E number
Full list -- E100–E199 ( colours )
Table:
Code

Name(s)

Colour

Status

E100

Curcumin (from turmeric)

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved in the US.[10]

E101

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), formerly called lactoflavin

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved in the US.[10]

E101a

Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9]

E102

Tartrazine (FD&C Yellow 5)

Yellow

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved in the US.[10]

E103

Alkannin[11]

Red-brown

E104

Quinoline Yellow WS

Dull or greenish yellow

Approved in the EU.[9] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK.[citation needed]

E105

Fast Yellow AB

Yellow

E106

Riboflavin-5-Sodium Phosphate

Yellow

E107

Yellow 2G

Yellow

E110

Sunset Yellow FCF (Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow 6)

Yellow-orange

Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in Norway.[12] Products in the EU require warnings and its use is being phased out.[citation needed] Approved in the US.[10]

E111

Orange GGN

Orange

E120

Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmine (Natural Red 4)

Crimson

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved in the US.[10]

E121

Citrus Red 2

Dark red

Approved in the United States only for use in colouring the skin of oranges.[13]

E122

Carmoisine (azorubine)

Red to maroon

Approved in the EU.[9] Undergoing a voluntary phase-out in the UK. Currently banned in Canada, Japan, Norway, USA .[citation needed] EU currently evaluating health risks.[citation needed]

E123

Amaranth (FD&C Red 2)

Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Banned in the United States.[14]

E124

Ponceau 4R (Cochineal Red A, Brilliant Scarlet 4R)

Red

Approved in the EU.[9]

E125

Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN

Red

Only permitted for externally applied drugs and cosmetics in the US.[15][16][17]

E126

Ponceau 6R

Red

E127

Erythrosine (FD&C Red 3)

Red

Approved in the EU.[9] Approved in the US except for lake variant.[10]

E128

Red 2G

Red or pink

Drawing on the accompanying table together with the supplementary paragraphs below.

Provide an answer to this question: What is the name of the element whose status has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) ? Respond with the correct answer (omit explanations) in JSON format as {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}.

Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical produced by Curcuma longa plants . It is the principal curcuminoid of turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) , a member of the ginger family , Zingiberaceae . It is sold as an herbal supplement , cosmetics ingredient , food flavoring , and food coloring . Chemically , curcumin is a diarylheptanoid , belonging to the group of curcuminoids , which are natural phenols responsible for turmeric 's yellow color . It is a tautomeric compound existing in enolic form in organic solvents and in keto form in water . Laboratory and clinical research have not confirmed any medical use for curcumin . It is difficult to study because it is both unstable and poorly bioavailable . It is unlikely to produce useful leads for drug development .
Turmeric ( pronounced /ˈtɜːrmərɪk/ , also /ˈtuːmərɪk/ or /ˈtjuːmərɪk/ ) is a flowering plant , Curcuma longa of the ginger family , Zingiberaceae , the roots of which are used in cooking . The plant is a perennial , rhizomatous , herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 °C ( 68 and 86 °F ) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive . Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes , some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption . The rhizomes are used fresh or boiled in water and dried , after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow powder commonly used as a coloring and flavoring agent in many Asian cuisines , especially for curries , as well as for dyeing . Turmeric powder has a warm , bitter , black pepper-like flavor and earthy , mustard-like aroma . Although long used in Ayurvedic medicine , where it is also known as haridra , there is no high-quality clinical evidence for using turmeric or its constituent , curcumin , to treat any disease .
Riboflavin , also known as vitamin B2 , is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement . Food sources include eggs , green vegetables , milk and other dairy product , meat , mushrooms , and almonds . Some countries require its addition to grains . As a supplement it is used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency and prevent migraines . It may be given by mouth or injection . It is nearly always well tolerated . Normal doses are safe during pregnancy . Riboflavin is in the vitamin B group . It is required by the body for cellular respiration . Riboflavin was discovered in 1920 , isolated in 1933 , and first made in 1935 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . Riboflavin is available as a generic medication and over the counter .
Flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate , is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin ( vitamin B2 ) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases , including NADH dehydrogenase , as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors . During the catalytic cycle , a reversible interconversion of the oxidized ( FMN ) , semiquinone ( FMNH• ) , and reduced ( FMNH2 ) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases . FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers . In its role as blue-light photo receptor , ( oxidized ) FMN stands out from the 'conventional ' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization . It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues . It requires more energy to produce , but is more soluble than riboflavin .
Flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate , is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin ( vitamin B2 ) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases , including NADH dehydrogenase , as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors . During the catalytic cycle , a reversible interconversion of the oxidized ( FMN ) , semiquinone ( FMNH• ) , and reduced ( FMNH2 ) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases . FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers . In its role as blue-light photo receptor , ( oxidized ) FMN stands out from the 'conventional ' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization . It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues . It requires more energy to produce , but is more soluble than riboflavin .
Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring . It is also known as E number E102 , C.I . 19140 , FD & C Yellow 5 , Acid Yellow 23 , Food Yellow 4 , and trisodium 1- ( 4-sulfonatophenyl ) -4- ( 4-sulfonatophenylazo ) -5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate ) . Tartrazine is a commonly used color all over the world , mainly for yellow , and can also be used with Brilliant Blue FCF ( FD & C Blue 1 , E133 ) or Green S ( E142 ) to produce various green shades .
Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring . It is also known as E number E102 , C.I . 19140 , FD & C Yellow 5 , Acid Yellow 23 , Food Yellow 4 , and trisodium 1- ( 4-sulfonatophenyl ) -4- ( 4-sulfonatophenylazo ) -5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate ) . Tartrazine is a commonly used color all over the world , mainly for yellow , and can also be used with Brilliant Blue FCF ( FD & C Blue 1 , E133 ) or Green S ( E142 ) to produce various green shades .
Alkannin is a natural dye that is obtained from the extracts of plants from the borage family Alkanna tinctoria that are found in the south of France . The dye is used as a food coloring and in cosmetics . It is used as a red-brown food additive in regions such as Australia , and is designated in Europe as the E number E103 , [ citation needed ] but is no longer approved for use . Alkannin has a deep red color in a greasy or oily environment and a violet color in an alkaline environment . [ citation needed ] The chemical structure as a naphthoquinone derivative was first determined by Brockmann in 1936 . The enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin , and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin . The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase utilizes geranyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and diphosphate . These compounds are then used to form alkannin . Alkannin is an antioxidant and has an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis . It is also known to have wound healing , antitumor , and antithrombotic properties .
Alkannin is a natural dye that is obtained from the extracts of plants from the borage family Alkanna tinctoria that are found in the south of France . The dye is used as a food coloring and in cosmetics . It is used as a red-brown food additive in regions such as Australia , and is designated in Europe as the E number E103 , [ citation needed ] but is no longer approved for use . Alkannin has a deep red color in a greasy or oily environment and a violet color in an alkaline environment . [ citation needed ] The chemical structure as a naphthoquinone derivative was first determined by Brockmann in 1936 . The enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin , and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin . The enzyme 4-hydroxybenzoate geranyltransferase utilizes geranyl diphosphate and 4-hydroxybenzoate to produce 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate and diphosphate . These compounds are then used to form alkannin . Alkannin is an antioxidant and has an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis . It is also known to have wound healing , antitumor , and antithrombotic properties .
Quinoline Yellow WS is a mixture of organic compounds derived from the dye Quinoline Yellow SS ( Spirit Soluble ) . Owing to the presence of sulfonate groups , the WS dyes are water-soluble ( WS ) . It is a mixture of disulfonates ( principally ) , monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2- ( 2-quinolyl ) indan-1,3-dione with a maximum absorption wavelength of 416 nm.p . 119
Quinoline Yellow WS is a mixture of organic compounds derived from the dye Quinoline Yellow SS ( Spirit Soluble ) . Owing to the presence of sulfonate groups , the WS dyes are water-soluble ( WS ) . It is a mixture of disulfonates ( principally ) , monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2- ( 2-quinolyl ) indan-1,3-dione with a maximum absorption wavelength of 416 nm.p . 119
Fast Yellow AB is an azo dye . It used to be used as a food dye , designated in Europe by the E number E105 . It is now delisted in both Europe and USA and is forbidden if used in foods and drinks , as toxicological data has shown it is harmful . E105 has been implicated in non-atopic asthma .
Flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate , is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin ( vitamin B2 ) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases , including NADH dehydrogenase , as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors . During the catalytic cycle , a reversible interconversion of the oxidized ( FMN ) , semiquinone ( FMNH• ) , and reduced ( FMNH2 ) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases . FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers . In its role as blue-light photo receptor , ( oxidized ) FMN stands out from the 'conventional ' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization . It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues . It requires more energy to produce , but is more soluble than riboflavin .
Flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) , or riboflavin-5′-phosphate , is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin ( vitamin B2 ) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases , including NADH dehydrogenase , as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors . During the catalytic cycle , a reversible interconversion of the oxidized ( FMN ) , semiquinone ( FMNH• ) , and reduced ( FMNH2 ) forms occurs in the various oxidoreductases . FMN is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD and is particularly useful because it can take part in both one- and two-electron transfers . In its role as blue-light photo receptor , ( oxidized ) FMN stands out from the 'conventional ' photo receptors as the signaling state and not an E/Z isomerization . It is the principal form in which riboflavin is found in cells and tissues . It requires more energy to produce , but is more soluble than riboflavin .
Yellow 2G is a food coloring denoted by E number E107 with the Colour Index CI18965 . It has the appearance of a yellow powder , and it is soluble in water . It is a synthetic yellow azo dye . It is not listed by the UK 's Food Standards Agency among EU approved food additives . Its use is also banned in Austria , Japan , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . [ citation needed ]
Sunset Yellow FCF ( also known as Orange Yellow S , or C.I . 15985 ) is a petroleum-derived orange azo dye with a pH dependent maximum absorption at about 480 nm at pH 1 and 443 nm at pH 13 with a shoulder at 500 nm . :463 When added to foods sold in the United States it is known as FD & C Yellow 6 ; when sold in Europe , it is denoted by E Number E110 .
Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg .
Orange GGN , also known as alpha-naphthol orange , is an azo dye formerly used as a food dye . It is the disodium salt of 1- ( m-sulfophenylazo ) -2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid . In Europe , it was denoted by the E Number E111 , but has been forbidden for use in foods since 1 January 1978 . It has never been included in the food additives list of the Codex Alimentarius . As such , it is forbidden for food use in general , because toxicological data has shown it is harmful . [ citation needed ] The absorption spectrum of Orange GGN and Sunset Yellow is nearly identical in visible and ultraviolet range , but they can be distinguished by their IR spectra .
The cochineal ( /ˌkɒtʃɪˈniːl/ KOTCH-ih-NEEL , /ˈkɒtʃɪniːl/ KOTCH-ih-neel ; Dactylopius coccus ) is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha , from which the natural dye carmine is derived . A primarily sessile parasite native to tropical and subtropical South America through North America ( Mexico and the Southwest United States ) , this insect lives on cacti in the genus Opuntia , feeding on plant moisture and nutrients . The insects are found on the pads of prickly pear cacti , collected by brushing them off the plants , and dried . The insect produces carminic acid that deters predation by other insects . Carminic acid , typically 17-24% of dried insects ' weight , can be extracted from the body and eggs , then mixed with aluminium or calcium salts to make carmine dye , also known as cochineal . Today , carmine is primarily used as a colorant in food and in lipstick ( E120 or Natural Red 4 ) . The carmine dye was used in North America in the 15th century for coloring fabrics and became an important export good during the colonial period . After synthetic pigments and dyes such as alizarin were invented in the late 19th century , natural-dye production gradually diminished . Health fears over artificial food additives , however , have renewed the popularity of cochineal dyes , and the increased demand has made cultivation of the insect profitable again , with Peru being the largest exporter . Some towns in the Mexican state of Oaxaca are still working in handmade textiles using this cochineal . Other species in the genus Dactylopius can be used to produce cochineal extract , and are extremely difficult to distinguish from D. coccus , even for expert taxonomists ; that scientific term from the binary nomenclature , and also the vernacular cochineal insect , may be used ( whether intentionally or casually , and whether or not with misleading effect ) to refer to other biological species . ( The primary biological distinctions between species are minor differences in host plant preferences , along with very different geographic distributions . )
Carminic acid ( C22H20O13 ) is a red glucosidal hydroxyanthrapurin that occurs naturally in some scale insects , such as the cochineal , Armenian cochineal , and Polish cochineal . The insects produce the acid as a deterrent to predators . An aluminum salt of carminic acid is the coloring agent in carmine . Synonyms are C.I . 75470 and C.I . Natural Red 4 . The chemical structure of carminic acid consists of a core anthraquinone structure linked to a glucose sugar unit . Carminic acid was first synthesized in the laboratory by organic chemists in 1991 . It was previously thought that it contains α-D-glucopyranosyl residue , which was later redetermined to be the β-D-glucopyranosyl anomer .
Carmine ( /ˈkɑːrmɪn/ or /ˈkɑːrmaɪn/ ) , also called cochineal , cochineal extract , crimson lake or carmine lake , natural red 4 , C.I . 75470 , or E120 , is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium salt of carminic acid ; it is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color . The pigment is produced from some scale insects such as the cochineal scale and certain Porphyrophora species ( Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal ) . Carmine is used in the manufacture of artificial flowers , paints , crimson ink , rouge and other cosmetics , and some medications . It is routinely added to food products such as yogurt , candy and certain brands of juice , the most notable ones being those of the ruby-red variety .
Citrus Red 2 , Citrus Red No . 2 , C.I . Solvent Red 80 , or C.I . 12156 is an artificial dye . As a food dye , it has been permitted by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) since 1956 to color the skin of oranges . Citrus Red 2 is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC ) as a group 2B carcinogen , a substance possibly carcinogenic to humans .
Azorubine is an azo dye consisting of two naphthalene subunits . It is a red solid . It is mainly used in foods that are heat-treated after fermentation . It has E number E122 .
Azorubine is an azo dye consisting of two naphthalene subunits . It is a red solid . It is mainly used in foods that are heat-treated after fermentation . It has E number E122 .
Amaranth , FD & C Red No . 2 , E123 , C.I . Food Red 9 , Acid Red 27 , Azorubin S , or C.I . 16185 is a modified red azo dye used as a food dye and to color cosmetics . The name was taken from amaranth grain , a plant distinguished by its red color and edible protein-rich seeds . Amaranth is an anionic dye . It can be applied to natural and synthetic fibers , leather , paper , and phenol-formaldehyde resins . As a food additive it has E number E123 . Amaranth usually comes as a trisodium salt . It has the appearance of reddish-brown , dark red to purple water-soluble powder that decomposes at 120 °C without melting . Its water solution has absorption maximum at about 520 nm . Like all azo dyes , Amaranth was , during the middle of the 20th century , made from coal tar ; modern synthetics are more likely to be made from petroleum byproducts .
Ponceau 4R ( known by more than 100 synonyms , :460-461 including as C.I . 16255 , Cochineal Red A , C.I . Acid Red 18 , Brilliant Scarlet 3R , Brilliant Scarlet 4R , New Coccine , :460 is a synthetic colourant that may be used as a food colouring . It is denoted by E Number E124 . Its chemical name is 1- ( 4-sulfo-1-napthylazo ) - 2-napthol- 6,8-disulfonic acid , trisodium salt . Ponceau ( 17th century French for poppy-coloured ) is the generic name for a family of azo dyes . Ponceau 4R is a strawberry red azo dye which can be used in a variety of food products , and is usually synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons ; it is stable to light , heat , and acid but fades in the presence of ascorbic acid . :460 It is used in Europe , Asia and Australia , but has not been approved for human consumption by the United States Food and Drug Administration . :460
Ponceau 4R ( known by more than 100 synonyms , :460-461 including as C.I . 16255 , Cochineal Red A , C.I . Acid Red 18 , Brilliant Scarlet 3R , Brilliant Scarlet 4R , New Coccine , :460 is a synthetic colourant that may be used as a food colouring . It is denoted by E Number E124 . Its chemical name is 1- ( 4-sulfo-1-napthylazo ) - 2-napthol- 6,8-disulfonic acid , trisodium salt . Ponceau ( 17th century French for poppy-coloured ) is the generic name for a family of azo dyes . Ponceau 4R is a strawberry red azo dye which can be used in a variety of food products , and is usually synthesized from aromatic hydrocarbons ; it is stable to light , heat , and acid but fades in the presence of ascorbic acid . :460 It is used in Europe , Asia and Australia , but has not been approved for human consumption by the United States Food and Drug Administration . :460
Scarlet GN , or C.I . Food Red 1 , Ponceau SX , FD & C Red No . 4 , or C.I . 14700 is a red azo dye once used as a food dye . As a food additive , it has the E number E125 . It usually used as a disodium salt . In the United States , it is not permitted for use in food or ingested drugs and may only be used in externally applied drugs and cosmetics . An exception was added in 1965 to allow the coloring of maraschino cherries , which then were considered mainly decorative and not a foodstuff . This exception was repealed in 1976 due to mounting evidence over its safety concerns . In the European Union , it is not permitted as a food additive .
Scarlet GN , or C.I . Food Red 1 , Ponceau SX , FD & C Red No . 4 , or C.I . 14700 is a red azo dye once used as a food dye . As a food additive , it has the E number E125 . It usually used as a disodium salt . In the United States , it is not permitted for use in food or ingested drugs and may only be used in externally applied drugs and cosmetics . An exception was added in 1965 to allow the coloring of maraschino cherries , which then were considered mainly decorative and not a foodstuff . This exception was repealed in 1976 due to mounting evidence over its safety concerns . In the European Union , it is not permitted as a food additive .
Ponceau 6R , or Crystal ponceau 6R , Crystal scarlet , Brilliant crystal scarlet 6R , Acid Red 44 , or C.I . 16250 , is a red azo dye . It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol . It is used as a food dye , with E number E126 . It is also used in histology , for staining fibrin with the MSB Trichrome stain . It usually comes as disodium salt . Amaranth is a closely related azo dye , also usable in trichrome staining .
Erythrosine , also known as Red No . 3 , is an organoiodine compound , specifically a derivative of fluorone . It is a pink dye which is primarily used for food coloring . It is the disodium salt of 2,4,5,7-tetraiodofluorescein . Its maximum absorbance is at 530 nm in an aqueous solution , and it is subject to photodegradation .
Red 2G is a synthetic red azo dye . It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in glycerol . It usually comes as a disodium salt of 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6 disulfonate .