Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
MRP2 inhibitors
Table:
Drug	Class	Indications

probenecid	uricosuric	gout hyperuricemia

furosemide	loop diuretic	heart failure edema

ritonavir	protease inhibitor	antiretroviral

saquinavir	protease inhibitor	antiretroviral

lamivudine	Nucleoside analog	antiviral

abacavir	Nucleoside analog	antiretroviral

emtricitabine	Nucleoside analog	antiviral

efavirenz	NNRTI	antiretroviral

delavirdine	NNRTI	antiretroviral

nevirapine	NNRTI	antiretroviral

cidofovir	nucleoside phosphonate	antiviral

adefovir	nucleoside phosphonate	antiviral

tenofovir	nucleoside phosphonate	antiviral

By analysing the provided table together with the background passages below.

Give the answer to the question: What class is the drug sold commonly called 3TC ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

Probenecid , also sold under the brand name Probalan , is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine . It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia . Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide to competitively inhibit renal excretion of some drugs , thereby increasing their plasma concentration and prolonging their effects .
Uricosuric medications ( drugs ) are substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in the urine , thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in blood plasma . In general , this effect is achieved by action on the proximal tubule of the kidney . Drugs that reduce blood uric acid are not all uricosurics ; blood uric acid can be reduced by other mechanisms ( see other Antigout medications ) . Uricosurics are often used in the treatment of gout , a disease in which uric acid crystals form deposits in the joints . By decreasing plasma uric acid levels , uricosurics help dissolve these crystals , while limiting the formation of new ones . However , the increased uric acid levels in urine can contribute to kidney stones . Thus , use of these drugs is contraindicated in persons already with a high urine concentration of uric acid ( hyperuricosuria ) . In borderline cases , enough water to produce 2 liters of urine per day may be sufficient to permit use of an uricosuric drug . By their mechanism of action , some uricosurics ( such as probenecid ) increase the blood plasma concentration of certain other drugs and their metabolic products . While this is occasionally exploitable to good effect ( see oseltamivir ) , assessment of drug interactions is very important when using uricosuric drugs in the presence of other medications .
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red , tender , hot , and swollen joint . Pain typically comes on rapidly , reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours . The joint at the base of the big toe is affected in about half of cases . It may also result in tophi , kidney stones , or kidney damage . Gout is due to persistently elevated levels of uric acid in the blood . This occurs from a combination of diet , other health problems , and genetic factors . At high levels , uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints , tendons , and surrounding tissues , resulting in an attack of gout . Gout occurs more commonly in those who regularly eat meat or seafood , drink beer , or are overweight . Diagnosis of gout may be confirmed by the presence of crystals in the joint fluid or in a deposit outside the joint . Blood uric acid levels may be normal during an attack . Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , steroids , or colchicine improves symptoms . Once the acute attack subsides , levels of uric acid can be lowered via lifestyle changes and in those with frequent attacks , allopurinol or probenecid provides long-term prevention .
Hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood . In the pH conditions of body fluid , uric acid exists largely as urate , the ion form . The amount of urate in the body depends on the balance between the amount of purines eaten in food , the amount of urate synthesised within the body ( e.g. , through cell turnover ) , and the amount of urate that is excreted in urine or through the gastrointestinal tract . In humans , the upper end of the normal range is 360 µmol/L ( 6 mg/dL ) for women and 400 µmol/L ( 6.8 mg/dL ) for men .
Furosemide , sold under the brand name Lasix among others , is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure , liver scarring , or kidney disease . It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth . When taken by mouth , it typically begins working within an hour , while intravenously , it typically begins working within five minutes . Common side effects include feeling lightheaded with standing , ringing in the ears , and sensitivity to light . Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities , low blood pressure , and hearing loss . Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment . Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys . Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 0.004 and US $ 0.02 per day . In the United States , it is available as a generic medication and costs about US $ 0.15 per day .
Loop diuretics are diuretics that act at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the kidney . They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or chronic kidney disease . While thiazide diuretics are more effective in patients with normal kidney function , loop diuretics are more effective in patients with impaired kidney function .
Heart failure ( HF ) , also known as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) and congestive cardiac failure ( CCF ) , is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms of heart failure commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise or while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease , including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the function of the heart . The two types of left ventricular heart failure - heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ( HFrEF ) , and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) - are based on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract , or to relax , is affected . The severity of the heart failure is graded by the severity of symptoms with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as heart attack ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease . Diagnosis is based on symptoms , physical findings , and echocardiography .
Edema , also known as fluid retention or swelling , is the build up of fluid in the body 's tissue . Most commonly the legs or arms are affected . Symptoms may include skin which feels tight , the area may feel heavy , and affected joints may be hard to move . Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause . Causes may include venous insufficiency , heart failure , kidney problems , low protein levels , liver problems , deep vein thrombosis , infections , angioedema , certain medications , and lymphedema . It may also occur due to prolonged sitting or standing and during menstruation or pregnancy . The condition is more concerning if it starts suddenly , or pain or shortness of breath is present . Treatment depends on the underlying cause . If the underlying mechanism involves sodium retention , decreased salt intake and a diuretic may be used . Elevating the legs and support stockings may be useful for edema of the legs . Older people are more commonly affected . The word is from the Greek οἴδημα oídēma meaning swelling .
Ritonavir , sold under the trade name Norvir , is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS . This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . Often a low dose is used with other protease inhibitors . It may also be used in combination with other medications for hepatitis C. It is taken by mouth . The capsules of the medication do not work the same as the tablets . Common side effects include nausea , vomiting , loss of appetite , diarrhea , and numbness of the hands and feet . Serious side effects include liver problems , pancreatitis , allergic reactions , and arrythmias . Serious interactions may occur with a number of other medications including amiodarone and simvastatin . At low doses it is considered to be acceptable for use during pregnancy . Ritonavir is of the protease inhibitor class . Typically , however , it is used to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors . This inhibition allows lower doses of these latter medication to be used .
Protease inhibitors ( PIs ) are a class of antiviral drugs that are widely used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. Protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases ( e.g . HIV-1 protease ) and blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors that are necessary for the production of infectious viral particles . Protease inhibitors that have been developed and are currently used in clinical practice include :
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an attempt to control HIV infection . There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle . The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) . HAART decreases the patient 's total burden of HIV , maintains function of the immune system , and prevents opportunistic infections that often lead to death . HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same sex and opposite sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load . Treatment has been so successful that in many parts of the world , HIV has become a chronic condition in which progression to AIDS is increasingly rare . Anthony Fauci , head of the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , has written , With collective and resolute action now and a steadfast commitment for years to come , an AIDS-free generation is indeed within reach . In the same paper , he noted that an estimated 700,000 lives were saved in 2010 alone by antiretroviral therapy . As another commentary in The Lancet noted , Rather than dealing with acute and potentially life-threatening complications , clinicians are now confronted with managing a chronic disease that in the absence of a cure will persist for many decades . The United States Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with HIV . Because of the complexity of selecting and following a regimen , the potential for side effects , and the importance of taking medications regularly to prevent viral resistance , such organizations emphasize the importance of involving patients in therapy choices and recommend analyzing the risks and the potential benefits . The World Health Organization has defined health as more than the absence of disease .
Saquinavir , sold under the brand names Invirase and Fortovase , is an antiretroviral drug used together with other medications to treat or prevent HIV/AIDS . Typically it is used with ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir to increase its effect . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and feeling tired . More serious side effects include problems with QT prolongation , heart block , high blood lipids , and liver problems . It appears to be safe in pregnancy . It is in the protease inhibitor class and works by blocking the HIV protease . Saquinavir was patented in 1988 and first sold in 1995 . As of 2015 it is not available as a generic medication in the United States and is expensive . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 4.50 USD per day .
Lamivudine , commonly called 3TC , is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS . It is also used to treat chronic hepatitis B when other options are not possible . It is effective against both HIV-1 and HIV-2 . It is typically used in combination with other antiretrovirals such as zidovudine and abacavir . Lamivudine may be included as part of post-exposure prevention in those who have been potentially exposed to HIV . Lamivudine is taken by mouth as a liquid or tablet . Common side effects include nausea , diarrhea , headaches , feeling tired , and cough . Serious side effects include liver disease , lactic acidosis , and worsening hepatitis B among those already infected . It is safe for people over three months of age and can be used during pregnancy . The medication can be taken with or without food . Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase . Lamivudine was patented in 1995 and approved for use in the United States in 1995 .
Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ( RTIs ) are a class of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection or AIDS , and in some cases hepatitis B. RTIs inhibit activity of reverse transcriptase , a viral DNA polymerase that is required for replication of HIV and other retroviruses .
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones . Most antivirals are used for specific viral infections , while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses . Unlike most antibiotics , antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen ; instead they inhibit their development . Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials , a larger group which also includes antibiotic ( also termed antibacterial ) , antifungal and antiparasitic drugs , or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies . Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host , and therefore can be used to treat infections . They should be distinguished from viricides , which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles , either inside or outside the body . Natural antivirals are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus and Australian tea trees .
Abacavir , sold under the brand name Ziagen , is a medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS . Similar to other nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) , abacavir is used together with other HIV medications , and is not recommended by itself . It is taken by mouth as a tablet or solution and may be used in children over the age of three months . Abacavir is generally well tolerated . Common side effects include vomiting , trouble sleeping , fever , and feeling tired . More severe side effects include hypersensitivity , liver damage , and lactic acidosis . Genetic testing can indicate whether a person is at higher risk of developing hypersensitivity . Symptoms of hypersensitivity include rash , vomiting , and shortness of breath . Abacavir is in the NRTI class of medications , which work by blocking reverse transcriptase , an enzyme needed for HIV virus replication . Within the NRTI class , abacavir is a carbocyclic nucleoside . Abacavir was patented in 1988 , and approved for use in the United States in 1998 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system .
Emtricitabine ( commonly called FTC , systematic name 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine ) , with trade name Emtriva ( formerly Coviracil ) , is a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI ) for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection in adults and children . Emtricitabine is also marketed in a fixed-dose combination with tenofovir disoproxil ( Viread ) under the brand name Truvada , and with tenofovir alafenamide ( Vemlidy ) under the brand name Descovy . A fixed-dose triple combination of emtricitabine , tenofovir and efavirenz ( Sustiva , marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb ) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) on July 12 , 2006 under the brand name Atripla . Emtricitabine makes up one fourth of the Quad pill ( brand names : Stribild and Genvoya ) . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system .
Efavirenz ( EFV ) , sold under the brand names Sustiva among others , is an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS . It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals . It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure . It is sold both by itself and in combination as efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir . It is taken by mouth once a day . Common side effects include rash , nausea , headache , feeling tired , and trouble sleeping . Some of the rashes may be serious such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome . Other serious side effects include depression , thoughts of suicide , liver problems , and seizures . It is not safe for use during pregnancy . It is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) and works by blocking the function of reverse transcriptase . Efavirenz was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system .
Delavirdine ( DLV ) ( brand name Rescriptor ) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) marketed by ViiV Healthcare . It is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) type 1 . It is presented as the mesylate . The recommended dosage is 400 mg , three times a day . Although delavirdine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997 , its efficacy is lower than other NNRTIs , especially efavirenz , and it also has an inconvenient schedule . These factors have led the U.S. DHHS not to recommend its use as part of initial therapy . The risk of cross-resistance across the NNRTI class , as well as its complex set of drug interactions , make the place of delavirdine in second-line and salvage therapy unclear , and it is currently rarely used .
Nevirapine ( NVP ) , marketed under the trade name Viramune among others , is a medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS , specifically HIV-1 . It is generally recommended for use with other antiretroviral medication . It may be used to prevent mother to child spread during birth but is not recommended following other exposures . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include rash , headache , nausea , feeling tired , and liver problems . The liver problems and skin rash may be severe and should be checked for during the first few months of treatment . It appears to be safe for use during pregnancy . It is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) and works by blocking the function of reverse transcriptase . Nevirapine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication . The wholesale cost in the developing world is US $ 2.16 to $ 16.62 per month as of 2014 .
Cidofovir , brand name Vistide , is an injectable antiviral medication primarily used as a treatment for cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) retinitis ( an infection of the retina of the eye ) in people with AIDS . Cidofovir was approved for medical use in 1996 .
Adefovir is a prescription medicine used to treat ( chronic ) infections with hepatitis B virus . A prodrug form of adefovir was previously called bis-POM PMEA , with trade names Preveon and Hepsera . It is an orally administered nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor ( ntRTI ) . It can be formulated as the pivoxil prodrug adefovir dipivoxil .
Tenofovir disoproxil , sold under the trade name Viread among others , is a medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B and to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS . It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals . It may be used for prevention of HIV/AIDS among those at high risk before exposure , and after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure . It is sold both by itself and together as emtricitabine/tenofovir and efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir . It does not cure HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B . It is available by mouth as a tablet or powder . Common side effects include nausea , rash , diarrhea , headache , pain , depression , and weakness . Severe side effects include high blood lactate and an enlarged liver . There are no absolute contraindications . It is often recommended during pregnancy and appears to be safe . It is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by decreasing the ability of the viruses to replicate . Tenofovir was patented in 1996 and approved for use in the United States in 2001 .