The presidency of Calvin Coolidge began on August 2, 1923, when Calvin Coolidge became President of the United States upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding, and ended on March 4, 1929. Coolidge was succeeded by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover after the 1928 presidential election. Coolidge endorsed an extension of the cap on immigration in his 1923 State of the Union, but his administration was lesso supportive of the continuation of the National Origins Formula, which effectively restricted immigration from countries outside of Northwestern Europe. In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it, and Coolidge vetoed it. U.S. officials encouraged Japan to protest the ban while the legislation was drafted, but Japanese threats backfired as supporters of the legislation used the threats to galvanize opposition to Japanese immigration. The immigration legislation sparked a major backlash in Japan, strengthening the position of those in Japan who favored expansionism over cooperation with Western powers.