allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later found out to be harmful to the environment , to human health, or both. The element lead was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint. Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead. Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent. It causes brain damage and small children (who often chewed on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible. The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned and new materials are being developed to replace the hazardous lead components.

Situation: There is a study being conducted on a group of small children. Group A is a group from a town that was rated highest quality water in the United States, while Group B is from Flint, Michigan, where it was found that lead was in their water supply.

Question: Which group has a higher likely hood of brain damage?
Answer: Group B

Situation: There is a study being conducted on a group of small children. Group A is a group from a town that was rated highest quality water in the United States, while Group B is from Flint, Michigan, where it was found that lead was in their water supply.

Question: Which group has a lower likely hood of brain damage?
Answer: Group A

Situation: There is a study being conducted on a group of small children. Group A is a group from a town that was rated highest quality water in the United States, while Group B is from Flint, Michigan, where it was found that lead was in their water supply.

Question: Is Group A more or less likely to be found with brain damage than Group B?
Answer: less

Situation: There is a study being conducted on a group of small children. Group A is a group from a town that was rated highest quality water in the United States, while Group B is from Flint, Michigan, where it was found that lead was in their water supply.

Question: Is Group B more or less likely to be found with brain damage than Group A?
Answer: more
Background: Iron is first oxidized to iron(II) ions by oxygen. In the second step, the iron(II) ions are further oxidized and combine with water and oxygen gas to produce a hydrated form of iron(III) oxide known as rust. Rusting is one of many example of corrosion. Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by redox processes. Corrosion causes enormous amounts of damage to buildings, bridges, ships, cars, and other objects. It has been estimated that corrosion costs the U.S. economy over 100 billion dollars each year. A great amount of time and effort is spent to try to limit or prevent corrosion.

Situation: Aaron is doing a science experiment for school. He is trying to see what happens to different iron objects in different conditions. He has two samples that he is testing. Sample A he has placed in a dark dry room away from the elements. Sample B he has placed outside under no cover, so it will be rained on.

Question: Which sample will most likely rust first?
Answer: Sample B

Situation: Aaron is doing a science experiment for school. He is trying to see what happens to different iron objects in different conditions. He has two samples that he is testing. Sample A he has placed in a dark dry room away from the elements. Sample B he has placed outside under no cover, so it will be rained on.

Question: Which sample will most likely not show many signs of corrosion?
Answer: Sample A

Situation: Aaron is doing a science experiment for school. He is trying to see what happens to different iron objects in different conditions. He has two samples that he is testing. Sample A he has placed in a dark dry room away from the elements. Sample B he has placed outside under no cover, so it will be rained on.

Question: Will Sample A be more or less likely to show signs of corrosion compared to Sample B?
Answer: less

Situation: Aaron is doing a science experiment for school. He is trying to see what happens to different iron objects in different conditions. He has two samples that he is testing. Sample A he has placed in a dark dry room away from the elements. Sample B he has placed outside under no cover, so it will be rained on.

Question: Will Sample B be more or less likely to show signs of corrosion compared to Sample A?
Answer: more
Background: If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. However, if a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy much more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The reaction is controlled by inserting rods of nonfissioning material into the fissioning material. You can see this in the Figure below . The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.

Situation: The city has recently come upon some nuclear material and is wanting to use it for power generation. They are not sure how to implement it safely and have devised several strategies which include an uncontrolled reaction and a controlled reaction of the material.

Question: Which strategy is better suited for generating power?
Answer: controlled reaction

Situation: The city has recently come upon some nuclear material and is wanting to use it for power generation. They are not sure how to implement it safely and have devised several strategies which include an uncontrolled reaction and a controlled reaction of the material.

Question: Which strategy is not a good idea for generating power?
Answer: uncontrolled reaction
Background: One reason radiation is dangerous is that it can’t be detected with the senses. You normally can’t see it, smell it, hear it, or feel it. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one in Figure below , has a tube that contains atoms of a gas. If radiation enters the tube, it turns gas atoms to ions that carry electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.

Situation: A scientist is doing a study in his lab about the radioactivity of some rocks that he found on an expedition. He colored the two different rocks to be able to tell them apart; one Red, and one Blue. He is using a Geiger counter to measure them, and finds that the Red rock causes the Geiger counter to click rapidly, and the Blue causes almost no clicks.

Question: Which colored rock most likely has lower radioactivity?
Answer: Blue

Situation: A scientist is doing a study in his lab about the radioactivity of some rocks that he found on an expedition. He colored the two different rocks to be able to tell them apart; one Red, and one Blue. He is using a Geiger counter to measure them, and finds that the Red rock causes the Geiger counter to click rapidly, and the Blue causes almost no clicks.

