allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox.

Situation: In Colorado, everyone makes sure they get vaccinated for measles. However in Ontario they don't like to get vaccines so most of the population skips them. One year a major measles outbreak occurs.

Question: Will the population of Colorado have a higher chance or lower chance of contracting measles?
Answer: lower

Situation: In Colorado, everyone makes sure they get vaccinated for measles. However in Ontario they don't like to get vaccines so most of the population skips them. One year a major measles outbreak occurs.

Question: Will getting vaccinated for measles increase or decrease your chances of contracting it?
Answer: decrease

Situation: In Colorado, everyone makes sure they get vaccinated for measles. However in Ontario they don't like to get vaccines so most of the population skips them. One year a major measles outbreak occurs.

Question: Given the people of Ontario are now required to get vaccinated for measles, will the infection rate in Ontario increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease
Background: Another major cause of extinction is global warming , which is also known as global climate change. During the past century, the Earth's average temperature has risen by almost 1°C (about 1.3°F). You may not think that is significant, but to organisms that live in the wild and are constantly adapting to their environments, any climate change can be hazardous. Recall that burning fossil fuels releases gasses into the atmosphere that warm the Earth. Our increased use of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, is changing the Earth’s climate. Any long-term change in the climate can destroy the habitat of a species. Even a brief change in climate may be too stressful for an organism to survive. For example, if the seas increase in temperature, even briefly, it may be too warm for certain types of fish to reproduce.

Situation: In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher.

Question: Will the species of bird have a higher or lower chance of survival?
Answer: lower

Situation: In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher. This is much warmer than the bird is used to and they begin to reproduce less.

Question: Will the temperature returning to normal increase or decrease the bird species chance of survival?
Answer: increase

Situation: In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher. This is much warmer than the bird is used to and they begin to reproduce less.

Question: Will a chance in climate have a positive or negative effect on a species that is climate sensitive?
Answer: negative

Situation: In Greenland there is a species of bird that thrives in cold climates. After years of burning fossil fuels the global average temperature has increased by 4 degrees F and during the mating season for this bird the temperature is on average 7 degrees higher. This is much warmer than the bird is used to and they begin to reproduce less.

Question: Will increased burning of fossil fuels increase or decrease the Earth's average temperature?
Answer: increase
Background: Compared to conventional milk production, organic milk production tends to have lower eutrophication potential per ton of milk or per hectare of farmland, because it potentially reduces leaching of nitrates (NO3−) and phosphates (PO4−) due to lower fertilizer application rates. Because organic milk production reduces pesticides utilization, it increases land use per ton of milk due to decreased crop yields per hectare. Mainly due to the lower level of concentrates given to cows in organic herds, organic dairy farms generally produce less milk per cow than conventional dairy farms. Because of the increased use of roughage and the, on-average, lower milk production level per cow, some research has connected organic milk production with increases in the emission of methane.Animal welfare issues vary among dairy farms and are not necessarily related to the way of producing milk (organically or conventionally).

Situation: There are two dairy farms in the town of Milkton and both are about the same size. Farm A produces only organic milk. Farm B does not but they are considering switching production to organic milk.

Question: Which farm likely has higher milk yields, farm A or B?
Answer: B

Situation: There are two dairy farms in the town of Milkton and both are about the same size. Farm A produces only organic milk. Farm B does not but they are considering switching production to organic milk.

Question: Which farm uses more pesticides, dairy farm A or B?
Answer: B

Situation: There are two dairy farms in the town of Milkton and both are about the same size. Farm A produces only organic milk. Farm B does not but they are considering switching production to organic milk.

Question: Given farm B goes through with it's switch to being organic, will it likely increase or decrease its leaching of nitrates?
Answer: decrease

Situation: There are two dairy farms in the town of Milkton and both are about the same size. Farm A produces only organic milk. Farm B does not but they are considering switching production to organic milk.

Question: Given farm B goes through with it's switch to being organic, will the amount of methane it produces likely increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

Situation: Michael lives near a cliff overlooking the sea. Because of this he has an amazing view of the sunset. One day Michael decides to head out to the cliff and notices the sky looks much more red than normal. He also remembers that on the previous day he couldn't see his shadow at all.

Question: Given the red sky, which is the likley location of the sun, high in the sky or at the horizon?
Answer: horizon

Situation: Michael lives near a cliff overlooking the sea. Because of this he has an amazing view of the sunset. One day Michael decides to head out to the cliff and notices the sky looks much more red than normal. He also remembers that on the previous day he couldn't see his shadow at all.

Question: Given the sky looks more red, is more or less of the suns radiation passing through atmosphere?
Answer: more

Situation: Michael lives near a cliff overlooking the sea. Because of this he has an amazing view of the sunset. One day Michael decides to head out to the cliff and notices the sky looks much more red than normal. He also remembers that on the previous day he couldn't see his shadow at all.

Question: Which is an example of looking at direct radiation, looking at the sun or looking at the open sky?
Answer: sun

Situation: Michael lives near a cliff overlooking the sea. Because of this he has an amazing view of the sunset. One day Michael decides to head out to the cliff and notices the sky looks much more red than normal. He also remembers that on the previous day he couldn't see his shadow at all.

Question: Given Michael goes out one day and notices he can't see his shadow, which is the most likely weather, clear skies or overcast?
Answer: overcast
Background: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.  Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

Situation: Indiana has decided it wants to do its best to stop contributing to global warming. The first place the government decides to look is at the number of factories that use fossil fuels in production. They plan to shut down many of them in the coming years.

Question: Given Indiana does indeed shut down many of its factories, will this result in a higher or lower contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Answer: lower

Situation: Indiana has decided it wants to do its best to stop contributing to global warming. The first place the government decides to look is at the number of factories that use fossil fuels in production. They plan to shut down many of them in the coming years.

Question: Given one of the factories in Indiana is right next to a body of water, will the levels of carbonic acid in the water be higher or lower than a body of water with no factory near it?
Answer: lower
Background: Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher energy range of ultraviolet light constitute the ionizing part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word "ionize" refers to the breaking of one or more electrons away from an atom, an action that requires the relatively high energies that these electromagnetic waves supply. Further down the spectrum, the non-ionizing lower energies of the lower ultraviolet spectrum cannot ionize atoms, but can disrupt the inter-atomic bonds which form molecules, thereby breaking down molecules rather than atoms; a good example of this is sunburn caused by long-wavelength solar ultraviolet. The waves of longer wavelength than UV in visible light, infrared and microwave frequencies cannot break bonds but can cause vibrations in the bonds which are sensed as heat. Radio wavelengths and below generally are not regarded as harmful to biological systems. These are not sharp delineations of the energies; there is some overlap in the effects of specific frequencies.The word radiation arises from the phenomenon of waves radiating (i.e., traveling outward in all directions) from a source. This aspect leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are applicable to all types of radiation. Because such radiation expands as it passes through space, and as its energy is conserved (in vacuum), the intensity of all types of radiation from a point source follows an inverse-square law in relation to the distance from its source. Like any ideal law, the inverse-square law approximates a measured radiation intensity to the extent that the source approximates a geometric point.

Situation: A scientists has discovered two new types of radiation. He notes that radiation type A has the ability to break away atoms from molecules, while radiation type B simply causes them to vibrate.

Question: Will introducing radiation type B to water cause the temperature of the water to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: A scientists has discovered two new types of radiation. He notes that radiation type A has the ability to break away atoms from molecules, while radiation type B simply causes them to vibrate.

Question: Which radiation causes ionization, radiation type A or B?
Answer: A

Situation: A scientists has discovered two new types of radiation. He notes that radiation type A has the ability to break away atoms from molecules, while radiation type B simply causes them to vibrate.

Question: Which radiation type will have a longer wavelength, radiation type A or B?
Answer: A

Situation: A scientists has discovered two new types of radiation. He notes that radiation type A has the ability to break away atoms from molecules, while radiation type B simply causes them to vibrate.

