes written apsis , plural apsides ) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome , also known as an exedra . In Byzantine , Romanesque , and Gothic Christian church ( including cathedral and abbey ) architecture , the term is applied to a semi-circular or polygonal termination of the main building at the liturgical east end ( where the altar is ) , regardless of the shape of the roof , which may be flat , sloping , domed , or hemispherical . Smaller apses may also be in other locations , especially shrines .
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it . Throughout its thousand-year history , the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings . Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows , the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term stained glass to include domestic lead light and objects d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture . The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures , held together ( traditionally ) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame . Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design . The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln . Stained glass , as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design , and the engineering skills to assemble the piece . A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made , must resist wind and rain , and also , especially in the larger windows , must support its own weight . Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages . In Western Europe they constitute the major form of pictorial art to have survived .
Morris , Marshall , Faulkner & Co. ( 1861-1875 ) was a furnishings and decorative arts manufacturer and retailer founded by the artist and designer William Morris with friends from the Pre-Raphaelites . With its successor Morris & Co. ( 1875-1940 ) the firm 's medieval-inspired aesthetic and respect for hand-craftsmanship and traditional textile arts had a profound influence on the decoration of churches and houses into the early 20th century . Although its most influential period was during the flourishing of the Arts and Crafts Movement in the 1880s and 1890s , Morris & Co. remained in operation in a limited fashion from World War I until its closure in 1940 . The firm 's designs are still sold today under licences given to Sanderson & Sons part of the Walker Greenbank wallpaper and fabrics business ( which owns the Morris & Co. brand ) and Liberty of London .
Ashlar ( /ˈæʃlər/ ) is finely dressed ( cut , worked ) stone , either an individual stone that was worked until squared or the structure built from it . Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit , generally rectangular cuboid , mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum , or less frequently trapezoidal . Precisely cut on all faces adjacent to those of other stones , ashlar is capable of very thin joints between blocks , and the visible face of the stone may be quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments : tooled , smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect . One such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb . Generally used only on softer stone ashlar , this decoration is known as mason 's drag . Ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry , which employs irregularly shaped stones , sometimes minimally worked or selected for similar size , or both . Ashlar is related but distinct from other stone masonry that is finely dressed but not quadrilateral , such as curvilinear and polygonal masonry . Ashlar may be coursed , which involves lengthy horizontals layers of stone blocks laid in parallel , and therefore with continuous horizontal joints . Ashlar may also be random , which involves stone blocks laid with deliberately discontinuous courses and therefore discontinuous joints both vertically and horizontally . In either case , it generally uses a joining material such as mortar to bind the blocks together , although dry ashlar construction , metal ties , and other methods of assembly have been used . The dry ashlar of Inca architecture in Cusco and Machu Picchu is particularly fine and famous .
Burstow is a village and civil parish in the Tandridge district of Surrey , England . Its largest settlement is Smallfield . Smallfield is 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) ENE of Gatwick Airport and the M23 motorway , 7.5 miles ( 12.1 km ) southwest of Oxted and 1.8 miles ( 2.9 km ) east of Horley . Crawley is a nearby large commercial town , 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) southwest of Burstow and 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) southwest of Smallfield . Towards the outside of the London commuter belt , some residents commute to the capital by road or rail from here as London is 24.5 miles ( 39.4 km ) to the north or Horley railway station is accessible .
Clapboard /ˈklæbərd/ , also called bevel siding , lap siding , and weatherboard , with regional variation in the definition of these terms , is wooden siding of a building in the form of horizontal boards , often overlapping .
Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements . These elements are typically flat , rectangular shapes laid in courses from the bottom edge of the roof up , with each successive course overlapping the joints below . Shingles are made of various materials such as wood , slate , flagstone , metal , plastic , and composite materials such as fibre cement and asphalt shingles . Ceramic roof tiles , which still dominate in Europe and some parts of Asia , are still usually called tiles . Roof shingles may deteriorate faster and need to repel more water than wall shingles . They are a very common roofing material in the United States .
A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building , often a skyscraper or a church tower , similar to a steep tented roof . Etymologically , the word is derived from the Old English word spir , meaning a sprout , shoot , or stalk of grass .
