academy award for best visual effects
visual effects
Table:
Year

Film

Nominees

1977 (50th)

Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Roy Arbogast, Douglas Trumbull, Matthew Yuricich, Gregory Jein and Richard Yuricich

Star Wars

John Stears, John Dykstra, Richard Edlund, Grant McCune and Robert Blalack

1978 (51st)

Superman (Special Achievement Award)

Les Bowie, Colin Chilvers, Denys Coop, Roy Field, Derek Meddings and Zoran Perisic

1979 (52nd)

Alien

H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Brian Johnson, Nick Allder and Dennis Ayling

The Black Hole

Peter Ellenshaw, Art Cruickshank, Eustace Lycett, Danny Lee, Harrison Ellenshaw and Joe Hale

Moonraker

Derek Meddings, Paul Wilson and John Evans

1941

William A. Fraker, A.D. Flowers and Gregory Jein

Star Trek: The Motion Picture

Douglas Trumbull, John Dykstra, Richard Yuricich, Robert Swarthe, Dave Stewart and Grant McCune

1980 (53rd)

The Empire Strikes Back (Special Achievement Award)

Brian Johnson, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren and Bruce Nicholson

1981 (54th)

Dragonslayer

Dennis Muren, Phil Tippett, Ken Ralston and Brian Johnson

Raiders of the Lost Ark

Richard Edlund, Kit West, Bruce Nicholson and Joe Johnston

1982 (55th)

Blade Runner

Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich and David Dryer

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith

Poltergeist

Richard Edlund, Michael Wood and Bruce Nicholson

1983 (56th)

Return of the Jedi (Special Achievement Award)

Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston and Phil Tippett

1984 (57th)

Ghostbusters

Richard Edlund, John Bruno, Mark Vargo and Chuck Gaspar

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

Dennis Muren, Michael McAlister, Lorne Peterson and George Gibbs

2010

Richard Edlund, Neil Krepela, George Jenson and Mark Stetson

1985 (58th)

Cocoon

Ken Ralston, Ralph McQuarrie, Scott Farrar and David Berry

Return to Oz

Will Vinton, Ian Wingrove, Zoran Perisic and Michael Lloyd

Young Sherlock Holmes

Dennis Muren, Kit West, John Ellis and David W. Allen

1986 (59th)

Aliens

Robert Skotak, Stan Winston, John Richardson and Suzanne Benson

Little Shop of Horrors

Lyle Conway, Bran Ferren and Martin Gutterridge

Poltergeist II: The Other Side

Richard Edlund, John Bruno, Garry Waller and William Neil

1987 (60th)

Innerspace

Dennis Muren, William George, Harley Jessup and Kenneth F. Smith

Predator

Joel Hynek, Robert M. Greenberg, Richard Greenberg and Stan Winston

1988 (61st)

Die Hard

Richard Edlund, Al DiSarro, Brent Boates and Thaine Morris

Who Framed Roger Rabbit

Ken Ralston, Richard Williams, Edward Jones and George Gibbs

Willow

Dennis Muren, Michael McAlister, Phil Tippett and Chris Evans

1989 (62nd)

The Abyss

John Bruno, Dennis Muren, Hoyt Yeatman and Dennis Skotak

The Adventures of Baron Munchausen

Richard Conway and Kent Houston

Back to the Future Part II

Ken Ralston, Michael Lantieri, John Bell and Steve Gawley

1990 (63rd)

Total Recall (Special Achievement Award)

Eric Brevig, Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern and Alex Funke

1991 (64th)

Backdraft

Mikael Salomon, Allen Hall, Clay Pinney and Scott Farrar

Hook

Eric Brevig, Harley Jessup, Mark Sullivan and Michael Lantieri

Terminator 2: Judgment Day

Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Gene Warren, Jr. and Robert Skotak

1992 (65th)

Alien 3

Richard Edlund, Alec Gillis, Tom Woodruff, Jr. and George Gibbs

Batman Returns

Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno and Dennis Skotak

Death Becomes Her

Ken Ralston, Doug Chiang, Doug Smythe and Tom Woodruff, Jr.

