List of winners of the London Marathon
Elite race – women 's winners
Table:
Year

Athlete

Nationality

Time
(h:m:s)

Notes

1981

Joyce Smith

United Kingdom

2:29:57

Course record

1982

Joyce Smith

United Kingdom

2:29:43

Course record; second victory

1983

Grete Waitz

Norway

2:25:29

World marathon record

1984

Ingrid Kristiansen

Norway

2:24:26

Course record

1985

Ingrid Kristiansen

Norway

2:21:06

World marathon record; second victory

1986

Grete Waitz

Norway

2:24:54

Second victory

1987

Ingrid Kristiansen

Norway

2:22:48

Third victory

1988

Ingrid Kristiansen

Norway

2:25:41

Fourth victory

1989

Véronique Marot

United Kingdom

2:25:56

1990

Wanda Panfil

Poland

2:26:31

1991

Rosa Mota

Portugal

2:26:14

1992

Katrin Dörre-Heinig

Germany

2:29:39

1993

Katrin Dörre-Heinig

Germany

2:27:09

Second victory

1994

Katrin Dörre-Heinig

Germany

2:32:34

Third victory

1995

Małgorzata Sobańska

Poland

2:27:43

1996

Liz McColgan

United Kingdom

2:27:54

1997

Joyce Chepchumba

Kenya

2:26:51

1998

Catherina McKiernan

Ireland

2:26:26

1999

Joyce Chepchumba

Kenya

2:23:22

Second victory

2000

Tegla Laroupe

Kenya

2:24:33

Based on the following table and the background passages listed below.

State the answer to the question: How many states compose the home country of Katrin Dörre-Heinig ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

