List of alumni of University College, Oxford
Alumni -- Politicians and civil servants
Table:
Name

M

G

Degree

Notes

Ref

Clement Attlee (F)

1901

1904

BA Modern History (2nd)

British Prime Minister

[3]

Sir Jeremy Beecham

1962

1965

Law (1st)

Labour politician

-

Kofi Abrefa Busia

1941

1947

BA PPE, DPhil

Prime Minister of Ghana

-

Robert Cecil

?

?

Law

A founder of the League of Nations, Nobel Peace Prize 1937.

-

Bill Clinton (HF)

1968

1970

[DNG]

42nd President of the United States of America

-

William de Silva

?

?

?

Ceylonese politician

-

Andrew George

?

1981

MA Agricultural Economics

Liberal Democrat MP

-

Richard Fuller

?

?

?

Conservative MP

-

Philip Hammond

?

?

PPE

Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer 2016–present, Foreign Secretary 2014–2016

-

Bob Hawke (HF)

?

?

BLitt

Australian Prime Minister (Labor)

-

Festus Mogae (HF)

?

?

Economics

President of Botswana

-

Colin Moynihan

1974

1977

BA PPE

Silver medal 1980 Olympics, Conservative MP 1983–92, Minister for Sport 1987–90, Chairman British Olympic Association 2005

-

Robert Reich

1968

1970

PPE

22nd United States Secretary of Labor (Democratic Party)

-

David Renton (HF)

?

?

Law

MP

-

John Scott

?

1770

BA

Lord Chancellor of Great Britain

-

Roger Short

?

?

?

British consul-general to Turkey

-

Rajiva Wijesinha

?

?

Literae humaniores

University teacher; Sri Lankan Liberal Party MP, 2010–15

-

Tan Jee Say

1973

1976

PPE

Singaporean politician and former civil servant

-

Henry Thrale

1744

?

?

MP

-

William Weld

?

?

Economics

governor of Massachusetts

-

Based on the tabular data and the textual context listed below.

