allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Hypertension , which is also called "high blood pressure," occurs when a person’s blood pressure is always high. Hypertension is said to be present when a person's systolic blood pressure is always 140 or higher, and/or if the person's diastolic blood pressure is always 90 or higher. Having hypertension increases a person’s chance for developing heart disease, having a stroke, or suffering from other serious cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension often does not have any symptoms, so a person may not know that he or she has high blood pressure. For this reason, hypertension is often called the "silent killer." Treatments for hypertension include diet changes, exercise, and medication. Foods thought to lower blood pressure include skim milk, spinach, beans, bananas and dark chocolate.

Situation: Mark has a doctors appointment today for a routine checkup. When he gets his blood pressure taken the doctor looks a bit worried. He tells Mark that his blood pressure is 141/92 at resting.

Question: Will his readings cause Mark to have an increased or decreased chance of having a heart disease?
Answer: increased

Situation: Mark has a doctors appointment today for a routine checkup. When he gets his blood pressure taken the doctor looks a bit worried. He tells Mark that his blood pressure is 141/92 at resting.

Question: Which is Mark's systolic blood pressure, 141 or 92?
Answer: 141

Situation: Mark has a doctors appointment today for a routine checkup. When he gets his blood pressure taken the doctor looks a bit worried. He tells Mark that his blood pressure is 141/92 at resting.

Question: Will a change to a healthier diet and exercise help to increase or decrease Mark's blood pressure?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Mark has a doctors appointment today for a routine checkup. When he gets his blood pressure taken the doctor looks a bit worried. He tells Mark that his blood pressure is 141/92 at resting.

Question: Given Mark starts dieting and exercises more, will his chances of having a stroke increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease
Background: Another important physical property of water, is adhesion . In terms of water, adhesion is the bonding of a water molecule to another substance, such as the sides of a leaf's veins. This process happens because hydrogen bonds are special in that they break and reform with great frequency. This constant rearranging of hydrogen bonds allows a percentage of all the molecules in a given sample to bond to another substance. This grip-like characteristic that water molecules form causes capillary action , the ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space. An example of capillary action is when you place a straw into a glass of water. The water seems to climb up the straw before you even place your mouth on the straw. The water has created hydrogen bonds with the surface of the straw, causing the water to adhere to the sides of the straw. As the hydrogen bonds keep interchanging with the straw's surface, the water molecules interchange positions and some begin to ascend the straw.

Situation: Andrew is drinking a glass of cold water. He gets a straw and puts it in the water then gets back to work. After a while he looks over and notices water has begun to group under the bend in the straw even though the bend is above the surface of the water.

Question: Will the amount of water gathered at this bend increase or decrease given enough time?
Answer: increase

Situation: Andrew is drinking a glass of cold water. He gets a straw and puts it in the water then gets back to work. After a while he looks over and notices water has begun to group under the bend in the straw even though the bend is above the surface of the water.

Question: Will the chances that water is able to climb, defying gravity increase or decrease given a narrow space compared to a wide one?
Answer: increase

Situation: Andrew is drinking a glass of cold water. He gets a straw and puts it in the water then gets back to work. After a while he looks over and notices water has begun to group under the bend in the straw even though the bend is above the surface of the water.

Question: Will the hydrogen bonds in water break frequently on infrequently?
Answer: frequently
Background: For autosomal dominant disorders, a person with the disorder has a 50% chance of passing on the gene to their offspring. For achondroplasia, this means there will be a 50% chance that each child will have achondroplasia. Since two copies are fatal, if two people with achondroplasia have a child, there is a 25% chance of the child dying shortly after birth, a 50% chance the child will have achondroplasia, and a 25% chance the child will have a normal phenotype. However, in 3 out of 4 cases, people with achondroplasia are born to parents who don't have the condition. This is the result of a new mutation. New achondroplasis mutations are associated with increasing paternal age (over 35 years). Studies have demonstrated that new gene mutations are exclusively inherited from the father and occur during spermatogenesis. More than 98% of achondroplasia is caused by a G to A point mutation at nucleotide 1138 of the FGFR3 gene, which causes a glycine to arginine substitution. This makes this particular nucleotide one of the most, if not the most, mutable base in the human genome.

