Greatest Britons spin-offs
List by country or region
Table:
Country

Broadcaster / Magazine

Name (with English translation
where applicable)

Winner

Airdate

Argentina

Telefe

El Gen Argentino (The Argentine Gene)

José de San Martín

October 2007

Australia

ABC

The Greatest of All - Our 50 Top Australians

Howard Walter Florey[5]

Bangladesh / India

BBC Bengali

Greatest Bengali of all time

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

March/April 2004

Belgium

Het Nieuwsblad

Belg der Belgen

Father Damien

Flanders, Belgium

VRT

De Grootste Belg (The Greatest Belgian)

Father Damien

December 2005

Wallonia, Belgium

RTBF

Le plus grand belge (The Greatest Belgian)

Jacques Brel

December 2005

Brazil

SBT

O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos (The Greatest Brazilian of All Time)

Chico Xavier

October 2012

Bulgaria

BNT Channel 1

Velikite Balgari (The Great Bulgarians)

Vasil Levski

February 2007

Canada

CBC

The Greatest Canadian

Tommy Douglas

October 2004

Catalonia

TV3

El Favorit (The Favorite)

Jaume I

Chile

TVN

Grandes Chilenos (Great Chileans)

Salvador Allende

Colombia

History Channel

El Gran Colombiano (The Great Colombian)

Álvaro Uribe

June 2013

Croatia

Nacional

Greatest Croatian

Josip Broz Tito

2003

Czech Republic

ČT

Největší Čech (The Greatest Czech)

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

May/June 2005

Europe

Europe's 100 Most Influential

ongoing

Finland

YLE

Suuret Suomalaiset (Great Finns)[6]

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

2004

France

France 2

Le Plus Grand Français (The Greatest Frenchman)

Charles de Gaulle

April 2005

Georgia

GPB

საქართველოს დიდი ათეული (Our Best)

David IV of Georgia (at the ending of the voting)

2008 (broadcasting was stopped)

Germany

ZDF

Unsere Besten (Our Best)

Konrad Adenauer

November 2003

Greece

Skai TV

Great Greeks (Megaloi Ellēnes)

Alexander the Great

January 2009

With reference to the tabular data and the supporting evidence listed.

