List of museums in Tyne and Wear
Table:
Name

Image

Town/City

Region

Type

Summary

Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum

South Shields
South Tyneside
Archaeology
Excavated and reconstructed Roman fort, museum of artefacts and life of a Roman soldier

Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art

Gateshead
Gateshead
Art
Contemporary art

Bessie Surtees House

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Historic house
Operated by Historic England, two five-storey 16th and 17th century merchants' houses

Bowes Railway

Springwell
City of Sunderland
Railway
Preserved operational standard gauge cable railway system built to transport coal to boats, built by George Stephenson in 1826

Castle Keep

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Historic house
Keep and remains of the medieval castle

Centre for Life

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Science
Permanent exhibits about human life

Customs House

South Shields
South Tyneside
Art
Arts centre with exhibit gallery, theatre and cinema

Discovery Museum

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Multiple
Science, local history, shipbuilding and industrial heritage, Turbinia, first steam turbine powered steamship, regimental museum for the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars and the Northumberland Hussars, costumes, art exhibits of painting, photography and sculpture

Fulwell Windmill

Fulwell
City of Sunderland
Mill
website, restored early 19th century windmill

Gateshead Heritage @ St Mary`s

Gateshead
Gateshead
Local
website, local history, culture,

Globe Gallery

North Shields
North Tyneside
Art
website, contemporary art

Great North Museum: Hancock

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Multiple
Natural history, archaeology and Roman Britain, Ancient Rome and Egypt, dinosaurs and fossils, ethnography

Hatton Gallery

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Art
Part of Newcastle University

Holy Jesus Hospital

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
History
Operated by the National Trust, medieval building in use for 700 years, exhibits about its use as a 14th-century Augustinian friary, 17th century almshouse and Victorian soup kitchen

Jarrow Hall

Jarrow
South Tyneside
Multiple
Life and times of monk, scholar and author Venerable Bede, includes artifacts from the adjacent medieval church, museum exhibits, Anglo-Saxon demonstration farm with heritage breeds of animals

Laing Art Gallery

Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne
Art
Collections include 18th and 18th century British oil paintings and sculpture, watercolours, ceramics, silver and glassware, 20th century art

Monkwearmouth Station Museum

Monkwearmouth
City of Sunderland
Railway
Railway and transportation history and heritage

National Glass Centre

Sunderland
City of Sunderland
Art
Historic and contemporary glass, history of glass-making

Newburn Hall Motor Museum

Newburn
Newcastle upon Tyne
Automotive
information

North East Aircraft Museum

Sunderland
City of Sunderland
Aviation
Historic aircraft, aviation history

Based on the accompanying table along with the supporting evidence listed at the end.

Respond to the question below: The railway built by George Stephenson in 1826 is in what city ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Base your answer solely on the given information.

Arbeia was a large Roman fort in South Shields , Tyne & Wear , England , now ruined , and which has been partially reconstructed . It was first excavated in the 1870s and all modern buildings on the site were cleared in the 1970s . It is managed by Tyne and Wear Museums as Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum .
South Shields is a coastal town in the North East of England at the mouth of the River Tyne , about 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) downstream from Newcastle upon Tyne . Historically part of County Durham , it became part of Tyne and Wear in 1974 . According to the 2011 census , the town had a population of 76,498 , the third largest in Tyneside after Newcastle and Gateshead . It is part of the metropolitan borough of South Tyneside which includes the towns of Jarrow and Hebburn . South Shields is represented in Parliament by Labour MP Emma Lewell-Buck . The demonym of a person from South Shields is either a Geordie or a Sandancer .
South Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear in North East England . It is bordered by three other boroughs - Gateshead to the west , Sunderland in the south and North Tyneside to the north . The border county of Northumberland lies further north . The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the County Borough of South Shields along with the municipal borough of Jarrow and the urban districts of Boldon and Hebburn from County Durham . South Tyneside forms part of the Tyneside conurbation , the sixth largest in the United Kingdom , with a geographical area of 64.43 km2 ( 24.88 sq mi ) and an estimated population of 153,700 ( Mid-year 2010 ) , measured at the 2011 Census as 148,127 . It is bordered to the east by the North Sea and to the north by the River Tyne . A Green Belt of 23.64 km2 ( 9.13 sq mi ) is at its southern boundary . The main administrative centre and largest town is South Shields . Other riverside towns are Jarrow and Hebburn , while the villages of Cleadon , Whitburn and The Boldons border the South Tyneside green belt , with Wearside to the south at Sunderland . South Tyneside is represented by two Members of Parliament with two constituencies : South Shields ( including Whitburn ) and Jarrow ( which also serves Hebburn , the Urban Fringe villages and eastern parts of Gateshead ) . Mr. Martin Swales has been Chief Executive at South Tyneside Council since December 3 , 2009 . Mr. Swales previously served as Strategic Director of Development at North Tyneside Council .
Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art ( also known simply as Baltic , stylised as BALTIC ) is a centre for contemporary art located on the south bank of the River Tyne alongside the Gateshead Millennium Bridge in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . It hosts a frequently changing programme of exhibitions and events , with no permanent exhibition . It opened in 2002 in a converted flour mill . Baltic 's director is Sarah Munro who joined in November 2015 , the first woman in its history to hold the position . Baltic is a registered charity under English law .
Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear , England , on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne . Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne , including the Gateshead Millennium Bridge . The town is known for its architecture , including the Sage Gateshead , the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art . Residents of Gateshead , like the rest of Tyneside , are referred to as Geordies . Gateshead 's population in 2011 was 120,046 . Historically part of County Durham , under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough , meaning it was administered independently of the county council . Since 1974 , the town has been administered as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead within the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear .
The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear , in North East England . The borough forms the south west part of the county . It is named after its largest town , Gateshead , but also spans the towns of Rowlands Gill , Whickham , Blaydon and Ryton ; suburban areas include Felling , Pelaw , Dunston and Low Fell . It is bordered by five other local authorities : Newcastle upon Tyne to the north , Northumberland to the west , County Durham to the south , Sunderland to the south east , and South Tyneside to the east .
Bessie Surtees House is the name of two merchants ' houses on Newcastle 's Sandhill , near to the river , that were built in the 16th and 17th centuries . The buildings are a fine and rare example of Jacobean domestic architecture . An exhibition detailing the history of the buildings can be found on the first floor . The site is also home to the North East regional branch of English Heritage and Historic England . It is a Grade I listed building . The house is best known as the scene of the elopement of Bessie Surtees and John Scott , who later became Lord Chancellor . It was restored in 1930 by SR Vereker , later Lord Gort , who employed an engineer to install 17th-century fixtures taken from properties about to be demolished . Newcastle City Council purchased the house in 1978 . They leased it to English Heritage in 1989 . In July 2009 it was targeted by graffiti vandals who extensively spray-painted the roof with the tags LG , GRIM and KAME .
Newcastle upon Tyne ( /ˌnjuːkɑːsəl -/ , locally /njuːˌkæsəl -/ ( listen ) ) , commonly known as Newcastle , is a city in Tyne and Wear , North East England , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of Edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of London on the northern bank of the River Tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the North Sea . Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East , and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation , the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom . Newcastle is a member of the UK Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities . Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county of itself , a status it retained until becoming part of Tyne and Wear in 1974 . The regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie . Newcastle also houses Newcastle University , a member of the Russell Group , as well as Northumbria University . The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose , William the Conqueror 's eldest son . The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . The port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . Newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom 's GVA . Among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge . Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run , a half marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year .
Historic England ( officially the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England ) is an executive non-departmental public body of the British Government sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) . It is tasked with protecting the historic environment of England by preserving and listing historic buildings , scheduling ancient monuments , registering historic Parks and Gardens and by advising central and local government . The body was officially created by the National Heritage Act 1983 , and operated from April 1984 to April 2015 under the name of English Heritage . In 2015 , following the changes to English Heritage 's structure that moved the protection of the National Heritage Collection into the voluntary sector in the English Heritage Trust , the body that remained was rebranded as Historic England . Historic England has a similar remit to and complements the work of Natural England , which aims to protect the natural environment . The body also inherited the Historic England Archive from the old English Heritage , and projects linked to the archive such as Britain from Above , which saw the archive work with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales and the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland to digitise , catalogue and put online 96,000 of the oldest Aerofilms images . The archive also holds various nationally important collections and the results of older projects such as the work of the National Buildings Record , later absorbed by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England and the Images of England project which set out to create a freely accessible online database of the 370,000 listed properties in England as a snapshot in time at the turn of the millennium .
The Bowes Railway , built by George Stephenson in 1826 , is the world 's only operational preserved standard gauge cable railway system . It was built to transport coal from pits in Durham to boats on the River Tyne . The site is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The railway is open the first weekend of each month ( February - December ) and every week on Thursday , Friday and Saturday for static display and guided tours , as well as on a number of event days throughout the year .
Springwell Village is a village in the City of Sunderland , located approximately 9 miles from the city centre . Formerly part of County Durham , the postal address is Gateshead . It has close ties to Washington , Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne . There is one church , three shops and two local pubs , 'The Guidepost ' in the centre of the village , and 'The Ship ' on the outskirts . The surrounding areas are mainly farmland with some equestrian centres . The first residences in the area were constructed in 1821 to house workers of the nearby colliery . The village has retained much character and is generally a sought after and affluent address within the local area . It has a mix of small private estates situated in the centre and south alongside a large proportion of individual properties and stone terrace cottages , a style typical within the village ; there is one council estate to the North of the Village . The village is served by three buses , primarily an express bus to Gateshead , Newcastle upon Tyne and Washington and another main service between Sunderland and Newcastle . The village is located a few minutes from the A1 ( M ) and is within easy reach of both Newcastle railway station and Durham railway station . The Bowes Railway museum is located on the outskirts of the village . Professional footballers Herbert Watson and Paul Thirlwell hailed from the village .
The City of Sunderland ( /ˈsʌndərlənd/ ) is a local government district of Tyne and Wear , in North East England , with the status of a city and metropolitan borough . It is named after its largest settlement , Sunderland , but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Hetton-le-Hole , Houghton-le-Spring , and Washington , as well as a range of suburban villages . The district was formed in 1974 , titled the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland , as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 and is an amalgamation of four former local government districts of County Durham . It was granted city status in 1992 , the 40th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II 's accession to the throne . The borough had a population of 275,300 at the time of the 2011 census , with the majority of the population ( 174,286 ) residing in Sunderland . The 'Sunderland Built-up Area ' ( including Whitburn in South Tyneside and Chester-le-Street , Ouston , South Hetton and Pelton in County Durham ) is quoted alternatively as having a population of around 335,000 .
A standard-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge of 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) . The standard gauge is also called Stephenson gauge after George Stephenson , International gauge , UIC gauge , uniform gauge , normal gauge and European gauge in Europe . It is the most widely used railway track gauge across the world , with approximately 55% of the lines in the world using it . All high-speed rail lines use standard gauge except those in Russia , Finland , Portugal and Uzbekistan . The distance between the inside edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States and on some heritage British lines , where it is still defined in U.S. customary units as exactly four feet eight and one half inches ( 0.1 mm larger than the metric standard ) .
A cable railway is a railway that uses a cable , rope or chain to haul trains . It is a specific type of cable transportation . The most common use for a cable railway is to move vehicles on a steeply graded line that is too steep for conventional locomotives to operate on - this form of cable railway is often called an incline or inclined plane . One common form of incline is the funicular - an isolated passenger railway where the cars are permanently attached to the cable . In other forms , the cars attach and detach to the cable at the ends of the cable railway . Some cable railways are not steeply graded - these are often used in quarries to move large numbers of wagons between the quarry to the processing plant .
George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 - 12 August 1848 ) was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer . Renowned as the Father of Railways , Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement . Self-help advocate Samuel Smiles particularly praised his achievements . His chosen rail gauge , sometimes called 'Stephenson gauge ' , [ i ] was the basis for the 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge used by most of the world 's railways . Pioneered by Stephenson , rail transport was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century and a key component of the Industrial Revolution . Built by George and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , the Locomotion No . 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , which opened in 1830 .
The Castle , Newcastle , is a medieval fortification in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , built on the site of the fortress that gave the City of Newcastle its name . The most prominent remaining structures on the site are the Castle Keep , the castle 's main fortified stone tower , and the Black Gate , its fortified gatehouse . Use of the site for defensive purposes dates from Roman times , when it housed a fort and settlement called Pons Aelius , guarding a bridge over the River Tyne . Robert Curthose , eldest son of William the Conqueror , in 1080 built a wooden motte and bailey style castle on the site of the Roman fort . Curthose built this 'New Castle upon Tyne ' after he returned south from a campaign against Malcolm III of Scotland . Henry II built the stone Castle Keep between 1172 and 1177 on the site of Curthose 's castle . Henry III added the Black Gate between 1247 and 1250 . Nothing remains of the Roman fort or the original motte and bailey castle . The Keep is a Grade I listed building , and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The Castle Keep and Black Gate pre-date the construction of the Newcastle town wall , construction of which started around 1265 , and did not include it . The site of the keep is in the centre of Newcastle and lies to the east of Newcastle station . The 75-foot ( 23 m ) gap between the Keep and the Gatehouse is almost entirely filled by the railway viaduct that carries the East Coast Main Line from Newcastle to Scotland .
The Centre for Life is a science village in Newcastle upon Tyne where scientists , clinicians , educationalists and business people work to promote the advancement of the life sciences . The centre is a registered charity , governed by a board of trustees , which receives no public funding .
The Customs House is an arts venue in South Shields , South Tyneside , North East England . It is the only non-amateur theatre in the borough , the local arts development agency , the largest gallery and , until recently , the only cinema .
The Discovery Museum is a science museum and local history museum situated in Blandford Square in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . It displays many exhibits of local history , including the ship , Turbinia . It is managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums .
Turbinia was the first steam turbine-powered steamship . Built as an experimental vessel in 1894 , and easily the fastest ship in the world at that time , Turbinia was demonstrated dramatically at the Spithead Navy Review in 1897 and set the standard for the next generation of steamships , the majority of which would be turbine powered . The vessel is currently located at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne , North East England , while her original powerplant is located at the Science Museum in London .
The 15th/19th The King 's Royal Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army . The regiment was formed by the amalgamation of the 15th The King 's Hussars and the 19th Royal Hussars in 1922 and , after service in the Second World War , it was amalgamated with the 13th/18th Royal Hussars to form the Light Dragoons in 1992 .
The Northumberland Hussars is a British Territorial Army Squadron equipped with FV107 Scimitar and FV103 Spartan armoured reconnaissance vehicles . The squadron is part of The Queen 's Own Yeomanry ( QOY ) , a Formation Reconnaissance Regiment . The 'Hussars ' are based in Newcastle upon Tyne . On mobilisation , the 'Hussars ' would reinforce one of the regular formation reconnaissance regiments . Some personnel from the squadron were attached to regular Royal Armoured Corps units for Operations Telic and Herrick .
Fulwell is an affluent area and former civil parish in the City of Sunderland . The parish was abolished in 1928 as a result of the Sunderland Corporation Act 1927 , and the area incorporated into the former County Borough of Sunderland . It borders Seaburn , Southwick , Monkwearmouth , and Roker , and the district border between Sunderland and South Tyneside . Fulwell ward , including South Bents and Seaburn , is the least socially deprived of the city 's 25 wards . Fulwell has long been an area popular for dining out and social drinking , with a substantial number of restaurants and watering holes in the vicinity , including Alishaan Cafe , the Blue Bell , the Royal Marine , and the Grange Hotel . Mill View Social Club , on Station Road , is one of the largest social clubs in the United Kingdom , boasting live music five nights per week and over 3,000 members . Housing in the area is varied . A network of streets in the southern area of Fulwell contains many nineteenth-century terraced houses , with a large amount of Victorian architecture . In the northern part of Fulwell , housing consists mostly of semi-detached , inter- and post-war dwellings , with many of the most popular streets constructed in the 1930s . House prices , particularly in the area 's eastern and western edges , bordering Seaburn and Newcastle Road respectively , are amongst the highest in the city . Due to Fulwell 's role as an overwhelmingly residential area , economic activity in the ward is mostly restricted to the retail and leisure sectors . Local services centre on the main thoroughfare of Sea Road , where a large shopping parade has been established for many years .
North Shields is a town on the north bank of the River Tyne in North East England , eight miles ( 13 km ) north-east of Newcastle upon Tyne . Historically part of Northumberland , its name derives from Middle English schele meaning temporary sheds or huts used by fishermen .
The Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear , in North East England , and is part of the Tyneside conurbation . The borough council 's main office is at Cobalt Business Park in Wallsend . The local authority is North Tyneside Council . North Tyneside is bounded by Newcastle upon Tyne to the west , the North Sea to the east , the River Tyne to the south and Northumberland to the north . Within its bounds are the towns of Wallsend , North Shields , Killingworth and Whitley Bay , which form a continuously built-up area contiguous with Newcastle .
The Great North Museum : Hancock is a museum of natural history and ancient civilisations in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . The museum was established in 1884 and was formerly known as the Hancock Museum . In 2006 it merged with Newcastle University 's Hatton Gallery to form the Great North Museum . The museum reopened as the Great North Museum : Hancock in May 2009 following a major extension and refurbishment of the original Victorian building . The museum and most of its collections are owned by the Natural History Society of Northumbria , and it is managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums on behalf of Newcastle University .
The Hatton Gallery is Newcastle University 's art gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . It is based in the University 's Fine Art Building . The Hatton Gallery briefly closed in February 2016 for a £3.8 million redevelopment and reopened in 2017 .
Newcastle University ( formally the University of Newcastle upon Tyne ) is a public research university in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England . The university can trace its origins to a School of Medicine and Surgery ( later the College of Medicine ) , established in 1834 , and to the College of Physical Science ( later renamed Armstrong College ) , founded in 1871 . These two colleges came to form one division of the federal University of Durham , with the Durham Colleges forming the other . The Newcastle colleges merged to form King 's College in 1937 . In 1963 , following an Act of Parliament , King 's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne . Newcastle University is a red brick university and is a member of the Russell Group , an association of prestigious research-intensive UK universities . The university has one of the largest EU research portfolios in the UK . The annual income of the institution for 2017-18 was £495.7 million of which £109.4 million was from research grants and contracts , with an expenditure of £483.3 million . Teaching and research are delivered in 24 academic schools and 40 research institutes and research centres , spread across three Faculties : the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences ; the Faculty of Medical Sciences ; and the Faculty of Science , Agriculture and Engineering . The university offers around 175 full-time undergraduate degree programmes in a wide range of subject areas spanning arts , sciences , engineering and medicine , together with approximately 340 postgraduate taught and research programmes across a range of disciplines . Newcastle University has also been awarded a prestigious Gold in Teaching by the Teaching Excellence Framework ( TEF ) , currently , it is one of only eight Russell Group universities to achieve Gold TEF rating .
The Holy Jesus Hospital is a working office Newcastle upon Tyne , England , in the care of the National Trust . It is a Grade II* listed building . The site of the hospital has been in use for 700 years helping the townspeople . There was an Augustinian friary on the site from the thirteenth century , then an almshouse for housing retired freemen , then a soup kitchen was built next to Almshouse in the nineteenth century , before the site acquired its current function as a working office . The building also serves as the basis of the Inner City Project of the National Trust . This project takes people of ages 12-25 and over 50 out to the countryside in order to increase appreciation of the city 's natural surroundings . The building is of architectural interest because it still retains architectural elements from many previous centuries , including a 14th-century sacristy wall and 16th-century tower connected with the King 's Council of the North . It is also one of only two intact 17th-century brick buildings that survive in the city , the other being Alderman Fenwick 's House .
The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty , commonly known as the National Trust , is an independent charity and membership organisation for environmental and heritage conservation in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . The trust describes itself as a charity that works to preserve and protect historic places and spaces - for ever , for everyone . The trust was founded in 1895 and given statutory powers , starting with the National Trust Act 1907 . Historically , the Trust acquired land by gift and sometimes by public subscription and appeal , but after World War II the loss of English country houses resulted in many such properties being acquired either by gift from the former owners , or through the National Land Fund , later the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the National Lottery . Country Houses and Estates still make up a significant part of its holdings , but it is also known for its protection of wild landscapes such as in the Lake District and Peak District , historic urban properties , and nature reserves such as Wicken Fen . In Scotland , there is a separate and independent National Trust for Scotland . The National Trust has a unique special power to prevent its inalienable land being sold off , although this can be over-ridden by Parliamentary procedure . The National Trust has been the beneficiary of many large donations and bequests . It owns over 500 heritage properties , which include many historic houses and gardens , industrial monuments , and social history sites . Most of these are open to the public , usually for a charge . Others are leased to tenants on terms that manage to preserve their character whilst providing for more limited public access . The Trust is one of the largest private landowners in the United Kingdom , owning over 248,000 hectares ( 610,000 acres ; 2,480 km2 ; 960 sq mi ) of land .
Augustinians are members of Christian religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine , written about 400 by Augustine of Hippo . There are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders dating back to the 12th-13th centuries :
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress . Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or nuns ( such as the Dominicans , Augustinians , Franciscans , and Carmelites , for instance ) , or monasteries of monks or nuns ( as with the Benedictines ) . Houses of canons regular and canonesses regular also use this term , the alternative being canonry . In pre-Reformation England , if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status , the abbey became a Cathedral Priory . The bishop , in effect , took the place of the abbot , and the monastery itself was headed by a prior .
An almshouse ( also known as a bede-house , poorhouse , or hospital ) is charitable housing provided to people in a particular community . They are often targeted at the poor of a locality , at those from certain forms of previous employment , or their widows , and at elderly people who can no longer pay rent , and are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest . Almshouses were originally formed as extensions of the church system and were later adapted by local officials and authorities .
A soup kitchen , meal center , or food kitchen is a place where food is offered to the hungry usually for free or sometimes at a below-market price . Frequently located in lower-income neighborhoods , soup kitchens are often staffed by volunteer organizations , such as church or community groups . Soup kitchens sometimes obtain food from a food bank for free or at a low price , because they are considered a charity , which makes it easier for them to feed the many people who require their services . Many historical and typical modern soup kitchens serve only soup ( hence its name ) , usually with some bread . But several establishments which refer to themselves as a soup kitchen also serve other types of food , so social scientists sometimes discuss them together with similar hunger relief agencies that provide more varied hot meals , like food kitchens and meal centers . While societies have been using various methods to share food with the hungry for millennia , the first soup kitchens in the modern sense may have emerged in the late 18th century . By the late 19th century , they were located in several American and European cities . In the United States and elsewhere , they became more prominent in the 20th century , especially during the Great Depression . With the much improved economic conditions that immediately followed World War II , soup kitchens became less widely used , at least in the advanced economies . In the United States , there was a resurgence in the use of soup kitchens following the cutbacks in welfare that were implemented in the early 1980s . In the 21st century , the use of soup kitchens expanded in both the United States and Europe , following lasting global increases in the price of food which began in late 2006 . Demand for their services grew as the Great Recession began to worsen economic conditions for those with lower incomes .
Jarrow Hall is a grade II listed building in Jarrow , Tyne and Wear , North East , England , and part of the larger Jarrow Hall - Anglo-Saxon Farm , Village and Bede Museum site . It was built around 1785 by local businessman Simon Temple ; he later went bankrupt in 1812 after a series of poor investments . The hall then passed through a number of hands before being let to the Shell Mex company in 1920 , and then the Jarrow Council in 1935 . The Council used the hall for a storage depot , eventually letting the building become derelict and in threat of demolition . It was rescued by the St Paul 's Development Trust , which funded a £50,000 restoration project . The hall then became the Bede Monastery Museum in 1974 , as a means of exhibiting information about local scholar the Venerable Bede - the location of the hall next to St Paul 's Church - part of the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey - meant it was an ideal location for the new museum . The Bede Monastery Museum became part of Bede 's World which operated from 1993 to 2016 , and is now part of Jarrow Hall - Anglo-Saxon Farm , Village and Bede Museum . The hall is now used as the cafe for visitors to the museum and also houses the museum offices . A permanent exhibition entitled 'The Many Faces of Jarrow Hall ' chronicles the lives of previous residents of the hall .
Jarrow ( /ˈdʒæroʊ/ or /ˈdʒærə/ ) is a town in north-east England , located on the River Tyne . Historically part of County Durham , in 1974 it became part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear . In the eighth century , the monastery of Saint Paul in Jarrow ( now Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey ) was the home of Bede , who is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar and the father of English history . From the middle of the 19th century until 1935 , Jarrow was a centre for shipbuilding , and was the starting point of the Jarrow March against unemployment in 1936 . Jarrow had a population of 43,431 in 2011 .
Bede ( /biːd/ BEED ; Old English : Bǣda , Bēda ; 672/3 - 26 May 735 ) , also known as Saint Bede , Venerable Bede , and Bede the Venerable ( Latin : Bēda Venerābilis ) , was an English Benedictine monk at the monastery of St. Peter and its companion monastery of St. Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles ( contemporarily Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey in Tyne and Wear , England ) . Born on lands belonging to the twin monastery of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow in present-day Tyne and Wear , Bede was sent to Monkwearmouth at the age of seven and later joined Abbot Ceolfrith at Jarrow , both of whom survived a plague that struck in 686 , an outbreak that killed a majority of the population there . While he spent most of his life in the monastery , Bede travelled to several abbeys and monasteries across the British Isles , even visiting the archbishop of York and King Ceolwulf of Northumbria . He is well known as an author , teacher ( a student of one of his pupils was Alcuin ) , and scholar , and his most famous work , Ecclesiastical History of the English People , gained him the title The Father of English History . His ecumenical writings were extensive and included a number of Biblical commentaries and other theological works of exegetical erudition . Another important area of study for Bede was the academic discipline of computus , otherwise known to his contemporaries as the science of calculating calendar dates . One of the more important dates Bede tried to compute was Easter , an effort that was mired with controversy . He also helped establish the practice of dating forward from the birth of Christ ( Anno Domini - in the year of our Lord ) , a practice which eventually became commonplace in medieval Europe . Bede was one of the greatest teachers and writers of the Early Middle Ages and is considered by many historians to be the single most important scholar of antiquity for the period between the death of Pope Gregory I in 604 and the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 . In 1899 , Pope Leo XIII declared him a Doctor of the Church . He is the only native of Great Britain to achieve this designation ; Anselm of Canterbury , also a Doctor of the Church , was originally from Italy . Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator , and his work made the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers much more accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons , which contributed significantly to English Christianity .
The Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , is located on New Bridge Street . The gallery was designed in the Baroque style with Art Nouveau elements by architects Cackett and Burns Dick and is now a Grade II listed building . It was opened in 1904 and is now managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums and sponsored by the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . In front of the gallery is the Blue Carpet . The building is Grade II listed . The gallery collection contains paintings , watercolours and decorative historical objects , including Newcastle silver . In the early 1880s , Newcastle was a major glass producer in the world and enamelled glasses by William Beilby are on view along with ceramics ( including Maling pottery ) , and diverse contemporary works by emerging UK artists . It has a programme of regularly rotating exhibitions and has free entry . The gallery 's collection of seminal paintings includes John Martin 's dramatic The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , as well as important works by Sir Joshua Reynolds , Edward Burne-Jones ( Laus Veneris ) , William Holman Hunt ( Isabella and the Pot of Basil ) , Ben Nicholson and others . Local paintings include pictures by Ralph Hedley . There is also an extensive collection of 18th and 19th-century watercolours and drawings , including work by J. M. W. Turner , John Sell Cotman etc .
Monkwearmouth Railway Station served Monkwearmouth , Sunderland , England . It was built in 1848 to a design by Thomas Moore . and was once the main railway station in the city . The railway station closed in March 1967 and featured a restored booking office dating from the Edwardian period . The station was opened as a museum in 1973 . The Tyne and Wear Metro and mainline trains still pass through the station without stopping , but the Metro calls at St. Peter 's station a few hundred yards south of the old station , due to the platforms at Monkwearmouth being too narrow to serve as a Metro station . The museum is a Grade II* listed building . As well as the ticket office visitors can explore the Wagon Shed , Journeys Gallery and Children 's Gallery . The museum was temporarily closed from August 2005 until 2007 to allow repairs and refurbishment to take place . The museum was closed on 23 May 2017 because the roof , footbridge and platforms were in a very poor condition . The local council has agreed to get the station back open by 2019 , if funding is secured for a £3.4 million refurbishment by 12 June 2018 . The station has since reopened as a museum dedicated to football .
Monkwearmouth is an area of Sunderland located at the north side of the mouth of the River Wear . It was one of the three original settlements on the banks of the River Wear along with Bishopwearmouth and Sunderland , the area now known as the East End . It includes the area around St. Peter 's Church , founded in 674 as part of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey , and was once the main centre of Wearside shipbuilding and coalmining in the town . It is now host to a campus of the University of Sunderland and the National Glass Centre . It is served by the three Church of England churches of the Parish of Monkwearmouth . The locals of the area were called Barbary Coasters . The borough stretches from Wearmouth Bridge to the harbour mouth on the north side of the river and is one of the oldest parts of Sunderland . The former railway station , closed in 1968 by the Beeching Axe , is now the Monkwearmouth Station Museum and features a restored booking office dating from the Edwardian period . Since 2002 , Monkwearmouth has once again been served by rail transport , this time via St Peter 's Tyne and Wear Metro station a few hundred metres south of the old station . Wearmouth Colliery , a coal mine , was closed in December 1993 after it had been in operation for over 100 years . The site is now the home of the Stadium of Light , which opened in July 1997 and is the home of the football club Sunderland A.F.C. , who had previously played at Roker Park .
The National Glass Centre is a cultural venue and visitor attraction located in Sunderland , North East England . It is part of the University of Sunderland .
Sunderland ( /ˈsʌndərlənd/ ( listen ) ) is a city at the centre of the City of Sunderland metropolitan borough , in Tyne and Wear , England , 12 miles northeast of Durham and 10 miles southeast of Newcastle upon Tyne , at the mouth of the River Wear . Historically in County Durham , there were three original settlements by the mouth of the River Wear on the site of modern-day Sunderland . On the north side of the river , Monkwearmouth was settled in 674 when King Ecgfrith of Northumbria granted land to Benedict Biscop to found Monkwearmouth Monastery . In 685 , Ecgfrith further granted Biscop the land adjacent to the monastery on the south side of the river . As the river separated this land from the monastic community , it was henceforth referred to as the sunder-land , and would grow as a fishing settlement before being granted a charter in 1179 . West of the medieval village of Sunderland on the south bank , Bishopwearmouth was founded in 930 . Sunderland grew as a port , trading coal and salt . Ships began to be built on the river in the 14th century . By the 19th century , the port of Sunderland had absorbed Bishopwearmouth and Monkwearmouth , owing to the growing economic importance of the shipbuilding docks . Following the decline of the city 's traditional industries in the late 20th century , the area grew into a commercial centre for the automotive industry , science and technology and the service sector . Bede , sometimes called the father of English history , began his monastic career at Monkwearmouth monastery in Sunderland , before moving to the newly founded Jarrow monastery in 685 ( these monasteries together formed the dual Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey ) . It therefore seems likely that he was born in or near Sunderland .
Newburn is a semi rural parish , electoral ward and former urban district in western Newcastle upon Tyne , North East England . Situated on the North bank of the River Tyne , it is built rising up the valley from the river . It is situated approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) from the city centre , 14 miles ( 23 km ) east of Hexham and 13 miles ( 21 km ) south south west of Morpeth . In the 2001 census , the population was given as 9,301 , increasing to 9,536 at the 2011 Census . Newburn is in the Newcastle upon Tyne district of Tyne and Wear and is part of the parliamentary constituency of Newcastle upon Tyne North . Historically , the area was larger than Newcastle upon Tyne as it was the most eastern fordable point of the River Tyne . The area has Roman remains , and a Norman church dating from 1070 AD . In 1640 , the Battle of Newburn took place . The area grew with the Industrial Revolution with the discovery of coal , and in 1822 Spencer 's Steelworks was opened , which grew to a size which led the area to be known colloquially as New Sheffield , after the town famed for its steel making prowess . The town 's steelworks fell into decline after the First World War , and the area is now home to a country park and various leisure facilities .
The North East Land , Sea and Air Museums ( NELSAM ) , formerly the North East Aircraft Museum , is a volunteer-run aviation museum situated on the site of the former RAF Usworth/Sunderland Airport , between Washington and Sunderland , England . The museum has the largest aviation collection between Yorkshire and Scotland and houses over 30 aircraft and a wide collection of aero engines . The museum also has a small collection of other items such as weaponry , vehicles and other historical exhibits . [ citation needed ] A military vehicle collection previously displayed in Newcastle upon Tyne began relocation to the museum 's new large Romney hut in early 2012 . NELSAM is a registered charity under English law .