List of mountain passes in Turkey
Table:
Name

Elevation in meter and feet

Province

Geographical region

Bahçe Pass

Osmaniye

Mediterranean Region

Belkahve Pass

268 metres (879 ft)

İzmir

Aegean Region

Belen Pass

660 metres (2,170 ft)

Hatay

Mediterranean Region

Çaykavak Pass

1,584 metres (5,197 ft)

Niğde

Central Anatolia Region

Gülek Pass

1,050 metres (3,440 ft)

Mersin

Mediterranean Region

Kızıldağ Pass

2,190 metres (7,190 ft)

Erzincan - Sivas

Eastern Anatolia Region - Central Anatolia Region

Kolsuz Pass

1,490 metres (4,890 ft)

Niğde

Central Anatolia Region

Sertavul Pass

1,650 metres (5,410 ft)

Mersin - Karaman

Mediterranean Region - Central Anatolia Region

Zigana Pass

2,032 metres (6,667 ft)

Gümüşhane

Black Sea Region

Drawing on the following table plus the supporting text provided.

Solve the question: What is the historic name of the pass in Hatay Province ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

The Amanian Gate ( Latin : Amani Portae ) or Bahçe Pass ( Turkish : Bahçe Geçidi ) , also known as the Amanus Pass or Amanides Pylae ( Ἀμανίδες or Ἀμανικαί Πύλαι 'Amanus Gates ' ) , is a mountain pass located on the border between Osmaniye and Gaziantep provinces in south-central Turkey . The pass provides a way through the northern Amanus Mountains ( modern Nur Mountains ) , connecting Cilicia to southern Anatolia and northern Syria . It is one of two passes through the Amanus , the other being the Syrian Gate to the south . The Amanian Gate was mentioned in the ancient Nabonidus Chronicle .
Osmaniye Province ( Turkish : Osmaniye ili ) is a Turkish province located in southern Turkey . It existed as a province by the name Cebel-i Bereket ( meaning Fertile Mountain ) in the early republic until 1933 , when it was incorporated into Adana Province . It was made a province again in 1996 . It covers an area of 3,767 km2 and has a population of 479,221 ( 2010 est ) . The province is situated in Çukurova , a geographical , economical and cultural region . The capital of the province is Osmaniye ( Population : 194,000 ) . The next largest towns are Kadirli ( Population : 83,618 ) and Düziçi ( Population : 42,000 ) .
In biogeography , the Mediterranean Basin /ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ ( also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea ) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate , with mild , rainy winters and hot , dry summers , which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub vegetation .
Belkahve is a mountain pass in İzmir Province , Turkey . Belkahve is situated 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) east of İzmir on the highway D.300 connecting İzmir to hinterland . Its coordinates are 38°27′21″N 27°19′20″E / 38.45583°N 27.32222°E / 38.45583 ; 27.32222Coordinates : 38°27′21″N 27°19′20″E / 38.45583°N 27.32222°E / 38.45583 ; 27.32222 and the maximum elevation is 268 metres ( 879 ft ) . As the average elevation of Turkey is over 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , Belkahve is considered a low-altitude pass . It is the first point on the way from Central Anatolia to İzmir to watch İzmir and the Aegean Sea . During the Turkish War of Independence , after three years of occupation , the nationalists , including Atatürk , watched İzmir from this point on 8-9 September 1922 . A monument has been erected to commemorate the incident .
İzmir Province ( Turkish : İzmir ili ) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in western Anatolia , situated along the Aegean coast . Its capital is the city of İzmir , which is in itself composed of the province 's central 11 districts out of 30 in total . To the west , it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea , and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir . Its area is 11,973 square kilometres ( 4,623 square miles ) , with a population of 4,279,677 in 2017 . The population was 3,370,866 in 2000 . Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north , Manisa to the east , and Aydın to the south . The traffic code of the province is 35 . Major rivers of the province include the Küçük Menderes river , Koca Çay ( with Güzelhisar dam ) , and Bakırçay .
The Aegean Region ( Turkish : Ege Bölgesi ) is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey . Located in western Turkey , it is bordered by the Aegean Sea to the west , the Marmara Region to the north , the Central Anatolia Region to the east , and the Mediterranean Region to the south . Among the four coastal regions , the Aegean Region has the longest coastline .
The Belen Pass ( Turkish : Belen Geçidi ) , known in antiquity as the Syrian Gates ( Greek : Συρίαι πύλαι , Syríai Pýlai ; Latin : Syriae Portae ) , is a pass through the Nur Mountains located in the Belen District of Hatay Province in south-central Turkey . Ancient geographers described the pass through what was then known as the Amanus Mountains as 300 paces across . Historically , it and the Amanian Gate to its north formed the most important route between the regions of Cilicia and Syria . Near the western end of the pass is the Pillar of Jonah , marking the spot where the Hebrew prophet was supposedly disgorged by the great fish that had consumed him . Around 401 BC , Cyrus the Younger passed through the Syrian Gates without a fight when his army of 100,000 - including the 10,000 Greek mercenaries immortalized by Xenophon 's Anabasis - compelled the Persian general opposing them to order his garrison to retreat . After the 333 BC Battle of Issus , Alexander the Great 's army pursued Darius III through the pass . In 39 BC , it was