List of the oldest newspapers
By region -- Europe
Table:
Date

Newspaper

Language

Place

Country/Region

Notes

1605[4]

Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien

German

Strasbourg

Holy Roman Empire

World's first weekly newspaper by Johann Carolus[1]

1609[4]

Avisa Relation oder Zeitung

German

Wolfenbüttel

Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empire

1610[4]

Name not given in source

German

Basel

Old Swiss Confederacy[note 1]

1615[4]

Name not given in source

German

Frankfurt

Holy Roman Empire

1617[4]

Name not given in source

German

Berlin

Brandenburg, Holy Roman Empire

1618[4]

Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.

Dutch

Amsterdam

Holland, Dutch Republic[note 2]

Considered the world's first broadsheet because it was published in folio instead of quarto size. Defunct 1664

1618

Wöchentliche Zeitung aus mancherley Orten

German

Danzig/Gdańsk

Poland

Weekly news from many places. Oldest newspaper in Poland. The oldest preserved copies come from 1619. Defunct 1652

1620

Nieuwe Tijdinghen

Dutch

Antwerp

Spanish Netherlands

May have been published as early as 1605.[citation needed] Defunct 1629

1631[5][6]

La Gazette

French

Paris

France

First French-language newspaper and first weekly magazine published in France. Existed between 30 May 1631 and 30 September 1915.[5]

1639

Genova

Italian

Genoa

Republic of Genoa

Published from 1639 to 1646. Oldest newspaper of Italy in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved.[7]

1640[8]

Milano

Italian

Milan

Duchy of Milan

Published from 1640 to 1768

1642[9]

Genova

Italian

Genoa

Republic of Genoa

Published from 1642 to 1684

1642[8]

Bologna

Italian

Bologna

Papal States

Published from 1642 to 1787

1645[10][11]

Gazeta em Que Se Relatam as Novas Que Houve Nesta e Que vieram de Várias Partes

Portuguese

Lisbon

Portugal

First Portuguese newspaper

1645

Ordinari Post Tijdender

Swedish

Stockholm

Sweden

Oldest still published newspaper in the world. Online-only since 2007.[12]

1650

Einkommende Zeitungen

German

Leipzig

Saxony, Holy Roman Empire

First worldwide daily newspaper, published by Timotheus Ritzsch[13]

1656[14]

Weeckelycke Courante van Europa

Dutch

Haarlem

Holland, Dutch Republic

The name was changed to Oprechte Haerlemsche Courant in 1664. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942, which is still published.

1661[15]

La Gazeta

Spanish

Madrid

Kingdom of Spain

Until 2008 December, oldest print edition still published in the world, under the name Boletín Oficial del Estado. From 2009 online edition only.

1661[14]

Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny

Polish

Kraków

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Moved to Warsaw in May 1661, last issues published 22 July 1661.

1664[16][17]

Gazzetta di Mantova

Italian

Mantua

Duchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire

Oldest private[vague] newspaper still published in the world, and oldest continuously published in print[citation needed].

Consulting the table together with the background passages below.

Give the answer to the question: What newspaper was published in the region whose successor state was created in 1815 ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Johann Carolus ( 1575−1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable stories ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . Carolus published the German-language newspaper in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .
Strasbourg ( UK : /ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/ , US : /ˈstræs- , ˈstrɑːsbʊərɡ , ˈstrɑːzbʊərɡ , -bɜːrɡ , strɑːzˈbʊər/ , French : [ stʁazbuʁ , stʁasbuʁ ] ( listen ) ; Bas Rhin Alsatian : Strossburi [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁi ] ( listen ) , Haut Rhin Alsatian : Strossburig [ ˈʃd̥ʁɔːsb̥uʁiɡ̊ ] ( listen ) ; German : Straßburg [ ˈʃtʁaːsbʊʁk ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament . Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace , it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin department . In 2017 , the city proper had 280,966 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg ( Greater Strasbourg ) and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 494,089 inhabitants . Strasbourg 's metropolitan area had a population of 785,839 in 2016 ( not counting the section across the border in Germany ) , making it the ninth-largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est region 's inhabitants . The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 958,421 inhabitants . Strasbourg is one of the de facto three main capitals of the European Union ( alongside Brussels and Luxembourg ) , as it is the seat of several European institutions , such as the Council of Europe ( with its European Court of Human Rights , its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines most commonly known in French as Pharmacopée Européenne its European Audiovisual Observatory ) , the Eurocorps , as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union . Together with Basel ( Bank for International Settlements ) , Geneva ( United Nations headquarters in Europe ) and New York City ( United Nations world headquarters ) , Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world not being a state capital and hosting international organisations of the first order . The city is the seat of many non-European international institutions such as the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine and the International Institute of Human Rights . It is the second city in France in terms of international congress and symposia , after Paris . Strasbourg 's historic city centre , the Grande Île ( Grand Island ) , was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988 , the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre . Strasbourg is immersed in Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history , has been a cultural bridge between France and Germany for centuries , especially through the University of Strasbourg , currently the second-largest in France , and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture . It is also home to the largest Islamic place of worship in France , the Strasbourg Grand Mosque .
The Holy Roman Empire ( Latin : Sacrum Imperium Romanum ; German : Heiliges Römisches Reich ) , also known as Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars . The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany , though it also included the neighboring Kingdom of Bohemia and Kingdom of Italy , plus numerous other territories , and soon after the Kingdom of Burgundy was added . Its size gradually diminished over time , particularly from 1648 onward , and by the time of its dissolution , it largely contained only German-speaking territories ( although Switzerland and East Prussia were not included ) , plus the Kingdom of Bohemia which was bordered by the German lands on three sides . At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation . On 25 December 800 , Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor , reviving the title in Western Europe , more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476 . The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899 , after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant , Berengar I , in 924 . The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor , fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries . Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire , while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning . Scholars generally concur , however , in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire , describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role . The exact term Holy Roman Empire was not used until the 13th century , but the concept of translatio imperii , [ d ] the notion that he - the sovereign ruler - held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome , was fundamental to the prestige of the emperor . The office of Holy Roman Emperor was traditionally elective , although frequently controlled by dynasties . The mostly German prince-electors , the highest-ranking noblemen of the empire , usually elected one of their peers as King of the Romans , and he would later be crowned emperor by the Pope ; the tradition of papal coronations was discontinued in the 16th century .
Johann Carolus ( 1575−1634 ) was a German publisher of the first newspaper , called Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien ( Account of all distinguished and commemorable stories ) . The Relation is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers , as well as many authors , as the world 's first newspaper . Carolus published the German-language newspaper in Strasbourg , which had the status of a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation .
Avisa Relation oder Zeitung was one of the first news-periodicals in the world . It was published in Wolfenbüttel , Germany , in 1609 . The printer/publisher was Lucas Schulte . The first issue states that the news had been collected from various countries by 15 January . It is presumed that the issue was printed on or about that date . Some books mention the Avisa as the world 's first newspaper . Before 2005 there was a dispute whether the Avisa or the Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , which was printed in Strassburg by Johann Carolus , was first . It was believed that both started in 1609 . New evidence found in 2005 , however , suggests that the Relation started as early as 1605 . The last issue of the newspaper probably appeared on December 15 , 1632 . [ citation needed ] There is also a differing view , which does not regard either of these two publications as newspapers in a formal sense . Authors like Stanley Morison make a distinction between newsbooks ( weekly news publications in a quarto format ) and later folio-sized newspapers .
Wolfenbüttel ( German pronunciation : [ ˌvɔlfn̩ˈbʏtl̩ ] ) is a town in Lower Saxony , Germany , the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District . It is best known as the location of the internationally renowned Herzog August Library and for having the largest concentration of timber-framed buildings in Germany . It is an episcopal see of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick . It is also home to the Jägermeister distillery and houses a campus of the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences .
The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ( German : Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel ) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg , whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications . Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . As a result of the Congress of Vienna , its successor state , the Duchy of Brunswick , was created in 1815 .
Basel ( /ˈbɑːzəl/ BAH-zəl , German : [ ˈbaːzl̩ ] ( listen ) ) or Basle ( /bɑːl/ BAHL ; French : Bâle [ bɑl ] ; Italian : Basilea [ baziˈlɛːa ] ; Romansh : Basilea [ baziˈleːa ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine . Basel is Switzerland 's third-most-populous city ( after Zürich and Geneva ) with about 180,000 inhabitants . Located where the Swiss , French and German borders meet , Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany . As of 2016 [ update ] , the Swiss Basel agglomeration was the third-largest in Switzerland , with a population of 541,000 in 74 municipalities in Switzerland ( municipal count as of 2018 ) . The initiative Trinational Eurodistrict Basel ( TEB ) of 62 suburban communes including municipalities in neighboring countries , counted 829,000 inhabitants in 2007 . The official language of Basel is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect . The city is known for its many internationally renowned museums , ranging from the Kunstmuseum , the first collection of art accessible to the public in Europe ( 1661 ) and the largest museum of art in the whole of Switzerland , to the Fondation Beyeler ( located in Riehen ) . The University of Basel , Switzerland 's oldest university ( founded in 1460 ) , and the city 's centuries-long commitment to humanism , have made Basel a safe haven at times of political unrest in other parts of Europe for such notable people as Erasmus of Rotterdam , the Holbein family , Friedrich Nietzsche , and in the 20th century also Hermann Hesse and Karl Jaspers . The city of Basel is Switzerland 's second-largest economic centre after the city of Zürich [ citation needed ] and has the highest GDP per capita in the country , ahead of the cantons of Zug and Geneva . In terms of value , over 94% of Basel City 's goods exports are in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors . With production facilities located in the neighboring Schweizerhalle , Basel accounts for 20% of Swiss exports and generates one third of the national product . Basel has been the seat of a Prince-Bishopric since the 11th century , and joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1501 .
The Old Swiss Confederacy ( Modern German : Alte Eidgenossenschaft ; historically Eidgenossenschaft , after the Reformation also République des Suisses , Res publica Helvetiorum Republic of the Swiss ) was a loose confederation of independent small states ( cantons , German Orte or Stände ) within the Holy Roman Empire . It is the precursor of the modern state of Switzerland . It formed during the 14th century , from a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland , expanding to include the cities of Zürich and Berne by the middle of the century . This formed a rare union of rural and urban communes , all of which enjoyed imperial immediacy in the Holy Roman Empire . This confederation of eight cantons ( Acht Orte ) was politically and militarily successful for more than a century , culminating in the Burgundy Wars of the 1470s which established it as a power in the complicated political landscape dominated by France and the Habsburgs . Its success resulted in the addition of more confederates , increasing the number of cantons to thirteen ( Dreizehn Orte ) by 1513 . The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1647 ( under the threat of the Thirty Years ' War ) , although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the Early Modern period . After the Swabian War of 1499 the confederacy was a de facto independent state throughout the early modern period , although still nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648 when the Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years ' War . The Swiss Reformation divided the confederates into Reformed and Catholic parties , resulting in internal conflict from the 16th to the 18th centuries ; as a result , the federal diet ( Tagsatzung ) was often paralysed by hostility between the factions . The Swiss Confederacy fell to invasion by the French Revolutionary Army in 1798 , after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic .
Frankfurt ( officially : Frankfurt am Main ( German : [ ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ʔam ˈmaɪn ] ( listen ) ; Hessian : Frangford am Maa ; lit . Frank ford on the [ a ] Main ) ) is a metropolis and the largest city of the German federal state of Hesse , and its 746,878 ( 2017 ) inhabitants make it the fifth-largest city in Germany . On the River Main ( a tributary of the Rhine ) , it forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring city of Offenbach am Main , and its urban area has a population of 2.3 million . The city is at the centre of the larger Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region , which has a population of 5.5 million and is Germany 's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region . Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013 , the geographic centre of the EU is about 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the east of Frankfurt 's central business district . Like France and Franconia , the city is named after the Franks . Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area ( Franconian dialects ) , Frankfurt was one of the host cities of the official tournaments of the 1974 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Frankfurt was a city state , the Free City of Frankfurt , for nearly five centuries , and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire , as a site of imperial coronations ; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in 1806 and then permanently in 1866 , when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . It has been part of the federal state of Hesse since 1945 . Frankfurt is culturally , ethnically , and religiously diverse , with half of its population , and a majority of young people , having a migration background . A quarter of the population consists of foreign nationals , including many expatriates . Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce , culture , education , tourism and transportation .
Berlin ( /bɜːrˈlɪn/ ; German : [ bɛʁˈliːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population . Its 3,748,148 ( 2018 ) inhabitants make it the most populous city proper of the European Union . The city is one of Germany 's 16 federal states . It is surrounded by the state of Brandenburg , and contiguous with Potsdam , Brandenburg 's capital . The two cities are at the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region , which is , with about six million inhabitants and an area of more than 30,000 km² , Germany 's third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions . Berlin straddles the banks of the River Spree , which flows into the River Havel ( a tributary of the River Elbe ) in the western borough of Spandau . Among the city 's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree , Havel , and Dahme rivers ( the largest of which is Lake Müggelsee ) . Due to its location in the European Plain , Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate . About one-third of the city 's area is composed of forests , parks , gardens , rivers , canals and lakes . The city lies in the Central German dialect area , the Berlin dialect being a variant of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects . First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic trade routes , Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg ( 1417-1701 ) , the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701-1918 ) , the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1919-1933 ) , and the Third Reich ( 1933-1945 ) . Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world .
The Margraviate of Brandenburg ( German : Markgrafschaft Brandenburg ) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that played a pivotal role in the history of Germany and Central Europe . Brandenburg developed out of the Northern March founded in the territory of the Slavic Wends . It derived one of its names from this inheritance , the March of Brandenburg ( Mark Brandenburg ) . Its ruling margraves were established as prestigious prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356 , allowing them to vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor . The state thus became additionally known as Electoral Brandenburg or the Electorate of Brandenburg ( Kurbrandenburg or Kurfürstentum Brandenburg ) . The House of Hohenzollern came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415 . In 1417 , Frederick I moved its capital from Brandenburg an der Havel to Berlin . Under Hohenzollern leadership , Brandenburg grew rapidly in power during the 17th century and inherited the Duchy of Prussia . The resulting Brandenburg-Prussia was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia , which became a leading German state during the 18th century . Although the electors ' highest title was King in/of Prussia , their power base remained in Brandenburg and its capital Berlin . The Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . It was replaced after the Napoleonic Wars with the Prussian Province of Brandenburg in 1815 .
Courante uyt Italien , Duytslandt , & c. was the first Dutch newspaper . It was published in June 1618 in Amsterdam . It was a regular weekly publication . It can be called the first broadsheet paper , because it was issued in folio-size . Before this , news periodicals had been pamphlets in quarto-size . The paper carries no imprint of the printer or the publisher . Similar papers published later suggest that it may have been printed by Joris Veseler and published and edited by Caspar van Hilten . The exact date of the publication is not known , but the dates of the news items suggest that it was probably printed between 14 and 18 June 1618 .
Amsterdam ( /ˈæmstərdæm/ , UK also /ˌæmstərˈdæm/ ; Dutch : [ ɑmstərˈdɑm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands with a population of 872,680 within the city proper , 1,380,872 in the urban area and 2,410,960 in the metropolitan area . Found within the province of North Holland , Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the Venice of the North , attributed by the large number of canals which form a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Amsterdam 's name derives from Amstelredamme , indicative of the city 's origin around a dam in the river Amstel . Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century , Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world in the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and became the leading centre for finance and trade . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the city expanded , and many new neighbourhoods and suburbs were planned and built . The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19-20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Sloten , annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam , is the oldest part of the city , dating to the 9th century . As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe , Amsterdam is considered an alpha-world city by the Globalization and World Cities ( GaWC ) study group . The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands . Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there , including Philips , AkzoNobel , TomTom and ING . Also , many of the world 's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city , such as leading technology companies Uber , Netflix and Tesla . In 2012 , Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer .
The County of Holland was a State of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1432 part of the Burgundian Netherlands , from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic , of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795 . The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland in the Netherlands .
The United Provinces of the Netherlands , or simply United Provinces ( officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ) , and commonly referred to historiographically as the Dutch Republic , was a federal republic formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several Dutch provinces - seceded from Spanish rule - until the Batavian Revolution of 1795 . It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state . The small republic of around 1.5 million inhabitants distinguished itself by world trade through the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) , by its great military successes against ostensibly stronger countries such as Spain and England , by its huge fleet ( with 2,000 ships , larger than that of England and France combined ) , by the flourishing of arts ( painters such as Rembrandt , Johannes Vermeer and many others ) and sciences ( including Hugo Grotius and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ) , and by its relatively tolerant atmosphere towards different religions and ideas ( freedom of thought ) . Because Dutch trade , science , military , and art were among the most acclaimed in the world during much of the 17th century , this period became known in Dutch history as the Dutch Golden Age .
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages ( typically 22.5 in ( 57 cm ) ) . Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats .
Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book of codex format from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets . The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive . Alternative methods of binding that are cheaper but less permanent include loose-leaf rings , individual screw posts or binding posts , twin loop spine coils , plastic spiral coils , and plastic spine combs . For protection , the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards . Finally , an attractive cover is adhered to the boards , including identifying information and decoration . Book artists or specialists in book decoration can also greatly enhance a book 's content by creating book-like objects with artistic merit of exceptional quality . Before the computer age , the bookbinding trade involved two divisions . First , there was stationery binding ( known as vellum binding in the trade ) that deals with books intended for handwritten entries such as accounting ledgers , business journals , blank books , and guest log books , along with other general office stationery such as note books , manifold books , day books , diaries , portfolios , etc . Computers have now replaced the pen and paper based accounting that constituted most of the stationery binding industry . Second was letterpress binding which deals with making books intended for reading , including library binding , fine binding , edition binding , and publisher 's bindings . A third division deals with the repair , restoration , and conservation of old used bindings . Today , modern bookbinding is divided between hand binding by individual craftsmen working in a shop and commercial bindings mass-produced by high-speed machines in a factory .
Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book of codex format from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets . The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive . Alternative methods of binding that are cheaper but less permanent include loose-leaf rings , individual screw posts or binding posts , twin loop spine coils , plastic spiral coils , and plastic spine combs . For protection , the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards . Finally , an attractive cover is adhered to the boards , including identifying information and decoration . Book artists or specialists in book decoration can also greatly enhance a book 's content by creating book-like objects with artistic merit of exceptional quality . Before the computer age , the bookbinding trade involved two divisions . First , there was stationery binding ( known as vellum binding in the trade ) that deals with books intended for handwritten entries such as accounting ledgers , business journals , blank books , and guest log books , along with other general office stationery such as note books , manifold books , day books , diaries , portfolios , etc . Computers have now replaced the pen and paper based accounting that constituted most of the stationery binding industry . Second was letterpress binding which deals with making books intended for reading , including library binding , fine binding , edition binding , and publisher 's bindings . A third division deals with the repair , restoration , and conservation of old used bindings . Today , modern bookbinding is divided between hand binding by individual craftsmen working in a shop and commercial bindings mass-produced by high-speed machines in a factory .
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ , also US : /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/ , Polish : [ ɡdaj̃sk ] ( listen ) ; Kashubian : Gduńsk ; German : Danzig [ ˈdantsɪç ] ( listen ) ) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland . With a population of 468,158 , Gdańsk is the capital and largest city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and one of the most prominent cities within the cultural and geographical region of Kashubia . It is Poland 's principal seaport and the centre of the country 's fourth-largest metropolitan area . The city is situated on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay on the Baltic Sea , in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia , the resort town of Sopot , and suburban communities ; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity ( Trójmiasto ) , with a population approaching 1.4 million . Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River , connected to the Leniwka , a branch in the delta of the nearby Vistula River , which drains 60 percent of Poland and connects Gdańsk with the Polish capital , Warsaw . Together with the nearby port of Gdynia , Gdańsk is also a notable industrial centre . The city 's history is complex , with periods of Polish , Prussian and German rule , and periods of autonomy or self-rule as a free city state . In the early-modern age , Gdańsk was a royal city of Poland . It was considered the wealthiest and the largest city of Poland , before the 18th century rapid growth of Warsaw . In the late Middle Ages it was an important seaport and shipbuilding town and , in the 14th and 15th centuries , a member of the Hanseatic League . In the interwar period , owing to its multi-ethnic make-up and history , Gdańsk lay in a disputed region between Poland and Germany , which became known as the Polish Corridor . The city 's ambiguous political status was exploited , furthering tension between the two countries , which would ultimately culminate in the Invasion of Poland and the first clash of the Second World War just outside the city limits , followed by the flight and expulsion of the majority of the previous population in 1945 .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
Nieuwe Tijdinghen ( in English also known as the Antwerp Gazette ) is the contemporary name cataloguers and bibliographers have given to the first Flemish newspaper , which was published without a single fixed title . News was printed from across Western and Central Europe . From 15 February 1620 consecutive signatures were used on each issue , so that they could be collected and bound as a set . From 8 January 1621 issues were numbered consecutively on the front page . The newspaper carried a wide range of general news , and sometimes included celebratory , polemical or satirical comments , verses , songs and prayers . Each issue was illustrated with a woodcut on the front page , and occasionally with further woodcuts on the back pages . The editorial perspective was outspokenly Catholic and pro-Habsburg . Publication was licensed by the authorities , and almost all issues bear the initials of the canon of Antwerp cathedral who acted as ecclesiastical censor . Considerable runs are preserved in the British Library ( 1620-1621 ) , Ghent University Library , the Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience ( 1620-1625 ) and the Royal Library of Belgium ( 1622-1628 ) .
Antwerp ( /ˈæntwɜːrp/ ( listen ) ; Dutch : Antwerpen [ ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : Anvers [ ɑ̃vɛʁs ] ( listen ) ) is a city in Belgium , and is the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region . With a population of 520,504 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium , and with a metropolitan area housing around 1,200,000 people , it 's the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels in Belgium . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the river 's Westerschelde estuary . It is about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) north of Brussels , and about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) south of the Dutch border . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . The city is also known for its diamond industry and trade . Both economically and culturally , Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the Low Countries , especially before and during the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) and throughout and after the subsequent Dutch Revolt . Antwerp was also the place of the world 's oldest stock exchange building , originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872 . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren ( Dutch pronunciation : [ sɪɲˈjoːrə ( n ) ] ) , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , lord , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics .
The Southern Netherlands , [ note 1 ] also called the Catholic Netherlands , was the part of the Low Countries largely controlled by Spain ( 1556-1714 ) , later Austria ( 1714-1794 ) , and occupied then annexed by France ( 1794-1815 ) . The region also included a number of smaller states that were never ruled by Spain or Austria : the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy , the County of Bouillon , the County of Horne and the Princely Abbey of Thorn . The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until the whole area was annexed by Revolutionary France . The Southern Netherlands comprised most of modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg , some parts of the Netherlands and Germany ( the region of Upper Guelders , now divided between Germany and the modern Dutch Province of Limburg and in 1713 largely ceded to Prussia and the Bitburg area in Germany , then part of Luxembourg ) as well as , until 1678 , most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region and the Longwy area in northern France .
La Gazette ( French pronunciation : ​ [ la ɡazɛt ] ) , originally Gazette de France , was the first weekly magazine published in France . It was founded by Théophraste Renaudot and published its first edition on 30 May 1631 . It progressively became the mouthpiece of one royalist faction , the Legitimists . With the rise of modern news media and specialized and localized newspapers throughout the country in the early 20th century , La Gazette was finally discontinued in 1915 .
Genova ( or Di Genova ) was a newspaper published in Genoa from 1639 to 1646 . The issue dated 29 July 1639 is the oldest issue still in existence of a newspaper printed in Italy . [ a ] This newspaper was founded and edited by Michele Castelli , [ b ] and it supported the pro-Spanish faction in the politic of the Republic of Genoa . This newspaper edited by Michele Castelli shall not be confused with another newspaper printed in Genoa from 1642 to 1684 , always titled Genova , but founded by Alessandro Botticelli and tied to the pro-French faction , and sometimes known as Il Sincero . Scholars suppose that the first newspaper printed in Italy was edited in Florence in 1636 by Amador Massi and Lorenzo Landi , but no issue was discovered to confirm that conjecture , therefore the Genova newspaper , printed from 1639 , shall be considered the oldest printed newspaper in Italy .
Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century .
The Republic of Genoa ( Italian : Repubblica di Genova ; Ligurian : Repúbrica de Zêna [ ɾeˈpybɾika de ˈzeːna ] ; Latin : Res Publica Ianuensis ) was an independent state from 1005 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast , incorporating Corsica from 1347 to 1768 , and numerous other territories throughout the Mediterranean . Known as la Superba ( the Superb one ) , la Dominante ( The Dominant one ) , la Dominante dei mari ( the Dominant of the Seas ) , and la Repubblica dei magnifici ( the Republic of the Magnificents ) , during the late Middle Ages Genoa was one of the main commercial powers of the Mediterranean Sea , while between the 16th and 17th centuries it was one of the major financial centers in Europe . It was a celebrated maritime republic and today its coat of arms is depicted in the flag of the Italian Navy . In 1284 , Genoa fought victoriously against the Republic of Pisa in the battle of Meloria for the dominance over the Tyrrhenian Sea , and it was an eternal rival of Venice for dominance in the Mediterranean Sea . The republic began when Genoa became a self-governing commune within the imperial Kingdom of Italy , and ended when it was conquered by the French First Republic under Napoleon and replaced with the Ligurian Republic . Corsica was ceded to France in the Treaty of Versailles of 1768 . The Ligurian Republic was annexed by the First French Empire in 1805 ; its restoration was briefly proclaimed in 1814 following the defeat of Napoleon , but it was ultimately annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815 .
Milano was a newspaper published in Milan from 1640 to 1768 . It is considered one of the oldest newspapers in Italy .
Milan ( /mɪˈlæn/ , US also /mɪˈlɑːn/ , Italian : Milano [ miˈlaːno ] ( listen ) , Milanese : [ miˈlãː ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northern Italy , capital of Lombardy , and the second-most populous city in Italy after Rome . Milan served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire , the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia . The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million while its metropolitan city has 3.23 million inhabitants . Its continuously built-up urban area , that stretches well beyond the boundaries of its administrative metropolitan city , is the fourth largest in the EU with 5.27 million inhabitants . The population within the wider Milan metropolitan area , also known as Greater Milan , is estimated at 8.2 million , making it by far the largest metropolitan area in Italy and the 4th largest in the EU . Milan is considered a leading alpha global city , with strengths in the field of the art , commerce , design , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , services , research and tourism . Its business district hosts Italy 's stock exchange ( Italian : Borsa Italiana ) , and the headquarters of national and international banks and companies . In terms of GDP , it has the second-largest economy among EU cities after Paris , and is the wealthiest among EU non-capital cities . Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and one of the Four Motors for Europe . The city has been recognized as one of the world 's four fashion capitals thanks to several international events and fairs , including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair , which are currently among the world 's biggest in terms of revenue , visitors and growth . It hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015 . The city hosts numerous cultural institutions , academies and universities , with 11% of the national total enrolled students .
The Duchy of Milan was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy . It was created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti , Lord of Milan , who obtained from Wenceslaus , King of the Romans , the founding diploma . At that time , it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Padan Plain east of the hills of Montferrat . During much of its existence , it was wedged between Savoy to the west , Venice to the east , the Swiss Confederacy to the north , and separated from the Mediterranean by Genoa to the south . The Duchy eventually fell to Habsburg Austria with the Convention of Milan during the War of the Spanish Succession . The Duchy remained an Austrian possession until 1796 , when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it , and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio , when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic . After the defeat of Napoleon , the Congress of Vienna of 1815 restored many other states which he had destroyed , but not the Duchy of Milan . Instead , its former territory became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia , with the Emperor of Austria as its king . In 1859 , Lombardy was ceded to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , which would become the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 .
Genova ( or Di Genova ) was a newspaper published in Genoa from 1642 to 1684 . This newspaper had sometime additional titles : in a few issues the addition was Il Sincero , [ a ] other issues had the additional title Il Botticelli , [ b ] while two issues had only as title the year in Latin digits . [ c ] This newspaper was founded and initially edited by Alessandro Botticelli ( from 1646 to 1660 edited by Luca Assarino ) , and it supported the pro-French faction in the politic of the Republic of Genoa . It shall not be confused with the newspaper with the same title founded in 1639 by Michele Castelli and tied to the pro-Spanish faction .
Bologna was a newspaper published in Bologna from 1642 to 1787 . It is considered one of the oldest newspapers in Italy .
Bologna ( /bəˈloʊnjə/ , UK also /bəˈlɒnjə/ , Italian : [ boˈloɲɲa ] ( listen ) ; Bolognese : Bulåggna [ buˈlʌɲːa ] ; Latin : Bononia ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy . It is the seventh most populous city in Italy , at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million people . Of Etruscan origin , the city has been a major urban centre for centuries , first under the Etruscans , then under the Romans ( Bononia ) , then again in the Middle Ages , as a free municipality and signoria , when it was among the largest European cities by population . Famous for its towers , churches and lengthy porticoes , Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre , thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s . Home to the oldest university in the world , the University of Bologna , established in AD 1088 , the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character . In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture and in 2006 , a UNESCO City of Music and became part of the Creative Cities Network . Bologna is an important agricultural , industrial , financial and transport hub , where many large mechanical , electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe . According to the most recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index ( E-REGI ) of 2009 , Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate . As a consequence , Bologna is also one of the wealthiest cities in Italy , often ranking as one of the top cities in terms of quality of life in the country : in 2011 it ranked 1st out of 107 Italian cities .
The Papal States ( Italian : Stato Pontificio ) , officially the State of the Church ( Italian : Stato della Chiesa , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈstaːto della ˈkjɛːza ; ˈkjeː- ] ; Latin : Status Ecclesiasticus ; also Dicio Pontificia ) were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope , from the 8th century until 1870 . They were among the major states of Italy from roughly the 8th century until the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia successfully unified the Italian Peninsula by conquest in a campaign virtually concluded in 1861 and definitively in 1870 . At their zenith , the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio ( which includes Rome ) , Marche , Umbria and Romagna , and portions of Emilia . These holdings were considered to be a manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy . By 1861 , much of the Papal States ' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy . Only Lazio , including Rome , remained under the Pope 's temporal control . In 1870 , the Pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all , except the Basilica of St Peter and the papal residence and related buildings around the Vatican quarter of Rome , which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily . In 1929 the head of the Italian government , at the time the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini , ended the crisis between unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty , signed by the two parties . This recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity , the Vatican City State , limited to a token territory .
Gazeta em Que Se Relatam as Novas Que Houve Nesta e Que vieram de Várias Partes was the first newspaper to be published in Lisbon , Portugal and also the first newspaper to be published in the Portuguese language . It was first published in 1641 , by Manuel de Galhegos . Later scholars refer to this paper as Gazeta da Restauração ( Gazette of the Portuguese Restoration ) .
Lisbon ( /ˈlɪzbən/ ; Portuguese : Lisboa [ liʒˈboɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with an estimated population of 505,526 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2 . Lisbon 's urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.8 million people , being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 3 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area , which represents approximately 27% of the country 's population . It is mainland Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost portions of its metro area form the westernmost point of Continental Europe , which is known as Cabo da Roca , located in the Sintra Mountains . Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . Lisbon is one of two Portuguese cities ( alongside Porto ) to be recognised as a global city . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Additionally , Humberto Delgado Airport served 29 million passengers in 2018 , being the busiest airport in Portugal , the 3rd busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 20th busiest in Europe . The motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular links the main cities of Portugal to Lisbon . The city is the 9th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Rome , Istanbul , Barcelona , Milan , Venice , Madrid , Florence and Athens , with 3,320,300 tourists in 2017 .
Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers .
Post- och Inrikes Tidningar or PoIT ( Swedish for Post and Domestic Times ) is the government newspaper and gazette of Sweden , and the country 's official notification medium for announcements like bankruptcy declarations or auctions . The newspaper also carries advertising , the largest advertiser being the Swedish Patent and Registration Office . It is the oldest currently published newspaper in the world , although as of the 1 January 2007 edition , it has switched over to an internet-only format . Hans Holm , who served as the chief editor of Post- och Inrikes Tidningar for 20 years , said of this move to digital publication , We think it 's a cultural disaster , It is sad when you have worked with it for so long and it has been around for so long . Four copies of each update to PoIT are still printed and archived at the National Library of Sweden , Lund University library and the Swedish Companies Registration Office .
Stockholm ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈstɔ̂kː ( h ) ɔlm ] ( listen ) ) is the capital and most populous urban area of Sweden . 972,647 people live in the municipality , approximately 1.6 million in the urban area , and 2.4 million in the metropolitan area . The city stretches across fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea . Outside the city to the east , and along the coast , is the island chain of the Stockholm archipelago . The area has been settled since the Stone Age , in the 6th millennium BC , and was founded as a city in 1252 by Swedish statesman Birger Jarl . It is also the county seat of Stockholm County . Stockholm is the cultural , media , political , and economic centre of Sweden . The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the country 's GDP , and is among the top 10 regions in Europe by GDP per capita . It is an important global city , and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region . The city is home to some of Europe 's top ranking universities , such as the Stockholm School of Economics , Karolinska Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology . It hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall . One of the city 's most prized museums , the Vasa Museum , is the most visited non-art museum in Scandinavia .
Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .
Einkommende Zeitungen was a German newspaper published from Leipzig , Germany by Timotheus Ritzsch . It was the first daily newspaper in the world .
Leipzig ( /ˈlaɪpsɪɡ/ , also US : /- ( t ) sɪk/ , German : [ ˈlaɪptsɪç ] ( listen ) ; Upper and Lower Sorbian : Lipsk ; Upper Saxon : Leibzsch ) is the most populous city in the German federal state of Saxony . With a population of 600,000 inhabitants as of 2019 ( 1.1 million residents in the larger urban zone ) , it is Germany 's eighth most populous city as well as the second most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin . Together with Halle ( Saale ) , the largest city of the neighbouring state of Saxony-Anhalt , the city forms the polycentric conurbation of Leipzig-Halle . Between the two cities ( in Schkeuditz ) lies Leipzig/Halle International Airport . Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) southwest of Berlin in the Leipzig Bay , which constitutes the southernmost part of the North German Plain , at the confluence of the White Elster River ( progression : Saale→ Elbe→ North Sea ) and two of its tributaries : the Pleiße and the Parthe . The name of the city as well as the names of many of its boroughs are of Slavic origin . Leipzig has been a trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes . Leipzig was once one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing . After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East German terms , but its cultural and economic importance declined . Events in Leipzig in 1989 played a significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe , mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy , which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry , severe unemployment , and urban blight .
The Electorate of Saxony ( German : Kurfürstentum Sachsen , also Kursachsen ) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356 . Upon the extinction of the House of Ascania , it was feoffed to the Margraves of Meissen from the Wettin dynasty in 1423 , who moved the ducal residence up the river Elbe to Dresden . After the Empire 's dissolution in 1806 , the Wettin Electors raised Saxony to a territorially reduced kingdom .
The Haarlems Dagblad is a regional newspaper in Haarlem , Netherlands . It makes claim to being the newspaper with the oldest publishing history in the world , even if this claim is based on its ( forced ) merger with another title .
Haarlem ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɦaːrlɛm ] ( listen ) ; predecessor of Harlem in the English language ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of North Holland and is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad , one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe . Haarlem had a population of 161,265 in 2019 . Haarlem was granted city status or stadsrechten in 1245 , although the first city walls were not built until 1270 . The modern city encompasses the former municipality of Schoten as well as parts that previously belonged to Bloemendaal and Heemstede . Apart from the city , the municipality of Haarlem also includes the western part of the village of Spaarndam . Newer sections of Spaarndam lie within the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer .
The Haarlems Dagblad is a regional newspaper in Haarlem , Netherlands . It makes claim to being the newspaper with the oldest publishing history in the world , even if this claim is based on its ( forced ) merger with another title .
The Boletín Oficial del Estado ( BOE ) ( English : Official State Gazette ) is the official gazette of the Kingdom of Spain and is published every day except Sunday . The content of the BOE is authorized and published by Royal Assent and with approval from the Spanish Presidency Office . The Boletín publishes decrees by the Cortes Generales , Spain 's Parliament ( comprising the Senate and the Congress of Deputies ) as well as those orders enacted by the Spanish Autonomous Communities . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 provides in Article 9.3 that The Constitution guarantees . the publication of laws . This includes the official publishing of all Spanish judicial , royal and national governmental decrees , as well as any orders by the Council of Ministers . According to Royal Decree 181/2008 of February 8 , the BOE is the official journal of the Kingdom of Spain , providing the State Government the means to publish mandatory laws , regulations and other acts approved by the parliaments . It therefore contains a comprehensive list of all Laws passed in parliament , the provisions adopted by the Government of Spain and the general provisions of the Autonomous Communities . Following Law 11/2007 of June 22 , concerning the electronic access of citizens to Public Services , and Royal Decree 181/2008 of February 8 , concerning the official gazette , the publication ceased in its traditional print format on 31 December 2008 and switched to an online mode of dissemination . From 1661 to 1936 it was called the Gaceta de Madrid .
Madrid ( /məˈdrɪd/ , Spanish : [ maˈðɾið ] ) [ n. 1 ] is the capital and most populous city of Spain . The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million . It is the second-largest city in the European Union ( EU ) , surpassed only by Berlin , and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU , smaller only than Paris . The municipality covers 604.3 km2 ( 233.3 sq mi ) . Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid ( which comprises the city of Madrid , its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages ) ; this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha . As the capital city of Spain , seat of government , and residence of the Spanish monarch , Madrid is also the political , economic and cultural centre of the country . The current mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People 's Party . The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics , education , entertainment , environment , media , fashion , science , culture , and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world 's major global cities . Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid . Due to its economic output , high standard of living , and market size , Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe . It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies , such as Telefónica , IAG or Repsol . Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine , in its 2017 index .
Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals .
Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny ( The Polish Mercury Ordinary ; original 17th-century Polish spelling : Merkuryusz Polski Ordynaryiny ; full title : Merkuriusz Polski dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający , dla informacji pospolitej : The Polish Mercury , Encompassing All the World 's Affairs , for the Common Knowledge ) was the first Polish newspaper ( actually , a weekly ) , published from 1661 , first in Kraków , then in Warsaw . Though short-lived , it gave its name to several later newspapers , notably the Merkuriusz Polski published in London , 1955-58 .
Polish ( język polski , [ 'jɛ̃w̃zɨk ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) , polszczyzna or simply polski , [ ˈpɔlskʲi ] ( listen ) ) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group . It is spoken primarily in Poland and serves as the native language of the Poles . In addition to being an official language of Poland , it is also used by Polish minorities in other countries . There are over 50 million Polish-language speakers around the world and it is one of the official languages of the European Union . Polish is written with the standardized Polish alphabet , which has nine additions to the letters of the basic Latin script ( ą , ć , ę , ł , ń , ó , ś , ź , ż ) . Among the major languages , it is most closely related to Slovak and Czech , but differs from other Slavic varieties in terms of pronunciation and general grammar . In addition , Polish was profoundly influenced by Germanic languages , most notably German , and Italic languages like Latin and French , which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures . Polish currently has the largest number of speakers of the West Slavic group and is also the second most widely spoken Slavic language . Historically , Polish was a lingua franca , important both diplomatically and academically in Central and Eastern Europe . Today , Polish is spoken by over 38.5 million people as their first language in Poland . It is also spoken as a second language in Northern Czech Republic and Slovakia , western parts of Belarus and Ukraine as well as in Central-Eastern Lithuania and Latvia . Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods , most notably after World War II , millions of Polish speakers can be found in countries such as Canada , Argentina , Brazil , Israel , Australia , the United Kingdom and the United States .
Kraków ( /ˈkrækaʊ , -koʊ/ , also US : /ˈkreɪk- , ˈkrɑːkaʊ/ , UK : /ˈkrækɒf/ , Polish : [ ˈkrakuf ] ( listen ) ) , traditionally known in English as Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Province , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , economic , cultural and artistic life . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , its Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of about 770,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km ( 62 mi ) radius of its main square . After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II , the newly defined Distrikt Krakau ( Kraków District ) became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów . However , the city was spared from destruction and major bombing . In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II - the first ever Slavic pope , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years .
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - formally , the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and , after 1791 , the Commonwealth of Poland - was a dual state , a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch , who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania . It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe . At its largest territorial extent , in the early 17th century , the Commonwealth covered almost 400,000 square miles ( 1,000,000 km2 ) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million . Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages . The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569 , but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania 's Grand Duke Jogaila , who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland . The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state 's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states . Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power . These checks were enacted by a legislature ( sejm ) controlled by the nobility ( szlachta ) . This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy , constitutional monarchy , and federation . Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal , Poland was the dominant partner in the union . The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance , guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573 ; [ a ] however , the degree of religious freedom varied over time .
Gazzetta di Mantova is an Italian language local daily newspaper published in Mantua , in northern Italy .
Mantua ( /ˈmæntjuə/ ; Italian : Mantova [ ˈmantova ] ( listen ) ; Lombard and Latin : Mantua ) is a city and comune in Lombardy , Italy , and capital of the province of the same name . In 2016 , Mantua became Italian Capital of Culture . In 2017 , Mantua was the European Capital of Gastronomy , included in the Eastern Lombardy District ( together with the cities of Bergamo , Brescia , and Cremona ) . In 2007 , Mantua 's centro storico ( old town ) and Sabbioneta were declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site . Mantua 's historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family has made it one of the main artistic , cultural , and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole . Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history of opera ; the city is also known for its architectural treasures and artifacts , elegant palaces , and the medieval and Renaissance cityscape . It is the place where the composer Monteverdi premiered his opera L'Orfeo and where Romeo was banished in Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman poet Virgil , who was commemorated by a statue at the lakeside park Piazza Virgiliana . Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes , created during the 12th century as the city 's defence system . These lakes receive water from the Mincio River , a tributary of the Po River which descends from Lake Garda . The three lakes are called Lago Superiore , Lago di Mezzo , and Lago Inferiore ( Upper , Middle , and Lower Lakes , respectively ) . A fourth lake , Lake Pajolo , which once served as a defensive water ring around the city , dried up at the end of the 18th century .
The Duchy of Mantua was a duchy in Lombardy , Northern Italy , subject to the Holy Roman Empire .