allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: The device in the circuit in Figure above is an ammeter. It measures the current that flows through the wire. The faster the magnet or coil moves, the greater the amount of current that is produced. If more turns were added to the coil, this would increase the strength of the magnetic field as well. If the magnet were moved back and forth repeatedly, the current would keep changing direction. In other words, alternating current would be produced. This is illustrated in Figure below .

Situation: James is testing the strength of electromagnetic fields. He takes two lengths of copper wire and coils them. His first coil, A, has a weaker magnetic field than his second coil, B.

Question: Will increasing the number of turns in a coil increase or decrease the strength of the electromagnetic field?
Answer: increase

Situation: James is testing the strength of electromagnetic fields. He takes two lengths of copper wire and coils them. His first coil, A, has a weaker magnetic field than his second coil, B.

Question: Which coil has a stronger electromagnetic field, A or B?
Answer: B

Situation: James is testing the strength of electromagnetic fields. He takes two lengths of copper wire and coils them. His first coil, A, has a weaker magnetic field than his second coil, B.

Question: Given an ammeter is connected to coil A and B, which coil will have a faster magnet?
Answer: B

Situation: James is testing the strength of electromagnetic fields. He takes two lengths of copper wire and coils them. His first coil, A, has a weaker magnetic field than his second coil, B.

Question: Given a very stong current is flowing through a wire, will an ammeter connected to the wire's magnet move fast or slow?
Answer: fast
Background: Magnetism is due to the movement of electrons within atoms of matter. When electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom, it causes the atom to become a tiny magnet, with north and south poles and a magnetic field. In most materials, the electrons orbiting the nuclei of the atoms are arranged in such a way that the materials have no magnetic properties. Also, in most types of matter, the north and south poles of atoms point in all different directions, so overall the matter is not magnetic. Examples of nonmagnetic materials include wood, glass, plastic, paper, copper, and aluminum. These materials are not attracted to magnets and cannot become magnets.

Situation: Andy has a refrigerator in his house with lots of magnets on it as decorations. One day while playing with and rearranging them he decided to see what other metals around his kitchen they would stick to. The things he had available were copper pots and pans, aluminum foil and some wooden spatulas.

Question: Given Andy puts a magnet on the aluminum, will it have a magnetic attraction or no attraction?
Answer: no attraction

Situation: Andy has a refrigerator in his house with lots of magnets on it as decorations. One day while playing with and rearranging them he decided to see what other metals around his kitchen they would stick to. The things he had available were copper pots and pans, aluminum foil and some wooden spatulas.

Question: Will the material Andy's refrigerator is made of have the ability ot become magnetic, yes or no?
Answer: yes

Situation: Andy has a refrigerator in his house with lots of magnets on it as decorations. One day while playing with and rearranging them he decided to see what other metals around his kitchen they would stick to. The things he had available were copper pots and pans, aluminum foil and some wooden spatulas.

Question: Will most types of matter be magnetic or not magnetic?
Answer: not magnetic
Background: There must be more to this story than just gas exchange with the environment. To begin to appreciate the role of oxygen inside your body, think about when your breathing rate increases: climbing a steep slope, running a race, or skating a shift in a hockey game. Respiration rate correlates with energy use, and that correlation reflects the link between oxygen and energy metabolism. For this reason, the chemical process inside your cells that consume oxygen to produce usable energy is known as cellular respiration . During this process, energy is converted from glucose , in the presence of oxygen, into numerous ATP molecules. The glucose, of course, comes from the food you eat. In biological terms, you do not eat because you are hungry, you eat to get energy. Other heterotrophic organisms also acquire glucose from other organisms, whereas autotrophic organisms make their own glucose, mostly through photosynthesis.

Situation: Matthew is training to run a marathon. Every day he runs up and down a hill near his house until he is out of breath, then walks around his house until his breathing rate returns to normal.

Question: Will breathing rate increase or decrease when the body requires more energy to preform a task such as running?
Answer: increase
Background: As a liquid is heated, the average kinetic energy of its particles increases. The rate of evaporation increases as more and more molecules are able to escape the liquid’s surface into the vapor phase. Eventually a point is reached when the molecules all throughout the liquid have enough kinetic energy to vaporize . At this point the liquid begins to boil. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure. The Figure below illustrates the boiling of liquid.

Situation: A new liquid is found with a boiling point of 50 degrees C. John poured some of this liquid in a pot and began heating it to 60 degrees. Eventually all of the liquid vaporizes

Question: Will this new liquid reaches 50 degrees C will more or less of it evaporate?
Answer: more

Situation: A new liquid is found with a boiling point of 50 degrees C. John poured some of this liquid in a pot and began heating it to 60 degrees. Eventually all of the liquid vaporizes

Question: Given the new liquid is already in vapor form, will cooling the vapor below 50 degrees cause it to evaporate or return it to a liquid state?
Answer: liquid state
Background: When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. As a result, they are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, food spoils because of chemical reactions, and these reactions occur faster at higher temperatures (see the bread on the left in the Figure below ). This is why we store foods in the refrigerator or freezer (like the bread on the right in the Figure below ). The lower temperature slows the rate of spoilage.

Situation: A scientist is observing two chemicals react. The reaction is very slow and he wants to find a way to speed up the reaction. One day the labs air conditioner breaks and he notices the reaction is happening significantly faster than usual.

Question: Will increasing the temperature of the chemicals increase or decrease the speed of the reaction?
Answer: increase

Situation: A scientist is observing two chemicals react. The reaction is very slow and he wants to find a way to speed up the reaction. One day the labs air conditioner breaks and he notices the reaction is happening significantly faster than usual.

Question: Given two batches of chemicals, Batch A at 20 degrees celcius and batch B at 45 degrees C, which will react faster?
Answer: batch B

Situation: A scientist is observing two chemicals react. The reaction is very slow and he wants to find a way to speed up the reaction. One day the labs air conditioner breaks, increasing the heat, in the lab and he notices the reaction is happening significantly faster than usual.

Question: Will the chemicals the scientist used react faster or slower if you decrease the temperature?
Answer: slower
Background: Hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100°C (212°F). Because of its high boiling point, most water on Earth is in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state. Water in its liquid state is needed by all living things. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to expand when it freezes. This, in turn, causes ice to have a lower density (mass/volume) than liquid water. The lower density of ice means that it floats on water. For example, in cold climates, ice floats on top of the water in lakes. This allows lake animals such as fish to survive the winter by staying in the water under the ice.

Situation: Samuel fills a glass cup with water and puts it in the freezer. He leaves the cup of water overnight and when he checks in the morning the cup has shattered. Confused he fills another cup with water and just leaves in on his kitchen counter. When he checks in the morning the glass is in tact.

Question: Which is larger, 3 oz of water or 3 oz of ice?
Answer: ice

Situation: Samuel fills a glass cup with water and puts it in the freezer. He leaves the cup of water overnight and when he checks in the morning the cup has shattered. Confused he fills another cup with water and just leaves in on his kitchen counter. When he checks in the morning the glass is in tact.

Question: Given a sealed bottle of water, will the bottle expand or contract when the water inside is frozen?
Answer: expand

Situation: Samuel fills a glass cup with water and puts it in the freezer. He leaves the cup of water overnight and when he checks in the morning the cup has shattered. Confused he fills another cup with water and just leaves in on his kitchen counter. When he checks in the morning the glass is in tact.

Question: Will the amount of space water takes up increase or decrease when frozen?
Answer: increase
Background: An electric generator is a device that changes kinetic energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. A simple diagram of an electric generator is shown in Figure below . In a generator, some form of energy is applied to turn a shaft. This causes a coil of wire to rotate between opposite poles of a magnet. Because the coil is rotating in a magnetic field, electric current is generated in the wire. If the diagram in Figure below looks familiar to you, that’s because a generator is an electric motor in reverse. Look back at the electric motor in Figure above . If you were to mechanically turn the shaft of the motor (instead of using electromagnetism to turn it), the motor would generate electricity just like an electric generator. You can learn how to make a very simple electric generator by watching the video at the URL below. Making your own generator will help you understand how a generator works.

Situation: A windmill is used to power a nearby house. On days when there is almost no wind the house runs very low on power. But on days when there is a lot of wind, such as during a storm the reserve batteries for the house are able to charge to full.

Question: Given the levels of the batteries are very low, has the amount of wind in the area increased or decreased?
Answer: decreased

Situation: A windmill is used to power a nearby house. On days when there is almost no wind the house runs very low on power. But on days when there is a lot of wind, such as during a storm the reserve batteries for the house are able to charge to full.

Question: Will the amount of energy generated by the windmill increase or decrease if it is turning faster than normal?
Answer: increase

Situation: A windmill is used to power a nearby house. On days when there is almost no wind the house runs very low on power. But on days when there is a lot of wind, such as during a storm the reserve batteries for the house are able to charge to full.

Question: Given that there is no wind present, will the windmill generate more energy or less energy than on a day where the wind is blowing
Answer: less

Situation: In Chicago, the The Energy Conservation society has a neat system outside of their building. They have a bunch of machines you can sit in to watch slide shows. The way you power these machines is applying force to a turn shaft in them. The amount of energy used to power the slide shows is also less than the energy produced as well and gets stored.

Question: Will increasing the amount of kinetic energy used to power the slide show machines increase or decrease the electrical energy generated?
Answer: increase
Background: Natural resources include energy, minerals and other materials. Natural resources may be renewable or non-renewable. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced. When they're gone, they're gone. Renewable resources can be replaced. They can supply human activities forever. Fossil fuels are crucial for modern human society. Fossil fuels are essential for transportation, industry and agriculture. Renewable energy resources tend to be clean. They emit fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases than fossil fuels. Renewable resources often have other problems. They are more costly and less efficient than fossil fuels. Still, they have many advantages. Research is going into developing renewable resources. Conservation is the best way to increase resource availability. Anyone can conserve! You and your family can. Society can. The world can. Just reduce, reuse, recycle.

Situation: A recent study compared the amount of pollution in the air of two towns, Kaya and Arcfield. Arcfield is mostly powered by solar panels. Kaya on the other hand uses fossil fuels to power most of the town.

Question: Which town has more pollution, Kaya or Arcfield?
Answer: Kaya

Situation: A recent study compared the amount of pollution in the air of two towns, Kaya and Arcfield. Arcfield is mostly powered by solar panels. Kaya on the other hand uses fossil fuels to power most of the town.

Question: Will switching to solar panels increase or decrease the amount of pollution in Kaya?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A recent study compared the amount of pollution in the air of two towns, Kaya and Arcfield. Arcfield is mostly powered by solar panels. Kaya on the other hand uses fossil fuels to power most of the town.

Question: Given a third town, Shooze, has recently switched to using solar panels for energy, will the amount of pollution increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A recent study compared the amount of pollution in the air of two towns, Kaya and Arcfield. Arcfield is mostly powered by solar panels. Kaya on the other hand uses fossil fuels to power most of the town.

Question: Given a family want to move to a town with less pollution, would they move to Kaya or Arcfield?
Answer: Arcfield
Background: Astronomy is very sensitive to light pollution. The night sky viewed from a city bears no resemblance to what can be seen from dark skies.[78] Skyglow (the scattering of light in the atmosphere at night) reduces the contrast between stars and galaxies and the sky itself, making it much harder to see fainter objects. This is one factor that has caused newer telescopes to be built in increasingly remote areas.

Situation: Diana is studying astronomy and in her spare time likes to stargaze. She has never been outside of her large city however. One weekend she got to go on a camping trip with her parents. When they arrived at the campsite, which is very far from the lights of the city she noticed the number of stars she could see in the sky greatly increased.

Question: Will being in a city increase or decrease the number of visible stars?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Diana is studying astronomy and in her spare time likes to stargaze. She has never been outside of her large city however. One weekend she got to go on a camping trip with her parents. When they arrived at the campsite, which is very far from the lights of the city she noticed the number of stars she could see in the sky greatly increased.

Question: Which area are stars more visible.
Answer: campsite

Situation: Diana is studying astronomy and in her spare time likes to stargaze. She has never been outside of her large city however. One weekend she got to go on a camping trip with her parents. When they arrived at the campsite, which is very far from the lights of the city she noticed the number of stars she could see in the sky greatly increased.

Question: Will you see more or less stars at a campsite?
Answer: more
Background: Changes of state from solid to liquid and from liquid to gas occur when matter gains energy. The energy allows individual molecules to separate and move apart from one another. It takes more energy to bring about these changes of state for polar molecules. Although hydrogen bonds are weak, they add to the energy needed for molecules to move apart from one another, so it takes higher temperatures for these changes of state to occur in polar compounds. This explains why polar compounds have relatively high melting and boiling points. The Table below compares melting and boiling points for some polar and nonpolar covalent compounds.

Situation: Andrew is thirsty and wants some cold water. He puts a bottle in the freezer but leaves it in too long so it freezes. Being impatient he then takes the bottle and runs it under soe hot water for a few minutes.

Question: Which state is the water in the bottle after Andrew leaves it in the freezer too long solid or liquid?
Answer: solid

Situation: Andrew is thirsty and wants some cold water. He puts a bottle in the freezer but leaves it in too long so it freezes. Being impatient he then takes the bottle and runs it under soe hot water for a few minutes.

Question: Will the energy of the water molecules in the bottle increase or decrease when Andrew runs hot water on the bottle?
Answer: increase

Situation: Andrew is thirsty and wants some cold water. He puts a bottle in the freezer but leaves it in too long so it freezes. Being impatient he then takes the bottle and runs it under soe hot water for a few minutes.

Question: Given Andrew were to heat water in a pot past its boiling point, chich state would it be in, liquid or gas?
Answer: gas

Situation: Andrew is thirsty and wants some cold water. He puts a bottle in the freezer but leaves it in too long so it freezes. Being impatient he then takes the bottle and runs it under soe hot water for a few minutes.

Question: Will the water molecules lose energy or gain energy when put in the freezer?
Answer: lose
Background: The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism. The hypothesis suggests that the Earth is self-regulating and tends to achieve a stable state, known as homeostasis . For example the composition of our atmosphere stays fairly consistent, providing the ideal conditions for life. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, plants grow more quickly. As their growth continues, they remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this way, the amount of carbon dioxide stays fairly constant without human intervention.

Situation: A scientist with an interesting idea for an experiment begins building a dome. This dome will be completely cut off from the rest of the world. It will produce all of its own resources, breathable air, anything needed to sustain life, putting it into a state of homeostasis.

Question: Given The Gaia hypothesis, would this dome be considered a living organism or non-living?
Answer: living

Situation: A scientist with an interesting idea for an experiment begins building a dome. This dome will be completely cut off from the rest of the world. It will produce all of its own resources, breathable air, anything needed to sustain life, putting it into a state of homeostasis.

Question: Given the dome experiment is a success and attains homeostasis, will it be in a stable or unstable state?
Answer: stable

Situation: A scientist with an interesting idea for an experiment begins building a dome. This dome will be completely cut off from the rest of the world. It will produce all of its own resources, breathable air, anything needed to sustain life, putting it into a state of homeostasis.

Question: Given the dome experiment is a success will carbon dioxide levels increase, or stay fairly consistent?
Answer: consistent
Background: Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an English chemist, is widely considered to be one of the founders of the modern experimental science of chemistry. He discovered that doubling the pressure of an enclosed sample of gas while keeping its temperature constant caused the volume of the gas to be reduced by half. Boyle’s law states that the volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely with the pressure when the temperature is kept constant. An inverse relationship is described in this way. As one variable increases in value, the other variable decreases.

Situation: Aaron needs to clean his computer. He buys an air compressor so he can air clean all of the dust from his computer. The compressor forces high powered streams of air by compressing the air inside it then releasing it through a tube.

Question: Given the temperature stays constant, will the volume of the air inside the compressor increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Aaron needs to clean his computer. He buys an air compressor so he can air clean all of the dust from his computer. The compressor forces high powered streams of air by compressing the air inside it then releasing it through a tube.

Question: Will decreasing pressure of a container of gas while the temperature remains constant increase or decrease its volume?
Answer: increase
Background: Like water in the ocean, air in the atmosphere exerts pressure that increases with depth. Most gas molecules in the atmosphere are pulled close to Earth’s surface by gravity. As a result, air pressure decreases quickly at lower altitudes and then more slowly at higher altitudes. This is illustrated in Figure below . Air pressure is greatest at sea level, where the depth of the atmosphere is greatest. At higher altitudes, the pressure is less because the depth of the atmosphere is less. For example, on top of Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on Earth, air pressure is only about one-third of the pressure at sea level. At such high altitudes, low air pressure makes it hard to breathe and is dangerous to human health.

Situation: Derek is going on a hiking trip with his friends. Before they go they have to decide which mountain they want to go hiking on. Mount Joral is a mountain with a reasonably low altitude. Mount Rook is very high with a much higher altitude. While they are deciding Derek's best friend, Adam, reminds him that he has trouble breathing sometimes.

Question: Which mountain should Derek and his friends climb given they are concerned for Adam?
Answer: Mount Joral

Situation: Derek is going on a hiking trip with his friends. Before they go they have to decide which mountain they want to go hiking on. Mount Joral is a mountain with a reasonably low altitude. Mount Rook is very high with a much higher altitude. While they are deciding Derek's best friend, Adam, reminds him that he has trouble breathing sometimes.

Question: Which mountain will have lower air pressure near the peak?
Answer: Mount Rook

Situation: Derek is going on a hiking trip with his friends. Before they go they have to decide which mountain they want to go hiking on. Mount Joral is a mountain with a reasonably low altitude. Mount Rook is very high with a much higher altitude. While they are deciding Derek's best friend, Adam, reminds him that he has trouble breathing sometimes.

Question: Will the air pressure increase or decrease as altitude decreases?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Derek is going on a hiking trip with his friends. Before they go they have to decide which mountain they want to go hiking on. Mount Joral is a mountain with a reasonably low altitude. Mount Rook is very high with a much higher altitude. While they are deciding Derek's best friend, Adam, reminds him that he has trouble breathing sometimes.

Question: Will Adam have an easier or harder time breathing at the peak of Mount Rook compared to the Peak of Mount Joral?
Answer: harder