earnings premiums by firm characteristics
Table:
variables
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
pooled over all years
average annual percent change

number
percent

frontier firms relative to non-frontier firms
2.80
2.77
2.73
2.70
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.59
2.48
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.28
2.36
2.54
-0.70

importers relative to non-importers
1.22
1.21
1.23
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
0.31

exporters relative to non-exporters
1.09
1.10
1.16
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.09
1.09
1.11
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.10
0.08

foreign-controlled firms relative to domestic firms
1.23
1.21
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.25
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.26
1.29
1.32
1.36
1.34
1.25
0.16

high capital intensity firms relative to low capital intensity firms
1.23
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.16
1.16
1.19
-0.28

high research and development intensity firms relative to low research and development intensity firms
1.28
1.29
1.27
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.33
1.30
0.13

old firms relative to young firms
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.13
1.12
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.12
-0.38

medium-sized firms relative to small firms
1.06
1.07
1.12
1.09
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.17
1.11
0.39

large firms relative to small firms
0.99
1.01
0.98
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.99
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.00
0.05

Respond the following question with the most concise answer possible from the table. Use the JSON format {"answer": ["YOUR ANSWER"]}. When several items apply, list them comma-separated. Here is the table caption: 'earnings premiums by firm characteristics'. Refer to the table to answer the question below: How many times do frontier firms pay more than non-frontier firms on average?

{"answer": ["2.54"]}