List of disasters in Antarctica by death toll
Table:
Year	Type	Fatalities	Incident	Location

1819	Accident - Shipwreck	644	San Telmo	Drake Passage , Southern Ocean

1979	Accident - Aircraft	257	Air New Zealand Flight 901	Mount Erebus , Ross Island , Antarctica

2019	Accident - Aircraft	38	2019 Chilean Air Force C-130 crash	Drake Passage , Antarctica

2010	Accident - Shipwreck	22	South Korean trawler Insung	Ross Sea , near the McMurdo Station

1976	Accident - Aircraft	11	Livingston Island plane crash	Livingston Island , Antarctica

1985	Accident - Aircraft	10	Nelson Island plane crash	Nelson Island , Antarctica

1823	Accident - Shipwreck	7	Schooner Jenny	Drake Passage , Southern Ocean

1958	Accident - Aircraft	7	Cape Hallett Bay plane crash	Cape Hallett Bay , Antarctica

1966	Accident - Aircraft	6	Ross Ice Shelf plane crash	Ross Ice Shelf , Antarctica

1986	Accident - Aircraft	6	Philippi Glacier plane crash	Philippi Glacier , Antarctica

1961	Accident - Aircraft	5	Wilkes Station plane crash	Wilkes Station , Antarctica

1956	Accident - Aircraft	4	McMurdo Station plane crash	McMurdo Station , Antarctica

1994	Accident - Aircraft	4	Rothera Research Station plane crash	near the Rothera Research Station , Antarctica

2010	Accident - Aircraft	4	Terre Adélie helicopter crash	near the Dumont d'Urville Station , Terre Adélie , Antarctica

1946	Accident - Aircraft	3	Antarctica PBM Mariner crash	Thurston Island , Antarctica

1958	Accident - Aircraft	3	Marguerite Bay plane crash	Marguerite Bay , Antarctica

1989	Accident - Aircraft	3	Mirny Station plane crash	Mirny Station , Antarctica

1999	Accident - Aircraft	3	Terre Adélie helicopter crash	near the Dumont d'Urville Station , Terre Adélie , Antarctica

2013	Accident - Aircraft	3	Mount Elizabeth plane crash	Mount Elizabeth , Antarctica

2012	Accident - Shipwreck	3	Jeong Woo 2 ( South Korean fishing vessel )	Ross Sea , near the McMurdo Station

Drawing on the following table plus the supporting evidence provided.

Solve the question: Who presided over the investigation into this airline disaster that happened near the second-highest volcano in Antarctica ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

An accident is an unplanned event that sometimes has convenient or undesirable consequences , other times being inconsequential . The term implies that such an event may not be preventable since its antecedent circumstances go unrecognized and unaddressed . Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity .
A shipwreck is the remains of a ship that has wrecked , which are found either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water . Shipwrecking may be deliberate or accidental . In January 1999 , Angela Croome estimated that there have been about three million shipwrecks worldwide ( an estimate rapidly endorsed by UNESCO and other organizations ) .
San Telmo ( Saint Peter Gonzalez or Saint Erasmus of Formiae ) was a Spanish 74-gun ship of the line , launched in 1788 .
The Drake Passage ( Spanish : Pasaje de Drake ) or Mar de Hoces - Sea of Hoces - is the body of water between South America 's Cape Horn , Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica . It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean ( Scotia Sea ) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean .
The Southern Ocean , also known as the Antarctic Ocean or the Austral Ocean , [ note 4 ] comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean , generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica . As such , it is regarded as the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions : smaller than the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean . This oceanic zone is where cold , northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters . By way of his voyages in the 1770s , James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe . Since then , geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean 's northern boundary or even existence , considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific , Atlantic , and Indian Oceans , instead . However , according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) , recent oceanographic research has discovered the importance of Southern Circulation , and the term Southern Ocean has been used to define the body of water which lies south of the northern limit of that circulation . This remains the current official policy of the IHO , since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted . Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary . The maximum depth of the Southern Ocean , using the definition that it lies south of 60th parallel , was surveyed by the Five Deeps Expedition in early February 2019 . The expedition 's multibeam sonar team identified the deepest point at 60° 28 ' 46S , 025° 32 ' 32W , with a depth of 7,434 meters . The expedition leader and chief submersible pilot Victor Vescovo , has proposed naming this deepest point in the Southern Ocean the Factorian Deep , based on the name of the manned submersible DSV Limiting Factor , in which he successfully visited the bottom for the first time on February 3 , 2019 .
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air . It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil , or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines . Common examples of aircraft include airplanes , helicopters , airships ( including blimps ) , gliders , paramotors and hot air balloons . The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation . The science of aviation , including designing and building aircraft , is called aeronautics . Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot , but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers . Aircraft may be classified by different criteria , such as lift type , aircraft propulsion , usage and others .
The Mount Erebus disaster occurred on 28 November 1979 when Air New Zealand Flight 901 ( TE-901 ) [ nb 1 ] flew into Mount Erebus on Ross Island , Antarctica , killing all 237 passengers and 20 crew on board . Scheduled Air New Zealand Antarctic sightseeing flight had been operating between 1977 and 1979 . This flight was supposed to leave Auckland Airport in the morning and spend a few hours flying over the Antarctic continent , before returning to Auckland in the evening via Christchurch . The initial investigation concluded the accident was caused by pilot error , but public outcry led to the establishment of a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the crash . The commission , presided over by Justice Peter Mahon QC , concluded that the accident was caused by a correction made to the coordinates of the flight path the night before the disaster , coupled with a failure to inform the flight crew of the change , with the result that the aircraft , instead of being directed by computer down McMurdo Sound ( as the crew had been led to believe ) , was instead re-routed to a path toward Mount Erebus . Justice Mahon 's report accused Air New Zealand of presenting an orchestrated litany of lies and this led to changes in senior management at the airline . The Privy Council later ruled that the finding of a conspiracy was a breach of natural justice and not supported by the evidence . The accident is New Zealand 's deadliest peacetime disaster , as well as the deadliest accident in the history of Air New Zealand .
Mount Erebus ( /ˈɛrɪbəs/ ) is the second-highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on Earth . It is the sixth-highest ultra mountain on the continent . With a summit elevation of 3,794 metres ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located in the Ross Dependency on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes : Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been active since about 1.3 million years ago and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . The volcano was the site of the Air New Zealand Flight 901 accident , which occurred in November 1979 .
Ross Island is an island formed by four volcanoes in the Ross Sea near the continent of Antarctica , off the coast of Victoria Land in McMurdo Sound . Ross Island lies within the boundaries of Ross Dependency , an area of Antarctica claimed by New Zealand .
On 9 December 2019 , a Chilean Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft crashed in the Drake Passage while en route to Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva , a Chilean military base on King George Island in Antarctica . The crash site was located on 12 December 2019 after a three-day search , and no survivors were found .
South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP .
A fishing trawler is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls . Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers . Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth . A trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously ( double-rig and multi-rig ) . There are many variants of trawling gear . They vary according to local traditions , bottom conditions , and how large and powerful the trawling boats are . A trawling boat can be a small open boat with only 30 horsepower or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower . Trawl variants include beam trawls , large-opening midwater trawls , and large bottom trawls , such as rock hoppers that are rigged with heavy rubber wheels that let the net crawl over rocky bottom .
The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica , between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment , and is the southernmost sea on Earth . It derives its name from the British explorer James Ross who visited this area in 1841 . To the west of the sea lies Ross Island and Victoria Land , to the east Roosevelt Island and Edward VII Peninsula in Marie Byrd Land , while the southernmost part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf , and is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the South Pole . Its boundaries and area have been defined by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research as having an area of 637,000 square kilometres ( 246,000 sq mi ) . The circulation of the Ross Sea is dominated by a wind-driven ocean gyre and the flow is strongly influenced by three submarine ridges that run from southwest to northeast [ citation needed ] . The circumpolar deep water current is a relatively warm , salty and nutrient-rich water mass that flows onto the continental shelf at certain locations . The Ross Sea is covered with ice for most of the year [ citation needed ] . The nutrient-laden water supports an abundance of plankton and this encourages a rich marine fauna . At least ten mammal species , six bird species and 95 fish species are found here , as well as many invertebrates , and the sea remains relatively unaffected by human activities . New Zealand has claimed that the sea comes under its jurisdiction as part of the Ross Dependency . Marine biologists consider the sea to have a high level of biological diversity and it is the site of much scientific research . It is also the focus of some environmentalist groups who have campaigned to have the area proclaimed as a world marine reserve .
The McMurdo Station is a United States Antarctic research station on the south tip of Ross Island , which is in the New Zealand-claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica . It is operated by the United States through the United States Antarctic Program , a branch of the National Science Foundation . The station is the largest community in Antarctica , capable of supporting up to 1,258 residents , and serves as one of three United States Antarctic science facilities . All personnel and cargo going to or coming from Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station first pass through McMurdo . By road , McMurdo is 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) from New Zealand 's smaller Scott Base .
Livingston Island ( Russian name Smolensk , 62°36′S 60°30′W / 62.600°S 60.500°W / -62.600 ; -60.500 ) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean , part of the South Shetlands Archipelago . It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819 , a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica . The name Livingston , although of unknown derivation , has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s .
Nelson Island ( historical names Leipzig Island , O'Cain 's Island and Strachans Island ) is an island 22 kilometres ( 12 nmi ) long and 13 kilometres ( 7 nmi ) wide , lying southwest of King George Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica . The name Nelson Island dates back to at least 1821 and is now established in international usage .
The Jenny was an alleged English schooner and the subject of an unproven legend . The story goes that the Jenny became frozen in an ice-barrier of the Drake Passage in 1823 , only to be rediscovered in 1840 by a whaling ship , the bodies aboard being preserved by the Antarctic cold . The original report has been deemed unsubstantiated . The earliest known source for the story appears to be an anonymous article in an 1862 edition of Globus , a popular German geographical magazine .
Cape Hallett is a snow-free area ( Antarctic oasis ) on the northern tip of the Hallett Peninsula on the Ross Sea coast of Victoria Land , East Antarctica . Cape Adare lies 100 km ( 62 mi ) to the north .
The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica ( as of 2013 [ update ] an area of roughly 500,809 square kilometres ( 193,363 sq mi ) and about 800 kilometres ( 500 mi ) across : about the size of France ) . It is several hundred metres thick . The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) long , and between 15 and 50 metres ( 50 and 160 ft ) high above the water surface . Ninety percent of the floating ice , however , is below the water surface . Most of Ross Ice Shelf is in the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand . It floats in , and covers , a large southern portion of the Ross Sea and the entire Roosevelt Island located in the west of the Ross Sea . The ice shelf is named after Sir James Clark Ross , who discovered it on 28 January 1841 . It was originally called The Barrier , with various adjectives including Great Ice Barrier , as it prevented sailing further south . Ross mapped the ice front eastward to 160° W. In 1947 , the U.S. Board on Geographic Names applied the name Ross Shelf Ice to this feature and published it in the original U.S. Antarctic Gazetteer . In January 1953 , the name was changed to Ross Ice Shelf ; that name was published in 1956 .
Philippi Glacier ( German : Philippigletscher ) is coastal glacier about 15 mi long , flowing N to the E end of the West Ice Shelf , 15 mi W of Gaussberg . Delineated from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy ( USN ) OpHjp , 1946-47 . Named by the ANCA for Emil Philippi , geologist with the German Antarctic Expedition ( GerAE ) under Erich von Drygalski , 1901-03 , who made scientific observations in the vicinity of Gaussberg .
Wilkes Station was an Antarctic research station established 29 January 1957 by the United States as one of seven U.S. stations established for the International Geophysical Year ( IGY ) program in Antarctica . It was taken over by Australia on 7 February 1959 .
The Rothera Research Station is a British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) base on the Antarctic Peninsula , located at Rothera Point , Adelaide Island . Rothera also serves as the capital of the British Antarctic Territory , a British Overseas Territory .
The Dumont d'Urville Station ( French : Base antarctique Dumont-d'Urville ) is a French scientific station in Antarctica on Île des Pétrels , archipelago of Pointe-Géologie in Adélie Land . It is named after explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville , whose expedition landed on Débarquement Rock in the Dumoulin Islands at the northeast end of the archipelago on January 21 , 1840 . It is operated by the French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor , a joint operation of French public and para-public agencies .
Adélie Land ( French : Terre Adélie ) is a claimed territory on the continent of Antarctica . It stretches from a portion of the Southern Ocean coastline all the way inland to the South Pole . France has administered it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and applied the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961 . Article 4 deals with territorial claims , and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty , it also does not prejudice the position of Contracting Parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty . France has had a permanent station in Adélie Land since April 9 , 1950 . The current Dumont d'Urville Station has a winter population around 33 , but this goes up to about 78 during the Antarctic summer .
The 1946 Antarctica PBM Mariner crash occurred on 30 December 1946 , on Thurston Island , Antarctica when a United States Navy Martin PBM-5 Mariner crashed during a blizzard .
Thurston Island is an ice-covered , glacially dissected island , 215 km ( 134 mi ) long , 90 km ( 56 mi ) wide and 15,700 km2 ( 6,062 sq mi ) in area , lying a short way off the northwest end of Ellsworth Land , Antarctica . It is the third largest island of Antarctica , after Alexander Island and Berkner Island . The island was discovered from the air by Rear Admiral Byrd on February 27 , 1940 , who named it for W. Harris Thurston , New York textile manufacturer , designer of the windproof Byrd Cloth and sponsor of Antarctic expeditions . Thurston Island is separated from the mainland by Peacock Sound , which is occupied by the western portion of Abbot Ice Shelf . It divides Bellingshausen Sea to the east from Amundsen Sea to the west . Originally charted as a peninsula , the feature was not recognised an island until 1960 .
Marguerite Bay or Margaret Bay is an extensive bay on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula , which is bounded on the north by Adelaide Island and on the south by Wordie Ice Shelf , George VI Sound and Alexander Island . The mainland coast on the Antarctic Peninsula is Fallières Coast . Islands within the bay include Pourquoi Pas Island , Horseshoe Island and Lagotellerie Island . Marguerite Bay was discovered in 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Dr. Jean-Baptiste Charcot , who named the bay for his wife .
The Mirny Station ( Russian : Мирный , literally Peaceful ) is a Russian ( formerly Soviet ) first Antarctic science station located in Queen Mary Land , Antarctica , on the Antarctic coast of the Davis Sea . The station is managed by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and was named after the support vessel Mirny captained by Mikhail Lazarev during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition , led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen on Vostok .
Mount Elizabeth is a massive ice-free mountain , 4,480 metres ( 14,700 ft ) high , standing 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) south of Mount Anne in the Queen Alexandra Range , Antarctica . It was discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1907-09 , and named for Elizabeth Dawson-Lambton , a supporter of the expedition .