List of ambassadors of the United States to China
List of envoys to the Qing Empire
Table:
Name

Portrait

Home state

Presented credentials

Terminated

Caleb Cushing

Massachusetts

June 12, 1844

August 27, 1844

Alexander Hill Everett

Massachusetts

October 26, 1846

June 28, 1847

John W. Davis

Indiana

October 6, 1848

May 25, 1850

Humphrey Marshall

Kentucky

July 4, 1853

January 27, 1854

Robert Milligan McLane

Maryland

November 3, 1854

December 12, 1854

Peter Parker

Massachusetts

July 15, 1856

August 25, 1857

William B. Reed

Pennsylvania

May 3, 1858

November 11, 1858

John Elliott Ward

Georgia

August 10, 1859

December 15, 1860

Anson Burlingame

Massachusetts

August 20, 1862

November 21, 1867

John Ross Browne

California

October 28, 1868

July 5, 1869

Frederick Low

California

April 27, 1870

July 24, 1873

Benjamin Avery

California

November 29, 1874

November 8, 1875

George Seward

California

April 24, 1876

August 16, 1880

James Burrill Angell

Michigan

August 16, 1880

October 4, 1881

John Russell Young

New York

August 17, 1882

April 7, 1885

Charles Harvey Denby

Indiana

October 1, 1885

July 8, 1898

Edwin H. Conger

Iowa

July 8, 1898

April 4, 1905

William Woodville Rockhill

District of Columbia

June 17, 1905

June 1, 1909

William J. Calhoun

Illinois

April 21, 1910

February 26, 1913[note 1]

Drawing on the table together with the relevant paragraphs below.

Solve the question: Which state was the state American ambassador Humphrey Marshall is from originally a portion of ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Caleb Cushing ( January 17 , 1800 - January 2 , 1879 ) was an American Democratic politician and diplomat who served as a Congressman from Massachusetts and Attorney General under President Franklin Pierce . He was an eager proponent of territorial and commercial expansion , especially regarding the acquisition of Texas , Oregon and Cuba . He believed that enlarging the American sphere would fulfill the great destiny reserved for this exemplar American Republic . Cushing secured the first American treaty with China , the Treaty of Wangxia of 1844 ; it gave American merchants trading rights in five Chinese ports . After the Civil War , Cushing negotiated a treaty with Colombia to give the United States a right-of-way for a trans-oceanic Canal . He helped obtain a favorable settlement of the Alabama Claims , and as the ambassador to Spain in 1870s diffused the troublesome Virginius Affair .
Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention .
Alexander Hill Everett ( March 19 , 1792 - June 28 , 1847 ) was an American diplomatist , politician , and Boston man of letters . Everett held diplomatic posts in the Netherlands , Spain , Cuba , and China . His translations of European literature , published in the North American Review , were influential for the Transcendentalism movement .
John Wesley Davis ( April 16 , 1799 - August 22 , 1859 ) was an American physician and Democratic politician , active in the mid-1800s . He is best known for serving as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Governor of the Oregon Territory , and as a four-time member of the Indiana state legislature .
Indiana /ˌɪndiˈænə/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America . Indiana is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis . Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U.S. state on December 11 , 1816 . Indiana borders Lake Michigan to the northwest , Michigan to the north , Ohio to the east , Kentucky to the south and southeast , and Illinois to the west . Before becoming a territory , various indigenous peoples and Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years . Since its founding as a territory , settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States ; the state 's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York , Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and from adjacent Ohio , and Southern Indiana by settlers from the Southern states , particularly Kentucky and Tennessee . Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $ 359.12 billion in 2017 . Indiana has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller industrial cities and towns . Indiana is home to professional sports teams , including the NFL 's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA 's Indiana Pacers , and hosts several notable athletic events , including the Indianapolis 500 .
Humphrey Marshall ( January 13 , 1812 - March 28 , 1872 ) was a four-term antebellum United States Congressman and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army and a Confederate Congressman during the American Civil War .
Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel .
Robert Milligan McLane ( June 23 , 1815 - April 16 , 1898 ) was an American politician , military officer , and diplomat . He served as Ambassador to Mexico , France , and China , as a member of the House of Representatives from the fourth district of Maryland , as chairman of the Democratic National Committee , and as the 39th Governor of Maryland .
Maryland ( US : /ˈmɛrələnd/ ( listen ) MERR-ə-lənd ) [ a ] is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States , bordering Virginia , West Virginia , and the District of Columbia to its south and west ; Pennsylvania to its north ; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to its east . The state 's largest city is Baltimore , and its capital is Annapolis . Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State , the Free State , and the Chesapeake Bay State . It is named after the English queen Henrietta Maria , known in England as Queen Mary , who was the wife of King Charles I. Sixteen of Maryland 's twenty-three counties , as well as the city of Baltimore , border the tidal waters of the Chesapeake Bay estuary and its many tributaries , which combined total more than 4,000 miles of shoreline . Although one of the smallest states in the U.S. , it features a variety of climates and topographical features that have earned it the moniker of America in Miniature . In a similar vein , Maryland 's geography , culture , and history combine elements of the Mid-Atlantic , Northeastern , and South Atlantic regions of the country . Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Maryland was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , mostly by the Algonquin , and to a lesser degree by the Iroquois and Sioux . As one of the original Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain , Maryland was founded by George Calvert , a Catholic convert who sought to provide a religious haven for Catholics persecuted in England . In 1632 , Charles I of England granted Calvert a colonial charter , naming the colony after his wife , Queen Mary ( Henrietta Maria of France ) . Unlike the Pilgrims and Puritans , who rejected Catholicism in their settlements , Calvert envisioned a colony where people of different religious sects would coexist under the principle of toleration . Accordingly , in 1649 the Maryland General Assembly passed an Act Concerning Religion , which enshrined this principle by penalizing anyone who reproached a fellow Marylander based on religious affiliation . Nevertheless , religious strife was common in the early years , and Catholics remained a minority , albeit in greater numbers than in any other English colony .
Peter Parker ( June 18 , 1804 - January 10 , 1888 ) was an American physician and a missionary who introduced Western medical techniques into Qing Dynasty China . It was said that Parker opened China to the gospel at the point of a lancet .
William Bradford Reed ( June 30 , 1806 - February 18 , 1876 ) was an American attorney , politician , diplomat , academic and journalist from Pennsylvania . He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1834 to 1835 . He was elected Pennsylvania State Attorney General in 1838 and served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 1st district in 1841 . He served as U.S. Minister to China in 1857 . His pro-confederacy views put him in conflict with other Pennsylvania politicians . He was a published author of multiple books including the biographies of his grandfather , General Joseph Reed and grandmother Esther de Berdt .
Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia .
John Elliott Ward ( October 2 , 1814 - November 29 , 1902 ) was an American politician and diplomat . He served as United States Attorney for Georgia , mayor of Savannah , Georgia , speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives , president of the Georgia Senate , president of the 1856 Democratic National Convention , and United States Minister to China under James Buchanan . He resigned from his diplomatic post shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War , returned to Savannah , and after the war , moved to New York City , where he practiced law for several years .
Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 .
Anson Burlingame ( November 14 , 1820 - February 23 , 1870 ) was an American lawyer , Republican/American Party legislator , diplomat , and abolitionist . As diplomat , he served as the U.S. minister to China ( 1862-1867 ) and then as China 's envoy to the U.S. , which resulted in the 1868 landmark Burlingame Treaty .
John Ross Browne ( February 11 , 1821 in Beggars Bush , Dublin , Ireland - December 9 , 1875 in Oakland , California ) , often called J. Ross Browne , date of birth sometimes given as 1817 , was an Irish-born American traveler , artist , writer and government agent .
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment .
Frederick Ferdinand Low ( June 30 , 1828 - July 21 , 1894 ) was an American politician , US congressman and the ninth governor of California . He was against slavery and was a leading California congressman .
Benjamin Parke Avery ( 1828-1875 ) was an American journalist , poet , essayist , printer , and U.S. ambassador to China He died in Peking . Avery arrived in California aboard the Aurora in 1849 . He worked as a prospector for a while before buying a drug store in North San Juan and then a newspaper in the mining town . He became part owner and editor for the Marysville Appeal . A newspaper he established in San Francisco was also contracted as state printer for California . He was friends with Charles Crocker and Leland Stanford . His death received newspaper coverage and tribute . After his death , Edward Bosqui wrote a reminisce about him . Ina Coolbrith dedicated a poem to him . The California Historical Society has a collection of papers related to him .
George Frederick Seward ( November 8 , 1840 - November 28 , 1910 ) was a United States diplomat in China during the mid and late 19th century . He served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China from 1876 until 1880 . He later was an insurance executive with the Fidelity and Casualty Company .
James Burrill Angell ( January 7 , 1829 - April 1 , 1916 ) was an American educator and diplomat . He is best known for being the longest-serving president of the University of Michigan , from 1871 to 1909 . He represented the transition from small college life to nationally-oriented universities . Under his energetic leadership , Michigan gained prominence as an elite public university . Angell is often cited by school administrators for providing the vision that the university should provide an uncommon education for the common man . Angell was also president of the University of Vermont from 1866 to 1871 and helped that small school recover from its financial difficulties brought on by the Civil War . Throughout the war , he was the editor of The Providence Journal and was a consistent vocal supporter of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War . Angell served in diplomatic posts as America 's minister to China from 1880 to 1881 and then to Turkey from 1897 to 1898 . On his mission to China , he was the primary American negotiator of the Angell Treaty of 1880 that curtailed the emigration of laborers to the United States , as well as a second treaty restricting the trade in opium . In Turkey , he was responsible for the protection of American missionaries during the unrest following the massacre of Armenians . Angell was a member of a prominent Yankee family in Rhode Island and numerous descendants became senior academics .
Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds .
John Russell Young ( November 20 , 1840 - January 17 , 1899 ) was an American journalist , author , diplomat , and the seventh Librarian of the United States Congress from 1897 to 1899 . He was invited by Ulysses S. Grant to accompany him on a world tour for purposes of recording the two-year journey , which he published in a two-volume work .
New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography .
Colonel Charles Denby ( June 16 , 1830 - January 13 , 1904 ) was a U.S. Union officer in the Civil War and diplomat . He was the father of Edwin C. Denby , a U.S. Representative from Michigan , and later Secretary of the Navy , and Charles Denby , Jr. , a diplomat .
Edwin Hurd Conger ( March 7 , 1843 - May 18 , 1907 ) was an American Civil War soldier , lawyer , banker , Iowa congressman , and United States diplomat . As the United States ' minister to China during the Boxer Rebellion , Conger , his family , and other western diplomatic legations were under siege in Beijing until rescued by the China Relief Expedition .
Iowa ( /ˈaɪəwə/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Midwestern United States , bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west . It is bordered by six states : Wisconsin to the northeast , Illinois to the east and southeast , Missouri to the south , Nebraska to the west , South Dakota to the northwest , and Minnesota to the north . In colonial times , Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana ; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France . After the Louisiana Purchase , people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt . In the latter half of the 20th century , Iowa 's agricultural economy made the transition to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing , processing , financial services , information technology , biotechnology , and green energy production . Iowa is the 26th most extensive in land area and the 30th most populous of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital , most populous city , and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in .
William Woodville Rockhill ( May 1 , 1854 - December 8 , 1914 ) was a United States diplomat , best known as the author of the U.S. 's Open Door Policy for China and as the first American to learn to speak Tibetan .
Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents .
William James Calhoun ( October 5 , 1848 - September 19 , 1916 ) was an American attorney , government official , and friend of President William McKinley . A noted corporation lawyer , Calhoun wrote a report that helped persuade McKinley to enter the Spanish-American War , served as a commissioner of the Interstate Commerce Commission and later served as a special envoy to China .
Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north .