Situation: Erin was born with achondroplasia. When this was found out her parents got tested fur the mutation and neither of them had it, As of today she is very concerned because she would like to he children.

Question: Which parent did Erin inherit achondroplasia from, her mother or father?
Answer: father

Situation: Erin was born with achondroplasia. When this was found out her parents got tested fur the mutation and neither of them had it, As of today she is very concerned because she would like to he children.

Question: Given Erin has children with someone who also has achondroplasia, will the chances that this child inherits the disorder increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: Erin was born with achondroplasia. When this was found out her parents got tested fur the mutation and neither of them had it, As of today she is very concerned because she would like to he children.

Question: Will a baby born to parents that both have achondroplasia have a higher or lower chance of survival shortly after birth?
Answer: lower

Situation: Erin was born with achondroplasia. When this was found out her parents got tested fur the mutation and neither of them had it, As of today she is very concerned because she would like to he children.

Question: Will a couple without achondroplasia who decides to have children at age 45 have an increased or decreased chance of the child getting achondroplasia compared to a couple at age 27?
Answer: increased
Background: A vapor light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like these streetlights, produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. Vapor lights are very bright and energy efficient. The bulbs are also long lasting.

Situation: James is driving down the street in his town. For some reason today hes very curious about the things that he sees. He looks around as hes driving and the street lights catch his attention. He realizes that he's never seen someone changing the bulbs in a street light. He also wonders if its a film on the light that makes them have that color or something inside.

Question: Given the street lights are sodium vapor lights, will these lights have a long life or short life?
Answer: long life

Situation: James is driving down the street in his town. For some reason today hes very curious about the things that he sees. He looks around as hes driving and the street lights catch his attention. He realizes that he's never seen someone changing the bulbs in a street light. He also wonders if its a film on the light that makes them have that color or something inside.

Question: Given James sees the yellow street light light up, which type of vapor light is it likely to be, Mercury or Sodium?
Answer: Sodium

Situation: James is driving down the street in his town. For some reason today hes very curious about the things that he sees. He looks around as hes driving and the street lights catch his attention. He realizes that he's never seen someone changing the bulbs in a street light. He also wonders if its a film on the light that makes them have that color or something inside.

Question: Given a vapor light and a regular light bulb, which one is more energy efficient, the vapor light or the regular light bulb?
Answer: vapor light
Background: Something that is elastic can return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. This property is called elasticity . As you stretch or compress an elastic material like a bungee cord, it resists the change in shape. It exerts a counter force in the opposite direction. This force is called elastic force . The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes. As soon as the stretching or compressing force is released, elastic force causes the material to spring back to its original shape. You can watch a demonstration of elastic force at this URL:

Situation: Andy is playing with a rubber band. He stretches the rubber band out as far as he can without breaking it

Question: Will the amount of force required to stretch the rubber band increase or decrease as he stretched it further?
Answer: increase

Situation: Andy is playing with a rubber band. He stretches the rubber band out as far as he can without breaking it

Question: Will will the rubber band return to its original shape or stay stretched out when Andy lets go of one end?
Answer: original shape

Situation: Andy is playing with a rubber band. He stretches the rubber band out as far as he can without breaking it

Question: Given a spring, will compressing it down cause it to stay compressed or return to its original shape?
Answer: original shape
Background: Any unused energy in food—whether it comes from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids—is stored in the body as fat. An extra 3,500 Calories of energy results in the storage of almost half a kilogram (1 pound) of stored body fat. People who consistently consume more food energy then they need may become obese. Obesity occurs when the body mass index is 30.0 kg/m 2 or greater. Body mass index (BMI) is an estimate of the fat content of the body. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (in kilograms) by the square of the person’s height (in meters). Obesity increases the risk of health problems such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Situation: Greg wants to go on a diet. He decided it's time to make a change. He cut down on how much he eats every day and monitors his calorie intake, making sure that he is burning more calories that he is taking in.

Question: Given Greg's weight and height are 136 kg and 1.8 meters, is his BMI ~75.5 or ~42
Answer: 42

Situation: Greg wants to go on a diet. He decided it's time to make a change. He cut down on how much he eats every day and monitors his calorie intake, making sure that he is burning more calories that he is taking in.

Question: Given Greg's BMI us 41, is he considered obese, yes or no?
Answer: yes

Situation: Greg wants to go on a diet. He decided it's time to make a change. He cut down on how much he eats every day and monitors his calorie intake, making sure that he is burning more calories that he is taking in.

Question: Which is used to calculate BMI, weight in pounds or weight in kilograms?
Answer: kilograms
Background: A: You could shake a bottle of cola and then open it. Shaking causes carbon dioxide to come out of the cola solution and change to a gas. The gas fizzes out of the bottle and spreads into the surrounding air, showing that its particles have enough kinetic energy to spread apart. Then you could tilt the open bottle and pour out a small amount of the cola on a table, where it will form a puddle. This shows that particles of the liquid have enough kinetic energy to slide over each other but not enough to pull apart completely. If you do nothing to the solid glass of the cola bottle, it will remain the same size and shape. Its particles do not have enough energy to move apart or even to slide over each other.

Situation: Michael wants to play a trick on his friend. He takes a bottle of soda, shakes it really well then puts it in the fridge. He then tells his friend if he wants something to drink there's some soda in the fridge. Michael's friend goes to the fridge and pulls out the bottle Michael just shook and opens it.

Question: Which will happen when Michael's friend opens the bottle. nothing or will it release carbon dioxide?
Answer: release carbon dioxide

Situation: Michael wants to play a trick on his friend. He takes a bottle of soda, shakes it really well then puts it in the fridge. He then tells his friend if he wants something to drink there's some soda in the fridge. Michael's friend goes to the fridge and pulls out the bottle Michael just shook and opens it.

Question: Which has higher kinetic energy, carbon dioxide in a cola solution at rest, or in a shaken state?
Answer: shaken
Background: Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in - ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane, with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and several other alkanes are listed in Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally have higher boiling and melting points.

Situation: Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.

Question: Given Alkane C has more carbon atoms than ethane, which will have a higher boiling/melting point, ethane or Alkane C?
Answer: Alkane C

Situation: Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.

Question: Which has a lower boiling/melting point, Methane or Ethane?
Answer: Methane

Situation: Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.

Question: Which has a more carbon atoms, Methane or Ethane?
Answer: Ethane

Situation: Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.

Question: Which prefix means 2 carbom atoms when refering to alkanes, meth or eth
Answer: eth

Situation: Ian is learning about alkanes in science class and their melting and boiling points. He is given a few different alkanes try try with this test, mainly methane ethane and a third alkane that he has to test to find out what it is called Alkane C.

Question: Will an alkane with a high number of carbon atoms have a higher or lower boiling/melting point than an alkane with with a low number of carbon atoms?
Answer: higher
Background: It would be very unadvisable to place a can of soup over a campfire without venting the can. As the can heats up, it may explode. The kinetic-molecular theory explains why. The air inside the rigid can of soup is given more kinetic energy by the heat coming from the campfire. The kinetic energy causes the air molecules to move faster and they impact the container walls more frequently and with more force. The increase in pressure inside may eventually exceed the strength of the can and it will explode. An additional factor is that the soup may begin boiling which will then aid even more gas and more pressure to the inside of the can.

Situation: Adam is out camping and is ready to eat. He gets a can of baked beans and puts it over his campfire. He however did not puncture the can before doing so.

Question: Will the chance that the can of beans explodes increase or decrease not being vented over the fire?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is out camping and is ready to eat. He gets a can of baked beans and puts it over his campfire. He however did not puncture the can before doing so.

Question: Will the pressure of a closed container increase or decrease when increasing the temperature?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is out camping and is ready to eat. He gets a can of baked beans and puts it over his campfire. He however did not puncture the can before doing so.

Question: Will the kinetic energy of molecules increase or decrease when raising their temperature?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is out camping and is ready to eat. He gets a can of baked beans and puts it over his campfire. He however did not puncture the can before doing so.

Question: Will puncturing the can increase or decrease the pressure of the can?
Answer: decrease
Background: A baby is born with zones of cartilage in its bones that allow growth of the bones. These areas, called growth plates , allow the bones to grow longer as the child grows. By the time the child reaches an age of about 18 to 25 years, all of the cartilage in the growth plate has been replaced by bone. This stops the bone from growing any longer. Even though bones stop growing in length in early adulthood, they can continue to increase in thickness throughout life. This thickening occurs in response to strain from increased muscle activity and from weight-lifting exercises.

Situation: John was a relatively thin and bone-y child when he was younger. He would often get bruises and was prone to breaking bones. As an adult however he does lots of weight lifting and hasn't broken a bone yet.

Question: Will lifting weights likely increase or decrease bone thickness?
Answer: increase

Situation: John was a relatively thin and bone-y child when he was younger. He would often get bruises and was prone to breaking bones. As an adult however he does lots of weight lifting and hasn't broken a bone yet.

Question: Given a person is about 40 years old, will growth plates be made of cartilage or bone?
Answer: bone
Background: A major use for petroleum products is fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, trains, and other vehicles. The chemical used are usually a mixture of compounds containing several carbon atoms in a chain. When the material is ignited, a massive amount of gas is created almost instantaneously. This increase in volume will move the pistons in an internal combustion engine to provide power. A jet plane works on a similar principle. Air comes into the front of the engine and mixes with the jet fuel. This mixture is ignited and the gases formed create a lot of pressure to push the plane forward. The idea can be seen even more clearly in the case of a rocket launch. The ignition of the fuel (either solid-state or liquid) creates gases produced under great pressure that pushes the rocket up.

Situation: Gwen is driving on a highway in her old car. It's a pretty empty highway so you can hear her car engine pretty clearly. She forgot to fill up on fuel and eventually her car stops running. She has to walk to the nearest gas station and fill up a gas can to get going again.

Question: Will igniting fuel create a lot of gas instantly or over time?
Answer: instantly

Situation: Gwen is driving on a highway in her old car. It's a pretty empty highway so you can hear her car engine pretty clearly. She forgot to fill up on fuel and eventually her car stops running. She has to walk to the nearest gas station and fill up a gas can to get going again.

Question: Will the amount of pressure in the engine increase or decrease when the fuel is ignited?
Answer: increase
Background: As new changes in the DNA sequence are constantly being generated in a population's gene pool (changing the population's allele frequencies), some of these changes will be beneficial and result in traits that allow adaptation and survival. Natural selection causes evolution of a species as these beneficial traits become more common within a population. Evolution can occur within a species without completely resulting in a new species. Therefore, evolution and speciation are not the same.

Situation: Over time a species of bird has changed a lot. Originally the climate the bird lived in changed so they adapted and more of them were seen to have heavy down feathers for warmth. Later down the line it got warmer, some of the birds stayed in the warmer area and adapted to it growing thinner feathers. Some of the others decided to migrate to colder areas instead. More time passed and the birds in the warmer area eventually evolved into a very dangerous creature with sharp talons to defend itself from predators. The birds that moved to the colder environment had less predators so they remained basically harmless..

Question: Which birds is likely a case of speciation, the birds living in the cold area or the warm area?
Answer: warm area

Situation: Over time a species of bird has changed a lot. Originally the climate the bird lived in changed so they adapted and more of them were seen to have heavy down feathers for warmth. Later down the line it got warmer, some of the birds stayed in the warmer area and adapted to it growing thinner feathers. Some of the others decided to migrate to colder areas instead. More time passed and the birds in the warmer area eventually evolved into a very dangerous creature with sharp talons to defend itself from predators. The birds that moved to the colder environment had less predators so they remained basically harmless..

Question: Given an increase in predators in both areas, which set of birds has a higher chance of survival, the birds in the warm area or the cold area?
Answer: warm area