Question: Given radiation type A actually has overlapping effects with with solar ultraviolet radiation, is it more or less likely to break down molecules?
Answer: more
Background: Wind causes the generation of sound. The movement of air causes movements of parts of natural objects, such as leaves or grass. These objects will produce sound if they touch each other. Even a soft wind will cause a low level of environmental noise. If the wind is blowing harder, it may produce howling sounds of varying frequencies. This may be caused by the wind blowing over cavities, or by vortices created in the air downstream of an object. Especially on high buildings, many structural parts may be a cause of annoying noise at certain wind conditions. Examples of these parts are balconies, ventilation openings, roof openings or cables.

Situation: George lives in a rural area and has a sort of barren forest behind his house. Sometimes, especially when it is storming spooky sounds can be heard that scare George and he has no idea what they are.

Question: Given George can hear a lot of noise one night, has the strength of the wind likely increased or decreased?
Answer: increased

Situation: George lives in a rural area and has a sort of barren forest behind his house. Sometimes, especially when it is storming spooky sounds can be heard that scare George and he has no idea what they are.

Question: Will a soft wind likely cause rustling noises or howling noises?
Answer: rustling

Situation: George lives in a rural area and has a sort of barren forest behind his house. Sometimes, especially when it is storming spooky sounds can be heard that scare George and he has no idea what they are.

Question: When it is storming, is George more or less likely to hear howling noises?
Answer: more
Background: There are a variety of metrics commonly used to measure storm size. The most common metrics include the radius of maximum wind, the radius of 34-knot wind (i.e. gale force), the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI), and the radius of vanishing wind. An additional metric is the radius at which the cyclone's relative vorticity field decreases to 1×10−5 s−1.On Earth, tropical cyclones span a large range of sizes, from 100–2,000 kilometres (62–1,243 mi) as measured by the radius of vanishing wind. They are largest on average in the northwest Pacific Ocean basin and smallest in the northeastern Pacific Ocean basin. If the radius of outermost closed isobar is less than two degrees of latitude (222 km (138 mi)), then the cyclone is "very small" or a "midget". A radius of 3–6 latitude degrees (333–670 km (207–416 mi)) is considered "average sized". "Very large" tropical cyclones have a radius of greater than 8 degrees (888 km (552 mi)). Observations indicate that size is only weakly correlated to variables such as storm intensity (i.e. maximum wind speed), radius of maximum wind, latitude, and maximum potential intensity.Size plays an important role in modulating damage caused by a storm. All else equal, a larger storm will impact a larger area for a longer period of time. Additionally, a larger near-surface wind field can generate higher storm surge due to the combination of longer wind fetch, longer duration, and enhanced wave setup.The upper circulation of strong hurricanes extends into the tropopause of the atmosphere, which at low latitudes is 15,000–18,000 metres (50,000–60,000 ft).

Situation: A storm is brewing in the northeastern Pacific basin. This storm has resulted in a cyclone. The radius of outermost closed isobar is measured to be 1.5 degrees of latitude.

Question: Will the given cyclone be considered very small or very large?
Answer: very small

Situation: A storm is brewing in the northeastern Pacific basin. This storm has resulted in a cyclone. The radius of outermost closed isobar is measured to be 1.5 degrees of latitude.

Question: Given the cyclone increases in size will the measurement of its outermost isobar have increased or decreased?
Answer: increased

Situation: A storm is brewing in the northeastern Pacific basin. This storm has resulted in a cyclone. The radius of outermost closed isobar is measured to be 1.5 degrees of latitude.

Question: Given the radius of the cyclone's outermost isobar increases to 6 latitude degrees, will it be considered average size or very large?
Answer: average size
Background: Carbon monoxide is used in modified atmosphere packaging systems in the US, mainly with fresh meat products such as beef, pork, and fish to keep them looking fresh. The carbon monoxide combines with myoglobin to form carboxymyoglobin, a bright-cherry-red pigment. Carboxymyoglobin is more stable than the oxygenated form of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, which can become oxidized to the brown pigment metmyoglobin. This stable red color can persist much longer than in normally packaged meat. Typical levels of carbon monoxide used in the facilities that use this process are between 0.4% to 0.5%.

