List of impact craters on Earth
Confirmed impact craters listed by size and age -- Largest craters ( 10 Ma or more )
Table:
Name	Location	Country	Diameter ( km )	Age ( million years )

Vredefort	Free State	South Africa	300	2023

Chicxulub	Yucatán	Mexico	150	66

Sudbury	Ontario	Canada	130	1849

Popigai	Siberia	Russia	100	35

Manicouagan	Quebec	Canada	100	215

Acraman	South Australia	Australia	90	580

Morokweng	Kalahari Desert	South Africa	70	145

Kara	Nenetsia	Russia	65	70

Beaverhead	Idaho and Montana	United States	60	600

Tookoonooka	Queensland	Australia	55	112-133

Charlevoix	Quebec	Canada	54	342

Siljan Ring	Dalarna	Sweden	52	377

Karakul	Pamir Mountains	Tajikistan	52	5 ? 25 ?

Montagnais	Nova Scotia	Canada	45	50.5

Araguainha	Central Brazil	Brazil	40	244.4

Chesapeake Bay	Virginia	United States	40	35

Mjølnir	Barents Sea	Norway	40	142

Puchezh-Katunki	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast	Russia	40	167

Saint Martin	Manitoba	Canada	40	227

Woodleigh	Western Australia	Australia	40	364

Leveraging the table together with the context paragraphs below.

Respond to the question below: Which organization labeled as a Geopark the 100 kilometer wide crater in Siberia ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Do not introduce information beyond the provided sources.

The Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth . More than 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) across when it was formed , what remains of it is in the present-day Free State province of South Africa . It is named after the town of Vredefort , which is near its centre . Although the crater itself has long since been worn away , the remaining geological structures at its centre are known as the Vredefort Dome or Vredefort impact structure . The crater is estimated to be 2.023 billion years old ( ± 4 million years ) , with impact being in the Paleoproterozoic Era . It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth . In 2005 , the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites for its geologic interest .
The Free State ( Sotho : Freistata ; Afrikaans : Vrystaat ; Xhosa : iFreyistata ; Tswana : Foreistata ; Zulu : iFuleyisitata ; before 1995 , the Orange Free State ) is a province of South Africa . Its capital is Bloemfontein , which is also South Africa 's judicial capital . Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province .
The Chicxulub crater ( /ˈtʃiːkʃʊluːb/ ; Mayan : [ tʃʼikʃuluɓ ] ) is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico . Its center is located near the town of Chicxulub , after which the crater is named . It was formed by a large asteroid or comet about 11 to 81 kilometers ( 6.8 to 50.3 miles ) in diameter , the Chicxulub impactor , striking the Earth . The date of the impact coincides precisely with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary ( commonly known as the K-Pg boundary ) , slightly less than 66 million years ago , and a widely accepted theory is that worldwide climate disruption from the event was the cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , a mass extinction in which 75% of plant and animal species on Earth became extinct , including all non-avian dinosaurs . The crater is estimated to be 150 kilometers ( 93 miles ) in diameter and 20 kilometers ( 12 miles ) in depth , well into the continental crust of the region of about 10-30 kilometers ( 6.2-18.6 miles ) depth . It is the second largest confirmed impact structure on Earth , and the only one whose peak ring is intact and directly accessible for scientific research . The crater was discovered by Antonio Camargo and Glen Penfield , geophysicists who had been looking for petroleum in the Yucatán Peninsula during the late 1970s . Penfield was initially unable to obtain evidence that the geological feature was a crater and gave up his search . Later , through contact with Alan Hildebrand in 1990 , Penfield obtained samples that suggested it was an impact feature . Evidence for the impact origin of the crater includes shocked quartz , a gravity anomaly , and tektites in surrounding areas . In 2016 , a scientific drilling project drilled deep into the peak ring of the impact crater , hundreds of meters below the current sea floor , to obtain rock core samples from the impact itself . The discoveries were widely seen as confirming current theories related to both the crater impact and its effects .
Yucatán ( /ˌjuːkəˈtɑːn/ , also UK : /ˌjʊk-/ , US : /-ˈtæn , ˌjuːkɑːˈtɑːn/ , Spanish : [ ɟʝukaˈtan ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán , [ c ] is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico . It is divided into 106 municipalities , and its capital city is Mérida . It is located on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula . It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest and Quintana Roo to the southeast , with the Gulf of Mexico off its north coast . Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula , the name of this region was Mayab . In the Mayan language , ma ' ya'ab is translated as a few . It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization , which reached the peak of its development here , where the Mayans founded the cities of Chichen Itza , Izamal , Motul , Mayapan , Ek ' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo ( also called T'ho ) , now Mérida . After the Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity , the Captaincy General of Yucatán . Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823 , the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed , which was then voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21 , 1823 . On March 16 , 1841 , as a result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact , Yucatán declared its independence from Mexico . forming a second Republic of Yucatán . Eventually on July 14 , 1848 , Yucatán was forced to rejoin Mexico .
The Sudbury Basin , also known as Sudbury Structure or the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive , is a major geological structure in Ontario , Canada . It is the third-largest known impact crater or astrobleme on Earth , as well as one of the oldest . The crater formed 1.849 billion years ago in the Paleoproterozoic era . The basin is located on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury , Ontario . The former municipalities of Rayside-Balfour , Valley East and Capreol lie within the Sudbury Basin , which is referred to locally as The Valley . The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin . The Sudbury Basin is located near a number of other geological structures , including the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly , the Lake Wanapitei impact crater , the western end of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben , the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone and the eastern end of the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone , although none of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of resulting from the same geological processes .
Ontario is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . Located in Central Canada , it is Canada 's most populous province , with 38.3 percent of the country 's population , and is the second-largest province in total area . Ontario is fourth-largest jurisdiction in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included . It is home to the nation 's capital city , Ottawa , and the nation 's most populous city , Toronto , which is also Ontario 's provincial capital . Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west , Hudson Bay and James Bay to the north , and Quebec to the east and northeast , and to the south by the U.S. states of ( from west to east ) Minnesota , Michigan , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Almost all of Ontario 's 2,700 km ( 1,678 mi ) border with the United States follows inland waterways : from the westerly Lake of the Woods , eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/Saint Lawrence River drainage system . These include Rainy River , Pigeon River , Lake Superior , St. Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Clair , Detroit River , Lake Erie , Niagara River , Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River from Kingston , Ontario , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall , Ontario . There is only about 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) of land border , made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border . Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions , Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario . The great majority of Ontario 's population and arable land is in the south . In contrast , the larger , northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation .
The Popigai crater ( or astrobleme ) in Siberia , Russia , is tied with the Manicouagan Crater as the fourth largest verified impact crater on Earth . A large bolide impact created the 100-kilometre ( 62 mi ) diameter crater approximately 35 million years ago during the late Eocene epoch ( Priabonian stage ) . It might be linked to the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event . The crater is 300 km ( 190 mi ) east from the outpost of Khatanga and 880 km ( 550 mi ) northeast of the city of Norilsk , NNE of the Anabar Plateau . It is designated by UNESCO as a Geopark , a site of special geological heritage . There is a small possibility that the Popigai impact crater may have formed simultaneously with the approximately 35-million-year-old Chesapeake Bay and Toms Canyon impact craters . For decades the Popigai crater has fascinated paleontologists and geologists , but the entire area was completely off limits because of the diamonds found there . However , a major investigatory expedition was undertaken in 1997 , which greatly advanced understanding of the enigmatic structure . The impactor in this event has been identified as either an 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) diameter chondrite asteroid , or a 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) diameter stony asteroid . The shock pressures from the impact instantaneously transformed graphite in the ground into diamonds within a 13.6 km ( 8.5 mi ) radius of the impact point . These diamonds are usually 0.5 to 2 mm ( 0.020 to 0.079 in ) in diameter , though a few exceptional specimens are 10 mm ( 0.39 in ) in size . The diamonds not only inherited the tabular shape of the original graphite grains but they additionally preserved the original crystals ' delicate striations .
Siberia ( /saɪˈbɪəriə/ ; Russian : Сибирь , tr . Sibír ' , IPA : [ sʲɪˈbʲirʲ ] ( listen ) ) is an extensive geographical region spanning much of Eurasia and North Asia . Siberia has been part of modern Russia since the 17th century . The territory of Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins . The Yenisei River conditionally divides Siberia into two parts , Western and Eastern . Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the national borders of Mongolia and China . With an area of 13.1 million square kilometres ( 5,100,000 sq mi ) , Siberia accounts for 77% of Russia 's land area , but it is home to approximately 33 million people - 23% of the country 's population . This is equivalent to an average population density of about 3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 7.8/sq mi ) ( approximately equal to that of Australia ) , making Siberia one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth . If it were a country by itself , it would still be the largest country in area , but in population it would be the world 's 35th-largest and Asia 's 14th-largest . Worldwide , Siberia is well-known primarily for its long , harsh winters , with a January average of −25 °C ( −13 °F ) , as well as its extensive history of use by Russian and Soviet governments as a place for prisons , labor camps , and internal exile .
Manicouagan Reservoir ( also Lake Manicouagan ) is an annular lake in central Quebec , Canada , covering an area of 1,942 km2 ( 750 sq mi ) . The lake island in its centre is known as René-Levasseur Island , and its highest point is Mount Babel . The structure was created 214 ( ±1 ) million years ago by the impact of a meteorite of five km ( three mi ) diameter . The lake and island are clearly seen from space and are sometimes called the eye of Quebec . The lake has a volume of 137.9 km3 ( 33.1 cu mi ) .
Quebec ( /k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen ) ; French : Québec [ kebɛk ] ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord-du-Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four-seasons continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions .
Acraman crater is a deeply eroded impact crater in the Gawler Ranges of South Australia . Its location is marked by Lake Acraman , a circular ephemeral playa lake about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) in diameter . The discovery of the crater and independent discovery of its ejecta were first reported in the journal Science in 1986 . The evidence for impact includes the presence of shatter cones and shocked quartz in shattered bedrock on islands within Lake Acraman . The crater is deeply eroded and its original size must be inferred by indirect means . Some authors estimate an original diameter of up to 85 to 90 kilometres ( 53 to 56 mi ) , while other suggest a smaller size , perhaps only 35 to 40 kilometres ( 22 to 25 mi ) , closer to that of the depression in which Lake Acraman is centred . The larger size estimate would imply an energy release of 5.2 × 106 megatons of TNT . The impact event is estimated to have occurred about 580 million years ago during the Ediacaran ; this age is not derived from the crater itself but from the position of ejecta within nearby sedimentary basins . The Lake Acraman Impact Structure is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register .
South Australia ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres ( 379,725 sq mi ) , it is the fourth-largest of Australia 's states and territories by area , and fifth largest by population . It has a total of 1.7 million people , and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia , after Western Australia , with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small ; Mount Gambier , the second largest centre , has a population of 28,684 . South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states , and with the Northern Territory ; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to the north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories . The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide . Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state 's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled , planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement . Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836 , when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree . [ citation needed ] As with the rest of the continent , the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages .
The Morokweng crater ( or Morokweng impact structure ) is an impact crater buried beneath the Kalahari Desert near the town of Morokweng in South Africa 's North West province , close to the border with Botswana .
The Kalahari Desert is a large semi-arid sandy savanna in Southern Africa extending for 900,000 square kilometres ( 350,000 sq mi ) , covering much of Botswana , parts of Namibia and regions of South Africa . It is not to be confused with the Angolan , Namibian and South African Namib coastal desert , whose name is of Khoekhoegowab origin and means vast place .
Kara is a meteor crater in the Yugorsky Peninsula , Nenetsia , Russia . Heavily eroded , it is presently 65 kilometres ( 40 mi ) in diameter , though it is thought to be originally 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) before erosion . Its age is estimated to be 70.3 ± 2.2 million years old ( Late Cretaceous ) . Impactite outcrops located on the Baydarata Gulf ( Baydaratskaya ) shore north-east of the crater imply that the original size of the crater could have been the 4th largest on Earth . The crater is not exposed at the surface . The Kara crater lies in the southeastern end of the Yugorsky Peninsula , while the Ust-Kara site lies offshore , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) east of the small Kara or Karskaya Guba inlet . It was formerly believed that these two sites were two separate craters and that they formed a twin impact structure from the Late Cretaceous . However , it seems that the Ust-Kara site does not exist as a separate site . Apparently , the suevite outcrops of the Ust-Kara impact structure are only a part of the Kara impact structure .
Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Russian : Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг ; Nenets : Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук , Nenjocije awtonomnoj ŋokruk ) is a federal subject of Russia and part of Arkhangelsk Oblast ( an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast ) . Its administrative center is the town of Naryan-Mar . It has an area of 176,700 square kilometers ( 68,200 sq mi ) and a population of 42,090 as of the 2010 Census ( the smallest of all federal subjects by population ) .
The Beaverhead crater is an impact structure spanning the U.S. states of Idaho and Montana . Estimated at 60 kilometers ( 37 mi ) in diameter , it is one of the largest impact craters on Earth . With an estimated age of 600 million years ( Neoproterozoic ) , the impact 's original shatter cones along the crater 's perimeter provide some of the structure 's only remaining visible evidence . It is named for the Beaverhead region of southwestern Montana in which it was first discovered .
Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) .
Montana ( /mɒnˈtænə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Northwestern United States . Montana has several nicknames , although none are official , including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State , and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place . Montana is the fourth-largest in area , the 8th least populous , and the third-least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western half of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In all , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . Montana is bordered by Idaho to the west , Wyoming to the south , North Dakota and South Dakota to the east , and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan to the north . The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic resources include oil , gas , coal , hard rock mining , and lumber . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . The state 's fastest-growing sector is tourism .
Tookoonooka is a large meteorite impact crater ( astrobleme ) situated in South West Queensland , Australia . It lies deeply buried within Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Eromanga Basin and is not visible at the surface .
Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain .
The Charlevoix impact structure is a large eroded meteorite impact structure in the Charlevoix region of Quebec , Canada . Only part of the impact structure is exposed at the surface , the rest lying beneath the Saint Lawrence River .
The Siljan Ring ( Swedish : Siljansringen ) is a prehistoric impact crater in Dalarna , central Sweden . It is one of the 15 largest known impact craters on Earth and the largest in Europe , with a diameter of about 52 kilometres ( 32 mi ) . The impact that created the Siljan Ring occurred when a meteorite collided with the Earth 's surface during the Devonian period , about 376.8 ± 1.7 Ma . [ dead link ] This coincides around the first Devonian extinction , the Kellwasser Event or Late Frasnian extinction at 376.1 Ma ± 1.6 Ma . The effects of the impact can clearly be seen in the bedrock in the area . The Cambrian , Ordovician and Silurian sedimentary rocks deformed by the impact are rich in fossils . The area around the Siljan Ring has been the site of recent prospecting for oil and natural gas , though none of the projects has so far been commercially viable . There are large deposits of lead and zinc near Boda at the eastern edge of the Ring . There are several lakes in the vicinity , the largest of which is Siljan on the south-southwestern edge of the crater , with the smaller Orsa Lake to the west and Skattungen and Ore on the northeastern margin .
Dalarna ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈdɑ̂ːlaɳa ] ( listen ) ) is a landskap ( historical province ) in central Sweden . English exonyms for it are Dalecarlia ( US : /ˌdɑːləˈkɑːrliə/ ) and the Dales . Dalarna adjoins Härjedalen , Hälsingland , Gästrikland , Västmanland and Värmland . It is also bounded by Norway in the west . Borders of the province mostly coincide with the modern administrative Dalarna County ( län ) . The word Dalarna means the dales ( valleys ) . The area is a popular vacation destination for Swedes from the south , who often travel there to relax during summer vacations , drawn by good fishing lakes , beautiful campgrounds , and deep forests . Many such Swedes own or rent a second residence in Dalarna , where they are likely to have a vegetable garden and apple trees . In mid-June , summerfest celebrations and dances are held in many of the small villages and in the larger cities . Dalarna is a region full of historical associations , possessing strong local characteristics in respect of its products , and especially of its people . In the western district Lima , some people in villages speak a traditional dialect , Dalecarlian , while in Älvdalen , they speak a dialect as foreign as Norwegian and Danish , Elfdalian . Historically , the people of Dalecarlia - called Dalecarlians , or Dalesmen ( dalkarlar , masar ) and Daleswomen ( kullor ) - have been famous for their independent nature toward authority .
Karakul , Qarokul ( Kyrgyz for black lake , replacing the older Tajik name Siob ) is a 25 km ( 16 mi ) diameter lake within a 52 km ( 32 mi ) impact crater . It is located in the Tajik National Park in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan .
The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia , at the junction of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan , Karakoram , Kunlun , Hindu Kush , Suleman and Hindu Raj ranges . They are among the world 's highest mountains . The Pamir Mountains lie mostly in the Gorno-Badakhshan province of Tajikistan . To the north , they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan . To the south , they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor . To the east , they extend to the range that includes China 's Kongur Tagh , in the Eastern Pamirs , separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains .
Montagnais is a meteorite crater located on the continental shelf south of Nova Scotia , Canada . It measures 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) in diameter , and its age is estimated to be 50.50 ± 0.76 million years ( Eocene ) . The crater is under the sea and buried beneath marine sediments .
Nova Scotia ( /noʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/ ) is a province in eastern Canada . With a population of 923,598 as of 2016 , it is the most populous of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and the four Atlantic provinces . It is the country 's second most-densely populated province and second-smallest province by area , both after neighbouring Prince Edward Island . Its area of 55,284 square kilometres ( 21,345 sq mi ) includes Cape Breton Island and 3,800 other coastal islands . The peninsula that makes up Nova Scotia 's mainland is connected to the rest of North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto , on which the province 's land border with New Brunswick is located . The province borders the Bay of Fundy to the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east , and is separated from Prince Edward Island and the island of Newfoundland by the Northumberland and Cabot straits , respectively . The land that comprises what is now Nova Scotia has been inhabited by the indigenous Miꞌkmaq people for thousands of years . France 's first settlement in North America , Port-Royal , was established in 1605 and intermittently served in various locations as the capital of the French colony of Acadia for over a hundred years . The Fortress of Louisbourg was a key focus point in the struggle between the British and French for control of the area , changing hands numerous times in the until France relinquished its claims with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 . During the American Revolutionary War , thousands of Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia . In 1848 , Nova Scotia became the first British colony to achieve responsible government , and it federated in July 1867 with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) to form what is now the country of Canada . Nova Scotia 's capital and largest city is Halifax , which is today home to about 45 per cent of the province 's population , is the thirteenth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada , the largest city in Atlantic Canada , and Canadas second largest coastal city ( after Vancouver ) .
The Araguainha crater or Araguainha dome is an impact crater on the border of Mato Grosso and Goiás states , Brazil , between the villages of Araguainha and Ponte Branca . With a diameter of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) , it is the largest known impact crater in South America . The crater has most recently been dated to 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago , when the region was probably a shallow sea . The margins of error of this date overlap the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction event , one of the largest mass extinction events in Earth 's history . The impact punched through Paleozoic sedimentary units belonging to the Paraná Basin formations , and exposed the underlying Ordovician granite basement rocks . It is estimated that the crater was initially 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide and 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) deep , which then widened to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) as its walls subsided inwards .
Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .
The Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America about 35.5 ± 0.3 million years ago , in the late Eocene epoch . It is one of the best-preserved wet-target impact craters in the world . Continued slumping of sediments over the rubble of the crater has helped shape the Chesapeake Bay .
Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World .
Mjølnir is a meteorite crater on the floor of Barents Sea off the coast of Norway . It is 40 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter and the age is estimated to be 142.0 ± 2.6 million years ( Early Cretaceous ) . The bolide was an estimated 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) wide .
The Barents Sea ( /ˈbærənts/ BARR-ənts , also US : /ˈbɑːrənts/ BAR-ənts ; Norwegian : Barentshavet , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈbɑ̀ːrəntsˌhɑːvə ] ; Russian : Баренцево море , romanized : Barentsevo More ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territorial waters . Known among Russians in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea ( Norwegian Sea ) , the current name of the sea is after the historical Dutch navigator Willem Barentsz . This is a rather shallow shelf sea , with an average depth of 230 metres ( 750 ft ) , and it is an important site for both fishing and hydrocarbon exploration . The Barents Sea is bordered by the Kola Peninsula to the south , the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea to the west , and the archipelagos of Svalbard to the northwest , Franz Josef Land to the northeast and Novaya Zemlya to the east . The islands of Novaya Zemlya , an extension of the northern end of the Ural Mountains , separate the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea . Although part of the Arctic Ocean , the Barents Sea has been characterised as turning into the Atlantic because of its status as the Arctic warming hot spot . Hydrologic changes due to global warming have led to a reduction in sea ice and in stratification of the water column , which could produce major changes in weather in Eurasia .
Puchezh-Katunki is a meteor crater located in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of the Volga Federal District , Russia . It is 80 km ( 50 mi ) in diameter and is estimated to be 167 ± 3 million years old , placing it in the Middle Jurassic . The crater is not exposed to the surface , but appears as variation in the vegetation . The Earth Impact Database lists a rim-to-rim diameter of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) .
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ( Russian : Нижегородская область , Nizhegorodskaya oblast ) , also known as Nizhegorod Oblast , is a federal subject of Russia ( an oblast ) . Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod . It has a population of 3,310,597 as of the 2010 Census . From 1932 to 1990 it was known as Gorky Oblast . The oblast is crossed by the Volga River . Apart from Nizhny Novgorod 's metropolitan area ( including Dzerzhinsk , Bor and Kstovo ) the biggest city is Arzamas . Near the town of Sarov there is the Serafimo-Diveyevsky Monastery , one of the largest convents in Russia , established by Saint Seraphim of Sarov . The Makaryev Monastery opposite of the town of Lyskovo used to be the location of the largest fair in Eastern Europe . [ citation needed ] Other historic towns include Gorodets and Balakhna , located on the Volga to the north from Nizhny Novgorod .
Saint Martin is an impact crater in Manitoba , Canada . It is located in the northern part of the Rural Municipality of Grahamdale , northwest of Lake St. Martin . The crater is 40 km ( 25 mi ) in diameter and its age was determined to be 227.8 ± 1.1 million years ( Carnian stage of the Triassic ) using the argon-argon dating technique . The crater is well preserved but poorly exposed at the surface as the whole region is covered by glacial drift .
Manitoba ( /ˌmænɪˈtoʊbə/ ( listen ) ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is often considered one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and is Canada 's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.369 million people . Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres ( 250,900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape , stretching from the northern oceanic coastline to the southern border with the United States . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . Indigenous peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived on two major river systems , what is now called the Nelson in northern Manitoba and in the southeast along the Winnipeg River system . A Royal Charter in 1670 granted all the lands draining into Hudson 's Bay to the British company and they administered trade in what was then called Rupert 's Land . During the next 200 years , communities continued to grow and evolve , with a significant settlement of Michif in what is now Winnipeg . The assertion of Métis identity and self-rule culminated in negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba . There are many factors that led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the assertion of the right to representation led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province . Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is the eighth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada .
Woodleigh is a large meteorite impact crater ( astrobleme ) in Western Australia , centred on Woodleigh Station east of Shark Bay , Gascoyne region . A team of four scientists at the Geological Survey of Western Australia and the Australian National University , led by Arthur J. Mory , announced the discovery in the 15 April 2000 issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters .
Western Australia [ a ] ( abbreviated as WA ) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia . It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west , and the Southern Ocean to the south , [ b ] the Northern Territory to the north-east , and South Australia to the south-east . Western Australia is Australia 's largest state , with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres ( 976,790 sq mi ) , and the second-largest country subdivision in the world , surpassed only by Russia 's Sakha Republic . The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants - around 11 percent of the national total - of whom the vast majority ( 92 per cent ) live in the south-west corner , 79 per cent of the population living in the Perth area , leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated . The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog , who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616 . The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government . He established a convict-supported military garrison at King George III Sound , at present-day Albany , and on 21 January 1827 formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown . This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829 , including the site of the present-day capital , Perth . York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia . Situated 97 kilometres ( 60 miles ) east of Perth , it was settled on 16 September 1831 . Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890 and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901 . Today , its economy mainly relies on mining , oil and gas , services and construction .