Question: Which colored rock most likely has higher radioactivity?
Answer: Red

Situation: A scientist is doing a study in his lab about the radioactivity of some rocks that he found on an expedition. He colored the two different rocks to be able to tell them apart; one Red, and one Blue. He is using a Geiger counter to measure them, and finds that the Red rock causes the Geiger counter to click rapidly, and the Blue causes almost no clicks.

Question: Does the Blue rock have a higher or lower radioactivity than the Red rock?
Answer: lower

Situation: A scientist is doing a study in his lab about the radioactivity of some rocks that he found on an expedition. He colored the two different rocks to be able to tell them apart; one Red, and one Blue. He is using a Geiger counter to measure them, and finds that the Red rock causes the Geiger counter to click rapidly, and the Blue causes almost no clicks.

Question: Does the Red rock have a higher or lower radioactivity than the Blue rock?
Answer: higher
Background: Noble gases are also used to fill the glass tubes of lighted signs like the one in the Figure below . Although noble gases are chemically nonreactive, their electrons can be energized by sending an electric current through them. When this happens, the electrons jump to a higher energy level. When the electrons return to their original energy level, they give off energy as light. Different noble gases give off light of different colors. Neon gives off reddish-orange light, like the word “Open” in the sign below. Krypton gives off violet light and xenon gives off blue light.

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Which sign in Bob's store uses Neon gas?
Answer: closed sign

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Which sign in Bob's store uses Krypton gas?
Answer: open sign

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Which sign in Bob's store uses Xenon gas?
Answer: sale sign

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Is the closed sign more or less likely to be Neon than Krypton?
Answer: more

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Is the closed sign more or less likely to be Krypton than Neon?
Answer: less

Situation: Bob owns a store that sells signs. He has a large selection of different signs that are for sale, and they come in all sorts of different colors. His closed sign is a reddish-orange. His open sign is a violet color, and his sale sign is blue.

Question: Is the open sign more or less likely to be Krypton than Neon?
Answer: more
Background: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn’t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up.

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Which city most likely has less pollution?
Answer: Seattle

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Which city most likely has more pollution?
Answer: St. Louis

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Does St. Louis likely have more or less pollution than Seattle?
Answer: more

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Does Seattle likely have more or less pollution than St. Louis?
Answer: less

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Which city should Bob choose to move to in keeping with his goals?
Answer: Seattle

Situation: Bob is trying to move to an area with low pollution. He has done his research and narrowed it down to two cities. Seattle, which has a nuclear power plant, and St. Louis which has a coal powered power plant. Both cities seem to have similar commercial and industrial areas, and only differ in the type of power they generate.

Question: Which city should Bob avoid in keeping with his goals of low pollution?
Answer: St. Louis
Background: You generally can’t see, smell, taste, hear, or feel radiation. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one pictured in the Figure below , contains atoms of a gas that is ionized if it encounters radiation. When this happens, the gas atoms change to ions that can carry an electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.

Situation: Steve is a geologist and is doing a study on the radioactivity of different rocks. He has gathered two distinctly different rocks for examination. The first rock is red in color, and the second is purple in color. He has brought along a Geiger counter to help him with his study. The red rock ends up making the Geiger counter click very rapidly, while the purple rock barely registers any clicks.

Question: Which color rock is most likely radioactive?
Answer: red

Situation: Steve is a geologist and is doing a study on the radioactivity of different rocks. He has gathered two distinctly different rocks for examination. The first rock is red in color, and the second is purple in color. He has brought along a Geiger counter to help him with his study. The red rock ends up making the Geiger counter click very rapidly, while the purple rock barely registers any clicks.

Question: Which color rock is least likely radioactive?
Answer: purple

Situation: Steve is a geologist and is doing a study on the radioactivity of different rocks. He has gathered two distinctly different rocks for examination. The first rock is red in color, and the second is purple in color. He has brought along a Geiger counter to help him with his study. The red rock ends up making the Geiger counter click very rapidly, while the purple rock barely registers any clicks.

Question: Is the purple rock more or less radioactive than the red rock?
Answer: less

Situation: Steve is a geologist and is doing a study on the radioactivity of different rocks. He has gathered two distinctly different rocks for examination. The first rock is red in color, and the second is purple in color. He has brought along a Geiger counter to help him with his study. The red rock ends up making the Geiger counter click very rapidly, while the purple rock barely registers any clicks.

Question: Is the red rock more or less radioactive than the purple rock?
Answer: more
Background: Since the 1990s, many regions have broken up the generation and distribution of electric power to provide a more competitive electricity market. While such markets can be abusively manipulated with consequent adverse price and reliability impact to consumers, generally competitive production of electrical energy leads to worthwhile improvements in efficiency. However, transmission and distribution are harder problems since returns on investment are not as easy to find.

