List of places of worship in Hastings
Open places of worship
Table:
Name

Image

Location

Denomination/
Affiliation

Grade

Notes

Refs

All Saints Church

Old Town
50°51′33″N 0°35′47″E﻿ / ﻿50.8593°N 0.5964°E﻿ / 50.8593; 0.5964﻿ (All Saints Church, Old Town)

Anglican

II*

The medieval town's "upper church", so called because of its hilltop position, is an early 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic structure of rubble and flint. William Butterfield's restoration of 1870 included a large east window. Titus Oates was a curate in the 17th century.

[49][50]
[51][52]
[53]

Christ Church

Blacklands
50°52′01″N 0°34′40″E﻿ / ﻿50.8669°N 0.5777°E﻿ / 50.8669; 0.5777﻿ (Christ Church, Blacklands)

Anglican

II*

Henry Carpenter's Decorated Gothic church of 1881, for the high-class suburb of Blacklands, is dominated by its tower (completed in 1890) but has elaborate interior fittings, such as Hardman & Co.'s chancel work and a Carrara marble font depicting an angel bearing a shell.

[19][49]
[25][54]
[55][56]

Christ Church

St Leonards-on-Sea
50°51′14″N 0°33′33″E﻿ / ﻿50.8538°N 0.5593°E﻿ / 50.8538; 0.5593﻿ (Christ Church, St Leonards-on-Sea)

Anglican

II*

Arthur Blomfield's tall, Early English-style church of 1875 (consecrated nine years later) replaced an earlier building which still stands on the south side. Always High church in its liturgical tradition, its first vicar Rev. Charles Lyndhurst Vaughan was key to the town's religious and social development.

[19][49]
[25][57]
[58][59]
[60][61]
[62]

Holy Trinity Church

Hastings
50°51′18″N 0°34′36″E﻿ / ﻿50.8551°N 0.5767°E﻿ / 50.8551; 0.5767﻿ (Holy Trinity Church, Hastings)

Anglican

II*

The second 19th-century Anglican church in Hastings was planned for Cambridge Road, but problems with the site caused Samuel Sanders Teulon to reconfigure his design to an awkward ("crazy", to Nikolaus Pevsner) location nearby. The stone and rubble exterior conceals a highly ornate interior. The dedication recalls a lost 12th-century priory nearby.

[19][49]
[10][18]
[63][64]
[65][66]

St Clement's Church

Old Town
50°51′27″N 0°35′27″E﻿ / ﻿50.8574°N 0.5909°E﻿ / 50.8574; 0.5909﻿ (St Clement's Church, Old Town)

Anglican

II*

The "Town church" as it is known locally was rebuilt after the French attacks on Hastings in 1377 and restored in 1875 by William Butterfield, who did the same to neighbouring All Saints Church. The vast range of memorials in the Perpendicular Gothic church include one for the marriage of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Elizabeth Siddal.

[49][50]
[67][68]
[69]

St John the Evangelist's Church

St Leonards-on-Sea
50°51′21″N 0°33′11″E﻿ / ﻿50.8559°N 0.5530°E﻿ / 50.8559; 0.5530﻿ (St John the Evangelist's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea)

Anglican

II*

Only the octagonal tower survived World War II bombing; the rest of Arthur Blomfield's 1881 brick and stone church serving Upper St Leonards was rebuilt by Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel in 1951. English Heritage describe it as a "particularly eclectic mix".

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[71][72]
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[75]

St Matthew's Church

Silverhill
50°51′56″N 0°33′20″E﻿ / ﻿50.8656°N 0.5556°E﻿ / 50.8656; 0.5556﻿ (St Matthew's Church, Silverhill)

Anglican

II*

Founded on St Matthew's Day (21 September) 1860 and opened the following year, local architect George Voysey's original church was replaced by John Loughborough Pearson's much larger red-brick Gothic Revival structure in 1885. Internal features include Aston Webb's reredos and a sturdy king post nave roof of local timber.

[49][70]
[76][77]
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[80]

Christ Church

Ore
50°52′20″N 0°36′30″E﻿ / ﻿50.8722°N 0.6082°E﻿ / 50.8722; 0.6082﻿ (Christ Church, Ore)

Anglican

II

The rector of Ore helped to fund a new church in the village centre to serve the influx of working-class people in the mid-19th century. A.D. Gough's Decorated Gothic stone church dates from 1858 and is distinguished by a large bell turret, a feature described as "very naughty" by Pevsner. Bomb damage in 1943 was soon repaired.

[19][49]
[25][81]
[82]

St Leonard's Church (Church in the Wood)

Hollington
50°52′27″N 0°32′17″E﻿ / ﻿50.8743°N 0.5380°E﻿ / 50.8743; 0.5380﻿ (St Leonard's Church (Church in the Wood), Hollington)

Anglican

II

A chapel stood on this isolated site in the middle of a wood in the 11th century, and the present building retains 13th-century work despite major restoration in 1865. The short tower is partly tile-hung and has a pyramid-shaped cap. Jean-Baptiste Capronnier designed the stained glass.

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[27][86]
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Emmanuel Church

West Hill
50°51′42″N 0°35′21″E﻿ / ﻿50.8616°N 0.5892°E﻿ / 50.8616; 0.5892﻿ (Emmanuel Church, West Hill)

Anglican

–

The local architecture firm of Jeffrey & Skiller designed and built the West Hill area's Anglican church in 1873. It stands at a high point in Hastings and has significant townscape presence. The stone Early English-style building lost its adjacent vicarage to a bomb in 1942.

[19][49]
[89][90]

St Anne's Church

Hollington
50°52′20″N 0°32′36″E﻿ / ﻿50.8723°N 0.5434°E﻿ / 50.8723; 0.5434﻿ (St Anne's Church, Hollington)

Anglican

–

The interwar and postwar expansion of Hollington, which by the 1960s had become Hastings' largest council estate, led to improved church provision in the form of this small flint and brick building, founded in 1956 and built over several years by the Brighton firm of Denman & Sons. It is in the parish of Church in the Wood.

[49][91]
[92][93]
[94]

St Barnabas' Church

Broomgrove
50°52′25″N 0°35′37″E﻿ / ﻿50.8736°N 0.5937°E﻿ / 50.8736; 0.5937﻿ (St Barnabas' Church, Broomgrove)

Anglican

–

Local architect Hector Sweatman's design for a new church in the parish of St Helen's in Ore was accepted in 1954, although proposals for a church on this site dated back to 1949. The brick building has flexible space for religious and community activities.

[49][95]
[96][97]
[98]

St Ethelburga's Church

Bulverhythe
50°51′09″N 0°32′01″E﻿ / ﻿50.8524°N 0.5337°E﻿ / 50.8524; 0.5337﻿ (St Ethelburga's Church, Bulverhythe)

Anglican

–

John B. Mendham's modest Gothic Revival church dates from 1929 and serves the Bulverhythe area of the seafront west of St Leonards-on-Sea in the far southwest of the borough. The brown-brick structure is dominated by a large Art Deco-style tower with thin pinnacles set below the top of the bell tower stage.

[49][70]
[25][99]

St Helen's Church

St Helen's
50°52′55″N 0°35′14″E﻿ / ﻿50.8820°N 0.5871°E﻿ / 50.8820; 0.5871﻿ (St Helen's Church, St Helen's)

Anglican

–

Built to replace its ruinous 12th-century predecessor nearby, this church was designed in 1869 by Edgar Brock, many of whose Sussex churches were executed in partnership with the Habershon brothers. The stone used to build it was quarried locally. Its distinctive spire was removed in 1966 and replaced with a small cap.

[49][70]
[24][100]
[101][102]
[103]

St John the Evangelist's Church

Hollington
50°52′44″N 0°33′05″E﻿ / ﻿50.8788°N 0.5513°E﻿ / 50.8788; 0.5513﻿ (St John the Evangelist's Church, Hollington)

Anglican

–

E. Alexander Wyon's Early English-style church dates from 1865 and was parished five years later. Blue and pale (Bath) stonework predominates. Local philanthropist Countess Waldegrave founded the church on land provided by local men who realised that Hollington's focus of development was moving away from Church in the Wood.

[49][70]
[27][104]
[105]

St Peter and St Paul's Church

Silverhill Park
50°52′45″N 0°34′09″E﻿ / ﻿50.8791°N 0.5692°E﻿ / 50.8791; 0.5692﻿ (St Peter and St Paul's Church, Silverhill Park)

Anglican

–

This small yellow-brick church, with a many-sided layout and a copper roof, was opened in 1969 on Parkstone Road in the postwar Silverhill Park estate. It is in the parish of St John the Evangelist, Hollington.

[49][106]
[107][108]

Wellington Square Baptist Church

Hastings
50°51′22″N 0°34′55″E﻿ / ﻿50.8560°N 0.5819°E﻿ / 50.8560; 0.5819﻿ (Wellington Square Baptist Church, Hastings)

Baptist

II*

Wellington Square was an early high-class residential development in Hastings: it was built on the site of some lime kilns in the 1820s. A Baptist church was integrated into it in 1838. Arched sash windows, stucco and an unbroken parapet and moulded cornice give a Neoclassical appearance.

[17][49]
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[111][112]
[113]

St Leonard's Baptist Church

St Leonards-on-Sea
50°51′24″N 0°33′42″E﻿ / ﻿50.8566°N 0.5616°E﻿ / 50.8566; 0.5616﻿ (St Leonards Baptist Church, St Leonards-on-Sea)

Baptist

II

Thomas Elworthy's Baptist church of 1882 is an ornate Classical/Italianate design with pairs of Corinthian pilasters on its three-bay façade, a balustrade at first-floor level, round-headed windows, an elaborate pediment and extensive use of terracotta decoration. The gallery inside is supported on slender iron columns.

[17][49]
[112][114]
[115]

Ebenezer Baptist Church

Silverhill
50°52′02″N 0°33′16″E﻿ / ﻿50.8672°N 0.5545°E﻿ / 50.8672; 0.5545﻿ (Ebenezer Baptist Church, Silverhill)

Baptist

–

This small 1950s brick building on the Ponswood industrial estate was originally a Gospel Hall used by Plymouth Brethren. It is now aligned with the Gospel Standard Baptist movement.

[106][116]
[117]

Halton Baptist Church

Halton
50°52′06″N 0°36′04″E﻿ / ﻿50.8682°N 0.6011°E﻿ / 50.8682; 0.6011﻿ (Halton Baptist Church, Halton)

Baptist

–

This modern Baptist church, built in the Vernacular style, stands on the Old London Road on the way to Ore village.

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Based on the tabular data and the supporting text listed.

State the answer to the question: What is the name of the church whose denomination/affiliation definitively declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Hastings Old Town is an area in Hastings , England roughly corresponding to the extent of the town prior to the nineteenth century . It lies mainly within the eastern-most valley of the current town . The shingle beach known as The Stade ( the old Saxon term meaning landing place ) is home to the biggest beach-launched fishing fleet in Britain . Many events take place every year in the old town , including Jack In The Green and the Bonfire Procession . Many of these events are centred on Winkle Island , which is also the gathering place of the Winkle Club .
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which has developed from the practices , liturgy , and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation . Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans , or Episcopalians in some countries . The majority of Anglicans are members of national or regional ecclesiastical provinces of the international Anglican Communion , which forms the third-largest Christian communion in the world , after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church . They are in full communion with the See of Canterbury , and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury , whom the communion refers to as its primus inter pares ( Latin , first among equals ) . He calls the decennial Lambeth Conference , chairs the meeting of primates , and is the president of the Anglican Consultative Council . Some churches that are not part of the Anglican Communion or recognised by the Anglican Communion also call themselves Anglican , including those that are part of the Continuing Anglican movement and Anglican realignment . Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible , traditions of the apostolic Church , apostolic succession ( historic episcopate ) , and the writings of the Church Fathers . Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity , having definitively declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement . Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism . These reforms in the Church of England were understood by one of those most responsible for them , Thomas Cranmer , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and others as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions , namely Lutheranism and Calvinism . In the first half of the 17th century , the Church of England and its associated Church of Ireland were presented by some Anglican divines as comprising a distinct Christian tradition , with theologies , structures , and forms of worship representing a different kind of middle way , or via media , between Protestantism and Catholicism - a perspective that came to be highly influential in later theories of Anglican identity and expressed in the description of Anglicanism as Catholic and Reformed . The degree of distinction between Protestant and Catholic tendencies within the Anglican tradition is routinely a matter of debate both within specific Anglican churches and throughout the Anglican Communion .
English Gothic is an architectural style , which originated in France and flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 . As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe , English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches , vaulted roofs , buttresses , large windows , and spires . The Gothic style was introduced from France , where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris , built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144 . The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture ( often known in England as Norman architecture ) . This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral , which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known . English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe . Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods , which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles . Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century . The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries , but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century . Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture , notably the medieval cathedrals of England , are largely built in the Gothic style . So are numerous castles , palaces , great houses , universities , and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings , including almshouses and trade halls .
William Butterfield ( 7 September 1814 - 23 February 1900 ) was a Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement ( or Tractarian Movement ) . He is noted for his use of polychromy .
Titus Oates ( 15 September 1649 - 12/13 July 1705 ) was an English perjurer who fabricated the Popish Plot , a supposed Catholic conspiracy to kill King Charles II .
Hardman & Co. , otherwise John Hardman Trading Co. , Ltd. , founded 1838 , began manufacturing stained glass in 1844 and became one of the world 's leading manufacturers of stained glass and ecclesiastical fittings . It was wound up in 2008 .
Carrara ( /kəˈrɑːrə/ kə-RAR-ə , Italian : [ karˈraːra ] ; Emilian : Carara ) is a city and comune in Tuscany , in central Italy , of the province of Massa and Carrara , and notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there . It is on the Carrione River , some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) west-northwest of Florence . Its motto is Fortitudo mea in rota ( Latin : My strength is in the wheel ) .
Christ Church is an Anglican church in the town and seaside resort of St Leonards-on-Sea , part of the Borough of Hastings in East Sussex , England . Opened as the town 's third Anglican church in 1860 to serve a rapidly developing residential area and to accommodate poor worshippers who could not afford pew rents at the fashionable St Leonard 's and St Mary Magdalene 's Churches , the original building was superseded by a much larger church built next to it between 1873 and 1875 . Prolific ecclesiastical architect Sir Arthur Blomfield 's simple Gothic Revival design forms a landmark on one of St Leonards-on-Sea 's main roads , continues to serve a large area of the town ( including the former parish of the now closed St Mary Magdalene 's Church ) and maintains a strong Anglo-Catholic tradition . It has been described as Blomfield 's finest achievement in Sussex and one of the main centres of Anglo-Catholic worship in Southern England . The interior fittings are the best of any church in the borough , and the design has been called one of Blomfield 's most successful . St John the Evangelist 's Church , founded as a daughter church nearby in 1865 , also continues to thrive as a separate parish church . English Heritage has listed Christ Church at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance .
St Leonards-on-Sea ( commonly known as St Leonards ) is a town and seaside resort in the Borough of Hastings in East Sussex , England . It has been part of the borough since the late 19th century and lies to the west of central Hastings . The original part of the settlement was laid out in the early 19th century as a new town : a place of elegant houses designed for the well-off ; it also included a central public garden , a hotel , an archery , assembly rooms and a church . Today 's St Leonards has extended well beyond that original design , although the original town still exists within it .
Sir Arthur William Blomfield ARA FRIBA ( 6 March 1829 - 30 October 1899 ) was an English architect . He became president of the Architectural Association in 1861 ; a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867 and vice-president of the RIBA in 1886 . He was educated at Trinity College , Cambridge , where he read Architecture .
High church refers to beliefs and practices of ecclesiology , liturgy , and theology , generally with an emphasis on formality and resistance to modernisation . Although used in connection with various Christian traditions , the term originated in and has been principally associated with the Anglican/Episcopal tradition , where it describes Anglican churches using a number of ritual practices associated in the popular mind with Roman Catholicism . The opposite is low church . Contemporary media discussing Anglican churches tend to prefer evangelical to low church , and Anglo-Catholic to high church , though the terms do not exactly correspond . Other contemporary denominations that contain high church wings include some Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist churches .
Holy Trinity Church is an Anglican church in the centre of Hastings , a town and borough in the English county of East Sussex . It was built during the 1850s - a period when Hastings was growing rapidly as a seaside resort - by prolific and eccentric architect Samuel Sanders Teulon , who was chief among the rogue architects of the mid-Victorian Gothic Revival . The Decorated/Early English-style church is distinguished by its opulently decorated interior and its layout on a difficult town-centre site , chosen after another location was found to be unsuitable . The church took eight years to build , and a planned tower was never added . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance .
Hastings /ˈheɪstɪŋz/ is a seaside town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England , 24 mi ( 39 km ) east to the county town of Lewes and 53 mi ( 85 km ) south east of London . The town gives its name to the Battle of Hastings , which took place 8 mi ( 13 km ) to the north-west at Senlac Hill in 1066 . It later became one of the medieval Cinque Ports . In the 19th century , it was a popular seaside resort , as the railway allowed tourists and visitors to reach the town . Today , Hastings is a fishing port with a beach-based fishing fleet . It had an estimated population of 92,855 in 2018 .
Samuel Sanders Teulon ( 2 March 1812 - 2 May 1873 ) was a 19th-century English Gothic Revival architect , noted for his use of polychrome brickwork and the complex planning of his buildings .
Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner CBE FBA ( 30 January 1902 - 18 August 1983 ) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides , The Buildings of England ( 1951-74 ) .
Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti ( 12 May 1828 - 9 April 1882 ) , generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti ( /rəˈzɛti/ ) , was an English poet , illustrator , painter and translator , and a member of the Rossetti family . He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais . Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement , most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones . His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a major precursor of the Aesthetic movement . Rossetti 's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism . His early poetry was influenced by John Keats . His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling , especially in his sonnet sequence , The House of Life . Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti 's work . He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures , spanning from The Girlhood of Mary Virgin ( 1849 ) and Astarte Syriaca ( 1877 ) , while also creating art to illustrate poems such as Goblin Market by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti , his sister . Rossetti 's personal life was closely linked to his work , especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal ( whom he married ) , Fanny Cornforth and Jane Morris .
Elizabeth Eleanor Siddall ( 25 July 1829 - 11 February 1862 ) , styled and commonly known as Lizzie , was an English artist , poet , and artists ' model . Siddall was an important and influential artist and poet . Significant collections of her artworks can be found at Wightwick Manor and the Ashmolean . Siddall was painted and drawn extensively by artists of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood , including Walter Deverell , William Holman Hunt , John Everett Millais ( including his notable 1852 painting Ophelia ) , and her husband , Dante Gabriel Rossetti .
St John the Evangelist 's Church is the Anglican parish church of the Upper St Leonards area of St Leonards-on-Sea , a town and seaside resort which is part of the Borough of Hastings in East Sussex , England . The present building - a very impressive and beautifully detailed church in the Gothic Revival style , with a landmark tower - combines parts of Arthur Blomfield 's 1881 church , wrecked during World War II , and Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel 's 1950s rebuild . Two earlier churches on the site , the second possibly designed by Samuel Sanders Teulon , were themselves destroyed earlier in the 19th century . The rich internal fittings include a complete scheme of stained glass by Goodhart-Rendel 's favoured designer Joseph Ledger and a 16th-century painting by Ortolano Ferrarese . English Heritage has listed the church at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance .
Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel ( 1887 , Cambridge - 1959 , Westminster , London ) was an English architect , writer and musician .
English Heritage ( officially the English Heritage Trust ) is a charity that manages over 400 historic monuments , buildings and places . These include prehistoric sites , medieval castles , Roman forts and country houses . The charity states that it uses these properties to bring the story of England to life for over 10 million people each year . Within its portfolio are Stonehenge , Dover Castle , Tintagel Castle and the best preserved parts of Hadrian 's Wall . English Heritage also manages the London Blue Plaque scheme , which links influential historical figures to particular buildings . When originally formed in 1983 , English Heritage was the operating name of an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government , officially titled the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England , that ran the national system of heritage protection and managed a range of historic properties . It was created to combine the roles of existing bodies that had emerged from a long period of state involvement in heritage protection . In 1999 the organisation merged with the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and the National Monuments Record , bringing together resources for the identification and survey of England 's historic environment . On 1 April 2015 , English Heritage was divided into two parts : Historic England , which inherited the statutory and protection functions of the old organisation , and the new English Heritage Trust , a charity that would operate the historic properties , and which took on the English Heritage operating name and logo . The British government gave the new charity an £80 million grant to help establish it as an independent trust , although the historic properties remained in the ownership of the state .
St Matthew 's Church is an Anglican church in the Silverhill suburb of Hastings , a town and borough in the English county of East Sussex . The present building , a large brick structure of 1884 by ecclesiastical architect John Loughborough Pearson , replaced a much smaller church founded in 1860 when Silverhill began to grow from an agricultural area with scattered cottages into a suburb of the increasingly fashionable seaside resort of Hastings . Although a planned tower was never built , the imposing church dominates its steeply sloping site ; and although its architect - a leading Gothic Revivalist - considered it one of his lesser works , it has been described as outstanding and architecturally inventive . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance .
Silverhill is a suburb and Local Government Ward of Hastings , East Sussex . It has a central location within the town , where the A21 meets the B2159 road .
John Loughborough Pearson RA ( 5 July 1817 - 11 December 1897 ) was a Gothic Revival architect renowned for his work on churches and cathedrals . Pearson revived and practised largely the art of vaulting , and acquired in it a proficiency unrivalled in his generation .
Sir Aston Webb GCVO CB RA FRIBA ( 22 May 1849 - 21 August 1930 ) was an English architect who designed the principal facade of Buckingham Palace and the main building of the Victoria and Albert Museum , among other major works around England , many of them in partnership with Ingress Bell . He was President of the Royal Academy from 1919 to 1924 , and the founding Chairman of the London Society .
A reredos ( /ˈrɪərˌdɒs , ˈrɪərɪ- , ˈrɛrɪ-/ REER-dos , REER-ih- , RERR-ih- ) is a large altarpiece , a screen , or decoration placed behind the altar in a church . It often includes religious images .
A king post ( or king-post or kingpost ) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs , working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above ( whereas a crown post , though visually similar , supports items above from the beam below ) . In aircraft design a strut called a king post acts in compression , similarly to an architectural crown post . Usage in mechanical plant and marine engineering differs again , as noted below .
Christ Church is an Anglican church in the Ore area of the town and borough of Hastings , one of six local government districts in the English county of East Sussex . It is one of three Anglican churches with this dedication in the borough . The Decorated Gothic-style church , in the centre of a village which has been surrounded by suburban development , was built in 1858 to supplement Ore 's parish church , St Helen 's . The most distinctive structural feature , a corner bell turret , has been described as both outstanding and very naughty by architectural historians . English Heritage has listed the building at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance .
Ore , a former village , is still known locally as a village by local population , although it now a suburb of the urban area of the town and borough of Hastings in East Sussex , England . It is located 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) to the north-east of the town on the main road to Rye ( the coastal A259 road ) . Its name may have originated from the Old English word for stream-bank . The Ore Stream still runs through a large central Woodland area known locally as Speckled Wood , Hastings at the top of the Valley . It is the largest suburb of Hastings . Ore Valley lies to the west of Ore Village , and is the site of Ore Railway Station and the former Broomgrove power station . It is also the site of a proposed major redevelopment and housing project . [ citation needed ]
A rector is , in an ecclesiastical sense , a cleric who functions as an administrative leader in some Christian denominations . In contrast , a vicar is also a cleric but functions as an assistant and representative of an administrative leader .
Alexander Dick Gough ( 3 November 1804 - 8 September 1871 ) was an English architect who practised in London , where much of his work may be found . He was a pupil of Benjamin Dean Wyatt , and worked in partnership with Robert Lewis Roumieu between 1837 and 1848 .
A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells , or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none . Such a tower commonly serves as part of a church , and will contain church bells , but there are also many secular bell towers , often part of a municipal building , an educational establishment , or a tower built specifically to house a carillon . Church bell towers often incorporate clocks , and secular towers usually do , as a public service . The term campanile ( /ˌkæmpəˈniːli , -leɪ/ , also US : /ˌkɑːm-/ , Italian : [ kampaˈniːle ] ) , deriving from the Italian campanile , which in turn derives from campana , meaning bell , is synonymous with bell tower ; though in English usage campanile tends to be used to refer to a free standing bell tower . A bell tower may also in some traditions be called a belfry , though this term may also refer specifically to the substructure that houses the bells and the ringers rather than the complete tower . The tallest free-standing bell tower in the world , 113.2 metres ( 371 ft ) high , is the Mortegliano Bell Tower , in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region , Italy .
Church in the Wood , officially known as St Leonard 's Church and originally as St Rumbold 's Church , is an Anglican church in the Hollington area of the town and borough of Hastings , one of six local government districts in the English county of East Sussex . Although Hollington is now a large suburb , consisting mostly of postwar residential development , the church has stood in isolation in the middle of an ancient wood since it was founded in the 13th century - almost certainly as the successor to an 11th-century chapel . Restoration work in the Victorian era has given the Early English Gothic-style building its present appearance , but some medieval work remains . Legends and miraculous events have been associated with the church , and its secluded situation has been praised by writers including Charles Lamb . The church is a Grade II Listed building .
Hollington is a council estate and local government ward in the northwest of Hastings , East Sussex . The area lies next to Baldslow , Ashdown , North and Conquest , and less than five miles southeast of Battle , East Sussex , the home of Battle Abbey , which commemorates the victory of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 . The area is believed to have been occupied since at least Roman times prior to becoming farmland and subsequently developed during the 1930s onwards . Hollington was the location of The Grove School , which was incorporated into The St Leonards Academy becoming known as the 'Darwell Campus ' . The school , which was constructed at the location of The Grove , the manor house for the Lords of the Manor of Hollington . The Levett family built The Grove , and then the property was carried into the Eversfield family by a Levett heiress . The eventual lord of the manor became Thomas Eversfield of Uckfield , bringing the Eversfield family from their early Sussex beginnings to the Hastings area , where they would go on to play a prominent role for centuries . The Eversfields inherited when Levett heir Lawrence Levett died without issue , leaving his estate to his sister Mary ( Levett ) Eversfield , wife of Thomas Eversfield . Adam Ashburnham , ancestor of the Ashburnham baronets of Broomham and half-brother of Lawrence Levett , inherited some of their mother Eve Adams Levett Ashburnham 's property at Guestling . The school buildings were demolished circa 2017 and the land is earmarked for housing development . The Hollington Stream runs from Silverhill , Hastings , through Hollington Wood towards the sea at Bulverhythe .
Jean-Baptiste Capronnier ( 1 February 1814 - 31 July 1891 ) was a Belgian stained glass painter . Born in Brussels , Belgium in 1814 , he had much to do with the modern revival of glass-painting , and first made his reputation by his study of the old methods of workmanship , and his clever restorations of old examples , and copies made for the Brussels archaeological museum . He carried out windows for various churches in Brussels ( including the Église Royale Sainte-Marie ) , Bruges , Amsterdam and elsewhere ) , and his work was commissioned also for France , Italy and England . At the Paris Exhibition of 1855 he won the only medal given for glasspainting . He died in Schaerbeek in 1891 . He was also an entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera and he became a Member of the Royal Belgian Entomological Society .
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it . Throughout its thousand-year history , the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant religious buildings . Although traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows , the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three-dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term stained glass to include domestic lead light and objects d'art created from foil glasswork exemplified in the famous lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture . The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures , held together ( traditionally ) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame . Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design . The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln . Stained glass , as an art and a craft , requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design , and the engineering skills to assemble the piece . A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made , must resist wind and rain , and also , especially in the larger windows , must support its own weight . Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the Late Middle Ages . In Western Europe they constitute the major form of pictorial art to have survived .
In the visual arts a cityscape ( urban landscape ) is an artistic representation , such as a painting , drawing , print or photograph , of the physical aspects of a city or urban area . It is the urban equivalent of a landscape . Townscape is roughly synonymous with cityscape , though it implies the same difference in urban size and density ( and even modernity ) implicit in the difference between the words city and town . In urban design the terms refer to the configuration of built forms and interstitial space .
Public housing ( known as council housing or social housing in the UK ) provided the majority of rented accommodation in the United Kingdom until 2011 when the number of households in private rental housing surpassed the number in social housing . Houses and flats built for public or social housing use are built by or for local authorities and known as council houses , though since the 1980s the role of non-profit housing associations became more important and subsequently the term social housing became more widely used , as technically council housing only refers to housing owned by a local authority , though the terms are largely used interchangeably . Before 1865 , housing for the poor was provided solely by the private sector . Council houses were built on council estates , where other amenities , like schools and shops , were often also provided . From the 1950s , blocks of flats and three- or four-storey blocks of maisonettes were widely built , alongside large developments of terraced housing , while the 1960s and ( to some degree ) the 1970s saw construction of many high-rise tower blocks . Flats and houses were also built in mixed estates . Council homes were built to supply uncrowded , well-built homes on secure tenancies at reasonable rents to primarily working-class people . Council housing in the mid-20th century included many large suburban council estates , featuring terraced and semi-detached houses , where other amenities like schools and shops were often also provided . By the late 1970s almost a third of UK households lived in social housing : some of these developments did not live up to the hopes of their supporters , and now suffer from urban blight , while others became desirable locations . Since 1979 , the role of council housing has changed . Housing stock has been sold under Right to Buy legislation , and new social housing has mainly been developed and managed by housing associations . A substantial part of the UK population still lives in council housing : in 2010 , about 17% of UK households .
John Leopold Denman FRIBA ( 15 November 1882 - 5 June 1975 ) was an architect from the English seaside resort of Brighton , now part of the city of Brighton and Hove . He had a prolific career in the area during the 20th century , both on his own and as part of the Denman & Son firm in partnership with his son John Bluet Denman . Described as the master of . mid-century Neo-Georgian , Denman was responsible for a range of commercial , civic and religious buildings in Brighton , and pubs and hotels there and elsewhere on the south coast of England on behalf of Brighton 's Kemp Town Brewery . He used other architectural styles as well , and was responsible for at least one mansion , several smaller houses , various buildings in cemeteries and crematoria , and alterations to many churches . His work on church restorations has been praised , and he has been called the leading church architect of his time in Sussex ; he also wrote a book on the ecclesiastical architecture of the county . Denman often worked with sculptor Joseph Cribb , whose carved reliefs ( including one depicting Denman himself ) adorn several of his buildings . As a long-serving member of the Brighton School of Art - where he was head of the Architecture department - he also influenced the careers of former pupils who were later associated with the large group of artists who lived and worked in nearby Ditchling , where Cribb was based . English Heritage has awarded some of Denman 's works listed status in view of their architectural importance : among them are an elaborate Byzantine Revival mausoleum , an elegant Neo-Georgian office building and a pair of ceremonial stone pylons on the city boundary .
Bulverhythe , also known as West St Leonards , Bo Peep , Filsham , West Marina , or Harley Shute , is a suburb of Hastings , East Sussex , England with its Esplanade and 15 ft thick sea wall . Bulverhythe is translated as Burghers ' landing place . It used to be under a small headland called Gallows Head , which was washed away by flooding .
Art Deco , sometimes referred to as Deco , is a style of visual arts , architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I . Art Deco influenced the design of buildings , furniture , jewelry , fashion , cars , movie theatres , trains , ocean liners , and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners . It took its name , short for Arts Décoratifs , from the Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes ( International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts ) held in Paris in 1925 . It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials . During its heyday , Art Deco represented luxury , glamour , exuberance , and faith in social and technological progress . Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles , sometimes contradictory , united by a desire to be modern . From its outset , Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession ; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes ; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI ; and the exotic styles of China and Japan , India , Persia , ancient Egypt and Maya art . It featured rare and expensive materials , such as ebony and ivory , and exquisite craftsmanship . The Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York built during the 1920s and 1930s are monuments of the Art Deco style . In the 1930s , during the Great Depression , Art Deco became more subdued . New materials arrived , including chrome plating , stainless steel , and plastic . A sleeker form of the style , called Streamline Moderne , appeared in the 1930s ; it featured curving forms and smooth , polished surfaces .
Edward Alexander Wyon ( 1842 ; London - 1872 ; Hastings ) was a London architect and poet , descended from the Wyon family of engravers . His only known building is St John the Evangelist Church in Hollington , Hastings in East Sussex . His posthumous publication , A Memorial Volume of Poems ( 1874 ) , continues to be reprinted in the 21st century . He died in Hastings prior to his thirtieth birthday .
Bath Stone is an oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate . Originally obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines under Combe Down , Somerset , England , its warm , honey colouring gives the World Heritage City of Bath , England , its distinctive appearance . An important feature of Bath Stone is that it is a 'freestone ' , so-called because it can be sawn or 'squared up ' in any direction , unlike other rocks such as slate , which forms distinct layers . Bath Stone has been used extensively as a building material throughout southern England , for churches , houses , and public buildings such as railway stations . Some quarries are still in use , but the majority have been converted to other purposes or are being filled in .
Sarah Waldegrave , Countess Waldegrave ( 1787 - 18 April 1873 ) was a British philanthropist .
Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent .
A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone ( calcium carbonate ) to produce the form of lime called quicklime ( calcium oxide ) . The chemical equation for this reaction is
A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels , or sashes , [ A ] that form a frame to hold panes of glass , which are often separated from other panes ( or lights ) by glazing bars , also known as muntins in the US ( moulded strips of wood ) . Although any window with this style of glazing is technically a sash , the term is used almost exclusively to refer to windows where the glazed panels are opened by sliding vertically , or horizontally in a style known as a Yorkshire light , sliding sash , or sash and case ( so called because the weights are concealed in a box case ) .
Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water . Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid . It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings , and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture . Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials , such as metal , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe . In English , stucco usually refers to a coating for the outside of a building and plaster to a coating for interiors ; as described below , the material itself is often little different . However , other European languages , notably including Italian , do not have the same distinction ; stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both . This has led to English-speakers sometimes using stucco for interior decorative plasterwork in relief .
A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof , terrace , balcony , walkway or other structure . The word comes ultimately from the Italian parapetto ( parare to cover/defend and petto breast ) . The German equivalent Brüstung has the same meaning . Where extending above a roof , a parapet may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that continues above the edge line of the roof surface , or may be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the roof such as a fire wall or party wall . Parapets were originally used to defend buildings from military attack , but today they are primarily used as guard rails and to prevent the spread of fires . In the Bible the Hebrews are obligated to build a parapet on the roof of their houses to prevent people falling .
Moulding ( also spelled molding in the United States though usually not within the industry ) , also known as coving ( United Kingdom , Australia ) , is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration . It is traditionally made from solid milled wood or plaster , but may be of plastic or reformed wood . In classical architecture and sculpture , the molding is often carved in marble or other stones . A plain molding has right-angled upper and lower edges . A sprung molding has upper and lower edges that bevel towards its rear , allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes ( such as a wall and a ceiling ) , with an open space behind . Moldings may be decorated with paterae as long , uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes .
In architecture , a cornice ( from the Italian cornice meaning ledge ) is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element - the cornice over a door or window , for instance , or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall . A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown . A projecting cornice on a building has the function of throwing rainwater free of the building 's walls . In residential building practice , this function is handled by projecting gable ends , roof eaves , and gutters . However , house eaves may also be called cornices if they are finished with decorative molding . In this sense , while most cornices are also eaves ( in that they overhang the sides of the building ) , not all eaves are usually considered cornices - eaves are primarily functional and not necessarily decorative , and a cornice has a decorative aspect to it . The projecting cornice of a building may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling , particularly on commercial buildings , but often it may be very light , made of pressed metal .
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .
St Leonard 's Baptist Church is the Baptist place of worship serving St Leonards-on-Sea , a town and seaside resort which is part of the Borough of Hastings in East Sussex , England . The elaborate building was designed by the architectural firm of Thomas Elworthy , responsible for many churches in late-Victorian era Sussex , and serves the residential hinterland of St Leonards-on-Sea - an area which grew rapidly after its early 19th-century founding by James Burton . English Heritage has listed the church at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance .
Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity , or sometimes even more specifically , from the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius . Different styles of classical architecture have arguably existed since the Carolingian Renaissance , and prominently since the Italian Renaissance . Although classical styles of architecture can vary greatly , they can in general all be said to draw on a common vocabulary of decorative and constructive elements . In much of the Western world , different classical architectural styles have dominated the history of architecture from the Renaissance until the second world war , though it continues to inform many architects to this day . The term classical architecture also applies to any mode of architecture that has evolved to a highly refined state , such as classical Chinese architecture , or classical Mayan architecture . It can also refer to any architecture that employs classical aesthetic philosophy . The term might be used differently from traditional or vernacular architecture , although it can share underlying axioms with it . For contemporary buildings following authentic classical principles , the term New Classical architecture is sometimes used .
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis .
The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture . The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest , followed by the Ionic order . When classical architecture was revived during the Renaissance , two more orders were added to the canon : the Tuscan order and the Composite order . The Corinthian , with its offshoot the Composite , is the most ornate of the orders . This architectural style is characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls . There are many variations . The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth , although the style had its own model in Roman practice , following precedents set by the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus ( c. 2 AD ) . It was employed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carrée , Nîmes and at the comparable Temple of Augustus and Livia [ fr ] at Vienne . Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones are the lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the Arch of Trajan at Ancona ( both of the reign of Trajan , 98-117 AD ) , the Column of Phocas ( re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin ) , and the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek ( c. 150 AD ) .
In classical architecture , a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall , with only an ornamental function . It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall surface , usually treated as though it were a column , with a capital at the top , plinth ( base ) at the bottom , and the various other column elements . In contrast to a pilaster , an engaged column or buttress can support the structure of a wall and roof above . In human anatomy , a pilaster is a ridge that extends vertically across the femur , which is unique to modern humans . Its structural function is unclear .
In architecture , a bay is the space between architectural elements , or a recess or compartment . The term bay comes from Old French baee , meaning an opening or hole .
A baluster is a vertical moulded shaft , square , or lathe-turned form found in stairways , parapets , and other architectural features . In furniture construction it is known as a spindle . Common materials used in its construction are wood , stone , and less frequently metal and ceramic . A group of balusters supporting handrail , coping , or ornamental detail are known as a balustrade . The term baluster shaft is used to describe forms such as a candlestick , upright furniture support , and the stem of a brass chandelier . [ citation needed ] The term banister ( also bannister ) refers to the system of balusters and handrail of a stairway . It may be used to include its supporting structures , such as a supporting newel post .
A pediment is an architectural element found particularly in Classical , Neoclassical and Baroque architecture , and its derivatives , consisting of a gable , usually of a triangular shape , placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel , or entablature , if supported by columns . The tympanum , the triangular area within the pediment , is often decorated with relief sculpture . A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico . For symmetric designs , it provides a centre point and often used to add grandness to entrances .
Terracotta , terra cotta or terra-cotta ( pronounced [ ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta ] ; Italian : baked earth , from the Latin terra cocta ) , a type of earthenware , is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Terracotta is the term normally used for sculpture made in earthenware , and also for various practical uses including vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , roofing tiles , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta , which varies considerably . [ citation needed ] This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture , as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines , and architectural decoration . Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered . Glazed architectural terracotta and its unglazed version as exterior surfaces for buildings were used in Asia for some centuries before becoming popular in the West in the 19th century . Architectural terracotta can also refer to decorated ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments , which made a large contribution to the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe , as well as in the Ancient Near East . [ citation needed ] In archaeology and art history , terracotta is often used to describe objects such as figurines not made on a potter 's wheel . Vessels and other objects that are or might be made on a wheel from the same material are called earthenware pottery ; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or firing technique . Unglazed pieces , and those made for building construction and industry , are also more likely to be referred to as terracotta , whereas tableware and other vessels are called earthenware ( though sometimes terracotta if unglazed ) , or by a more precise term such as faience . [ citation needed ]
The Plymouth Brethren or Assemblies of brethren are a conservative , low church , non-conformist , evangelical Christian movement whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism . The group emphasizes sola scriptura , the belief that the Bible is the supreme authority for church doctrine and practice , over and above any other source of authority . Plymouth Brethren generally see themselves as a network of like-minded free churches , not as a Christian denomination . [ citation needed ]
The Gospel Standard ( church of the latter day pharisees ) is a Strict Baptist magazine first published in 1835 by William Gadsby . The current editor is Timothy Rosier . It was previously Benjamin Ashworth Ramsbottom . Many Strict Baptist churches are affiliated with and recognised by the publishers of the Gospel Standard . Churches which align themselves with the magazine are known as Gospel Standard Baptists or Gospel Standard Strict Baptists or Strict Baptist Church of Latter day Pharisees .
Vernacular architecture is architecture characterised by the use of local materials and knowledge , usually without the supervision of professional architects . Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings , building traditions , and methods of construction . Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical , whether residential houses or built for other purposes . Although it encompasses 95% of the world 's built environment , vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design . It is not one specific style , so it can not be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns , materials , or elements . Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders , vernacular buildings are considered part of a regional culture . Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building 's functional requirements . This article also covers the term traditional architecture , which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes .