Foreign relations of Pope Pius XII
List of diplomats -- Nuncios
Table:
Country

Nuncio

Nunciature

Ambassador

Rank

Argentina

Giuseppe Fietta (1936–1953)
Mario Zanin (1953–1958)

Carlos Brebbia (1943–1947)[n 1]

Ambassador

Austria

Maurilio Silvani (1946–1947)
Giovanni Battista Dellepiane (1949–1961)

Apostolic Nuncio to Austria

Adolf Kohlruss (1946)[n 2]

Ambassador

Belgium

Clemente Micara (1923–1946)
Fernando Cento (1946–1953)
Efrem Forni (1953–1962)

Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium

Adrien Nieuwenhuys[n 3]

Ambassador

Bolivia

Giuseppe Burzio (1946–1950)
Sergio Pignedoli (1950–1954)
Umberto Mozzoni (1954–1958)

Brazil

Benedetto Aloisi Masella (1927–1946)
Carlo Chiarlo (1946–1954)
Armando Lombardi (1954–1964)

Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil

Ildebrando Accioly
Mauricio Nabuco (ante 1948)[13]

Ambassador

Chile

Aldo Laghi (1938–1942)
Mario Zanin (1947–1953)
Sebastiano Baggio (1953–1959)

(1939-?)[14]

Ambassador

Colombia

Giuseppe Beltrami (1945–1950)
Antonio Samoré (1950–1953)
Paolo Bertoli (1953–1959)

Carlos Arango Velez (1944-post 1949)[15][n 4]

Ambassador

Czechoslovakia

Sanverio "Xavier" Ritter (1946–1953)

Apostolic Nuncio to Czechoslovakia[n 5]

M. Maixner (circa 1947)

Ecuador

Efrem Forni (1937–1953)
Opilio Rossi (1953–1959)

France

Valerio Valeri (1936–1944)
Angelo Roncalli (1944–1953)
Paolo Marella (1953–1959)

Apostolic Nuncio to France

François Charles-Roux (1932–1940)[21]
Wladimir d'Ormesson (1940)[n 6]
Léon Bérard (1940–1945)[n 7]
Jacques Maritain (1945–1948)[n 8]

Ambassador

Germany

Cesare Orsenigo (1930–1945)
Aloisius Joseph Muench (1951–1959)[n 9]

Apostolic Nuncio to Germany

Diego von Bergen (1915–1943)
Ernst von Weizsäcker (1943–1945)

Ambassador

Hungary

Angelo Rotta (1930–1957)[n 10]

György Barcza

Ambassador

Ireland

Paschal Charles Robinson (1929–1948)
Ettore Felici (1949–1951)
Gerald P. O'Hara (1951–1954)
Albert Levame (1954–1958)

Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland

Italy

Francesco Borgongini Duca (1929–1953)
Giuseppe Fietta (1953–1958)

Apostolic Nuncio to Italy

Dino Alfieri (1939–1940)[n 11]
Bernardo Attolico (1940–1943)[n 12]
Galeazzo Ciano (1943)[n 13]

Ambassador

Luxembourg

Clemente Micara (1923–1946)
Fernando Cento (1946–1953)
Efrem Forni (1953–1962)

Netherlands

Paolo Giobbe (1935–1959)

Paraguay

Liberato Tosti (1946–1948)
Federico Lunardi (1949–1954)
Luigi Punzolo (1954–1957)
Carlo Martini (1958–1963)

Peru

Fernando Cento (1936–1946)
Giovanni Panico (1948–1953)
Francesco Lardone (1953–1959)

Apostolic Nuncio to Peru

Diomedei Arias Schreider[n 14]

Ambassador

Poland

Filippo Cortesi (1936–1947)[n 15]

Apostolic Nuncio to Poland

Kazimierz Papée (1939–1958)[n 16]

Ambassador

Portugal

Pietro Ciriaci (1934–1954)
Fernando Cento (1954–1958)

Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal

Carneiro Pacheco
Tovar de Lemos (?-1950)[35]
Jose Nasolini (1950-?)[36]

Ambassador

Based on the given table and the background passages listed.

Answer the following question: Which Argentina diplomat was born first ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

An apostolic nuncio ( also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio ) is an ecclesiastical diplomat , serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization . A nuncio is appointed by and represents the Holy See , and is the head of the diplomatic mission , called an Apostolic Nunciature , which is the equivalent of an embassy . The Holy See is legally distinct from the Vatican City or the Catholic Church . A nuncio is usually an archbishop . An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary , although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol . A nuncio performs the same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges . Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations , to which the Holy See is a party , a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country . The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country , and may grant the deanship of that country 's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority . The representative of the Holy See in some situations is called a Delegate or , in the case of the United Nations , Permanent Observer . In the Holy See hierarchy , these usually rank equally to a nuncio , but they do not have formal diplomatic status , though in some countries they have some diplomatic privileges . In addition , the nuncio serves as the liaison between the Holy See and the Church in that particular nation , supervising the diocesan episcopate ( usually a national conference of bishops which has its own chairman , usually the highest-ranking bishop or archbishop , especially if his seat carries the title of primate or he has individually been created a cardinal ) and has an important role in the selection of bishops .
Giuseppe Fietta ( 6 November 1883 - 1 October 1960 ) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Apostolic Nuncio to Italy from 1953 to 1958 , and was made a cardinal in 1958 .
Mario Zanin ( 1890-1958 ) , sometimes referred to by the French form of his name , Marius Zanin , and also known by the Chinese name 蔡寧 , Cài Níng , was an Italian prelate and papal diplomat . He served as Apostolic Delegate to China from 1933 to 1946 , as Apostolic Nuncio to Chile from 1947 to 1953 , and as Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina from 1953 to 1958 .
Giovanni Battista Dellepiane ( 21 February 1889 - 13 August 1961 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who spent his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See , including nineteen years leading the Vatican 's mission to the Belgian Congo .
The Apostolic Nuncio to Austria is an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador .
Clemente Micara ( 24 December 1879 - 11 March 1965 ) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1909 to 1950 and was Vicar General of Rome from 1951 until his death . Pope Pius XII made him a cardinal in 1946 .
Fernando Cento ( 10 August 1883 - 13 January 1973 ) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Major Penitentiary of Apostolic Penitentiary .
Efrem Leone Pio Forni ( 10 January 1889 - 26 February 1976 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Nuncio to Belgium and Internuncio to Luxembourg from 1953 to 1962 , and was elevated to the Cardinalate in 1962 .
The Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium is the holder of a diplomatic position within the Catholic Church , who acts as Ambassador of the Holy See to the Belgium . Diplomatic relations between the Belgian state ( 1830 ) and the Holy See began in 1835 . Until then , diplomatic relations for Catholics living on Belgian territories were secured by the vice-superior of the Dutch Mission .
The following is the list of Belgian Ambassadors to the Holy See , past and present . A Belgian Ambassador serves as that country 's official representative to the Holy See since formal diplomatic relations began in 1832 . Between 1880 and 1885 there were no diplomatic relations between Belgium and the Holy See .
Benedetto Aloisi Masella ( 29 June 1879 - 30 September 1970 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Discipline of the Sacraments from 1954 to 1968 , and as Chamberlain of the Roman Church ( or Camerlengo ) from 1958 until his death . Aloisi Masella was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946 by Pope Pius XII , whom he designated to canonically crown Our Lady of Fatima .
Carlo Chiarlo ( 4 November 1881 - 21 January 1964 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as nuncio to several countries , mostly Latin American , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958 .
The Apostolic Nunciature to the Republic of Brazil is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Brazil . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador .
Sebastiano Baggio ( 16 May 1913 - 22 March 1993 ) was an Italian cardinal , often thought to be have a likely candidate for election to the Papacy , and the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State in 1984 and the prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops in 1978 .
Giuseppe Beltrami ( 17 January 1889 - 13 December 1973 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Internuncio to the Netherlands from 1959 to 1967 , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967 .
Antonio Samorè ( 4 December 1905 - 3 February 1983 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church . He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1967 .
Paolo Bertoli S.T.D . JUD ( 1 February 1908 - 8 November 2001 ) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal and Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints .
Valerio Valeri ( 7 November 1883 - 22 July 1963 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church . He served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Religious in the Roman Curia from 1953 until his death , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII . President Charles de Gaulle insisted that Valeri be removed as Apostolic Nuncio to France ( 1936-1944 ) for collaborating with the Vichy regime .
Pope John XXIII ( Latin : Ioannes ; Italian : Giovanni ; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , Italian pronunciation : [ ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli ] ; 25 November 1881 - 3 June 1963 ) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 ; he was canonized on 27 April 2014 . Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was one of thirteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy . He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts , as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria , Greece and Turkey . In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice . Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots . Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council ( 1962-1965 ) , the first session opening on 11 October 1962 . John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate . His views on equality were summed up in his statement , We were all made in God 's image , and thus , we are all Godly alike . He made a major impact on the Catholic Church , opening it up to dramatic unexpected changes promulgated at the Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations . In Italian politics , he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections , and he helped the Christian Democratic Party to ease tensions with some of the social democrats who were consistently excluded from participation in government at the insistence of the United States and consequently had their dissent silenced by force . In international affairs , his Ostpolitik engaged in dialogue with the Soviet-aligned countries of Eastern Europe . He especially reached out to the Eastern Orthodox churches .
Paolo Marella ( 25 January 1895 - 15 October 1984 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served in the Roman Curia following a career as a delegate of the Holy See , and was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII in 1959 .
The Apostolic Nunciature to France is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in France . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador .
François Charles-Roux ( 19 November 1879 - 26 June 1961 ) was a French businessman , historian and diplomat . He was born in Marseille .
Wladimir d'Ormesson ( 2 August 1888 , Saint Petersburg - 15 September 1973 ) was a French essayist , novelist , journalist and diplomat . He was successively ambassador in Vatican city , Buenos Aires and Santiago , and wrote many essays ( Dans la nuit européenne , La Confiance de l'Allemagne ) and some novels ( La Préface d'une vie ) . D'Ormesson was elected to the Académie française in 1956 . He was also the president of the Office de radiodiffusion télévision française .
Léon Bérard ( 6 January 1876 , Sauveterre-de-Béarn - 24 February 1960 in Saint-Étienne ) was a French politician and lawyer . Bérard was Minister of Public Instruction in 1919 and from 1921 to 1924 , and Minister of Justice from 1931 to 1932 . He was elected to the Académie française in 1934 . He was the Ambassador from Vichy France to the Holy See from 1940 to 1945 . During his time as Senator , he was called upon by Édouard Daladier in early February 1939 to travel to Burgos , then under control of the Spanish Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War , which was drawing to its conclusion and Nationalist victory , to secure a treaty with Francoist Spain . France had previously provided tentative support to the Spanish Republicans , but was now forced to make deals with the soon to be victorious Nationalist government on the question of refugees from the Catalonia region . More than 400,000 refugees had flooded into south-eastern France since the beginning of 1939 . The resulting treaty , the Bérard-Jordana Agreement , was signed on 25 February 1939 and signalled French recognition of the Francoist government in Spain . Soon after , the governments of the United Kingdom ( 27 February ) and the United States ( 7 April ) also recognized Franco 's government as legitimate . Philippe Pétain became French ambassador to Spain and oversaw the implementation of the treaty . He was awarded Order of the White Eagle .
Jacques Maritain ( French : [ maʁitɛ̃ ] ; 18 November 1882 - 28 April 1973 ) was a French Catholic philosopher . Raised Protestant , he was agnostic before converting to Catholicism in 1906 . An author of more than 60 books , he helped to revive Thomas Aquinas for modern times , and was influential in the development and drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Pope Paul VI presented his Message to Men of Thought and of Science at the close of Vatican II to Maritain , his long-time friend and mentor . The same pope had seriously considered making him a lay Cardinal , but Maritain rejected it . Maritain 's interest and works spanned many aspects of philosophy , including aesthetics , political theory , philosophy of science , metaphysics , the nature of education , liturgy and ecclesiology .
Cesare Vincenzo Orsenigo ( December 13 , 1873 - April 1 , 1946 ) was Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1930 to 1945 , during the rise of Nazi Germany and World War II . Along with the German ambassador to the Vatican , Diego von Bergen and later Ernst von Weizsäcker , Orsenigo was the direct diplomatic link between Pope Pius XI and Pope Pius XII and the Nazi regime , meeting several times with Adolf Hitler directly and frequently with other high-ranking officials and diplomats . Orsenigo was close to Achille Ratti , the Archbishop of Milan , and was appointed to the Vatican diplomatic corps when Ratti was elected Pope Pius XI , as nuncio to the Netherlands ( 1922-1925 ) , Hungary ( 1925-1930 ) , and Germany ( 1930-1945 ) . In 1912 , at the age of thirty-nine , he was appointed a canon of the cathedral of Milan . Orsenigo believed in the Italian fascist ideal and hoped the German variety would develop into something similar . He was a controversial figure among his contemporaries and remains the subject of historical criticism for his advocacy of compromise and conciliation with the Nazis , particularly in relation to The Holocaust . Pius XII has been criticized by several contemporaries and historians for not replacing Orsenigo as nuncio . Pius XII left the nunciature vacant after Orsenigo 's death in 1946 until he appointed Aloisius Joseph Muench to the post in 1951 .
Aloisius Joseph Muench ( February 18 , 1889 - February 15 , 1962 ) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Bishop of Fargo from 1935 to 1959 , and as Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1951 to 1959 . He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1959 . Muench was the most powerful American Catholic and Vatican representative in Allied-occupied Germany and subsequently in West Germany from 1946 to 1959 as the liaison between the U.S. Office of Military Government and the German Catholic Church in the American occupation zone ( 1946-1949 ) , Pope Pius XII 's apostolic visitor to Germany ( 1946-1947 ) , the Vatican relief officer in Kronberg im Taunus , Germany ( 1947-1949 ) , regent in Kronberg ( 1949-1951 ) , as well as nuncio to Germany .
The Apostolic Nunciature to Germany is an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio to Germany with the rank of an ambassador . The office of the nunciature has been located in Berlin since 1925 , in union with the new Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia until 1934 . Between 1920 and 1925 the nunciature was held in personal union by the Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria , seated in Munich . With the unconditional surrender of Germany in 1945 the diplomatic ties were interrupted and reestablished for West Germany only in 1951 , then in Bonn . In 2001 the nunciature moved again to Berlin . Three Popes once served as nuncios in what is today 's Germany : Alexander VII , Leo XII and Pius XII . As of 2014 [ update ] the Apostolic Nuncio to Germany is Nikola Eterović , appointed by Pope Francis on September 21 , 2013 .
Dr. Carl-Ludwig Diego von Bergen ( 1872 - October 7 , 1944 ) was the ambassador to the Holy See from the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1915-1918 ) , the Weimar Republic ( 1920-1933 ) , and Nazi Germany ( 1933-1943 ) , most notably during the negotiation of the Reichskonkordat and during the Second World War . From 1930 to 1943 , by virtue of seniority , Bergen was also the doyen of the diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See . This office entitled him to speak at the funeral of Pope Pius XI in 1939 , when he infamously urged the cardinals to elect a new pope who would work with the fascist governments of Europe to build a new world upon the ruins of a past that in many things has no longer any reason to exist . Bergen was recalled in 1943 , aged more than seventy , which was a good deal more than the mandatory retirement age for German diplomats , and was replaced by Ernst von Weizsäcker .
Ernst Heinrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker ( 25 May 1882 - 4 August 1951 ) was a German naval officer , diplomat and politician . He served as State Secretary at the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1943 , and as its Ambassador to the Holy See from 1943 to 1945 . He was a member of the prominent Weizsäcker family , and the father of German President Richard von Weizsäcker and physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker .
Angelo Rotta ( 9 August 1872 - 1 February 1965 ) , originally from Milan , Italy , was the Apostolic Papal Nuncio in Budapest at the end of World War II . He was involved in the rescue of the Jews of Budapest from the Nazi Holocaust , and is a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism .
Ettore Felici ( 12 March 1881 , Segni - 9 May 1951 ) was the second Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland .
Gerald Patrick Aloysius O'Hara ( 4 May 1895 - 16 July 1963 ) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church . He served as bishop of the Diocese of Savannah ( 1935-59 ) , Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland ( 1951-54 ) , and Apostolic Delegate to Great Britain ( 1954-63 ) .
Albert Levame ( 19 January 1881 - 5 December 1958 ) was a Monagasque prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See .
The Holy See , as the central government of the Catholic Church from early Christian times ( as distinct from the State of Vatican City , which came into existence in 1929 ) , has full diplomatic ties with Ireland as well as many other countries worldwide . As of 2017 [ update ] the apostolic nuncio to Ireland is Archbishop Jude Thaddeus Okolo . The nuncio 's residence and office ( nunciature ) is at Navan Road , Dublin , Ireland .
Francesco Borgongini Duca ( 26 February 1884 - 4 October 1954 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Apostolic Nuncio to Italy from 1929 to 1953 and was made a cardinal in 1953 by Pope Pius XII .
Holy See-Italy relations refers to the special relationship between the Holy See , which is sovereign over the Vatican City , and the Italian Republic .
Edoardo Alfieri ( first name usually shortened to Dino ; 8 December 1886 - 12 December 1966 ) was an Italian fascist politician and diplomat .
Bernardo Attolico ( 17 January 1880 , Canneto di Bari - 9 February 1942 , Rome ) was an Italian diplomat . In 1915 he was appointed to represent the Italian Ministry of Agriculture , Industry and Commerce at the Commission Internationale de Ravitaillement in London . Then in 1916 he represented Italy in the Wheat Executive , and later the War Purchases and Finance Council , and the executive Committee of the Allied Maritime Transport Council and the Food Council Executive .
Gian Galeazzo Ciano , 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari ( /ˈtʃɑːnoʊ/ CHAH-noh , Italian : [ ɡaleˈattso ˈtʃaːno ] ; 18 March 1903 - 11 January 1944 ) was an Italian diplomat and politician who served as Foreign Minister in the government of his father-in-law , Benito Mussolini , from 1936 until 1943 . He was the son of Admiral Costanzo Ciano , a founding member of the National Fascist Party ; father and son both took part in Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 . Ciano saw action in the Italo-Ethiopian War ( 1935-36 ) and was appointed Foreign Minister on his return . Following a series of Axis defeats in the Second World War , Ciano began pushing for Italy 's exit , and was dismissed from his post as a result . He then served as ambassador to the Vatican . In July 1943 , Ciano was among the members of the Grand Council of Fascism that forced Mussolini 's ouster and subsequent arrest . Ciano proceeded to flee to Germany but was arrested and turned over to Mussolini 's new regime , the Italian Social Republic . Under German pressure , Mussolini ordered Ciano 's death , and in January 1944 he was executed by firing squad . Ciano wrote and left behind a diary that has been used as a source by several historians , including William Shirer in his The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich and in the four-hour HBO documentary-drama Mussolini and I .
Giovanni Panico ( 12 April 1895 - 7 July 1962 ) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church . He served as nuncio to several countries during his career , and was created a cardinal in 1962 .
The Apostolic Nunciature to the Republic of Peru is an ecclesiastical office of the Roman Catholic Church in Peru . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador .
Filippo Cortesi ( 8 Octobter 1876 - 1 February 1947 ) was the Apostolic Nuncio to Poland from December 24 , 1936 to February 1 , 1947 . Cortesi earlier served as nuncio to Paraguay in the interim . Cortesi was the only nuncio to Poland never to become a cardinal .
The Apostolic Nuncio to Poland is one of the oldest nuncios , appointed by the Pope as apostolic representative to the Roman Catholic Church in Poland . Three nuncios to Poland went on to be elected pope . Three were cardinals at the time of their appointment as nuncio , and the rest - with the sole exception of Filippo Cortesi - were elevated afterwards .
Dr. Kazimierz Papée ( sometimes Anglicized Casimir , January 10 , 1889 - January 19 , 1979 ) was the ambassador from Poland to the Holy See from 1939 to 1958 , during and after World War II . Due to the Nazi invasion of Poland months after Papée 's appointment , Papée represented the Polish government-in-exile for the remainder of Pope Pius XII 's papacy , before being dismissed by his successor , Pope John XXIII .
Pietro Ciriaci ( 2 December 1885 - 30 December 1966 ) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council in the Roman Curia from 1954 until his death , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII .
The Apostolic Nunciature to the Republic of Portugal is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Portugal . It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See , whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador . For much of the nineteenth and twentieth Centuries the holders of the office have gone on to hold positions in the Roman Curia that customarily been held by cardinals . This custom has now ceased , though is still in use in France .