Situation: Anna is going grocery shopping today. She gets to the meat section and decides to buy some ground beef. While looking at the cases she notices 2 brands of meat, Brand A and brand B. Bother were packaged the same day but package B's meat is noticeably more brown in color.

Question: Which package of meat was likely treated with carbon monoxide, package A or package B?
Answer: A

Situation: Anna is going grocery shopping today. She gets to the meat section and decides to buy some ground beef. While looking at the cases she notices 2 brands of meat, Brand A and brand B. Bother were packaged the same day but package B's meat is noticeably more brown in color.

Question: Given package A was treated with carbon monoxide, which will it have more of compared to package B, oxymyglobin or carboxymyglobin?
Answer: carboxymyglobin

Situation: Anna is going grocery shopping today. She gets to the meat section and decides to buy some ground beef. While looking at the cases she notices 2 brands of meat, Brand A and brand B. Bother were packaged the same day but package B's meat is noticeably more brown in color.

Question: Will the red pigment of meat last longer or shorter if it is treated with carbon monoxide?
Answer: longer
Background: The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, perhaps the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water; some are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom.

Situation: Adam caught a large spider behind his house and decides to keep it as a pet. After a while he notices flakes of its skin (exoskeleton) along the bottom of the cage.

Question: Will the spider have increased or decreased in size?
Answer: increased
Background: Trees can benefit fauna. The most common examples are silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees. In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. The leaves of trees or shrubs can also serve as fodder.

Situation: Two farmers live side by side and both raise cattle in separate fields. The area they live in is rather hot. Farmer A's grazing area is wide and open with no trees around. Farmer B has a lot of trees in their grazing area.

Question: Which farmers cattle are likely more stressed, Farmer A or B?
Answer: A

Situation: Two farmers live side by side and both raise cattle in separate fields. The area they live in is rather hot. Farmer A's grazing area is wide and open with no trees around. Farmer B has a lot of trees in their grazing area.

Question: Which farmers cattle likely put on weight faster, farmer A or B?
Answer: B

Situation: Two farmers live side by side and both raise cattle in separate fields. The area they live in is rather hot. Farmer A's grazing area is wide and open with no trees around. Farmer B has a lot of trees in their grazing area.

Question: Given farmer A decides to plant some trees in his grazing area, will his cattle be more or less likely to put on weight faster?
Answer: more

Situation: Two farmers live side by side and both raise cattle in separate fields. The area they live in is rather hot. Farmer A's grazing area is wide and open with no trees around. Farmer B has a lot of trees in their grazing area.

Question: Given farmer B decides to cut down all of the trees in his grazing area, will his cattle likely be more or less stressed?
Answer: more
Background: Another possible benefit of aggregation is to protect against predation by group anti-predator behavior. Many species exhibit higher rates of predator vigilance behavior per individual at lower density. This increased vigilance might result in less time and energy spent on foraging, thus reducing the fitness of an individual living in smaller groups. One striking example of such shared vigilance is exhibited by meerkats. Meanwhile, other species move in synchrony to confuse and avoid predators such as schools of sardines and flocks of starlings. The confusion effect that this herding behavior would have on predators will be more effective when more individuals are present.Cooperative feeding

Situation: Two different types of animals live in the same habitat but have vastly different behaviors. Animals A and B are both the same size which is relatively small. Animal A lives in small groups of 4 or 5. Animal B however lives in very large groups and when they move around they all move at the same time. Both groups are also hunted by the same predator.

Question: Which group of animal is likely more fit, animal A of B?
Answer: B

Situation: Two different types of animals live in the same habitat but have vastly different behaviors. Animals A and B are both the same size which is relatively small. Animal A lives in small groups of 4 or 5. Animal B however lives in very large groups and when they move around they all move at the same time. Both groups are also hunted by the same predator.

Question: Which group likely relies on confusing potential predators, group A or B?
Answer: B