List of Omega Psi Phi brothers
Table:
Name

Original chapter

Notability

References

Clifford Alexander Jr.

First African American Secretary of the Army

[2]

John P. Davis

Lawyer, Publisher, Civil rights activist

Roger Gregory

Upsilon Nu

Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

[8]

Nathan Hare

Phi Psi

The first coordinator of a black studies program; Founding publisher of The Black Scholar

William H. Hastie

Alpha Psi

First Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands

[2]

Benjamin Hooks

Epsilon Phi (1942)

Executive Director of NAACP, Civil Rights Activist, Minister

[9]

Jesse Jackson Jr.

Nu Pi Graduate Chapter Joliet, IL

Representative from Illinois

Jesse Jackson, Sr.

Pi Psi

Founder of the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, Civil Rights Activist, Democratic Presidential Nominee, Minister

[2]

Hank Johnson

Kappa Alpha Alpha

Representative from Georgia

Rushern L. Baker, III

Alpha

County Executive of Prince George's County

[10]

Vernon Jordan

Zeta Phi

[2]

Ronald Langston

National Director of the Minority Business Development Agency

[11]

Clarence Lightner

Tau Psi

First popularly elected Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina and the first African American elected mayor of a metropolitan Southern city.

[12][13]

Kendrick Meek

Upsilon Psi

Representative from Florida

Kweisi Mfume

Grand Chapter
(Special Intake)

Former President/CEO of NAACP, Congressman

Khalid Abdul Muhammad

Theta Sigma

National Representative for the Nation of Islam & National Chairman of the New Black Panther Party

Bayard Rustin

Upsilon

Leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, pacifism and non-violence, and gay rights.

[2]

David Satcher

Psi

Surgeon General of the United States

[2]

Teddy B. Taylor

Florida A&M University

American diplomat

[2]

With reference to the given table together with the passages below.

Answer the following question: The governor of the US Virgin Islands was a judge on what circuit ? Output only the correct answer as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Use only the information given.

Clifford Leopold Alexander Jr. ( born September 21 , 1933 ) is an American lawyer , businessman and public servant from New York City . He was the first African-American Secretary of the Army .
The secretary of the Army ( SA , SECARM or SECARMY ) is a senior civilian official within the Department of Defense of the United States with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army : manpower , personnel , reserve affairs , installations , environmental issues , weapons systems and equipment acquisition , communications , and financial management . The secretary of the Army is nominated by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate . The secretary is a non-Cabinet level official serving under the secretary of defense . This position was created on September 18 , 1947 , replacing the secretary of war , when the Department of War was split into the Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force . On September 26 , 2019 , Ryan McCarthy was confirmed as the Secretary of the Army , and was sworn in to office on September 30 , 2019 .
John Preston Davis ( January 19 , 1905 - September 11 , 1973 ) was an American journalist , lawyer and activist intellectual , who became prominent for his work with the Joint Committee on National Recovery ( JCNR ) . In 1935 he co-founded the National Negro Congress , an organization dedicated to the advancement of African Americans during the Great Depression . In 1946 he founded Our World magazine , a full-size , nationally distributed publication for African-American readers . He also published the American Negro Reference Book , covering virtually every aspect of African-American life , present and past .
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals ' freedom from infringement by governments , social organizations , and private individuals . They ensure one 's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression . Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples ' physical and mental integrity , life , and safety ; protection from discrimination on grounds such as race , gender , sexual orientation , national origin , color , age , political affiliation , ethnicity , religion , and disability ; and individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought , speech , religion , press , assembly , and movement . Political rights include natural justice ( procedural fairness ) in law , such as the rights of the accused , including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association , the right to assemble , the right to petition , the right of self-defense , and the right to vote . Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights . They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( with economic , social , and cultural rights comprising the second portion ) . The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be first-generation rights , and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights .
Roger L. Gregory ( born July 17 , 1953 ) is the Chief United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit .
Nathan Hare ( born April 9 , 1933 ) is an American sociologist , activist , academic , and psychologist . In 1968 he was the first person hired to coordinate a black studies program in the United States , which he set up at San Francisco State University . A graduate of Langston University and the University of Chicago , he had become involved in the Black Power movement while teaching at Howard University . After being fired as chair of the Black Studies program at San Francisco State , in November 1969 Hare and Robert Chrisman co-founded the journal , The Black Scholar : A Journal of Black Studies and Research ) , of which Nathan Hare was founding publisher from 1969-85 . After earning his second Ph.D. , in clinical psychology , Hare set up a private practice in Oakland and San Francisco . Together with his wife , Julia Hare , he founded the Black Think Tank and for several years published a periodical , Black Male/Female Relationships . He and his wife have written and published several books together on black families and history .
William Henry Hastie Jr. ( November 17 , 1904 - April 14 , 1976 ) was an American lawyer , judge , educator , public official , and civil rights advocate . He was the first African American to serve as Governor of the United States Virgin Islands , as a federal judge , and as a federal appellate judge . He served as a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and previously served as District Judge of the District Court of the Virgin Islands .
The governor of the United States Virgin Islands is the chief executive of the Government of the Virgin Islands whose responsibilities also include making the annual State of the Territory addresses to the Virgin Islands Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that territory public laws are enforced . The position was created through the passage of the Elective Governor Acts of 1968 which took effect in 1970 . Melvin Evans was the first elected governor . The following is a list of governors of the United States Virgin Islands . For governors of the territory that is now the U.S. Virgin Islands prior to United States administration ( while it was ruled by Denmark as the Danish West Indies ) , see List of Governors of the Danish West Indies .
Benjamin Lawson Hooks ( January 31 , 1925 - April 15 , 2010 ) was an American civil rights leader . A Baptist minister and practicing attorney , he served as executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) from 1977 to 1992 , and throughout his career was a vocal campaigner for civil rights in the United States .