Give the answer to the question: Considering the the oxford alumni born in 14 November 1944 , What social role he was known for ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Clement Richard Attlee , 1st Earl Attlee , KG , OM , CH , PC , FRS ( 3 January 1883 - 8 October 1967 ) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955 . He was twice Leader of the Opposition ( 1935-1940 , 1951-1955 ) . The son of a London solicitor , Attlee was born into a middle-class family . After attending private schools and the University of Oxford , he practised as a barrister . The volunteer work he carried out in London 's East End exposed him to poverty and his political views shifted leftwards thereafter . He joined the Independent Labour Party , gave up his legal career , and began lecturing at the London School of Economics . His work was interrupted by service as an officer in the First World War . In 1919 , he became mayor of Stepney and in 1922 was elected Member of Parliament for Limehouse . Attlee served in the first Labour minority government led by Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 , and then joined the Cabinet during MacDonald 's second minority ( 1929-1931 ) . After retaining his seat in Labour 's landslide defeat of 1931 , he became the party 's Deputy Leader . Elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935 , and at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament , he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler and Mussolini in the lead-up to the Second World War . Attlee took Labour into the wartime coalition government in 1940 and served under Winston Churchill , initially as Lord Privy Seal and then as Deputy Prime Minister from 1942 .
The history of the world , in common parlance , is the history of humanity ( or human history ) , as determined from archeology , anthropology , genetics , linguistics , and other disciplines ; and , for periods since the invention of writing , from recorded history and from secondary sources and studies . Humanity 's written history was preceded by its prehistory , beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) , followed by the Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) . The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin , between 8000 and 5000 BCE , in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent . During this period , humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals . As agriculture advanced , most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements . The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed communities to expand into increasingly larger units , fostered by advances in transportation . Whether in prehistoric or historic times , people always needed to be near reliable sources of potable water . Settlements developed on river banks as early as 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia , on the banks of Egypt 's Nile River , in the Indus River valley , and along China 's rivers . As farming developed , grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons . Labour divisions led to the rise of a leisured upper class and the development of cities , which provided the foundation for civilization . The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting and writing . With civilizations flourishing , ancient history ( Antiquity , including the Classical Age , up to about 500 CE ) saw the rise and fall of empires .
Jeremy Hugh Beecham , Baron Beecham DL ( born 14 November 1944 ) is a British Labour politician and a senior figure in English local government . He was leader of Newcastle City Council and the first Chairman of the Local Government Association . He was the elected Chairman of the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party ( October 2005 - September 2006 ) . He is Jewish , and a board member of the New Israel Fund in the UK . Beecham was educated at the Royal Grammar School , Newcastle upon Tyne , and University College , Oxford ( 1962-65 ) , where he obtained a first class honours degree in law . He became a solicitor . He joined the Labour Party in 1959 , and was elected a councillor for Benwell , Newcastle , in the Newcastle City Council elections of 11 May 1967 . He stood for Parliament without success in Tynemouth in 1970 . He chaired the Social Services Committee on the council from 1973 to 1977 and was Leader of Newcastle from 1977 to 1994 , chairing the Finance Committee from 1979 to 1984 . In 1991 , Beecham became Chairman of the Association of Metropolitan Authorities ( AMA ) . When the AMA merged with the Association of District Councils and the Association of County Councils on 1 April 1997 to form the Local Government Association , he became the first chairman of the LGA . He is , as of 2006 [ update ] , the LGA vice-chairman and continues to chair the LGA Labour Group.He was the President of the British Urban Regeneration Association ( now folded ) .
Law is commonly understood as a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate conduct , although its precise definition is a matter of longstanding debate . It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice . State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people . Legal systems vary between countries , with their differences analysed in comparative law . In civil law jurisdictions , a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law . In common law systems , judges make binding case law through precedent , although on occasion case law may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature . Historically , religious law influenced secular matters , and is still used in some religious communities . Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries , including Iran and Saudi Arabia . Law 's scope can be divided into two domains .
Kofi Abrefa Busia ( 11 July 1913 - 28 August 1978 ) was a Ghanaian political leader and academic who was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972 . As a nationalist leader and Prime Minister , he helped to restore civilian government to the country following military rule .