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom . There are two officers , the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675 ; the second is the Astronomer Royal for Scotland dating from 1834 . The post was created by King Charles II in 1675 , at the same time as he founded the Royal Observatory Greenwich . He appointed John Flamsteed , instructing him forthwith to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying the tables of the motions of the heavens , and the places of the fixed stars , so as to find out the so-much desired longitude of places , for the perfecting the art of navigation . The Astronomer Royal was director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich from the establishment of the post in 1675 until 1972 . The Astronomer Royal became an honorary title in 1972 without executive responsibilities and a separate post of Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was created to manage the institution . The Astronomer Royal today receives a stipend of 100 GBP per year and is a member of the Royal Household , under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain . After the separation of the two offices , the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary , though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters , and the office is of great prestige . There was also formerly a Royal Astronomer of Ireland . The Astronomer Royal is referenced in H.G . Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds and in George Orwell 's Down and Out in Paris and London ( page 175 of the Penguin edition ) .
John Flamsteed FRS ( 19 August 1646 - 31 December 1719 ) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal . His main achievements were the preparation of a 3,000-star catalogue , Catalogus Britannicus , and a star atlas called Atlas Coelestis , both published posthumously . He also made the first recorded observations of Uranus , although he mistakenly catalogued it as a star , and he laid the foundation stone for the Royal Greenwich Observatory .
Caterham ( /ˈkeɪtərəm/ ) is a town in the Tandridge District of Surrey , England . The town is administratively divided into two : Caterham on the Hill , and Caterham Valley , which includes the main town centre in the middle of a dry valley but rises to equal heights to the south . The town lies close to the A22 , 21 miles ( 34 km ) from Guildford and 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of Croydon , in an upper valley cleft into the dip slope of the North Downs . Caterham on the Hill is above the valley to the west . Due to its proximity to London , Caterham is a commuter town , with small-to-medium-sized businesses of its own but relatively few business/industrial parks . It has some retail and restaurants in Caterham Valley as well as pubs dotted throughout .
Rubble is broken stone , of irregular size , shape and texture ; undressed especially as a filling-in . Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as 'brash ' ( compare cornbrash ) . Where present , it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked .
Clunch is a traditional building material of chalky limestone rock used mainly in eastern England and Normandy . Clunch distinguishes itself from archetypal forms of limestone by being softer in character when cut , such as resembling chalk in lower density , or with minor clay-like components .
In architecture , tracery is the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window . The term probably derives from the 'tracing floors ' on which the complex patterns of late Gothic windows were laid out . There are two main types , plate tracery and the later bar tracery . The evolving style from Romanesque to Gothic architecture and changing features , like the thinning of lateral walls and enlarging of windows lead to the innovation of tracery . The earliest form of tracery , called plate tracery , began as openings that were pierced from a stone slab . Bar tracery was then implemented , having derived from the plate tracery . However instead of a slab , the windows were defined by molded stone mullions which were lighter and allowed for more openings and intricate designs . Other notable styles of tracery to follow include geometrical tracery and curvilinear ( flowing ) tracery .
Caterham ( /ˈkeɪtərəm/ ) is a town in the Tandridge District of Surrey , England . The town is administratively divided into two : Caterham on the Hill , and Caterham Valley , which includes the main town centre in the middle of a dry valley but rises to equal heights to the south . The town lies close to the A22 , 21 miles ( 34 km ) from Guildford and 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of Croydon , in an upper valley cleft into the dip slope of the North Downs . Caterham on the Hill is above the valley to the west . Due to its proximity to London , Caterham is a commuter town , with small-to-medium-sized businesses of its own but relatively few business/industrial parks . It has some retail and restaurants in Caterham Valley as well as pubs dotted throughout .
Caterham railway station serves the town of Caterham in the Tandridge district of Surrey .
Sir Thomas Graham Jackson , 1st Baronet RA ( 21 December 1835 - 7 November 1924 ) was one of the most distinguished English architects of his generation . He is best remembered for his work at Oxford for Oxford Military College as well as the University , notably : the Examination Schools , most of Hertford College ( including the Bridge of Sighs over New College Lane ) , much of Brasenose College , ranges at Trinity College and Somerville College , and the Acland Nursing Home in North Oxford . Much of his career was devoted to the architecture of education and he worked extensively for various schools , notably Giggleswick and his own alma mater Brighton College . Jackson designed the former town hall in Tipperary Town , Ireland . He also worked on many parish churches and the college chapel at the University of Wales , Lampeter . He is also famous for designing the chapel ( amongst other things ) at Radley College . The former City of Oxford High School for Boys in George Street , Oxford , Oxford is another building designed by him . He was educated at Brighton College and then Wadham College , Oxford , of which he wrote a history , before being articled as a pupil to Sir George Gilbert Scott . Jackson was a prolific author of carefully researched works in architectural history , often illustrated with sketches made during his extensive travels . Jackson 's travels in Dalmatia , in which he was accompanied by his intrepid wife , would result in Dalmatia , the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the island of Grado ( 3 volumes ) , published by the Clarendon Press , Oxford , in 1887 . It remains today a fundamental source of knowledge of the geography , art , architecture and social life of Dalmatia in those years . He and Norman Shaw edited Architecture , A Profession or an Art published in 1892 , to which William H. White replied by publishing The Architect and his artists , an essay to assist the public in considering the question is architecture a profession or an art .
Art Nouveau ( /ˌɑːrt nuːˈvoʊ , ˌɑːr/ ; French : [ aʁ nuvo ] ) is an international style of art , architecture and applied art , especially the decorative arts , known in different languages by different names : Jugendstil in German , Stile Liberty in Italian , Modernisme in Catalan , etc . In English it is also known as the Modern Style ( not to be confused with Modernism and Modern architecture ) . The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910 . It was a reaction against the academic art , eclecticism and historicism of 19th century architecture and decoration . It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and flowers . Other characteristics of Art Nouveau were a sense of dynamism and movement , often given by asymmetry or whiplash lines , and the use of modern materials , particularly iron , glass , ceramics and later concrete , to create unusual forms and larger open spaces . One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction between fine arts ( especially painting and sculpture ) and applied arts . It was most widely used in interior design , graphic arts , furniture , glass art , textiles , ceramics , jewelry and metal work . The style responded to leading 19-century theoreticians , such as French architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc ( 1814-1879 ) and British art critic John Ruskin ( 1819-1900 ) . In Britain , it was influenced by William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement . German architects and designers sought a spiritually uplifting Gesamtkunstwerk ( total work of art ) that would unify the architecture , furnishings , and art in the interior in a common style , to uplift and inspire the residents . The first Art Nouveau houses and interior decoration appeared in Brussels in the 1890s , in the architecture and interior design of houses designed by Paul Hankar , Henry van de Velde , and especially Victor Horta , whose Hôtel Tassel was completed in 1893 .
Bargate stone is a highly durable form of sandstone . It owes its yellow , butter or honey colouring to the high iron oxide content , thus can also be considered ironstone . Its closest relation in England is Yorkstone which is usually paler .
Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA ( 30 January 1902 - 18 August 1983 ) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides , The Buildings of England ( 1951-74 ) .
A broach spire is a type of tall pyramidal structure ( spire ) , which usually sits atop a tower or turret of a church . It starts on a square base and is carried up to a tapering octagonal spire by means of triangular faces .
The Congregational Federation is a small Christian denomination in Great Britain comprising just under 300 congregations . The Federation brings together independent churches characterised by a congregationalist church governance and Dissenting theology . It provides support and guidance to member churches both financially and otherwise . The Federation was formed in 1972 from those Congregational churches which did not enter the union of the Presbyterian Church of England with the Congregational Church in England and Wales ( the body that succeeded the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1966 ) to form the United Reformed Church . These were joined in 2000 by member churches of the Congregational Union of Scotland that chose not to join their merger with the United Reformed Church . It is a member of the International Congregational Fellowship , an international network of Congregational churches and their national associations . Some of its churches are also in membership of the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches .
Caterham ( /ˈkeɪtərəm/ ) is a town in the Tandridge District of Surrey , England . The town is administratively divided into two : Caterham on the Hill , and Caterham Valley , which includes the main town centre in the middle of a dry valley but rises to equal heights to the south . The town lies close to the A22 , 21 miles ( 34 km ) from Guildford and 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of Croydon , in an upper valley cleft into the dip slope of the North Downs . Caterham on the Hill is above the valley to the west . Due to its proximity to London , Caterham is a commuter town , with small-to-medium-sized businesses of its own but relatively few business/industrial parks . It has some retail and restaurants in Caterham Valley as well as pubs dotted throughout .
