allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Centripetal force is, simply, the force that causes centripetal acceleration. Objects that move in uniform circular motion all have an acceleration toward the center of the circle and therefore, they must also suffer a force toward the center of the circle. That force is the centripetal force. For orbiting satellites, such as the moon orbiting the earth or the earth orbiting the sun, the centripetal force is produced by gravity. When an Olympic hammer thrower whirls a massive ball on a chain, the centripetal force is created by the athlete and transmitted by the chain.

Situation: Adam wants to show his little brother a trick.  He gets a bucket of water and says to him "I bet i can turn this bucket upside down and no water will fall out". His brother doesn't believe him of course. So Adam takes the bucket by the handle and quickly starts spinning it in a circle.

Question: Which is creating the centripetal force on the water, Earth or Adam?
Answer: Adam

Situation: Adam wants to show his little brother a trick.  He gets a bucket of water and says to him "I bet i can turn this bucket upside down and no water will fall out". His brother doesn't believe him of course. So Adam takes the bucket by the handle and quickly starts spinning it in a circle.

Question: Given Adam stops swinging the bucket, will its centripetal acceleration increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Adam wants to show his little brother a trick.  He gets a bucket of water and says to him "I bet i can turn this bucket upside down and no water will fall out". His brother doesn't believe him of course. So Adam takes the bucket by the handle and quickly starts spinning it in a circle.

Question: Will the centripetal force on the bucket increase or decrease as Adam spins it faster?
Answer: increase
Background: What does popping bubble wrap have to do with science? Actually, it demonstrates an important scientific law, called Boyle’s law. Like other laws in science, this law describes what always happens under certain conditions. Boyle’s law is one of three well-known gas laws, which state the relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. (The other two gas laws are Charles’ law and Amontons’ law.) According to Boyle’s law , if the temperature of a gas is held constant, then decreasing the volume of the gas increases its pressure—and vice versa. That’s what happens when you squeeze the bubbles of bubble wrap. You decrease the bubbles' volume, so the air pressure inside the bubbles increases until they pop.

Situation: Cindy is throwing a party. One of the games she decides to have is a balloon popping competition. In which people will try to pop as many balloons as they can and will win a prize. Her friend George pops the balloons by picking them up and squeezing. Her friend Meredith quickly grabs a balloon and throws her entire weight on it to quickly pop it.

Question: Will the volume of the air in the balloon increase or decrease when more pressure is applied to it?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Cindy is throwing a party. One of the games she decides to have is a balloon popping competition. In which people will try to pop as many balloons as they can and will win a prize. Her friend George pops the balloons by picking them up and squeezing. Her friend Meredith quickly grabs a balloon and throws her entire weight on it to quickly pop it.

Question: Which person will have a higher chance of popping the balloons each time they try one, Meredith or George?
Answer: Meredith

Situation: Cindy is throwing a party. One of the games she decides to have is a balloon popping competition. In which people will try to pop as many balloons as they can and will win a prize. Her friend George pops the balloons by picking them up and squeezing. Her friend Meredith quickly grabs a balloon and throws her entire weight on it to quickly pop it.

Question: Will the decreasing the volume of a sealed container cause the pressure to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: Recall that air pollution is due to chemical substances and particles released into the air mainly by human actions. When most people think of air pollution, they think of the pollution outdoors. But it is just as easy to have indoor air pollution. Your home or school classroom probably doesn't get much fresh air. Sealing up your home reduces heating and cooling costs. But this also causes air pollution to stay trapped indoors. And people today usually spend a majority of their time indoors. So exposure to indoor air pollution can become a significant health risk.

Situation: Anthony is cleaning his apartment using abrasive chemicals to make sure everything is clean. It is currently winter so his house is sealed up tight to keep it warm.

Question: Will there be more or less air pollution in Anthony's apartment after he finishes cleaning.
Answer: more

Situation: Anthony is cleaning his apartment using abrasive chemicals to make sure everything is clean. It is currently winter so his house is sealed up tight to keep it warm.

Question: Given that Anthony decides to open his windows after cleaning to let fresh air in, will the amount of air pollution in his apartment increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease
Background: Athletics are very competitive these days at all levels, from school sports to the pros. Everybody is looking for that edge that will make them faster, stronger, more physically fit. One approach taken by many athletes is the use of amino acid supplements. The theory is that the increase in amino acids in the diet will lead to increased protein for muscles. However, the only real benefit comes to the people who make and sell the pills. Studies have not showed any advantage obtained by the athletes themselves. You’re much better off just maintaining a healthy diet.

Situation: A big marathon is being held in Chicago this year, Many people from the area are going to participate and there is a cash prize of $10000 for the winner. A sporting goods store that specializes in amino acid supplements  begins advertising more heavily during the time coming up to the race.

Question: Given most of the marathon participants are competitive athletes, will sales at the sporting goods store increase or decrease for amino acid supplements?
Answer: increase
Background: Rainfall in an area is important because it influences the rate of weathering. More rain means that more rainwater passes through the soil. The rainwater reacts chemically with the particles. The top layers of soil are in contact with the freshest water, so reactions are greatest there. High rainfall increases the amount of rock that experiences chemical reactions. High rainfall may also carry material away. This means that new surfaces are exposed. This increases the rate of weathering.

Situation: In an area east of the Rocky mountains, there are seasons of heavy rains and times of the year where it experiences sever droughts. This year the area has received record breaking amounts of rain.

Question: Will the effects or weathering have increased or decreased this year?
Answer: increased

Situation: In an area east of the Rocky mountains, there are seasons of heavy rains and times of the year where it experiences sever droughts. This year the area has received record breaking amounts of rain.

Question: Given that next year the rainfall is severely low, will the effects of weathering be higher or lower than normal?
Answer: lower

Situation: In an area east of the Rocky mountains, there are seasons of heavy rains and times of the year where it experiences sever droughts. This year the area has received record breaking amounts of rain.

Question: Given a scientist is studying a desert with no rain all year, will he find the effects of weathering are high or low?
Answer: low

Situation: In an area east of the Rocky mountains, there are seasons of heavy rains and times of the year where it experiences sever droughts. This year the area has received record breaking amounts of rain.

Question: Given that there is a rainy season and a dry season, will weathering during the dry season be higher or lower than during the rainy season?
Answer: lower
Background: Plants called epiphytes grow on other plants. They obtain moisture from the air and make food by photosynthesis. Most epiphytes are ferns or orchids that live in tropical or temperate rainforests (see Figure below ). Host trees provide support, allowing epiphyte plants to obtain air and sunlight high above the forest floor. Being elevated above the ground lets epiphytes get out of the shadows on the forest floor so they can get enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Being elevated may also reduce the risk of being eaten by herbivores and increase the chance of pollination by wind.

Situation: Emily's father is very sick, After doing some research she finds that a rare medicinal herb can help her father and is located in a nearby forest. The only information she is able to uncover about the herb other than it's effect is that it is an epiphyte. She decides to spend a day looking for the herb.

Question: Will Emilys' chances of finding the herb increase or decrease if she searches the forest floor for it?
Answer: decrease

Situation: Emily's father is very sick, After doing some research she finds that a rare medicinal herb can help her father and is located in a nearby forest. The only information she is able to uncover about the herb other than it's effect is that it is an epiphyte. She decides to spend a day looking for the herb.

Question: Given Emily climbs to the top of a tree, will she have a higher or lower chance of locating the herb?
Answer: higher
Background: When current flows through wires and resistors in a circuit as a result of a difference in electric potential, charge does not build up significantly anywhere on its path. Capacitors are devices placed in electric circuits where charge can build up. The amount of charge a capacitor can store before it “fills up” depends on its shape and how much electric potential is applied. The ratio of charge stored in a capacitor to the voltage applied is called its capacitance , measured in Farads . The larger the electric potential in volts, the stronger the electric field that is used to “cram” the charge into the device. Any capacitor will fill up with enough charge. Capacitors store energy when charged, and release it when they discharge.

Situation: Samuel needs to charge a capacitor for his vaporizer but cannot locate his charger. He plans to buy a band new charger but needs something to suffice for the meantime. He manages to find the cord for the charger and splices the wires on it. He connects the spliced wires on either end of his capacitor and plugs the cord into a wall outlet to give it some electricity.

Question: Will the stored energy in the capacitor increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: Newton was the first one to suggest that gravity is universal and affects all objects in the universe. That’s why Newton’s law of gravity is called the law of universal gravitation . Universal gravitation means that the force that causes an apple to fall from a tree to the ground is the same force that causes the moon to keep moving around Earth. Universal gravitation also means that while Earth exerts a pull on you, you exert a pull on Earth. In fact, there is gravity between you and every mass around you—your desk, your book, your pen. Even tiny molecules of gas are attracted to one another by the force of gravity. You can learn more about Newton’s law of gravity and how he developed it in the video at this URL:

Situation: Isaac is sitting under an apple tree reading a book. After a short while he falls asleep under the tree.

Question: Given Isaac bumps into the tree hard enough to dislodge an apple, will it be pulled toward or pushed away from the Earth?
Answer: pulled
Background: Many mutations have no effect on the proteins they encode. These mutations are considered neutral. Occasionally, a mutation may make a protein even better than it was before. Or the protein might help the organism adapt to a new environment. These mutations are considered beneficial. An example is a mutation that helps bacteria resist antibiotics. Bacteria with the mutation increase in numbers, so the mutation becomes more common. Other mutations are harmful. They may even be deadly. Harmful mutations often result in a protein that no longer can do its job. Some harmful mutations cause cancer or other genetic disorders.

Situation: Jenny goes to the doctor today. She has noticed a lump growing and needs to get a mammogram done. She is incredibly worried and not sure what she should do.

Question: Given the biopsy comes back saying Jenny has cancer, would the be a harmful or beneficial mutation?
Answer: harmful

Situation: Jenny goes to the doctor today. She has noticed a lump growing and needs to get a mammogram done. She is incredibly worried and not sure what she should do.

Question: Given a bacteria mutates to become resistant to an antibiotic, would this be considered a helpful or harmful mutation?
Answer: helpful

Situation: Jenny goes to the doctor today. She has noticed a lump growing and needs to get a mammogram done. She is incredibly worried and not sure what she should do.

Question: Given there is a helpful mutation in a bacteria, will this increase or decrease its ability to survive and/or reproduce?
Answer: increase

Situation: A study was done on a species of flightless bird in the Amazon. Over recent years some of these birds have begun to learn to fly when previously this was impossible. Scientists later discover that a mutation has allowed some of these birds to be able to fly, allowing them extra safety from predators.

Question: Given the mutation in this species of bird, would it be considered harmful or beneficial?
Answer: beneficial

Situation: A study was done on a species of flightless bird in the Amazon. Over recent years some of these birds have begun to learn to fly when previously this was impossible. Scientists later discover that a mutation has allowed some of these birds to be able to fly, allowing them extra safety from predators.

Question: Will the mutation in the bird species increase or decrease their chance of survival?
Answer: increase
Background: An anaerobic organism is any organism that does not need oxygen for growth and even dies in its presence. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens bacteria, which are commonly found in soil around the world, are obligate anaerobes. Infection of a wound by C. perfringens bacteria causes the disease gas gangrene. Obligate anaerobes use molecules other than oxygen as terminal electron acceptors.

Situation: A new bacteria was found at an excavation site in Egypt. At first there was a great alarm at the finding and people were deathly afraid of getting infected so all of the worker were quarantined, Eventually they were all released as no one got sick and the bacteria was later identified as an obligate anaerobe.

Question: Will an obligate anaerobe live or die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen?
Answer: die
Background: Liquid water is a fluid. The hydrogen bonds in liquid water constantly break and reform as the water molecules tumble past one another. As water cools, its molecular motion slows and the molecules move gradually closer to one another. The density of any liquid increases as its temperature decreases. For most liquids, this continues as the liquid freezes and the solid state is denser than the liquid state. However, water behaves differently. It actually reaches its highest density at about 4°C.

Situation: Mark decides he want a cold drink and puts a bottle of warm water in his freezer. By doing this he makes the water colder and as water cools its density increases eventually freezing and becoming a solid, Ice. After a while mark forgets that he put the bottle of water in the freezer. He eventually remembers and comes back to check and the bottle of water is frozen solid. Because of this he leaves the bottle out on his kitchen counter for a few hours and returns to a nice cold bottle of water.

Question: Will lowering the temperature of water cause it's density to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: Mark decides he want a cold drink and puts a bottle of warm water in his freezer. By doing this he makes the water colder and as water cools its density increases eventually freezing and becoming a solid, Ice. After a while mark forgets that he put the bottle of water in the freezer. He eventually remembers and comes back to check and the bottle of water is frozen solid. Because of this he leaves the bottle out on his kitchen counter for a few hours and returns to a nice cold bottle of water.

Question: Which is denser, warm water or ice?
Answer: ice

Situation: Mark decides he want a cold drink and puts a bottle of warm water in his freezer. By doing this he makes the water colder and as water cools its density increases eventually freezing and becoming a solid, Ice. After a while mark forgets that he put the bottle of water in the freezer. He eventually remembers and comes back to check and the bottle of water is frozen solid. Because of this he leaves the bottle out on his kitchen counter for a few hours and returns to a nice cold bottle of water.

Question: Will leaving a bucket of ice out in the sun cause it to become more dense or less dense?
Answer: less dense
Background: When a solid substance is involved in a chemical reaction, only the matter at the surface of the solid is exposed to other reactants. If a solid has more surface area, more of it is exposed and able to react. Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate. Look at the hammer and nails pictured in the Figure below . Both are made of iron and will rust when the iron combines with oxygen in the air. However, the nails have a greater surface area, so they will rust faster.

Situation: Andy is participating in this years science fair. He is testing how fast metal takes to rust. He rakes 3 pieces of iron one is a cube, and the other is a sheet both weighing the same. It takes the cube almost a week to fully rust but the sheet only takes 2 days. The only difference between the two is that the sheet has more surface area. He tries this again with a cylinder so the surface area is larger than the cube but smaller than the sheet and it takes about 4 days to fully rust.

Question: Will making the surface area of iron larger increase or decrease how fast it rusts?
Answer: increase

Situation: Andy is participating in this years science fair. He is testing how fast metal takes to rust. He rakes 3 pieces of iron one is a cube, and the other is a sheet both weighing the same. It takes the cube almost a week to fully rust but the sheet only takes 2 days. The only difference between the two is that the sheet has more surface area. He tries this again with a cylinder so the surface area is larger than the cube but smaller than the sheet and it takes about 4 days to fully rust.

Question: Which will rust faster given they contain the same amount of iron, a sheet or a cylinder?
Answer: sheet
Background: The sloping surface of the inclined plane supports part of the weight of the object as it moves up the slope. As a result, it takes less force to move the object uphill. The trade-off is that the object must be moved over a greater distance than if it were moved straight up to the higher elevation. On the other hand, the output force is greater than the input force because it is applied over a shorter distance. Like other simple machines, the ideal mechanical advantage of an inclined plane is given by

Situation: Adams needs to roll a piano into his new house. The piano is very heavy and unfortunately he isn't strong enough to lift it up his front steps.  A friend of his suggests he get a ramp since it will support part of the weight allowing him to push it into his house much easier. Adam gets the ramp and successfully pushes the piano in to his new house.

Question: Will Adam have an easier time lifting a heavy refrigerator into his new house or pushing it up a ramp?
Answer: pushing

Situation: Adams needs to roll a piano into his new house. The piano is very heavy and unfortunately he isn't strong enough to lift it up his front steps.  A friend of his suggests he get a ramp since it will support part of the weight allowing him to push it into his house much easier. Adam gets the ramp and successfully pushes the piano in to his new house.

Question: Which would be easier, pick up a large object and carrying it or pushing it on a ramp?.
Answer: pushing
Background: A screw is a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a central cylinder. No doubt you are familiar with screws like the wood screw in the left-hand side of the Figure below . The cap of the bottle pictured on the right is another example of a screw. Screws move objects to a greater depth (or higher elevation) by increasing the force applied to the screw. Many screws are used to hold things together, such as two pieces of wood or a screw cap and bottle. When you use a screw, you apply force to turn the inclined plane. The screw, in turn, applies greater force to the object, such as the wood or bottle top. You can watch an animation of a turning screw at the following URL.

Situation: At a new years party Mary brought an expensive bottle of champagne for the host. Just before midnight she goes and finds a corkscrew to open the bottle. She places the corkscrew on the cork and begins twisting it, making the corkscrew push itself into the cork so she can open the bottle easier.

Question: Will the force applied to the corkscrew's inclined plane have increased or decreased after Mary finishes twisting it?
Answer: increased

Situation: At a new years party Mary brought an expensive bottle of champagne for the host. Just before midnight she goes and finds a corkscrew to open the bottle. She places the corkscrew on the cork and begins twisting it, making the corkscrew push itself into the cork so she can open the bottle easier.

Question: Will increasing the force applied to the elevated plane of a screw increase or decrease the depth (or elevation) of the screw?
Answer: increase
Background: Some mutations have a positive effect on the organism in which they occur. They are called beneficial mutations . They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an organism’s changes of surviving or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over time. There are several well-known examples of beneficial mutations. Here are just two:

Situation: A sudden climate change hits Alaska and it starts to become warmer. As a result many species of mammals have started to adapt to the warmer climate and now grow less fur.

Question: Will the new versions of these animals have an increased or decreased chance of surviving in a warm enviroment?
Answer: increased

Situation: A sudden climate change hits Alaska and it starts to become warmer. As a result many species of mammals have started to adapt to the warmer climate and now grow less fur.

Question: Given the mammals growing less fur is a beneficial mutation, will less fur become more common or less common?
Answer: more

Situation: A sudden climate change hits Alaska and it starts to become warmer. As a result many species of mammals have started to adapt to the warmer climate and now grow less fur.

Question: Will the adaptation of growing less fur in a warmer environment increase or decrease the chances of these mammals reproducing?
Answer: increase

Situation: A sudden climate change hits Alaska and it starts to become warmer. As a result many species of mammals have started to adapt to the warmer climate and now grow less fur.

Question: Which mutation would be considered beneficial for an animal adapting to the environment becoming warmer, more fur or less fur.
Answer: less