Ghana ( /ˈɡɑːnə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Ghana , is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean , in the subregion of West Africa . Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km2 ( 92,099 sq mi ) , Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west , Burkina Faso in the north , Togo in the east , and the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean in the south . Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language . The first permanent state in the territory of present-day Ghana dates back to the 11th century . Numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries , of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti . Beginning in the 15th century , numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights , with the British ultimately established control of the coast by the late 19th century . Following over a century of native resistance , Ghana 's current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast . It became independent of the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957 . Ghana 's population of approximately 30 million spans a variety of ethnic , linguistic and religious groups . According to the 2010 census , 71.2% of the population was Christian , 17.6% was Muslim , and 5.2% practised traditional faiths . Its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical rain forests . Ghana is a unitary constitutional democracy led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government .
Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil , 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood , CH , PC , QC ( 14 September 1864 - 24 November 1958 ) , known as Lord Robert Cecil from 1868 to 1923 , was a British lawyer , politician and diplomat . He was one of the architects of the League of Nations and a defender of it , whose service to the organisation saw him awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937 .
The League of Nations , abbreviated as LN or LoN , ( French : Société des Nations [ sɔsjete de nɑsjɔ̃ ] , abbreviated as SDN or SdN and meaning Society of Nations ) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace . It was founded on 10 January 1920 following the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War ; in 1919 US President Woodrow Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as the leading architect of the League . The organisation 's primary goals , as stated in its Covenant , included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration . Other issues in this and related treaties included labour conditions , just treatment of native inhabitants , human and drug trafficking , the arms trade , global health , prisoners of war , and protection of minorities in Europe . The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of the Treaty of Versailles , and it became effective together with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920 . The first meeting of the Council of the League took place on 16 January 1920 , and the first meeting of Assembly of the League took place on 15 November 1920 . The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years . The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious First World War Allies ( France , the United Kingdom , Italy and Japan were the permanent members of the Executive Council ) to enforce its resolutions , keep to its economic sanctions , or provide an army when needed . The Great Powers were often reluctant to do so . Sanctions could hurt League members , so they were reluctant to comply with them . During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War , when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents , Benito Mussolini responded that the League is very well when sparrows shout , but no good at all when eagles fall out . At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935 , it had 58 members .
The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist , inventor , and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel , along with the prizes in Chemistry , Physics , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature . Since March 1901 , it has been awarded annually ( with some exceptions ) to those who have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations , for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses . Per Alfred Nobel 's will , the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee , a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway . Since 1990 , the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year . The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law ( 1947-1989 ) , the Norwegian Nobel Institute ( 1905-1946 ) , and the Parliament ( 1901-1904 ) . Due to its political nature , the Nobel Peace Prize has , for most of its history , been the subject of numerous controversies .
William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ; August 19 , 1946 ) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 . Prior to his presidency , he served as governor of Arkansas ( 1979-1981 and 1983-1992 ) and as attorney general of Arkansas ( 1977-1979 ) . A member of the Democratic Party , Clinton was known as a New Democrat , and many of his policies reflected a centrist Third Way political philosophy . He is the husband of former secretary of state and former U.S. senator Hillary Clinton . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives , becoming the second U.S. president to get impeached following Andrew Johnson . The impeachment was based on accusations that Clinton committed perjury and obstruction of justice for the purpose of concealing his affair with Monica Lewinsky , a 22-year-old White House intern . He was acquitted by the Senate and completed his term in office . Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University , University College , Oxford , and Yale Law School . He met Hillary Rodham at Yale and married her in 1975 . After graduating from law school , Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as the attorney general of Arkansas , serving from 1977 to 1979 . He later served as governor of Arkansas . As governor , he overhauled the state 's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association .
Peduru Hewage William de Silva ( 8 December 1908 - 30 July 1988 ) was a 20th-century Marxist/Trotskyist Sri Lankan politician . P. H. William de Silva was born at Kahatapitiya in Batapola , Ambalangoda , Ceylon , to a wealthy land-owning family . He received his elementary education at Batapola Mixed School and secondary education at St John 's College , Panadura , Richmond College , Galle , and Ananda College , Colombo . He studied for one year at the University College Colombo ( now the University of Colombo ) and then travelled to England for further studies at University College , Oxford . While in England , William de Silva joined the India League and a Marxist study group with other Ceylonese students in London . He then returned to Ceylon and joined the Lanka Sama Samaja Party ( LSSP ) . During World War II , he was an anti-war movement leader and was imprisoned in Bogambara Prison and Badulla Prison in Sri Lanka ( 1943-45 ) . He became a Ceylonese Member of Parliament in 1947 and 1953 . He was leader of the All-Ceylon Estate Workers Union and Vice-President of the All-Ceylon Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues . He separated from the LSSP in October 1953 and joined the Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party ( VLLSP ) . He was the founding leader of Mahajana Eksath Peramuna . He was Cabinet Minister of Industries and Fisheries in S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike 's SLFP-MEP coalition government ( 1956-59 ) .
Sri Lanka ( UK : /sri ˈlæŋkə , ʃriː -/ , US : /- ˈlɑːŋkə/ ( listen ) ; Sinhala : ශ්‍රී ලංකා Śrī Laṃkā ; Tamil : இலங்கை Ilaṅkai ) , officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is an island country in South Asia , located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea . The island is geographically separated from the Indian subcontinent by the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait . The legislative capital , Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte , is a suburb of the commercial capital and largest city , Colombo . Sri Lanka 's documented history spans 3,000 years , with evidence of pre-historic human settlements dating back to at least 125,000 years . It has a rich cultural heritage , and the first known Buddhist writings of Sri Lanka , the Pāli Canon , date back to the Fourth Buddhist council in 29 BC . Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road through to the modern Maritime Silk Road . Sri Lanka was known in the west and from the beginning of British colonial rule as Ceylon ( /sɪˈlɒn/ , US also /seɪˈlɒn/ ) . A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century to obtain political independence , which was granted in 1948 ; the country became a republic and adopted its current name in 1972 . Sri Lanka 's recent history has been marred by a 26-year civil war , which ended decisively when the Sri Lanka Armed Forces defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE ) in 2009 . The current constitution stipulates the political system as a republic and a unitary state governed by a semi-presidential system . It has had a long history of international engagement , as a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , and a member of the United Nations , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G77 , and the Non-Aligned Movement . Along with the Maldives , Sri Lanka is one of only two South Asian countries rated high on the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , with its HDI rating and per capita income the highest among South Asian nations .
Andrew Henry George ( born 2 December 1958 [ citation needed ] ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the constituency of St Ives in Cornwall from 1997 to 2015 , when he was defeated by the Conservatives ' Derek Thomas . He was the Vice-Chairman of the All Party Parliamentary Housing and Planning Group in the 2010 parliament .
Agricultural economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of food and fiber . Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with land usage , it focused on maximizing the crop yield while maintaining a good soil ecosystem . Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader . Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas , having considerable overlap with conventional economics . Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics , econometrics , development economics , and environmental economics . Agricultural economics influences food policy , agricultural policy , and environmental policy .
The Liberal Democrats ( Lib Dems ) are a liberal political party in the United Kingdom . The party currently has 11 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons , 94 members of the House of Lords , five Members of the Scottish Parliament and one member in each of the Welsh Assembly and the London Assembly . It was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party from 2010-15 . In 1981 , an electoral alliance was established between the Liberal Party , a group which was the direct descendant of the 18th-century Whigs , and the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , a splinter group from the Labour Party . In 1988 , the parties merged as the Social and Liberal Democrats , adopting their present name over a year later . Under the leadership of Paddy Ashdown and later Charles Kennedy , the party grew during the 1990s and 2000s , focusing its campaigns on specific seats and becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons . Under the leadership of Nick Clegg , the Liberal Democrats were junior partners in David Cameron 's Conservative-led coalition government in which Clegg served as Deputy Prime Minister . Although it allowed them to implement some of their policies , the coalition damaged the Liberal Democrats ' electoral prospects and it suffered heavy losses at the 2015 general election . Since then , under the leaderships of Tim Farron , Sir Vince Cable and Jo Swinson , it has refocused itself as a party opposing Brexit . Positioned in the centre ground of British politics , the Liberal Democrats ideologically draw upon both liberalism and social democracy . Different factions have dominated the party at different points in its history , each with its own ideological bent , some leaning towards the centre-left and others the centre-right . The party calls for constitutional reform , including a transition from the first-past-the-post voting system to proportional representation .
A member of parliament ( MP ) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with bicameral parliaments , this category includes specifically members of the lower house , as upper houses often have a different title . Member of Congress is an equivalent term in other jurisdictions . Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups ( also called parliamentary parties ) with members of the same political party .
Richard Quentin Fuller ( born 30 May 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North East Bedfordshire since the 2019 general election . He was first elected at the 2010 general election as the MP for Bedford , where he was born , and served until being defeated in the 2017 general election . Fuller had previously achieved prominence as a leader of the Young Conservatives .
The Conservative Party , officially the Conservative and Unionist Party and also known colloquially as the Tories or simply the Conservatives , is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom . The governing party since 2010 , it holds an overall majority in the House of Commons with 365 Members of Parliament . It also has 245 members of the House of Lords , 8 members of the London Assembly , 31 members of the Scottish Parliament , 11 members of the Welsh Assembly and 7,437 local councillors . The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party - the Conservatives ' colloquial name is Tories - and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century , along with the Liberal Party . Under Benjamin Disraeli , it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire . In 1912 , the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party . In the 1920s , the Labour Party surpassed the Liberals as the Conservatives ' main rivals . Conservative Prime Ministers , most notably Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher , led governments for 57 years of the 20th century . Positioned on the centre-right of British politics , the Conservative Party is ideologically conservative . Different factions have dominated the party at different times , including one nation conservatives , Thatcherites , and liberal conservatives , while its views and policies have changed throughout its history . The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies - favouring free market economics , limiting state regulation , and pursuing privatisation - although in the past has also supported protectionism . The party is British unionist , opposing both Irish reunification and Welsh and Scottish independence , and historically supported the maintenance of the British Empire .
Philip Hammond ( born 4 December 1955 ) is a British former politician who was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 2016 to 2019 under Prime Minister Theresa May . He served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Runnymede and Weybridge from 1997 to 2019 . First elected as a Conservative , Hammond had the Conservative whip removed on 3 September 2019 for voting against the Boris Johnson government and subsequently sat as an independent MP . On 5 November 2019 he announced he would not stand for re-election in the December general election . Hammond was born in Epping , Essex , and studied Philosophy , Politics and Economics at University College , Oxford . He worked from 1984 as a company director at Castlemead Ltd - a healthcare and nursing company . From 1995 to 1997 he acted as an adviser to the government of Malawi before his election to Parliament . He served in the Shadow Cabinets of Michael Howard and David Cameron as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions . After the formation of the Coalition Government in May 2010 , he was appointed Secretary of State for Transport and was sworn of the Privy Council . Upon the resignation of Liam Fox over a scandal in October 2011 , Hammond was promoted to replace him as Secretary of State for Defence , before being further promoted in July 2014 to become Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs . In July 2016 , after Theresa May succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister , Hammond was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer . As Chancellor , Hammond suggested that the government may begin a reduction in austerity measures .
Philosophy , politics and economics or politics , philosophy , and economics ( PPE ) is an interdisciplinary undergraduate or postgraduate degree which combines study from three disciplines . The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s . This particular course has produced a significant number of notable graduates such as Aung San Suu Kyi , Burmese politician and State Counsellor of Myanmar , Nobel Peace Prize winner ; Princess Haya bint Hussein daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and wife of the ruler of Dubai ; Christopher Hitchens , the British-American polemicist , Oscar winning writer and director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck ; Philippa Foot a British philosopher ; Harold Wilson , Edward Heath and David Cameron , former Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom ; Hugh Gaitskell , William Hague and Ed Miliband , former Leaders of the Opposition ; former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto and current Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan ; and Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke and Tony Abbott , former Prime Ministers of Australia . The course received fresh attention in 2017 , when Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai earned a place . In the 1980s , the University of York went on to establish its own PPE degree based upon the Oxford model ; King 's College London , the University of Warwick , the University of Manchester , and other British universities later followed . According to the BBC , the Oxford PPE dominate [ s ] public life ( in the UK ) . It is now offered at several other leading colleges and universities around the world . More recently Warwick University and Kings College added a new degree under the name of PPL ( Politics , Philosophy and Law ) with the aim to bring an alternative to the more classical PPE degrees . In the United States , it is offered by two Ivy League universities -- the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University ( under the designation Ethics , Politics and Economics ) . In the non-English speaking world the French grande école Sciences Po ( Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris originally , now existing in 8 other big French cities : Aix , Bordeaux , Grenoble , Lille , Lyon , Rennes , Strasbourg and Toulouse ) offers since the late 19th century an approaching cursus with a wide variety of electives . Sciences Po has been emulated in a number of countries . A good number of French political and entrepreunarial elite and civil servants are Sciences Po graduates , though the vast majority of political ministers and elected officials at the national level prefers or adds the even more selective grande école ENA ( École Nationale d'Administration ) .
The Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of Her Majesty 's Exchequer , commonly known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer , [ a ] or simply the Chancellor , is a senior official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of Her Majesty 's Treasury . The office is a British Cabinet-level position . The chancellor is responsible for all economic and financial matters , equivalent to the role of finance minister in other nations . The position is considered one of the four Great Offices of State , and in recent times has come to be the most powerful office in British politics after the prime minister . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is now always Second Lord of the Treasury as one of the Lords Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Treasurer . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , it was common for the prime minister also to serve as Chancellor of the Exchequer if he sat in the Commons ; the last chancellor who was simultaneously prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer was Stanley Baldwin in 1923 . Formerly , in cases when the chancellorship was vacant , the Lord Chief Justice of the King 's Bench would act as Chancellor pro tempore . The last Lord Chief Justice to serve in this way was Lord Denman in 1834 . The chancellor is the third-oldest major state office in English and British history ; it originally carried responsibility for the Exchequer , the medieval English institution for the collection and auditing of royal revenues . The earliest surviving records which are the results of the exchequer 's audit , date from 1129-30 under King Henry I and show continuity from previous years . The chancellor controlled monetary policy as well as fiscal policy until 1997 , when the Bank of England was granted independent control of its interest rates . The chancellor also has oversight of public spending across Government departments .
Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary , is a senior , high-ranking official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The Foreign Secretary is a member of the Cabinet , and the post is considered one of the Great Offices of State . It is considered a position similar to that of Foreign Minister in other countries . The Foreign Secretary reports directly to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . The Foreign Secretary 's remit includes : relations with foreign countries , matters pertaining to the Commonwealth of Nations and the Overseas Territories in addition to the promotion of British interests abroad . The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight for the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) . The Foreign Secretary works out of the Foreign Office in Whitehall , and the post 's official residences are 1 Carlton Gardens in London and Chevening in Kent . Margaret Beckett , appointed in 2006 by Tony Blair , is the only woman to have held the post . The current Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs is Dominic Raab , since his appointment by Prime Minister Boris Johnson , in July 2019 .
Robert James Lee Hawke , AC , GCL ( 9 December 1929 - 16 May 2019 ) was an Australian politician who served as Prime Minister of Australia and Leader of the Labor Party from 1983 to 1991 . He was also Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Wills from 1980 to 1992 . Hawke was born in Bordertown , South Australia . He attended the University of Western Australia and went on to study at University College , Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar . In 1956 , Hawke joined the Australian Council of Trade Unions ( ACTU ) as a research officer . Having risen to become responsible for wage arbitration , he was elected ACTU President in 1969 , where he achieved a high public profile . After a decade serving in that role , Hawke announced his intention to enter politics , and was subsequently elected to the House of Representatives as the Labor MP for Wills in Victoria . Three years later , he led Labor to a landslide victory at the 1983 election and was sworn in as Australia 's 23rd Prime Minister . He went on to lead Labor to victory three more times , in 1984 , 1987 and 1990 , making him the most electorally successful Labor Leader in history . The Hawke Government created Medicare and Landcare , brokered the Prices and Incomes Accord , established APEC , floated the Australian dollar , deregulated the financial sector , introduced the Family Assistance Scheme , announced Advance Australia Fair as the official national anthem , initiated superannuation pension schemes for all workers and oversaw passage of the Australia Act that removed all remaining jurisdiction by the United Kingdom from Australia . During his time as Prime Minister , Hawke recorded the highest popularity rating ever measured by an Australian opinion poll , reaching 75% approval in 1984 . In June 1991 , Treasurer Paul Keating unsuccessfully challenged for the leadership , believing that Hawke had reneged on the Kirribilli Agreement .
Festus Gontebanye Mogae ( born 21 August 1939 ) is a Motswana politician who served as the third President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008 . He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was re-elected in October 2004 ; after ten years in office , he stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Ian Khama .
Economics ( /ɛkəˈnɒmɪks , iːkə-/ ) is the social science that studies how individuals , organizations , and societies manage the scarce resources under their control for the satisfaction of their needs and desires . Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents and how those interactions work particularly and as a whole . Microeconomics analyzes individual agents , industries and markets , their interactions , and the outcomes of their interactions . Individual agents may include , for example , households , firms , buyers , and sellers . Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy ( meaning aggregated production , consumption , saving , and investment ) and issues affecting it , including unemployment of resources ( labor , capital , and land ) , inflation , economic growth , and the public policies that address these issues ( monetary , fiscal , and other policies ) . See glossary of economics . Other broad distinctions within economics include those between positive economics , describing what is , and normative economics , advocating what ought to be ; between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioural economics ; and between mainstream economics and heterodox economics . Economic analysis can be applied throughout society , in real estate , business , finance , health care , and government . Economic analysis is sometimes also applied to such diverse subjects as crime , education , the family , law , politics , religion , social institutions , war , science , and the environment .
Colin Berkeley Moynihan , 4th Baron Moynihan ( born 13 September 1955 ) is a British Olympic coxswain , businessman , Conservative politician , and sports administrator . Lord Moynihan served as chairman of the British Olympic Association ( BOA ) from 2005 to 2012 .
Robert Bernard Reich ( /raɪʃ/ ; born June 24 , 1946 ) is an American liberal economist , professor , author , and political commentator . He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , and Bill Clinton . He was Secretary of Labor from 1993 to 1997 . He was a member of President Barack Obama 's economic transition advisory board . Reich has been the Chancellor 's Professor of Public Policy at the Goldman School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley since January 2006 . He was formerly a professor at Harvard University 's John F. Kennedy School of Government and professor of social and economic policy at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management of Brandeis University . He has also been a contributing editor of The New Republic , The American Prospect ( also chairman and founding editor ) , Harvard Business Review , The Atlantic , The New York Times , and The Wall Street Journal . Reich is a political commentator on programs including Erin Burnett OutFront , CNN Tonight , Anderson Cooper 's AC360 , Hardball with Chris Matthews , This Week with George Stephanopoulos , CNBC 's Kudlow & Company , and APM 's Marketplace . In 2008 , Time magazine named him one of the Ten Best Cabinet Members of the century , and The Wall Street Journal in 2008 placed him sixth on its list of Most Influential Business Thinkers . He was appointed a member of President-elect Barack Obama 's economic transition advisory board . Until 2012 , he was married to British-born lawyer Clare Dalton , with whom he has two sons , Sam and Adam . He has published 18 books , including the best-sellers The Work of Nations , Reason , Saving Capitalism , Supercapitalism , Aftershock : The Next Economy and America 's Future , and a best-selling e-book , Beyond Outrage .
The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States , and as the head of the United States Department of Labor , controls the department , and enforces and suggests laws involving unions , the workplace , and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies . Formerly , there was a U.S. Secretary of Commerce and Labor , who led this department along with the U.S. Department of Commerce as one department . Since the two departments split in 1913 , the Department of Commerce is now headed by a separate U.S. Secretary of Commerce . Eugene Scalia , a son of the late U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia , has served as Secretary of Labor since September 30 , 2019 .
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy .
David Lockhart-Mure Renton , Baron Renton , KBE , TD , PC , QC , DL ( 12 August 1908 - 24 May 2007 ) was a British politician who served for over 60 years in Parliament , 34 in the House of Commons and then 28 in the House of Lords . Renton was Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire for 34 years , from 1945 to 1979 , initially as a Liberal National and then in accordance with the party 's successive mergers with the Conservatives , as a National Liberal and Conservative , then in 1968 he was one of the final three National Liberal MPs who opted to wind up the party and become a full part of the Conservatives . He became a life peer in 1979 , and was the oldest member of the House of Lords from 2004 until his death .
John Scott , 1st Earl of Eldon , PC , QC , FRS , FSA ( 4 June 1751 - 13 January 1838 ) was a British barrister and politician . He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain between 1801 and 1806 and again between 1807 and 1827 .
Roger Short MVO ( 9 December 1944 - 20 November 2003 ) was a British diplomat who was killed on 20 November 2003 in a truck bombing in Istanbul while serving as the British Consul-General in Turkey . The bombing killed at least 27 people and may have been targeted directly at Short and his consul staff because they were representatives of the United Kingdom . Short was educated at Malvern College and University College , Oxford . He joined the British Foreign Office in 1969 and was widely considered to be an expert in Turkish affairs . While he had been posted in Turkey for most of his career , he also served as consul-general in Oslo and was the British ambassador to Bulgaria in 1994 .
Rajiva Wijesinha , MA , DPhil ( Sinhala : රජීව විජේසිංහ ) ( born 16 May 1954 ) is a Sri Lankan writer in English , distinguished for his political analysis as well as creative and critical work . An academic by profession for much of his working career , he was most recently Senior Professor of Languages at the University of Sabaragamuwa , Sri Lanka . In June 2007 President Mahinda Rajapakse appointed him Secretary-General of the Sri Lankan Government Secretariat for Coordinating the Peace Process and in June 2008 he also became concurrently the Secretary to the Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights . The Peace Secretariat wound up in July 2009 ) , and in February 2010 he resigned from the Ministry as well as the University , and became a member of parliament on the National List of the United People 's Freedom Alliance following the General Election held in April 2010 , following which he was appointed a member of parliament . He belongs to the Liberal Party of Sri Lanka , and has served as its President and leader , and also as a Vice-President of Liberal International . He is currently Chair of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats and was re-elected leader of the Liberal Party Sri Lanka on the proposal of the previous leader following the Liberal Party Annual Congress of 2011 . He has travelled widely , including as a Visiting Professor on the Semester at Sea Programme of the University of Pittsburgh , and has published Beyond the First Circle : Travels in the Second and Third Worlds .
Tan Jee Say ( born 12 February 1954 ) is a Singaporean investment adviser , politician and former civil servant . He was a principal private secretary to former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong and contested the 2011 general election under the opposition Singapore Democratic Party ( SDP ) , but failed to win a seat . Tan lost in the 2011 presidential election and finished in third place with 25% of the national vote . Tan is also the founder and the current Secretary General of Singaporeans First .
Henry Thrale ( 1724/1730 ? -4 April 1781 ) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1765 to 1780 . He was a close friend of Samuel Johnson . Like his father , he was the proprietor of the large London brewery , H. Thrale & Co. Born at the Alehouse in Harrow Corner , Southwark , he was the son of the rich brewer Ralph Thrale ( 1698-1758 ) and Mary Thrale . He married Hester Lynch Salusbury on 11 October 1763 ; they had 12 children , and she outlived him . He was MP for Southwark 23 December 1765 - September 1780 , an Alderman , and Sheriff of the City of London : a respected , religious man who was a good hunter and sportsman with a taste for gambling .
William Floyd Weld ( born July 31 , 1945 ) is an American attorney , businessman , author , and Republican politician who served as the 68th Governor of Massachusetts from 1991 to 1997 . Weld is currently running for the Republican nomination for President of the United States of America in 2020 . A Harvard and Oxford graduate , Weld began his career as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary before becoming the United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts and later , the United States Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division . He worked on a series of high-profile public corruption cases and later resigned in protest of an ethics scandal and associated investigations into Attorney General Edwin Meese . Weld was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1990 . In the 1994 election , he was reelected by the largest margin of victory in Massachusetts history . In 1996 , he was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate in Massachusetts , losing to Democratic incumbent John Kerry . Weld resigned as governor in 1997 to focus on his nomination by President Bill Clinton to serve as United States Ambassador to Mexico ; due to opposition by socially conservative Senate Foreign Relations committee Chairman Jesse Helms , he was denied a hearing before the Foreign Relations committee and withdrew his nomination . After moving to New York in 2000 , Weld sought the Republican nomination for Governor of New York in the 2006 election ; when the Republican Party instead endorsed John Faso , Weld withdrew from the race . Weld became involved in presidential politics in later years . In 2016 , he left the Republican Party to become the Libertarian Party running mate of former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson . They received nearly 4.5 million votes , the highest number for a Libertarian ticket , and the best for any third-party ticket since 1996 .
Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention .