List of submissions to the 58th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Submissions
Table:
Submitting country
Film title used in nomination
Language(s)
Original title
Director(s)
Result

Argentina
The Official Story
Spanish
La Historia oficial
Luis Puenzo
Won Academy Award

Austria
Malambo
German
Malambo
Milan Dor
Not Nominated

Belgium
Dust
French
Dust
Marion Hänsel
Not Nominated

Canada
Jacques and November
French
Jacques et novembre
Jean Beaudry and François Bouvier
Not Nominated

Czechoslovakia
Scalpel, Please
Czech
Skalpel, prosím
Jirí Svoboda
Not Nominated

Denmark
Twist and Shout
Danish
Tro, håb og kærlighed
Bille August
Not Nominated

France
Three Men and a Cradle
French
Trois hommes et un couffin
Coline Serreau
Nominated

West Germany
Angry Harvest
German
Bittere Ernte
Agnieszka Holland
Nominated

Hungary
Colonel Redl
German
Oberst Redl
István Szabó
Nominated

Iceland
Deep Winter
Icelandic
Skammdegi
Þráinn Bertelsson
Not Nominated

India
Saagar
Hindi
सागर
Ramesh Sippy
Not Nominated

Israel
When Night Falls
Hebrew
עד סוף הלילה
Eitan Green
Not Nominated

Italy
Macaroni
Italian
Maccheroni
Ettore Scola
Not Nominated

Japan
Gray Sunset
Japanese
花いちもんめ
Shunya Ito
Not Nominated

South Korea
Eoudong
Korean
어우동
Lee Jang-ho
Not Nominated

Mexico
Frida Still Life
Spanish
Frida, naturaleza viva
Paul Leduc
Not Nominated

Netherlands
The Dream
Dutch, West Frisian
De Dream
Pieter Verhoeff
Not Nominated

Norway
Wives – Ten Years After
Norwegian
Hustruer - ti år etter
Anja Breien
Not Nominated

Peru
The City and the Dogs
Spanish
La ciudad y los perros
Francisco José Lombardi
Not Nominated

Philippines
This Is My Country
Tagalog
Bayan ko: Kapit sa patalim
Lino Brocka
Not Nominated

Leveraging the following table plus the supporting evidence provided.

Respond to the question below: What was the result for the film entered by the country that has the capital city of Vienna ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Argentina ( Spanish : [ aɾxenˈtina ] ) , officially the Argentine Republic [ A ] ( Spanish : República Argentina ) , is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America . Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west , the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north , Brazil to the northeast , Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Drake Passage to the south . With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2 ( 1,073,500 sq mi ) , [ B ] Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world , the fourth largest in the Americas , the second largest in South America after Brazil , and the largest Spanish-speaking nation . The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces ( Spanish : provincias , singular provincia ) and one autonomous city ( ciudad autónoma ) , Buenos Aires , which is the federal capital of the nation ( Spanish : Capital Federal ) as decided by Congress . The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions , but exist under a federal system . Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica , the Falkland Islands ( Spanish : Islas Malvinas ) , and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands . The earliest recorded human presence in modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period . The Inca Empire expanded to the northwest of the country in Pre-Columbian times . The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century . Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776 . The declaration and fight for independence ( 1810-1818 ) was followed by an extended civil war that lasted until 1861 , culminating in the country 's reorganization as a federation of provinces with Buenos Aires as its capital city . The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability , with several waves of European immigration , mainly Italians and Spaniards , radically reshaping its cultural and demographic outlook ; 62.5% of the population has full or partial Italian ancestry , and the Argentine culture has significant connections to the Italian culture .
The Official Story ( Spanish : La historia oficial ) is a 1985 Argentine drama historical film directed by Luis Puenzo and written by Puenzo and Aída Bortnik . It stars Norma Aleandro , Héctor Alterio , Chunchuna Villafañe and Hugo Arana . In the United Kingdom , it was released as The Official Version . The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child . The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecido , a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina 's last military dictatorship ( 1976-1983 ) , which saw widespread human rights violations and a genocide . Among several other international awards , it won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards .
Luis Adalberto Puenzo ( born 19 February 1946 ) is an Argentine film director , producer and screenplay writer . He works mainly in the cinema of Argentina , but has also worked in the United States .
Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized .
Malambo is a 1984 Austrian drama film directed by Milan Dor [ de ] . The film was selected as the Austrian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments .
Dust is a 1985 film directed by Marion Hänsel based on the J. M. Coetzee novel In the Heart of the Country . The film was shot in Spain and is a French-Belgian production . The film was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It won the Silver Lion prize , awarded to the best first or second major work by a director , at the 1985 Venice Film Festival . The jury recognised Jane Birkin 's performance as amongst the best of the year , but decided not to award a best actress prize because all of the actresses they judged to have made the best performances were in films that won major awards .
Marion Hänsel ( born 12 February 1949 ) is a Belgian film director , producer , actress and screenwriter . Her film Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea was entered into the 1995 Cannes Film Festival .
Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom .
Jacques and November ( French : Jacques et novembre ) is a 1984 Canadian drama film directed by Jean Beaudry and François Bouvier . The film was selected as the Canadian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film stars Beaudry as Jacques Landry , a man in his early 30s who is dying of an unspecified incurable disease and documenting his thoughts on mortality in a video diary ; simultaneously , his friend Denis ( Pierre Rousseau ) is trying to make a higher-budget documentary film about him . Critics largely analyzed the film not as focusing on death as such , but as an affirming and uplifting look at the meaning that friends and family bring to life . Although Jacques Landry 's terminal illness was not specified in the film , the LGBT magazine The Body Politic reviewed it as an HIV/AIDS allegory , directly comparing and contrasting its views of mortality with the contemporaneous HIV/AIDS-themed documentary film No Sad Songs .
François Bouvier is a Canadian film and television director from Quebec . His credits have included the films Jacques and November ( Jacques et novembre ) , Unfaithful Mornings ( Les Matins infidèles ) , Les Pots cassés , Winter Stories ( Histoires d'hiver ) , Maman Last Call , Paul à Québec and La Bolduc , and episodes of Urgence , Quai # 1 , Tribu.com , Miss Météo , Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin , 30 vies and Jérémie . He was a Genie Award nominee for Best Director at the 11th Genie Awards in 1990 for Les Matins infidèles , and for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 20th Genie Awards in 1999 for Histoires d'hiver .
Czechoslovakia , or Czecho-Slovakia ( /ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə , -kə- , -slə- , -ˈvɑː-/ ; Czech and Slovak : Československo , Česko-Slovensko ) , was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 , when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire , until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993 . From 1939 to 1945 , following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany , the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate . From 1948 to 1990 , Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy . Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955 . A period of political liberalization in 1968 , known as the Prague Spring , was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union , assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries , invaded Czechoslovakia . In 1989 , as Marxist-Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe , Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution ; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation . In 1993 , Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Scalpel , Please ( Czech : Skalpel , prosím ) is a 1985 Czech psychological drama film directed by Jiří Svoboda . It was entered into the 14th Moscow International Film Festival . The film was selected as the Czechoslovakia entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .
Twist and Shout ( Danish : Tro , håb og kærlighed ) is a 1984 Danish drama film directed by Bille August . It was entered into the 14th Moscow International Film Festival where Lars Simonsen won the award for Best Actor . It was also selected as the Danish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film is adapted for the screen from the novel Når snerlen blomstrer by Bjarne Reuter . The story is part of a trilogy and a sequel to Zappa , which has also been filmed , and is followed by the novel Vi der valgte mælkevejen . It revolves around a bunch of young people in the 1960s suburbs .
Bille August RD ( born 9 November 1948 ) is a Danish director , screenwriter , and cinematographer of film and television . In a career spanning over four decades , he has been the recipient of numerous accolades , making him one of the most acclaimed contemporary Danish filmmakers . August 's 1987 film Pelle the Conqueror won the Palme d'Or , Academy Award and Golden Globe . He is one of only eight directors to win the Palme d'Or twice , winning the prestigious award again in 1992 for The Best Intentions , based on the autobiographical script by Ingmar Bergman . His filmography includes The House of the Spirits , Smilla 's Sense of Snow , Les Misérables , Night Train to Lisbon , Silent Heart , The Chinese Widow , and A Fortunate Man . He is the recipient of five Robert Awards ( including Best Film and Best Director ) and three Bodil Awards for Best Danish Film . He is also a Knight ( Ridder ) of the Order of the Dannebrog .
France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) .
Three Men and a Cradle ( French : Trois hommes et un couffin ) is a 1985 French comedy film by Coline Serreau . The film was remade in Hollywood as Three Men and a Baby in 1987 which was subsequently remade into six Indian movies in five different languages .
Coline Serreau ( born 29 October 1947 ) is a French actress , film director and writer .
West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany , a country in Western Europe , in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and German reunification on 3 October 1990 . During this Cold War period , the western portion of Germany was part of the Western Bloc . The Federal Republic was created during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II , established from eleven states formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States , the United Kingdom and France . Its ( provisional ) capital was the city of Bonn . The Cold War era West Germany is also retrospectively designated the Bonn Republic . At the onset of the Cold War , Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs . Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories , the Saarland and a divided Berlin . Initially , the Federal Republic of Germany claimed an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , considering itself to be the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871-1945 German Reich . It took the line that the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) was an illegally constituted puppet state . Though the GDR did hold regular elections , these were neither free nor fair . From the West German perspective , the GDR was therefore illegitimate . Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , and the Saarland joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 .
Angry Harvest ( German : Bittere Ernte ) is a 1985 West German film directed by Agnieszka Holland . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . It is based on a novel written by Hermann Field and Stanislaw Mierzenski while they were imprisoned by the Polish government in the early 1950s . ( The circumstances under which the novel were written are documented in Field 's autobiographical story , Trapped in the Cold War : The Ordeal of an American Family . ) It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin .
Agnieszka Holland ( born 28 November 1948 ) is a Polish film and television director and screenwriter . Best known for her political contributions to Polish cinema , Holland is one of Poland 's most eminent filmmakers . She began her career as assistant to directors Krzysztof Zanussi and Andrzej Wajda , and emigrated to France shortly before the 1981 imposition of the martial law in Poland . Holland is best known for her films Europa Europa ( 1991 ) and her 2011 drama In Darkness , which was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards . In 2017 she received Alfred Bauer Prize ( Silver Bear ) for her film Spoor at the Berlin International Film Festival .
Hungary ( Hungarian : Magyarország [ ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Central Europe . Spanning 93,030 square kilometres ( 35,920 sq mi ) in the Carpathian Basin , it borders Slovakia to the north , Ukraine to the northeast , Romania to the east and southeast , Serbia to the south , Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest , and Austria to the west . With about 10 million inhabitants , Hungary is a medium-sized member state of the European Union . The official language is Hungarian , which is the most widely spoken Uralic language in the world , and among the few non-Indo-European languages to be widely spoken in Europe . Hungary 's capital and largest city is Budapest ; other major urban areas include Debrecen , Szeged , Miskolc , Pécs and Győr . The territory of modern Hungary was for centuries inhabited by a succession of peoples , including Celts , Romans , Germanic tribes , Huns , West Slavs and the Avars . The foundations of the Hungarian state were established in the late ninth century CE by the Hungarian grand prince Árpád following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . His great-grandson Stephen I ascended the throne in 1000 , converting his realm to a Christian kingdom . By the 12th century , Hungary became a regional power , reaching its cultural and political height in the 15th century . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Hungary was partially occupied by the Ottoman Empire ( 1541-1699 ) . It came under Habsburg rule at the turn of the 18th century , and later joined Austria to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a major European power . The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon established Hungary 's current borders , resulting in the loss of 71% of its territory , 58% of its population , and 32% of ethnic Hungarians .
Colonel Redl ( German : Oberst Redl ( original title ) ; Hungarian : Redl ezredes ) is a 1985 biographical drama film by Hungarian director István Szabó . The plot , set in the period before World War I , follows the rise of Alfred Redl , an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Redl , who comes from a humble background , enters military school as a boy and has an illustrious military career pushed forward by his loyalty to the crown . He is appointed the head of an intelligence gathering unit , but his attraction to men eventually causes his downfall . The screenplay , loosely inspired from British playwright John Osborne 's play A Patriot for Me , charts the rise of inter-ethnic tensions in Austro-Hungary , which were to bring about the assassination in Sarajevo and the empire 's eventual disintegration . The film stars Klaus Maria Brandauer , Jan Niklas and Gudrun Landgrebe . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film and won the Jury Prize at Cannes Film Festival in 1985 .
István Szabó ( Hungarian : [ ˈsɒboː ˈiʃtvaːn ] ; born 18 February 1938 ) is a Hungarian film director , screenwriter , and opera director . Szabó is the most internationally famous Hungarian filmmaker since the late 1960s . Working in the tradition of European auteurism , he has made films that represent many of the political and psychological conflicts of Central Europe 's recent history , as well as of his own personal history . He made his first short film in 1959 as a student at the Hungarian Academy of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts , and his first feature film in 1964 . He achieved his greatest international success with Mephisto ( 1981 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Since then , most of Szabó 's films have been international co-productions filmed in a variety of languages and European locations . He has continued to make some films in Hungarian , however , and even in his international co-productions , he often films in Hungary and uses Hungarian talent . Szabó became involved in a national controversy in 2006 when the Hungarian newspaper Life and Literature revealed that he had been an informant of the Communist regime 's secret police .
Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden .
Deep Winter ( Icelandic : Skammdegi ) is a 1985 Icelandic drama film directed by Þráinn Bertelsson . The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Þráinn Bertelsson ( born 30 November 1944 ) is an Icelandic film director , writer , politician , journalist and newspaper editor . He moved into politics in the wake of the financial crisis in 2008 , and was elected a member of the Althing in 2009 , initially for the Citizens ' Movement . He later left the party to become an independent MP , before joining the Left-Green Movement , which he currently represents .
India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .
Saagar ( lit . Sea ) is a 1985 Hindi language romantic drama film directed by Ramesh Sippy . The film stars Rishi Kapoor , Kamal Haasan and Dimple Kapadia . The film featured lyrics , story and screenplay written by Javed Akhtar and music by R. D. Burman . It received critical acclaim upon release , and winning a Four Filmfare Awards . Saagar was a comeback film for Kapadia , and contained a fleeting topless shot of her . Saagar was India 's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1985 . This was the second instance in the history of Filmfare Awards where an actor has been nominated for both Best Actor as well as Best Actor in Supporting role , the previous nominee for both awards was Ashok Kumar ( for Aashirwad in 1970 ) . Kamal Haasan ultimately won the Best Actor award , his first and only award in that category for a Hindi film .
Ramesh Sippy ( born 23 January 1947 ) is an Indian film director and producer , best known for directing the popular and critically acclaimed film Sholay . He is a winner of the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 2013 . Sippy 's father was producer G. P. Sippy . His son Rohan Sippy is a film director . His daughter Sheena was once married to Shashi Kapoor 's son , Kunal Kapoor until they divorced in 2004 . Ramesh Sippy has been married twice ; his current wife is actress Kiran Juneja . In the year 2017 , he founded Ramesh Sippy Academy of Cinema & Entertainment in Mumbai .
Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 .
When Night Falls ( Hebrew : Ad Sof Halayla ) is a 1985 Israeli drama film written and directed by Eitan Green . The film was selected as the Israeli entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script .
Macaroni ( Italian : Maccheroni ) is a 1985 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Ettore Scola . The film was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , ahead of Federico Fellini 's Ginger and Fred , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Ettore Scola ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈɛttore ˈskɔːla ] ; 10 May 1931 - 19 January 2016 ) was an Italian screenwriter and film director . He received a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film in 1978 for his film A Special Day and over the course of his film career was nominated for five Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film .
Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) .
Gray Sunset ( 花いちもんめ , Hana Ichi Monme ) is a 1985 Japanese film directed by Shunya Ito . It was Japan 's submission to the 58th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but was not accepted as a nominee . It won the award for Best Film at the Japan Academy Prize ceremony .
Shunya Itō ( 伊藤 俊也 , Itō Shun'ya , born February 17 , 1937 ) is a Japanese film director known for starting the Sasori / Female Prisoner Scorpion series of 1970s exploitation films starring Meiko Kaji . Itō worked for Toei Company for most of his career . In 1972 , he won a Directors Guild of Japan New Directors Citation for his first film , Female Prisoner # 701 : Scorpion . He won Picture of the Year at the Japanese Academy Awards in 1985 with his film Gray Sunset , a story of a man suffering from Alzheimer 's disease . This thus became Japan 's entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film instead of Akira Kurosawa 's Ran , which caused a slight uproar in Western media as many critics thought Ran had a real chance of winning whereas Gray Sunset was not even shortlisted . ( Galbraith ) In 1995 , he directed Lupin III : Farewell to Nostradamus . In 1998 , he directed the World War II drama Pride : The Fateful Moment , presenting a humane view of Hideki Tōjō on trial at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East .
South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP .
Eoudong is a 1985 South Korean film starring Ahn Sung-ki and Lee Bo-hee . Lee Bo-hee won the best actress award at Grand Bell Awards in 1986 . The film was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Lee Jang-ho ( born May 15 , 1945 ) is a South Korean film director and screenwriter .
Mexico ( Spanish : México [ ˈmexiko ] ( listen ) ; Nahuatl languages : Mēxihco ) , officially the United Mexican States ( UMS ; Spanish : Estados Unidos Mexicanos , EUM [ esˈtaðos uˈniðoz mexiˈkanos ] ( listen ) , lit . Mexican United States ) , is a country in the southern portion of North America . It is bordered to the north by the United States ; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean ; to the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , and the Caribbean Sea ; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost 2,000,000 square kilometers ( 770,000 sq mi ) , the nation is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent state in the world . With an estimated population of over 129 million people , Mexico is the tenth most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world , while being the second most populous nation in Latin America after Brazil . Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states plus Mexico City ( CDMX ) , which is the capital city and its most populous city . Other metropolises in the country include Guadalajara , Monterrey , Puebla , Toluca , Tijuana , and León . Pre-Columbian Mexico dates to about 8000 BC and is identified as one of six cradles of civilization and was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Olmec , Toltec , Teotihuacan , Zapotec , Maya , and Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521 , the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its politically powerful base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan ( part of Mexico City ) , which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain . The Roman Catholic Church played a powerful role in governing the country as millions were converted to the faith , although King Charles III expelled the Jesuits in the 1770s . The territory became a nation state following its recognition in 1821 after the Mexican War of Independence . The post-independence period was tumultuous , characterized by economic inequality and many contrasting political changes .
Frida Still Life ( Spanish : Frida , naturaleza viva ) is a 1983 Mexican drama film directed by Paul Leduc . The film was selected as the Mexican entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Paul Leduc ( born 11 March 1942 ) is a film director . He was born in Mexico City , Mexico . One of Leduc 's most acclaimed works is Frida , naturaleza viva ( 1983 - marketed as Frida in the U.S. ) , a tribute to the indomitable spirit and determination of the painter Frida Kahlo .
The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' .
The Dream ( Dutch : De Dream ) is a 1985 Dutch drama film directed by Pieter Verhoeff . The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Pieter Verhoeff ( 4 February 1938 - 17 April 2019 ) was a Dutch film director . He studied at the Netherlands Film and Television Academy and graduated in 1966 . He is known for his films The Mark of the Beast , The Dream and The Moving True Story of a Woman Ahead of Her Time . All three stories take place in his native Friesland . He won two Golden Calf 's in his career .
Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg .
Wives - Ten Years After ( Norwegian : Hustruer - ti år etter ) is a 1985 Norwegian drama film directed by Anja Breien . The film was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee .
Anja Breien ( born 12 July 1940 ) is a Norwegian film director and screenwriter . One of the leading figures of the Norwegian film industry , and one of the first women to rise to prominence as a writer-director in Norway , Breien 's body of work in fiction and documentary explores social and political issues , notably women 's rights within the context of Norwegian society .
Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .
The City and the Dogs ( Spanish : La ciudad y los perros ) is a 1985 Peruvian drama film directed by Francisco José Lombardi . The film was selected as the Peruvian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . It is based on The Time of the Hero , a 1963 novel by Mario Vargas Llosa which tells the story of a group of young military cadets at the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima .
Francisco José Lombardi ( born 3 August 1949 ) is a Peruvian film director , producer and screenwriter . He has directed 17 films since 1977 . He received the Silver Shell for Best Director in 1985 for his film The City and the Dogs based on the novel La ciudad y los perros by Mario Vargas Llosa . His film Without Compassion was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival .
The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples .
This Is My Country ( Filipino : Bayan ko : Kapit sa patalim ) is a 1984 Filipino drama film that is directed by Lino Brocka . The film was entered into the 1984 Cannes Film Festival . It was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards , but was not nominated .
Catalino Ortiz Brocka ( April 3 , 1939 - May 22 , 1991 ) was a Filipino film director . He is widely regarded as one of the most influential and significant Filipino filmmakers in the history of Philippine cinema . He co-founded the organization Concerned Artists of the Philippines ( CAP ) , dedicated to helping artists address issues confronting the country , and the Free the Artist Movement . [ better source needed ] He was a member of the Coalition for the Restoration of Democracy . He directed landmark films such as Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang ( 1974 ) , Maynila sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ( 1975 ) , Insiang ( 1976 ) , Bayan Ko : Kapit sa Patalim ( 1984 ) , and Orapronobis ( 1989 ) . After his death in a car accident in 1991 , he was posthumously given the National Artist of the Philippines for Film award for having made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts .