The presidency of Ulysses S. Grant began on March 4, 1869, when Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated as the 18th president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1877. In 1872, Grant signed into law an Act of Congress that established Yellowstone National Park, the nation's first National Park. With the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, the West was wide open to expansionism that sometimes was challenged by hostile Native Americans. His presidential reputation has greatly risen over the past few decades among historians who have noted that Grant advanced a modern presidency, that included a reformed Indian policy, African American civil rights, the first Civil Service Commission, and protected women under federal law. The cost of collecting taxes fell to 3.11% in 1871. Grant reduced the number of employees working in the government by 2,248 persons from 6,052 on March 1, 1869, to 3,804 on December 1, 1871. He had increased tax revenues by $108 million from 1869 to 1872.
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