Economic Cooperation Organization
Summits and General Secretaries -- Heads of State summits
Table:
Meeting
Date
Country
Location

1st
16-17 February 1992
Iran
Tehran

2nd
6-7 May 1993
Turkey
Istanbul

3rd
14-15 May 1995
Pakistan
Islamabad

4th
14 May 1996
Turkmenistan
Ashgabat

Extraordinary
14 May 1997
Turkmenistan
Ashgabat

5th
11 May 1998
Kazakhstan
Almaty

6th
10 June 2000
Iran
Tehran

7th
14 October 2002
Turkey
Istanbul

8th
14 September 2004
Tajikistan
Dushanbe

9th
5 May 2006
Azerbaijan
Baku

10th
11 March 2009
Iran
Tehran

11th
23 December 2010
Turkey
Istanbul

12th
16 October 2012
Azerbaijan
Baku

13th
1 March 2017 [15][16]
Pakistan
Islamabad

Looking at the tabular data and the textual context listed below.

Answer the following question: Which peninsula is the country that hosted the 2nd Economic Cooperation Organization Heads of State Summit mostly located in ? Return your answer as JSON: {"answer": "YOUR ANSWER"}. Avoid adding external knowledge.

The 1992 ECO summit was the first Economic Cooperation Organization summit , held between 16-17 February in Tehran , Iran . The summit welcomed the admission of new members Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan as well as allowing limited participation in economic , cultural and technical activities of Northern Cyprus .
Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age .
Tehran or Teheran ( /tɛəˈræn , -ˈrɑːn , ˌteɪə-/ ; Persian : تهران Ťehrân [ tehˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province . With a population of around 8.7 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran , Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia , and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East ( after Cairo ) . It is ranked 24th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area . In the Classical era , part of the territory of present-day Tehran was occupied by Rhages , a prominent Median city . It was subject to destruction through the medieval Arab , Turkic , and Mongol invasions . Its modern-day inheritor remains as an urban area absorbed into the metropolitan area of Greater Tehran . Tehran was first chosen as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar dynasty in 1786 , in order to remain within close reach of Iran 's territories in the Caucasus , before being separated from Iran as a result of the Russo-Iranian Wars , and to avoid the vying factions of the previously ruling Iranian dynasties . The capital has been moved several times throughout history , and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran . Large-scale demolition and rebuilding began in the 1920s , and Tehran has been a destination for mass migrations from all over Iran since the 20th century . Tehran is home to many historical collections , including the royal complexes of Golestan , Sa'dabad , and Niavaran , where the two last dynasties of the former Imperial State of Iran were seated . Tehran 's most famous landmarks include the Azadi Tower , a memorial built under the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1971 to mark the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran , and the Milad Tower , the world 's sixth-tallest self-supporting tower which was completed in 2007 . The Tabiat Bridge , a newly built landmark , was completed in 2014 .
The 1993 ECO summit was the second Economic Cooperation Organization summit , held between 6-7 May in Istanbul , Turkey . Afghanistan was welcomed as the 10th member state of the ECO during the summit .
Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power .
Istanbul ( /ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ , also US : /ˈɪstænbʊl/ ; Turkish : İstanbul [ isˈtanbuɫ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the most populous city in Turkey and the country 's economic , cultural and historic center . Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia , straddling the Bosporus strait ( which separates Europe and Asia ) between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea . Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives in suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus . With a total population of around 15 million residents in its metropolitan area , Istanbul is one of the world 's most populous cities , ranking as the world 's fifth-largest city proper and the largest European city . The city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ( coterminous with Istanbul Province ) . Founded under the name of Byzantion ( Βυζάντιον ) on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE , the city grew in size and influence , becoming one of the most important cities in history . After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE , it served as an imperial capital for almost 16 centuries , during the Roman/Byzantine ( 330-1204 ) , Latin ( 1204-1261 ) , Palaiologos Byzantine ( 1261-1453 ) and Ottoman ( 1453-1922 ) empires . It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times , before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 CE and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate . Under the name Constantinople it was the Ottoman capital until 1923 . The capital was then moved to Ankara and the city was renamed Istanbul . The city held the strategic position between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean . It was also on the historic Silk Road .
The 1995 ECO summit was the third Economic Cooperation Organization summit , held between 14-15 May 1995 in Islamabad , Pakistan .
