List of University of Santo Tomas alumni
Noted honorary Thomasians
Table:
Name

Year/Degree

Notability

Reference

Corazon Aquino

LL.D.(hc) 1987

President of the Philippines 1986–1992

[170]

Francis Arinze

(no year indicated)

Igbo Nigerian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, current Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments 2002–2008

[171]

Sebastiano Baggio

(no year indicated)

Italian cardinal, president of the Vatican City State 1984–1990

[171]

Irina Bokova

2011

Bulgarian politician, incumbent Directors-General of UNESCO

[172]

Paul Josef Cordes

S.T.D.(hc) 2007

German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum 1995–2010

[171]

Victorio Edades

D.F.A.(hc) 1977

1976 National Artist in Painting

[173]

Damaskinos of Switzerland

D.Th.(hc) 1999

Senior bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, current member of the Holy Synod of Jerusalem

[174]

Juan Carlos de Borbón

LL.D.(hc) 1974

Incumbent King of Spain

[175]

Józef Glemp

(no year indicated)

Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Warsaw 1981–2006

[171]

Joseph Höffner

(no year indicated)

German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Cologne 1969–1987

[171]

Alfonso López Trujillo

(no year indicated)

Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, president of the Pontifical Council for the Family 1990–2008

[171]

Chiara Lubich

S.T.D.(hc) 1997

Italian Catholic activist and leader, foundress of the Focolare Movement

[176]

Kōichirō Matsuura

LL.D.(hc) 2006

Japanese diplomat, Directors-General of UNESCO 1999–2009

[177]

Douglas MacArthur

LL.D.(hc) 1945

American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army

[175]

Mah Soo-lay

D.Hum.(hc) 1988

Legislator of Republic of China

[178]

Frank Murphy

LL.D.(hc) 1934

Politician and jurist from Michigan, Governor-General of the Philippines 1933–1935, U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines 1935–1936

[175]

Sergio Osmeña

LL.D.(hc) 1929

Second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, and fourth President of the Philippines 1944–1946

[179]

Eduardo Francisco Pironio

(no year indicated)

Italian Cardinal-Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church

[171]

Aurora Quezon

PhD in Ped.(hc) 1940

First Spouse of the Philippines 1935–1944, first chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross

[175]

Rufino Jiao Santos

(no year indicated)

First Filipino Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church 1953–1973

[171]

Using the table together with the context snippets below.

State the answer to the question: What title did have the oldest of the women who graduated from the Santo Tomas university ? Provide just your answer in a JSON object {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

Maria Corazon Cory Cojuangco Aquino ( born Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco ; 25 January 1933 - 1 August 2009 ) was a Filipino politician who served as the 11th President of the Philippines , becoming the first woman to hold that office . Corazon Aquino was the most prominent figure of the 1986 People Power Revolution , which ended the 21-year rule of President Ferdinand Marcos . She was named Time magazine 's Woman of the Year in 1986 . Prior to this , she had not held any elective office . A self plain housewife , she was married to Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. , the staunchest critic of President Marcos . She emerged as leader of the opposition after her husband was assassinated on 21 August 1983 upon returning to the Philippines from exile in the United States . In late 1985 , Marcos called for a snap election , and Aquino ran for president with former senator Salvador Laurel as her running mate for vice president . After the election held on 7 February 1986 , the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and his running mate Arturo Tolentino as the winners ; allegations were made of electoral fraud , with Aquino calling for massive civil disobedience actions . Defections from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the support of the local Catholic hierarchy led to the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and secured Aquino 's accession on 25 February 1986 . As President , Aquino oversaw the promulgation of the 1987 Constitution , which limited the powers of the Presidency and re-established the bicameral Congress . Her administration provided strong emphasis on and concern for civil liberties and human rights , and on peace talks to resolve the ongoing Communist insurgency and Islamist secession movements . Her economic policies centered on restoring economic health and confidence and focused on creating a market-oriented and socially responsible economy .
Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a degree in law . The application of the term varies from country to country and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science ( J.S.D . or S.J.D ) , Doctor juris ( Dr. iur . or Dr. jur . ) , Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) , Juris Doctor ( J.D . ) , and Legum Doctor ( LL.D . ) .
An honorary degree [ note 1 ] is an academic degree for which a university ( or other degree-awarding institution ) has waived the usual requirements , such as matriculation , residence , a dissertation , and the passing of comprehensive examinations . It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ( for the sake of the honour ) or ad honorem ( to the honour ) . The degree is typically a doctorate or , less commonly , a master 's degree , and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education . An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows : Doctorate in Business Administration ( Hon . Causa ) . The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor 's contributions to a specific field or to society in general . It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in one 's curriculum vitae ( CV ) as an award , and not in the education section . With regard to the use of this honorific , the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients refrain from adopting the misleading title and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title Dr before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community . Rev . Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees , having been awarded 150 during his lifetime .
The President of the Philippines ( POTPH ) ( Filipino : Pangulo ng Pilipinas , informally referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas ) is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines . The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . The president is directly elected by the people , and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials , the other being the vice president of the Philippines . However , four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office , by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . [ note 2 ] Filipinos refer to their president as Pangulo or Presidente . The president serves a single , fixed , six-year term without possibility of re-election . On June 30 , 2016 , Rodrigo Duterte was sworn in as the 16th and current president .
Francis Arinze ( born 1 November 1932 ) is a Nigerian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He was Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments from 2002 to 2008 . He has been the Cardinal Bishop of Velletri-Segni since 2005 . Arinze was one of the principal advisors to Pope John Paul II and was considered papabile before the 2005 papal conclave , which elected Pope Benedict XVI .
The Igbo people ( English : /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh , also US : /ˈɪɡboʊ/ ; also spelled Ibo and formerly also Iboe , Ebo , Eboe , Eboans , Heebo ; natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ ìɡ͡bò ] ( listen ) ) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria . There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people , as it is unknown how exactly the group came to form . Geographically , the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River - an eastern ( which is the larger of the two ) and a western section . The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa . The Igbo language is a part of the Niger-Congo language family . It is divided into numerous regional dialects , and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger Igboid cluster . The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River , east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups , and west of the Ibibioid ( Cross River ) cluster . In rural Nigeria , Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen , farmers and traders . The most important crop is the yam . Other staple crops include cassava and taro . Before British colonial rule in the 20th century , the Igbo were a politically fragmented group , with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri , Aro Confederacy , Agbor and Onitsha . Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of Warrant Chiefs .
Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively .
The Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni is one of the suburbicarian dioceses , Catholic dioceses in Italy close to Rome with a special status and a Cardinal Bishop , the bishop of Velletri-Segni . Historically , the see of Velletri was combined with the see of Ostia from 1060 to 1914 . In 1981 , the diocese of Velletri was combined with the diocese of Segni . The Cardinal-Bishop is now the titular bishop of the diocese , while the diocesan bishop administers the diocese .
The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments ( Latin : Congregatio de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum ) is the congregation of the Roman Curia that handles most affairs relating to liturgical practices of the Latin Church as distinct from the Eastern Catholic Churches and also some technical matters relating to the Sacraments . Its functions were originally exercised by the Sacred Congregation of Rites , set up in January 1588 by Pope Sixtus V .
Sebastiano Baggio ( 16 May 1913 - 22 March 1993 ) was an Italian cardinal , often thought to be have a likely candidate for election to the Papacy , and the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State in 1984 and the prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops in 1978 .
Vatican City ( /ˈvætɪkən/ ( listen ) ) , officially Vatican City State ( Italian : Stato della Città del Vaticano ; [ d ] Latin : Status Civitatis Vaticanae ) , [ e ] [ f ] is an independent city-state enclaved within Rome , Italy . Established with the Lateran Treaty ( 1929 ) , it is distinct from , yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( Latin : Sancta Sedes ) . [ g ] With an area of 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) , and a population of about 1,000 , it is the smallest sovereign state in the world by both area and population . The Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ( a type of theocracy ) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church . The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins . Since the return of the popes from Avignon in 1377 , they have generally resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City , although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere . The Holy See dates back to early Christianity , and is the primate episcopal see of the Catholic Church , with 1.3 billion Catholic Christians around the world distributed in the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches . The independent Vatican City-state , on the other hand , came into existence on 11 February 1929 by the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and Italy , which spoke of it as a new creation , not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States ( 756-1870 ) , which had previously encompassed much of central Italy . Within the Vatican City are religious and cultural sites such as St. Peter 's Basilica , the Sistine Chapel , and the Vatican Museums . They feature some of the world 's most famous paintings and sculptures . The unique economy of Vatican City is supported financially by the sale of postage stamps and souvenirs , fees for admission to museums , and sales of publications .
Irina Georgieva Bokova ( Bulgarian : Ирина Георгиева Бокова ; born 12 July 1952 ) is a Bulgarian politician and the former Director-General of UNESCO ( 2009-2017 ) . During her political and diplomatic career in Bulgaria , she served , among others , two terms as a member of the National parliament , and deputy minister of foreign affairs and minister of foreign affairs ad interim under Prime Minister Zhan Videnov . She also served as Bulgaria 's ambassador to France and to Monaco , and was Bulgaria 's Permanent Delegate to UNESCO . Bokova was also the personal representative of Bulgaria 's President to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( 2005-2009 ) . On 15 November 2009 , she took office as the ninth Director-General of UNESCO , marking two firsts . She is both the first female and the first Southeastern European to head the agency . At UNESCO , Director-General Bokova advocates for gender equality , improved education and preventing funding for terrorism , especially by enforcing the protection of intellectual goods . A firm opponent of racism and anti-Semitism , Director-General Bokova has led UNESCO 's activities on Holocaust remembrance .
Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State .
The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ; French : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation , la science et la culture ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations ( UN ) based in Paris , France . Its declared purpose is to contribute to promoting international collaboration in education , sciences , and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice , the rule of law , and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter . It is the successor of the League of Nations ' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation . UNESCO has 193 member states and 11 associate members . Most of its field offices are cluster offices that cover three or more countries ; national and regional offices also exist . UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs : education , natural sciences , social/human sciences , culture and communication/information . Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy , technical , and teacher-training programs , international science programs , the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press , regional and cultural history projects , the promotion of cultural diversity , translations of world literature , international cooperation agreements to secure the world 's cultural and natural heritage ( World Heritage Sites ) and to preserve human rights , and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide . It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group . UNESCO 's aim is to contribute to the building of peace , the eradication of poverty , sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education , the sciences , culture , communication and information . Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning , addressing emerging social and ethical challenges , fostering cultural diversity , a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication . The broad goals and objectives of the international community - as set out in the internationally agreed development goals , including the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) - underpin all UNESCO strategies and activities .
Paul Josef Cordes ( born 5 September 1934 ) is a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as President of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum ( 1995-2010 ) , and was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2007 .
Doctor of Sacred Theology ( Latin : Sacrae Theologiae Doctor [ STD ] ; formerly Professor of Sacred Theology , Sacrae Theologiae Professor [ STP ] ) is the final theological degree in the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church . The two terms also continue to be used in the ancient Anglican universities of Oxford , Cambridge , and Dublin , as an alternative name for the degree of Doctor of Divinity ( DD ) , a practice which has now been discontinued .
The Pontifical Council Cor Unum for Human and Christian Development was a dicastery of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church from 1971 to 2016 .
Victorio C. Edades ( December 23 , 1895 - March 7 , 1985 ) was a Filipino painter . He led the revolutionary Thirteen Moderns , who engaged their classical compatriots in heated debate over the nature and function of art . He was named a National Artist in 1976 .
Doctor of Fine Arts ( D.F.A . ) is doctoral degree in fine arts , may be given as an honorary degree ( a degree honoris causa ) or an earned professional degree ( in the UK ) .
The Order of National Artists of the Philippines ( Filipino : Orden ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas ) is an order bestowed by the Philippines on Filipinos who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art . Members of the Order are known as National Artists . Originally instituted as an award , it was elevated to the status of an order in 2003 . The Order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcos 's Proclamation № 1001 of April 2 , 1972 and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts . The first award was posthumously conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo .
Archbishop Damaskinos of Jaffa and Arimathea ( secular name Anastasios Gaganiaras ) is a senior bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and a current member of the Holy Synod of Jerusalem . He was born in 1952 in Agia , Larissa . He became a monk in 1968 , was ordained deacon ( 1970 ) and priest ( 1977 ) , became archimandrite in 1980 , and archbishop in 1998 . He holds degrees from the University of Bethlehem and the University of Thessalonica , and has been on the faculty of the University of Thessalonica since 1984 .
Doctor of Theology ( Latin : Doctor Theologiae , abbreviated DTh , ThD , DTheol , or Dr . theol . ) is a terminal degree in the academic discipline of theology . The ThD is an advanced research degree equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy .
The Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem ( Arabic : كنيسة الروم الأرثوذكس في القدس Kanisatt Ar-rum al-Urtudoks fi al-Quds , literally Rûmi Orthodox Church of Jerusalem ; Hebrew : הפטריארכיה היוונית-אורתודוקסית של ירושלים ) , officially called simply the Patriarchate of Jerusalem ( Greek : Πατριαρχεῖον Ἱεροσολύμων , Patriarcheîon Hierosolýmōn ) , is an autocephalous Church within the wider communion of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity . It is headed by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem , the incumbent being Theophilos III since 2005 . Christians believe that it was in Jerusalem that the Church was established on the day of Pentecost with the descent of the Holy Spirit on the disciples of Jesus Christ ( Acts 2:1-41 ) and that the Gospel of Christ spread from Jerusalem . The Church celebrates its liturgy in the Byzantine Rite , whose original language is Koine Greek , the original language of the New Testament , and follows its own calendar of feasts , preserving the Julian calendar ( that is thirteen days behind the Western ( Gregorian ) calendar ) . It is also often called Σιωνίτις Εκκλησία ( Greek : Sionitis Ecclesia , i.e . the Church of Zion ) . The number of Orthodox Christians in the Holy Land is estimated at about 500,000 . A majority of Church members are Palestinians and Jordanians , and there are also many Russians , Romanians , and Georgians . The Church 's hierarchy is dominated by Greek clergy , which in effect excludes the Arab majority from the Church 's upper ranks . This has been a point of endless contention between Greeks in the patriarchate , who are backed in this regard by the Greek government , Israel and the Turkey-based Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , and the native Palestinian clergy- some of whom seek to nationalize their Church 's leadership . ( see Arab Orthodox ) . The headquarters of the Orthodox Church in Jerusalem is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre .
The Holy Synod of Jerusalem is the senior ruling body of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher . The Synod consists of 18 members nominated by the Patriarch in a session of the Holy Synod itself . It normally consists of all of the bishops and several senior archimandrites ( or younger archimandrites who are likely to be made bishops at some point ) . During the interregnum between patriarchs it serves as the supreme body under the chairmanship of the locum tenens . The current President of the Holy Synod is Patriarch Theofilos III of Jerusalem .
Juan Carlos I ( Spanish : [ xwaŋˈkaɾlos ] ; [ a ] Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias , born 5 January 1938 ) is a member of the Spanish royal family who reigned as King of Spain from November 1975 until his abdication in June 2014 . Juan Carlos is the grandson of Alfonso XIII , the last king of Spain before the abolition of the monarchy in 1931 and the subsequent declaration of the Second Spanish Republic . Juan Carlos was born in Rome , Italy , during his family 's exile . Generalísimo Francisco Franco took over the government of Spain after his victory in the Spanish Civil War in 1939 , yet in 1947 Spain 's status as a monarchy was affirmed and a law was passed allowing Franco to choose his successor . Juan Carlos 's father , Juan , was the third son of King Alfonso , who had renounced his claims to the throne in January 1941 . Juan was seen by Franco to be too liberal and in 1969 was bypassed in favour of Juan Carlos as Franco 's successor as head of state . Juan Carlos spent his early years in Italy and came to Spain in 1947 to continue his studies . After completing his secondary education in 1955 , he began his military training and entered the General Military Academy at Zaragoza . Later , he attended the Naval Military School , the General Academy of the Air , and finished his tertiary education at the University of Madrid . In 1962 , Juan Carlos married Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark in Athens . The couple had two daughters and a son together : Elena , Cristina , and Felipe . Due to Franco 's declining health , Juan Carlos first began periodically acting as Spain 's head of state in the summer of 1974 .
The monarchy of Spain ( Spanish : Monarquía Española ) , constitutionally referred to as The Crown ( Spanish : La Corona ) , is a constitutional institution and the highest office of Spain . The monarchy comprises the reigning monarch , his or her family , and the royal household organization which supports and facilitates the monarch in the exercise of his duties and prerogatives . The Spanish monarchy is currently represented by King Felipe VI , Queen Letizia , and their daughters Leonor , Princess of Asturias , and Infanta Sofía . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 re-established a constitutional monarchy as the form of government for Spain . The 1978 constitution affirmed the role of the King of Spain as the living personification and embodiment of the Spanish State and a symbol of Spain 's enduring unity and permanence and is also invested as the arbitrator and the moderator of Spanish state institutions Constitutionally , the king is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed Forces . The constitution codifies the use of royal styles and titulary , Royal Prerogatives , hereditary succession to the crown , compensation , and a regency-guardianship contingency in cases of the monarch 's minority or incapacitation . According to the constitution , the monarch is also instrumental in promoting relations with the nations of its historical community . The King of Spain serves as the president of the Organization of Ibero-American States , purportedly representing over 700,000,000 people in twenty-four member nations worldwide . In 2008 , King Juan Carlos I was considered the most popular leader in all Ibero-America . The Spanish monarchy has its roots in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo founded after the fall of the Roman Empire . Then the Kingdom of Asturias fought the Reconquista following the Umayyad invasion of Hispania in the 8th century . A dynastic marriage between Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon united Spain in the 15th century .
Józef Glemp ( 18 December 1929 - 23 January 2013 ) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He was Archbishop of Warsaw from 1981 to 2006 , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1983 .
Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 .
The Archdiocese of Warsaw is a Catholic ecclesiastical territory or diocese in Poland encompassing the Polish capital . It was erected on October 16 , 1798 . It was elevated to an Archdiocese on June 30 , 1813 . A Metropolitan See , its suffragan dioceses are the Roman Catholic Diocese of Płock and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warszawa-Praga . According to the church statistics 30.4% of the dioceses population attended a church weekly in 2013 . This is higher than a year earlier ( 29.8% ) however that does n't mean that church attendance is n't declining at all there .
Joseph Höffner ( 24 December 1906 - 16 October 1987 ) was a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as the Archbishop of Cologne from 1969 to 1987 and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969 . The Archdiocese of Cologne - in a 2007 statement - has indicated their intention to soon open the cause of beatification for the late cardinal .
The Archbishop of Cologne is an archbishop representing the Archdiocese of Cologne of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany and was ex officio one of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire , the Elector of Cologne , from 1356 to 1801 . Since the early days of the Catholic Church , there have been ninety-four bishops and archbishops of Cologne . Seven of these ninety-four retired by resignation , including four resignations which were in response to impeachment . Eight of the bishops and archbishops were coadjutor bishops before they took office . Seven individuals were appointed as coadjutors freely by the Pope . One of the ninety-four moved to the Curia , where he became a cardinal . Additionally , six of the archbishops of Cologne were chairmen of the German Bishops ' Conference . Currently , Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki is the Archbishop of Cologne , since his 2014 transfer from Berlin , where he had been Cardinal Archbishop .
Alfonso López Trujillo ( 8 November 1935 - 19 April 2008 ) was a Colombian Cardinal Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and president of the Pontifical Council for the Family .
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ ( listen ) kə-LUM-bee-ə , /-ˈlɒm-/ -⁠LOM- ; Spanish : [ koˈlombja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Colombia ( Spanish : República de Colombia ( help·info ) ) , [ Note 1 ] is a country largely situated in the north of South America , with land and territories in North America . Colombia is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea , the northwest by Panama , the south by both Ecuador and Peru , the east by Venezuela , the southeast by Brazil , and the west by the Pacific . It comprises thirty-two departments , with the capital in Bogotá . Colombia is ethnically and linguistically diverse , with its rich cultural heritage reflecting influences by various Amerindian civilizations , European settlement , forced African labor , and immigration from Europe and the greater Middle East . Urban centres are concentrated in the Andean highlands and the Caribbean coast . Colombia has been inhabited by various American Indian peoples since at least 12,000 BCE , including the Muisca , Quimbaya , and the Tairona . Spaniards arrived in 1499 and by the mid-16th century annexed part of the region , establishing the New Kingdom of Granada , with Santafé de Bogotá as its capital . Independence from Spain was achieved in 1819 , but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved , with what is now Colombia and Panama emerging as the Republic of New Granada . The new sovereign state experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation ( 1858 ) , and then the United States of Colombia ( 1863 ) , before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886 . Panama seceded in 1903 , leading to Colombia 's present borders . Beginning in the 1960s , the country suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence , both of which escalated in the 1990s . Since 2005 , there has been significant improvement in security , stability , and rule of law .
The Pontifical Council for the Family was part of the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church from 1981 to 2016 . It was established by Pope John Paul II on 9 May 1981 with his motu proprio Familia a Deo Instituta , replacing the Committee for the Family that Pope Paul VI had established in 1973 . The Council fostered the pastoral care of families , protects their rights and dignity in the Church and in civil society , so that they may ever be more able to fulfill their duties . Its functions were shifted to the new Dicastery for the Laity , Family and Life on 1 September 2016 .
Chiara Lubich ( 22 January 1920 - 14 March 2008 ) was an Italian Catholic activist and leader and founder of the Focolare Movement .
The Focolare Movement is an international organization that promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood . Founded in Trent , northern Italy , in 1943 by Chiara Lubich as a Catholic movement , it remains largely Roman Catholic but has strong links to the major Christian denominations and other religions , or in some cases with the non-religious . The Focolare Movement operates in 180 nations and has over 140,440 members . The word Focolare is Italian for hearth or family fireside . While Focolare is the common sobriquet given to this organisation , its official name when approved in 1990 as an International Association of the Faithful of Pontifical Right , was Work of Mary .
Kōichirō Matsuura ( 松浦 晃一郎 , Matsūra Kōichirō , born 29 September 1937 in Yamaguchi Prefecture ) is a Japanese diplomat . He is the former Director-General of UNESCO . He was first elected in 1999 to a six-year term and reelected on 12 October 2005 for four years , following a reform instituted by the 29th session of the General Conference . In November 2009 , he was replaced by Irina Bokova . He studied law at the University of Tokyo and economics at Haverford College ( Pennsylvania , USA ) and began his diplomatic career in 1959 . Posts held by Mr Matsuura include those of Director-General of the Economic Co-operation Bureau of Japans Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 1988 ) ; Director-General of the North American Affairs Bureau , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 1990 ) ; and Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs ( 1992-1994 ) . He was Japans Ambassador to France from 1994 to 1999 . After one year as the Chairperson of UNESCOs World Heritage Committee , he became UNESCOs ninth Director-General on 12 November 1999 .
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964 ) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army . Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times . From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam .
Field Marshal of the Philippines was a rank created in 1936 to be held by Douglas MacArthur .
The Philippine Army ( PA ; Filipino : Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas ) ( Castellano/Español : Ejército de Filipinas ) is the main , oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) responsible for ground warfare . The Commanding General of the Philippine Army , its professional and overall head , is Lieutenant General Gilbert I. Gapay , who took office on December 6 , 2019 . Its main headquarters is located at Fort Bonifacio , Metro Manila .
A legislator ( or lawmaker ) is a person who writes and passes laws , especially someone who is a member of a legislature . Legislators are usually politicians and are often elected by the people of the state . Legislatures may be supra-national ( for example , the European Parliament ) , national ( for example , the United States Congress ) , regional ( for example , the National Assembly for Wales ) , or local ( for example , local authorities ) .
Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands .
William Francis Murphy ( April 13 , 1890 - July 19 , 1949 ) was a Democratic politician and jurist from Michigan . He was named to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 after a political career that included serving as United States Attorney General , Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit . He also served as the last Governor General of the Philippine Islands and the first High Commissioner of the Philippines . Born in The Thumb region of Michigan , Murphy graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1914 . After serving in the United States Army during World War I , he served as a federal attorney and trial judge . He served as Mayor of Detroit from 1930 to 1933 before accepting appointment as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands . He defeated incumbent Republican Governor Frank Fitzgerald in Michigan 's 1936 gubernatorial election and served a single term as Governor of Michigan . Murphy lost re-election to Fitzgerald in 1938 and accepted appointment as the United States Attorney General the following year . In 1940 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Murphy to the Supreme Court to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler . Murphy served on the Court from 1940 until his death in 1949 , and was succeeded by Tom C. Clark . Murphy wrote the Court 's majority opinion in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co. , and wrote a dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States .
Michigan ( /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States . Its name originates from the Ojibwe word mishigamaa , meaning large water or large lake . With a population of just under 10 million , Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States , with the 11th most extensive total area , and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River . [ b ] Its capital is Lansing , and its largest city is Detroit . Metro Detroit is among the nation 's most populous and largest metropolitan economies . Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas . The Lower Peninsula is often noted as being shaped like a mitten . The Upper Peninsula ( often called the U.P . ) is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac , a five-mile ( 8 km ) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan . The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas . The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world , being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes , plus Lake Saint Clair . Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds .
High Commissioner to the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935-1946 . The office was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 , which provided for a period of transition from direct American rule to the complete independence of the islands on July 4 , 1946 . It replaced the office of Governor-General of the Philippines , who had direct executive authority . Under the Commonwealth , executive power was held by an elected Filipino President . The role of the High Commissioner was largely ceremonial . The office of High Commissioner was held by :
Sergio Osmeña Sr. PLH ( Spanish : [ ˈseɾxjo ozˈmeɲa ] ; September 9 , 1878 - October 19 , 1961 ) was a Filipino politician who served as the fourth President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946 . He was Vice President under Manuel L. Quezon . Upon Quezon 's sudden death in 1944 , Osmeña succeeded him at age 65 , becoming the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency until 71-year-old Rodrigo Duterte took office in 2016 . A founder of the Nacionalista Party , Osmeña was also the first Visayan to become president . Prior to his accession in 1944 , Osmeña served as Governor of Cebu from 1906 to 1907 , Member and first Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1907 to 1922 , and Senator from the 10th Senatorial District for thirteen years , in which capacity he served as Senate President pro tempore . In 1935 , he was nominated to be the running-mate of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon for the presidential election that year . The duo were overwhelmingly re-elected in 1941 . He was the patriarch of the prominent Osmeña family , which includes his son , former Senator Sergio Osmeña Jr. , and his grandsons , senators Sergio Osmeña III and John Henry Osmeña , ex-governor Lito Osmeña and Cebu City mayor Tomas Osmeña .
The Commonwealth of the Philippines ( Spanish : Commonwealth de Filipinas ; Tagalog : Komonwelt ng Pilipinas or Malasariling Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas ) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 , aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country . It replaced the Insular Government , a United States territorial government , and was established by the Tydings-McDuffie Act . The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence . Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States . During its more than a decade of existence , the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court . Its legislature , dominated by the Nacionalista Party , was at first unicameral , but later bicameral . In 1937 , the government selected Tagalog - the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces - as the basis of the national language , although it would be many years before its usage became general . Women 's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942 . The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945 , when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation . In 1946 , the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines claimed full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution .
Eduardo Francisco Pironio ( 3 December 1920 - 5 February 1998 ) was an Argentine Roman Catholic cardinal who served in numerous departments of the Roman Curia from 1975 to 1996 . He was named Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina-Poggio in 1995 . On 30 June 2006 the Diocese of Rome began requesting testimonies about the life and sanctity of Cardinal Pironio which opened his cause of canonization and bestowed upon him the posthumous title Servant of God .
Aurora Antonia Aragon Quezon ( née Aragon y Molina ; February 19 , 1888 - April 28 , 1949 ) , usually known simply as Aurora Quezon and sometimes as Aurora Aragon-Quezon , was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Luis Quezon and the First Lady of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944 . Although she is recognized as the second First Lady of the Philippines , she was actually the first spouse of a Philippine president to be addressed as such , the honorific being unknown in the Philippines prior to Manuel Quezon 's presidency . Much beloved by Filipinos , Quezon was known for involvement with humanitarian activities and served as the first Chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross . Five years after her husband 's death , she and her daughter Baby were assassinated while they were en route to open a hospital dedicated to her husband . The province of Aurora was named in her memory . She is a Servant of God .
A Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD , Ph.D. , or DPhil ; Latin philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae ) is the highest university degree that is conferred after a course of study by universities in most countries . PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields . As an earned research degree , those studying for a PhD are usually required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge , normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation , and defend their work against experts in the field . The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professor , researcher , or scientist in many fields . Individuals who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree may , in many jurisdictions , use the title Doctor ( often abbreviated Dr or Dr. ) with their name , although the proper etiquette associated with this usage may also be subject to the professional ethics of their own scholarly field , culture , or society . Those who teach at universities or work in academic , educational , or research fields are usually addressed by this title professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation . Alternatively , holders may use post-nominal letters such as Ph.D. , PhD , or DPhil ( depending on the awarding institution ) . It is , however , considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time . The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country , institution , and time period , from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates . During the studies that lead to the degree , the student is called a doctoral student or PhD student ; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or PhD candidate ( see : all but dissertation ) . A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master 's degree en route to the doctoral degree . Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as PhD ABD , meaning All But Dissertation .
Pedagogy ( /ˈpɛdəɡɒdʒi , -ɡoʊdʒi , -ɡɒɡi/ ) , most commonly understood as the approach to teaching , refers to the theory and practice of learning , and how this process influences , and is influenced by , the social , political and psychological development of learners . Pedagogy , taken as an academic discipline , is the study of how knowledge and skills are imparted in an educational context , and it considers the interactions that take place during learning . Both the theory and practice of pedagogy vary greatly , as they reflect different social , political , and cultural contexts . Pedagogy is often described as the act of teaching . The pedagogy adopted by teachers shapes their actions , judgments , and other teaching strategies by taking into consideration theories of learning , understandings of students and their needs , and the backgrounds and interests of individual students . Its aims may range from furthering liberal education ( the general development of human potential ) to the narrower specifics of vocational education ( the imparting and acquisition of specific skills ) . Conventional western pedagogies view the teacher as knowledge holder and student as the recipient of knowledge ( described by Paulo Freire as banking methods ) , but theories of pedagogy increasingly identify the student as an agent , and the teacher as a facilitator . Instructive strategies are governed by the pupil 's background knowledge and experience , situation , and environment , as well as learning goals set by the student and teacher . One example would be the Socratic method . The teaching of adults , as a specific group , is referred to as andragogy .
The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines ( Filipino : Unang Ginang/Ginoó ng Pilipinas ) is the unofficial , customary title of the host or hostess of Malacañang Palace , the residence of the head of state and head of government of the Philippines . The title is traditionally held by the consort of the president of the Philippines , and as such is used to interchangeably refer to the spouse of the incumbent , however this is n't usually the case especially for presidents without a living spouse at the time of their tenure . The current president Rodrigo Duterte has no designated first lady despite having Cielito Avanceña as his common-law wife . No other family member or any other individual has been designated as the current incumbent 's first lady .
The Philippine Red Cross ( PRC ) is a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . The PRC was established in 1947 , with roots in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire . It was initially involved only in the provision of blood and short-term palliatives as well as participation in disaster-related activities but they now focus on a wider array of humanitarian services . At present , the PRC provides six major services : National Blood Services , Disaster Management Services , Safety Services , Health Services , Welfare Services and Red Cross Youth . All of them embody the fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - humanity , impartiality , neutrality , independence , voluntary service , unity and universality . These values guide and inspire all Red Cross staff and volunteers , to whom being a Red Crosser is more than just a philosophy but a way of life . The most famous among all is the Mandaluyong Red Cross and the Mandaluyong Red Cross Youth . Eulogio Rodriguez Integrated School has the most activate member in Red Cross Youth Organization .
Rufino Jiao Santos ( August 26 , 1908 - September 3 , 1973 ) was the 29th Archbishop of Manila from February 10 , 1953 until his death on September 3 , 1973 , and was the first Filipino elevated to the rank of cardinal .