the scene of the Battle of Amanus Pass between Roman forces under P. Ventidius Bassus and Parthian forces under Pharnapates . The Romans completely routed the Parthian army and killed its commander , compelling Pacorus I to withdraw across the Euphrates and allow the Romans to restore their rule over Syria over the course of the next year . During the 12th and 13th centuries , the Crusaders of Antioch and Armenians of Cilicia built several fortresses along and nearby the Syrian Gates , including Trapessac at the northeast approach ; Çalan , 15 kilometers ( 9.3 mi ) north of what is now Belen ; Sarı Seki at the northwest approach ; and Bagras guarding an alternate southern route between Antioch and Cilicia . The Crusader fortification at Çalan was surveyed in 1979 . The pass received its present name following its conquest by the Turks . On July 28 , 1832 , a major battle took place at the pass between the Ottoman and Egyptian armies , where the forces of Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Turks .
Hatay Province ( Turkish : Hatay ili , pronounced [ ˈhataj ] ) is Turkey 's southernmost province . Almost all of it is located outside Anatolia , on the eastern coast of the Levantine Sea . The administrative capital is Antakya ( Antioch ) , and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun ( Alexandretta ) . It is bordered by Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north . The province is part of Çukurova ( Cilicia ) , a geographical , economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin , Adana , Osmaniye , and Hatay . There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı . Sovereignty over the province remains disputed with neighbouring Syria , which claims that the province was separated from itself against the stipulations of the French Mandate of Syria in the years following Syria 's independence from the Ottoman Empire after World War I . Although the two countries have remained generally peaceful in their dispute over the territory , Syria has never formally renounced its claims to it .
The Mediterranean Region ( Turkish : Akdeniz Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey . It is bordered by the Aegean Region to the west , the Central Anatolia Region to the north , the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast , the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east , Syria to the southeast , and the Mediterranean Sea to the south .
Çaykavak is a mountain pass in Niğde Province , Turkey . Çaykavak is situated on the northern slopes of Toros Mountains on the highway D.805 connecting Niğde to the Mediterranean coast . It is 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) to Niğde and 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) to the D.750 highway , the main north to south highway in Central Turkey which D.805 merges to . The coordinates are 37°35′43″N 34°32′31″E / 37.59528°N 34.54194°E / 37.59528 ; 34.54194 and the elevation is 1,584 metres ( 5,197 ft ) . While south of the pass is mountainous , the north composed of high plains except for the heights 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) away where the highway passes through Kolsuz Pass .
Niğde Province ( Turkish : Niğde ili ) is a province in the southern part of Central Anatolia , Turkey . Population is 341,412 ( 2013 est ) of which 141,360 live in the city of Niğde . The population was 348,081 in 2000 and 305,861 in 1990 . It covers an area of 7,312 km2 . Neighbouring provinces are Kayseri , Adana , Mersin , Konya , Aksaray and Nevşehir . The province is surrounded on three sides by ranges of the Taurus Mountains , including Mount Hasan and the Melendiz mountains . To the west lies the plain of Emen , which opens up into the wide plain of Konya . The plain is covered with nutritious volcanic soil and Niğde is a successful agricultural region , particularly apples and potatoes . Surrounded by mountains and at a fairly high altitude the area has a dry and chilly climate and is exposed to snows brought by cold north winds in winter . Average rainfall 0.9 mm , 78.5 mm in April , practically zero in July and August . Therefore , the hillsides are more or less bare of vegetation , with some forest at the higher altitudes . ( see Niğde for more information about the provincial capital city ) .
The Central Anatolia Region ( Turkish : İç Anadolu Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey .
The Cilician Gates or Gülek Pass is a pass through the Taurus Mountains connecting the low plains of Cilicia to the Anatolian Plateau , by way of the narrow gorge of the Gökoluk River . Its highest elevation is about 1000m . The Cilician Gates have been a major commercial and military artery for millennia . In the early 20th century , a narrow-gauge railway was built through them , and today , the Tarsus-Ankara Highway ( E90 , O-21 ) passes through them . The southern end of the Cilician gates is about 44 km north of Tarsus and the northern end leads to Cappadocia .
The Mersin Province ( Turkish : Mersin ili ) is a province in southern Turkey , on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana . The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus , birthplace of St Paul . The province is part of Çukurova , a geographical , economical and cultural region , that covers the provinces of Mersin , Adana , Osmaniye and Hatay .
Kızıldağ Pass is the highest-altitude pass in Turkey The pass is on the main highway D.200 connecting East Anatolia to Central Anatolia at the borderline between the provinces Sivas and Erzincan . With the coordinates 39°51′36″N 38°25′40″E / 39.86000°N 38.42778°E / 39.86000 ; 38.42778 , the distance to Sivas is 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) and to Erzincan is 106 kilometres ( 66 mi ) . The elevation is 2,190 metres ( 7,190 ft ) . It is difficult to keep the pass open to traffic during the winters because of the harsh weather conditions due to high altitude .
Erzincan Province ( Turkish : Erzincan ili ) is a province in the eastern region of Anatolia , Turkey , and home to Erzincan , a city which was destroyed and rebuilt after an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 on December 27 , 1939 . The population was 224,949 in 2010 .
Sivas Province ( Turkish : Sivas İli ) is a province of Turkey . It is largely located at the eastern part of the Central Anatolia region of Turkey ; it is the second largest province in Turkey by territory . Its adjacent provinces are Yozgat to the west , Kayseri to the southwest , Kahramanmaraş to the south , Malatya to the southeast , Erzincan to the east , Giresun to the northeast , and Ordu to the north . Its capital is Sivas . Most of Sivas Province shares the climate of the Central Anatolian Region , in which the summer seasons are hot and dry , while winter seasons are cold and snowy . However , the northern part of the province shares the Black Sea climate , while the eastern portion shares the climate of the Eastern Anatolian higher region . This province is noted for its thermal springs .
The Eastern Anatolia Region ( Turkish : Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey . The region and the name Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi were defined at the First Geography Congress in 1941 . It has the highest average altitude and largest geographical area of all regions of Turkey . Because of the Armenian Genocide , it is also the Turkish region with the lowest population density .
Kolsuz is a mountain pass in Niğde Province , Turkey Kolsuz is situated next to a village with the same name on the highway D.805 connecting Niğde to the Mediterranean coast . It is 42 kilometres ( 26 mi ) to Niğde and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) to the D.750 highway , the main north to south highway in Central Turkey which D.805 merges to The coordinates are 37°39′19″N 34°31′53″E / 37.65528°N 34.53139°E / 37.65528 ; 34.53139 and the elevation is 1,490 metres ( 4,890 ft ) . Çaykavak Pass a slightly higher pass lies 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) at the south and the north of Kolsuz pass is generally composed of high plains , typical of Central Anatolia .
The Sertavul Pass ( Turkish : Sertavul Geçidi ) is a mountain pass situated on the central Taurus Mountains at the border of Mersin Province with Karaman Province on the road from Konya over Karaman to the Mediterranean coast at Anamur or Silifke . The landscape around the pass differs from the other Taurus Mountains ' passes due to its relatively flat form . Its character changes as the passage extends further south into the deep valley around Mut north of Mersin Province . While the terrain is mainly treeless and is often with no grass , the plains are covered with cushion plants . The karst landscape is dotted with limestone rocks and riddled with countless sinkholes . Servatul Pass was the location that Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crossed the Taurus Mountains on the Third Crusade before he drowned in the River Calycadnus ( currently Turkish : Göksu ) in 1190 .
Karaman Province ( Turkish : Karaman ili ) is a province of south-central Turkey . It has an area of 9,163 km2 . It has a population of 232,633 ( 2010 est ) . According to the 2000 census the population was 243,210 . Population density is 27.54 people/km2 . The traffic code is 70 . The capital is the city of Karaman . Karaman was the location of the Karamanid Beylik , which came to an end in 1486 .
The Zigana Pass ( Turkish : Zigana Geçidi ) is a mountain pass situated on the Pontic Mountains in Gümüşhane Province close to its border with Trabzon Province in northeastern Turkey . The pass , at 2,032 m ( 6,667 ft ) above sea level , is on the route D.885 E97 at a distance of 60 km ( 37 mi ) from Gümüşhane and 120 km ( 75 mi ) from Trabzon at the Black Sea coast . The pass is snow-covered five months a year . The Zigana Tunnel under the pass , at an elevation of 1,795 m ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level , is 1,702 m ( 5,584 ft ) long , 11 m ( 36 ft ) wide and has a maximum height of 8 m ( 26 ft ) . It is one of longest tunnels in the country . The namesake village of Zigana , located 3.5 km ( 2.2 mi ) southwest of the tunnel , is a popular ski-resort . Nearby Lake Limni is reachable on foot by a 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) trail or by car on a 11 m ( 36 ft ) paved road via Kalkanlı village . On 25 January 2009 , an avalanche killed 11 hikers on Mount Zigana .
Gümüşhane Province ( Turkish : Gümüşhane ili ) is a province in northern Turkey , bordering Bayburt to the east , Trabzon to the north , Giresun and Erzincan to the west . It covers an area of 6,575 km² and has a population of 129,618 in 2010 . The population was 186,953 in 2000 . The name Gümüşhane means silver house . The city has a rich mining ( silver and bronze ) history and was the source of exports for Trabzon .
The Black Sea Region ( Turkish : Karadeniz Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey . It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west , the Central Anatolia Region to the south , the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast , the Republic of Georgia to the northeast , and the Black Sea to the north .