Baby of the House
Hong Kong
Table:
Elected	Name	Constituency	Party	Age

1991	James To	Kowloon Southwest GC	United Democrats	28

1998	Bernard Chan	Insurance FC	Nonpartisan	33

2008	Chan Hak-kan	New Territories East GC	DAB	32

2012	Steven Ho	Agriculture and Fisheries FC	DAB	32

2016	Nathan Law	Hong Kong Island GC	Demosistō	23

2016	Ho Kai-ming	Labour FC	FTU	31

2018 ( b )	Au Nok-hin	Hong Kong Island GC	Independent	30

2016	Ho Kai-ming	Labour FC	FTU	34

Looking at the table together with the supporting text below.

Solve the question: How many votes did the 30 year old Baby of the House receive in the 2018 election ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

The 1991 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) . The election of the members of functional constituencies was held on 12 September 1991 and the election of geographical constituency seats was held on 15 September respectively . It was the first ever direct election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history . There were 18 members from directly elected geographical constituencies , 21 members from functional constituencies , 17 members appointed by the Governor , and 3 official members . A coalition of the United Democrats and the Meeting Point , together with other smaller parties , groups and independents in the pro-democracy camp had a landslide victory , getting 16 of the 18 geographical constituency seats . Two-seat constituency two vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency . The voting system helped the pro-democracy coalition win with landslide success and faced criticisms . In the end , the government prescribed simple plurality in the next election .
James To Kun-sun ( /toʊ/ ; Chinese : 涂謹申 ; born 11 March 1963 ) is a Hong Kong lawyer and the Democratic Party member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong representing the District Council ( Second ) constituency . James To has also been a member of the Yau Tsim Mong District Council . Since 2016 , To is the most senior member in the Legislative Council . He is also the convenor of the pro-democracy caucus in the Legislative Council from 2016-17 .
The Kowloon West geographical constituency is one of the five geographical constituencies of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It was established in 1998 following a reform to the electoral system for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It currently elects six Members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation . In the 1998 election there were three seats . The number of seats in 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 were 4 , 4 , 5 , 5 and 6 respectively . The constituency corresponds to the districts of Yau Tsim Mong , Sham Shui Po , and Kowloon City .
In Hong Kong , geographical constituencies , as opposed to functional constituencies , are elected by all eligible voters according to geographically demarcated constituencies . There are currently 5 geographical constituencies in Hong Kong .
The United Democrats of Hong Kong ( Chinese : 香港民主同盟 , 港同盟 ; UDHK ) was a short-lived political party in Hong Kong founded in 1990 as the united front of the liberal democracy forces in preparation of the 1991 first ever direct election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong . The party won a landslide victory by sweeping 12 of the 18 directly elected seats in the 1991 LegCo elections which shook the political landscape of Hong Kong . In 1994 it was merged with another pro-democracy party Meeting Point to form the contemporary Democratic Party .
The 1998 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 24 May 1998 for members of the 1st Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) in 1997 . Replacing the Provisional Legislative Council ( PLC ) strictly controlled by the Beijing government and boycotted by the pro-democracy camp , the elections returned 20 members from directly elected geographical constituencies , 10 seats from the Election Committee constituency and 30 members from functional constituencies , of which 10 were uncontested . Taking the advantage of the proportional representation system installed by Beijing , the pro-Beijing party , the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong ( DAB ) , the weaker side compared to the more developed pro-democratic party , the Democratic Party recorded a clearer increase in the number of seats in the election . The Democratic Party returned to the Legislative Council as the largest party with 13 seats , while the Association for Democracy and People 's Livelihood , a pro-democratic party joined the Beijing-controlled Provisional Legislative Council lost all its seats .
Bernard Charnwut Chan GBS JP ( Chinese : 陳智思 ; Jyutping : Can4 Zi3 Si1 ; born 1966 ) , is a Hong Kong politician and businessman , the incumbent Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council .
The Insurance functional constituency ( Chinese : 保險界功能界別 ) is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998 . The constituency is restricted to only 134 insurers . A similar Financing , Insurance , Real Estate and Business Services functional constituency was created for the 1995 election by Governor Chris Patten with a much larger electorate base of total 171,534 eligible voters .
