allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: New species develop naturally through the process of natural selection . Due to natural selection, organisms with traits that better enable them to adapt to their environment will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers. Natural selection causes beneficial heritable traits to become more common in a population and unfavorable heritable traits to become less common. For example, a giraffe’s neck is beneficial because it allows the giraffe to reach leaves high in trees. Natural selection caused this beneficial trait to become more common than short necks.

Situation: A large group of bears lives in a forest. Over time the climate of the forest changes and becomes very cold. Some of the bears have thicker fur while some of the others have thinner fur. Due to the cold weather the bears with thinner fur die earlier. Also the bears with thicker fur have an easier time finding mates. Because of this the bears with thick fur have their traits passed on more often and bears with thin fur appear less and less in the population

Question: Given a sudden shift in the climate of the forest, becoming hotter, will bears with thick fur or thin fur be more successful?
Answer: thin fur

Situation: A large group of bears lives in a forest. Over time the climate of the forest changes and becomes very cold. Some of the bears have thicker fur while some of the others have thinner fur. Due to the cold weather the bears with thinner fur die earlier. Also the bears with thicker fur have an easier time finding mates. Because of this the bears with thick fur have their traits passed on more often and bears with thin fur appear less and less in the population

Question: Will a forest where all of the bears have thick fur be in a warm climate or a cold climate?
Answer: cold climate

Situation: A large group of bears lives in a forest. Over time the climate of the forest changes and becomes very cold. Some of the bears have thicker fur while some of the others have thinner fur. Due to the cold weather the bears with thinner fur die earlier. Also the bears with thicker fur have an easier time finding mates. Because of this the bears with thick fur have their traits passed on more often and bears with thin fur appear less and less in the population

Question: Will the number of bears with thin fur increase or decrease if the climate of the forest becomes hot?
Answer: increase

Situation: A large group of bears lives in a forest. Over time the climate of the forest changes and becomes very cold. Some of the bears have thicker fur while some of the others have thinner fur. Due to the cold weather the bears with thinner fur die earlier. Also the bears with thicker fur have an easier time finding mates. Because of this the bears with thick fur have their traits passed on more often and bears with thin fur appear less and less in the population

Question: Which trait would be passed on to future generations if the forest became even colder, thick fur or thin fur?
Answer: thick fur
Background: Population growth, especially in developing countries, should make people think about how fast they are consuming resources. Governments around the world should seriously consider these issues. Developing nations will also increase demands on natural resources as they build more factories ( Figure below ). Improvements in technology, conservation of resources, and controls in population growth could all help to decrease the demand on natural resources.

Situation: A new country called Zandonia has recently found itself in a crisis. They are consuming far to many natural resources. A recent study concluded that the amount of resources being consumed greatly increased over the past 3 years. This find coincides with a population boom in the region. Before the population boom the demand for natural recources was relatively stable.

Question: Will Zandonia's population becoming even greater cause the demand for natural resources to increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A new country called Zandonia has recently found itself in a crisis. They are consuming far to many natural resources. A recent study concluded that the amount of resources being consumed greatly increased over the past 3 years. This find coincides with a population boom in the region. Before the population boom the demand for natural recources was relatively stable.

Question: Given a large number of people leave Zandonia, will the demand for natural resources increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A new country called Zandonia has recently found itself in a crisis. They are consuming far to many natural resources. A recent study concluded that the amount of resources being consumed greatly increased over the past 3 years. This find coincides with a population boom in the region. Before the population boom the demand for natural recources was relatively stable.

Question: Which area demands more natural resources. a low population area or a high population area?
Answer: high population

Situation: A new country called Zandonia has recently found itself in a crisis. They are consuming far to many natural resources. A recent study concluded that the amount of resources being consumed greatly increased over the past 3 years. This find coincides with a population boom in the region. Before the population boom the demand for natural recources was relatively stable.

Question: Given a new study that shows a large decrease in Zandonias demand for natural resources, will the population have increased or decreased?
Answer: decreased
Background: Cancer is a disease that causes cells to divide out of control. Normally, the body has systems that prevent cells from dividing out of control. But in the case of cancer, these systems fail. Cancer is usually caused by mutations. Mutations are random errors in genes. Mutations that lead to cancer usually happen to genes that control the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, abnormal cells divide uncontrollably. This often leads to the development of a tumor. A tumor is a mass of abnormal tissue. As a tumor grows, it may harm normal tissues around it. Anything that can cause cancer is called a carcinogen . Carcinogens may be pathogens, chemicals, or radiation.

Situation: A large amount of radioactive waste was found near the town of Arrester. An unusual number of people in Arrester have cancer. In a town 100 miles north of Arrester named Ajani very few people have cancer. There is no radioactive waste near the town of Ajani

Question: Will a person moving to Arrester have an increased or decreased chance of developing cancer?
Answer: decreased

Situation: A large amount of radioactive waste was found near the town of Arrester. An unusual number of people in Arrester have cancer. In a town 100 miles north of Arrester named Ajani very few people have cancer. There is no radioactive waste near the town of Ajani

Question: Will a person who is not exposed to radiation have an increased or decreased chance of developing cancer?
Answer: decreased

Situation: A large amount of radioactive waste was found near the town of Arrester. An unusual number of people in Arrester have cancer. In a town 100 miles north of Arrester named Ajani very few people have cancer. There is no radioactive waste near the town of Ajani

Question: Given a company decides to dump radioactive waste near Ajani, will the chances of developing cancer for the citizens of Ajani increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: A large amount of radioactive waste was found near the town of Arrester. An unusual number of people in Arrester have cancer. In a town 100 miles north of Arrester named Ajani very few people have cancer. There is no radioactive waste near the town of Ajani

Question: Which town should you move to if you do not want to increase your chances of developing cancer?
Answer: Ajani
Background: Gravity is a force that pulls objects down toward the ground. When objects fall to the ground, gravity causes them to accelerate. Acceleration is a change in velocity, and velocity, in turn, is a measure of the speed and direction of motion. Gravity causes an object to fall toward the ground at a faster and faster velocity the longer the object falls. In fact, its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s 2 , so by 1 second after an object starts falling, its velocity is 9.8 m/s. By 2 seconds after it starts falling, its velocity is 19.6 m/s (9.8 m/s + 9.8 m/s), and so on. The acceleration of a falling object due to gravity is illustrated in the Figure below . For a more detailed explanation of acceleration due to gravity, watch this video:

Situation: Adam is doing an experiment for his science fair. He takes a bowling ball and drops it onto a piece of foam, then records how big of a dent it makes. When he dropped the ball at 3 feet it left a very shallow dent. When he dropped the ball from 7 feet it broke strait through the foam and shattered it.

Question: Will increasing the height that you drop an object from increase or decrease the speed it falls at?
Answer: increase

Situation: Adam is doing an experiment for his science fair. He takes a bowling ball and drops it onto a piece of foam, then records how big of a dent it makes. When he dropped the ball at 3 feet it left a very shallow dent. When he dropped the ball from 7 feet it broke strait through the foam and shattered it.

Question: Given two identical cellphones, A and B, which is more likely to break, Cellphone A dropped at 3 feet or Cellphone B dropped at 6 feet?
Answer: Cellphone B
Background: Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic. Burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. Ocean acidification can kill corals and shellfish. It may also cause marine organisms to reproduce less, which could harm other organisms in the food chain. As a result, there also may be fewer marine organisms for humans to consume.

Situation: Many years ago there was a beach Called Coast Brigs where many coral and other life lived. A refinery that burned coal was built nearby and over time the water nearby became very acidic. The coral and marine life died because of this but a few miles north on another beach named Greendale the same creatures are surviving just fine.

Question: Will building a refinery at Greendale cause the acidity of the water to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: Many years ago there was a beach Called Coast Brigs where many coral and other life lived. A refinery that burned coal was built nearby and over time the water nearby became very acidic. The coral and marine life died because of this but a few miles north on another beach named Greendale the same creatures are surviving just fine.

Question: Which area will you see more marine life. Greendale Beach or Coast Brigs?
Answer: Coast Brigs

Situation: Many years ago there was a beach Called Coast Brigs where many coral and other life lived. A refinery that burned coal was built nearby and over time the water nearby became very acidic. The coral and marine life died because of this but a few miles north on another beach named Greendale the same creatures are surviving just fine.

Question: Will the water at Greendale becoming more acidic cause and increase or decrease in marine life?
Answer: decrease
Background: Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced. When glucose levels are too low, another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.

Situation: A doctor named Phil is researching how sugar affects the body. He noted when his participants ate a lot of sugar their livers would produce a lot more insulin than usual. The insulin would convert the sugar into glycogen. When they had a normal amount of sugar the amount of insulin was stable. He then had a person not eat at all and he found another hormone called glucagon was being produced. This hormone was converting the glycogen back into glucose, also known as sugar.

Question: Will eating lots of sugary foods cause a persons insulin level to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: A doctor named Phil is researching how sugar affects the body. He noted when his participants ate a lot of sugar their livers would produce a lot more insulin than usual. The insulin would convert the sugar into glycogen. When they had a normal amount of sugar the amount of insulin was stable. He then had a person not eat at all and he found another hormone called glucagon was being produced. This hormone was converting the glycogen back into glucose, also known as sugar.

Question: Which is an indicator that a person has not eaten in a long time, having more insulin or having more glycogen?
Answer: glycogen

Situation: A doctor named Phil is researching how sugar affects the body. He noted when his participants ate a lot of sugar their livers would produce a lot more insulin than usual. The insulin would convert the sugar into glycogen. When they had a normal amount of sugar the amount of insulin was stable. He then had a person not eat at all and he found another hormone called glucagon was being produced. This hormone was converting the glycogen back into glucose, also known as sugar.

Question: Will not eating for a long period of time cause glycogen levels to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: A doctor named Phil is researching how sugar affects the body. He noted when his participants ate a lot of sugar their livers would produce a lot more insulin than usual. The insulin would convert the sugar into glycogen. When they had a normal amount of sugar the amount of insulin was stable. He then had a person not eat at all and he found another hormone called glucagon was being produced. This hormone was converting the glycogen back into glucose, also known as sugar.

Question: Will eating a snack with a lot of sugar cause more insulin to be produced or more glycogen?
Answer: insulin
Background: The increase in electrons across the periodic table explains why elements go from metals to metalloids and then to nonmetals from left to right across the table. Look at period 2 in Figure below as an example. Lithium (Li) is a metal, boron (B) a metalloid, and fluorine (F) and neon (Ne) are nonmetals. The inner energy level is full for all four elements. This level has just one orbital and can hold a maximum of two electrons. The outer energy level is a different story. This level has four orbitals and can hold a maximum of eight electrons. Lithium has just one electron in this level, boron has three, fluorine has seven, and neon has eight.

Situation: James is memorizing the periodic table and some of the features of the elements on it. He is currently working on the fourth row which starts with Potassium (K) on the far left and ends with Krypton (Kr) to the far right.

Question: Which of the two elements, Potassium (K) or Krypton (Kr) is a metal?
Answer: Potassium (K)

Situation: James is memorizing the periodic table and some of the features of the elements on it. He is currently working on the fourth row which starts with Potassium (K) on the far left and ends with Krypton (Kr) to the far right.

Question: Given two elements are in the same row of the periodic table, which element will have a higher number of elections, a metal or a nonmetal?
Answer: nonmetal

Situation: James is memorizing the periodic table and some of the features of the elements on it. He is currently working on the fourth row which starts with Potassium (K) on the far left and ends with Krypton (Kr) to the far right.

Question: Will the number of electrons in an element increase or decrease when going left to right in a row of the periodic table?
Answer: increase

Situation: James is memorizing the periodic table and some of the features of the elements on it. He is currently working on the fourth row which starts with Potassium (K) on the far left and ends with Krypton (Kr) to the far right.

Question: Given Lithium (Li) and Neon (Ne) are in the same row of the periodic table, which element has more electrons, Lithium (Li) or Neon (Ne)?
Answer: Neon (Ne)
Background: One reason radiation is dangerous is that it can’t be detected with the senses. You normally can’t see it, smell it, hear it, or feel it. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one in Figure below , has a tube that contains atoms of a gas. If radiation enters the tube, it turns gas atoms to ions that carry electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.

Situation: Andre is interested in radiation and decides to buy a Geiger counter. He takes his new Geiger counter near the power plant in his town and it starts clicking as he gets closer. As he leaves the area around the power plant and goes home the Geiger counter clicks slower and slower until it almost stops completely.

Question: Which area has more radiation, the power plant or Andre's home?
Answer: Andre's home

Situation: Andre is interested in radiation and decides to buy a Geiger counter. He takes his new Geiger counter near the power plant in his town and it starts clicking as he gets closer. As he leaves the area around the power plant and goes home the Geiger counter clicks slower and slower until it almost stops completely.

Question: Will approaching a high source of radiation cause a Geiger to click faster or slower?
Answer: faster
Background: A car’s gas pedal, like the one in Figure below , is sometimes called the accelerator. That’s because it controls the acceleration of the car. Pressing down on the gas pedal gives the car more gas and causes the car to speed up. Letting up on the gas pedal gives the car less gas and causes the car to slow down. Whenever an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it accelerates. Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. Acceleration occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Situation: Eric is driving on a highway. His exit is coming up soon so he let's up on the gas a little and makes a left turn onto the exit. After a short way he pulls into a parking lot reaching his destination.

Question: Given a car is accelerating, is it being acted upon by a balanced or unbalanced force?
Answer: unbalanced
Background: White blood cells also make chemicals that cause a fever. A fever is a higher-than-normal body temperature. Normal human body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). Most bacteria and viruses that infect people reproduce fastest at this temperature. When the temperature is higher, the pathogens cannot reproduce as fast, so the body raises the temperature to kill them. A fever also causes the immune system to make more white blood cells. In these ways, a fever helps the body fight infection.

Situation: James is sick with strep throat, a bacterial infection. After a few days of feeling terrible his brother comes by to check his temperature noting that it is 100.6°F.

Question: Will being sick with a bacterial infection cause a person's body temperature to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: James is sick with strep throat, a bacterial infection. After a few days of feeling terrible his brother comes by to check his temperature noting that it is 100.6°F.

Question: Will most bacteria reproduce faster of slower when a person has a fever?
Answer: slower

Situation: James is sick with strep throat, a bacterial infection. After a few days of feeling terrible his brother comes by to check his temperature noting that it is 100.6°F.

Question: Given a person is recovering from a fever, will their body temperature be increasing or decreasing?
Answer: decreasing
Background: As a star begins to run low on hydrogen, since the initial quantity has been fused into the denser helium gas, the core will contract due to gravity. The collapsing core increases temperature to the point that the star can begin to fuse helium into carbon. When that happens, the outer portion of the star expands greatly due to the higher temperature. The star can expand to 1000 times the diameter of the sun. At this point, the star is called a red giant . If our sun became a red giant, its surface would expand out past the orbit of Mars. Red giants are red because the surface of the star is cooler than white or blue stars, but remain highly visible because of their gigantic size.

Situation: A star names Andromeda has been being observed for years. Over time, it has been seen that the star remains visible but has been turning more and more red.

Question: Which type of star is Andromeda becoming, a Red Giant, or a white star?
Answer: Red Giant

Situation: A star names Andromeda has been being observed for years. Over time, it has been seen that the star remains visible but has been turning more and more red.

Question: Given the color of Andromeda becomes more red, is it's surface temperature increasing or decreasing?
Answer: decreasing

Situation: A star names Andromeda has been being observed for years. Over time, it has been seen that the star remains visible but has been turning more and more red.

Question: Given the color of Andromeda is it becoming larger or smaller?
Answer: larger

Situation: A star names Andromeda has been being observed for years. Over time, it has been seen that the star remains visible but has been turning more and more red.

Question: Will the amount of hydrogen in Andromeda increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease
Background: We discussed earlier some basic principles about the behavior of gases called the kinetic-molecular theory. Among other things, this theory suggests that gas molecules are in constant motion, and the average speed of the individual gas particles is dependent upon temperature – the higher the temperature, the faster the molecules move. It is not just gas particles that are in constant motion. The molecules and ions that make up liquids and solutions are also continually moving in nearly random directions. As a result, molecules and ions in a solution will collide with one another fairly frequently. As with gases, a temperature increase will produce an increase in the average particle speed.

Situation: A new volcano is growing underwater. Every few days it has minor lava flow eruptions off the coast of Hawaii. People have actually enjoyed swimming in the water above this newly forming volcano because it is very soothing and relaxing.

Question: Will the speed of the water molecules around the hot lava increase or decrease?
Answer: increase

Situation: A new volcano is growing underwater. Every few days it has minor lava flow eruptions off the coast of Hawaii. People have actually enjoyed swimming in the water above this newly forming volcano because it is very soothing and relaxing.

Question: Will the speed of molecules increase or decrease as temperature decreases?
Answer: decrease

Situation: A new volcano is growing underwater. Every few days it has minor lava flow eruptions off the coast of Hawaii. People have actually enjoyed swimming in the water above this newly forming volcano because it is very soothing and relaxing.

Question: Given the lava is hot enough to cause some of the water to turn to steam, will the molecules near the lava have higher or lower speed than the molecules further away?
Answer: higher