allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: As shown here, pressure decreases to less than 25% of ground-level atmospheric pressure when we get to an altitude of about six miles. Since this is a common cruising altitude for commercial airplanes, pressurized cabins are needed for the comfort and survival of the passengers. This is because the density of the air decreases along with the decreasing air pressure, so there is less oxygen in a breath of air. You've probably noticed this effect in high-mountain areas, as it often feels harder to breath.

Situation: Mark and Jordan want to take a trip together. Mark wants to go mountain climbing while Jordan wants to go to a concert out of state. Jordan sometimes has a hard time breathing as well so they take this into consideration while making the plans for their trip.

Question: Which location should Jordan and Mark go to considering Jordan's health, the concert or the mountain?
Answer: concert

Situation: Mark and Jordan want to take a trip together. Mark wants to go mountain climbing while Jordan wants to go to a concert out of state. Jordan sometimes has a hard time breathing as well so they take this into consideration while making the plans for their trip.

Question: Will there be more oxygen in the air at the top of the mountain or at the concert?
Answer: concert

Situation: Mark and Jordan want to take a trip together. Mark wants to go mountain climbing while Jordan wants to go to a concert out of state. Jordan sometimes has a hard time breathing as well so they take this into consideration while making the plans for their trip.

Question: Which person will have a harder time breathing at the top of the mountain, Mark or Jordan?
Answer: Jordan

Situation: Mark and Jordan want to take a trip together. Mark wants to go mountain climbing while Jordan wants to go to a concert out of state. Jordan sometimes has a hard time breathing as well so they take this into consideration while making the plans for their trip.

Question: Will the density of the air increase or decrease as you get to the top of a mountain?
Answer: Will the density of the air increase or decrease as you get to the top of a mountain?
Background: When humans dig up and use fossil fuels, we have an impact on the carbon cycle ( Figure below ). This carbon is not recycled until it is used by humans. The burning of fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than is used by photosynthesis. So, there is more carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere than is coming out of it. Carbon dioxide is known as a greenhouse gas , since it lets in light energy but does not let heat escape, much like the panes of a greenhouse. The increase of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is contributing to a global rise in Earth’s temperature, known as global warming or global climate change.

Situation: Recently a large amount of factories have been built in Illinois using fossil fuels as their main energy source. In Indiana however, many of their factories have been shut down and replaced by parks with many plants and trees.

Question: Which state ,Illinois or Indiana, will produce more carbon dioxide this year?
Answer: Illinois

Situation: Recently a large amount of factories have been built in Illinois using fossil fuels as their main energy source. In Indiana however, many of their factories have been shut down and replaced by parks with many plants and trees.

Question: Given Illinois adds even more of these fossil fuel burning factories will the levels of carbon dioxide increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: Recently a large amount of factories have been built in Illinois using fossil fuels as their main energy source. In Indiana however, many of their factories have been shut down and replaced by parks with many plants and trees.

Question: Given illinois decides to shut down half of the fossil fuel burning factories will carbon dioxide levels increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: One year an astronomical amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels. Many places become much hotter than usual. Another study is done and it is found that the Earths temperature has increased by 4 degrees on average.

Question: Will reducing the amount of carbon dioxide increase or decrease the temperature of the Earth?
Answer: decrease

Situation: One year,due to extreme use of fossil fuels, an astronomical amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels. Many places become much hotter than usual. Another study is done and it is found that the Earths temperature has increased by 4 degrees on average.

Question: Given that even more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, will the temperature increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: There are two basic types of energy in the universe: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is available to do work, but it has not yet been released. The wood in a fireplace possesses potential energy. It is available for producing heat, but has not yet been ignited, so it is not releasing heat into the surrounding environment. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A waterfall is an example of kinetic energy. The moving water can erode the rocks in the stream, wearing them down into smaller particles. This same water motion can turn a turbine to generate electricity. In both cases, the movement of the material (water) causes work to be done.

Situation: While out on a hiking trip Ricky stumbles upon a waterfall. While looking at it he notices that the rocks around and behind the waterfall as well as the rocks in the stream it flows into are smooth, When he is no longer near the waterfall the rocks are very jagged and cracked and sharp.

Question: Will the area near a water fall have sharp or smooth rocks?
Answer: smooth
Background: Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. It measures the rate at which velocity changes. Velocity, in turn, is a measure of the speed and direction of motion, so a change in velocity may reflect a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. Both velocity and acceleration are vectors. A vector is any measurement that has both size and direction. People commonly think of acceleration as in increase in speed, but a decrease in speed is also acceleration. In this case, acceleration is negative and called deceleration. A change in direction without a change in speed is acceleration as well.

Situation: Angela is driving on a highway. She is stuck between two cars but needs to get to the off ramp and decides to speed up. She hits the gas making her car go faster so she can get ahead of the two cars she is stuck in between and makes it to the ramp in time.

Question: Which thing did Angela's car do, accelerate or decelerate?
Answer: accelerate

Situation: Angela is driving on a highway. She is stuck between two cars but needs to get to the off ramp and decides to speed up. She hits the gas making her car go faster so she can get ahead of the two cars she is stuck in between and makes it to the ramp in time.

Question: Given Angela decided decelerate instead would her car have gone faster or slower?
Answer: slower

Situation: Johnny is playing with a toy train set his parents bought him. The controls for this train set allow him to make it go faster or slower and it even has a rail switch to make it travel on different tracks branching off to the left or right.

Question: Will making the train switch to a different track be considered acceleration, yes or no.
Answer: yes

Situation: Johnny is playing with a toy train set his parents bought him. The controls for this train set allow him to make it go faster or slower and it even has a rail switch to make it travel on different tracks branching off to the left or right.

Question: Given Johnny decides to slow the train down, will this be an example of acceleration or deceleration?
Answer: deceleration

Situation: Johnny is playing with a toy train set his parents bought him. The controls for this train set allow him to make it go faster or slower and it even has a rail switch to make it travel on different tracks branching off to the left or right.

Question: Will Johnny using the rail switch be an example of a change in direction or a change in speed?
Answer: direction

Situation: Johnny is playing with a toy train set his parents bought him. The controls for this train set allow him to make it go faster or slower and it even has a rail switch to make it travel on different tracks branching off to the left or right.

Question: Given Johnny decides to make the train accelerate and change tracks, will the velocity of the train increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: In addition to insects, weeds have also been a menace to farmers - just ask anyone with a garden how much they hate weeds. They can quickly compete for water and nutrients needed by other plants. Sure, farmers can use herbicides to kill weeds, but do these chemicals also harm the crops? Can biotechnology help with this issue? Some crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to the herbicides - allowing the crops to grow, but killing the weeds. But the lack of cost effective herbicides with a broad range of activity - that do not harm crops - is a problem in weed management. Multiple applications of numerous herbicides are routinely needed to control the wide range of weeds that are harmful to crops. And at times these herbicides are being used as a preventive measure – that is, spraying to prevent weeds from developing rather than spraying after weeds form. So these chemicals are being added to crops. This practice is followed by mechanical and/or hand weeding to control weeds that are not controlled by the chemicals. Crops that are tolerant of herbicides would obviously be a tremendous benefit to farmers ( Figure above ). The introduction of herbicide tolerant crops has the potential to reduce the number of chemicals needed during a growing season, thereby increasing crop yield due to improved weed management and decreased harm to the crops.

Situation: Jamie decided he wants to build a garden in his back yard. He finishes planting a nice crop of tomatoes and zucchini and is very happy with himself. About a month later he checks in on his garden only to see a plethora of weeds has grown with  his crop. The tomato and zucchini plants are much smaller than he expected and some are even dying.

Question: Given Jamie removes all the weeds in his garden, will his plants get more or less nutrients and water?
Answer: more

Situation: Jamie decided he wants to build a garden in his back yard. He finishes planting a nice crop of tomatoes and zucchini and is very happy with himself. About a month later he checks in on his garden only to see a plethora of weeds has grown with  his crop. The tomato and zucchini plants are much smaller than he expected and some are even dying.

Question: Will increasing the amount of weeds growing in a garden increase or decrease the health of the plants?
Answer: decrease
Background: The Table above includes the ideal mechanical advantage of each class of lever. The mechanical advantage is the factor by which a machine changes the input force. The ideal mechanical advantage is the increase or decrease in force that would occur if there were no friction to overcome in the use of the machine. Because all machines must overcome some friction, the ideal mechanical advantage is always somewhat greater than the actual mechanical advantage of the machine as it is used in the real world.

Situation: James lives out on the country, He wants to gather some water from a well out from behind his house. When he gets there he realizes that the wheel on the lever that pulls up the bucket is rusted which adds more friction. He decides to oil the wheel to reduce the friction.

Question: Will the lever James is using get closer or further to it's ideal mechanical advantage when he oils it?
Answer: closer

Situation: James lives out on the country, He wants to gather some water from a well out from behind his house. When he gets there he realizes that the wheel on the lever that pulls up the bucket is rusted which adds more friction. He decides to oil the wheel to reduce the friction.

Question: Will the ideal mechanical advantage on the lever always be less than or greater than its actual mechanical advantage?
Answer: greater

Situation: James lives out on the country, He wants to gather some water from a well out from behind his house. When he gets there he realizes that the wheel on the lever that pulls up the bucket is rusted which adds more friction. He decides to oil the wheel to reduce the friction.

Question: Will the input force required to get the lever James is using increase or decrease when he oils it?
Answer: decrease
Background: Middle adulthood lasts from the mid-30s to the mid-60s. During this stage of life, many people raise a family and strive to attain career goals. They start showing physical signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair. Typically, vision, strength and reaction time start declining. Diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular or heart disease, and cancer are often diagnosed during this stage of life. These diseases are also the chief causes of death in middle adulthood.

Situation: Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.

Question: Will Chris' signs of aging continue to increase or decrease as more time passes
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.

Question: Which of the brothers is likely showing more signs of aging, Adam or Chris?
Answer: Chris

Situation: Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.

Question: Given both Adam and Chris are about equally healthy, which brother has a lower chance of getting type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Adam

Situation: Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.

Question: Which brother is likely experiencing a decline in strength, Adam or Chris?
Answer: Chris

Situation: Adam and his older brother Chris were born almost 15 years apart from each other. Adam is 27 now which means Chris is 41.  Lately Chris has started noticing grey hairs come in. When Adam and him play games together Chris also seems to lose more often now even though historically he has always been better.

Question: Will getting older likely increase or decrease your ability to see well?
Answer: decrease
Background: All living organisms must have the ability to reproduce. Living things make more organisms like themselves. Whether the organism is a rabbit, or a tree, or a bacterium, life will create more life. If a species cannot create the next generation, the species will go extinct. Reproduction is the process of making the next generation and may be a sexual or an asexual process. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes , haploid sex cells from each parent. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically unique and increases genetic variation within a species. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent. It occurs without a fusion of gametes and produces offspring that are all genetically identical to the parent.

Situation: Wyatt is examining 2 microscopic organisms. He notices that when organism A reproduces two of them are always present and initially join with each other. When organism B reproduces only one is present and the offspring is identical to the parent.

Question: Which organism likely reproduces sexually, organism A or B?
Answer: A

Situation: Wyatt is examining 2 microscopic organisms. He notices that when organism A reproduces two of them are always present and initially join with each other. When organism B reproduces only one is present and the offspring is identical to the parent.

Question: Will the offspring of organism A be identical or genetically unique compared to the offspring of organism B?
Answer: unique

Situation: A liger is a species of cat created bt breading a lion with a tiger. A large amount of ligers are kept together in the hopes that the new species continues to thrive. Unfortunately it is found later that ligers cannot reproduce.

Question: Will pure ligers continue to thrive for generations or become extinct?
Answer: extinct

Situation: A liger is a species of cat created bt breading a lion with a tiger. A large amount of ligers are kept together in the hopes that the new species continues to thrive. Unfortunately it is found later that ligers cannot reproduce.

Question: Given a species loses the ability to reproduce, will its numbers increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A liger is a species of cat created bt breading a lion with a tiger. A large amount of ligers are kept together in the hopes that the new species continues to thrive. Unfortunately it is found later that ligers cannot reproduce.

Question: Will a species population increase or decrease under normal circumstances?
Answer: increase
Background: It is often easy to think of the change in energy as a mountain or an inverted cone, depending on the situation. Imagine a positive point charge, with the corresponding electric field around it. If you are moving another positive point charge, the situation is like a mountain, with the original point charge at the peak. As the second charge moves towards the first, it must go up the mountain. This requires work, and increases the potential energy of the system. If, however, the second charge is a negative point charge, the two charges attract each other and the situation is like a cone the second charge easily falls towards the first, decreasing the potential energy. It would then require work to get the second charge up and out of the cone, away from the first charge.

Situation: Adam is playing with some magnets which have a positive and negative pole. He tries to push them together but cant seem to do it. when he flips one of the magnets around that actually snap together very quickly.

Question: Will pushing two positive ends of a magnet together increase or decrease potential energy?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is playing with some magnets which have a positive and negative pole. He tries to push them together but cant seem to do it. when he flips one of the magnets around that actually snap together very quickly.

Question: Will the amount of force required to push two positive ends of a magnet together increase or decrease as they get closer to eachother?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is playing with some magnets which have a positive and negative pole. He tries to push them together but cant seem to do it. when he flips one of the magnets around that actually snap together very quickly.

Question: Will the potential energy increase or decrease as the positive and negative poles of a magnet get closer to each other?
Answer: decrease
Background: Protozoa generally feed by engulfing and digesting other organisms. As consumers, they have various roles in food chains and webs. Some are predators. They prey upon other single-celled organisms, such as bacteria. In fact, protozoa predators keep many bacterial populations under control. Other protozoa are herbivores. They graze on algae. Still others are decomposers. They consume dead organic matter. There are also parasitic protozoa that live in or on living hosts. For example, the protozoan that causes malaria lives inside a human host. Protozoa are also important food sources for many larger organisms, including insects and worms.

Situation: George is investigating some algae that has recently started growing in his pond. He wants to find something ti prevent it from overtaking the pond as it makes it very hard to see under the water. After a bit of research he finds a protozoa that can help him.

Question: Given the protozoa can successfully reduce the algae in the pond, is it a herbivore or a carnivore?
Answer: herbivore

Situation: George is investigating some algae that has recently started growing in his pond. He wants to find something ti prevent it from overtaking the pond as it makes it very hard to see under the water. After a bit of research he finds a protozoa that can help him.

Question: Given George all of a sudden notices an increase of insects in the pond, are the insects likely eating the protozoa or the algae?
Answer: protozoa
Background: The ionization energies of the representative elements generally decrease from top to bottom within a group. This trend is explained by the increase in size of the atoms within a group. The valence electron that is being removed is further from the nucleus in the case of a larger atom. The attractive force between the valence electron and the nucleus weakens as the distance between them increases and as the shielding effect increases, resulting in a lower ionization energy for the larger atoms within a group. Although the nucl

Situation: Rob is learning about ionization. He looks at a specific group of elements from top to bottom to figure out thier ionization energy.

Question: Given the top element and the bottom element in the group Rob looks at, which has a lower ionization energy?
Answer: bottom element

Situation: Rob is learning about ionization. He looks at a specific group of elements from top to bottom to figure out thier ionization energy.

Question: Which element will have a higher shielding effect, the top element or the bottom element?
Answer: bottom element