List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
U.S. Presidential candidates : Party nominees -- Candidates receiving popular votes
Table:
Year
Name
Party
Running Mate
Votes

1904
George Edwin Taylor[2]
National Liberty Party
W.C. Payne
scattering[3]

1960
Clennon King
Independent Afro-American Party
Reginald Carter
1,485

1964
Clifton DeBerry
Socialist Workers Party
Ed Shaw
32,706

1968
Eldridge Cleaver
Peace and Freedom Party
Various candidates
36,623[4]

1968
Dick Gregory
Freedom and Peace Party
Various candidates
47,097

1968
Charlene Mitchell
Communist Party
Michael Zagarell
1,076

1976
Margaret Wright
People's Party
Benjamin Spock
49,013

1980
Clifton DeBerry
Socialist Workers Party
Matilde Zimmermann
38,738

1980
Andrew Pulley
Socialist Workers Party
Matilde Zimmermann
6,264[5]

1984
Larry Holmes
Workers World Party
Gloria La Riva
17,985

1984
Dennis L. Serrette
New Alliance Party
Nancy Ross
46,853

1984
Edward Winn
Socialist Equality Party
Helen Halyard
10,801

1988
Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
Joyce Dattner
217,219

1988
Larry Holmes
Workers World Party
Gloria La Riva
7,846

1988
James Warren
Socialist Workers Party
Kathleen Mickells
15,602

1988
Edward Winn
Socialist Equality Party
Helen Halyard
18,693

1992
Ronald Daniels
Peace and Freedom Party
Asiba Tupahache
27,949

1992
Lenora Fulani
New Alliance Party
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz
73,714

1992
Helen Halyard
Workers League
Fred Mazelis
3,050

1992
Isabell Masters
Looking Back Party
Walter Masters
327

Consulting the given table and the background passages listed below.

Provide an answer to this question: Which city was the founding site of the political group affiliated with Dennis L. Serrette in 1984 ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1904 . Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominee , Alton B. Parker . Roosevelt 's victory made him the first president to win a term in his own right after having ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor , William McKinley . Roosevelt took office in September 1901 following the assassination of his predecessor . After the February 1904 death of McKinley 's ally , Senator Mark Hanna , Roosevelt faced little opposition at the 1904 Republican National Convention . The conservative Bourbon Democrat allies of former President Grover Cleveland temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of William Jennings Bryan , and the 1904 Democratic National Convention nominated Alton B. Parker , Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals . Parker triumphed on the second ballot of the convention , defeating newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst . As there was little difference between the candidates ' positions , the race was largely based on their personalities ; the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was arbitrary and erratic . Republicans emphasized Roosevelt 's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies . Roosevelt easily defeated Parker , sweeping every region in the nation except the South . Two third-party candidates , Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Silas C. Swallow of the Prohibition Party , each took over 1% of the popular vote . Roosevelt 's popular vote margin of 18.8% was the largest since James Monroe 's victory in the 1820 presidential election .
George Edwin Taylor ( August 4 , 1857 - December 23 , 1925 ) was an American journalist , activist , and politician , who was the candidate of the National Negro Liberty Party for the office of President of the United States in 1904 . He was the first African American to run for president . Taylor was born in Little Rock , Arkansas to a slave father and a free mother . After becoming an orphan , he arrived in La Crosse , Wisconsin in 1865 , where he attended school and obtained early experiences as a journalist and labor/political activist . In 1891 Taylor left Wisconsin for Oskaloosa , Iowa where he published a weekly newspaper , the Negro Solicitor . In the 1890s , Taylor transitioned from Independent Republican to Democrat . In 1892 , he was founder and president of the National Colored Men 's Protection League and in 1900 was president of the National Negro Democratic League , the Negro Bureau within the National Democratic Party . In 1904 , Taylor joined the National Negro Liberty Party as its candidate for the office of president of the United States . He reconnected with the Democratic Party after the failure of his 1904 election campaign . Taylor married three times : Mary Hall of Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin ; Cora Cooper Buckner of Oskaloosa , Iowa ; and Marion Tillinghast of Green Cove Springs , Florida . He owned or edited two newspapers ( Wisconsin Labor Advocate of La Crosse , Wisconsin and Negro Solicitor of Oskaloosa and Ottumwa , Iowa ) and was editor of the Black Star edition of Florida Times-Union of Jacksonville , Florida , the largest newspaper in Florida at the beginning of the twentieth century . Taylor was a Mason , a community organizer , and a supporter of free silver and anti-imperialism .
The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1960 . In a closely contested election , Democrat United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon , the Republican Party nominee . This was the first election in which fifty states participated and the last in which the District of Columbia did not . It was the first election in which an incumbent president was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment . It is also the last election where the losing candidate won Ohio . Nixon faced little opposition in the Republican race to succeed popular incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower . Kennedy , a U.S . Senator from Massachusetts , established himself as the Democratic front-runner with his strong performance in the 1960 Democratic primaries , including a key victory in West Virginia over United States Senator Hubert Humphrey . He defeated Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson on the first presidential ballot of the 1960 Democratic National Convention , and asked Johnson to serve as his running mate . The issue of the Cold War dominated the election , as tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union . Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory and is generally considered to have won the national popular vote by 112,827 , a margin of 0.17 percent , though some argue that Nixon should be credited with the popular vote victory , as the issue of the popular vote was complicated by the presence of several unpledged electors in the Deep South .
Clennon Washington King Jr. ( July 18 , 1920 - February 12 , 2000 ) was the first African-American man to run for the office of President of the United States , and whose attempts at civil rights actions and running for office as a perennial candidate caused him to be nicknamed The Black Don Quixote .
The 1964 United States presidential election was the 45th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1964 . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Barry Goldwater , the Republican nominee . With 61.1% of the popular vote , Johnson won the largest share of the popular vote of any candidate since the largely uncontested 1820 election . Johnson took office on November 22 , 1963 , following the assassination of his predecessor , John F. Kennedy . He easily defeated a primary challenge by segregationist Governor George Wallace of Alabama to win nomination to a full term . At the 1964 Democratic National Convention , Johnson also won the nomination of his preferred running mate , United States Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . United States Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona , a leader of his party 's conservative faction , defeated moderate Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York and Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania at the 1964 Republican National Convention . Johnson championed his passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , and his campaign advocated a series of anti-poverty programs collectively known as the Great Society . Goldwater espoused a low-tax , small government philosophy , and opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Democrats successfully portrayed Goldwater as a dangerous extremist , most famously in the Daisy television advertisement . The Republican Party was divided between its moderate and conservative factions , with Rockefeller and other moderate party leaders refusing to campaign for Goldwater .
Clifton DeBerry ( 1924-2006 ) was an American communist and two-time candidate for President of the United States of the Socialist Workers Party . He was the first black American in the 20th century to be chosen by a political party as its nominee for president .
The Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) is known as a communist party in the United States . Originally a group in the Communist Party USA that supported Leon Trotsky against Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , it places a priority on solidarity work to aid strikes and is strongly supportive of Cuba . The SWP publishes The Militant , a weekly newspaper that dates back to 1928 . It also maintains Pathfinder Press .
Edward Ed Shaw ( July 13 , 1923 - October 1995 ) was an American socialist and lifelong member of the Socialist Workers Party .
The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 5 , 1968 . The Republican nominee , former Vice President Richard Nixon , defeated the Democratic nominee , incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Analysts have argued the election of 1968 was a major realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years . Incumbent Democratic United States President Lyndon B. Johnson had been the early front-runner for his party 's nomination , but he announced his withdrawal from the race after anti-Vietnam War candidate United States Senator Eugene McCarthy finished second in the New Hampshire primary . McCarthy , former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , and Vice President Hubert Humphrey emerged as the three major candidates in the Democratic primaries until Kennedy was assassinated on June 5 , 1968 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , California . Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which saw numerous anti-war protests . Nixon entered the 1968 Republican primaries as the front-runner , and he defeated Nelson Rockefeller , Ronald Reagan , and other candidates at the 1968 Republican National Convention to win his party 's nomination . Governor George Wallace of Alabama ran on the American Independent Party ticket , campaigning in favor of racial segregation . The election year was tumultuous ; it was marked by the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4 , 1968 in Memphis , Tennessee , subsequent King assassination riots across the nation , the assassination of Kennedy , and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses . Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation 's cities and provide new leadership in the Vietnam War . A year later , he would popularize the term silent majority to describe those he viewed as being his target voters .
Leroy Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31 , 1935 - May 1 , 1998 ) was an American writer , and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party . In 1968 , Cleaver wrote Soul on Ice , a collection of essays that , at the time of its publication , was praised by The New York Times Book Review as brilliant and revealing . Cleaver stated in Soul on Ice : If a man like Malcolm X could change and repudiate racism , if I myself and other former Muslims can change , if young whites can change , then there is hope for America . Cleaver went on to become a prominent member of the Black Panthers , having the titles Minister of Information and Head of the International Section of the Panthers , while a fugitive from the United States criminal justice system in Cuba and Algeria . He became a fugitive after leading an ambush on Oakland police officers , during which two officers were wounded . Cleaver was also wounded during the ambush and Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed . As editor of the official Panthers ' newspaper , The Black Panther , Cleaver 's influence on the direction of the Party was rivaled only by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale . Cleaver and Newton eventually fell out with each other , resulting in a split that weakened the party . After spending seven years in exile in Cuba , Algeria , and France , Cleaver returned to the US in 1975 , where he became involved in various religious groups ( Unification Church and CARP ) before finally joining the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , as well as becoming a conservative Republican , appearing at Republican events .
The Peace and Freedom Party ( PFP ) is a left-wing political party with affiliates and former members in more than a dozen American states , including California , Colorado , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana and Utah , but none now have ballot status besides California . Peace and Freedom 's first candidates appeared on the ballot in 1966 in New York . The Peace and Freedom Party of California was organized in early 1967 , gathering over 103,000 registrants which qualified its ballot status in January 1968 under the California Secretary of State Report of Registration . The Peace and Freedom Party has appeared in other states as an anti-war and pro-civil rights organization opposed to the Vietnam War and in support of black liberation , farm-worker organizing , women 's liberation , and the gay rights movements . The party 's presidential candidates were Leonard Peltier in 2004 , Ralph Nader in 2008 , Roseanne Barr in 2012 and Gloria La Riva in 2016 .
Richard Claxton Gregory ( October 12 , 1932 - August 19 , 2017 ) was an American comedian , civil rights activist , social critic , writer , and occasional actor . During the 1960s , Gregory became a pioneer in stand-up comedy for his no-holds-barred sets , in which he mocked bigotry and racism . He performed primarily to black audiences at segregated clubs until 1961 , when he became the first black comedian to successfully cross over to white audiences , appearing on television and putting out comedy record albums . Gregory was at the forefront of political activism in the 1960s , when he protested the Vietnam War and racial injustice . He was arrested multiple times and went on many hunger strikes . He later became a speaker and author , primarily promoting spirituality . Gregory died of heart failure at a Washington , D.C. , hospital at age 84 in August 2017 .
Charlene Alexander Mitchell ( born c. 1930 ) is an African-American international socialist , feminist , labor and civil rights activist . Formerly a member of the Communist Party USA , which she joined at 16 - emerging as one of the most influential leaders in the party from the late 1950s to the 1980s - she now belongs to the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CCDS ) .
The Communist Party USA , officially the Communist Party of the United States of America ( CPUSA ) , is a communist party in the United States established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution . The history of the CPUSA is closely related to the American labor movement and communist parties worldwide . Initially operating underground due to the Palmer Raids starting in the First Red Scare , the party was influential in American politics in the first half of the 20th century and played a prominent role in the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s , becoming known for opposing racism and racial segregation after sponsoring the defense for the Scottsboro Boys in 1931 . Its membership increased during the Great Depression , and they played a key role in the Congress of Industrial Organizations . The CPUSA subsequently declined due to events such as the beginning of the Cold War , the second Red Scare , and the influence of McCarthyism . Its opposition to the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were unpopular , with its endorsed candidate Henry A. Wallace under-performing in the 1948 presidential election . Its support for the Soviet Union increasingly alienated it from the rest of the left in the United States in the 1960s . The CPUSA received significant funding from the Soviet Union and crafted its public positions to match those of Moscow . The CPUSA also used a covert apparatus to assist the Soviets with their intelligence activities in the United States and utilized a network of front organizations to shape public opinion . The CPUSA opposed glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union and as a result major funding from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ended in 1989 . The party remains committed to Marxism-Leninism .
Charlene Alexander Mitchell ( born c. 1930 ) is an African-American international socialist , feminist , labor and civil rights activist . Formerly a member of the Communist Party USA , which she joined at 16 - emerging as one of the most influential leaders in the party from the late 1950s to the 1980s - she now belongs to the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CCDS ) .
The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 2 , 1976 . Democrat Jimmy Carter of Georgia defeated incumbent Republican President Gerald Ford from Michigan . Carter 's win represented the lone Democratic victory in a presidential election held between 1968 and 1992 . President Richard Nixon had won the 1972 election with Spiro Agnew as his running mate , but in 1973 Agnew resigned and Ford was appointed as vice president via the 25th Amendment . When Nixon resigned in 1974 in the wake of the Watergate scandal , Ford ascended to the presidency , becoming the only president to have never been elected to national office . He faced a strong challenge from conservative former governor and future president Ronald Reagan of California in the Republican primaries , but Ford narrowly prevailed at the convention . Carter was little-known at the start of the Democratic primaries , but the former governor of Georgia emerged as the front-runner after his victories in the first set of primaries . Campaigning as a political moderate and Washington outsider , Carter defeated opponents such as Jerry Brown and Mo Udall to clinch the Democratic nomination . Ford pursued a Rose Garden strategy in which he sought to portray himself as an experienced leader focused on fulfilling his role as chief executive . Carter emphasized his status as a reformer who was untainted by Washington . Saddled with a poor economy , the fall of South Vietnam and his unpopular pardon of Nixon , Ford trailed by a wide margin in polls taken after Carter 's formal nomination in July 1976 .
Margaret Wright ( c. 1922/1923 - May 11 , 1996 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States and a community activist in Los Angeles , California . Wright was a shipyard worker during World War II , and one of the principals of the film The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter . In the 1976 United States presidential election , Wright represented the People 's Party , and her running mate was Benjamin Spock , who had been their presidential candidate in 1972 . Their ticket was also endorsed by the Peace and Freedom Party . Bumper stickers advertised her as a Socialist for President . The ticket received 49,016 votes ( 0.06% ) Wright was also a founder and activist of Women against Racism in the Watts section of Los Angeles .
The People 's Party was a political party in the United States , founded in 1971 by various individuals and state and local political parties , including the Peace and Freedom Party , Commongood People 's Party , Country People 's Caucus , Human Rights Party , Liberty Union , New American Party , New Party ( Arizona ) , and No Party . The party 's goal was to present a united anti-war platform for the coming election . The People 's Party ran for the presidency two times . First in U.S. presidential election , 1972 with Dr. Benjamin Spock ( an American pediatrician and author of parenting books ) as their candidate . The party also contested the U.S. presidential election , 1976 . The presidential candidate this time was Margaret Wright . Dr. Spock was the Party 's candidate for vice president . After the election , the party moved to become a loose coalition , but was soon defunct , with most of its founding parties also dissolved . The party 's papers are now in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection of the University of Missouri-St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri , having been where the party had held its conventions .
Benjamin McLane Spock ( May 2 , 1903 - March 15 , 1998 ) was an American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care ( 1946 ) is one of the best-selling volumes in history . The book 's premise to mothers is that you know more than you think you do . Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children 's needs and family dynamics . His ideas about childcare influenced several generations of parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children , and to treat them as individuals . However , his theories were also widely criticized by colleagues for relying too heavily on anecdotal evidence rather than serious academic research . Spock was an activist in the New Left and anti Vietnam War movements during the 1960s and early 1970s . At the time , his books were criticized for propagating permissiveness and an expectation of instant gratification which allegedly led young people to join these movements - a charge that Spock denied . Spock also won an Olympic gold medal in rowing in 1924 while attending Yale University .
The 1980 United States presidential election was the 49th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1980 . Republican nominee Ronald Reagan defeated Democrat Jimmy Carter . Due to the rise of conservatism following Reagan 's victory , some historians consider the election to be a realigning election that marked the start of the Reagan Era . Carter 's unpopularity and poor relations with Democratic leaders encouraged an intra-party challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy , a younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy . Carter defeated Kennedy in the majority of the Democratic primaries , but Kennedy remained in the race until Carter was officially nominated at the 1980 Democratic National Convention . The Republican primaries were contested between Reagan , who had previously served as the Governor of California , former Congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas , Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois , and several other candidates . All of Reagan 's opponents had dropped out by the end of the primaries , and the 1980 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket consisting of Reagan and Bush . Anderson entered the race as an independent candidate , and convinced former Wisconsin Governor Patrick Lucey , a Democrat , to serve as his running mate . Reagan campaigned for increased defense spending , implementation of supply-side economic policies , and a balanced budget . His campaign was aided by Democratic dissatisfaction with Carter , the Iran hostage crisis , and a worsening economy at home marked by high unemployment and inflation . Carter attacked Reagan as a dangerous right-wing extremist and warned that Reagan would cut Medicare and Social Security .
Matilde Zimmermann ( born September 6 , 1943 ) is an American author and professor who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1980 . The party had three different Presidential candidates that year , Andrew Pulley , Richard H. Congress and Clifton DeBerry depending on the state . She was at the time a writer for the party newspaper The Militant . Zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states in 1984 ; Melvin T. Mason was the presidential candidate . Zimmermann ( PhD History 1998 ) is the Residente Director of SLC ( Sarah Lawrence College ) in Cuba and is a faculty member in History an Global Studies al SLC . She has been based in Havana the last two fall semesters ( 2003 and 2004 ) as Director of SLC in Cuba . Because of the new U.S. restrictions on undergraduate academic programs in Cuba , Sarah Lawrence is now the only program of U.S. students at the University of Havana .
Andrew Pulley ( born May 5 , 1951 ) is a former American politician who ran as Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1972 ; at the time he was twenty years old , making him ineligible under the United States Constitution . Along with presidential candidate Linda Jenness , he received 52,799 votes . At the time he ran , he was a civil rights movement supporter , steel mill worker and Vietnam War U.S. Army veteran who had opposed the war . He ran for Mayor of Chicago , Illinois in 1979 and then was the SWP candidate for president in 1980 , when he received 40,105 votes .
The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 6 , 1984 . Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale , the Democratic candidate . Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans , so he and Vice President George H. W. Bush were easily re-nominated . Mondale defeated activist Jesse Jackson and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries before eventually choosing U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate , the first woman to be on a major party 's presidential ticket . Reagan touted a strong economic recovery from the 1970s stagflation and the 1981-82 recession , as well as the widespread perception that his presidency had overseen a revival of national confidence and prestige . The Reagan campaign produced effective television advertising and deftly neutralized concerns regarding Reagan 's age . Mondale criticized Reagan 's supply-side economic policies and budget deficits , and he called for a nuclear freeze and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . Reagan won 58.8% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states , becoming the oldest person to win a presidential election . Reagan 's showing ranks fifth in the share of electoral votes received and fifth in the share of the popular vote won . No candidate since 1984 has equaled Reagan 's share of the electoral vote , although his popular vote was eventually surpassed by Bush in 2004 ( 62 million ) and subsequent candidates . Mondale received 40.6% of the popular vote , but carried only the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota .
Larry Holmes is the highest official of the Workers World Party , holding the position of first secretary , and a member of the party Secretariat . He founded the Millions for Mumia movement , which seeks the release of Mumia Abu-Jamal , and co-founded the anti-war movement International ANSWER . He is a strong supporter of immigrants rights , and black and brown unity . He twice ran for President of the United States on the Workers World Party ( WWP ) ticket , in 1984 and 1988 . He was the vice presidential candidate of the WWP in 1992 . In September of 2010 , Holmes was among the individuals and members of the organizations who attended the conference of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during his visit in New York . The leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran was in New York to attend the annual UN General Assembly .
The Workers World Party ( WWP ) is a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States founded in 1959 by a group led by Sam Marcy of the Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) . Marcy and his followers split from the SWP in 1958 over a series of long-standing differences , among them their support for Henry A. Wallace 's Progressive Party in 1948 , the positive view they held of the Chinese Revolution led by Mao Zedong and their defense of the 1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary , all of which the SWP opposed . The WWP describes itself as a party that has since its founding supported the struggles of all oppressed peoples . It has recognized the right of nations to self-determination , including the nationally oppressed peoples inside the United States . It supports affirmative action as necessary in the fight for equality and it opposes all forms of racism and religious bigotry . The WWP and its affiliate Youth Against War and Fascism ( YAWF ) were noted for their consistent defense of the Black Panthers , the Weather Underground , the Vietnam Veterans Against the War and the Puerto Rican Independence movement . The WWP was also an early advocate of gay rights and remains especially active in this area . The WWP has published Workers World since 1959 . The newspaper has been a weekly since 1974 .
Gloria Estela La Riva ( born August 13 , 1954 ) is an American socialist activist who is a member of the Party for Socialism and Liberation ( PSL ) and the Peace and Freedom Party . She is PSLs nominee and a candidate for the Peace and Freedoms nomination in the 2020 presidential election , her tenth consecutive candidacy as either a presidential or vice presidential candidate . She was previously a member of the Workers World Party . She ran as the PSL 's and the Peace and Freedom Party´s presidential candidate in the 2016 presidential election , with Eugene Puryear and Dennis J . Banks as her running mates respectively . She was PSL 's presidential nominee in the 2008 presidential election .
Dennis L. Serrette , born in Harlem , New York in the 1940s , was the New Alliance Party candidate for United States President in the 1984 presidential election . His running mate was Nancy Ross . He split with the party after the election . Serrette has been a union activist since 1964 . In 1972 he became a founding member of the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists . He was also a vice president of a local of the Communication Workers of America and is currently the CWA 's Education Specialist . At present , he is also the president of the United Association for Labor Education . Dennis Serrette was first recruited as a presidential candidate by the Consumer Party of Pennsylvanias chairman Max Weiner . He was later recruited by Peter Diamondstone , chairman of the Liberty Union Party of Vermont . As a long time activist and trade unionist he led struggles in the Harlem community against the closing of Sydenham Hospital , chaired the Committee to save the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture , and as Vice President of Local 1101 led the longest and militant strike against the New York Telephone company which went seven and half months ( July 1971 through 1972 ) . He was a founding member of the CWA Black Caucus in 1971 .
The New Alliance Party ( NAP ) was an American political party formed in New York City in 1979 . Its immediate precursor was an umbrella organization known as the Labor Community Alliance for Change , whose member groups included the Coalition of Grass Roots Women and the New York City Unemployed and Welfare Council . These groups were all associated with controversial psychologist and political activist Fred Newman , whose radical healthcare collectives , Centers for Change and Marxist International Workers Party , were active in grassroots politics in New York City . The NAP 's first chairperson was then-South Bronx City Councilman Gilberto Gerena-Valentin , a veteran political activist from Puerto Rico . The party is notable for getting African-American psychologist Lenora Fulani on the ballot in all 50 states during her first presidential campaign in 1988 , making her both the first African-American and woman to do so .
Edward Winn ( February 12 , 1937 - June 25 , 1995 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) . In 1984 his running mate varied from state to state , being either Helen Halyard ( e.g . in Pennsylvania ) Archived copy ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2003 . Retrieved August 17 , 2013.CS1 maint : archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original-url status unknown no-repeat ; background-position : right .1em center } . Winn had been a sixteen-year member of the party 's Central Committee , and an executive board member of the Transport Workers Union Local 100 and played a leading role in the 1980 New York City transit strike .
The Socialist Equality Party ( SEP ) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States , one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . The ICFI publishes daily news articles , perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house . The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League , the US supporters of the ICFI . The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International ( ACFI ) , headed by Tim Wohlforth , which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party , in opposition to the latter 's support for Castroism . According to the party 's website , the SEP seeks not to reform capitalism , but to create a socialist , democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers ' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy . We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism - that is , for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet . In 2008 , the SEP held its official founding congress , where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history . It has participated in elections in the United States , including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016 , and Niemuth in Michigan 's 12th congressional district in 2018 .
Helen Halyard ( born 1951 ) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1992 presidential election , representing the Socialist Equality Party ( US ) , also called the Workers League . One of the relatively few African-American candidates to run for president , she had previously run twice as their vice-presidential candidate , as Edward Winn 's running mate , also African-American . She ran for the United States House of Representatives from New York 's 14th congressional district in 1974 , losing to Fred Richmond . In 1976 she ran for the House again , for New York 's 19th congressional district , losing to incumbent Charles B. Rangel . In 1982 she ran against and lost to incumbent Donald W. Riegle , Jr. for United States Senator from Michigan . She was the party 's candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1984 . She also ran for Mayor of Detroit in 1985 and 1989 . Living in Detroit , Michigan in 1988 , she was then the chair of the party 's presidential effort , having to lead a petition to get onto the ballot in Alabama , and criticized Jesse Jackson 's campaign . She ran again for Congress from Michigan in 1994 , in which she was allowed into a debate with the major party candidates , winning 1,329 votes in the election and losing to Lynn N. Rivers and again in 1996 . As a member of the editorial board of the party 's website in 2002 she continued to criticize Jackson , as well as the Workers World Party for being in her opinion too close to the Democrats . She was serving as the Assistant National Secretary of the party in 2008 .
The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote .
Lenora Branch Fulani ( born April 25 , 1950 ) is an American psychologist , psychotherapist , and political activist . She is best known for her presidential campaigns and development of youth programs serving minority communities in the New York City area . In the 1988 United States presidential election heading the New Alliance Party ticket , she became the first woman and the first African American to achieve ballot access in all fifty states . She received more votes for president in a U.S. general election than any other woman in history until Jill Stein of the Green Party of the United States in 2012 . Fulani 's political concerns include racial equality , gay rights and , for the past decade , political reform , specifically to encourage third parties . In her career , Fulani has worked closely since 1980 with Fred Newman , a New York-based psychotherapist and political activist who has often served as her campaign manager . Newman developed the theory and practice of Social Therapy in the 1970s , founding the New York Institute for Social Therapy in 1977 . Along with psychologist Lois Holzman , Fulani has worked to incorporate the social therapeutic approach into youth-oriented programs , most notably the New York City-based All Stars Project , which she co-founded in 1981 . In 1993 , Fulani joined activists who supported Ross Perot for president in the 1992 United States presidential election in a national effort to create a new pro-reform party . In 1994 she led formation of the Committee for a Unified Independent Party ( CUIP ) . For years Fulani was active with Newman 's version of the International Workers Party ( IWP ) . More recently she has been active with the Independence Party of New York , which was founded in Rochester in 1991 .
Joyce Dattner is a U.S. life coach and works and resides in San Francisco , California . Dattner was one of the six Vice Presidential candidates of the New Alliance Party and its candidate Lenora Fulani in the 1988 presidential election . In that election , she and Fulani became the first women to achieve ballot access in all 50 states .
James Mac Warren is a journalist and steel worker who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States President in 1988 and 1992 . His running mate in 1988 was Kathleen Mickells , and in 1992 he had two : Estelle DeBates and Willie Mae Reid , varying from state to state . Warren and his running mates received 23,533 votes ( 0.02% ) Warren also ran against incumbent Richard M. Daley for mayor of Chicago in 1991 , receiving less than 1% of the vote .
The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas , and a number of minor candidates . Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes , but he fended off a primary challenge from conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . Bush 's popularity after his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries . Clinton , a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council , established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries . He defeated former and future Governor of California Jerry Brown , former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas , and other candidates to win his party 's nomination , and chose Senator Al Gore as his running mate . Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign , emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt . The economy was in recession and Bush 's greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War . Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992 , but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July . The Bush campaign criticized Clinton 's character and emphasized Bush 's foreign policy successes , while Clinton focused on the economy . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote , breaking a streak of three straight Republican victories .
Ronald Daniels ( born 1942 or 1943 ) is a professor and politician and was a third-party candidate ( Peace and Freedom Party ) for President of the United States in the 1992 U.S. presidential election in California . His running mate was Asiba Tupahache . He was on the ballot in Iowa and Utah as the candidate of his own Campaign for a New Tomorrow Party , the Labour & Farm Party of Wisconsin , write-ins as North Central Citizens ' League/Progressive Party-1924 , CCRPP , or independent in Minnesota , North Dakota , and Michigan as well as some in Iowa and Wisconsin , and in New Jersey as the Independent Party . The Daniels-Tupahache ticket received 27,949 votes for 0.03% of the national vote according to the published Clerk of the House of Representatives , Associated Press , Reuters , and National League of Women Voters totals , and probably right around 28,000 with scattered write-in votes across the country taken into account . The ticket received some daily and weekly newspaper endorsements as well as being endorsed by a number of campus , labor , or political publications , being among the six tickets to receive the endorsements of general-interest daily and weekly newspapers which did in 1992 including the Reform ( Perot ) , Libertarian ( Marrou ) , and US Taxpayers ( Phillips ) tickets in addition to Bush and Clinton . [ citation needed ] Daniels was previously the Executive Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights and the Executive Director of Jesse Jackson 's National Rainbow Coalition , and worked on Jackson 's 1984 presidential campaign and was then Deputy Campaign Manager for Jackson 's 1988 presidential campaign . Daniels is a political science professor at CUNY 's York College in Jamaica Queens and appears periodically on television and radio public affairs programs such as Hannity & Colmes .
Asiba Tupahache is a Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York and was a vice presidential candidate in the 1992 election on Peace and Freedom Party ticket , accompanying Ronald Daniels . Born in Long Island , New York , she is a former public school teacher , an advocate of homeschooling , and a mother of two . She authored the book Taking Another Look and its accompanying audiocassette , and is the editor and publisher of The Spirit of January Reflection , formerly titled The Spirit of January Monthly .
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz , a Chicana activist , was a third-party candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1992 United States presidential election , representing the New Alliance Party ( NAP ) as the running mate of Lenora Fulani . Muñoz also introduced her brother Fernando to the NAP , according to Fulani . Muñoz had been the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in the 1986 ( 51,995 votes 0.7% ) and 1990 gubernatorial elections ( 88,707 Votes 1.3% ) . Fulani had previously tried to gain that party 's nomination for President in 1988 . In 1988 Muñoz ran for the US Senate in California on the Peace and Freedom Party ballot line , finishing third , with 166,600 votes for 1.71% of the total vote .
The Socialist Equality Party ( SEP ) is a Trotskyist political party in the United States , one of several Socialist Equality parties around the world affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International ( ICFI ) . The ICFI publishes daily news articles , perspectives and commentaries on the World Socialist Web Site and maintains Mehring Books as publishing house . The SEP was formed in 1995 by the Workers League , the US supporters of the ICFI . The Workers League had been founded in 1966 by the American Committee for the Fourth International ( ACFI ) , headed by Tim Wohlforth , which emerged out of a split with the Socialist Workers Party , in opposition to the latter 's support for Castroism . According to the party 's website , the SEP seeks not to reform capitalism , but to create a socialist , democratic and egalitarian society through the establishment of a workers ' government and the revolutionary transformation of the world economy . We seek to unify workers in the United States and internationally in the common struggle for socialism - that is , for equality and the rational and democratic utilization of the wealth of the planet . In 2008 , the SEP held its official founding congress , where it adopted a statement of principles and official organizational history . It has participated in elections in the United States , including running Jerry White for President and Niles Niemuth for Vice President in 2016 , and Niemuth in Michigan 's 12th congressional district in 2018 .
Fred Mazelis was a third-party candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections , representing the Socialist Equality Party . He was the running mate of Helen Halyard and Jerome White respectively . He had also been the party 's candidate for U.S . Senator from Michigan in 1984 . In 1989 , he ran for Mayor of New York . Mazelis was a founding member of the Worker 's League .
Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters .
Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters .
Isabell Masters PhD ( January 9 , 1913 - September 11 , 2011 ) of Topeka , Kansas , was a five-time perennial third-party candidate ( Looking Back Party ) for President of the United States . Masters ' five presidential campaigns are the most for any woman in U.S. history . She was a candidate in the 1984 United States presidential election , 1992 ( 339 votes ) , 1996 , and 2004 presidential elections . In 1996 , she was only on the ballot in Arkansas ( but also received a few votes in California and Maryland ) ( 752 votes total , 2000 ) . Her 1992 running mate was her son , Walter Ray Masters , and her 1996 running mate was her daughter , Shirley Jean Masters .