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Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture .
Telefe ( acronym for Televisión Federal ) is a television station located in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The station is owned and operated by ViacomCBS through Televisión Federal S.A. Telefe is also a television network and one of Argentina 's five national television channels . Telefe has an international signal ( Telefe Internacional ) which is available in Americas , Europe , Asia , and Oceania .
El Gen Argentino ( Spanish for The Argentine Gene ) was an Argentine television programme aired on Telefe to determine who the public considered the greatest Argentine in history . Premiered on 27 August 2007 , it was a spin-off of the 2002 100 Greatest Britons series produced by the BBC . The Top 10 were announced on launch night , with almost 350,000 votes cast . In subsequent episodes , two candidates were chosen via an Internet vote for each of the five categories : sports , popular culture and journalism , 19th century politics , 20th century politics , and arts , sciences and humanities . On the last airing of the show , one personality among them was declared the winner .
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras ( 25 February 1778 - 17 August 1850 ) , known simply as José de San Martín ( Spanish pronunciation : [ xoˈse ðe san maɾˈtin ] ( listen ) ) or El Libertador of Argentina , Chile and Peru , was a Spanish-Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern and central parts of South America 's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru . Born in Yapeyú , Corrientes , in modern-day Argentina , he left the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the early age of seven to study in Málaga , Spain . In 1808 , after taking part in the Peninsular War against France , San Martín contacted in London , South American supporters of independence from Spain . In 1812 , he set sail for Buenos Aires and offered his services to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata , present-day Argentina . After the Battle of San Lorenzo and time commanding the Army of the North during 1814 , he organized a plan to defeat the Spanish forces that menaced the United Provinces from the north , using an alternative path to the Viceroyalty of Peru . This objective first involved the establishment of a new army , the Army of the Andes , in Cuyo Province , Argentina . From there , he led the Crossing of the Andes to Chile , and triumphed at the Battle of Chacabuco and the Battle of Maipú ( 1818 ) , thus liberating Chile from royalist rule . Then he sailed to attack the Spanish stronghold of Lima , Peru . On 12 July 1821 , after seizing partial control of Lima , San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru , and Peruvian independence was officially declared on 28 July . On 22 July 1822 , after a closed-door meeting with fellow libertador Simón Bolívar at Guayaquil , Ecuador , Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru . San Martín unexpectedly left the country and resigned the command of his army , excluding himself from politics and the military , and moved to France in 1824 . The details of 22 July meeting would be a subject of debate by later historians .
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) .
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) is Australia 's national broadcaster , founded in 1929 . It is principally funded by the direct grants from the Australian government but is expressly independent of government and partisan politics . The ABC plays a leading role in journalistic independence and is fundamental in the history of broadcasting in Australia . Modeled on the BBC in the United Kingdom , which is owned and controlled by the UK government , the ABC was originally financed by consumer licence fees on broadcast receivers . Licence fees were abolished in 1973 and replaced principally by direct government grants , as well as revenue from commercial activities related to its core broadcasting mission . The ABC now provides radio , television , online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional Australia and overseas through ABC Australia and Radio Australia . The ABC 's headquarters is in Ultimo , an inner-city suburb of Sydney , New South Wales .
The Greatest of All - Our 50 Top Australians was a newspaper article published in The Australian on 27 January 2013 , coinciding with that year 's Australia Day . Compiled by News Limited journalist Billy Rule , the article listed what he considered were the top 50 individuals ( including one horse ) who have helped define who we are as a people and how Australia is perceived as a country , including 'trailblazers ' , those who left a legacy for others to admire or benefit from , and those that engendered inspiration .
Howard Walter Florey , Baron Florey , OM , FRS , FRCP ( 24 September 1898 - 21 February 1968 ) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin . Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin , it was Florey who carried out the first ever clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient , a police constable from Oxford . The patient started to recover , but subsequently died because Florey was unable , at that time , to make enough penicillin . It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin , after the task had been abandoned as too difficult . Florey 's discoveries , along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain , are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives , and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures . Sir Robert Menzies , Australia 's longest-serving Prime Minister , said , In terms of world well-being , Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia .
Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
BBC Bangla ( Bengali : বিবিসি বাংলা ) is a Bengali language service of the BBC World Service .
Soon after the completion of 100 Greatest Britons poll in 2002 , the BBC organized a similar opinion poll to find out who is the greatest Bengali personality in Bengali nation 's history of thousand years . In 2004 , BBC 's Bengali Service conducted the opinion poll with the title Greatest Bengali of all time started from February 11 continued onto March 22 . The poll was participated by Bengalis around the world including from Bangladesh , India ( states of West Bengal , Tripura , Assam ) and overseas Bengali communities . Total 140 nominations had been produced from the poll . BBC started to announce the top 20 names from 26 March declaring one name each day starting from 20th position . On the final day of 14 April , which was also the Pahela Baishakh ( Bengali New Year day ) , BBC announced Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding father of Bangladesh as the Greatest Bengali of all time voted by Bengalis worldwide .
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ( Bengali : শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান ; 17 March 1920 - 15 August 1975 ) , shortened as Sheikh Mujib or just Mujib , was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman . He is often called the father of Bengali nation . He served as the first President of Bangladesh and later as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 17 April 1971 until his assassination on 15 August 1975 . He is considered to be the driving force behind the independence of Bangladesh . He is popularly dubbed with the title of Bangabandhu ( Bôngobondhu Friend of Bengal ) by the people of Bangladesh . He became a leading figure in and eventually the leader of the Awami League , founded in 1949 as an East Pakistan-based political party in Pakistan . Mujib is credited as an important figure in efforts to gain political autonomy for East Pakistan and later as the central figure behind the Bangladesh Liberation Movement and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 . Thus , he is regarded Jatir Janak or Jatir Pita ( Jatir Jônok or Jatir Pita , both meaning Father of the Nation ) of Bangladesh . His daughter Sheikh Hasina is the current leader of the Awami League and also the Prime Minister of Bangladesh . An advocate of democracy and socialism , Mujib rose to the ranks of the Awami League and East Pakistani politics as a charismatic and forceful orator . He became popular for his opposition to the ethnic and institutional discrimination of Bengalis in Pakistan , who comprised the majority of the state 's population . At the heightening of sectional tensions , he outlined a 6-point autonomy plan and was jailed by the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan for treason .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
Het Nieuwsblad ( English : The Newspaper ) is a Flemish newspaper that mainly focusses on a broad view regarding politics , culture , economics , lifestyle , society and sports .
In 2005 , the Belgian newspaper , Het Nieuwsblad conducted a vote to discover the greatest Belgian of all time , under the title Belg der Belgen . The series is based on BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons . On 1 December 2005 , Father Damien ( Jozef de Veuster ) was chosen as Greatest Belgian of all time .