Jesse Louis Jackson Jr. ( born March 11 , 1965 ) is a former American politician who served as a Democratic Congressman representing Illinois 's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1995 until his resignation in 2012 . He is the son of activist and former presidential candidate Jesse Jackson and , prior to his career in elected office , worked for his father in both the elder Jackson 's 1984 presidential campaign and his social justice , civil rights and political activism organization , Operation PUSH . Jackson 's wife , Sandi Jackson , served on the Chicago City Council . He served as a national co-chairman of the 2008 Barack Obama presidential campaign . Jackson established a consistent liberal record on both social and fiscal issues , and he has co-authored books on civil rights and personal finance . In October 2012 , Jackson was investigated for financial improprieties including misuse of campaign funds . Jackson resigned from Congress on November 21 , 2012 , citing mental and physical health problems , including bipolar disorder and gastrointestinal problems . On February 8 , 2013 , Jackson admitted to violating federal campaign law by using campaign funds to make personal purchases . Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20 , 2013 , to one count of wire and mail fraud . On August 14 , 2013 , he was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison . Jackson was released from prison on March 26 , 2015 .
The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .
Jesse Louis Jackson Sr. ( né Burns ; born October 8 , 1941 ) is an American civil rights activist , Baptist minister , and politician . He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as a shadow U.S . Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997 . He is the founder of the organizations that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH . Former U.S. Representative Jesse Jackson Jr. is his eldest son . Jackson hosted Both Sides with Jesse Jackson on CNN from 1992 to 2000 .
The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .
Henry Calvin Johnson Jr. ( born October 2 , 1954 ) is the U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 4th congressional district , serving since 2007 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . The district is based in DeKalb County , a largely suburban county east of Atlanta . It also includes portions of Gwinnett , Newton , and all of Rockdale counties ; the district 's boundaries have been redrawn , in accordance with the results of the 2010 United States Census , since Congressman Johnson 's initial election victory in 2006 . He is one of only two Buddhists , along with Hawaii Senator Mazie Hirono , to serve in the United States Congress .
Rushern L. Baker III ( born October 24 , 1958 ) is an American politician and lawyer . A member of the Democratic Party , he was elected county executive of Prince George 's County , Maryland in 2010 and won re-election in 2014 . In 2017 and 2018 , he mounted an unsuccessful primary campaign to become Governor of Maryland .
Prince George 's County ( often shortened to PG County ) is located in the U.S. state of Maryland , bordering the eastern portion of Washington , D.C. As of the 2010 U.S. Census , the population was 863,420 , making it the second-most populous county in Maryland , behind Montgomery County . Its county seat is Upper Marlboro . It is one of the richest African American-majority counties in the United States , with five of its communities identified in a 2015 top ten list . Prince George 's County is included in the Washington metropolitan area . The county also hosts many federal governmental facilities , such as Joint Base Andrews and the United States Census Bureau headquarters .
Vernon Eulion Jordan Jr. ( born August 15 , 1935 ) is an American business executive and civil rights activist in the United States . A leading figure in the Civil Rights Movement , he was chosen by President Bill Clinton as a close adviser . Jordan has become known as an influential figure in American politics .
The Minority Business Development Agency ( MBDA ) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that promotes growth and competitiveness of the United States ' minority-owned businesses , including Hispanic and Latino American , Asian Pacific American , African American , and Native American businesses . The current National Director is Henry Childs II . MBDA 's stated mission is to promote the growth and competitiveness of minority-owned businesses by providing access to capital , access to contracts and access to market opportunities - both domestic and global . The main feature of the organization and its site is to provide business consulting services to minority business owners .
Clarence Everett Lightner ( August 15 , 1921 - July 8 , 2002 ) was an American politician and mortician . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as Mayor of Raleigh , North Carolina from 1973 to 1975 . He was the first popularly elected Mayor of Raleigh since 1947 , and the first African American elected mayor of a mostly-white , major Southern city in the United States . Lightner was born in 1921 in Raleigh . He attended North Carolina Central College , where he played as a quarterback on the school football team . After graduating , he enlisted in the United States Army and served on a tour of duty during World War II . He subsequently enrolled in the Echols College of Mortuary Science , and in 1959 he assumed control of his father 's funeral home . He was elected to the Raleigh City Council in 1967 . During his council tenure he chaired a committee tasked with studying mass transit and for one term acted as Mayor pro tempore . In 1973 he launched his candidacy for the office of Mayor . Backed by a coalition of blacks - who comprised less than 16% of all registered voters - and white suburban residents who were growing increasingly concerned about urban sprawl , Lightner won the November election , surprising observers and garnering national media attention . During his mayoral tenure the city council bolstered floodplain construction regulations , rejected large road construction projects , and instituted a mass transit system .
The mayor of Raleigh is the mayor of Raleigh , the state capital of North Carolina , in the United States . Raleigh operates with council-manager government , under which the mayor is elected separately from Raleigh City Council , of which he or she is the eighth member . Under Raleigh 's original 1795 charter , the equivalent of a mayor was the 'Intendant of Police ' ( a title borrowed from France ) . The first person to hold the office was John Haywood . He was elected by the city Board of Commissioners ( who were themselves appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly ) . Starting in 1803 , intendants were elected annually by all free men owning land within the city limits , including free African-Americans . The current mayor is Democrat Mary-Ann Baldwin , who was first elected in 2019 . The longest-serving mayors in Raleigh 's history are Avery C. Upchurch , who was in office for ten years between 1983 and 1993 , and Charles Meeker , who served from 2001 through 2011 . Four mayors have served for eight years . Elections are held every two years . A nonpartisan blanket primary is held in October . If no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote , the two candidates that received the most votes progress to the general election run-off election in November .
Raleigh ( /ˈrɑːli/ ; RAH-lee ) is the capital of the state of North Carolina and the seat of Wake County in the United States . Raleigh is the second-largest city in the state , after Charlotte . Raleigh is known as the City of Oaks for its many oak trees , which line the streets in the heart of the city . The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles ( 370 km2 ) . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city 's population as 469,298 as of July 1 , 2018 . It is one of the fastest-growing cities in the country . The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh , who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County . Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University ( NCSU ) and is part of Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , together with Durham ( home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University ) and Chapel Hill ( home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) . The Triangle nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park , located in Durham and Wake counties , among the three cities and their universities . The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau 's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013 . The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013 . Most of Raleigh is located within Wake County , with a very small portion extending into Durham County .
North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks .
African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans ) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa . The phrase generally refers to descendants of enslaved black people who are from the United States . African Americans constitute the third largest ethnic group and the second largest racial group in the US , after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States . On average , African Americans are of West/Central African and European descent , and some also have Native American ancestry . According to U.S. Census Bureau data , African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American . The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities ( ≈95% ) . Immigrants from some Caribbean , Central American , and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term . African-American history starts in the 16th century , with peoples from West Africa forcibly taken as slaves to Latin America , and in the 17th century with West African slaves taken to English colonies in North America . After the founding of the United States , black people continued to be enslaved , and the last four million black slaves were only liberated after the Civil War in 1865 . Due to notions of white supremacy , they were treated as second-class citizens . The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only , and only white men who owned property could vote .
The Southern United States , also known as the American South or simply the South , is a geographic and cultural region of the United States . It is located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western United States , with the Midwestern United States and Northeastern United States to its north and the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico to its south . The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States but is commonly defined as including the states that fought for the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . The Deep South is fully located in the southeastern corner . California , Arizona and New Mexico , which are geographically in the southern part of the country , are rarely considered part , while West Virginia , which separated from Virginia in 1863 , commonly is . Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries . While the states of Delaware and Maryland , as well as the District of Columbia , permitted slavery prior to and during the Civil War , they remained with the Union . Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s , they became more culturally , economically , and politically aligned with the industrial Northern states , and are often identified as part of the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast by many residents , businesses , public institutions , and private organizations ; however , the United States Census Bureau continues to define them as in the South with regard to census regions . Usually , the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States . The region is known for its culture and history , having developed its own customs , musical styles , and cuisines , which have distinguished it in some ways from the rest of the United States . The Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European ( mostly English , Italian , Scottish , Scotch-Irish , Irish , German , French , Portuguese and Spanish American ) , African and some Native American components . Some other aspects of the historical and cultural development of the South have been influenced by the institution of slave labor on plantations in the Deep South to an extent seen nowhere else in the United States ; the presence of a large proportion of African Americans in the population ; support for the doctrine of states ' rights , and the legacy of racism magnified by the Civil War and Reconstruction Era , as seen in thousands of lynchings ( mostly from 1880 to 1930 ) , the segregated system of separate schools and public facilities known as Jim Crow laws , that lasted until the 1960s , and the widespread use of poll taxes and other methods to frequently deny black people of the right to vote or hold office until the 1960s .
Kendrick Brett Meek ( born September 6 , 1966 ) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for Florida 's 17th congressional district from 2003 to 2011 . He was the Democratic nominee in the 2010 Senate election for the seat of Mel Martinez , but he and independent candidate Charlie Crist lost in a three-way race to Republican Marco Rubio .
Kweisi Mfume ( born Frizzell Gerald Gray ; October 24 , 1948 ) is an American politician and the former President/CEO of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , as well as a five-term Democratic Congressman from Maryland 's 7th congressional district , serving in the 100th through 104th Congress . On September 12 , 2006 , he lost a primary campaign for the United States Senate seat that was being vacated by Maryland U.S . Senator Paul Sarbanes . On February 4 , 2020 , Mfume won the Democratic nomination for his former seat in a MD-7 special election and will compete with the Republican nominee in the general election on April 28 , 2020 .
Khalid Muhammad ( born Harold Moore Jr. ; January 12 , 1948 - February 17 , 2001 ) was a black nationalist leader in the United States who became a prominent figure in the Nation of Islam and later the New Black Panther Party . After a racially inflammatory 1993 speech at Kean College , Muhammad was condemned and removed from his position in the Nation of Islam by Louis Farrakhan . He was also censured by both Houses of the United States Congress . After being removed from the Nation of Islam he served as the National Chairman of the New Black Panther Party until his death in 2001 from a brain aneurysm . Despite the controversy that followed him , his strong and unapologetic denunciations of white supremacy gained him the support of many in the black community .
The Nation of Islam ( NOI ) is an African American political and religious movement , founded in Detroit , Michigan , United States , by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4 , 1930 . Its stated goals are to improve the spiritual , mental , social , and economic condition of African Americans in the United States . Critics have described the theology of the organization as promoting black superiority over whites , antisemitism and anti-LGBT rhetoric . The Southern Poverty Law Center tracks the NOI as a hate group . Its official newspaper is The Final Call . In 2007 , the core membership was estimated to be between 20,000 and 50,000 . It is one of the wealthiest organizations in black America . Fard disappeared in June 1934 . His successor Elijah Muhammad established places of worship ( called temples or mosques ) , a school named Muhammad University of Islam , farms , and real estate holdings in the United States and abroad . The Nation has long been a strong advocate of African-American businesses . There were a number of splits and splinter groups during Elijah Muhammad 's leadership , most notably the departure of senior leader Malcolm X to become a Sunni Muslim . After Elijah Muhammad 's death in 1975 , his son , Warith Deen Mohammed , changed the name of the organization to World Community of Islam in the West ( and twice more after that ) , and attempted to convert it to a mainstream Sunni Muslim ideology .
The New Black Panther Party ( NBPP ) is a U.S.-based black nationalist organization founded in Dallas , Texas , in 1989 . Despite its name , the NBPP is not an official successor to the Black Panther Party . Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that the newer party is not legitimate and there is no new Black Panther Party . The New Black Panther Party is currently led by Krystal Muhammad . Malik Zulu Shabazz announced on an October 14 , 2013 online radio broadcast that he was stepping down and that Hashim Nzinga , then national chief of staff , would replace him . However this move created a schism within the group . A vote was held and Krystal Muhammad was elected leader of the group . However , those loyal to Nzinga left and formed a splinter group called the New Black Panther Party for Self Defence or NBPP SD . The NBPP still upholds Khalid Abdul Muhammad as the de facto father of the movement . When former Nation of Islam ( NOI ) minister Khalid Abdul Muhammad became the national chairman of the NBPP from the late 1990s until his death in 2001 , he , Shabazz , and many other breakaway members of the NOI followed Muhammad to the NBPP . In April 2010 , Malik Zulu Shabazz appointed French Black leader Kémi Séba as the representative of the movement in France . Capo Chichi has been holding the position of head of the francophone branch of the NBPP .
Bayard Rustin ( /ˈbaɪ.ərd/ ; March 17 , 1912 - August 24 , 1987 ) was an American leader in social movements for civil rights , socialism , nonviolence , and gay rights . Rustin worked with A. Philip Randolph on the March on Washington Movement in 1941 to press for an end to racial discrimination in employment . Rustin later organized Freedom Rides and helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen Martin Luther King Jr. 's leadership , teaching King about nonviolence and later serving as an organizer for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . Rustin worked alongside Ella Baker a co-director of the Citizenship Crusade in 1954 , and before the Montgomery Bus Boycott he helped organize a group called In Friendship amongst Baker , George Lawrence , Stanley Levinson of the American Jewish Congress , and some other laborers . In Friendship provided material and legal assistance to those being evicted from their tenant farms and households in Clarendon County , Yazoo and other places . King had feelings of betrayal toward Rustin 's open comments about his concern for the timing and possible upbringing of violence in the Poor People 's Campaign of 1968 . After Kings assassination , Rustin agreed to fly from Memphis to help lead the campaign in Kings absence . Rustin faced opposition by movement leadership regarding his involvement , eventually causing him to withdraw his agreement . After the passage of the civil rights legislation of 1964-65 , Rustin became the head of the AFL-CIO 's A. Philip Randolph Institute , which promoted the integration of formerly all-white unions and promoted the unionization of African Americans . During the 1970s and 1980s , Rustin served on many humanitarian missions , such as aiding refugees from Communist Vietnam and Cambodia . At the time of his death in 1987 , he was on a humanitarian mission in Haiti . Rustin was a gay man who had been arrested early in his career for engaging in public sex .
Wilberforce University is a private historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , it was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans . It participates in the United Negro College Fund . Central State University , also in Wilberforce , Ohio began as a department of Wilberforce University where Ohio state legislators could sponsor scholarship students . The college was founded in 1856 by a unique collaboration between the Cincinnati , Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth . The first board members were leaders both black and white . However , during the American Civil War ( 1861-65 ) , the student population declined and financial losses closed the college in 1863 . The AME Church purchased the institution to ensure its survival . AME Bishop Daniel Payne was one of the university 's original founders and became the first president after re-opening , the first African American to become a college president in the United States . Prominent white supporters and the US government donated funds for rebuilding after an arson fire in 1865 . The college attracted the top professors of the day , including W. E. B . Du Bois .
David Satcher , ( born March 2 , 1941 ) is an American physician , and public health administrator . He was a four-star admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and served as the 10th Assistant Secretary for Health , and the 16th Surgeon General of the United States .
Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr .
The surgeon general of the United States is the operational head of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( PHSCC ) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government of the United States . The surgeon general 's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General ( OSG ) which is housed within the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health . The U.S. surgeon general is nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . The surgeon general must be appointed from individuals who ( 1 ) are members of the Regular Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service , and ( 2 ) have specialized training or significant experience in public health programs . The surgeon general serves a four-year term of office and , depending on whether the current assistant secretary for health is a Public Health Service commissioned officer , is either the senior or next most senior uniformed officer of the commissioned corps , holding the rank of a vice admiral . The current surgeon general is Jerome Adams , having taken office on September 5 , 2017 .
Teddy Bernard Taylor ( born 1953 ) is a United States diplomat . A member of the Senior Foreign Service , Taylor served as the United States Ambassador to Papua New Guinea , Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . He was succeeded by Walter E. North on November 7 , 2012 .
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) .
Walter Edward Washington ( April 15 , 1915 - October 27 , 2003 ) was an American civil servant and politician . He was chief executive of Washington , D.C. from 1967 to 1979 , serving as the first and only Mayor-Commissioner from 1967 to 1974 and as the first home-rule mayor of the District of Columbia from 1975 to 1979 . After a career in public housing in Washington , DC and New York City , he was appointed as mayor-commissioner of Washington , D.C. in 1967 . Congress had passed a law granting home rule to the capital , while reserving some authorities . Washington won the first mayoral election in 1974 , and served from 1975 until 1979 .
Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .
Washington , D.C. , ( /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən ˌdiːˈsiː/ ) formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as D.C. , Washington , or The District , is the capital of the United States . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , the first president of the United States and a Founding Father . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , Washington is an important world political capital . The city , located on the Potomac River bordering Maryland and Virginia , is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million tourists annually . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress , and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . The City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia , including the city of Alexandria ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 702,455 as of July 2018 [ update ] , making it the 20th most populous city in the United States . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . Washington 's metropolitan area , the country 's sixth largest ( including parts of Maryland , Virginia and West Virginia ) , had a 2017 estimated population of 6.2 million residents .