Russian Academy of Sciences
History -- In the Soviet Union
Table:
Republic
Local Name
Established
successor

Ukrainian SSR
Академія наук Української РСР
1918
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Byelorussian SSR
Акадэмія Навукаў Беларускай ССР
1929
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus

Uzbek SSR
Ўзбекистон ССР Фанлар академияси
1943
Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

Kazakh SSR
Қазақ ССР Ғылым Академиясы
1946
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Georgian SSR
საქართველოს სსრ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია
1941
Georgian Academy of Sciences

Azerbaijan SSR
Азәрбајҹан ССР Елмләр Академијасы
1945
National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan

Lithuanian SSR
Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija
1941
Lithuanian Academy of Sciences

Moldavian SSR
Академия де Штиинце а РСС Молдовенешть
1946
Academy of Sciences of Moldova

Latvian SSR
Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija
1946
Latvian Academy of Sciences

Kirghiz SSR
Кыргыз ССР Илимдер академиясы
1954
National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic

Tajik SSR
Академияи илмҳои ҶШС Тоҷикистон
1953
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan

Armenian SSR
Հայկական ՍՍՀ գիտությունների ակադեմիա
1943
National Academy of Sciences of Armenia

Turkmen SSR
Түркменистан ССР Ылымлар Академиясы
1951
Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan

Estonian SSR
Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia
1946
Estonian Academy of Sciences

Looking at the following table along with the supplementary paragraphs listed at the end.

Solve the question: For the third latest established academy , when did its home country became independent ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Ukrainian SSR or UkrSSR or UkSSR ; Ukrainian : Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка , Украї́нська РСР , УРСР ; Russian : Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика , Украи́нская ССР , УССР ; see Name section below ) , also known as Soviet Ukraine , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from the Union 's inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991 . The republic was governed by the Communist Party of Ukraine as a unitary one-party socialist soviet republic . The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations , although it was legally represented by the All-Union state in its affairs with countries outside of the Soviet Union . Upon the Soviet Union 's dissolution and perestroika , the Ukrainian SSR was transformed into the modern nation-state and renamed itself as Ukraine . Throughout its 72-year history , the republic 's borders changed many times , with a significant portion of what is now Western Ukraine being annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 from the Republic of Poland , and the addition of Zakarpattia in 1946 . From the start , the eastern city of Kharkiv served as the republic 's capital . However , in 1934 , the seat of government was subsequently moved to the city of Kiev , Ukraine 's historic capital . Kiev remained the capital for the rest of the Ukrainian SSR 's existence , and remained the capital of independent Ukraine after the breakup of the Soviet Union . Geographically , the Ukrainian SSR was situated in Eastern Europe to the north of the Black Sea , bordered by the Soviet republics of Moldavia , Byelorussia , and the Russian SFSR . The Ukrainian SSR 's border with Czechoslovakia formed the Soviet Union 's western-most border point . According to the Soviet Census of 1989 the republic had a population of 51,706,746 inhabitants , which fell sharply after the breakup of the Soviet Union . On 1 January 2018 , according to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine the population of the country was 42,216,766 permanent residents .
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ; Ukrainian : Національна академія наук України , Natsionalna akademiya nauk Ukrayiny , abbr : NAN Ukraine ) is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that is the main center of development of science and technology by coordinating a system of research institutes in the country . It is the main research oriented organization along with the five other academies in Ukraine specialized in various scientific disciplines . NAS Ukraine consists of numerous departments , sections , research institutes , scientific centers and various other supporting scientific organizations . The Academy reports on the annual basis to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine . The presidium of the academy is located at the following address vulytsia Volodymyrska , 57 , across the street from the Building of Pedagogical Museum where used to preside the Central Council during the independence period of 1917-18 . In 1919-1991 it was a republican branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union .
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( BSSR , or Byelorussian SSR ; Belarusian : Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка , romanized : Biełaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika ; Russian : Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika or Russian : Белорусская ССР , romanized : Belorusskaya SSR ) , also commonly referred to in English as Byelorussia , was a federal unit of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . It existed between 1920 and 1922 , and from 1922 to 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR , with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991 . The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia by a number of historians . To the west it bordered Poland . Within the Soviet Union , it bordered the Lithuanian SSR and the Latvian SSR to the north , the Russian SFSR to the east , and the Ukrainian SSR to the south . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia ( SSRB ) was declared by the Bolsheviks on 1 January 1919 following the declaration of independence by the Belarusian Democratic Republic in March 1918 . In 1922 , the BSSR was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union , together with the Ukrainian SSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II . Towards the final years of the Soviet Union 's existence , the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty on 27 July 1990 . On 15 August 1991 , Stanislaŭ Šuškievič was elected as the country 's first president . Ten days later on 25 August 1991 , Byelorussian SSR declared its independence and renamed to the Republic of Belarus . The Soviet Union was dissolved four months and one day later on 26 December 1991 .
The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus ( NASB ) ( Belarusian : Нацыянальная акадэмія навук Беларусі , Russian : Национальная академия наук Беларуси , НАН Беларуси , НАНБ ) is the national academy of Belarus .
Uzbekistan ( US : /ʊzˈbɛkɪˌstæn , -ˌstɑːn/ ( listen ) , UK : /ʊzˌbɛkɪˈstɑːn , ʌz- , -ˈstæn/ ) is the common English name for the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ( Uzbek SSR ; Uzbek : Ўзбекистон ССР , Oʻzbekiston SSR ; Russian : Узбекская ССР , Uzbekskaya SSR ) and later , the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi , Ўзбекистон Республикаси ) , that refers to the period of Uzbekistan from 1924 to 1991. as one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union . It was governed by the Uzbek branch of the Soviet Communist Party , the only legal political party , from 1925 until 1990 . From 1990 to 1991 , it was a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation . Sometimes , that period is also referred to as Soviet Uzbekistan . Beginning 20 June 1990 , the Uzbek SSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty within its borders . Islam Karimov became the republic 's inaugural president . On 31 August 1991 , the Uzbek SSR was renamed the Republic of Uzbekistan and declared independence three months before the Soviet Union 's dissolution on 26 December 1991 . Uzbekistan was bordered by Kazakhstan to the north ; Tajikistan to the southeast ; Kirghizia to the northeast ; Afghanistan to the south ; and Turkmenistan to the southwest .
The Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek : Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar akademiyasi , Ўзбекистон Республикаси Фанлар академияси ) is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Uzbekistan . It coordinates research in all areas of science and technology . The academy was established in 1943 as the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR . After the collapse of the USSR , it became the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan .
The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic [ note 1 ] was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1991 in northern Central Asia . It was created on 5 December 1936 from the Kazakh ASSR , an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR . At 2,717,300 square kilometres ( 1,049,200 sq mi ) in area , it was the second-largest republic in the USSR , after the Russian SFSR . Its capital was Alma-Ata ( today known as Almaty ) . Today it is the independent nation of Kazakhstan . During its existence as a Soviet Socialist Republic , it was ruled by the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR . On 25 October 1990 , the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on its soil . Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected as president - a role he remained in for the next 29 years . The Kazakh SSR was renamed the Republic of Kazakhstan on 10 December 1991 , which declared its independence six days later , as the last republic to leave the USSR on 16 December 1991 . The Soviet Union was disbanded on 26 December 1991 by the Soviet of the Republics . The Republic of Kazakhstan , the legal successor to the Kazakh SSR , was admitted to the United Nations on 2 March 1992 .
Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences ( official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan ) the highest scientific organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan . The Academy of Sciences was founded on 1 June , 1946 on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences . The central office is located in Almaty . It is a state institution that joins active members ( academicians ) , corresponding members , and leading scientists of Kazakhstan . The main activities of the Academy are scientific research , analysis and forecasting of the development of science , priorities of science development and scientific personnel training , support , formation , and coordination of scientific programs , promotion of international cooperation , innovation and investment in science-based development . Areas of research include earth sciences , mathematics , computer science , physics , remote sensing and space technologies , chemistry , new materials , biologically active substances , biochemistry and physiology of plants , botany , soil sciences , social sciences and humanities . The incumbent president ( 2008 ) is Professor Murat Zhurinov .
Georgia , formally the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Georgian SSR ; Georgian : საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos sabch'ota sotsialist'uri resp'ublik ' a ; Russian : Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Gruzinskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991 . Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia , it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia , which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to annexation by the Russian Empire in 1801 . The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921 and subsequently incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922 . Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , which existed as a union republic within the USSR . From November 18 , 1989 , the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws . The republic was renamed the Republic of Georgia on November 14 , 1990 , and subsequently became independent before the dissolution of the Soviet Union on April 9 , 1991 , whereupon each former SSR became a sovereign state . Geographically , the Georgian SSR was bordered by Turkey to the south-west and the Black Sea to the west . Within the Soviet Union it bordered the Russian SFSR to the north , the Armenian SSR to the south and the Azerbaijan SSR to the south-east .
The Georgian National Academy of Sciences ( GNAS ) ( Georgian : საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია , translit . : sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli ak'ademia ) is a main learned society of the Georgia . It was named Georgian SSR Academy of Sciences until November 1990 . The Academy coordinates scientific research in Georgia and develops relationship with the academies and scientific centers of foreign countries .
Azerbaijan ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ ( listen ) AZ-ər-by-JAHN ; Azerbaijani : Азәрбајҹан / Azərbaycan ) , officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ( Azerbaijan SSR ; Azerbaijani : Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы / Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası , Russian : Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика [ АзССР ] , romanized : Azerbaydzhanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [ AzSSR ] ) , also referred to as Soviet Azerbaijan , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1922 and 1991 . Created on 28 April 1920 when Soviet Russia brought pro-Soviet figures to power in the region , the first two years of the Azerbaijani SSR were as an independent country until incorporation into the Transcausasian SFSR , along with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR . In December 1922 , the Transcaucasian SFSR became part of the newly established Soviet Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was approved by the 9th Extraordinary All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets on 14 March 1937 . On 5 February 1991 , Azerbaijan SSR was renamed the Republic of Azerbaijan according to the Decision No.16-XII of Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan approving the Decree of the President of Azerbaijan SSR dated 29 November 1990 , remaining in the USSR for another period before its independence in October 1991 . The Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR ceased to exist in 1995 , upon the adoption of the new Constitution of Azerbaijan .
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences ( ANAS ) ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası ( AMEA ) ) , located in Baku , is the main state research organization and the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan . It was established on 23 January 1945 . The President of ANAS is Acad . Ramiz Mehdiyev and the vice-president of ANAS is Acad . Rasim Alguliyev . One section of the ANAS is Republican Seismic Survey Center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences .
The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Lithuanian SSR ; Lithuanian : Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika ; Russian : Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , also known as Soviet Lithuania or Lithuania , was one of the constituent republics of the USSR between 1940-1941 and 1944-1990 . After 1946 , its territory and borders mirrored those of today 's Republic of Lithuania , with the exception of minor adjustments of the border with Belarus . During World War II , the previously independent Republic of Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet army on 16 June 1940 , in conformity with the terms of the 23 August 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact , and established as a puppet state on 21 July . Between 1941 and 1944 , the German invasion of the Soviet Union caused its de facto dissolution . However , with the retreat of the Germans in 1944-1945 , Soviet hegemony was re-established and continued for forty-five years . As a result , many western countries continued to recognize Lithuania as an independent , sovereign de jure state subject to international law , represented by the legations appointed by the pre-1940 Baltic states , which functioned in various places through the Lithuanian Diplomatic Service . On 18 May 1989 , the Lithuanian SSR declared itself to be a sovereign state , though still part of the USSR . On 11 March 1990 , the Republic of Lithuania was re-established as an independent state . Considered illegal by the Soviet authorities , the country was recognized by western powers immediately prior to the breakup of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union itself recognized Lithuanian independence on 6 September 1991 .