An hour ( symbol : h ; also abbreviated hr . ) is a unit of time conventionally reckoned as ​1⁄24 of a day and scientifically reckoned as 3,599-3,601 seconds , depending on conditions . The hour was initially established in the ancient Near East as a variable measure of ​1⁄12 of the night or daytime . Such seasonal , temporal , or unequal hours varied by season and latitude . Medieval astronomers such as al-Biruni and Sacrobosco , subsequently divided the hour into 60 minutes , each of 60 seconds . ( This derives from Babylonian astronomy , where the corresponding terms denoted the time required for the Sun 's apparent motion through the ecliptic to describe one minute or second of arc , respectively . In present terms , the Babylonian degree of time was thus four minutes long , the minute of time was thus four seconds long and the second 1/15 of a second . ) Equal or equinoctial hours were taken as ​1⁄24 of the day as measured from noon to noon ; the minor seasonal variations of this unit were eventually smoothed by making it ​1⁄24 of the mean solar day . Since this unit was not constant due to long term variations in the Earth 's rotation , the hour was finally separated from the Earth 's rotation and defined in terms of the atomic or physical second . In the modern metric system , hours are an accepted unit of time defined as 3,600 atomic seconds . However , on rare occasions an hour may incorporate a positive or negative leap second , [ a ] making it last 3,599 or 3,601 seconds , in order to keep it within 0.9 seconds of UT1 , which is based on measurements of the mean solar day .
The minute is a unit of time usually equal to ​1⁄60 ( the first sexagesimal fraction ) of an hour , or 60 seconds . In the UTC time standard , a minute on rare occasions has 61 seconds , a consequence of leap seconds ( there is a provision to insert a negative leap second , which would result in a 59-second minute , but this has never happened in more than 40 years under this system ) . Although not an SI unit , the minute is accepted for use with SI units . The SI symbol for minute or minutes is min ( without a dot ) . The prime symbol is also sometimes used informally to denote minutes of time . [ citation needed ]
The second ( symbol : s , abbreviation : sec ) is the base unit of time in the International System of Units ( SI ) , commonly understood and historically defined as ​1⁄86400 of a day - this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours , then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each . Analog clocks and watches often have sixty tick marks on their faces , representing seconds ( and minutes ) , and a second hand to mark the passage of time in seconds . Digital clocks and watches often have a two-digit seconds counter . The second is also part of several other units of measurement like meters per second for velocity , meters per second per second for acceleration , and cycles per second for frequency . Although the historical definition of the unit was based on this division of the Earth 's rotation cycle , the formal definition in the International System of Units ( SI ) is a much steadier timekeeper : it is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ∆νCs , the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom , to be 9192631770 when expressed in the unit Hz , which is equal to s−1 . Because the Earth 's rotation varies and is also slowing ever so slightly , a leap second is periodically added to clock time [ nb 1 ] to keep clocks in sync with Earth 's rotation . Multiples of seconds are usually counted in hours and minutes . Fractions of a second are usually counted in tenths or hundredths . In scientific work , small fractions of a second are counted in milliseconds ( thousandths ) , microseconds ( millionths ) , nanoseconds ( billionths ) , and sometimes smaller units of a second . An everyday experience with small fractions of a second is a 1-gigahertz microprocessor which has a cycle time of 1 nanosecond . Camera shutter speeds are often expressed in fractions of a second , such as ​1⁄30 second or ​1⁄1000 second . Sexagesimal divisions of the day from a calendar based on astronomical observation have existed since the third millennium BC , though they were not seconds as we know them today [ citation needed ] .
Joyce Esther Smith MBE ( née Byatt , born 26 October 1937 ) is a British former long-distance runner . She broke the world record in the 3000 metres in 1971 and is a three-time medallist at the International/World Cross Country Championships , including winning in 1972 . She went on to twice win the London Marathon , becoming the first British woman in history to run under 2:30 when winning in 1981 with 2:29:57 , before further improving the British record to 2:29:43 when winning in 1982 . She also competed in the 1500 metres at the 1972 Munich Olympics and finished 11th in the marathon at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics , aged 46 .
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north­western coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively .
Grete Waitz ( née Andersen , 1 October 1953 - 19 April 2011 ) was a Norwegian marathon runner and former world record holder . In 1979 , she became the first woman in history to run the marathon in under two and a half hours . She won nine New York City Marathons , women 's division , between 1978 and 1988 , more than any other runner in history . She won a silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles and a gold medal at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki . Her other marathon victories included winning the London Marathon in 1983 and 1986 . She was also a five-time winner of the World Cross Country Championships . Waitz won 12 World Marathon Majors , the most for any runner .
Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg .
This list is a chronological progression of record times for the marathon . World records in the marathon are now ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations ( IAAF ) , the international governing body for the sport of athletics . Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge set an official world record for men of 2:01:39 on September 16 , 2018 , at the 2018 Berlin Marathon . His run broke the previous world record by 1 minute and 18 seconds , the greatest improvement over a previous record since 1967 . The IAAF recognizes two world records for women , a time of 2:14:04 , pending ratification , set by Brigid Kosgei on October 13 , 2019 during the Chicago Marathon which was contested by men and women together , and a Women Only record of 2:17:01 , set by Mary Keitany , on April 23 , 2017 at the London Marathon for women only .
Ingrid Kristiansen ( née Christensen on 21 March 1956 ) is a Norwegian former athlete . She was one of the best female long distance runners during the 1980s . She is a former world record holder in the 5000 metres , 10,000 metres and the marathon ( at one point in time , she held those records simultaneously , the only person ever ) and was a World Champion on the track , roads and cross-country . Kristiansen was the first athlete to win World titles on all three surfaces . At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics , she finished fourth in the first women 's Olympic marathon . At the 1988 Seoul Olympics , she dropped out of the 10,000 metres final while leading . Early in her career , she was also an elite cross country skier , winning several Norwegian titles and a European junior championship . Her world record in the 10000 m set in 1986 was n't broken for 16 years . The time in her 1985 London Marathon 2:21.06 was the fastest marathon time for 13 years .
Marie-Véronique Antoinette Colette Jeannine Marot ( born 16 September 1955 ) is a former marathon runner from France who moved to England in 1976 . She twice broke the British record for the marathon , with 2:28:04 at the 1985 Chicago Marathon and 2:25:56 when winning the 1989 London Marathon . The latter time stood as the UK record for 13 years . She is also a three-time winner of the Houston Marathon and represented Great Britain at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics .
Wanda Marianna Panfil-González ( born 26 January 1959 in Tomaszów Mazowiecki ) is a former long-distance runner from Poland , who won the world title in the women 's marathon at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics in Tokyo , Japan . She is married to Mexican long-distance runner Mauricio González . Panfil twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics ; in 1988 when she finished 22nd with a 2:34:35 , and in 1992 when she finished in 22nd position with a 2:47:27 in the women 's marathon . During her career she won the London Marathon , the Boston Marathon , the New York City Marathon and the Nagoya Marathon . In 1990 and 1991 she was named Polish Sportswoman of the Year . Panfil is a four-time national champion in the women 's 5.000 metres .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
Rosa Maria Correia dos Santos Mota , GCIH , GCM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈʁɔzɐ ˈmɔtɐ ] ; born 29 June 1958 ) is a Portuguese former marathon runner , one of her country 's foremost athletes , being the first sportswoman from Portugal to win Olympic gold . Mota was the first woman to win multiple Olympic marathon medals as well as being the only woman to be the reigning European , World , and Olympic champion at the same time . On the 30th Anniversary Gala of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races ( AIMS ) she was distinguished as the greatest female marathon runner of all time .
Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers .
Katrin Dörre-Heinig ( née Dörre , born 6 October 1961 in Leipzig , Bezirk Leipzig , East Germany ) is a former athlete from Germany , who competed mainly in the marathon . She won extensively on the road running circuit , having taken titles at races including the Tokyo Marathon , Berlin Marathon and the London Marathon ; she won three times consecutively in London from 1992-1994 . She competed for East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul , where she won the bronze medal in the classic race over 42.195 km . Dörre is a triple winner of the Osaka Ladies Marathon and has a record of 35 sub 2:34 times , with a personal best of 2:24:35 ( 1999 , course record of the Hamburg Marathon ) . She was the bronze medallist in the marathon at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics and returned at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics , but managed only sixth place on her second attempt . She just missed out on the podium with a fourth-place finish in the marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics Since 1992 she has been married to her trainer Wolfgang Heinig . Her daughter , Katharina Heinig , has followed in her footsteps and she won the Köln Marathon in her debut over the marathon distance . Over the course of her career she particaped in 45 marathons and won 24 . She planned to run the Chicago marathon in 1985 , but did not run there , to avoid a faceoff with Joan Benoit , Rosa Mota and Ingrid Kristiansen . Up to this point , she won 7 marathons in a row and went on to win 3 more .
Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights .
Małgorzata Sobańska-Mańkowska ( born April 25 , 1969 in Poznań , Wielkopolskie ) is a retired female long-distance runner from Poland . She twice competed for her native country at the Summer Olympics : in 1996 and 2004 .
Elizabeth McColgan-Nuttall MBE ( née Lynch ; born 24 May 1964 ) is a British former middle-distance and long-distance track and road-running athlete . She won the gold medal for the 10,000 metres at the 1991 World Championships , and a silver medal over the same distance at the 1988 Olympic Games . She was also a two-time gold medallist over the distance at the Commonwealth Games , as well as winning the 1992 World Half Marathon Championships , 1991 New York City Marathon , 1992 Tokyo Marathon and 1996 London Marathon . Her 10,000 metres best of 30:57.07 set in 1991 , made her only the third woman in history to run the distance in under 31 minutes . Both that time and her marathon best of 2:26:52 in 1997 , still stand as Scottish records ( as of 2018 ) .
Joyce Chepchumba ( born 6 November 1970 in Kericho ) is a long distance athlete from Kenya .
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 .
Catherina McKiernan ( born 30 November 1969 in Cornafean , County Cavan ) is a former long-distance runner from Ireland , who competed in the marathon , 10,000 metres and cross country running .
Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 .
Tegla Chepkite Loroupe ( born 9 May 1973 ) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner . She is also a global spokeswoman for peace , women 's rights and education . Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometres and previously held the world marathon record . She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record , which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001 . She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion . Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon , which she has won twice . She has won marathons in London , Rotterdam , Hong Kong , Berlin and Rome . In 2016 , she was the person organising the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio .