List of Capsicum cultivars
Cultivars -- Capsicum annuum
Table:
Capsicum annuum

Image

Name

Type

Origin

Heat

Pod size

Description

Aleppo

Syria and Turkey

15,000 SR

Grown in Syria and Turkey and used, in coarsely ground, dried form, as a spice that is also called aleppo pepper

Anaheim[14]

Anaheim

United States

500–2,500 SR

15 cm (5.9 in)

A mild variety of New Mexico chile. It was later brought to California from New Mexico by Emilio Ortega in the 1900s. Often it is used for chile relleno. When mature, it takes on a red color and is referred to as a colorado.

Banana

Waxy

0–500 SR

15 cm (5.9 in)

Often it is pickled and used as an ingredient in sandwiches; its piquancy is not very hot. Its shape and color resemble a banana.

Bird's Eye

Small hot

Southeast Asia

50,000–100,000[15] SR

4 cm (1.6 in)

A Southeast Asian cultivar known by many local names, but generally it is called Thai chili in the United States. It has thin fruit with a pointed tip.

Black Heart

Ornamental/

Culinary

Austria

5,000–20,000 SR

2–3 cm (≈ 0.8-1.2 in)

Plants can grow up to 1.2 m (47 in), the flowers are purple. Young leaves show purple veins, which may turn dark green later on. The heart-shaped fruits mature from black to red.

Black Hungarian[16]

Ornamental/

Culinary

Hungary

5,000–10,000 SR

5–7 cm (≈ 2–3 in)

Grows in a conical shape with a slight curve near the tip.

Starting from green, they ripen first to a slightly shiny deep purple to black which is only skin deep; when sliced open, the thick flesh of the interior is green. As it continues to ripen, it morphs to red.

Cascabel

Mexico

3,000 SR

2.5 cm (1 in)

The small, round fruit are usually dried, and have a distinct, nutty flavor. The name, Spanish for "rattle" or "jingle bell", derives from the rattling noise made by the seeds inside the dried pod.

Cayenne (Red)[17]

Cayenne

French Guiana

30,000–50,000 SR

13 cm (5 in)

This long, thin fruit was transported by the Portuguese to China and India, where it is used widely. Often it is dried and ground into powder.

Cherry

Pimiento

3,500 SR

2.5 cm (1 in)

Named for the fruit it resembles, this cultivar's fruit is small, red, and round. It is typically used fresh, or pickled and jarred, and is often used to stuff green olives. It is also called pimento.

Cheongyang

long, hot

Korea

10,000 SR

a medium-sized chilli cultivar, named after Cheongsong and Yeongyang Counties when developed by Dr Yoo Il-Woong(유일웅), by hybridizing local Jejudo chilli with Bird's eye chilli.

Chilaca

Pasilla

Mexico

1,000–2,000 SR

15 cm (5.9 in)

Popular in Mexican cuisine, it is almost always encountered dried; in this state, it is referred to as a pasilla. The pasilla has a dark brown color and a smoky flavor.

Chiltepin[17]

Chiltepin

Mexico

50,000–100,000 SR

0.5 cm (0.20 in)

This small, hot fruit is often eaten by birds. The plant is thought to be the ancestor of the cultivated C. annuum peppers. Evidence indicates it has been consumed by humans as far back as 7,500 BC.[18]

Chimayo

United States

4,000–6,000 SR

Cubanelle

1–1,000 SR

13 cm (5 in)

Medium in thickness, the tapered fruit is green when unripe, but turns red when mature. Often it is fried in Italian cooking.

Dangjo[19]

Korea

Light green or bright yellow chili peppers with mild heat.

De árbol[17]

Mexico

15,000–30,000 SR

8 cm (3.1 in)

This slender-fruited cultivar is grown primarily in Mexico, its name is Spanish for "from a tree".

Facing Heaven

Pimiento

China

30,000-50,000SR

Fish

5,000–30,000 SR

Fresno

Fresno

United States

2,500–10,000 SR

9 cm (3.5 in)

Similar to the jalapeño, but with thinner walls, it is generally used ripe, and has a higher vitamin content. Frequently it is used in ceviche, and is one of the most frequently used chilis in salsa.

Friggitelli (Peperoncini)

Waxy

Italy

100–500 SR

8 cm (3.1 in)

Sweet-tasting and mild, used extensively in Italian and Greek cuisine, very frequently pickled.

Based on the tabular data together with the background passages below.

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The Aleppo pepper ( Arabic : فلفل حلبي / ALA-LC : fulful Ḥalabī ) is a variety of Capsicum annuum used as a spice , particularly in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cuisine . Also known as the Halaby pepper , it starts as pods , which ripen to a burgundy color , and then are semi-dried , de-seeded , then crushed or coarsely ground . The pepper flakes are known in Turkey as pul biber , and in Armenia as Haleb biber . The pepper is named after Aleppo , a long-inhabited city along the Silk Road in northern Syria , and is grown in Syria and Turkey . Although a common condiment , its use in the United States outside Armenian , Syrian and Turkish immigrant communities was rare until the 20th century , with one source ( Los Angeles magazine ) dating its rise in use among the broader U.S. population according to the 1994 publication of The Cooking of the Eastern Mediterranean no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } .
The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency ( spiciness or heat ) of chili peppers and other spicy foods , as recorded in Scoville Heat Units ( SHU ) based on the concentration of capsaicinoids , among which capsaicin is the predominant component . The scale is named after its creator , American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville , whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test . The Scoville organoleptic test is the most practical method for estimating SHU and is a subjective assessment derived from the capsaicinoid sensitivity by people experienced with eating hot chilis . An alternative method , using high-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) can be used to analytically quantify the capsaicinoid content as an indicator of pungency . As of 2011 , the subjective organoleptic test has been largely superseded by analytical methods such as chromatography .
New Mexico chile or New Mexican chile ( Spanish : chile de Nuevo México , chile del norte ) is a group of cultivars of the chile pepper from the US State of New Mexico , first grown by Pueblo and Hispano communities throughout Santa Fe de Nuevo México . These heritage chile plants were used to develop the modern New Mexico chile peppers by horticulturist Fabián Garcia and his students , including Roy Nakayama , at what is now New Mexico State University in 1894 . New Mexico chile , which typically grows from a green to a ripened red , is popular in the cuisine of the Southwestern United States , the broader Mexican cuisine , and Sonoran and Arizona cuisine , and an integral staple of New Mexican cuisine . Chile is one of New Mexico 's state vegetables , and is referenced in the New Mexico state question Red or Green ? . The chile grown in the Hatch Valley , in and around Hatch , New Mexico , is called Hatch chile , but no one cultivar of chile is specific to that area , which is smaller than the acreage used to produce chile with the Hatch label . Chile grown in the Hatch valley only , are a signature crop to New Mexico 's economy and culture . New Mexico green chile flavor has been described as lightly pungent similar to an onion , or like garlic with a subtly sweet , spicy , crisp , and smoky taste . The ripened red retains the flavor , but adds an earthiness and bite while aging mellows the front-heat and delivers more of a back-heat . The spiciness depends on the variety of New Mexico chile pepper .
New Mexico chile or New Mexican chile ( Spanish : chile de Nuevo México , chile del norte ) is a group of cultivars of the chile pepper from the US State of New Mexico , first grown by Pueblo and Hispano communities throughout Santa Fe de Nuevo México . These heritage chile plants were used to develop the modern New Mexico chile peppers by horticulturist Fabián Garcia and his students , including Roy Nakayama , at what is now New Mexico State University in 1894 . New Mexico chile , which typically grows from a green to a ripened red , is popular in the cuisine of the Southwestern United States , the broader Mexican cuisine , and Sonoran and Arizona cuisine , and an integral staple of New Mexican cuisine . Chile is one of New Mexico 's state vegetables , and is referenced in the New Mexico state question Red or Green ? . The chile grown in the Hatch Valley , in and around Hatch , New Mexico , is called Hatch chile , but no one cultivar of chile is specific to that area , which is smaller than the acreage used to produce chile with the Hatch label . Chile grown in the Hatch valley only , are a signature crop to New Mexico 's economy and culture . New Mexico green chile flavor has been described as lightly pungent similar to an onion , or like garlic with a subtly sweet , spicy , crisp , and smoky taste . The ripened red retains the flavor , but adds an earthiness and bite while aging mellows the front-heat and delivers more of a back-heat . The spiciness depends on the variety of New Mexico chile pepper .
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment .
New Mexico ( Spanish : Nuevo México Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈnweβo ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) , Navajo : Yootó Hahoodzo pronounced [ jòːtxó xɑ̀xʷòːtsò ] ) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States of America ; its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe , which was founded in 1610 as capital of Nuevo México ( itself established as a province of New Spain in 1598 ) , while its largest city is Albuquerque with its accompanying metropolitan area . It is one of the Mountain States and shares the Four Corners region with Utah , Colorado , and Arizona . New Mexico is also bordered by the state of Texas to the east-southeast , Oklahoma to the northeast , and the Mexican states of Chihuahua to the south and Sonora to the southwest . With an estimated population of 2,096,829 as of the July 1 , 2019 U.S. Census Bureau estimate , New Mexico is the 36th largest state by population . With a total area of 121,592 sq mi ( 314,920 km2 ) , it is the fifth-largest and sixth-least densely populated of the 50 states . Due to their geographic locations , northern and eastern New Mexico exhibit a colder , alpine climate , while western and southern New Mexico exhibit a warmer , arid climate . The economy of New Mexico is dependent on oil drilling , mineral extraction , dryland farming , cattle ranching , lumber milling , and retail trade . As of 2018 , its total gross domestic product ( GDP ) was $ 101 billion with a GDP per capita of $ 45,465 . New Mexico 's status as a tax haven yields low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel , and gives tax credits and exemptions to favorable industries . Because of this , its film industry has grown and contributed $ 1.23 billion to its overall economy . Due to its large area and economic climate , New Mexico has a large U.S. military presence marked notably with the White Sands Missile Range . Various U.S. national security agencies base their research and testing arms in New Mexico such as the Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories .
The chile relleno ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈtʃile reˈʎeno ] , literally stuffed chile ) is a dish in Mexican cuisine that originated in the city of Puebla .
The banana pepper ( also known as the yellow wax pepper or banana chili ) is a medium-sized member of the chili pepper family that has a mild , tangy taste . While typically bright yellow , it is possible for them to change to green , red , or orange as they ripen . It is often pickled , stuffed or used as a raw ingredient in foods . It is a cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum . Its flavor is not very hot ( 0-500 Scoville units ) and , as is the case with most peppers , its heat depends on the maturity of the pepper , with the ripest being sweeter than younger ones .
Bird 's eye chili , bird eye chili , bird 's chili or Thai chili is a chili pepper , a variety from the species Capsicum annuum , commonly found in Ethiopia and across Southeast Asia . It is often confused with a similar-looking chili derived from the species Capsicum frutescens , the cultivar siling labuyo . Capsicum frutescens fruits are generally smaller and characteristically point to the sky . It is used extensively in Thai , Malaysian , Singaporean , Lao , Khmer , Indonesian , Kerala and Vietnamese cuisines .
The cascabel chili ( little bell ) , also known as the rattle chili , is one of the Mirasol cultivars of the species Capsicum annuum . The 'rattle ' and 'bell ' designations describe the tendency of loose seeds to rattle inside a dried cascabel when shaken . Fresh cascabel , which is 2-3 cm in diameter , is also known by the alias bola chili or chile bola ( Spanish for ball chili ) . The pigmentation of the fresh chilis blends from green to red ; when dried , the color darkens . Farmers cultivate cascabel in several states throughout Mexico , including Coahuila , Durango , Guerrero , and Jalisco .
The cayenne pepper is a type of Capsicum annuum . It is usually a moderately hot chili pepper used to flavor dishes . Cayenne peppers are a group of tapering , 10 to 25 cm long , generally skinny , mostly red-colored peppers , often with a curved tip and somewhat rippled skin , which hang from the bush as opposed to growing upright . Most varieties are generally rated at 30,000 to 50,000 Scoville units . The fruits are generally dried and ground to make the powdered spice of the same name , although cayenne powder may be a blend of different types of peppers , quite often not containing cayenne peppers , and may or may not contain the seeds . Cayenne is used in cooking spicy dishes either as a powder or in its whole form . It is also used as a herbal supplement .
A pimiento ( Spanish pronunciation : [ piˈmjento ] ) , pimento , or cherry pepper is a variety of large , red , heart-shaped chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum ) that measures 3 to 4 in ( 7 to 10 cm ) long and 2 to 3 in ( 5 to 7 cm ) wide ( medium , elongate ) . The flesh of the pimiento is sweet , succulent , and more aromatic than that of the red bell pepper . Some varieties of the pimiento type are hot , including the Floral Gem and Santa Fe Grande varieties . The fruits are typically used fresh or pickled . The pimiento has one of the lowest Scoville scale ratings of any chili pepper .
Cheongyang chili pepper ( 청양고추 , also referred to as Dang Jo Cheongyang ) is a medium-sized chilli cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum , with intensity of 10,000 Scoville heat units . Cheongyang chili peppers look similar to regular Korean chili peppers , but are many times spicier . The chilli is a local speciality of Cheongyang County in South Korea . However , it was named after Cheongsong and Yeongyang Counties when developed by Dr Yoo Il-Woong , by hybridizing local Jejudo chilli with Thai chilli . The fruits can be light purple or green when unripe , and darken to a deep red as they ripen . The peppers retain their dark red color when dried .
Cheongsong County ( or Cheongsong-gun ) is a county in North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea .
Yeongyang County ( Yeongyang-gun ) is an inland county in the north-eastern area of North Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . An isolated area difficult to access , Yeongyang is sometimes called an inland island . The county has the lowest population of all counties in North Gyeongsang Province ( without Ulleung County ) , being mountainous with deep ravines , and only 10 percent of land is cultivable . The county is famous for its apples and chili peppers , and is home to the Yeongyang Chili Pepper Experimental Station . From 1984 , the county has elected a Miss Chili Pepper to represent Yeongyang chili peppers . The area is also known as a centre of literature , with the tradition of scholars reading and reciting poetry deep in the mountains , from which have emerged Oh Il-do , Cho Chi-hun and Yi Munyol .
Jeju Island ( Korean : 제주도 ; Hanja : 濟州島 ; Korean pronunciation : [ t͡ɕed͡ʑudo ] ) is an island in the Jeju Province of South Korea . The island lies in the Korea Strait , below the Korean Peninsula , south of the South Jeolla Province . The island contains the natural world heritage site , Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes . Jeju has a moderate climate ; even in winter , the temperature rarely falls below 0 °C ( 32 °F ) . Jeju is a popular holiday destination and a sizable portion of the economy relies on tourism and economic activity from its civil/naval base .
The pasilla chile ( /ˌpɑːˈsiːjə/ pah-SEE-yuh ) or chile negro is the dried form of the chilaca chili pepper , a long and narrow member of species Capsicum annuum . Named for its dark , wrinkled skin ( literally little raisin ) , it is a mild to hot , rich-flavored chile . As dried , it is generally 6 to 8 in ( 15 to 20 cm ) long and 1.0 to 1.5 in ( 2.5 to 4 cm ) in diameter . The fresh narrow chilaca can measure up to 9.0 in ( 22 cm ) long and often has a twisted shape , which is seldom apparent after drying . It turns from dark green to dark brown when fully mature . In the United States , producers and grocers sometimes incorrectly use pasilla to describe the poblano , a different , wider variety of pepper , the dried form of which is called an ancho .
Capsicum annuum var . glabriusculum is a variety of Capsicum annuum that is native to southern North America and northern South America . Common names include chiltepin , Indian pepper , chiltepe , and chile tepin , as well as turkey , birds eye , or simply bird peppers , due to their consumption and spread by wild birds . Tepin is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning flea . This variety is the most likely progenitor of the domesticated C. annuum var . annuum . Another similar-sized pepper 'Pequin ' ( also called 'Piquin ' ) is often confused , the Tepin fruit is round to oval and the Pequin is oval with a point , and the leaves , stems and plant structure are very different on each plant .
The Chimayó ( or Chimayo ) pepper is a New Mexico chile pepper landrace of the species Capsicum annuum . It is named after the town of Chimayó , New Mexico , where roughly 500 acres ( 2.0 km2 ) of Chimayó peppers are harvested annually . It is considered one of the two best chilis in the state , the other being those grown in Hatch . The pepper is so prized that powdered Chimayó pepper can cost as much as $ 45 per pound . Chimayó chilies have a complex flavor described as sweet and smoky , and are extremely popular in New Mexican cuisine for making posole and carne adovada . The arid climate of the town of Chimayó greatly influences the appearance of the Chimayó pepper , giving it a twisted shape when dried . Its color can be compared to that of the Jalapeño , transitioning from green to red as the fruit matures . Chimayó peppers are of medium pungency , and have a heat level ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 on the Scoville scale . Chimayó pepper plants typically grow to a height of roughly 18 to 24 inches ( 46 to 61 cm ) , while the fruits reach 4 to 6 inches ( 10 to 15 cm ) in length and 1-1.75 inches ( 2.5-4.4 cm ) wide . Chimayó peppers are commonly dried by being hung on ristras ; once dried , they can be ground into chili powder or chili flakes . The flavor is described as sweet , earthy , and smoky , without being too hot , and the fruit is also fleshier and drier The pepper can also be used fresh for salsas , stir-frys , roasted , or stuffed .
The Cubanelle , also known as Cuban pepper and Italian frying pepper , is a variety of sweet pepper of the species Capsicum annuum . When unripe , it is light yellowish-green in color , but will turn bright red if allowed to ripen . Compared to bell peppers it has thinner flesh , is longer , and has a slightly more wrinkled appearance . It is used extensively in the cuisine of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico and Italy . Cubanelle peppers generally measure between a 100 and a 1000 on the Scoville scale . Most of the cubanelle pepper imports come from the Dominican Republic ( where it is called ají cubanela ) , which is the main exporter of this cultivar .
The Chile de árbol ( Spanish for tree chili ) is a small and potent Mexican chili pepper also known as bird 's beak chile and rat 's tail chile . These chilis are about 5 to 7.5 cm ( 2.0 to 3.0 in ) long , and 0.65 to 1 cm ( 0.26 to 0.39 in ) in diameter . Their heat index is between 15,000 - 30,000 Scoville units . The peppers start out green and turn a bright red color as they mature . Chile de árbol peppers can be found fresh , dried , or powdered . As dried chiles , they are often used to decorate wreaths because they do not lose their red color after dehydration .
The facing heaven pepper ( Capsicum annuum var . conoides Chao Tian Jiao ; Chinese name : 朝天椒 ; pinyin : cháotiānjiāo , also known as 指天椒 ; pinyin : zhǐtiānjiāo meaning 'skyward-pointing chili pepper ' ) or Heaven Chile , is a cone-shaped , medium-hot chili pepper , between 3 and 6 cm in length , 1 to 2 cm in diameter at the base , and with very thin skin . A cultivar commonly used in Sichuan cuisine , it is called the facing heaven pepper because the pepper grows with the fruit pointing upwards , rather than downwards , as is normal in other pepper plants . The plant 's upright growing habit is typical of ornamental peppers . Because of its attractive appearance , the dried chili is often added to dishes whole . Although the chilli is often too hot to be consumed raw , it can be lightly cooked in oil to produce a milder equivalent . This dried chili pepper is described as a pantry staple in the Sichuan province of China by Fuchsia Dunlop in her cookbook Land of Plenty . She describes it as very fragrant and moderately hot ( much less hot than tiny Thai chilies ) .
The Fresno Chili pepper ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh ) is a medium-sized cultivar of Capsicum annuum . It should not be confused with the Fresno Bell pepper . It is often confused with the jalapeño pepper but has thinner walls , often has milder heat , and takes less time to mature . It is however a New Mexico chile , which is genetically distinct from the jalapeño and it grows point up , rather than point down as with the jalapeño . The fruit starts out bright green changing to orange and red as fully matured . A mature Fresno pepper will be conical in shape , 2 inches long , and about 1 inch in diameter at the stem . The plants do well in warm to hot temperatures and dry climates with long sunny summer days and cool nights . They are very cold-sensitive and disease resistant , reaching a height of 24 to 30 inches .
The friggitello ( plural friggitelli ) is a sweet Italian chili pepper of the species Capsicum annuum . It is also known as the Golden Greek pepper , Sweet Italian pepper , or Tuscan pepper . In the United States they may be called pepperoncini ; they are quite distinct from Italian peperoncini , which are hot Italian chili peppers . In the United States , they may also be called Greek golden pepperoncini peppers or mild golden Salonika peppers . The friggitello is mild with a slight heat and a hint of bitterness , and is sometimes pickled and sold in jars . In Italy the friggitello is most associated with Tuscany . The Greek variety , which is sweeter , is commonly used elsewhere in Europe and the United States .