In the political systems of Hong Kong , a functional constituency is a professional or special interest group involved in the electoral process . Eligible voters in a functional constituency may include natural persons as well as other designated legal entities such as organisations and corporations . ( See : legal personality )
Nonpartisanism is a lack of affiliation with , and a lack of bias toward , a political party . While an Oxford English Dictionary definition of partisan includes adherents of a party , cause , person , etc. , in most cases , nonpartisan refers specifically to political party connections rather than being the strict antonym of partisan .
The 2008 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 7 September 2008 for the 4th Legislative Council since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . There were 60 seats in the 4th Legislative Council , with 30 members elected by geographical constituencies through direct elections , and 30 members by functional constituencies . Candidates for 14 functional constituency seats were unopposed . The turnout rate was 45 percent with 1.51 million voters casting the ballots , about 10 percent lower than the previous election in 2004 . The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong ( DAB ) remained the largest single party in the Legislative Council with 13 seats if including the two members of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( FTU ) while the pro-business Liberal Party suffered a big defeat by losing the two heavyweights , chairman James Tien and vice-chairwoman Selina Chow lost their seats in the New Territories East and the New Territories West . The duo resigned from their party positions and Chow resigned from the Executive Council after the election , which was followed by a great split of the party . In the backdrop of a deteriorating economy and rising inflation , the pro-grassroots parties scored victories as the new pro-democracy party League of Social Democrats ( LSD ) had their three candidates elected and the FTU also won in two seats in the geographical constituencies . The pro-democracy flagship party Democratic Party retook the second largest party status despite losing one seat to its ally , the new middle-class oriented Civic Party which took two seats in Hong Kong Island with party leader Audrey Eu stood as the second candidate behind party 's new face Tanya Chan . The share of the pan-democratic parties ' vote among voters dropped from 60 percent in 2004 to 57 percent , which translated into a net loss of two seats compared to the last election . The pan-democrats were elected to a total of 23 seats , 19 seats in the directly elected geographical constituencies , and four seats from the functional constituencies . By virtue of having in excess of one-third of the seats in Legislative Council , their ability to veto constitutional changes remained intact . The pan-democrats ' veto power was seen as crucial for the electoral arrangements for the 2012 Legislative Council election , which would take place during this session .
Gary Chan Hak-kan , BBS , JP ( born 24 April 1976 ) is a current member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . He represents the New Territories East constituency and is a member of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong ( DAB ) political party . Chan was born in Fujian , People 's Republic of China . He graduated from the Department of Government and Public Administration at the Chinese University of Hong Kong , and studied in the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs , Syracuse University . He was a member of Sha Tin District Council from 1999 to 2003 . He was appointed as special assistant to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong , Sir Donald Tsang , from 2006 to 2008 , with an annual salary of HK $ 77,000 . In 2008 , Chan followed Lau Kong Wah in running to represent New Territories East in the Legislative Council elections after resigning as special assistant to the Chief Executive . With about 100,000 votes for their party list , both Chan and Lau were declared elected . Shortly after the election results were announced , Chan was widely ridiculed for his poor English . He is quoted as saying in response to a reporter 's question that the DAB would try our breast . to improve people 's living hood [ sic ] .
The New Territories East geographical constituency , or NT East , is the one of the five geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It encompasses Sha Tin District , Tai Po District , North District and Sai Kung District . It currently elects nine members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation .
The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong ( Chinese : 民主建港協進聯盟 ; abbreviated DAB ) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party established in 1992 in Hong Kong . Chaired by Starry Lee , it is currently the largest party in the Legislative Council . The DAB was founded in 1992 by 56 Beijing-loyalists from traditional leftist background , who had a long-history of following the policies of the Communist Party of China , the ruling party in the People 's Republic of China . The DAB gradually expanded in the immediate years after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and became one of three major parties alongside the pro-democratic Democratic Party and the pro-business Liberal Party . In 2003 , it supported the Hong Kong government 's proposal to locally implement Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law and suffered a major defeat in the 2003 District Council election . The DAB benefited from the failure of the pro-democrats ' electoral strategy in the 2004 Legislative Council election , overtaking the Democratic Party as the largest party in the legislature . In 2005 , it absorbed the pro-business professional-oriented Hong Kong Progressive Alliance . It continued to expand in the recent years , with the tacit support of the Chinese Liaison Office and other pro-Beijing factions , and had electoral successes in the 2007 , 2011 and 2015 District Council elections and 2008 and 2012 Legislative Council elections . Owing to the proportional representation voting system of Hong Kong , the DAB gained 13 seats in the 2012 election . In the 2016 election , the party took 12 seats in total , one seat fewer than the previous election . However , the party suffered a major loss in the 2019 District Council election , winning only 21 seats out of 181 fielded .
The 2012 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 9 September 2012 for the 5th Legislative Council ( LegCo ) since the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . The election was for the new total of 70 seats in LegCo , ten more than previously , with 35 members elected in geographical constituencies through direct elections , and 35 members in functional constituencies . Under new arrangements agreed in a contentious LegCo vote in 2010 , five District Council ( Second ) functional constituency seats each represent all 18 District Councils of Hong Kong voted for by all resident voters in Hong Kong ( who did not have a vote in any other functional constituency ) , effectively increasing the number of seats elected with universal suffrage to 40 . The pro-Beijing camp scored a major success , maintaining its dominance in the functional constituencies and winning 17 of the 35 , nearly half , of the geographical constituency seats , which were considered to be the stronghold of the pan-democracy camp . The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong ( DAB ) , the flagship Beijing-loyalist party , won 13 seats in total , more than double the tally of either the pro-democracy Democratic Party or Civic Party , or of its sister organisation , the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( FTU ) , which each won six seats . The Democratic Party , the flagship pro-democracy party , suffered the worst defeat since its creation in 1994 , winning only six seats and lost all its seats in the New Territories West , while the radical democrats League of Social Democrats and the newly formed People Power doubled their total votes . Despite the addition of five new geographical constituency seats , the pan-democrats won one seat fewer than in the 2008 election ; infighting within the camp was blamed . The Civic Party failed in their election strategy as two of their incumbents , Audrey Eu and Tanya Chan , placed second on the lists in Hong Kong Island and New Territories West both received over 70,000 votes , far more than other lists , but still unable to get re-elected . The pro-business Liberal Party 's chairwoman Miriam Lau failed to gain a seat in Hong Kong Island , winning the least seat in party history although James Tien regained his seat in New Territories East . Both Miriam Lau from the Liberals and Albert Ho from the Democrats resigned their seats as chairs after the defeat . The pan-democracy and pro-Beijing camps both placed three lists in contest of the five new District Council ( Second ) functional constituency seats . Three of them went to the Democrats Albert Ho and James To and Frederick Fung from the Association for Democracy and People 's Livelihood ( ADPL ) .
Steven Ho Chun-yin , BBS ( traditional Chinese : 何俊賢 ; simplified Chinese : 何俊贤 ; born 30 November 1979 ) , is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . He represents the functional constituency for Agriculture and Fisheries . He belongs to the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong party .
The Agriculture and Fisheries functional constituency ( Chinese : 漁農界功能界別 ) is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998 . The constituency is composed of 8 agriculture and 75 fisheries organisations . A similar Agriculture , Fisheries , Mining , Energy and Construction functional constituency was created for the 1995 election by Governor Chris Patten was composed of much broaden electorate .
The 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held on 4 September 2016 for the 6th Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) . A total of 70 members , 35 from geographical constituencies ( GCs ) and 35 from functional constituencies ( FCs ) , were returned . The election came after the rejection of the 2016/2017 constitutional reform proposals which suggested the electoral method for the 2016 Legislative Council remains unchanged . A historic record number of 2.2 million voters , 58 per cent of the registered electorate , turned out in wake of the 2014 pro-democracy Occupy movement often dubbed as the Umbrella Revolution with the localists emerged as a new political force behind the pro-Beijing and pan-democracy camps by winning six seats in the geographical constituencies and gaining nearly 20 per cent of the vote share . Many new faces rose from the post-Occupy political forces got elected . Demosisto 's Nathan Law , a 23-year-old Occupy student leader became the youngest candidate to be elected in history along with his allies Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu . Baggio Leung and Yau Wai-ching from the radical localist groups Youngspiration , and Cheng Chung-tai of Civic Passion , also won seats after they were allowed to enter the race following the government controversially disqualified six localists for their advocacy of Hong Kong independence . As a result , four pan-democrats lost their seats , namely , Neo Democrats ' Gary Fan , as well as three veterans , Lee Cheuk-yan and Cyd Ho of the Labour Party and the Frederick Fung of the Association for Democracy and People 's Livelihood . Many veteran pro-Beijing incumbents , including the LegCo president Jasper Tsang , also Chan Kam-lam and Tam Yiu-chung of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong 's ( DAB ) and Chan Yuen-han of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( FTU ) decided to step down , while pan-democrat heavyweights , including Civic Party leader Alan Leong , Democratic Party chairwoman Emily Lau and veterans Albert Ho and Sin Chung-kai , as well as pro-Beijing Liberal Party honorary chairman James Tien , chose to stand as second candidate to get their party 's newcomers elected . Young Democrat Kwong Chun-yu received the most votes by winning nearly 500,000 votes in the District Council ( Second ) super seat . Together with the six post-Occupy radicals and localists , the anti-establishment forces won 29 out of 70 seats ; managed to retain the majority in the geographical constituencies to block the pro-establishment camp 's attempt to amend the rule of procedures to curb radicals ' filibustering , as well as the opposition 's crucial one-thirds minority to maintain the veto power on government 's constitutional reform proposals .
Nathan Law ( Chinese : 羅冠聰 , mixed name : Nathan Law Kwun-chung ; born 13 July 1993 ) is a politician and activist in Hong Kong . As a former student leader , he has been chairman of the Representative Council of the Lingnan University Students ' Union ( LUSU ) , acting president of the LUSU , and secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students ( HKFS ) . He was one of the student leaders during the 79-day Umbrella Movement in 2014 . He is the founding and former chairman of Demosistō , a new political party derived from the 2014 protests . On 4 September 2016 , at the age of 23 , Law was elected to serve as a legislator for Hong Kong Island , making him the youngest lawmaker in the history of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . Over his controversial oath-taking at the Legislative Council inaugural meeting , his office was challenged by the Hong Kong Government which resulted in his disqualification from the Legislative Council on 14 July 2017 .
The Hong Kong Island geographical constituency is one of the five geographical constituencies in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It currently elects 6 Members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation . The constituency covers all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island , namely , Central and Western , Eastern , Southern and Wan Chai .
Demosistō ( /ˌdɛməˈsɪstoʊ/ ; Chinese : 香港眾志 ) is a pro-democracy political group established on 10 April 2016 as a political party . It is led by the former leaders of Scholarism , Joshua Wong and Agnes Chow , along with former secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students ( HKFS ) Nathan Law . Scholarism and the HKFS were the two student activist groups which played an instrumental role in the 79-day occupy protests known as the Umbrella Revolution in 2014 . Demosistō advocated a referendum to determine Hong Kong 's sovereignty with the goal of obtaining autonomy after 2047 , when the One Country , Two Systems principle as promised in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law is supposed to expire . It won a seat in the 2016 Legislative Council election with its 23-year-old chairman Nathan Law becoming the youngest candidate ever to be elected . In 2017 , Law was disqualified from the Legislative Council over the oath-taking controversy and was imprisoned with Joshua Wong for the storming into the Civic Square during the Umbrella Revolution . After a series of disqualification of the Demosistō candidates , the party passed a resolution in January 2020 to abandon its advocacy on democratic self-determination .
Jonathan Ho Kai-ming ( Chinese : 何啟明 ; born 6 January 1985 ) is a Hong Kong politician . He is member of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( HKFTU ) and former member of the Kwun Tong District Council . In the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election , he is elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong through Labour functional constituency . He was educated at Tak Sun School and Wah Yan College , Kowloon . He graduated from the Chinese University of Hong Kong . He is member of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions and member of the social affairs committee of the HKFTU . He was first elected to the Kwun Tong District Council in Pak Nga in the 2011 District Council election , and lost his seat in 2019 . He first participated in the 2012 Legislative Council election , standing in the fourth place in the FTU 's Kowloon East ticket . In the 2016 election , he took the HKFTU 's seat in the Labour functional constituency with Luk Chung-hung in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong .
The Labour functional constituency ( Chinese : 勞工界功能界別 ) is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . It was one of the 12 functional constituency seats created for the 1985 Legislative Council election . It corresponds to the Labour Subsector in the Election Committee . The constituency is composed of 668 bodies that are trade unions of which all the voting members are employees . The constituency composed of two seats when it first created by in 1985 , held by the two largest labour unions at that time , the pro-Communist Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( FTU ) and pro-Nationalist Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council ( TUC ) . Since 1998 , the constituency composed of three seats , two occupied by the FTU and one occupied by the Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions ( FLU ) .
The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions ( HKFTU ; Chinese : 香港工會聯合會 ) is a pro-Beijing labour and political group established in 1948 in Hong Kong . It is the largest labour group in Hong Kong with over 410,000 members in 251 affiliates and associated trade unions . Presided by Ng Chau-pei and chaired by Wong Kwok , it currently commands five seats in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and 30 District Councillors . Being one of the oldest existing labour unions in Hong Kong , the HKFTU has a long tradition of following the command of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , the ruling party of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . It took a leading role in the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots against the British rule and was suppressed by the colonial government . In the 1980s , the HKFTU took the vanguard role in opposing faster democratisation in Hong Kong with the conservative business elites during the run up to the Chinese resumption of Hong Kong sovereignty in 1997 . The HKFTU leaders became the founding members of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong ( DAB ) , today 's largest pro-Beijing party , in 1992 . Since the late 2000s and early 2010s , the HKFTU resumed its independent banner in the elections with a more pro-grassroots and pro-labour platform , distant from the DAB 's pro-middle-class and professionals outlook .
The 2018 Hong Kong Legislative Council by-election was held on 11 March 2018 for four of the six vacancies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) - the Hong Kong Island , Kowloon West and New Territories East geographical constituencies and the Architectural , Surveying , Planning and Landscape functional constituency - resulting from the disqualification of six pro-democrat and localist Legislative Council members over the 2016 oath-taking controversy . The by-election for the two other seats was not held due to pending legal appeals by the two disqualified legislators . The pro-democrats and pro-Beijing camp each won two seats in the election . Independent democrat Au Nok-hin replaced Demosistō 's Agnes Chow - whose candidacy was rejected before the election - won in Hong Kong Island , and the Neo Democrats ' Gary Fan retook his seat in New Territories East , while pro-Beijing nonpartisan Tony Tse , who was defeated in his 2016 re-election bid , regained the Architectural , Surveying , Planning and Landscape seat , and Vincent Cheng of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong ( DAB ) caused an upset in Kowloon West by narrowly defeating independent democrat Yiu Chung-yim who lost his seat in the oath-taking controversy , making it the first time the pro-Beijing camp received a greater vote share than the pro-democrats in a geographical constituency since 2000 and the first time a pro-Beijing candidate won in a geographical constituency by-election since 1992 . The vote share of the pro-democracy camp dropped significantly from the traditional level of around 55 per cent to only 47 per cent , with a low turnout of 43 per cent . As a result , the pro-Beijing camp maintained its dominance in the geographical constituencies following the oath-taking disqualification with a one-seat majority .
Au Nok-hin ( Chinese : 區諾軒 ; born 18 June 1987 ) is a pro-democracy politician in Hong Kong . He is the former member of the Legislative Council for Hong Kong Island from 2018 to 2019 and member of the Southern District Council for Lei Tung I from 2012 to 2019 . From 2016 to 2017 , Au was the convenor of the Civil Human Rights Front . In the 2018 Legislative Council by-election triggered by oath-taking controversy , Au replaced Demosistō candidate Agnes Chow who was disqualified over her alleged pro-independence stance . He was elected with more than 130,000 votes . Au was a member of the Democratic Party before he quit in 2017 . Due to Chow 's disqualification being ruled as unlawful by the court , the by-election was seen as invalid and Au was unseated in December 2019 as a result .
An independent or nonpartisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party . There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent .