Background: Individuals living in large groups may be safer from attack because the predator may be confused by the large group size. As the group moves, the predator has greater difficulty targeting an individual prey animal. The zebra has been suggested by the zoologist Martin Stevens and his colleagues as an example of this. When stationary, a single zebra stands out because of its large size. To reduce the risk of attack, zebras often travel in herds. The striped patterns of all the zebras in the herd may confuse the predator, making it harder for the predator to focus in on an individual zebra. Furthermore, when moving rapidly, the zebra stripes create a confusing, flickering motion dazzle effect in the eye of the predator.

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack had more difficulty targeting prey animals?
Answer: Mobutu

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack had less difficulty targeting prey animals?
Answer: Simba

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was preying more upon herds?
Answer: Mobutu

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was preying less upon herds?
Answer: Simba

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused more often by the striped patterns of the zebras?
Answer: Mobutu

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused less often by the striped patterns of the zebras?
Answer: Simba

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused less often by the  flickering motion of the zebras?
Answer: Simba

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused more often by the  flickering motion of the zebras?
Answer: Mobutu

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused more often by the dazzle effect of the zebra stripes?
Answer: Mobutu

Situation: Two packs of lions were hunting large herbivores.  The Simba pack was ambushing wounded individual prey animals, while the Mobutu pack followed large groups of zebras and other grazers.

Question: Which pack was confused less often by the dazzle effect of the zebra stripes?
Answer: Simba