James Buchanan Jr. (/bjuːˈkænən/; April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) served as the 15th president of the United States (1857–1861) immediately preceding the American Civil War. He previously served as Secretary of State (1845–1849) and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Buchanan's election made him the first and only president from Pennsylvania. He would also be the last person born in the 18th century to serve as president. In his victory speech, Buchanan denounced Republicans, calling them a 'dangerous' and 'geographical' party that had unfairly attacked the South. The court was considering the legality of restricting slavery in the territories and two justices had hinted to Buchanan their findings. After Coleman's death, Buchanan never courted another woman, though an unfounded rumor circulated of an affair with President Polk's widow, Sarah Childress Polk. The White House – Our First Ladies. The White House. Retrieved May 11, 2013.