List of people who have served in all three branches of the United States federal government
List
Table:
Person
Executive
branch service
Legislative
branch service
Judicial
branch service

James L. Buckley
Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, 1981–1982
President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1982–1985
Senator, New York, 1971–1977
U.S. Circuit Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, 1985–1996

James F. Byrnes
Director, Office of Economic Stabilization, 1942–1943
Chairman, Office of War Mobilization, 1943–1945
Secretary of State, 1945–1947
Representative, South Carolina, 1911–1925
Senator, South Carolina, 1931–1941
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1941–1942

Salmon P. Chase
Secretary of the Treasury, 1861–1864
Senator, Ohio, 1849–1855; 1861
Chief Justice of the United States, 1864–1873

Henry De Lamar Clayton, Jr.
United States Attorney, Middle District of Alabama, 1893–1896
Representative, Alabama, 1897–1914
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama and U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, 1914–1929

Nathan Clifford
Attorney General, 1846–1848
Minister to Mexico, 1848–1849
Representative, Maine, 1839–1843
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1858–1881

Alfred Conkling
Minister to Mexico, 1852–1853
Representative, New York, 1821–1823
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York, 1825–1852

J. Harry Covington
Member, Railway Wage Commission, 1918–1920
Representative, Maryland, 1909–1914
U.S. District Judge, Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 1914–1918

Mahlon Dickerson
Secretary of the Navy, 1834–1838
Senator, New Jersey, 1817–1833
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, 1840–1841

Gabriel Duvall
First Comptroller of the Treasury, 1802–1811
Representative, Maryland, 1794–1796
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1811–1835

Powhatan Ellis
Minister to Mexico, 1839–1842
Senator, Mississippi, 1825–1826; 1827–1832
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Mississippi, 1832–1836

Walter Evans
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1883–1885
Representative, Kentucky, 1895–1899
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Kentucky, 1899–1901
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, 1901–1923

George P. Fisher
United States Attorney, District of Columbia, 1870–1875
First Auditor of the Treasury Department, 1889–1893
Representative, Delaware, 1861–1863
U.S. District Judge, Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 1863–1870

Nathan Goff Jr.
United States Attorney, District of West Virginia, 1868–1881; 1881–1882
Secretary of the Navy, 1881
Representative, West Virginia, 1883–1889
Senator, West Virginia, 1913–1919
U.S. Circuit Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 1892–1913

Nathan K. Hall
Postmaster General, 1850–1852
Representative, New York, 1847–1849
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York, 1852–1874

Guy T. Helvering
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 1933–1944
Representative, Kansas, 1913–1919
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas, 1943–1946

John J. Hickey
United States Attorney, District of Wyoming, 1949–1953
Senator, Wyoming, 1961–1962
U.S. Circuit Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, 1966–1970

David M. Key
Postmaster General, 1877–1880
Senator, Tennessee, 1875–1877
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, 1880–1895

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II
Secretary of the Interior, 1885–1888
Representative, Mississippi, 1857–1860; 1873–1877
Senator, Mississippi, 1877–1885
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1888–1893

John Laurance
Judge Advocate General, 1777–1782
Representative, New York, 1789–1793
Senator, New York, 1796–1800
U.S. District Court, U.S. District Court for the District of New York, 1794–1796

Oscar Raymond Luhring
Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, 1925–1930
Representative, Indiana, 1919–1923
U.S. District Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 1930–1944

From the accompanying table along with the article excerpts listed at the end.

Give the answer to the question: In the state that was named for King James II of England , which of the members on the list was the first to serve three branches ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

