allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Another obvious change that occurs during puberty is rapid growth. This is called the adolescent growth spurt . In boys, it is controlled by testosterone. The rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty. At its peak rate, growth in height is about 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) per year in the average male. Growth generally remains rapid for several years. Growth and development of muscles occur toward the end of the growth spurt in height. Muscles may continue to develop and gain strength after growth in height is finished.

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher observed that the growth spurt is triggered by testosterone?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher didn't observe that the growth spurt is triggered by testosterone?
Answer: Dan

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher didn't observe that the rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty?
Answer: Dan

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher observed that the rate of growth usually starts to increase relatively early in puberty?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher observed that growth in height is about 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) per year in the average male?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher didn't observe that growth in height is about 10 centimeters (almost 4 inches) per year in the average male?
Answer: Dan

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher didn't observe that growth generally remains rapid for several years?
Answer: Dan

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher observed that growth generally remains rapid for several years?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher observed that growth and development of muscles occur toward the end of the growth spurt in height?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Two researches studied adolescents during puberty. Tim studied males, while Dan studied females.

Question: Which researcher didn't observe that growth and development of muscles occur toward the end of the growth spurt in height?
Answer: Dan
Background: Gibberellins are hormones that cause the plant to grow. When gibberellins are applied to plants by scientists, the stems grow longer. Some gardeners or horticulture scientists add gibberellins to increase the growth of plants. Dwarf plants (small plants), on the other hand, have low levels of gibberellins ( Figure below ). Another function of gibberellins is to stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds and buds. Gibberellins signal that it’s time for a seed to germinate (sprout) or for a bud to open.

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team use more hormones that cause plants to grow?
Answer: Plum

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team use fewer hormones that cause plants to grow?
Answer: Corn

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team had plants with longer stems?
Answer: Plum

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team had plants with shorter stems?
Answer: Corn

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team had plants with lower levels of gibberellins?
Answer: Corn

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team had plants with higher levels of gibberellins?
Answer: Plum

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team stopped dormancy (resting time) of seeds?
Answer: team Plum

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team didn't stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds?
Answer: Corn

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team didn't stop dormancy (resting time) of buds?
Answer: Corn

Situation: Two teams of agriculturists used different methods to improve production. Team Corn used organic methods, and team Plum used gibberellins for their crops.

Question: Which team stopped dormancy (resting time) of buds?
Answer: Plum
Background: Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced. When glucose levels are too low, another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read more about blood glucose levels?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read less about blood glucose levels?
Answer: Fred

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read less about the pancreas secreting insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose?
Answer: Fred

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read more about the pancreas secreting insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read more about the pancreas secreting insulin to stimulate the conversion of glucose into glycogen?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read less about the pancreas secreting insulin to stimulate the conversion of glucose into glycogen?
Answer: Fred

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read less about glycogen being stored in the liver?
Answer: Fred

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read more about glycogen being stored in the liver?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read more about the production of glucagon?
Answer: Tim

Situation: Tim and Fred were two students. Tim studied about negative feedback and the pancreas, while Fred studied about the stomach and the jejunum.

Question: Which student read less about the production of glucagon?
Answer: Fred
Background: Some fungi take on different shapes, depending on their environmental conditions. These fungi are called dimorphic fungi , because they have “two forms.” For example, the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum , which causes the disease histoplasmosis, is thermally dimorphic; it has two forms that are dependent on temperature. In temperatures of about 25°C, it grows as a brownish mycelium, and looks like a mass of threads. At body temperature (37°C in humans), it grows as single, round yeast cells.

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned more about fungi that take on different shapes?
Answer: Red

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned less about fungi that take on different shapes?
Answer: Max

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned less about fungi that cause histoplasmosis?
Answer: Max

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned more about fungi that cause histoplasmosis?
Answer: Red

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned more about fungi that are thermally dimorphic?
Answer: Red

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned less about fungi that are thermally dimorphic?
Answer: Max

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned less about fungi that grows as a brownish mycelium?
Answer: Max

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned more about fungi that grows as a brownish mycelium?
Answer: Red

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned more about fungi that looks like a mass of threads?
Answer: Red

Situation: Two mycologists were studying fungi. Max studied regular fungi, while Red studied dimorphic fungi. They were both fascinated by their findings.

Question: Which person learned less about fungi that looks like a mass of threads?
Answer: Max
Background: The Figure below shows a graph of plotted against pressure for 1 mol of a gas at three different temperatures - 200 K, 500 K, and 1000 K. An ideal gas would have a value of 1 for that ratio at all temperatures and pressures and the graph would simply be a horizontal line. As can be seen, deviations from an ideal gas occur. As the pressure begins to rise, the attractive forces cause the volume of the gas to be less than expected and the value of drops under 1. Continued pressure increase results in the volume of the particles to become significant and the value of rises to greater than 1. Notice, that the magnitude of the deviations from ideality is greatest for the gas at 200 K and least for the gas at 1000 K.

Situation: Tony is heating up a container of leftovers in his microwave for dinner tonight. When he puts the container in the microwave he leaves the lid on so it is still sealed. About two minutes into heating the food he hears a loud "pop" noise and looks to see the lid has completes blown off the container.

Question: Will increasing the temperature in a sealed container increase or decrease the pressure inside the container?
Answer: increase

Situation: Tony is heating up a container of leftovers in his microwave for dinner tonight. When he puts the container in the microwave he leaves the lid on so it is still sealed. About two minutes into heating the food he hears a loud "pop" noise and looks to see the lid has completes blown off the container.

Question: Will removing the lid of a pressurized container cause the pressure to increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Marcus is working with a sealed container of oxygen. He is trying see how temperature effects its deviations from ideality.  He slowly increases the temperature of the oxygen and continues to measures its deviations.

Question: Will increasing the temperature cause the magnitude of deviations to increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Marcus is working with a sealed container of oxygen. He is trying see how temperature effects its deviations from ideality.  He slowly increases the temperature of the oxygen and continues to measures its deviations.

Question: Will increasing the pressure cause the expected volume be more or less?
Answer: less

Situation: Marcus is working with a sealed container of oxygen. He is trying see how temperature effects its deviations from ideality.  He slowly increases the temperature of the oxygen and continues to measures its deviations.

Question: Will increasing the temperature cause the pressure to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: The "concentration" of a solid is essentially another way of measuring its density. A certain number of moles are present for a given volume of the solid, and this value does not depend on how much of the solid is present. As the reaction proceeds, the amount of solid reactant will decrease, but so will the volume it occupies. A similar argument can be made for liquids. As a result, the concentrations of solids and liquids are essentially constant over the course of a reaction.

Situation: Cindy has a ball of iron. She measures its density then drops it in a vat of hydrochloric acid. Ashe then removes the irom from the acid noting that the acid ate away as a good potion of the iron. To her suprise however the density of the iron remained constant.

Question: Will a solids density decrease or stay constant when some of it reacts to a chemical?
Answer: constant

Situation: Cindy has a ball of iron. She measures its density then drops it in a vat of hydrochloric acid. Ashe then removes the irom from the acid noting that the acid ate away as a good potion of the iron. To her suprise however the density of the iron remained constant.

Question: Given cindy drops an ice cube in warm water then removes it, will the density of the remaining ice change or remain constant.
Answer: remain constant
Background: Circadian rhythms are regular changes in biology or behavior that occur in a 24-hour cycle. In humans, for example, blood pressure and body temperature change in a regular way throughout each 24-hour day. Animals may eat and drink at certain times of day as well. Humans have daily cycles of behavior, too. Most people start to get sleepy after dark and have a hard time sleeping when it is light outside. In many species, including humans, circadian rhythms are controlled by a tiny structure called the biological clock . This structure is located in a gland at the base of the brain. The biological clock sends signals to the body. The signals cause regular changes in behavior and body processes. The amount of light entering the eyes helps control the biological clock. The clock causes changes that repeat every 24 hours.

Situation: Marcus has a long day ahead of him. He woke up early, around 7 AM to start his day. For a research study he takes his blood pressure around 9 AM and continues on through his day. Around noon he takes his blood pressure again noting that it has increased a little. He takes his blood pressure one more time before going to bed around 10PM

Question: Will Marcus' blood pressure have increased or decreased when he is ready for bed?
Answer: decreased

Situation: Marcus has a long day ahead of him. He woke up early, around 7 AM to start his day. For a research study he takes his blood pressure around 9 AM and continues on through his day. Around noon he takes his blood pressure again noting that it has increased a little. He takes his blood pressure one more time before going to bed around 10PM

Question: When an animal is ready to sleep for the day does their blood pressure increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Marcus has a long day ahead of him. He woke up early, around 7 AM to start his day. For a research study he takes his blood pressure around 9 AM and continues on through his day. Around noon he takes his blood pressure again noting that it has increased a little. He takes his blood pressure one more time before going to bed around 10PM

Question: Will an animals blood pressure be at its highest in the middle of the day or at its lowest?
Answer: highest

Situation: Marcus has a long day ahead of him. He woke up early, around 7 AM to start his day. For a research study he takes his blood pressure around 9 AM and continues on through his day. Around noon he takes his blood pressure again noting that it has increased a little. He takes his blood pressure one more time before going to bed around 10PM

Question: Given an animals blood pressure is at its lowest point for the day, is it the middle of the day or the end of the day?
Answer: end
Background: Plants also have a touch response called thigmotropism . If you have ever seen a morning glory or the tendrils of a pea plant twist around a pole, then you know that plants must be able to sense the pole. Thigmotropism works much like the other tropisms. The plant grows straight until it comes in contact with the pole. Then, the side of the stem that is in contact with the pole grows slower than the opposite side of the stem. This causes the stem to bend around the pole.

Situation: George builds a fence in his back yard and plants a vine next to it. As the vine grows it comes in contact with the fence. and begins to grow wrapping itself around the fence. Once it reaches the top of the fence its growth stops.

Question: Given a plant comes in contact with an object while growing, will it stop growing or grow at a different angle?
Answer: different angle

Situation: George builds a fence in his back yard and plants a vine next to it. As the vine grows it comes in contact with the fence. and begins to grow wrapping itself around the fence. Once it reaches the top of the fence its growth stops.

Question: Given George plants another plant that grows strait up but puts a roof over it, will the plant stop growing when it reaches the roof or grow at a different angle?
Answer: different angle
Background: Current Situation : Currently the heating effect of extra greenhouse gases (since the start of the industrial revolution) is equal to about . Thus the recent period has recorded parallel increases in concentration of carbon dioxide and average global temperature. As more greenhouse gases are put into the atmosphere the temperature will increase further. There are certain effects of a warmer Earth (discussed more in optional section), which could accelerate the process, even if no more greenhouse gases are put into the atmosphere (an unlikely prospect for the foreseeable future).

Situation: Due to an increase in the number of factories releasing carbon dioxide the concentration of it has increased. Recent reports show a correlation between increasing levels of carbon dioxide and the average global temperature increasing.

Question: Will releasing more carbon dioxide cause the average temperature to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: Due to an increase in the number of factories releasing carbon dioxide the concentration of it has increased. Recent reports show a correlation between increasing levels of carbon dioxide and the average global temperature increasing.

Question: Given the average temperature increases even more, will the concentration of carbon dioxide have increased or decreased?
Answer: increased
Background: Catalytic converters in cars increase the rates of several important reactions. Unburned hydrocarbons can more easily be converted to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of a catalyst. Additionally, carbon monoxide (a harmful gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuel) is further oxidized to carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide compounds (which contribute to smog and acid rain) are transformed back into nitrogen and oxygen gases. By passing car exhaust over these catalysts before their release into the air, the emissions from a combustion engine are made into much less harmful substances, resulting in a much cleaner atmosphere.

Situation: Daniel drives a new car that uses catalytic converters. His best friend Kelvin however driving an older car. His car does not use any type of catalytic converter. They decide they want to go on a road trip together but dont know who's car they should take.

Question: Which car  would they take on the road trip if they want to create less pollution, Daniel's car or Kelvin's car?
Answer: Daniel's

Situation: Daniel drives a new car that uses catalytic converters. His best friend Kelvin however driving an older car. His car does not use any type of catalytic converter. They decide they want to go on a road trip together but dont know who's car they should take.

Question: Given a family wants to buy a new car that causes less pollution, should they buy a car with catalytic converters or without?
Answer: with

Situation: Daniel drives a new car that uses catalytic converters. His best friend Kelvin however driving an older car. His car does not use any type of catalytic converter. They decide they want to go on a road trip together but dont know who's car they should take.

Question: Will Kelvin buying a car like Daniel's increase or decrease the amount of pollution he creates while driving?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Daniel drives a new car that uses catalytic converters. His best friend Kelvin however driving an older car. His car does not use any type of catalytic converter. They decide they want to go on a road trip together but dont know who's car they should take.

Question: Given a family buys a car like Daniel's, will it create more or less pollution than if they bought a car like Kelvin's?
Answer: less