The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ( Lietuvos mokslų akademija ) or LAS , founded in 1941 as the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences ( Lithuanian : Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademija ) , as an autonomous , state-subsidized establishment serving as a scientific advisory body to the government of Lithuanian SSR . Following the 1991 passage of the Law on Research and Higher Education of the Republic of Lithuania , it was reorganized . Its first president was Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius , followed by Mykolas Biržiška , Vladas Jurgutis , Juozas Matulis , Juras Požela , Benediktas Juodka , and Zenonas Rokus Rudzikas , Valdemaras Razumas , Jūras Banys . The Academy represents the Republic of Lithuania in the following international organizations : ALLEA ( the Federation of ALL European Academies ) , ICSU ( the International Council for Science ) , EASAC ( the European Academies Science Advisory Council ) , and IAP ( the InterAcademy Panel ) . In addition to founding several scientific institutions and foundations , it issues publications and textbooks , sponsors symposia and conferences . It has established 15 memorial prizes and awards , encourages young scientists and students to engage in research by annually awarding 10 prizes to young scientists and 15 prizes to students . Since 2008 together with the Bank of Lithuania grants Vladas Jurgutis Award . The Academy 's headquarters are located in Vilnius .
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Romanian : Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească ; Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ ) was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991 . The republic was formed on 2 August 1940 from parts of Bessarabia , a region annexed from Romania on 28 June of that year , and parts of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , an autonomous Soviet republic within the Ukrainian SSR . After the Declaration of Sovereignty on 23 June 1990 , and until 23 May 1991 , it was officially known as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova . From 23 May 1991 until the declaration of independence on 27 August 1991 , it was renamed the Republic of Moldova while remaining a constituent republic of the USSR . Its independence was recognized on 26 December of that year when the USSR dissolved . Geographically , the Moldavian SSR was bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north , east , and south .
The Academy of Sciences of Moldova ( Romanian : Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei ) , established in 1946 , is the main scientific organization of the Republic of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology .
The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Latvian SSR ; Latvian : Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika ; Russian : Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia , was a republic of the Soviet Union . It was established on 21 July 1940 , during World War II , as a Soviet puppet state in the territory of the previously independent Republic of Latvia after it had been occupied on June 17 , 1940 by the Red Army , in conformity with the terms of the 23 August 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact . Following the Welles Declaration of July 23 , 1940 , the annexation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union ( USSR ) on 5 August 1940 was not recognized as legitimate by the United States , the European Community , and recognition of it as the nominal thirteenth , fourteenth , and fifteenth constituent republic of the USSR was withheld for five decades . Its territory was subsequently conquered by Nazi Germany in June-July 1941 , before being retaken by the Soviets in 1944-1945 . Nevertheless , Latvia continued to exist as a de jure independent country with a number of countries continued to recognize Latvian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former governments . Soviet rule came to the end during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The first freely elected parliament of the Latvian SSR passed a declaration On the Renewal of the Independence of the Republic of Latvia on May 4 , 1990 , restoring the official name of the State of Latvia as the Republic of Latvia . The full independence of the Republic of Latvia was restored on 21 August 1991 , during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt and fully recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991 .
The Latvian Academy of Sciences ( Latvian : Latvijas Zinātņu akadēmija ) is the official science academy of Latvia and is an association of the country 's foremost scientists . The academy was founded as the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences ( Latvian : Latvijas PSR Zinātņu akadēmija ) . It is located in Riga . The current President of the academy is Ojārs Spārītis .
Kirghizia , officially the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic ( Kirghiz SSR ; Kyrgyz : Кыргыз Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы Qırğız Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikası ; Russian : Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика Kirgizskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) and the Republic of Kirghizia , also referred to as Soviet Kirghizia , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) from 1936 to 1991 . Landlocked and mountainous , it bordered Tajikistan and China to the south , Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the north . The Kirghiz branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union governed the republic from 1936 until 1990 . On 15 December 1990 , the Kirghiz SSR was renamed to Socialist Republic of Kirghizia after declaring its state sovereignty . On 31 August 1991 , it transformed into independent Kyrgyzstan .
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences ( official name National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan ) , originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993 . The aims of the Academy are to carry out research in natural , engineering , and social sciences , to train scientists in all fields of knowledge , to advise the government in matters of scientific policy , and to disseminate knowledge . The Academy defines the research topics in the national research institutions , coordinates basic research funded by the state , participates in international organizations , and organizes symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research . As of 2008 , there are 37 academicians , 57 corresponding members , and 7 foreign members . Academician Murat Djumataev was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 31 October , 2017 .
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic , [ a ] also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan and Tajik SSR , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1929 to 1991 located in Central Asia . The Tajik Republic was created on 5 December 1929 as a national entity for the Tajik people within the Soviet Union . It succeeded the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( Tajik ASSR ) , which had been created on 14 October 1924 as a part of the predominantly Turkic Uzbek SSR in the process of national delimitation in Soviet Central Asia . On 24 August 1990 , the Tajik SSR declared sovereignty in its borders . The republic was renamed to the Republic of Tajikistan on 31 August 1991 and declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 9 September 1991 . Geographically , at 143,100 km2 ( 55,300 sq mi ) , it was bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kirghizia to the north , and China to the east . Pakistan was to the south , separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor .
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik : Академияи илмҳои Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Akademiyai ilmhoi Jumhuriyi Tojikiston ; Russian : Академия наук Республики Таджикистан , Akademiya nauk Respubliki Tadzhikistan ) incorporates 20 research institutes and three territorial groupings : the Pamir Branch in the eastern part of the country ( with 2 institutes ) , the Khujand Scientific Center in the north , and the Khatlon Scientific Center in the south-west . The Academy is organized in three thematic divisions : physico-mathematical , chemical , and geological sciences ; biological and medical sciences ; humanities and social sciences . The incumbent president is Academician M.I . Ilolov , elected in 2005 . Originally a part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences , the Tajik Academy of Sciences was established in 1951 as the Academy of Sciences of Tajik SSR , designated the highest scientific body in Tajik SSR and since 1991 in the Republic of Tajikistan .
Armenia ( /ɑːrˈmiːniə/ ( listen ) ; Armenian : Հայաստան , romanized : Hayastan , IPA : [ hɑjɑsˈtɑn ] ; [ a ] Russian : Армения ; Armeniya ) , officially the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Armenian SSR ; Armenian : Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն , romanized : Haykakan Sovetakan Soc'ialistakan Hanrapetut'yun ; Russian : Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика , romanized : Armyanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , also commonly referred to as Soviet Armenia , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in December 1922 located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia . It was established in December 1920 , when the Soviets took over control of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia and lasted until 1991 . It is sometimes called the Second Republic of Armenia , following the First Republic of Armenia 's demise . As part of the Soviet Union , the Armenian SSR transformed from a largely agricultural hinterland to an important industrial production center , while its population almost quadrupled from around 880,000 in 1926 to 3.3 million in 1989 due to natural growth and large-scale influx of Armenian Genocide survivors and their descendants . On August 23 , 1990 , it was renamed the Republic of Armenia after its sovereignty was declared , but remained in the Soviet Union until its official proclamation of independence on 21 September 1991 . Its independence was recognized on 26 December 1991 when the Soviet Union ceased to exist . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the state of the post-Soviet Republic of Armenia existed until the adoption of the new constitution in 1995 .
The National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia ( NAS RA ) ( Armenian : Հայաստանի Հանրապետության գիտությունների ազգային ակադեմիա , ՀՀ ԳԱԱ , Hayastani Hanrapetutyan gitutyunneri azgayin akademia ) is the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Armenia .
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkmen : Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы , Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy ; Russian : Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика , Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ) , also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia , was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991 . Initially , on 7 August 1921 , it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made , on 13 May 1925 , a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR . Since then the borders of the Turkmenia were unchanged . On 22 August 1990 , Turkmenia declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws . On 27 October 1991 , it became independent as the Republic of Turkmenistan . Geographically , Turkmenia was bordered between Iran , Afghanistan to the south , Caspian Sea to the west , Kazakhstan to the north and Uzbekistan to the east .
The Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan , founded in 1951 , is the state body responsible for the implementation of Turkmen scientific and technical policy . The academy was closed under president Saparmurat Niyazov and reopened by his successor , Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow .
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Estonian SSR or ESSR ; Estonian : Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV ; Russian : Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР , Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR ) was a republic of the Soviet Union . The ESSR was initially established on the territory of the Republic of Estonia on 21 July 1940 , following the invasion of Soviet troops on 17 June 1940 , and the installation of an illegitimate communist government backed by the Soviet Union , which declared Estonia a Soviet constituency . The Estonian SSR was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union as a Soviet Republic on 6 August 1940 . The territory was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 and administered as a part of Reichskommissariat Ostland . Most countries did not recognize the incorporation of Estonia de jure and only recognized its Soviet government de facto or not at all . A number of countries continued to recognize Estonian diplomats and consuls who still functioned in the name of their former government . This policy of non-recognition gave rise to the principle of legal continuity , which held that de jure , Estonia remained an independent state under occupation throughout the period 1940-91 . On 16 November 1988 , the Estonian SSR became the first republic within the Soviet sphere of influence to declare state sovereignty from Moscow . On 30 March 1990 , the Estonian SSR declared that Estonia had been occupied since 1940 and declared a transitional period for the country 's full independence . The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed as the Republic of Estonia on 8 May 1990 . The independence of the Republic of Estonia was re-established on 20 August during the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt the following year and the Soviet Union itself recognized the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991 .
Founded in 1938 , the Estonian Academy of Sciences ( Estonian : Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia ) is Estonia 's national academy of science in Tallinn . As with other national academies , it is an independent group of well-known scientists whose stated aim is to promote research and development , encourage international scientific cooperation , and disseminate knowledge to the public . As of March 2017 , it had 77 full members and 20 foreign members . Since 15 October 2014 , the president of the Academy is the mathematician Tarmo Soomere .