1993 (66th)

Cliffhanger

Neil Krepela, John Richardson, John Bruno and Pamela Easley

Jurassic Park

Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri

The Nightmare Before Christmas

Pete Kozachik, Eric Leighton, Ariel Velasco Shaw and Gordon Baker

1994 (67th)

Forrest Gump

Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum and Allen Hall

The Mask

Scott Squires, Steve Williams, Tom Bertino and Jon Farhat

True Lies

John Bruno, Thomas L. Fisher, Jacques Stroweis and Patrick McClung

1995 (68th)

Apollo 13

Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Leslie Ekker and Matt Sweeney

Babe

Scott E. Anderson, Charles Gibson, Neal Scanlan and John Cox

1996 (69th)

Dragonheart

Scott Squires, Phil Tippett, James Straus and Kit West

Independence Day

Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney and Joseph Viskocil

Twister

Stefen Fangmeier, John Frazier, Habib Zargarpour and Henry La Bounta

1997 (70th)

The Lost World: Jurassic Park

Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri

Starship Troopers

Phil Tippett, Scott E. Anderson, Alec Gillis and John Richardson

Titanic

Robert Legato, Mark Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher and Michael Kanfer

1998 (71st)

Armageddon

Richard R. Hoover, Patrick McClung and John Frazier

Mighty Joe Young

Rick Baker, Hoyt Yeatman, Allen Hall and Jim Mitchell

What Dreams May Come

Joel Hynek, Nicholas Brooks, Stuart Robertson and Kevin Mack

1999 (72nd)

The Matrix

John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley and Jon Thum

Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace

John Knoll, Dennis Muren, Scott Squires and Rob Coleman

Stuart Little

John Dykstra, Jerome Chen, Henry F. Anderson III and Eric Allard

2000 (73rd)

Gladiator

John Nelson, Neil Corbould, Tim Burke and Stan Parks

Hollow Man

Scott E. Anderson, Craig Hayes, Scott Stokdyk and Stan Parks

The Perfect Storm

Stefen Fangmeier, Habib Zargarpour, John Frazier and Walt Conti

2001 (74th)

A.I. Artificial Intelligence

Dennis Muren, Scott Farrar, Stan Winston and Michael Lantieri

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

Jim Rygiel, Randall William Cook, Richard Taylor and Mark Stetson

Pearl Harbor

Eric Brevig, John Frazier, Ed Hirsh and Ben Snow

2002 (75th)

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook and Alex Funke

Spider-Man

John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier

Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

Rob Coleman, Pablo Helman, John Knoll and Ben Snow

2003 (76th)

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook and Alex Funke

Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World

Dan Sudick, Stefen Fangmeier, Nathan McGuinness and Robert Stromberg

Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl

John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson and Terry Frazee

2004 (77th)

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

Roger Guyett, Tim Burke, John Richardson, and William George

I, Robot

John Nelson, Andrew R. Jones, Erik Nash, and Joe Letteri

Spider-Man 2

John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara, and John Frazier

2005 (78th)

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Dean Wright, Bill Westenhofer, Jim Berney, and Scott Farrar

King Kong

Joe Letteri, Brian Van't Hul, Christian Rivers, and Richard Taylor

War of the Worlds

Dennis Muren, Pablo Helman, Randal M. Dutra, and Daniel Sudick

2006 (79th)

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest

John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall

Poseidon

Boyd Shermis, Kim Libreri, Chas Jarrett, and John Frazier

Superman Returns

Mark Stetson, Neil Corbould, Richard R. Hoover, and Jon Thum

2007 (80th)

The Golden Compass

Michael Fink, Bill Westenhofer, Ben Morris, and Trevor Wood

Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End

John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and John Frazier

Transformers

Scott Farrar, Scott Benza, Russell Earl, and John Frazier

2008 (81st)

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button

Eric Barba, Steve Preeg, Burt Dalton, and Craig Barron

The Dark Knight

Nick Davis, Chris Corbould, Tim Webber, and Paul Franklin

Iron Man

John Nelson, Ben Snow, Dan Sudick, and Shane Mahan

2009 (82nd)

Avatar

Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew R. Jones

District 9

Dan Kaufman, Peter Muyzers, Robert Habros, and Matt Aitken

Star Trek

Roger Guyett, Russell Earl, Paul Kavanagh, and Burt Dalton

2010 (83rd)

Inception

Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Andrew Lockley and Peter Bebb

Alice in Wonderland

Ken Ralston, David Schaub, Carey Villegas and Sean Phillips

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1

Tim Burke, John Richardson, Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi

Hereafter

Michael Owens, Bryan Grill, Stephan Trojanski and Joe Farrell

Iron Man 2

Janek Sirrs, Ben Snow, Ged Wright and Daniel Sudick

2011 (84th)

Hugo

Rob Legato, Joss Williams, Ben Grossmann and Alex Henning

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Tim Burke, David Vickery, Greg Butler, and John Richardson

Real Steel

Erik Nash, John Rosengrant, Danny Gordon Taylor, and Swen Gillberg

Rise of the Planet of the Apes

Joe Letteri, Dan Lemmon, R. Christopher White, and Daniel Barrett

Transformers: Dark of the Moon

Scott Farrar, Scott Benza, Matthew E. Butler, and John Frazier

2012 (85th)

Life of Pi

Bill Westenhofer, Guillaume Rocheron, Erik-Jan de Boer and Donald R. Elliott

The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey

Joe Letteri, Eric Saindon, David Clayton and R. Christopher White

Marvel's The Avengers

Janek Sirrs, Jeff White, Guy Williams and Dan Sudick

Prometheus

Richard Stammers, Trevor Wood, Charley Henley and Martin Hill

Snow White and the Huntsman

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson

Considering the table from the Wikipedia page 'academy award for best visual effects' (section 'visual effects'), determine the column type(s) that best describe the highlighted column among these candidate types: royalty.chivalric_order_member, music.artist, chess.chess_player, film.film_character, tv.tv_writer, aviation.airport, military.military_conflict, soccer.football_award, business.business_operation, media_common.media_genre, medicine.medical_treatment, law.legal_case, basketball.basketball_team, cvg.cvg_publisher, meteorology.tropical_cyclone_season, soccer.football_league, travel.accommodation, sports.professional_sports_team, music.musical_scale, music.album, metropolitan_transit.transit_line, soccer.football_league_season, broadcast.radio_format, broadcast.radio_station, people.family_member, military.military_unit, award.recurring_competition, chemistry.chemical_element, tv.tv_character, film.film_festival_focus, location.uk_constituent_country, book.magazine, food.food, business.industry, tv.tv_producer, location.capital_of_administrative_division, aviation.aircraft_owner, exhibitions.exhibition_sponsor, sports.tournament_event_competition, celebrities.celebrity, sports.sports_championship, sports.pro_athlete, film.writer, cricket.cricket_player, basketball.basketball_player, business.job_title, business.brand, government.political_party, tv.tv_personality, education.school, basketball.basketball_position, baseball.baseball_player, government.politician, amusement_parks.park, ice_hockey.hockey_player, sports.sports_championship_event, geography.island, tv.tv_program, book.periodical_publisher, organization.membership_organization, martial_arts.martial_artist, music.instrument, medicine.drug, film.production_company, basketball.basketball_conference, biology.organism_classification, theater.play, government.u_s_congressperson, meteorology.tropical_cyclone, book.written_work, sports.sports_position, organization.organization, cvg.cvg_genre, astronomy.constellation, american_football.football_coach, broadcast.genre, royalty.noble_title, astronomy.asteroid, music.lyricist, law.court, location.province, film.actor, film.music_contributor, business.consumer_company, organization.non_profit_organization, sports.boxer, sports.golfer, film.director, government.election_campaign, film.producer, broadcast.broadcast, tv.tv_series_season, finance.currency, fictional_universe.fictional_organization, fictional_universe.fictional_character, location.administrative_division, education.educational_degree, architecture.building, music.musical_group, soccer.football_team_manager, soccer.football_player, sports.school_sports_team, automotive.company, computer.operating_system, cvg.cvg_developer, ice_hockey.hockey_team, tv.tv_actor, automotive.model, american_football.football_player, location.region, medicine.muscle, sports.sports_team, music.music_video_director, location.location, astronomy.star_system_body, broadcast.tv_channel, boats.ship_type, law.invention, military.rank, medicine.anatomical_structure, visual_art.visual_artist, sports.sports_award_winner, government.general_election, government.election, education.field_of_study, award.award_category, education.educational_institution, religion.religious_leader, location.australian_local_government_area, tv.tv_director, sports.sport, broadcast.tv_station, olympics.olympic_games, astronomy.celestial_object, computer.software, geography.body_of_water, music.performance_role, music.composition, astronomy.orbital_relationship, people.ethnicity, aviation.airline, award.award_presenting_organization, music.composer, book.periodical, computer.software_license, government.legislative_session, business.consumer_product, cvg.computer_videogame, cricket.cricket_stadium, government.governmental_body, award.award, royalty.kingdom, military.military_post, theater.theater_actor, location.hud_county_place, education.university, education.fraternity_sorority, location.jp_prefecture, cricket.cricket_bowler, tennis.tennis_tournament_champion, architecture.venue, geography.mountain, book.periodical_subject, award.award_ceremony, soccer.fifa, computer.computer, amusement_parks.ride, rail.locomotive_class, music.writer, music.media_format, royalty.monarch, sports.multi_event_tournament, metropolitan_transit.transit_stop, architecture.structure, boats.ship, broadcast.artist, time.event, time.recurring_event, baseball.baseball_team, protected_sites.listed_site, ice_hockey.hockey_position, internet.website_owner, biology.animal, location.us_state, religion.religion, military.armed_force, soccer.football_position, music.group_member, location.us_county, biology.organism, music.producer, sports.cyclist, tv.tv_genre, tennis.tennis_player, award.award_discipline, award.competition, geography.river, cvg.cvg_platform, location.in_state, sports.sports_award_type, chemistry.chemical_compound, sports.sports_league, language.human_language, tv.tv_network, aviation.aircraft_model, book.newspaper, baseball.baseball_position, transportation.road, film.film, american_football.football_conference, soccer.football_world_cup, metropolitan_transit.transit_system, baseball.baseball_league, business.product_category, interests.collection_category, sports.sports_league_season, astronomy.astronomical_discovery, award.hall_of_fame_inductee, sports.sports_league_draft, soccer.football_team, film.film_distributor, government.us_president, education.athletics_brand, internet.website, tv.tv_program_creator, location.australian_state, medicine.disease, film.film_genre, boats.ship_class, tv.tv_series_episode, business.customer, sports.sports_facility, people.person, spaceflight.astronaut, comic_books.comic_book_character, location.country, tennis.tennis_tournament, royalty.noble_person, location.uk_statistical_location, olympics.olympic_event_competition, book.author, basketball.basketball_coach, location.citytown, architecture.architectural_structure_owner, music.genre, government.government_agency, business.defunct_company, location.in_district, medicine.drug_ingredient, music.record_label, military.military_person, book.book, cricket.cricket_team, government.government_office_or_title, american_football.football_team. Provide only the chosen type(s), separated by commas if multiple, within the list in this JSON: {"answer": ["ANSWER"]}.

{"answer": ["film.film"]}