The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4, 1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1933. Hoover, a Republican, took office after a landslide victory in the 1928 presidential election over Democrat Al Smith of New York. As the third consecutive Republican president to take office in the 1920s, Hoover retained many of the previous administration's personnel, including Secretary of Labor James J. Davis and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon. Hoover disliked Mellon, who maintained intense support among the party's Old Guard, and instead relied on Undersecretary of the Treasury Ogden L. Mills. In 1932, 91-year-old Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. announced his retirement from the Court. George W. Norris, the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, insisted that Hoover nominate a progressive judge to succeed Holmes. Hoover shared this belief, and he sought to avoid a budget deficit through greatly increased tax rates on the wealthy.
[{"budget_deficits": "n/a", "year": "n/a", "year_after_1940": "n/a", "less_than_500_billion": "n/a"}]
[{"budget_deficits": "n/a", "year": "n/a", "year_after_1940": "n/a", "less_than_500_billion": "n/a"}]