James Lane Buckley ( born March 9 , 1923 ) is an American jurist , politician , civil servant , attorney , businessman , and author . In 1970 , Buckley was elected to the U.S. Senate as the nominee of the Conservative Party of New York ; he won 39 percent of the vote and served from 1971 until 1977 . During the first Reagan administration , Buckley served as Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs . He was also President of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from 1982 to 1985 . Buckley was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on October 16 , 1985 . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17 , 1985 and received commission on December 17 , 1985 . Buckley assumed senior status on August 31 , 1996 .
The Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs ( T ) is a position within the U.S. Department of State that serves as Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control , Nonproliferation , and Disarmament . In this capacity , the Under Secretary ( U/S ) attends and participates , at the direction of the President , in National Security Council ( NSC ) and subordinate meetings pertaining to arms control , nonproliferation , and disarmament and has the right to communicate , through the Secretary of State , with the President and members of the NSC on arms control , nonproliferation , and disarmament concerns . The U/S also leads the interagency policy process on nonproliferation and manages global U.S. security policy , principally in the areas of nonproliferation , arms control , regional security and defense relations , and arms transfers and security assistance . The U/S provides policy direction in the following areas : nonproliferation , including the missile and nuclear areas , as well as chemical , biological , and conventional weapons proliferation ; arms control , including negotiation , ratification , verification and compliance , and implementation of agreements on strategic , non-conventional , and conventional forces ; regional security and defense relations , involving policy regarding U.S. security commitments worldwide as well as on the use of U.S. military forces in unilateral or international peacekeeping roles ; and arms transfers and security assistance programs and arms transfer policies . By delegation from the Secretary , the U/S performs a range of functions under the Foreign Assistance Act , Arms Export Control Act , and related legislation . The bureaus of International Security and Nonproliferation , Political-Military Affairs , and Arms Control , Verification , and Compliance are under the policy oversight of the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security . By statute , the Assistant Secretary for Arms Control , Verification , and Compliance reports to the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security . According to the Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State , the Under Secretary first received the permanent title Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control , Nonproliferation and Disarmament when the Clinton administration decided to merge the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the United States Information Agency into the State Department , as well as realigning the United States Agency for International Development with it .
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty ( RFE/RL ) is a United States government-funded organization that broadcasts and reports news , information and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe , Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed . RFE/RL is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation supervised by the U.S. Agency for Global Media , an agency overseeing all U.S. federal government international broadcasting services . During the Cold War , Radio Free Europe ( RFE ) was broadcast to Soviet satellite countries and Radio Liberty ( RL ) targeted the Soviet Union . RFE was founded as an anti-communist propaganda source in 1949 by the National Committee for a Free Europe . RL was founded two years later and the two organizations merged in 1976 . Communist governments frequently sent agents to infiltrate RFE 's headquarters , and the KGB regularly jammed its signals . RFE/RL received funds covertly from the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) until 1972 . During RFE 's earliest years of existence , the CIA and U.S. Department of State issued broad policy directives , and a system evolved where broadcast policy was determined through negotiation between them and RFE staff . RFE/RL was headquartered at Englischer Garten in Munich , West Germany , from 1949 to 1995 . In 1995 the headquarters were moved to Prague in the Czech Republic . European operations have been significantly reduced since the end of the Cold War . In addition to the headquarters , the service maintains 17 local bureaus in countries throughout their broadcast region , as well as a corporate office in Washington , D.C. RFE/RL broadcasts in 25 languages to 23 countries including Armenia , Russia , Iran , Afghanistan , and Pakistan .
New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography .
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( in case citations , D.C . Cir . ) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals . It has the smallest geographical jurisdiction of any of the U.S. federal appellate courts , and covers only one district court : the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . It meets at the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse , near Judiciary Square , Washington , D.C . The D.C . Circuit is one of the most prominent and prestigious American courts - second only to the U.S. Supreme Court itself - because its jurisdiction contains the U.S. Congress and many of the U.S. government agencies , and therefore it is the main appellate court for many issues of American administrative law and constitutional law . Four of the current nine justices on the Supreme Court were previously judges on the D.C . Circuit : Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justices Clarence Thomas , Ruth Bader Ginsburg , and Brett Kavanaugh . Former justices Fred M. Vinson , Wiley Blount Rutledge , and Antonin Scalia also served as judges on the D.C . Circuit before their appointments to the Supreme Court . Because the D.C .
James Francis Byrnes ( US : /ˈbɜːrnz/ ; May 2 , 1882 - April 9 , 1972 ) was an American judge and politician from the state of South Carolina . A member of the Democratic Party , Byrnes served in Congress , the executive branch , and on the United States Supreme Court . He was also the 104th Governor of South Carolina , making him one of the very few politicians to serve in all three branches of the American federal government while also being active in state government . Born and raised in Charleston , South Carolina , Byrnes pursued a legal career with the help of his cousin , Governor Miles Benjamin McSweeney . Byrnes won election to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1911 to 1925 . He became a close ally of President Woodrow Wilson and a protégé of Senator Benjamin Tillman . He sought election to the United States Senate in 1924 , but narrowly lost a run-off election to Coleman Livingston Blease , who had the backing of the Ku Klux Klan . After the loss , Byrnes moved his law practice to Spartanburg , South Carolina and prepared for a political comeback . He narrowly defeated Blease in the 1930 Democratic primary and joined the Senate in 1931 . Historian George E. Mowry called Byrnes the most influential Southern member of Congress between John Calhoun and Lyndon Johnson . In the Senate , Byrnes supported the policies of his long-time friend , President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Byrnes championed the New Deal and sought federal investment in South Carolina water projects .
The Office of Economic Stabilization was established within the United States Office for Emergency Management on October 3 , 1942 , pursuant to the Stabilization Act of 1942 , as a means to control inflation during World War II through regulations on price , wage , and salary increases .
The Office of War Mobilization ( OWM ) was an independent agency of the United States government formed during World War II to coordinate all government agencies involved in the war effort . It was formed on May 27 , 1943 by Executive Order 9347 . It was headed by James F. Byrnes , a former U.S . Senator and Supreme Court Justice . Byrnes had previously been head of the Office of Economic Stabilization , which controlled prices and taxes . The OWM supervised the OES , and also the War Production Board and other agencies . It was re-titled the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion on October 3 , 1944 . Byrnes ' authority as head of the OWM was so far-reaching , he was dubbed the assistant President .
The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America and the head of the United States Department of State . The secretary of state 's duties are principally concerned with foreign policy , and he or she is considered to be the U.S. government 's minister of foreign affairs . The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and , following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , is confirmed by the United States Senate . The secretary of state , along with the secretary of the treasury , secretary of defense , and attorney general , are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments . Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level ( currently US $ 210,700 ) . The current secretary of state is Mike Pompeo , who has served as Secretary of State in the administration of President Donald Trump since early 2018 .
South Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Southeastern United States and the easternmost of the Deep South . It is bordered to the north by North Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the southwest by Georgia across the Savannah River . South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23 , 1788 . It also became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 . After the American Civil War , it was readmitted into the United States on June 25 , 1868 . South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and 23rd most populous U.S. state . Its GDP as of 2013 was $ 183.6 billion , with an annual growth rate of 3.13% . South Carolina is composed of 46 counties . The capital is Columbia with a population of 133,451 in 2018 ; while its largest city is Charleston with a 2018 population of 136,208 . The Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin metropolitan area is the largest in the state , with a 2018 population estimate of 906,626 . South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England , who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles .
Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13 , 1808 - May 7 , 1873 ) was a U.S. politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States . He also served as the 23rd Governor of Ohio , represented Ohio in the United States Senate , and served as the 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury . Chase was therefore one of a few U.S. politicians who served in all three branches of the federal government . Born in Cornish , New Hampshire , Chase studied law under Attorney General William Wirt before establishing a legal practice in Cincinnati . He became an anti-slavery activist and frequently defended fugitive slaves in court . Chase left the Whig Party in 1841 to become the leader of Ohio 's Liberty Party . In 1848 , he helped establish the Free Soil Party and recruited former President Martin Van Buren to serve as the party 's presidential nominee . Chase won election to the Senate the following year , and he opposed the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act . In the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , Chase helped establish the Republican Party , which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories . After leaving the Senate , Chase served as the Governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1860 . Chase sought the Republican nomination for president in the 1860 presidential election , but the party chose Abraham Lincoln at its National Convention . After Lincoln won the election , he asked Chase to serve as Secretary of the Treasury .
The secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with all financial and monetary matters relating to the federal government , and , until 2003 , also included several major federal law enforcement agencies . This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the minister of finance in many other countries . The secretary of the treasury is a member of the president 's Cabinet , and is nominated by the president of the United States . Nominees for secretary of the treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being voted on by the United States Senate . The secretary of the treasury , the secretary of state , the attorney general , and the secretary of defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . The secretary of the treasury is a non-statutory member of the U.S. National Security Council and fifth in the United States presidential line of succession .
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state .
Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr. ( February 10 , 1857 - December 21 , 1929 ) was a United States Representative from Alabama and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama .
United States attorneys ( also known as chief federal prosecutors and , historically , as United States district attorneys ) represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals . The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law , initiating and directing further criminal investigations , guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders , and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings . [ failed verification ] There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands . One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts , with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts . Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction , acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys ' Manual . They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S . Attorneys ( AUSAs ) and as many as 350 support personnel . An Assistant United States Attorney ( AUSA ) , or federal prosecutor , is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney ( USA ) in criminal prosecutions , and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant . In carrying out their duties as prosecutors , AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons , issue subpoenas , file formal criminal charges , plea bargain with defendants , and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals . U.S . Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice . U.S .
Alabama ( /ˌæləˈbæmə/ ) is a state in the southeastern region of the United States . It is bordered by Tennessee to the north , Georgia to the east , Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south , and Mississippi to the west . Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states . With a total of 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of inland waterways , Alabama has among the most of any state . Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State , after the state bird . Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State . The state tree is the longleaf pine , and the state flower is the camellia . Alabama 's capital is Montgomery . The largest city by population is Birmingham , which has long been the most industrialized city ; the largest city by land area is Huntsville . The oldest city is Mobile , founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana . The Greater Birmingham metropolitan area is Alabama 's most populous urban area . From the American Civil War until World War II , Alabama , like many states in the southern U.S. , suffered economic hardship , in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture .
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ( in case citations , N.D. Ala. ) is a federal court in the Eleventh Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The District was established on March 10 , 1824 , with the division of the state into a Northern and Southern district . The circuit court itself was established on June 22 , 1874 . The United States Attorney 's Office for the Northern District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court . The current United States Attorney is Jay Town , who took office in August 2017 .
The United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ( in case citations , M.D . Ala. ) is a federal court in the Eleventh Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The District was established on February 6 , 1839 . The United States Attorney 's Office for the Middle District of Alabama represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court . The current United States Attorney is Louis V. Franklin Sr .
Nathan Clifford ( August 18 , 1803 - July 25 , 1881 ) was an American statesman , diplomat and jurist , whose career culminated in a lengthy period of service as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States .
The United States Attorney General ( AG ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice , the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States , and a member of the Cabinet of the United States . Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution , the officeholder is nominated by the President of the United States and appointed with the advice and consent of the United States Senate . The Attorney General is supported by the Office of the Attorney General , which includes executive staff and several deputies . The 85th and current United States Attorney General is William Barr , appointed by President Donald J. Trump .
The United States has maintained diplomatic relations with Mexico since 1823 , when Andrew Jackson was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to that country . Jackson declined the appointment , however , and Joel R. Poinsett became the first U.S. envoy to Mexico in 1825 . The rank of the U.S. chief of mission to Mexico was raised from Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in 1898 . Normal diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico have been interrupted on four occasions :
Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years .
Alfred Conkling ( October 12 , 1789 - February 5 , 1874 ) was a United States Representative from New York , a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York and United States Minister to Mexico .
The United States District Court for the Northern District of New York ( in case citations , N.D.N.Y . ) serves one of the 94 judicial districts in the United States and one of four in the state of New York . The Interim U.S. Attorney for the district is Grant C. Jaquith since January 5 , 2018 . Appeals from the Northern District of New York are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , which has jurisdiction over the four districts of New York , the District of Connecticut and the District of Vermont ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . Its jurisdiction comprises the counties of Albany , Broome , Cayuga , Chenango , Clinton , Columbia , Cortland , Delaware , Essex , Franklin , Fulton , Greene , Hamilton , Herkimer , Jefferson , Lewis , Madison , Montgomery , Oneida , Onondaga , Oswego , Otsego , Rensselaer , Saratoga , Schenectady , Schoharie , St. Lawrence , Tioga , Tompkins , Ulster , Warren , and Washington . The court has offices in Albany , Binghamton , Plattsburgh , Syracuse , and Utica . The court also holds court at facilities in Watertown . The court accepts filings from members of the bar through an automated case management system CM/ECF over the Internet .
James Harry Covington ( May 3 , 1870 - February 4 , 1942 ) was a United States Representative from Maryland and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia . He founded the major law firm of Covington & Burling .
The Railway Wage Commission was created in 1918 during World War I within the United States Railroad Administration .
Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony .
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( in case citations , D.D.C . ) is a federal district court . Appeals from the District are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .
Mahlon Dickerson ( April 17 , 1770 - October 5 , 1853 ) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey , the 7th Governor of New Jersey , United States Senator from New Jersey , the 10th United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey .
The Secretary of the Navy ( or SECNAV ) is a statutory officer ( 10 U.S.C . § 5013 ) and the head ( chief executive officer ) of the Department of the Navy , a military department ( component organization ) within the Department of Defense of the United States of America . The Secretary of the Navy must be a civilian by law , at least 5 years removed from active military service . The Secretary is appointed by the President and requires confirmation by a majority vote of the Senate . The Secretary of the Navy was , from its creation in 1798 , a member of the President 's Cabinet until 1949 , when the Secretary of the Navy ( and the Secretaries of the Army and Air Force ) was by amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . The office has been vacant since November 24 , 2019 , when Richard V. Spencer was fired . Under Secretary Thomas Modly is serving as acting secretary until a successor is confirmed by the U.S. Senate . U.S. President Trump said he would nominate Kenneth Braithwaite to become the next Secretary of the Navy .
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States . It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York ; on the east , southeast , and south by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania ; and on the southwest by the Delaware Bay and the State of Delaware . New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state by area but the 11th-most populous , with 9 million residents as of 2017 and an area of 8,722.58 square miles , making it the most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states , with its biggest city being Newark . New Jersey lies completely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia . New Jersey was the second-wealthiest U.S. state by median household income as of 2017 . New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years , with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast . In the early 17th century , the Dutch and the Swedes founded the first European settlements in the state . The English later seized control of the region , naming it the Province of New Jersey after the largest of the Channel Islands , Jersey , and granting it as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley , 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton . New Jersey was the site of several important battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century . In the 19th century , factories in the cities Camden , Paterson , Newark , Trenton , Jersey City , and Elizabeth ( known as the Big Six ) , helped drive the Industrial Revolution . New Jersey 's geographic location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis , between Boston and New York City to the northeast , and Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington , D.C. , to the southwest , fueled its rapid growth through the process of suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century . At the turn of the 21st century , this suburbanization began reverting with the consolidation of New Jersey 's culturally diverse populace toward more urban settings within the state , with towns home to commuter rail stations outpacing the population growth of more automobile-oriented suburbs since 2008 .
The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ( in case citations , D.N.J . ) is a federal court in the Third Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The Judiciary Act of 1789 established New Jersey as a single District on September 24 , 1789 . On February 13 , 1801 the Judiciary Act of 1801 reorganized the federal court system , resulting in the state being divided into Eastern and Western districts . The Judiciary Act of 1801 was repealed on March 8 , 1802 and New Jersey was re-established as a single district court . The United States Attorney 's Office for the District of New Jersey represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court . Craig Carpenito is the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey . On January 5 , 2018 , Carpenito was appointed U.S. Attorney pursuant to 28 U.S.C . § 546 by US Attorney General Jeff Sessions . On April 27 , 2018 , the judges of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey unanimously appointed Carpenito U.S. Attorney pursuant to its statutory powers .
Gabriel Duvall ( December 6 , 1752 - March 6 , 1844 ) was an American politician and jurist . Duvall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1811 to 1835 , during the Marshall Court and early-Taney Court eras . Previously , Duvall was the Comptroller of the Treasury , a Maryland state court judge , a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland , and a Maryland state legislator . Whether Duvall is deserving of the title of the most insignificant justice in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court has been the subject of much academic interest , most notably a debate between University of Chicago Law Professors David P. Currie and ( now-Judge ) Frank H. Easterbrook in 1983 . Currie argued that impartial examination of Duvall 's performance reveals to even the uninitiated observer that he achieved an enviable standard of insignificance against which all other justices must be measured . Easterbrook responded that Currie 's analysis lacked serious consideration of candidates so shrouded in obscurity that they escaped proper attention even in a contest of insignificance , and concluded that Duvall 's colleague , Justice Thomas Todd , was even more insignificant .
The Comptroller of the Treasury was an official of the United States Department of the Treasury from 1789 to 1817 . According to section III of the Act of Congress establishing the Treasury Department , it is the comptroller 's duty to
Powhatan Ellis ( January 17 , 1790 - March 18 , 1863 ) was a United States Senator from Mississippi and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Mississippi .
Mississippi ( /ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States . Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by the Gulf of Mexico , to the southwest by Louisiana , and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi 's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Jackson is both the state 's capital and largest city . Greater Jackson , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States . On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union . By 1860 , Mississippi was the nation 's top cotton producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population . Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23 , 1861 , and was one of the seven original Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Until the Great Migration of the 1930s , African Americans were a majority of Mississippi 's population . Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the American Civil Rights movement , including the 1962 Ole Miss riots , the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders .
The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .
Walter Evans ( September 18 , 1842 - December 30 , 1923 ) was a United States Representative from Kentucky and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky and of the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky .
The Commissioner of Internal Revenue ( or IRS Commissioner ) is the head of the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury . The office of Commissioner was created by Congress by the Revenue Act of 1862 . Section 7803 of the Internal Revenue Code provides for the appointment of a Commissioner of Internal Revenue to administer and supervise the execution and application of the internal revenue laws . The Commissioner is appointed by the President , with the consent of the Senate , for a five-year term . The current commissioner is Charles P. Rettig .
Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel .
The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .
The United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky ( in case citations , W.D . Ky. ) is the federal district court for the western part of the state of Kentucky . Appeals from the Western District of Kentucky are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .
George Purnell Fisher ( October 13 , 1817 - February 10 , 1899 ) was Attorney General of Delaware , Secretary of State of Delaware , a United States Representative from Delaware and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia , now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia .
The United States Attorney for the District of Columbia is the United States Attorney responsible for representing the federal government in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia . The U.S. Attorney 's Office for the District of Columbia has two divisions , the Civil Division and the Criminal Division . The Civil Division is responsible for representing federal agencies in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia and in appeals before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Unlike the states , District of Columbia is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress . By statute , the U.S. Attorney is responsible for prosecuting both federal crimes and all serious crimes committed by adults in the District of Columbia . Therefore , the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia serves as both the federal prosecutor ( as in the other 92 U.S . Attorneys ' offices ) and as the local district attorney . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , who is elected by the people of the District , handles local civil litigation and minor infractions , comparable with a City Attorney . In January 2020 , Attorney General William Barr named Timothy Shea , one of his counselors at the Department of Justice , as the interim U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia . Shea replaced U.S. Attorney Jessie K. Liu , who was nominated in January 2020 to become the Treasury Departments undersecretary for terrorism and financial crimes ; her nomination was withdrawn in February 2020 and she resigned from the Trump administration . Liu had been nominated for by Donald J. Trump and confirmed by the Senate as U.S. Attorney in September 2017 , replacing acting U.S. Attorney Channing D. Phillips .
The Department of the Treasury ( USDT ) is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government . Established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue , the Treasury prints all paper currency and mints all coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint , respectively ; collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service ; manages U.S. government debt instruments ; licenses and supervises banks and thrift institutions ; and advises the legislative and executive branches on matters of fiscal policy . [ citation needed ] The Department is administered by the Secretary of the Treasury , who is a member of the Cabinet . The Treasurer of the United States has limited statutory duties , but advises the Secretary on various matters such as coinage and currency production . Signatures of both officials appear on all Federal Reserve notes . The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , sworn into office on September 11 , 1789 . Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington on the recommendation of Robert Morris , Washington 's first choice for the position , who had declined the appointment . Hamilton established - almost singlehandedly - the nation 's early financial system and for several years was a major presence in Washington 's administration . [ citation needed ] His portrait appears on the obverse of the ten-dollar bill , while the Treasury Department building is depicted on the reverse . The current Secretary of the Treasury is Steven Mnuchin , who was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 13 , 2017 . Jovita Carranza , appointed on April 28 , 2017 , was the incumbent treasurer , until January 15 , 2020 , when she left the office . It is currently vacant .
Delaware ( /ˈdɛləwɛər/ ( listen ) ) is one of the 50 states of the United States , in the Mid Atlantic region . [ a ] It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , north by Pennsylvania , and east by New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor . Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and some islands and territory within the Delaware River . It is the second smallest and sixth least populous state , but the sixth most densely populated . Delaware 's largest city is Wilmington . The state is divided into three counties , the lowest number of any state . From north to south , they are New Castle County , Kent County , and Sussex County . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County is more urbanized . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution .
Nathan Goff Jr. ( February 9 , 1843 - April 24 , 1920 ) was a United States Representative from West Virginia , a Union Army officer , the 28th United States Secretary of the Navy during President Rutherford B. Hayes administration , a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit and of the United States Circuit Courts for the Fourth Circuit and a United States Senator from West Virginia .
West Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States , and is also considered to be a part of the Mid-Atlantic Southeast Region . It is bordered by Pennsylvania to the north , Maryland to the east and northeast , Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , and Ohio to the northwest . West Virginia is the 41st largest state by area , and is ranked 38th in population . The capital and largest city is Charleston . West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions of 1861 , at the start of the American Civil War . Delegates from the Unionist counties of northwestern Virginia decided to break away from Virginia , which also included secessionist counties in the new state . West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20 , 1863 , and was a key border state during the war . It was the only state to form by separating from a Confederate state , the first to separate from any state since Maine separated from Massachusetts , and was one of two states admitted to the Union during the American Civil War ( the other being Nevada ) . While a portion of its residents held slaves , most of the residents were yeoman farmers , and the delegates provided for gradual abolition of slavery in the new state Constitution . The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States . However , the Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies the state as a part of the Mid-Atlantic region . The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio , with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area , while Bluefield is less than 70 miles ( 110 km ) from North Carolina .
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ( in case citations , 4th Cir . ) is a federal court located in Richmond , Virginia , with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :
Nathan Kelsey Hall ( March 28 , 1810 - March 2 , 1874 ) was a United States Representative from New York , the 14th United States Postmaster General and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York . Hall was nominated by President Millard Fillmore on August 13 , 1852 , to a seat vacated by Alfred Conkling . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 31 , 1852 , and received commission the same day . Hall 's service was terminated on March 2 , 1874 , due to death .
The postmaster general of the United States is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service . Megan Brennan is the current postmaster general , having delayed her original January 31 , 2020 retirement . Appointed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service select the postmaster general and deputy postmaster general , who then join the board .
Guy Tresillian Helvering ( January 10 , 1878 - July 4 , 1946 ) was a United States Representative from Kansas , Commissioner of Internal Revenue and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas .
Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas .
The United States District Court for the District of Kansas ( in case citations , D. Kan. ) is the federal district court whose jurisdiction is the state of Kansas . The Court operates out of the Robert J. Dole United States Courthouse in Kansas City , Kansas , the Frank Carlson Federal Building in Topeka , and the United States Courthouse in Wichita . The District of Kansas was created in 1861 , replacing the territorial court that preceded it , and President Abraham Lincoln appointed Archibald Williams as the Court 's first judge . Appeals from the District of Kansas are made to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . The current United States Attorney is Stephen McAllister . On March 12 , 2015 , Ron Miller , most recently police chief of Topeka , Kansas , was confirmed as U.S . Marshal . The Clerk of Court is Timothy M. O'Brien , who is located in Kansas City .
John J. Hickey ( August 22 , 1911 - September 22 , 1970 ) was an American politician who served the 24th Governor of Wyoming and Senator as a Democrat before sitting on the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit .
Wyoming ( /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States . The state is the 10th largest by area , the least populous , and the second most sparsely populated state in the country . Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana , on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska , on the south by Colorado , on the southwest by Utah , and on the west by Idaho and Montana . The state population was estimated at 577,737 in 2018 , which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities including Denver in neighboring Colorado . Cheyenne is the state capital and the most populous city , with an estimated population of 63,624 in 2017 . The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly by the mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountains , while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie called the High Plains . Almost half of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government , leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by proportion of a state 's land owned by the federal government . Federal lands include two national parks - Grand Teton and Yellowstone - two national recreation areas , two national monuments , several national forests , historic sites , fish hatcheries , and wildlife refuges . Original inhabitants of the region include the Crow , Arapaho , Lakota , and Shoshone . Southwestern Wyoming was claimed by the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American War . The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress in 1865 to provide a temporary government for the territory of Wyoming . The name was used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania , and is derived from the Munsee word xwé : wamənk , meaning at the big river flat .
The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( in case citations , 10th Cir . ) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts :
David McKendree Key ( January 27 , 1824 - February 3 , 1900 ) was a United States Senator from Tennessee , United States Postmaster General and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee .
Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined .
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee ( in case citations , E.D . Tenn. ) is the federal court in the Sixth Circuit whose jurisdiction covers all of East Tennessee and a portion of Middle Tennessee . The court has jurisdiction over 41 counties with 4 divisions . Based in Knoxville , Tennessee , it maintains branch facilities in Chattanooga , Tennessee ; Greeneville , Tennessee ; and Winchester , Tennessee .
The United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee ( in case citations , M.D . Tenn. ) is the federal trial court for most of Middle Tennessee . Based at the Estes Kefauver Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Nashville , it was created in 1839 when Congress added a third district to the state . Tennessee - along with Kentucky , Ohio , and Michigan - is located within the area covered by United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit , and appeals are taken to that court ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) . Donald Q. Cochran is the United States Attorney . The Middle District has three divisions . ( 1 ) The Columbia Division comprises the counties of Giles , Hickman , Lawrence , Lewis , Marshall , Maury , and Wayne . ( 2 ) The Northeastern Division comprises the counties of Clay , Cumberland , DeKalb , Fentress , Jackson , Macon , Overton , Pickett , Putnam , Smith , and White . ( 3 ) The Nashville Division comprises the counties of Cannon , Cheatham , Davidson , Dickson , Houston , Humphreys , Montgomery , Robertson , Rutherford , Stewart , Sumner , Trousdale , Williamson , and Wilson .
Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( September 17 , 1825 - January 23 , 1893 ) was an American politician , diplomat , and jurist . A member of the Democratic Party , he represented Mississippi in both houses of Congress , served as the United States Secretary of the Interior , and was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . He also served as an official in the Confederate States of America . Born and educated in Georgia , he moved to Oxford , Mississippi to establish a legal practice . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1856 and served until December 1860 , when he helped draft Mississippi 's Ordinance of Secession . He helped raise the 19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and worked on the staff of his cousin , General James Longstreet . In 1862 , Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed Lamar to the position of Confederate minister to Russia . Following the Civil War , Lamar taught at the University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several state constitutional conventions . Lamar returned to the United States House of Representatives in 1873 , becoming the first Mississippi Democrat elected to the House since the end of the Civil War . He remained in the House until 1877 , and represented Mississippi in the Senate from 1877 to 1885 . He opposed Reconstruction and voting rights for African Americans . In 1885 , he accepted appointment as Grover Cleveland 's Secretary of the Interior .
The United States secretary of the interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior . The Department of the Interior in the United States is responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and natural resources ; it oversees such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management , the United States Geological Survey , and the National Park Service . The secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board . The secretary is a member of the president 's Cabinet . The U.S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in many other countries . Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U.S . Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice . Because the policies and activities of the Department of the Interior and many of its agencies have a substantial impact in the Western United States , the Secretary of the Interior has typically come from a western state ; only three of the individuals to hold the office since 1949 have not been from a state lying west of the Mississippi River . The current interior secretary is David Bernhardt , who held the office in an acting capacity until April 2019 . He succeeded Ryan Zinke who resigned on January 2 , 2019 .
John Laurance ( sometimes spelled Lawrence or Laurence ) ( 1750 - November 11 , 1810 ) was a delegate to the 6th , 7th and 8th Congresses of the Confederation , a United States Representative and United States Senator from New York and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New York .
The Judge Advocate General 's Corps of the United States Army , also known as the U.S. Army JAG Corps , is the legal arm of the United States Army , established on July 29 , 1775 by General George Washington . The Corps is composed of Army officers who are also lawyers and who provide legal services to the Army at all levels of command , and also includes legal administrator warrant officers , paralegal noncommissioned officers and junior enlisted personnel , and civilian employees . The Judge Advocate General of the United States Army ( TJAG ) - the commanding general of the Army JAG Corps - is a lieutenant general . All military officers are appointed by the U.S. President subject to the advice and consent of the Senate , but the Judge Advocate General is one of the few positions in the Army explicitly provided for by law in Title 10 of the United States Code , and which requires a distinct appointment . Officers who have already been appointed to another branch of the Army are administratively dismissed and simultaneously recommissioned anew as judge advocates , rather than merely transferring branches .
The following are former United States district courts , which ceased to exist because they were subdivided into smaller units . With the exception of California , each of these courts initially covered an entire U.S. state , and was subdivided as the jurisdictions which they covered increased in population . Two of the district courts - those of South Carolina and New Jersey - were subdivided but later recreated . Every change to the divisions and boundaries of these courts is effected by an act of the United States Congress , and for each such action , the statutory reference is identified .
Oscar Raymond Luhring ( February 11 , 1879 - August 18 , 1944 ) was a United States Representative from Indiana and an Associate Justice of the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia .
Many of the divisions and offices of the United States Department of Justice are headed by an Assistant Attorney General . The President of the United States appoints individuals to the position of Assistant Attorney General with the advice and consent of the Senate . United States Department of Justice components that are led by an Assistant Attorney General are :
Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 .