Father Damien or Saint Damien of Molokai , SS.CC . or Saint Damien De Veuster ( Dutch : Pater Damiaan or Heilige Damiaan van Molokai ; 3 January 1840 - 15 April 1889 ) , born Jozef De Veuster , was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium and member of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , a missionary religious institute . He won recognition for his ministry , which he led from 1873 until his death in 1889 , in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi for people with leprosy ( also known as Hansen 's disease ) , who were required to live under government-required medical quarantine in a settlement on the Kalaupapa Peninsula of Molokaʻi . During this time , he taught the Catholic faith to the people of Hawaii . Father Damien also cared for the patients himself and established leadership within the community to build houses , schools , roads , hospitals , and churches . He dressed residents ' ulcers , built a reservoir , made coffins , dug graves , shared pipes , and ate poi from his hands with them , providing both medical and emotional support . After eleven years caring for the physical , spiritual , and emotional needs of those in the leper colony , Father Damien realized he had also contracted leprosy when he was scalded by hot water and felt no pain . He continued with his work despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 April 1889 . Father Damien has been described as a martyr of charity . He was the tenth person in what is now the United States to be recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church . In both the Latin Rite and the Eastern Rites of the Catholic Church , Father Damien is venerated as a saint . In the Anglican communion , as well as other denominations of Christianity , Damien is considered the spiritual patron for leprosy and outcasts .
Flanders ( UK : /ˈflɑːndərz/ , US : /ˈflæn-/ ; Dutch : [ het ] Vlaanderen [ ˈvlaːndərə ( n ) ] ( listen ) ; French : [ la ] Flandre [ flɑ̃dʁ ] ; German : [ das ] Flandern [ ˈflandɐn ] ( listen ) , Latin : Flandria ) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities , regions and language areas of Belgium . However , there are several overlapping definitions , including ones related to culture , language , politics and history , and sometimes involving neighbouring countries . The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming , while the corresponding adjective is Flemish . The official capital of Flanders is the City of Brussels , although the Brussels Capital Region has an independent regional government , and the government of Flanders only oversees the community aspects of Flanders life in Brussels such as ( Flemish ) culture and education . Flanders , despite not being the biggest part of Belgium by area , is the area with the largest population ( 68.2% ) if Brussels is included . 7,797,611 out of 11,431,406 Belgian inhabitants live in Flanders or the bilingual city of Brussels . Not including Brussels , there are five modern Flemish provinces . In medieval contexts , the original County of Flanders stretched around AD 900 from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary and expanded from there . This county also still corresponds roughly with the modern-day Belgian provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders , along with neighbouring parts of France and the Netherlands . Although this original meaning is still relevant , in modern times the term Flanders came to refer to a larger area , and is used to refer to the entire Dutch-speaking part of Belgium , stretching all the way to the River Meuse , as well as cultural movements such as Flemish art . In accordance with late 20th century Belgian state reforms the Belgian part of this area was made into two political entities : the Flemish Community ( Dutch : Vlaamse Gemeenschap ) and the Flemish Region ( Dutch : Vlaams Gewest ) . These entities were merged , although geographically the Flemish Community , which has a broader cultural mandate , covers Brussels , whereas the Flemish Region does not .
The Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie ( Flemish Radio and Television Broadcasting Organisation ) , or VRT ( Dutch : [ ˌveːjɛrˈteː ] , is the national public-service broadcaster for the Flemish Community of Belgium .
De Grootste Belg ( The Greatest Belgian ) was a 2005 vote conducted by Belgian public TV broadcaster Canvas , public radio broadcaster Radio 1 , and newspaper De Standaard , to determine who is the Greatest Belgian of all time . It could be considered as a Flemish list , considering that French-speaking community broadcast RTBF also held a vote , Le plus grand Belge . Nominees needed to have lived between 50 BC and now , between the borders of present-day Belgium . This is because Belgium only gained its independence in 1830 , while numerous historical individuals from , for example , the Spanish Netherlands , are considered to be Belgians . An initial list of 111 names ( 100 decided by a panel , 11 added by the public after a preliminary poll ) was set online . People could vote for their favourites to reduce the longlist to a shortlist of ten . After the first television show , the final list of ten nominees was announced . Two of them , Ambiorix and Hendrik Conscience , came out of the 11 names chosen by the public instead of the 100 chosen by the panel . The ten finalists were each presented on Canvas with a documentary , their nomination defended by famous Flemish people . On 1 December 2005 , Pater Damiaan was announced as the winner of the De Grootste Belg poll , beating Paul Janssen and Eddy Merckx .
Wallonia ( /wɒˈloʊniə/ ; French : [ la ] Wallonie [ walɔni ] ; German : [ das ] Wallonien [ vaˈloːni̯ən ] ( listen ) or [ die ] Wallonie [ valoˈniː ] ; Dutch : [ het ] Wallonië [ ʋɑˈloːnijə ] ( listen ) ; Walloon : [ li ] Walonreye [ walɔnʀɛj ] ; Luxembourgish : [ d ' ] Wallounien [ vɑˈləʊ̯niə̯n ] , Latin : Wallōnia or Vallōnia ) is a region of Belgium . As the southern portion of the country , Wallonia is primarily French-speaking , and accounts for 55% of Belgium 's territory , but only a third of its population . The Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium , which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education , because the French Community of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the majority French-Speaking Brussels-Capital Region . The German-speaking minority in eastern Wallonia results from World War I and the subsequent annexation of three cantons that were initially part of the former German empire . This community represents less than 1% of the Belgian population . It forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium , which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues . During the industrial revolution , Wallonia was second only to the United Kingdom in industrialization , capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron . This brought the region wealth , and from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century , Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium . Since World War II , the importance of heavy industry has greatly diminished , and the Flemish Region surpassed Wallonia in wealth , as Wallonia declined economically . Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders . The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflicts in Belgium and a major factor in Flemish separatism . The capital of Wallonia is Namur , and the most populous city is Charleroi .
RTBF ( Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française ) is a public-service broadcasting organization delivering radio and television services to the French-speaking Community of Belgium , in Wallonia and Brussels . Its counterpart in the Flemish Community is the Dutch-language VRT ( Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie ) , and in the German-speaking Community it is BRF ( Belgischer Rundfunk ) . RTBF operates five television channels - La Une , La Deux , La Trois , Arte Belgique and PureVision together with a number of radio channels , La Première , RTBF International , VivaCité , Musiq3 , Classic 21 , and PureFM . The organization 's headquarters in Brussels , which is shared with VRT , is sometimes referred to colloquially as Reyers . This comes from the name of the avenue where RTBF/VRT 's main building is located , the Boulevard Auguste Reyers ( Dutch : Auguste Reyerslaan ) .
Les plus grands Belges ( French for The Greatest Belgians ) , is a television show that aired in 2005 on the Belgian French-speaking public channel RTBF . In the program the audience could vote for the greatest Belgian by using the website , sending an SMS or using the telephone . In total several hundred thousand votes were cast . Nominees needed to have lived between 50 BC and now , between the borders of present-day Belgium . This is because Belgium only gained its independence in 1830 , while numerous historical individuals from , for example , the Spanish Netherlands , are considered to be Belgians . A separate vote De Grootste Belg by the Belgian Dutch-speaking public channel VRT was held around the same time , producing strikingly different results , such as both top-10s sharing only three personalities , namely Jacques Brel , Father Damien and Eddy Merckx . To some this illustrates the low significance of any national cultural identity that remains shared among the two predominant language communities of the country . Because Father Damien holds the highest average ranking of the three shared personalities ( third on this list and first on the Flemish list ) it has been argued that he is the only one to be entitled Greatest Belgian , as voted by all Belgians .
Jacques Romain Georges Brel ( French pronunciation : ​ [ ʒak ʁomɛ̃ ʒɔʁʒ bʁɛl ] Pronunciation ( help·info ) ; 8 April 1929 - 9 October 1978 ) was a Belgian singer , songwriter , poet , actor and director who composed and performed literate , thoughtful , and theatrical songs that generated a large , devoted following - initially in Belgium and France , later throughout the world . He is considered a master of the modern chanson . Although he recorded most of his songs in French and occasionally in Dutch , he became an influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers , such as Scott Walker , David Bowie , Alex Harvey , Marc Almond and Rod McKuen . English translations of his songs were recorded by many performers , including : Bowie ; Walker , Ray Charles ; Judy Collins ; John Denver ; The Kingston Trio ; Nina Simone ; Frank Sinatra and Andy Williams . Brel was a successful actor , appearing in 10 films . He directed two films , one of which , Le Far West , was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1973 . Having sold over 25 million records worldwide , Brel is the third best-selling Belgian recording artist of all time . Brel married Thérèse Miche Michielsen in 1950 , and the couple had three children . He also had a romantic relationship with actress and dancer Maddly Bamy from 1972 until his death in 1978 .
Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves .
The Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão ( SBT ; Brazilian Portuguese : [ sisˈtẽmɐ bɾɐziˈlejɾu dʒi televiˈzɐ̃w / ˈɛsi ˈbe ˈte ] ; Brazilian Television System ) is a Brazilian television network founded in August 19 , 1981 by the businessman and television personality Silvio Santos . The company was established after a public tender by the Brazilian Federal Government to form two new networks , created from revoked concessions of the defunct Tupi and Excelsior networks . SBT was funded in the same day that the concession agreement was signed , and that the act was broadcast live by the network , so that this was his first program aired . Before acquiring the concessions of the four station that were to form the SBT , Grupo Silvio Santos had since 1976 the concession of Rio de Janeiro 's channel 11 , known as TVS , which was a fundamental step to give life to SBT . In April 2018 , SBT was the second-most watched television network in Brazil , behind Rede Globo . Throughout its existence , the network always occupied the space in the audience ranking , except between 2007 and 2014 , when the Record network took the post . SBT has a total of 114 broadcast television stations ( O & Os and affiliates ) throughout the Brazilian territory , and is also available through pay television operators ( cable and satellite ) , free-to-air signal on satellite receivers and also through streaming media in their mobile application ( Android , iOS and Windows ) , applications for smart TVs and its website . Also on their website , its programming is available in video on demand for free , also available from the video-sharing site YouTube since 2010 . In March 2017 , the 43 channels of SBT on YouTube accumulated 20 million subscribers and 70 billion minutes watched . SBT broadcast in their programming a wide variety of television genres , whereas its own material generally stand adjacent to the entertainment . Foreign programming , mainly the telenovelas produced by the networks owned by the Mexican conglomerate Televisa , are part of their program schedule . It is the only commercial television broadcaster in Brazil which airs children 's programming , even arranging a partnership with the U.S .
O Maior Brasileiro de Todos os Tempos ( English : The Greatest Brazilian of All Time ) was a public poll contest organized by the Brazilian broadcasting station SBT and hosted by Carlos Nascimento to rank the most outstanding Brazilian personalities . Based on BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons , it featured individual documentaries advocating the top ten candidates . After three months of voting and more than a million votes recorded , one hundred persons were selected , appointed by the thousands of Brazilians . The final episode aired on October 3 , 2012 . Chico Xavier was elected the greatest Brazilian of all time .
Chico Xavier ( Portuguese : [ ˈʃiku ʃɐviˈɛʁ ] ) or Francisco Cândido Xavier , born Francisco de Paula Cândido ( [ fɾɐ̃ˈsisku dʒi ˈpawlɐ ˈkɐ̃dʒidu ] , April 2 , 1910 - June 30 , 2002 ) , was a popular philanthropist and spiritist medium . During a period of 60 years he wrote over 490 books and several thousand letters claiming to use a process known as psychography . Books based on old letters and manuscripts were published posthumously , bringing the total number of books to 496 . The books written by Chico covered a vast range of topics from religion , philosophy , historical romances and novels , Portuguese Literature , poetry , and science , as well as thousands of letters intended to inform , console and uplift the families of deceased persons during his psychographic sessions . His books sold an estimated 50 million copies and the revenue generated by it was totally channeled into charity work . Xavier was born in the city of Pedro Leopoldo , State of Minas Gerais and is popularly known as Chico Xavier ( Chico is the Portuguese nickname for Francisco ) . Xavier called his spiritual guide Emmanuel , who according to Xavier , lived in ancient Rome as Senator Publius Lentulus , was reincarnated in Spain as Father Damien , and later as a professor at the Sorbonne . Xavier claimed he was a channel for the work of the spirits and that he was not able to produce any miracle such as healing people . He often mentioned he could not contact a deceased person unless the spirit was willing to be contacted . His appearances on TV talk shows in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped to establish Spiritism Doctrine as one of the major philosophies professed in Brazil with more than 5 million followers . Xavier 's popularity remained unchanged in Brazil throughout his life . Despite his health problems he kept working up to his death , on June 30 , 2002 in Uberaba .
Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State .
BNT 1 ( БНТ 1 , BNT edno ) is a Bulgarian-language public television station founded in 1959 . It began broadcasting on December 26 the same year . The headquarters are located in Sofia , Bulgaria . BNT 1 is run by the Bulgarian National Television . When it was initially launched , the channel was called simply Bulgarian Television ( Българска телевизия ) , as it was the only channel available . When a second state-owned channel was started in 1974 , it was renamed to First Programme ( Първа програма ) , and later to BT 1 ( БТ 1 ) ( with BT still referring to Bulgarian Television ) . In 1992 , BT 1 and BT 2 were given separate visual designs and were renamed respectively to Channel 1 ( Канал 1 ) and Efir 2 ( Ефир 2 ) . In this period , the channel was also referred to as BNT Channel 1 ( Канал 1 на БНТ ) , to show that it was operated by the BNT . On 14 September 2008 BNT Channel 1 changed its name once more , this time to BNT 1 in an effort to put all BNT channels under a single banner ( e.g. , the Plovdiv TV Channel will become BNT Plovdiv ) . The second BNT channel called BNT 2 broadcasts the local programming of the former four regional TV centres , and broadcasts nationally . It airs sports like the UEFA Europa League along with bTV Action and RING . BNT 1 , along with its sister channel BNT 2 and the sports channel BNT 3 holds the rights for the Euro and the Olympics .
Velikite Balgari ( Bulgarian : „ Великите българи , The Great Bulgarians ) was the Bulgarian spin-off of the 2002 program 100 Greatest Britons produced by the BBC . Aired on the Bulgarian National Television 's Kanal 1 , its first stage began on 9 June 2006 and finished on 10 December , with a show on 23 December announcing the names of the Top 100 as chosen by popular vote . The Top 10 were announced in alphabetical order . In the second stage , which lasted until 17 February 2007 , the viewers determined the order in the Top 10 . Documentaries dedicated to every Top 10 personality were aired during the second stage .
Vasil Levski ( Bulgarian : Васил Левски , originally spelled Василъ Лѣвскій , pronounced [ vɐˈsiɫ ˈlɛfski ] ) , born Vasil Ivanov Kunchev ( Васил Иванов Кунчев ; 18 July 1837 - 18 February 1873 ) , was a Bulgarian revolutionary and is a national hero of Bulgaria today . Dubbed the Apostle of Freedom , Levski ideologised and strategised a revolutionary movement to liberate Bulgaria from Ottoman rule . Levski founded the Internal Revolutionary Organisation , and sought to foment a nationwide uprising through a network of secret regional committees . Born in the Sub-Balkan town of Karlovo to middle-class parents , Levski became an Orthodox monk before emigrating to join the two Bulgarian Legions in Serbia and other Bulgarian revolutionary groups . Abroad , he acquired the nickname Levski , Lionlike . After working as a teacher in Bulgarian lands , he propagated his views and developed the concept of his Bulgaria-based revolutionary organisation , an innovative idea that superseded the foreign-based detachment strategy of the past . In Romania , Levski helped institute the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee , composed of Bulgarian expatriates . During his tours of Bulgaria , Levski established a wide network of insurrectionary committees . Ottoman authorities , however , captured him at an inn near Lovech and executed him by hanging in Sofia . Levski looked beyond the act of liberation : he envisioned a pure and sacred Bulgarian republic of ethnic and religious equality . His concepts have been described as a struggle for human rights , supposedly inspired by the progressive liberalism of the French Revolution and 19th century Western European society . Levski is commemorated with monuments in Bulgaria and Serbia , and numerous national institutions bear his name .
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom .
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts .
The Greatest Canadian was a 2004 television program series by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) to determine who is considered to be the greatest Canadian of all time , at least according to those who watched and participated in the program . The project was inspired by the BBC series Great Britons . Radio-Canada , the national publicly funded French-language broadcasting agency , was not involved in The Greatest Canadian project , reducing the input of Canada 's French-Canadian minority over the results . The CBC did , by law , make its website available in French , however . The Greatest Canadian was not decided by a simple popular poll , but was instead chosen through a two-step voting process . On 17 October 2004 the CBC aired the first part of The Greatest Canadian television series . In it , the bottom 40 of the top 50 greatest choices were revealed , in order of popularity , determined by polls conducted by E-mail , website , telephone , and letter . To prevent bias during the second round of voting , the top ten nominees were presented alphabetically rather than by order of first round popularity . This second vote was accompanied by a series of documentaries , where 10 Canadian celebrities acting as advocates each presented their case for The Greatest Canadian . Voting concluded on 28 November at midnight and the following evening , 29 November , the winner was revealed to be Tommy Douglas . The series has a spiritual sequel , The Greatest Canadian Invention .
Thomas Clement Douglas PC CC SOM ( 20 October 1904 - 24 February 1986 ) was a Canadian politician who served as Premier of Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961 and Leader of the New Democratic Party from 1961 to 1971 . A Baptist minister , he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1935 as a member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) . He left federal politics to become Leader of the Saskatchewan Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and then the seventh Premier of Saskatchewan . His cabinet was the first democratic socialist government in North America and it introduced the continent 's first single-payer , universal health care program , commonly known as Medicare . After setting up Saskatchewan 's Medicare program , Douglas stepped down and ran to lead the newly formed federal New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , the successor party of the national CCF . He was elected as its first federal leader in 1961 . Although Douglas never led the party to government , through much of his tenure the party held the balance of power in the House of Commons . He was noted as being the main opposition to the imposition of the War Measures Act during the 1970 October Crisis . He resigned as leader the next year , but remained as a Member of Parliament until 1979 . Douglas was awarded many honorary degrees , and a foundation was named for him and his political mentor M. J. Coldwell in 1971 . In 1981 , he was invested into the Order of Canada , and he became a member of Canada 's Privy Council in 1984 , two years before his death . In 2004 , a CBC Television program named Tommy Douglas The Greatest Canadian , based on a Canada-wide , viewer-supported survey .
Catalonia ( /ˌkætəˈloʊniə/ ; Catalan : Catalunya [ kətəˈluɲə ] ; Aranese : Catalonha [ kataˈluɲɔ ] ; Spanish : Cataluña [ kataˈluɲa ] ) is an autonomous community on the northeastern corner of Spain , self-designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy . [ c ] Catalonia consists of four provinces : Barcelona , Girona , Lleida , and Tarragona . The capital and largest city is Barcelona , the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the core of the sixth most populous urban area in the European Union . It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia ( with the remainder Roussillon now part of France 's Pyrénées-Orientales , Occitanie ) . It is bordered by France ( Occitanie ) and Andorra to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the east , and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south . The official languages are Catalan , Spanish , and the Aranese dialect of Occitan . In the late 8th century , the counties of the March of Gothia and the Hispanic March were established by the Frankish kingdom as feudal vassals across and near the eastern Pyrenees as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions . The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal , the count of Barcelona . In the 10th century the County of Barcelona became independent de facto . In 1137 , Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were united by marriage under the Crown of Aragon . The de jure end of Frankish rule was ratified by French and Aragonese monarchs in the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258 . The Principality of Catalonia developed its own institutional system , such as courts ( parliament ) , and constitutions , becoming the base for the Crown of Aragon 's naval power , trade and expansionism in the Mediterranean .
TV3 ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈte ˈβe ˈtɾɛs ] ) is the primary television channel of Catalan public broadcaster Televisió de Catalunya , a subsidiary of the CCMA . TV3 broadcasts programmes only in Catalan , with an optional dual track in the original language for some foreign-language series and movies , although Spanish is not dubbed or subtitled ( for example during news broadcasts ) . TV3 is also a founding member of FORTA , the Federation of Autonomic Radio and Television Organizations of Spain . It is funded by the regional autonomous government , the Generalitat de Catalunya , through the CCMA .
James I the Conqueror ( Catalan : Jaume el Conqueridor ; 2 February 1208 - 27 July 1276 ) was King of Aragon , Count of Barcelona , and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276 ; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276 ; and Valencia from 1238 to 1276 . His long reign - the longest of any Iberian monarch - saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon in three directions : Languedoc to the north , the Balearic Islands to the southeast , and Valencia to the south . By a treaty with Louis IX of France , he wrested the County of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown . He renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in Occitania and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona , lands that were lost by his father Peter II of Aragon in the Battle of Muret during the Albigensian Crusade and annexed by the Kingdom of France , and then decided to turn south . His great part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia . One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in Languedoc and Occitania and any expansion into them is the fact that he was raised by the Knights Templar crusaders , who had defeated his father fighting for the Pope alongside the French , so it was effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in Occitania and Languedoc . As a legislator and organiser , he occupies a high place among the European kings . James compiled the Llibre del Consolat de Mar , which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean . He was an important figure in the development of the Catalan language , sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign : the Llibre dels fets .
Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .
Televisión Nacional de Chile ( TVN ) is a Chilean public service broadcaster . It was founded by order of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and it was launched nationwide on 18 September 1969 . Since then , the company has been reorganized on several occasions and its operations areas have increased over the years , becoming one of the leading television broadcaster in Chile and South America . The law 17 377 of 1970 established that TVN must be a public , autonomous , pluralistic and representative public service . In 2018 changes were introduced in his public mission with the adoption of the act 21 085 that determined the obligation to promote the national cultural identity , the values of democracy , human rights , care for the environment and respect for diversity . Furthermore , TVN governs the programming of its services according to criteria established by the National Television Council ( CNTV ) . Its headquarters are in Providencia , Santiago Metropolitan Region and it employs over 1,083 staff in total , distributed in various areas . The company is directed through a chairman appointed by the President of the Republic , which has a duration of four years , synchronized with the presidential period . The other six members of the board of directors are appointed three times per period in agreement between the Senate and the President of the Republic , for eight years . To them , a seventh member is added who is chosen democratically by the staff . As of December 2019 the chairman of Televisión Nacional is Ana Holuigue by appointment of the current President of Chile , Sebastián Piñera . While the executive director and legal representative is Francisco Guijón since 2019 .
Grandes Chilenos de Nuestra Historia ( English : Great Chileans of Our History ; sometimes simply called Grandes Chilenos ) was a Chilean TV program produced and broadcast by state channel Televisión Nacional de Chile during 2008 . It was based on the style of BBC 's 100 Greatest Britons . Former President Salvador Allende was elected the Greatest Chilean .
Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens ( US : /ɑːˈjɛndeɪ , -di/ , UK : /æˈ- , aɪˈɛn-/ , American Spanish : [ salβaˈðoɾ ɣiˈʝeɾmo aˈʝende ˈɣosens ] ; 26 June 1908 - 11 September 1973 ) was a Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician , President of Chile from 1970 until 1973 , and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government ; he was the first ever Marxist to be elected president in a country with liberal democracy . Allende 's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years , having covered the posts of senator , deputy and cabinet minister . As a life-long committed member of the Socialist Party of Chile , whose foundation he had actively contributed to , he unsuccessfully ran for the national presidency in the 1952 , 1958 , and 1964 elections . In 1970 , he won the presidency in a close three-way race . He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority . On 11 September 1973 , the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace , he gave his last speech vowing not to resign . Later that day , Allende committed suicide with an AK-47 rifle gifted to him by Fidel Castro , according to an investigation conducted by a Chilean court with the assistance of international experts in 2011 . Following Allende 's death , General Augusto Pinochet refused to return authority to a civilian government , and Chile was later ruled by a military junta that was in power up until 1990 , ending more than four decades of uninterrupted democratic governance . The military junta that took over dissolved the Congress of Chile , suspended the Constitution , and began a persecution of alleged dissidents , in which at least 3,095 civilians disappeared or were killed .
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law .
History ( formerly The History Channel from 1995 to 2008 ) is a pay television network that is owned by A+E Networks , a joint venture between Hearst Communications and the Disney Media Networks division of the Walt Disney Company . The network was originally focused on history-based documentaries and historical fiction series though , during the late 2000s , History would drift into male-oriented reality television programming . In addition to this change in format , the network is also criticized by many scientists , historians , and skeptics for broadcasting pseudodocumentaries and unsubstantiated , sensational investigative programming . As of February 2015 , around 96,149,000 American households ( 82.6% of households with television ) receive the network 's flagship channel , History . International localized versions of History are available , in various forms , in India , Canada , Europe , Australia , the Middle East , Africa , and Latin America .
Álvaro Uribe Vélez ( born 4 July 1952 ) is a Colombian politician who served as the 31st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010 . Uribe studied law . Álvaro Uribe focused his political career and became a member of the Colombian Liberal Party . In 1993 he attended Harvard University , receiving a Certificate of Special Studies in Administration and Management at Harvard Extension School and Certificate in Negotiation and Dispute Resolution at Harvard Law School . Between 1998 and 1999 , he studied at St Antony 's College , Oxford , England , on a Chevening-Simón Bolívar scholarship and was appointed Senior Associate Member at St Antony 's College . Uribe started his political career in his home department of Antioquia . He has held office in the Empresas Públicas de Medellín and in the Ministry of Labor and was the director of the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics ( 1980-1982 ) . He was named Mayor of Medellín in October 1982 by Belisario Betancur . However , he was discharged of his function in February 1983 , five months after his appointment , by Président Betancur for his alleged collaboration with drug traffickers . He was Senator between 1986 and 1994 and finally Governor of Antioquia between 1995 and 1997 before he was elected President of Colombia in 2002 . Following his 2002 election , Uribe led successful campaigns against leftist guerilla groups the FARC and the ELN , as well as leading a successful effort in the demobilizing of the rightwing paramilitary group known as the AUC , all of which are part the Colombian Armed Conflict . On 13 January 2009 the United States awarded President Uribe the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his role in fighting along the US lead War on Terror in the Colombian Armed Conflict .
Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia .
Nacional is a Croatian weekly news magazine published in Zagreb . Founded in 1995 and owned by photographer and journalist Ivo Pukanić , Nacional quickly gained a reputation for reporting and critical articles about the conservative government led by the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , which was in power during the 1990s . During most of its existence its main rival was Globus published by Europapress Holding ( EPH ) . In 2000 Pukanić stepped down as editor-in-chief to oversee the launch of his short-lived daily Republika , which was meant to compete with EPH 's Jutarnji list . Republika was launched in late 2000 , only to fold in May 2001 due to low circulation . After 2000 Nacional 's editorial policy shifted to include more business and entertainment content . Following the failure of Republika Pukanić returned to the magazine as an investigative reporter . Shortly after the 2008 assassination of Ivo Pukanić , the magazine 's sales plummeted , and in 2010 it was bought by a Swiss media company owned by Harald von Seefried . Soon after the acquisition a group of journalists dissatisfied by the new owner 's editorial policies left Nacional to found a rival weekly called Aktual , whose first issue was published in June 2011 . Nacional continued to amass losses and was discontinued after the issue no . 866 , published on 19 June 2012 . The Nacional brand and its archive have since been acquired by Berislav Jelinić , its former journalist , who re-launched the magazine on 9 December 2014 .
The Greatest Croatian ( Croatian : Najveći Hrvat ) was a poll conducted over five weeks in 2003 by the Croatian weekly Nacional . The public was invited to vote via the magazine 's website , text messages and postcards to determine the Greatest Croatian in history . Almost 8,000 votes were received during the course of the poll ( 6,507 via Internet , 520 text messages and 752 postcards ) , and the final results were published in the magazine 's 6 January 2004 issue .
Josip Broz , commonly known as Tito ( /ˈtiːtoʊ/ ; Cyrillic : Тито , pronounced [ tîto ] ) , was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman , serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980 . During World War II , he was the leader of the Partisans , often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe . He also served as the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980 . While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised , Tito has been seen by most as a benevolent dictator . He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad . Viewed as a unifying symbol , his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation . He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement , alongside Jawaharlal Nehru of India , Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt , and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana . Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec , Austria-Hungary ( now in Croatia ) . Drafted into military service , he distinguished himself , becoming the youngest sergeant major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time . After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I , he was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains . He participated in some events of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and subsequent Civil War . Upon his return to the Balkans in 1918 , Broz entered the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia , where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( KPJ ) .
The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization .
Česká televize ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈtɛlɛvɪzɛ ] , abbreviation : ČT , English : Czech Television ) is a public television broadcaster in the Czech Republic , broadcasting six channels . It is the successor to Czechoslovak Television , founded in 1953 .
Největší Čech ( The Greatest Czech ) is the Czech spin-off of the BBC Greatest Britons show ; a television poll of the populace to name the greatest Czech in history . The series was broadcast by the national public-service broadcaster , Česká televize . The presenter of the programme was Marek Eben , who was also nominated to be in the Top 100 ; however , since he was presenting the show he was not eligible to be included in the final list . The counting and ranking of the nomination votes took place during January 2005 ; the top 100 were announced on 5 May ; and the final rankings were announced on 10 June 2005 . The first round was won by the fictional genius Jára Cimrman , but he was disqualified .
Charles IV ( Czech : Karel IV. , German : Karl IV. , Latin : Carolus IV ; 14 May 1316 - 29 November 1378 ) , born Wenceslaus , was the first King of Bohemia to become Holy Roman Emperor . He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father 's side and the Czech House of Přemyslid from his mother 's side ; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Czech side of his inheritance , and also because his direct ancestors in the Přemyslid line included two saints . He was the eldest son and heir of King John of Bohemia , who died at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346 . His mother , Elizabeth of Bohemia , was the sister of King Wenceslas III , the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia . Charles inherited the County of Luxembourg from his father and was elected king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . On 2 September 1347 , Charles was crowned King of Bohemia . On 11 July 1346 , the prince-electors chose him as King of the Romans ( rex Romanorum ) in opposition to Emperor Louis IV . Charles was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn . After his opponent died , he was re-elected in 1349 and crowned King of the Romans . In 1355 , he was crowned King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor . With his coronation as King of Burgundy in 1365 , he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire .
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere . It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the west , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and Asia to the east . The eastern border comprises a long and mixed line of mountain ranges and waterways that would normally define a subcontinent . However , Europe is generally accorded the status of a full continent because of its great physical size and the weight of history and tradition . It is the 6th largest continent in the world . Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains , the Ural River , the Caspian and Black Seas and the waterways of the Turkish Straits . Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) , or 2% of the Earth 's surface ( 6.8% of land area ) . Politically , Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which Russia is the largest and most populous , spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population . Europe had a total population of about 741 million ( about 11% of the world population ) as of 2018 [ update ] . The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent , even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe . Further from the sea , seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast . Europe , in particular ancient Greece and ancient Rome , was the birthplace of Western civilisation .
Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions .
Yleisradio Oy ( Finnish ) , literally General Radio or General Broadcast ; Swedish : Rundradion ; abbr . Yle ( [ yle ] ) , is Finland 's national public broadcasting company , founded in 1926 . It is a joint-stock company which is 99.98% owned by the Finnish state , and employs around 3,200 people in Finland . Yle shares many of its organizational characteristics with its UK counterpart , the BBC , on which it was largely modelled . For the greater part of Yle 's existence the company was funded by the revenues obtained from a broadcast receiving licence fee payable by the owners of radio sets ( 1927-1976 ) and television sets ( 1958-2012 ) , as well as receiving a portion of the broadcasting licence fees payable by private television broadcasters . Since the beginning of 2013 the licence fee has been replaced by a public broadcasting tax ( known as the Yle tax ) , which is collected annually from private individuals and corporations together with their other taxes . By far the largest part of the Yle tax is collected from individual taxpayers , with payments being assessed on a sliding scale . Minors , as well as persons with an annual income of less than €7,813 are exempt . At the lower limit the tax payable by individuals amounts to €50 per annum and the maximum ( payable by an individual with a yearly income of €20,588 or more ) is set at €140 . The rationale for the abolition of the previous television licence fee was the development of other means of delivering Yle 's services , such as the Internet , and the consequent impracticality of continuing to tie the fee to the ownership of a specific device . Yle receives no advertising revenues as all channels are advertisement-free . Yle has a status that could be described as that of a non-departmental public body .
Suuret suomalaiset ( Great Finns ) was a 2004 television show broadcast in Finland by Yle ( the Finnish Broadcasting Company ) , which determined the 100 greatest Finns of all time according to the opinions of its viewers . The viewers were able to vote during a programme which lasted from October to December 2004 . The show was a Finnish spin-off of the BBC 's programme Great Britons .
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim ( Swedish pronunciation : [ kɑːɭ ˈɡɵ̂sːtav ˈěːmɪl ˈmânːɛrˌhejm ] ( listen ) ; 4 June 1867 - 27 January 1951 ) was a Finnish military leader and statesman . Mannerheim served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War , Regent of Finland ( 1918-1919 ) , commander-in-chief of Finland 's defence forces during World War II , Marshal of Finland , and the sixth president of Finland ( 1944-1946 ) . Mannerheim made a career in the Imperial Russian Army , rising to the rank of lieutenant general . He also had a prominent place in the ceremonies for Tsar Nicholas II 's coronation and later had several private meetings with the Tsar . After the Bolshevik revolution , Finland declared its independence but was soon embroiled in civil war between the pro-Bolshevik Reds and the Whites , who were the troops of the Senate of Finland , supported by troops of the German Empire . Mannerheim was appointed the military chief of the Whites . Twenty years later , when Finland was twice at war with the Soviet Union from November 1939 until September 1944 , Mannerheim successfully led the defence of Finland as commander-in-chief of the country 's armed forces . In 1944 , when the prospect of Germany 's defeat in World War II became clear , Mannerheim was elected President of Finland and oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the UK . He resigned the presidency in 1946 and died in 1951 . In a Finnish survey 53 years after his death , Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finn of all time . Given the broad recognition in Finland and elsewhere of his unparalleled role in establishing and later preserving Finland 's independence from Russia , Mannerheim has long been referred to as the father of modern Finland , and the Finnish capital Helsinki 's Mannerheim Museum memorializing the leader 's life and times has been called the closest thing there is to a [ Finnish ] national shrine . In addition , he is the only Finn to have held the rank of field marshal , an honorary rank bestowed upon especially distinguished generals .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
France 2 ( pronounced [ fʁɑ̃s dø ] ) is a French public national television channel . It is part of the state-owned France Télévisions group , along with France 3 , France 4 , France 5 and France Ô. France Télévisions also participates in ARTE and EuroNews . Since 3:20 CET on 7 April 2008 , all France 2 programming has been broadcast in 16:9 widescreen format over the French analogue and digital terrestrial television . An HD simulcast feed of France 2 has been broadcasting on satellite provider CanalSat since 1 July 2008 and on digital terrestrial television since 30 October 2008 .
Le Plus Grand Français de tous les temps ( The Greatest Frenchman of all Time ) was a France 2 show of early 2005 , based on an original series of Great Britons on the BBC . The show asked the French viewers whom they thought was the Greatest Frenchman or Frenchwoman . It was presented by Michel Drucker and Thierry Ardisson , and the final episode was broadcast at the French Senate . The winner was the former president and leader of the Free French movement , Charles de Gaulle . The show was criticized by some historians in that it focused only on personalities of recent French history . Key figures of French history who contributed to the founding of the French nation , such as the national heroine Joan of Arc , the kings Philip Augustus , Saint Louis , and Louis XIV or French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte were largely ignored .
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( /də ˈɡoʊl , -ˈɡɔːl/ ; French pronunciation : [ ʃaʁl də ɡol ] ( listen ) ; 22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970 ) was a French army officer and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France . In 1958 , he came out of retirement when appointed president of the Council of Ministers by President René Coty . He was asked to rewrite the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum . He was elected the president of France later that year , a position he was reelected to in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969 . He was the dominant figure of France during the early part of the Cold War era ; his memory continues to influence French politics . Born in Lille , he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1912 . He was a decorated officer of the First World War , wounded several times and later taken prisoner at Verdun . During the interwar period , he advocated mobile armoured divisions . During the German invasion of May 1940 , he led an armoured division which counterattacked the invaders ; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War . Refusing to accept his government 's armistice with Germany , de Gaulle escaped to England and exhorted the French to resist occupation and to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June . He led the Free French Forces and later headed the French National Liberation Committee against the Axis . Despite frosty relations with the United States , he generally had Winston Churchill 's support and emerged as the undisputed leader of the French Resistance .
Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran .
Georgian Public Broadcasting ( Georgian : საქართველოს საზოგადოებრივი მაუწყებელი , sakartvelos sazogadoebrivi mauts ' q'ebeli ) is the national public broadcaster of Georgia . It started broadcasting radio in 1925 , and Georgian TV started broadcasting in 1956 . Today , 85% of the Georgian population receive the First Channel , and 55% receive the Second Channel . Georgian TV 's programmes are also received by satellite and over the Internet in a number of European and Asian countries . The adoption of Law on Broadcasting in 2004 , started the process of transformation of Georgian TV from being a state broadcaster into a public broadcaster . In 2005 the Georgian Parliament elected a Board of Governors , composed of nine members . One of them , Tamar Kintsurashvili , from Liberty Institute , was later elected as the first Director General of GPB . Vasil Maghlaperidze is the current occupant of this position .
David IV , also known as David the Builder ( Georgian : დავით აღმაშენებელი , Davit Aghmashenebeli ) ( 1073- 24 January 1125 ) , of the Bagrationi dynasty , was a king of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125 . Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age , he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country , winning the major Battle of Didgori in 1121 . His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgias control . A friend of the church and a notable promoter of Christian culture , he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church .
Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights .
Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ( German pronunciation : [ ˌtsvaɪ̯təsˌdɔʏ̯tʃəsˈfɛɐ̯nzeːn ] ; English : Second German Television ) , usually shortened to ZDF ( [ ˌtsɛ.teː.ˈʔɛf ] , stylized as 2DF ) , is a German public-service television broadcaster based in Mainz , Rhineland-Palatinate . It is run as an independent nonprofit institution , which was founded by all federal states of Germany ( Bundesländer ) . ZDF is financed by television licence fees and advertising revenues . The broadcaster is well known for its famous programmes heute , a newscast established in 1963 , and Wetten , dass. ? an entertainment show that premiered in 1981 , and ended in 2014 . Thomas Bellut , ZDF 's director general , was elected by the ZDF Television Council in 2011 .
Unsere Besten ( Our Best ) was a television series shown in German public television ( ZDF ) in November 2003 , similar to the BBC series 100 Greatest Britons and that program 's spin-offs . In subsequent years , a dozen similar rankings were compiled , mostly titled the favourite ( topic ) of the Germans , with topics including books , places , songs , actors , comedians , sports persons ( extra list for football players ) , inventions , and TV broadcasts ( extra list for Olympic games ) .
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer ( German : [ ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈʔaːdənaʊɐ ] ( listen ) ; 5 January 1876 - 19 April 1967 ) was a German statesman who served as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) from 1949 to 1963 . He was co-founder and first leader of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) ( until 1966 ) , a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became one of the most influential parties in the country . In the early years of the Federal Republic he switched focus from denazification to recovery and led his country from the ruins of World War II to becoming a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France , the United Kingdom and the United States . During his years in power , West Germany achieved democracy , stability , international respect and economic prosperity ( Wirtschaftswunder , German for economic miracle ) . Adenauer belied his age by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct . He displayed a strong dedication to a broad vision of market-based liberal democracy and anti-communism . A shrewd politician , Adenauer was deeply committed to a Western-oriented foreign policy and restoring the position of West Germany on the world stage . He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction of World War II to a central position in Europe , presiding over the German Economic Miracle together with his Minister of Economics , Ludwig Erhard . He was a driving force in re-establishing national military forces ( the Bundeswehr ) in West Germany since 1955 . Adenauer opposed rival East Germany and made his nation a member of NATO and a member of the Western Alliance . Adenauer , who was Chancellor until age 87 , was dubbed Der Alte ( the elder ) . British politician and historian Roy Jenkins says he was the oldest statesman ever to function in elected office .
Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture .
Skai TV is a Greek free-to-air television network based in Piraeus . It is part of the Skai Group , one of the largest media groups in the country . It was relaunched in its present form on 1st of April 2006 in the Athens metropolitan area , and gradually spread its coverage nationwide . Besides digital terrestrial transmission , it is available on the subscription-based encrypted services of Nova and Cosmote TV . Skai TV is also a member of Digea , a consortium of private television networks introducing digital terrestrial transmission in Greece . At launch , Skai TV opted for dubbing all foreign language content into Greek , instead of using subtitles . This is very uncommon in Greece for anything except documentaries ( using voiceover dubbing ) and children 's programs ( using lip-synced dubbing ) , so after intense criticism , the station switched to using subtitles for almost all foreign shows .
Great Greeks ( Greek : Μεγάλοι Έλληνες , Megali Ellines ) is a television program , produced and broadcast by the Greek television network Skai TV , based on the BBC 's equivalent show 100 Greatest Britons . The show features lists and biographies of influential persons , who came to prominence in their fields throughout the history of Greece , in order to be determined through a voting procedure who is considered the greatest Greek of all time by the audience of Greece .
Alexander III of Macedon ( Greek : Αλέξανδρος Γʹ ὁ Μακεδών ; 20/21 July 356 BC - 10/11 June 323 BC ) , commonly known as Alexander the Great ( Ancient Greek : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας , romanized : Aléxandros ho Mégas ) , was a king ( basileus ) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon [ a ] and a member of the Argead dynasty . He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20 . He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa , and by the age of thirty , he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world , stretching from Greece to northwestern India . He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history 's most successful military commanders . During his youth , Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until age 16 . After Philip 's assassination in 336 BC , he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army . Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father 's pan-Hellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia . In 334 BC , he invaded the Achaemenid Empire ( Persian Empire ) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years . Following the conquest of Anatolia , Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles , most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela . He subsequently overthrew Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety . [ b ] At that point , his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Beas River . Alexander endeavoured to reach the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea and invaded India in 326 BC , winning an important victory over the Pauravas at the Battle of the Hydaspes .