Pakistan , [ b ] officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , [ c ] is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.8 million . In area , it is the 33rd-largest country , spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre ( 650-mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the northeast . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that now constitutes Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures and intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent . The ancient history involves the Neolithic site of Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo-Greeks , Muslims , Turco-Mongols , Afghans and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Seleucid Empire , the Indian Maurya Empire , the Gupta Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) and , most recently , the British Indian Empire . Pakistan is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war and Indian military intervention in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh .
Islamabad ( /ɪsˈlɑːməˌbɑːd/ ; Urdu : اسلام آباد , Islāmābād ) is the capital city of Pakistan , and is federally administered as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory . Built as a planned city in the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan 's capital , Islamabad is noted for its high standards of living , safety , and abundant greenery . With a population of 1,014,825 as per the 2017 Census , Islamabad is the 9th largest city in Pakistan , while the larger Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country 's third largest with a population exceeding four million . The city is the political seat of Pakistan and local government setup is run by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation , supported by the Capital Development Authority ( CDA ) . Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northeastern part of the country , between Rawalpindi District and the Margalla Hills National Park to the north . The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the Margalla Pass acting as the gateway between the two regions . The city 's master-plan , designed by Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis , divides the city into eight zones , including administrative , diplomatic enclave , residential areas , educational sectors , industrial sectors , commercial areas , and rural and green areas . The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests , including the Margalla Hills National Park and Shakarparian Park . The city is home to several landmarks , including the Faisal Mosque , the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest in the world . Other landmarks include the Pakistan 's National Monument and Democracy Square . Islamabad is a gamma-global city ; it is categorised as very high on the Human Development Index , with an HDI of 0.875 , the 2nd highest in the country after Lahore . The city has the highest cost of living in Pakistan , and its population is dominated by middle and upper middle class citizens .
The 1996 ECO summit was the fourth Economic Cooperation Organization summit , held between 14-15 May 1996 in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan .
Turkmenistan ( /tɜːrkˈmɛnɪstæn/ ( listen ) or /tɜːrkmɛnɪˈstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Turkmen : Türkmenistan , pronounced [ tʏɾkmɛnɪˈθtɑn ] ) is a sovereign country in Central Asia , bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest , Uzbekistan to the north and east , Afghanistan to the southeast , Iran to the south and southwest , and the Caspian Sea to the west . Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of the country . The population of the country is 5.6 million , the lowest of the Central Asian republics . Turkmenistan is one of the most sparsely populated nations in Asia . Turkmenistan has been at the crossroads of civilizations for centuries . In medieval times , Merv was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road , a caravan route used for trade with China until the mid-15th century . Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881 , Turkmenistan later figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia . In 1925 , Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union , Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ( Turkmen SSR ) ; it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Turkmenistan possesses the world 's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources . Most of the country is covered by the Karakum ( Black Sand ) Desert . From 1993 to 2017 , citizens received government-provided electricity , water and natural gas free of charge . The sovereign state of Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov ( also known as Turkmenbashi ) until his death in 2006 .
Ashgabat ( Turkmen : Aşgabat , pronounced [ ɑʃʁɑˈbɑt ] ) - formerly named Poltoratsk ( Russian : Полтора́цк , IPA : [ pəltɐˈratsk ] ) between 1919 and 1927 , is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan . It is situated between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range in Central Asia . The city was founded in 1881 , and made the capital of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 . Much of the city was destroyed by the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake but has since seen extensively rebuilt under the rule of Saparmurat Niyazovs White City urban renewal project , resulting in monumental projects sheathed in costly white marble . The Soviet-era Karakum Canal runs through the city , carrying waters from the Amu Darya from east to west .
Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires .
Almaty ( /ˈælməti/ ; Kazakh : Almaty , Алматы ; Yañalif : Almatь ; [ ɑlmɑˈtə ] ; Russian : Алматы , [ ɐlmɐˈtɨ ] ) , formerly known as Alma-Ata ( /ˌælmə.əˈtɑː/ ; Kazakh : Alma-Ata ; Russian : Алма-Ата , romanized : Alma-Ata ) and Verniy ( Russian : Верный , romanized : Vernyy ) , is the largest city in Kazakhstan , with a population of 2,039,376 people , about 11% of the country 's total population , and more than 2.7 million in its built-up area that encompasses Talgar , Boraldai , Otegen Batyr and many other suburbs . It served as capital of the Soviet and later independent Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1997 . In 1997 , the government relocated the capital to Astana ( known as Nur-Sultan as of 23 March 2019 ) in the north of the country and about 12 hours away by train . Almaty continues as the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan , as well as its most populous and most cosmopolitan city . The city is located in the mountainous area of southern Kazakhstan near the border with Kyrgyzstan in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 700-900 m ( 2,300-3,000 feet ) , where the Large and Small Almatinka rivers run into the plain . The city has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of music since November 2017 . The city was the host for a 1978 international conference on Primary Health Care where the Alma Ata Declaration was adopted , marking a paradigm shift in global public health .
Tajikistan ( /tɑːˈdʒiːkɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) , /tə- , tæ-/ ; Tajik : Тоҷикистон [ tɔdʒikisˈtɔn ] ) , officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik : Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон , Jumhurii Tojikiston ) is a mountainous , landlocked country in Central Asia with an area of 143,100 km2 ( 55,300 sq mi ) and an estimated population of 9,275,828 people . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south , Uzbekistan to the west , Kyrgyzstan to the north , and China to the east . The traditional homelands of the Tajik people include present-day Tajikistan as well as parts of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan . The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age , and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including the Oxus civilisation , Andronovo culture , Buddhism , Nestorian Christianity , Zoroastrianism , Manichaeism and Islam . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Achaemenid Empire , Sasanian Empire , Hephthalite Empire , Samanid Empire , Mongol Empire , Timurid dynasty , the Khanate of Bukhara , the Russian Empire , and subsequently the Soviet Union . Within the Soviet Union , the country 's modern borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a full-fledged Soviet republic in 1929 . On 9 September 1991 , Tajikistan became an independent sovereign nation when the Soviet Union disintegrated . A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence , lasting from 1992 to 1997 . Since the end of the war , newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country 's economy to grow . Like all other Central Asian neighbouring states , the country , led by President Emomali Rahmon since 1994 , has been criticised by a number of non-governmental organizations for authoritarian leadership , lack of religious freedom , corruption and widespread violations of human rights . Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces . Most of Tajikistan 's population belongs to the Tajik ethnic group , who speak Tajik ( a dialect of Persian ) .
Dushanbe ( Tajik : Душанбе , IPA : [ duʃæmˈbe ] ; meaning Monday in Persian , Russian : Душанбе , tr . Dushanbe ) is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan . It was named this way because it grew from a village that originally had a popular market on Mondays . As of 2016 [ update ] , Dushanbe had a population of 802,700 . Historically a small village , Dushanbe was made the capital of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 . Until 1929 , the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe ( Russian : Дюшамбе , Dyushambe ) , and from 1929 to 1961 as Stalinabad ( Tajik : Сталинобод , Stalinobod ) , after Joseph Stalin .
Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .
Baku ( /bəˈkuː , bɑːˈkuː , ˈbɑːkuː , ˈbækuː/ ; Azerbaijani : Bakı , IPA : [ bɑˈcɯ ] ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan , as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region . Baku is located 28 metres ( 92 ft ) below sea level , which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level . Baku lies on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula , alongside the Bay of Baku . At the beginning of 2009 , Baku 's urban population was estimated at just over two million people . Officially , about 25% of all inhabitants of the country live in Baku 's metropolitan area . Baku is the sole metropolis in Azerbaijan . Baku is divided into twelve administrative raions and 48 townships . Among these are the townships on the islands of the Baku Archipelago , and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) away from Baku . The Inner City of Baku , along with the Shirvanshah 's Palace and Maiden Tower , were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 . According to the Lonely Planet 's ranking , Baku is also among the world 's top ten destinations for urban nightlife . The city is the scientific , cultural , and industrial center of Azerbaijan . Many sizeable Azerbaijani institutions have their headquarters there .
The 2012 ECO summit was the twelfth Economic Cooperation Organization summit , held on 16 October 2012 in Baku , Azerbaijan .
The 2017 ECO summit was the 13th summit of the Economic Cooperation Organization , held on 1 March 2017 in Islamabad , Pakistan . The Summit was preceded by the 22nd Meeting of the ECO Council of Foreign Ministers ( COM ) on 28 February 2017 in Islamabad . Senior Officials from Member States met on 27 February 2017 in Islamabad and stayed for the duration of the summit . The summit highlighted the state of affairs of ECO in the light of the new and emerging global and regional circumstances and agreed on expanding regional economic cooperation among its member states . The new ECO Vision 2025 was expanded upon and several key guidelines have been taken into account . Pakistan plans to integrate the ECO Summit members with the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor .