List of museums in County Durham
Table:
Name

Image

Town/City

Type

Summary

Ankers House Museum

Chester-le-Street
Religious
Located at St Mary and St Cuthbert Church, medieval room used by anchorites

Auckland Castle

Bishop Auckland
Historic house
Home of the Bishop of Durham for over 800 years

Beamish Museum

Beamish
Open air
Focus is 1825 and 1913 life in urbanized North East England, includes trains, agriculture, industry exhibits

Bishop Auckland Town Hall

Bishop Auckland
Art
Former town hall, houses Bishop Auckland's main public library, a theatre, an art gallery, tourist information centre and a café-bar

Bowes Museum

Barnard Castle
Art
Includes fine art, decorative art, ceramics, textiles, tapestries, clocks and costumes

DLI Museum

Durham
Military
History of the Durham Light Infantry, located in same building as the Durham Art Gallery

Durham Art Gallery

Durham
Art
website, modern and contemporary art, located in same building as the DLI Museum

Durham Castle

Durham
Historic house
Norman castle, part of University College, Durham, open for guided tours

Durham Cathedral

Durham
Religious
Includes tower, monk's dormitory, shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, exhibits on the cathedral's construction and history

Durham Mining Museum

Spennymoor
Mining
website, mining in the Northern part of England

Durham Museum and Heritage Centre

Durham
Local
Local history

Hartlepool Art Gallery

Hartlepool
Art
Operated by the Hartlepool Borough Council, exhibits of crafts, contemporary and fine art, and photography

Hartlepool's Maritime Experience

Hartlepool
Maritime
Recreation of an 18th-century seaport in the time of Lord Nelson, Napoleon and the Battle of Trafalgar

Head of Steam

Darlington
Railway
Heritage railroad and museum

Heugh Battery Museum

Hartlepool
Military
Restored 19th century coastal defense battery and exhibits about local coastal artillery forces

HMS Trincomalee

Hartlepool
Maritime
Early 19th century Royal Navy Leda class frigate museum ship

Hopetown Carriage Works

Durham
Railway

Killhope

Killhope
Mining
Former 19th century lead mine, minerals, life of the miner and family

Museum of Archaeology

Durham
Archaeology
Also known as Old Fulling Mill Museum of Archaeology, part of the University of Durham, artifacts from prehistoric, Ancient Greece, Roman and Medieval periods

Museum of Hartlepool

Hartlepool
Local
Local history, maritime heritage, PS Wingfield Castle museum ship

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The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is a Church of England church in Chester-le-Street , County Durham , England . The site has been used for worship for over 1100 years ; elements of the current building are over 950 years old . The oldest surviving translation of the Gospels into English was done here , by Aldred between 947 and 968 , at a time when it served as the centre of Christianity from Lothian to Teesside .
Chester-le-Street ( /ˈtʃɛstərlistriːt/ ) is a town in County Durham , England . Its history goes back to the building of a Roman fort called Concangis . This Roman fort is the Chester ( from the Latin castra ) of the town 's name ; the Street refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town , and which is now called Front Street . Chester-le-Street is located 7 miles ( 11 km ) south of Newcastle upon Tyne and 8 miles ( 13 km ) west of Sunderland on the River Wear . The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert remained for 112 years before being transferred to Durham Cathedral , and the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English , Aldred writing the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels there . A market town , the town holds markets Tuesdays , Fridays and Saturdays . From 1894 until 2009 the town had its own local government district . Originally from 1894 , this was the Chester-le-Street Rural District , which covered the town and several outlying villages . In 1909 the inner part of the Rural District was separated out to form the new Chester-le-Street Urban District Council , which covered the town as it was at that time . By 1974 , however , the town of Chester-le-Street had expanded far beyond the boundary of the Urban District and during that year 's Local Government reorganisation , the Urban District was amalgamated with parts of the remaining Rural District to form the new Chester-le-Street District . The Chester-le-Street District Council was abolished in 2009 when County Durham became a unitary authority as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England , a move that was controversial at the time .
An anchorite or anchoret ( female : anchoress ; adj . anchoritic ; from Ancient Greek : ἀναχωρητής , anachōrētḗs , one who has retired from the world , from the verb ἀναχωρέω , anachōréō , signifying to withdraw , to retire ) is someone who , for religious reasons , withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-oriented , ascetic , or Eucharist-focused life . Whilst anchorites are frequently considered to be a type of religious hermit , unlike hermits they were required to take a vow of stability of place , opting for permanent enclosure in cells often attached to churches . Also unlike hermits , anchorites were subject to a religious rite of consecration that closely resembled the funeral rite , following which they would be considered dead to the world , a type of living saint . Anchorites had a certain autonomy , as they did not answer to any ecclesiastical authority other than the bishop . The anchoritic life is one of the earliest forms of Christian monasticism . In the Catholic Church today , it is one of the Other Forms of Consecrated Life and governed by the same norms as the consecrated eremitic life . In England , the earliest recorded anchorites existed in the 11th century . Their highest number - around 200 anchorites - were recorded in the 13th century . From the 12th to the 16th centuries , female anchorites consistently outnumbered their male counterparts , sometimes by as many as four to one ( in the 13th century ) , dropping eventually to two to one ( in the 15th century ) . The gender of a high number of anchorites , however , is not recorded for these periods .
Auckland Castle , which is also known as Auckland Palace and to people that live locally as the Bishop 's Castle or Bishop 's Palace , is located in the town of Bishop Auckland in County Durham , England . In 1832 , this castle replaced Durham Castle as the official residence of the Bishops of Durham . Now a tourist attraction but still housing the Bishop 's offices , the Castle is a Grade I listed historic site .
Bishop Auckland /ˈbɪʃəp ˈɔːklənd/ is a market town and civil parish in County Durham in north east England . It is located about 12 miles ( 19 km ) northwest of Darlington , 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of Durham and 5 miles ( 8 km ) southeast of Crook at the confluence of the River Wear with its tributary the River Gaunless . According to the 2001 census , Bishop Auckland has a population of 24,392 , increasing to 25,455 according to the 2016 estimate . Much of the town 's early history surrounds the Bishops of Durham and the establishment of a hunting lodge , which later became the main residence of the Bishops of Durham . This link with the Bishops of Durham is reflected in the first part of the town 's name . During the Industrial Revolution , the town grew rapidly as coal mining took hold as an important industry . The subsequent decline of the coal mining industry in the late twentieth century has been blamed for a fall in the town 's fortunes in other sectors . Today , the largest sector of employment in the town is manufacturing . Since 1 April 2009 , the town 's local government has come from the Durham County Council Unitary Authority . The unitary authority replaced the previous Wear Valley District Council and Durham County Council . Bishop Auckland is located in the Bishop Auckland parliamentary constituency . With its mining history , it used to be a safe Labour seat , but flipped for the Conservatives with a sizeable majority for the first time in 2019 after the area had decisively voted to leave the European Union three years prior .
The Bishop of Durham is the Anglican bishop responsible for the Diocese of Durham in the Province of York . The diocese is one of the oldest in England and its bishop is a member of the House of Lords . Paul Butler has been the Bishop of Durham since his election was confirmed at York Minster on 20 January 2014 . The previous bishop was Justin Welby , Archbishop of Canterbury . The bishop is one of two ( the other is the Bishop of Bath and Wells ) who escort the sovereign at the coronation . He is officially styled The Right Reverend ( Christian Name ) , by Divine Providence Lord Bishop of Durham , but this full title is rarely used . In signatures , the bishop 's family name is replaced by Dunelm , from the Latin name for Durham ( the Latinised form of Old English Dunholm ) . In the past , Bishops of Durham varied their signatures between Dunelm and the French Duresm . Prior to 1836 , the Bishop of Durham was a prince-bishop and had significant temporal powers over the Liberty of Durham and later the County Palatine of Durham . For centuries , each bishop lived in Durham Castle from its construction in the 11th century . In 1832 , Auckland Castle became the official residence of the Bishops of Durham until July 2012 when ownership of the castle was transferred over to the Auckland Castle Trust , a charitable foundation with the aim of beginning a major restoration of the grounds and castle and creating permanent exhibitions on the history of Christianity in Britain and the North East . The bishop continues to have offices in Auckland Castle but no longer resides there .
Beamish Museum is an open-air museum located at Beamish , near the town of Stanley , in County Durham , England . The museum 's guiding principle is to preserve an example of everyday life in urban and rural North East England at the climax of industrialisation in the early 20th century . Much of the restoration and interpretation is specific to the late Victorian and Edwardian eras , together with portions of countryside under the influence of industrial revolution from 1825 . On its 300 acres ( 120 ha ) estate it uses a mixture of translocated , original and replica buildings , a large collection of artifacts , working vehicles and equipment , as well as livestock and costumed interpreters . The museum has received a number of awards since it opened to visitors in 1972 and has been influential on other 'living museums ' . It is an educational resource , and also helps to preserve some traditional north-country and rare livestock breeds .
Beamish , previously named 'Pit Hill ' , is a village in County Durham , England , situated to the north east of Stanley .
Bishop Auckland Town Hall is a Grade II* listed building located in the town of Bishop Auckland , Co Durham , England . The building was completed in 1862 and is a Gothic style Victorian Building overlooking the town 's market place . The town hall was designed by John Philpott Jones for Bishop Auckland Town Hall and Market Company Ltd . The money to build it was raised privately by the issue of shares in the company . It was then bought by the local board of health in 1888 , which went on to become Bishop Auckland Urban District council in 1894 . It was abandoned and then condemned for demolition in the 1980s ; however , after a local campaign to save the building , it was fully restored in the early 1990s . The building now houses Bishop Auckland 's main public library , a theatre , an art gallery , tourist information centre and a café-bar . The Town Hall has held three exhibitions for mining artist Tom Lamb . The first was held in 1999 for his 'Fading Memories ' exhibition , then in 2004 for Lamb 's 'The Footprints Of My Years ' exhibition and in 2008 the last exhibition called 'My Mining Days ' was held .
The Bowes Museum has a nationally renowned art collection and is situated in the town of Barnard Castle , Teesdale , County Durham , England . The museum contains paintings by El Greco , Francisco Goya , Canaletto , Jean-Honoré Fragonard and François Boucher , together with a sizable collection of decorative art , ceramics , textiles , tapestries , clocks and costumes , as well as older items from local history . The early works of French glassmaker Émile Gallé were commissioned by Joséphine , wife of the founder John Bowes . A great attraction is the 18th-century Silver Swan automaton , which periodically preens itself , looks round and appears to catch and swallow a fish .
Barnard Castle is a market town in Teesdale , County Durham , England . It is named after the castle around which it was built . It is the main settlement in the Teesdale area , and is a popular tourist destination . The Bowes Museum has the best collection of European fine and decorative arts in the North of England , housed in a magnificent 19th-century French-style chateau . Its most famous exhibit is the 18th-century Silver Swan automaton , though art includes work by Goya and El Greco . Barnard Castle sits on the north bank of the River Tees , opposite Startforth and 21 miles ( 34 km ) south-west of the county town of Durham . Nearby towns include Bishop Auckland to the north-east , Darlington to the east and Richmond in North Yorkshire to the south-east . Barnard Castle 's largest single employer is GlaxoSmithKline which has a manufacturing facility on the outskirts of town .
The Durham Light Infantry ( DLI ) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1968 . It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 68th ( Durham ) Regiment of Foot ( Light Infantry ) and the 106th Regiment of Foot ( Bombay Light Infantry ) along with the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham . The regiment served notably in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II , the Korean War and the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation . During times of peace it had duty in India , China , West Germany and Cyprus . In 1968 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry , the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and the King 's Shropshire Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry , which again amalgamated in 2007 with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment , the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment and the Royal Green Jackets to form a new large regiment , The Rifles , which continues the lineage of the regiment .
Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ , locally /ˈdɜrəm/ listen ) is a historic city and the county town of County Durham in North East England . The city lies on the River Wear , to the south-west of Sunderland , south of Newcastle upon Tyne and to the north of Darlington . Founded over the final resting place of St Cuthbert , its Norman cathedral became a centre of pilgrimage in medieval England . The cathedral and adjacent 11th-century castle were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 . The castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832 . HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre . City of Durham is the name of the civil parish .
The Durham Light Infantry ( DLI ) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1968 . It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 68th ( Durham ) Regiment of Foot ( Light Infantry ) and the 106th Regiment of Foot ( Bombay Light Infantry ) along with the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham . The regiment served notably in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II , the Korean War and the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation . During times of peace it had duty in India , China , West Germany and Cyprus . In 1968 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry , the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and the King 's Shropshire Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry , which again amalgamated in 2007 with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment , the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment and the Royal Green Jackets to form a new large regiment , The Rifles , which continues the lineage of the regiment .
The Durham Light Infantry ( DLI ) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1968 . It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 68th ( Durham ) Regiment of Foot ( Light Infantry ) and the 106th Regiment of Foot ( Bombay Light Infantry ) along with the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham . The regiment served notably in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II , the Korean War and the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation . During times of peace it had duty in India , China , West Germany and Cyprus . In 1968 , the regiment was amalgamated with the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry , the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and the King 's Shropshire Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry , which again amalgamated in 2007 with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment , the Royal Gloucestershire , Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment and the Royal Green Jackets to form a new large regiment , The Rifles , which continues the lineage of the regiment .
Durham Castle is a Norman castle in the city of Durham , England , which has been occupied since 1837 by University College , Durham after its previous role as the residence of the Bishops of Durham . Designated as a cultural World Heritage Site in England , along with Durham Cathedral , since 1986 , the facility is open to the general public to visit , but only through guided tours , since it is in use as a working building and is home to over 100 students . The castle stands on top of a hill above the River Wear on Durham 's peninsula , opposite Durham Cathedral ( grid reference NZ274423 ) .
University College , informally known as Castle , is a college of Durham University in Durham , England . Centred on Durham Castle on Palace Green , it was founded in 1832 and is the oldest of Durham 's colleges . As a constituent college of Durham University , it is listed as a higher education institution under section 216 of the Education Reform Act 1988 . Almost all academic activities , such as research and tutoring , occur at a university level . University College moved into its current location in 1837 . Around 150 students are accommodated within Durham Castle . Other college buildings , including converted 18th century houses and purpose-built accommodation from the 1950s , 1970s and 1980s , are within five minutes ' walk of the castle . The college has 700 undergraduates and is currently the most over-subscribed college of the University . In 1987 it admitted women undergraduates for the first time , having previously had an all-male student body . From January 2012 until March 2019 the Master of the college was political theorist David Held . Dr. Wendy Powers will join the college as Principal from 1st June 2020 .
The Cathedral Church of Christ , Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham , commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert , is a cathedral in the city of Durham , England . It is the seat of the Bishop of Durham , the fourth-ranked bishop in the Church of England hierarchy . The present cathedral was begun in 1093 , replacing the Saxon 'White Church ' , and is regarded as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture in Europe . In 1986 the cathedral and Durham Castle were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Durham Cathedral holds the relics of Saint Cuthbert , transported to Durham by Lindisfarne monks in the ninth century , the head of Saint Oswald of Northumbria , and the remains of the Venerable Bede . In addition , its library contains one of the most complete sets of early printed books in England , the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts , and three copies of Magna Carta . From 1080 until 1836 the Bishop of Durham held the powers of an Earl Palatine , exercising military and civil leadership as well as religious leadership , in order to protect the English Border with Scotland . The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle , the chief seat of the Bishop of Durham . There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral , with the Durham Cathedral Choir singing daily except Mondays and when the choir is on holiday . It is a major tourist attraction and received 694,429 visitors in 2018 .
Cuthbert ( c. 634 - 20 March 687 ) is an Anglo-Saxon saint of the early Northumbrian church in the Celtic tradition . He was a monk , bishop and hermit , associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in what might loosely be termed the Kingdom of Northumbria , in North East England [ b ] and the South East of Scotland . After his death he became the most important medieval saint of Northern England , with a cult centred on his tomb at Durham Cathedral . Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of Northumbria . His feast days are 20 March ( Catholic Church , Church of England , Eastern Orthodox Church ) , also 31 August ( Episcopal Church ) and 4 September ( Church in Wales ) . Cuthbert grew up in or around Lauderdale , near Old Melrose Abbey , a daughter-house of Lindisfarne , today in Scotland . He had decided to become a monk after seeing a vision on the night in 651 that St Aidan , the founder of Lindisfarne , died , but he seems to have seen some military service first . He was quickly made guest-master at the new monastery at Ripon , soon after 655 , but had to return with Eata of Hexham to Melrose when Wilfrid was given the monastery instead . About 662 he was made prior at Melrose , and around 665 went as prior to Lindisfarne . In 684 he was made bishop of Lindisfarne , but by late 686 he resigned and returned to his hermitage as he felt he was about to die , although he was probably only in his early 50s .
Spennymoor is a town and civil parish in County Durham , England . It stands above the Wear Valley approximately 7 mi ( 11 km ) south of Durham . The town was founded over 160 years ago . The Town Council area , which includes the villages of Kirk Merrington , Middlestone Moor , Byers Green and Tudhoe , has a population of approximately 20,000 .
Spennymoor is a town and civil parish in County Durham , England . It stands above the Wear Valley approximately 7 mi ( 11 km ) south of Durham . The town was founded over 160 years ago . The Town Council area , which includes the villages of Kirk Merrington , Middlestone Moor , Byers Green and Tudhoe , has a population of approximately 20,000 .
Durham Museum and Heritage Centre is a museum in Durham , England . It details the history of the City of Durham from medieval times to the present day . The museum is located in the redundant church of St Mary-le-Bow , close to the World Heritage Site of Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle . The museum contains a variety of objects , models , pictures and audio-visual displays . These exhibitions provide the visitor with an overview of life , labour and leisure in this ancient fortified city , centre of pilgrimage and capital of the Prince Bishops of Durham . The museum also features a centre for making brass rubbings .
Hartlepool Art Gallery is an art gallery in Hartlepool , County Durham , England . The gallery opened in 1996 . It is located in Church Square within Christ Church , a restored Victorian church , built in 1854 and designed by the architect Edward Buckton Lamb ( 1806-1869 ) . The building has a 100-foot tower with six bells , which can still be rung . Hartlepool Art Gallery is co-located with a tourist information centre close to Hartlepool railway station and the town centre . The temporary exhibition programme includes crafts , contemporary and fine art , and photography . There is also a permanent collection . The gallery is run by Hartlepool Borough Council .
Hartlepool ( /ˈhɑːrtlɪpuːl/ HART-li-pool ) is a town in County Durham , England . The town lies on the North Sea coast , 7 1⁄2 miles ( 12 km ) north of Middlesbrough and 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of Sunderland . The town is governed as part of the Borough of Hartlepool , a unitary authority which also controls outlying villages such as Seaton Carew , Greatham , Hart Village , Dalton Piercy and Elwick . Hartlepool was founded in the 7th century , around the monastery of Hartlepool Abbey . The village grew in the Middle Ages and its harbour served as the official port of the County Palatine of Durham . After a railway link from the north was established from the South Durham coal fields , an additional link from the south , in 1835 , together with a new port , resulted in further expansion , with the new town of West Hartlepool . England 's Industrialisation and the start of a shipbuilding industry in the later part of the 19th century caused Hartlepool to be a target for the Imperial German Navy at the beginning of the First World War . A bombardment of 1,150 shells on 16 December 1914 resulted in the death of 117 people . A severe decline in heavy industries and shipbuilding following the Second World War caused periods of high unemployment until the 1990s when major investment projects and the redevelopment of the docks area into a marina saw a rise in the town 's prospects .
Hartlepool Borough Council is the local authority of the Borough of Hartlepool . It is a unitary authority , with the powers and functions of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined . Since 2 May 2013 the council has used the leader and cabinet model of executive arrangements . Between 2002 and 2013 it used rarer mayor and cabinet model with a directly elected mayor of Hartlepool . The current civic mayor of Hartlepool for the 2017/2018 municipal year is Councillor Paul Beck .
Hartlepool 's Maritime Experience is a visitor attraction in Hartlepool , County Durham , in the northeast of England . The concept of the attraction is the thematic re-creation of an 18th-century seaport , in the time of Lord Nelson , Napoleon and the Battle of Trafalgar . HMS Trincomalee , a Royal Navy frigate and Britain 's oldest warship afloat is at the centre of the quay . She was built in Bombay , India in 1817 . The 190th anniversary of the ship 's official launch was on Friday 12 October 2007 . Before April 2005 it was known as Hartlepool Historic Quay . It was built by Teesside Development Corporation as part of the economic regeneration of old industrial sites of Teesside , on the derelict docks that was formally used for industries such as ship building and the timber yards etc . It opened to the public in July 1994 . The attraction consists of gift shop and reception , Marine Barracks and Guard Room , a number of period shops and houses , Fighting Ships , Pressganged , Sir William Gray Suite and Baltic Rooms , Skittle Square and children 's playship , Bistro and Quayside Coffee Shop , Children 's Maritime Adventure Centre , HMS Trincomalee , PS Wingfield Castle and the Museum of Hartlepool . The PS Wingfield Castle , preserved at the Museum of Hartlepool is a floating exhibit and cafe . There are hundreds of other exhibits in the museum charting the history of the town from prehistoric times right up to the present day . One of the most popular features is the description of the Hartlepool monkey legend .
Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson , 1st Duke of Bronté , KB ( 29 September 1758 - 21 October 1805 ) was a British flag officer in the Royal Navy . His inspirational leadership , grasp of strategy , and unconventional tactics brought about a number of decisive British naval victories , particularly during the Napoleonic Wars . He was wounded in combat , losing sight in one eye in Corsica at the age of 36 , and most of one arm in the unsuccessful attempt to conquer Santa Cruz de Tenerife when he was 40 . He was fatally shot during his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . Nelson was born into a moderately prosperous Norfolk family and joined the navy through the influence of his uncle , Maurice Suckling , a high-ranking naval officer . Nelson rose rapidly through the ranks and served with leading naval commanders of the period before obtaining his own command at the age of 20 in 1778 . He developed a reputation for personal valour and firm grasp of tactics , but suffered periods of illness and unemployment after the end of the American War of Independence . The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars allowed Nelson to return to service , where he was particularly active in the Mediterranean . He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states . In 1797 , he distinguished himself while in command of HMS Captain at the Battle of Cape St Vincent . Shortly after that battle , Nelson took part in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , where the attack was defeated and he was badly wounded , losing his right arm , and was forced to return to England to recuperate . The following year he won a decisive victory over the French at the Battle of the Nile and remained in the Mediterranean to support the Kingdom of Naples against a French invasion .
Napoléon Bonaparte [ a ] ( /nəˈpoʊliən ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/ , French : [ napɔleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt ] ; 15 August 1769 - 5 May 1821 ) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars . He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days . Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars . He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles , building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815 . He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history , and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide . Napoleon 's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history . He was born Napoleone Buonaparte ( Italian : [ napoleˈoːne ˌbwɔnaˈparte ] ) in Corsica to a relatively modest Italian family from minor nobility . He was serving as an artillery officer in the French army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789 . He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military , seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24 . The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendémiaire revolt against the government from royalist insurgents . At age 26 , he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs - winning virtually every battle , conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing sister republics with local support , and becoming a war hero in France . In 1798 , he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power .
The Battle of Trafalgar ( 21 October 1805 ) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition ( August-December 1805 ) of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1803-1815 ) . As part of an overall French plan to combine all French and allied fleets to take control of the English Channel and enable Napoleon 's Grande Armée to invade England , French and Spanish fleets under French Admiral Villeneuve sailed from the port of Cádiz in the south of Spain on 18 October 1805 . They encountered the British fleet under Admiral Lord Nelson , recently assembled to meet this threat , in the Atlantic Ocean along the southwest coast of Spain , off Cape Trafalgar , near the town of Los Caños de Meca . Villeneuve was uncertain about engaging , and the Franco-Spanish fleet failed to fully organize . In contrast , Nelson was decisive , organizing the British fleet into two columns sailing straight into the enemy to pierce its wavering lines . In a fierce battle , 27 British ships of the line fought 33 French and Spanish ships of the line . Although the lead ships of the British columns were heavily battered , with Nelsons flagship HMS Victory nearly disabled , the greater experience and training of the Royal Navy overcame the greater numbers of the French and Spanish navies . The Franco-Spanish fleet lost 22 ships ; the British lost none . During the battle , Nelson was shot by a French musketeer , and he died shortly before the battle ended . Villeneuve was captured along with his flagship Bucentaure . He later attended Nelson 's funeral while a captive on parole in Britain . Admiral Federico Gravina , the senior Spanish flag officer , escaped with the remnant of the fleet .
Head of Steam , formerly known as the Darlington Railway Centre and Museum , is a railway museum located on the 1825 route of the Stockton and Darlington Railway , which was the world 's first steam-powered passenger railway . It is based inside the station building at the North Road railway station . Its exhibits are devoted to the area formerly served by the North Eastern Railway with a particular focus on the Stockton & Darlington Railway and the railway industry of Darlington .
Darlington is a large market town in County Durham , in North East England . With a population of 105,564 in 2011 , the town lies on the River Skerne , a tributary of the River Tees . The town is administered as part of the Borough of Darlington . The town owes much of its development to the influence of local Quaker families in the Georgian and Victorian era , and who provided much of the finance and vision in creating the Stockton and Darlington Railway , the world 's first steam locomotive powered , permanent passenger railway . The town is often colloquially referred to as 'Darlo ' .
The Heugh ( pronounced uff ) Gun Battery is located on the Headland at Hartlepool , County Durham , England .
HMS Trincomalee is a Royal Navy Leda-class sailing frigate built shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars . She is now restored as a museum ship in Hartlepool , England .
The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels .
The Leda-class frigates , were a successful class of forty-seven British Royal Navy 38-gun sailing frigates constructed from 1805-1832 . Based on a French design , the class came in five major groups , all with minor differences in their design . During their careers , they fought in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 . Forty-five of the 47 were eventually scrapped ; two still exist .
Hopetown Carriage Works , also known as the Stockton and Darlington Railway Carriage Works was a carriage works of the Stockton and Darlington Railway . built in 1853 in Hopetown , near Darlington , County Durham , England . The works built railway carriages from 1853 to around 1884 . Now preserved , it is still used as a museum workshop .
The North of England Lead Mining Museum , also known as Killhope , is an industrial museum near the village of Cowshill , County Durham , England . The museum stands on the site of the former Park Level Mine , which is being restored to show the workings of a 19th-century lead mine .
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The Museum of Archaeology , founded in 1833 , is a museum of the University of Durham in England . The museum has collections ranging from the prehistoric , Ancient Greece , Roman to Medieval .
Durham University ( legally the University of Durham ) is a collegiate public research university in Durham , England , founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837 . It was the first recognised university to open in England for more than 600 years , after Oxford and Cambridge , and is thus one of the institutions to be described as the third-oldest university in England . As a collegiate university its main functions are divided between the academic departments of the university and its 16 colleges . In general , the departments perform research and provide teaching to students , while the colleges are responsible for their domestic arrangements and welfare . The university is a member of the Russell Group of British research universities after previously being a member of the 1994 Group . Durham is also affiliated with the regional N8 Research Partnership and international university groups including the Matariki Network of Universities and the Coimbra Group . The university estate includes 63 listed buildings , ranging from the 11th-century Durham Castle to a 1930s Art Deco chapel . The university also owns and manages the Durham World Heritage Site in partnership with Durham Cathedral . The university 's ownership of the World Heritage Site includes Durham Castle , Palace Green , and the surrounding buildings including the historic Cosin 's Library . Among British universities , it had the eighth highest average UCAS Tariff for new entrants in 2016 and the third lowest proportion of state-school educated students starting courses in 2016 , at 62.9 per cent ( fifth lowest compared to its benchmark ) . The university is currently ranked 5th to 7th by recent national league tables of the British universities , 74th to 114th in three of the four major global tables and in the 201-300 range in the fourth ( see below ) . It was Sunday Times University of the Year for 2005 , and the Times and Sunday Times Sports University of the Year for 2015 , and was awarded a Queen 's Anniversary Prize in 2018 .
The Museum of Hartlepool opened in 1996 and is located within the attraction Hartlepool 's Maritime Experience . It houses the collections once on display in the Gray Art Gallery and Museum and the Maritime Museum which was on the Headland , Hartlepool , both are now closed . The fine art collections are displayed at Hartlepool Art Gallery . It is free to enter and houses hundreds of exhibits telling the story of Hartlepool , England , a North East coastal town with a rich heritage in shipbuilding , fishing and the sea . The largest exhibit is the Paddle Steam Ship PS Wingfield Castle . Built in 1934 , for many years it served as a passenger ferry across the Humber . It was restored in Hartlepool and now is a floating exhibit and houses a coffee shop . Other exhibits include the first gas illuminated lighthouse , a 'sea monster ' or merman , a real coble boat to climb upon and 'Peat Seaton ' , the oldest resident of Hartlepool . You can also find out about the famous Monkey Legend , and why Hartlepudlians are often referred to as a Monkey hanger . There is a temporary exhibition area in the museum which displays local , regional and national exhibitions .
The PS Wingfield Castle is a former Humber Estuary ferry , now preserved as a museum ship in Hartlepool , County Durham , England . The Wingfield Castle was built by William Gray & Company at Hartlepool , and launched in 1934 , along with a sister ship , the Tattershall Castle . A third similar vessel , the Lincoln Castle built in Glasgow , was launched in 1940 . She was earmarked to become a floating restaurant in Swansea Marina in the early 1980s but was too wide to fit through the lock gates . She is now preserved at the Museum of Hartlepool as a floating exhibit at Jackson Dock , as part of the Hartlepool 's Maritime Experience visitor attraction , which also includes HMS Trincomalee .