Evangelicalism ( /ˌiːvænˈdʒɛlɪkəlɪzəm , ˌɛvæn- , -ən/ ) , evangelical Christianity , or evangelical Protestantism , [ note 1 ] is a worldwide , trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace , solely through faith in Jesus 's atonement . Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or born again experience in receiving salvation , in the authority of the Bible as God 's revelation to humanity , and in spreading the Christian message . The movement has long had a presence in the Anglosphere before spreading further afield in the 19th , 20th and early 21st centuries . Its origins are usually traced to 1738 , with various theological streams contributing to its foundation , including English Methodism , the Moravian Church ( in particular its bishop Nicolaus Zinzendorf and his community at Herrnhut ) , and German Lutheran Pietism . Preeminently , John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening . Today , evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches , as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch . Among leaders and major figures of the evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley , George Whitefield , Jonathan Edwards , Billy Graham , Bill Bright , Harold Ockenga , John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones . The movement gained great momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in Great Britain and the United States . In 2016 , there were an estimated 619 million evangelicals in the world , meaning that one in four Christians would be classified as evangelical . The United States has the largest concentration of evangelicals in the world . American evangelicals are a quarter of the nation 's population and its single largest religious group . The main movements are Baptist churches , Pentecostalism , charismatic Evangelicalism , neo-charismatic Evangelicalism and nondenominational Evangelicalism .
The Open Brethren , sometimes called Christian Brethren , are a group of Evangelical Christian churches that arose in the late 1820s as part of the Assembly Movement . They originated in Ireland before spreading throughout the British Isles , and now have an estimated 26,000 assemblies worldwide . The Open Brethren form independent , autonomous assemblies and the name Open is given to them to distinguish them from Exclusive Brethren , with whom they share historical roots . The division of the Plymouth Brethren into the Open Brethren and Exclusive Brethren took place in 1848 . Open Brethren are also commonly known as Plymouth Brethren , especially in North America . Many Open Brethren outside of North America , however , are unwilling to use the Plymouth Brethren designation because it is associated with the Exclusive Brethren , particularly the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church , which has often been accused of being a cult and has attracted a considerable degree of unfavourable publicity in the media . The Brethren are committed to missionary work and hold that the Bible is the first authority in matters of faith and practice . Each assembly ( or congregation ) is independent of the others in doctrinal matters , yet there is a high degree of communication and cooperation among those who share similar doctrine and practice . Open Brethren assemblies form a continuum , from tight gatherings that extend fellowship only to those who have first left other denominations , to very loose gatherings that receive into fellowship any stranger without question . A building associated with a group of open brethren is usually called a Gospel Chapel , Gospel Hall , Bible Chapel , Christian Assembly , or other similar term . A sub-set of the Open Brethren are the Gospel Hall Assemblies , who tend to be more conservative than their fellow Brethren in their practices . Theologically , however , they differ very little .
Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people .
Nonconformity or nonconformism may refer to :
Nondenominational Christianity ( or non-denominational Christianity ) consists of churches which typically distance themselves from the confessionalism or creedalism of other Christian communities by not formally aligning with a specific Protestant denomination . Often founded by individual pastors , they have little affiliation with historic denominations , but typically adhere to evangelical Protestantism , and are a type of Protestantism .
A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity to new converts . Missions involve sending individuals and groups , called missionaries , across boundaries , most commonly geographical boundaries , to carry on evangelism or other activities , such as educational or hospital work . Sometimes individuals are sent and are called missionaries . When groups are sent , they are often called mission teams and they do mission trips . There are a few different kinds of mission trips : short-term , long-term , relational and those that simply help people in need . Some people choose to dedicate their whole lives to mission . Missionaries have the authority to preach the Christian faith ( and sometimes to administer sacraments ) , and provide humanitarian aid . Christian doctrines ( such as the Doctrine of Love professed by many missions ) permit the provision of aid without requiring religious conversion .
Sevenoaks is a town in Kent with a population of 29,506 situated south-east of London , England . Also classified as a civil parish , Sevenoaks is served by a commuter main line railway into London . Sevenoaks is 21 miles ( 34 km ) from Charing Cross , the traditional centre of London . It is the principal town of the Sevenoaks district , followed by Swanley and Edenbridge . A settlement was recorded in the 13th century , when a market was established . Construction of Knole House in the 15th century helped develop the village . Sevenoaks became part of the modern communications network when one of the early turnpikes was opened in the 18th century ; the railway was relatively late in reaching it . In the 21st century , it has a large commuting population , although the nearby Fort Halstead defence installation is a major local employer . Located to the south-east of the town is Knole Park , within which lies Knole House . Educational establishments in the town include the independent Sevenoaks School and Knole Academy .
£sd ( occasionally written Lsd , spoken as pounds , shillings and pence or pronounced /ɛl.ɛsˈdiː/ ell-ess-DEE ) is the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies once common throughout Europe , especially in the British Isles and hence in several countries of the British Empire and subsequently the Commonwealth . The abbreviation originates from the Latin currency denominations librae , solidi , and denarii . In the United Kingdom , these were referred to as pounds , shillings , and pence ( pence being the plural of penny ) This system originated in the classical Roman Empire . It was re-introduced into Western Europe by Charlemagne , and was the standard for many centuries across the continent . In Britain , it was King Offa of Mercia who adopted the Frankish silver standard of librae , solidi and denarii in the late 8th century , and the system was used in much of the British Commonwealth until the 1960s and 1970s , with Nigeria being the last to abandon it in the form of the Nigerian pound on 1 January 1973 . Under this system , there were 12 pence in a shilling and 20 shillings , or 240 pence , in a pound . The penny was subdivided into 4 farthings until 31 December 1960 , when they ceased to be legal tender in the UK , and until 31 July 1969 there were also halfpennies ( ha'pennies ) in circulation . The perceived advantage of such a system was its use in some aspects of mental arithmetic , as it afforded many factors and hence fractions of a pound such as tenths , eighths , sixths and even sevenths and ninths if the guinea ( worth 21 shillings ) was used . When dealing with items in dozens , multiplication and division are straightforward ; for example , if a dozen eggs cost four shillings , then each egg was priced at fourpence . Basic addition , however , could be more difficult than using a decimal system . As countries of the British Empire became independent , some abandoned the £sd system quickly , while others retained it almost as long as the UK itself . The United States of America adopted a decimal system in 1792 , 10 years after independence from the British Empire .
The shilling ( 1/- ) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling , or twelve pence . It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon , and became known as the shilling from the Old English scilling , sometime in the mid-16th century , circulating until 1990 . The word bob was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings , e.g . ten-bob note . Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence . It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1947 , and thereafter in cupronickel . Prior to Decimal Day in 1971 there were 240 pence in one pound sterling . Twelve pence made a shilling , and twenty shillings made a pound . Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence , e.g . forty-two pence would be three shillings and six pence ( 3/6 ) , pronounced three and six . Values of less than a shilling were simply written in terms of pence , e.g . eight pence would be 8d .
Sacred Heart Church or formally the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Caterham , Surrey . It was built in 1881 and designed by Ingress Bell . It is situated between Essendene Road and Whyteleafe Road off the High Street . It is a Grade II listed building .
The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy .
Edward Ingress Bell ( 1837-1914 ) was an English architect of the late 19th century , and early 20th century , who worked for many years with Sir Aston Webb . Bell was born in Ingress Park , Greenhithe , Kent , and had already undertaken commissions before he entered into partnership with Webb . The Victoria Law Courts in Birmingham was the first major public building they jointly undertook . He died in East Preston , Sussex .
Cruciform means having the shape of a cross or Christian cross .
Hardman & Co. , otherwise John Hardman Trading Co. , Ltd. , founded 1838 , began manufacturing stained glass in 1844 and became one of the world 's leading manufacturers of stained glass and ecclesiastical fittings . It was wound up in 2008 .
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent .
Croydon is a large town in south London , England , 9.4 miles ( 15.1 km ) south of Charing Cross . The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon , it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London , with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy . The entire town had a population of 192,064 as of 2011 , whilst the wider borough had a population of 384,837 . Historically part of the hundred of Wallington in the county of Surrey , at the time of the Norman conquest of England Croydon had a church , a mill , and around 365 inhabitants , as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 . Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production , leather tanning and brewing . The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the world 's first public railway . Later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydon 's growth as a commuter town for London . By the early 20th century , Croydon was an important industrial area , known for car manufacture , metal working and Croydon Airport . In the mid 20th century these sectors were replaced by retailing and the service economy , brought about by massive redevelopment which saw the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift Centre , the largest shopping centre in Greater London until 2008 . Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965 . Croydon lies on a transport corridor between central London and the south coast of England , to the north of two high gaps in the North Downs , one taken by the A23 Brighton Road and the main railway line through Purley and Merstham and the other by the A22 from Purley to the M25 Godstone interchange . Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre , mostly consisting of North End .
The Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which governs the registration and legal recognition of places of worship . It applies only in England and Wales , and does not cover the Church of England ( that country 's Established Church ) : it is exempt from the Act 's requirements . Nor does it affect the Church in Wales , which remains part of the Anglican Communion although it is no longer the Established Church in Wales . Registration is not compulsory , but it gives certain financial advantages and is also required before a place of worship can be registered as a venue for marriages .
General Baptists are Baptists who hold the general or unlimited atonement view , the belief that Jesus Christ died for the entire world and not just for the chosen elect . General Baptists are theologically Arminian , which distinguishes them from Reformed Baptists ( also known as Particular Baptists for their belief in particular redemption ) . [ citation needed ] Free Will Baptists are General Baptists ; opponents of the English General Baptists in North Carolina dubbed them Freewillers and they later assumed the name . General Baptist denominations have explicated their faith in two major confessions of faith , The Standard Confession ( 1660 ) , and The Orthodox Creed ( 1678 ) .
Reformed Baptists ( sometimes known as Particular Baptists or Calvinistic Baptists ) are Baptists that hold to a Calvinist soteriology . They can trace their history through the early modern Particular Baptists of England . The first Reformed Baptist church was formed in the 1630s . The 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith was written along Reformed Baptist lines .
The Gospel Standard ( church of the latter day pharisees ) is a Strict Baptist magazine first published in 1835 by William Gadsby . The current editor is Timothy Rosier . It was previously Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom . Many Strict Baptist churches are affiliated with and recognised by the publishers of the Gospel Standard . Churches which align themselves with the magazine are known as Gospel Standard Baptists or Gospel Standard Strict Baptists or Strict Baptist Church of Latter day Pharisees .
The United Reformed Church ( URC ) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom . It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers , including 13 church related community workers .
Chaldon is a village and civil parish in the Tandridge District of Surrey , England . The village is situated high on the North Downs , immediately west of Caterham and 15.8 miles ( 25.4 km ) south of Charing Cross , the traditional centre of London .
The firm of James Powell and Sons , also known as Whitefriars Glass , were English glassmakers , leadlighters and stained glass window manufacturers . As Whitefriars Glass , the company existed from the 17th century , but became well known as a result of the 19th-century Gothic Revival and the demand for stained glass windows .
Purgatory ( Latin : purgatorium , via Anglo-Norman and Old French ) is , according to the belief of some Christians , an intermediate state after physical death for expiatory purification . There is disagreement among Christians whether such a state exists . Some forms of Western Christianity , particularly within Protestantism , deny its existence . Other strands of Western Christianity see purgatory as a place , perhaps filled with fire . Some concepts of Gehenna in Judaism are similar to that of purgatory . The word purgatory has come to refer also to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation and is used , in a non-specific sense , to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment , especially one that is temporary . The Catholic Church holds that all who die in God 's grace and friendship but still imperfectly purified undergo the process of purification which the Church calls purgatory , so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven . It has formulated this doctrine by reference to biblical verses that speak of purifying fire ( 1 Corinthians 3 , 1 Corinthians 3:15 and 1 Peter 1 , 1 Peter 1:7 ) and to the mention by Jesus of forgiveness in the age to come ( Matthew 12 , Matthew 12:32 ) . It bases its teaching also on the practice of praying for the dead in use within the Church ever since the Church began and which is mentioned even earlier in 2 Macc 12:46 . According to Jacques Le Goff , the conception of purgatory as a physical place came into existence in Western Europe towards the end of the twelfth century . According to him , the conception involves the idea of a purgatorial fire , which he suggests is expiatory and purifying not punitive like hell fire . At the Second Council of Lyon in 1247 , strong Eastern Orthodox opposition to the idea of a third place in the afterlife containing fire was one of the differences that prevented reunification with the Catholic Church .
Chelsham is a village in the civil parish of Chelsham and Farleigh and the Tandridge District of Surrey , England . It is located in the Metropolitan Green Belt , 15.3 miles ( 24.6 km ) from London , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from Oxted and 23.8 miles ( 38.3 km ) from Guildford .
Opus spicatum , literally spiked work , is a type of masonry construction used in Roman and medieval times . It consists of bricks , tiles or cut stone laid in a herringbone pattern .
In architecture the capital ( from the Latin caput , or head ) or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column ( or a pilaster ) . It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it , broadening the area of the column 's supporting surface . The capital , projecting on each side as it rises to support the abacus , joins the usually square abacus and the usually circular shaft of the column . The capital may be convex , as in the Doric order ; concave , as in the inverted bell of the Corinthian order ; or scrolling out , as in the Ionic order . These form the three principal types on which all capitals in the classical tradition are based . The Composite order established in the 16th century on a hint from the Arch of Titus , adds Ionic volutes to Corinthian acanthus leaves . From the highly visible position it occupies in all colonnaded monumental buildings , the capital is often selected for ornamentation ; and is often the clearest indicator of the architectural order . The treatment of its detail may be an indication of the building 's date .
Crowhurst is a civil parish and dispersed village in a rural part of the Tandridge district of Surrey , England . The nearest town is Oxted , 3 miles ( 5 km ) north . Rated two architectural categories higher than the medieval church is the Renaissance manor , Crowhurst Place , which is a Grade I listed building .
The Victoria History of the Counties of England , commonly known as the Victoria County History or the VCH , is an English history project which began in 1899 and was dedicated to Queen Victoria with the aim of creating an encyclopaedic history of each of the historic counties of England . In 2012 the project was rededicated to Queen Elizabeth II in celebration of her Diamond Jubilee year . :7 Since 1933 the project has been coordinated by the Institute of Historical Research in the University of London .
Dormansland is a large village and civil parish with a low population approximately one mile south of Lingfield in Surrey , England . It was founded in the 19th century and is bordered on the east by the county of Kent and on the south by West Sussex and East Sussex , the only area of the county which borders East Sussex . The nearest town is the small town of East Grinstead , immediately across the West Sussex border .
Sir Arthur William Blomfield ARA FRIBA ( 6 March 1829 - 30 October 1899 ) was an English architect . He became president of the Architectural Association in 1861 ; a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867 and vice-president of the RIBA in 1886 . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge , where he read Architecture .
A bell-cot , bell-cote or bellcote is a small framework and shelter for one or more bells . Bellcotes are most common in church architecture but are also seen on institutions such as schools . The bellcote may be carried on brackets projecting from a wall or built on the roof of chapels or churches that have no towers . The bellcote often holds the Sanctus bell that is rung at the consecration of the Eucharist .
A course is a layer of the same unit running horizontally in a wall . It can also be defined as a continuous row of any masonry unit such as bricks , concrete masonry units ( CMU ) , stone , shingles , tiles , etc . Coursed masonry construction is that in which units are arranged in regular courses , and not irregularly . On the other hand , coursed rubble masonry construction is that in which units of random size , that are not cut down , are used to build courses and the in-between spaces are filled with mortar or smaller stones . If a course is the horizontal arrangement , then a wythe is the vertical section of a wall . A standard 8-inch CMU block is exactly equal to three courses of brick , so that is it easy to build a brick-on-CMU wall . A bond pattern ( or bonding pattern ) is the arrangement of several courses . The types of bond patterns can be found under Brickwork . When building a masonry wall the corners are first built and then the spaces between them are filled by the remaining courses .
Quakers , also called Friends , are a historically Christian group whose formal name is the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within , or that of God in every one . Some may profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . There are also Nontheist Quakers whose spiritual practice is not reliant on the existence of God . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers worldwide . In 2017 , there were 377,557 adult Quakers , with 49% in Africa . Around 89% of Quakers worldwide belong to the evangelical and programmed branches of Quakerism - these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11% of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings - Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry . The first Quakers lived in mid-17th-century England .