Situation: George is moving cities, and wants to find an area to set up his new bitcoin mining operation. He is looking to find an area with cheap power to set up his devices. St. Louis has one giant power company to choose from called Veris Power, and Chicago has several different power companies in the area. He has narrowed his city choices down to those two.

Question: Will St. Louis more than likely have higher or lower power costs than Chicago?
Answer: higher

Situation: George is moving cities, and wants to find an area to set up his new bitcoin mining operation. He is looking to find an area with cheap power to set up his devices. St. Louis has one giant power company to choose from called Veris Power, and Chicago has several different power companies in the area. He has narrowed his city choices down to those two.

Question: Will Chicago more than likely have higher or lower power costs than St. Louis?
Answer: lower
Background: A few insects, such as mayflies and some moths, never eat. That’s because their lives are over in just a few hours or days. Once these insects become adults, they lay eggs, and then die. On the other hand, some insects are very healthy eaters. A silkworm eats enough leaves to increase its weight more than 4,000 times in just 56 days, as the silkworm increases in size about 10,000 times since birth. A locust eats its own weight in plants every day. Just imagine eating your own weight in food every day. You probably couldn't. You would most likely get very sick even if you tried.

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Which of the two insects will Billy have to worry about feeding?
Answer: locusts

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Which of the two insects will Billy not have to worry about giving food to?
Answer: mayflies

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Will the locust eat more or less food than the mayflies?
Answer: more

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Will the mayflies eat more or less food than the locusts?
Answer: less

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Will the locusts live longer or shorter lives than the mayflies?
Answer: longer

Situation: Billy has decided to start collecting insects. He wants to build a vibrant collection, has a bunch of different bug boxes to store them in. So far he has captured some mayflies, and some locusts. He is trying to decide how to take care of them.

Question: Will the mayflies live longer or shorter lives than the locusts?
Answer: shorter
Background: The lungs of mammals are unique in having alveoli . These are tiny, sac-like structures. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels (see Figure below ). Because there are millions of alveoli in each lung, they greatly increase the surface area for gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream. Human lungs, for example, contain about 300 million alveoli. They give the lungs a total surface area for gas exchange of up to 90 square meters (968 square feet). That’s about as much surface area as one side of a volleyball court!

Situation: Bob is in a science class, and this week they are doing some dissections. He is going to dissect a fish, and a small rat. His class has been learning about the respiratory system of different animals and will focus on the lungs.

Question: Which animal that Bob dissects will have alveoli in their lungs?
Answer: rat

Situation: Bob is in a science class, and this week they are doing some dissections. He is going to dissect a fish, and a small rat. His class has been learning about the respiratory system of different animals and will focus on the lungs.

Question: Which animal that Bob dissects will have not alveoli in their lungs?
Answer: fish

Situation: Bob is in a science class, and this week they are doing some dissections. He is going to dissect a fish, and a small rat. His class has been learning about the respiratory system of different animals and will focus on the lungs.

Question: Will the rat more or less likely to have alveoli in it's lungs than the fish?
Answer: more

Situation: Bob is in a science class, and this week they are doing some dissections. He is going to dissect a fish, and a small rat. His class has been learning about the respiratory system of different animals and will focus on the lungs.

Question: Will the fish more or less likely to have alveoli in it's lungs than the rat?
Answer: less
Background: Communication is any way that animals share information. Many animals live in social groups. For these animals, being able to communicate is essential. Communicating increases the ability of group members to cooperate and avoid conflict. Communication may help animals work together to find food and defend themselves from predators. It also helps them find mates and care for their offspring. In addition, communication helps adult animals teach the next generation learned behaviors. Therefore, communication generally improves the chances of animals surviving and reproducing.

Situation: There is an experiment being done on a group of animals. The animals in Group A are allowed to communicate with each other, while the animals in Group B have been sequestered and have no communication within their group.

Question: Which group of animals has a higher likely hood of survival?
Answer: Group A

Situation: There is an experiment being done on a group of animals. The animals in Group A are allowed to communicate with each other, while the animals in Group B have been sequestered and have no communication within their group.

Question: Which group of animals has a lower likely hood of survival?
Answer: Group B

Situation: There is an experiment being done on a group of animals. The animals in Group A are allowed to communicate with each other, while the animals in Group B have been sequestered and have no communication within their group.

Question: Does Group A have a higher or lower chance of survival than Group B?
Answer: higher

Situation: There is an experiment being done on a group of animals. The animals in Group A are allowed to communicate with each other, while the animals in Group B have been sequestered and have no communication within their group.

Question: Does Group B have a higher or lower chance of survival than Group A?
Answer: lower