The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as the 43rd president of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009. That same month, he signed into law the controversial Patriot Act in order to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. Later that year, he signed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, which created Medicare Part D. To replace O'Connor, the Bush administration wanted to find a female nominee, but was unsatisfied with the conventional options available. Although many conservatives were reluctant to increase federal involvement in education, Bush's success in campaigning on education reform in the 2000 election convinced many Republicans, including Congressman John Boehner of Ohio, to accept an education reform bill that increased federal funding.
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