Drue Heinz Literature Prize
Winners
Table:
Year
Winning Author
Title
Senior Judge

2014
Kent Nelson
The Spirit Bird: Short Stories
David Guterson

2013
Anthony Wallace
The Old Priest
Amy Hempel[1]

2012
Beth Bosworth
The Source of Life and Other Stories
Sven Birkerts[2]

2011
Shannon Cain
The Necessity of Certain Behaviors
Alice Mattison

2010
Tina May Hall
The Physics of Imaginary Objects
Renata Adler

2009
Anne Sanow
Triple Time
Ann Patchett

2008
Anthony Varallo
Out Loud
Scott Turow

2007
Kirk Nesset
Paradise Road
Hilary Masters

2006
Todd James Pierce
Newsworld
Joan Didion

2005
David Harris Ebenbach
Between Camelots
Stewart O'Nan

2004
Darrell Spencer
Bring Your Legs with You
Michael Chabon

2003
Suzanne Greenberg
Speed-Walk and Other Stories
Rick Moody

2002
John Blair
American Standard
Elizabeth Hardwick

2001
Brett Ellen Block
Destination Known
C. Michael Curtis

2000
Adria Bernardi
In the Gathering Woods
Frank Conroy

1999
Lucy Honig
The Truly Needy and Other Stories
Charles Johnson

1998
Barbara Croft
Necessary Fictions
Bharati Mukherjee

1997
Katherine Vaz
Fado and Other Stories
George Garrett

1996
Edith Pearlman
Vaquita and Other Stories
Rosellen Brown

1995
Geoffrey Becker
Dangerous Men
Charles Baxter

From the provided table together with the context snippets below.

Respond to the question below: What was the nationality of the judge in 2000 ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Kent Nelson ( born 1943 ) is an American author specializing in contemporary fiction and poetry . He holds a Juris Doctor in Environmental Law from the Harvard Law School .
David Guterson ( /ˈɡʌtərsən/ GUT-ər-sən ; born May 4 , 1956 ) is an American novelist , short story writer , poet , journalist , and essayist . He is best known as the author of the Japanese American internment novel Snow Falling on Cedars .
Amy Hempel ( born December 14 , 1951 ) is an American short story writer and journalist . She teaches creative writing at Stony Brook Southampton .
Sven Birkerts ( born September 21 , 1951 ) is an American essayist and literary critic of Latvian ancestry . He is best known for his book The Gutenberg Elegies , which posits a decline in reading due to the overwhelming advances of the Internet and other technologies of the electronic culture . Birkerts was born in Pontiac , Michigan . He graduated from Cranbrook School and then from the University of Michigan in 1973 . Birkerts is Director of the Bennington College Writing Seminars and the editor of AGNI , the literary journal . He has taught writing at Harvard University , Emerson College , Amherst College , and Mount Holyoke College . He lives in Arlington , Massachusetts with his wife Lynn . He has two children , Mara and Liam . His father was noted architect Gunnar Birkerts .
Alice Mattison is an American novelist and short story writer .
Renata Adler ( born October 19 , 1937 ) is an American author , journalist , and film critic . Adler was a staff writer-reporter for The New Yorker , and in 1968-69 , she served as chief film critic for The New York Times . She is also a writer of fiction .
Ann Patchett ( born December 2 , 1963 ) is an American author . She received the 2002 PEN/Faulkner Award and the Orange Prize for Fiction in the same year , for her novel Bel Canto . Patchett 's other novels include The Patron Saint of Liars ( 1992 ) , Taft ( 1994 ) , The Magician 's Assistant ( 1997 ) , Run ( 2007 ) , State of Wonder ( 2011 ) , Commonwealth ( 2016 ) , and The Dutch House ( 2019 ) .
Anthony Varallo ( born June 12 , 1970 ) is an author and professor of English ] at the College of Charleston .
Scott Frederick Turow ( born April 12 , 1949 ) is an American author and lawyer . Turow has written 11 fiction and three nonfiction books , which have been translated into more than 40 languages and sold more than 30 million copies . Films have been based on several of his books .
Hilary Masters ( February 3 , 1928 in Kansas City , Missouri - June 14 , 2015 in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) was an American novelist , the son of poet Edgar Lee Masters , and Ellen Frances Coyne Masters . He attended Davidson College from 1944-1946 , then served in the U.S. Navy from 1946 to 1947 as a naval correspondent . He completed his BA at Brown University in 1952 . Masters began his writing career after graduation in New York City with Bennett & Pleasant , press agents for concert and dance artists . Next he worked independently as a theatrical press agent for Off Broadway and summer theaters from 1953 to 1956 . He then moved into journalism with the Hyde Park Record , in Hyde Park , New York from 1956 to 1959 . In the 1960s he was a Democratic candidate for New York 's 100th Assembly District . He also worked as a freelance photographer for Image Bank and exhibits . He taught writing at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Drake University , Clark University , Ohio University , and the University of Denver . From 1983 until his death 32 years later he served as Professor of English at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Masters married Polly Jo McCulloch in 1955 ( divorced , 1986 ) ; they had three children . In 1994 he married the writer Kathleen George .
Todd James Pierce ( born in 1965 ) , is an American novelist and short story writer .
Joan Didion ( /ˈdɪdiən/ ; born December 5 , 1934 ) is an American essayist . In the late 1960s , Didion 's reportage brought Californian subcultures to wider attention . Her political writing often concentrated on the subtext of rhetoric . In 1991 , she wrote the earliest mainstream media article to suggest the Central Park Five had been wrongfully convicted . In 2005 , she won the National Book Award for Nonfiction and was a finalist for both the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Biography/Autobiography for The Year of Magical Thinking . She later adapted the book into a play , which premiered on Broadway in 2007 . In 2017 , Didion was profiled in the Netflix documentary The Center Will Not Hold , directed by her nephew Griffin Dunne .
David Ebenbach ( born April 19 , 1972 ) is a U.S. writer of fiction and poetry , and a teacher and freelance editor .
Stewart O'Nan ( born February 4 , 1961 ) is an American novelist .
Darrell Spencer ( born 1947 ) is an American novelist and short story writer . He is best known for his short stories , which are widely published in literary journals and have been the recipients of several awards .
Michael Chabon ( /ˈʃeɪbɒn/ SHAY-bon ; born May 24 , 1963 ) is an American novelist , screenwriter , columnist and short story writer . Chabon 's first novel , The Mysteries of Pittsburgh ( 1988 ) , was published when he was 25 . He followed it with Wonder Boys ( 1995 ) , and two short-story collections . In 2000 , Chabon published The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay , a novel that John Leonard , in a 2007 review of a later novel , called Chabon 's magnum opus . It received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2001 . His novel The Yiddish Policemen 's Union , an alternate history mystery novel , was published in 2007 and won the Hugo , Sidewise , Nebula and Ignotus awards ; his serialized novel Gentlemen of the Road appeared in book form in the fall of that same year . In 2012 Chabon published Telegraph Avenue , billed as a twenty-first century Middlemarch , concerning the tangled lives of two families in the Bay Area of San Francisco in the year 2004 . Chabon followed Telegraph Avenue in November 2016 with his latest novel , Moonglow , a fictionalized memoir of his maternal grandfather , based upon his deathbed confessions under the influence of powerful painkillers in Chabon 's mother 's California home in 1989 . Chabon 's work is characterized by complex language , the frequent use of metaphor along with recurring themes , including nostalgia , divorce , abandonment , fatherhood , and most notably issues of Jewish identity . He often includes gay , bisexual , and Jewish characters in his work . Since the late 1990s , Chabon has written in an increasingly diverse series of styles for varied outlets ; he is a notable defender of the merits of genre fiction and plot-driven fiction , and , along with novels , he has published screenplays , children 's books , comics , and newspaper serials .
Suzanne Greenberg is an American short story writer .
Hiram Frederick Moody III ( born October 18 , 1961 ) is an American novelist and short story writer best known for the 1994 novel The Ice Storm , a chronicle of the dissolution of two suburban Connecticut families over Thanksgiving weekend in 1973 , which brought him widespread acclaim , became a bestseller , and was made into the film The Ice Storm . Many of his works have been praised by fellow writers and critics alike , and in 1999 The New Yorker chose him as one of America 's most talented young writers , placing him on their 20 Writers for the 21st Century list .
John Blair ( born 1961 ) is an American poet , novelist , and short story writer .
Elizabeth Hardwick ( July 27 , 1916 - December 2 , 2007 ) was an American literary critic , novelist , and short story writer .
Brett Ellen Block ( born Summit , New Jersey ) is an American novelist and short story writer .
Adria Bernardi is an American novelist and translator .
Frank Conroy ( January 15 , 1936 - April 6 , 2005 ) was an American author . He published five books , including the highly acclaimed memoir Stop-Time . Published in 1967 , this ultimately made Conroy a noted figure in the literary world . The book was nominated for the National Book Award .
Lucy Honig ( May 7 , 1948 - September 18 , 2017 ) was an American short story writer .
Charles Richard Johnson ( born April 23 , 1948 ) is an African-American scholar and the author of novels , short stories , screen-and-teleplays , and essays , most often with a philosophical orientation . Johnson has directly addressed the issues of black life in America in novels such as Dreamer and Middle Passage . Johnson was born in 1948 in Evanston , Illinois , and spent most of his career at the University of Washington in Seattle . The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English says that Johnson 's works combine historical accuracy , parable , and elements of the fantastic in rendering the experience of African Americans .
Barbara Croft is an American writer .
Bharati Mukherjee ( July 27 , 1940 - January 28 , 2017 ) was an Indian American writer and professor emerita in the department of English at the University of California , Berkeley . She was the author of a number of novels and short story collections , as well as works of nonfiction .
Katherine Vaz ( born August 26 , 1955 ) is an American writer . A Briggs-Copeland Fellow in Fiction at Harvard University ( 2003-9 ) , a 2006-7 Fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study , and the Fall , 2012 Harman Fellow at Baruch College in New York , she is the author of the critically acclaimed novel Saudade ( St. Martins Press , 1994 ) , the first contemporary novel about Portuguese-Americans from a major New York publisher . It was optioned by Marlee Matlin/Solo One Productions and selected in the Barnes & Nobles Discover Great New Writers series . Her second novel , Mariana , ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) , was selected by the Library of Congress as one of the Top 30 International Books of 1998 and has been translated into six languages . Vaz 's first short story collection Fado & Other Stories received the 1997 Drue Heinz Literature Prize and her second collection , Our Lady of the Artichokes , won the 2007 Prairie Schooner Book Prize . Vaz is a recipient of a Literature Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts ( 1993 ) and the Davis Humanities Institute Fellowship ( 1999 ) . She has been named by the Luso-Americano as one of the Top 50 Luso-Americanos of the twentieth century and is the first Portuguese-American to have her work recorded for the Library of Congress , housed in the Hispanic Division . The Portuguese-American Womens Association ( PAWA ) named her 2003 Woman of the Year . She was appointed to the six-person U.S. Presidential Delegation to open the American Pavilion at the Worlds Fair/Expo 98 in Lisbon . She lives in New York City and the Springs area of East Hampton with Christopher Cerf , whom she married in July , 2015 .
George Palmer Garrett ( June 11 , 1929 - May 25 , 2008 ) was an American poet and novelist . He was the Poet Laureate of Virginia from 2002 to 2004 . His novels include The Finished Man , Double Vision , and the Elizabethan Trilogy , composed of Death of the Fox , The Succession , and Entered from the Sun . He worked as a book reviewer and screenwriter , and taught at Cambridge University and , for many years , at the University of Virginia . He is the subject of critical books by R. H. W. Dillard , Casey Clabough , and Irving Malin .
Edith Pearlman ( born June 26 , 1936 ) is an American short story writer .
Rosellen Brown ( born May 12 , 1939 ) is an American author , and has been an instructor of English and creative writing at several universities , including the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the University of Houston . She has won several grants and awards for her work , including the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize . The 1996 film Before and After was adapted from her novel of the same name .
Geoffrey Becker ( born 1959 ) is an American short story writer , and novelist .
Charles Morley Baxter ( born May 13 , 1947 ) is an American novelist , essayist , and poet .