allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: It mutates DNA. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986. It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. A Russian publication concludes that 985,000 excess cancers occurred between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination. The 2011 report of the European Committee on Radiation Risk calculates a total of 1.4 million excess cancers occurred as a result of this contamination.

Situation: A Power plant meltdown near the town of Jeskai causes a large amount of radiation to leak into the surrounding area. While some evacuated many people just assumed the power plant should be far enough away to not really affect them. .

Question: Will the citizens of Jeskai have a higher or lower chance of getting cancer?
Answer: higher

Situation: A Power plant meltdown near the town of Jeskai causes a large amount of radiation to leak into the surrounding area. While some evacuated many people just assumed the power plant should be far enough away to not really affect them. .

Question: Will excess exposure to radiation increase or decrease a parsons chance of getting cancer?
Answer: increase

Situation: A Power plant meltdown near the town of Jeskai causes a large amount of radiation to leak into the surrounding area. While some evacuated many people just assumed the power plant should be far enough away to not really affect them. .

Question: Will the citizens that evacuated Jeskai have an increased or decreased chance of getting cancer?
Answer: decreased
Background: fundamental quantity vs derived quantity In the language of measurement, quantities are quantifiable aspects of the world, such as time, distance, velocity, mass, temperature, energy, and weight, and units are used to describe their measure. Many of these quantities are related to each other by various physical laws, and as a result the units of some of the quantities can be expressed as products (or ratios) of powers of other units (e.g., momentum is mass times velocity and velocity is measured in distance divided by time). Those quantities whose units are expressed in terms of other units are regarded as derived quantities. Those that cannot be so expressed in terms of other units are regarded as “fundamental” quantities.

Situation: Mark has an assignment to figure out which measurements in every day life are derived quantities vs fundamental quantities. Some of the examples he has include measuring the speed of something and simply what time it is.

Question: Given a quantity of speed, will this be considered a fundamental quantity or a derived quantity?
Answer: derived

Situation: Mark has an assignment to figure out which measurements in every day life are derived quantities vs fundamental quantities. Some of the examples he has include measuring the speed of something and simply what time it is.

Question: Given a measurement in meters per second, will this be considered a derived quantity or a fundamental quantity?
Answer: derived

Situation: Mark has an assignment to figure out which measurements in every day life are derived quantities vs fundamental quantities. Some of the examples he has include measuring the speed of something and simply what time it is.

Question: Given a measurement of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, will this be considered a derived quantity or a fundamental quantity?
Answer: fundamental
Background: When using measuring devices, we often use a technique called calibration to increase the accuracy of our measurements. Calibration is a method of setting or correcting a measuring device by matching it to known measurement standards. To better understand calibration, we will look at the example of calibrating a thermometer. All thermometers are slightly different in their temperature readings. One way to calibrate a thermometer is by using the freezing point and boiling point of water ( Figure below ). If we know that water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C, we can calibrate our thermometer by measuring the temperature of ice water and of boiling water. We place the thermometer in ice water and wait for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, then place a mark at this height which represents 0°C. Then we place the thermometer in boiling water, and after waiting for the thermometer liquid to reach a stable height, we place a mark at this height which represents 100°C. We can then place 100 equally spaced divisions between our 0 and 100°C marks to each represent 1°C. Our thermometer has now been calibrated using the known values for the freezing point and boiling point of water, and can be used to measure temperatures of objects between 0 and 100°C.

Situation: While working on a touch screen laptop, Chris notices that his button presses seem to not be connecting where he presses on the screen. He opens up a calibration application and resets everything. The program then asks him to touch the screen where a button is in different locations on the screen.

Question: Will properly running the calibration application likely increase or decrease the accuracy of Chris' touch screen?
Answer: increase
Background: Once again, a mutation is the change in the DNA or RNA sequence. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the DNA of sex cells, or gametes, and are therefore potentially very serious. These mutations can be passed to the next generation. If the zygote contains the mutation, every cell in the resulting organism will have that mutation. If the mutation results in a disease phenotype, the mutation causes what is called a hereditary disease. Somatic mutations , which occur in somatic, or body, cells, cannot be passed to the next generation (offspring). Mutations present in a somatic cell of an organism will be present (by DNA replication and mitosis) in all descendants of that cell. If the mutation is present in a gene that is not used in that cell type, the mutation may have no effect. On the other hand, the mutation may lead to a serious medical condition such as cancer.

Situation: James' father unfortunately had Huntington's disease. This is a disease that can be passed down from generation to generation. His mother Got cancer at one point but it has been treated and has been eliminated.

Question: Given Huntington's disease can be passed down from generation to generation, is it a germline mutation or a somatic mutation?
Answer: germline

Situation: James' father unfortunately had Huntington's disease. This is a disease that can be passed down from generation to generation. His mother Got cancer at one point but it has been treated and has been eliminated.

Question: Will James' mother's cancer be passed down to him, yes or no?
Answer: no

Situation: James' father unfortunately had Huntington's disease. This is a disease that can be passed down from generation to generation. His mother Got cancer at one point but it has been treated and has been eliminated.

Question: Given Huntington;s disease can be passed down, is it a mutation in phenotype or body cells?
Answer: phenotype
Background: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution, acid rain, and global warming. Fossil fuels are also limited and may eventually run out. Like fossil fuels, radioactive elements are limited. In fact, they are relatively rare, so they could run out sooner rather than later. On the other hand, nuclear fission does not release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with burning fossil fuels. This is the major advantage of using nuclear fission as a source of energy.

Situation: In the town of Hawkings they get all of their power from a Nuclear power plant. Across the country another town called Gideon relies solely on the burning of fossil fuels. Gideon intents to switch to nuclear power soon.

Question: Which town produces more air pollution, Gideon or Hawkings?
Answer: Gideon

Situation: In the town of Hawkings they get all of their power from a Nuclear power plant. Across the country another town called Gideon relies solely on the burning of fossil fuels. Gideon intents to switch to nuclear power soon.

Question: Which town has easier access to its fuel, Gideon or Hawkings?
Answer: Hawkings

Situation: In the town of Hawkings they get all of their power from a Nuclear power plant. Across the country another town called Gideon relies solely on the burning of fossil fuels. Gideon intents to switch to nuclear power soon.

Question: Given Gideon goes through with its plan to switch to nuclear power, will the amount of air pollution it creates increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease
Background: Similar to the results of a negatively charged rod, if a positively charged rod is brought near the knob of a neutral electroscope, it will attract some electrons up from the leaves onto the knob. That process causes both of the leaves to be positively charged (excess protons), and the leaves will diverge. If the positively charged rob is actually touched to the knob, the rob will remove some electrons and then when the rob is removed, the electroscope will remain positively charged. This is a permanent positive charge.

Situation: Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other.

Question: Will the electroscope have a positive or negative charge?
Answer: positive

Situation: Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other.

Question: Given Jim actually touches the rod to the knob of the electroscope, will the rod remove electrons or add them?
Answer: remove

Situation: Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other.

Question: Given the electroscope is now positively charged, is this a permanent or temporary charge?
Answer: permanent

Situation: Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other.

Question: Given the leaves move apart from each other, is this an example of them having the same charge or different charges?
Answer: same

Situation: Jim's dad is a scientist. While his dad is out working he goes to the lab in the basement and find an electroscope. The electroscope is currently in a neutral state. He then grabs a nearby rod that is positively charged and moves it near the knob of the electroscope. Fascinated he sees the leaves of the electroscope move apart from each other.

Question: Given the rod was negatively charged when it touched the neutral electroscope, would the electroscope have a positive or negative charge?
Answer: negative
Background: Klinefelter's syndrome is caused by the presence of one or more extra copies of the X chromosome in a male's cells. Extra genetic material from the X chromosome interferes with male sexual development, preventing the testicles from functioning normally and reducing the levels of testosterone. Triple X syndrome (trisomy X) results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with trisomy X have a lower IQ than their siblings. Turner syndrome results when each of a female's cells has one normal X chromosome and the other sex chromosome is missing or altered. The missing genetic material affects development and causes the characteristic features of the condition, including short stature and infertility.

Situation: Margret has always had trouble in school. She wasn't as smart as the other children and she was much shorter than her siblings as well.

Question: Given Margret has some gene sequencing done, are the chances that she has trisomy X higher or lower than a normal person?
Answer: higher

Situation: Margret has always had trouble in school. She wasn't as smart as the other children and she was much shorter than her siblings as well.

Question: Given Margret is found to have an extra copy of the X chromosome, will she have trisomy X or Turner syndrome?
Answer: trisomy X
Background: Shad are also valued as a sport fish that exhibit complex and little-understood feeding behavior while spawning. Unlike salmon, shad retain the ability to digest and assimilate food during the anadromous migration. Like other fish, their feeding instinct can be triggered by a variety of factors such as turbidity and water temperature. Anglers use both spinning and fly fishing tackle to pursue shad. Spin fisherman use a shad dartjig or a flutter spoon. Some anglers use a downrigger to place the artificial lure at the desired depth and location. This is usually in the channel, or deepest part of the river. Migrating shad tend to occupy the lower portion of the water column which makes this the typical depth of choice for fishing. In the North, April through June is when shad spawn in coastal rivers and estuaries once water temperatures have reached 58 degrees Fahrenheit (14 °C). Fishing conditions typically improve as water temperatures warm and flow decreases.

Situation: Jeff loves to go shad fishing. He prefers using fly fishing tackle and is planning a fishing trip up North with his buddies. They decided to take their trip in May when everyone can get off work over the Memorial Day holiday. Sam enjoys shad fishing as well, but the only time he and his buddies are able to take off work is during their slow season in March.

Question: Who will have better fishing conditions and likely catch more shad on their fishing trip, Jeff or Sam?
Answer: Jeff

Situation: Jeff loves to go shad fishing. He prefers using fly fishing tackle and is planning a fishing trip up North with his buddies. They decided to take their trip in May when everyone can get off work over the Memorial Day holiday. Sam enjoys shad fishing as well, but the only time he and his buddies are able to take off work is during their slow season in March.

Question: Who will have worse fishing conditions and likely catch less shad on their fishing trip, Jeff or Sam?
Answer: Sam
Background: Just as there are good-quality grasses for putting greens, there are good-quality grasses for the fairway and rough. The quality of grass influences the roll of the ball as well as the ability of the player to "take a divot" (effectively, the ability to hit down into the ball, hitting the ball first, then hitting the turf and removing a portion of it as the club continues its arc). Fairways on prestigious tours, like the PGA Tour, are cut low. Mowing heights influence the play of the course. For example, the grass heights at U.S. Open events are alternated from one hole to the next in order to make the course more difficult. One example of this is the infamous roughs at U.S. Opens, which are often 3 to 5 inches high, depending on how close to the fairway or green the section of grass will be. This makes it difficult for a player to recover after a bad shot.

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Which Country Club would Sam enjoy playing golf at more, Aurora or Augusta?
Answer: Augusta

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Which Country Club would Sam enjoy playing golf at less, Aurora or Augusta?
Answer: Aurora

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Which Country Club would Jack enjoy playing golf at less, Aurora or Augusta?
Answer: Augusta

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Which Country Club would Jack enjoy playing golf at more, Aurora or Augusta?
Answer: Aurora

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Is it more or less challenging to play golf at the Augusta Country Club?
Answer: more

Situation: The golf course at the Aurora Country Club cuts their grass to  2 1/2 inches high. The grass at the Augusta Country Club is cut to 4 inches. Sam likes more of a challenge when playing golf but Jack likes to play on turf where the ball rolls easier.

Question: Is it more or less challenging to play golf at the Aurora Country Club?
Answer: less
Background: ANOVA generalizes to the study of the effects of multiple factors. When the experiment includes observations at all combinations of levels of each factor, it is termed factorial. Factorial experiments are more efficient than a series of single factor experiments and the efficiency grows as the number of factors increases.[45] Consequently, factorial designs are heavily used.

Situation: Medication A was tested on 1000 people for 3 years and cured Disease X in 80% of those trials. However,  Medication B was tested on 50 patients and cured Disease X in 90% of those trials.

Question: Which medication trial was more factorial, A or B?
Answer: A

Situation: Medication A was tested on 1000 people for 3 years and cured Disease X in 80% of those trials. However,  Medication B was tested on 50 patients and cured Disease X in 90% of those trials.

Question: Which medication trial was less factorial, A or B?
Answer: B

Situation: Medication A was tested on 1000 people for 3 years and cured Disease X in 80% of those trials. However,  Medication B was tested on 50 patients and cured Disease X in 90% of those trials.

Question: Was Medication A's trial more efficient or less efficient than Medication B's trial?
Answer: more efficient

Situation: Medication A was tested on 1000 people for 3 years and cured Disease X in 80% of those trials. However,  Medication B was tested on 50 patients and cured Disease X in 90% of those trials.

Question: Was Medication B's trial more efficient or less efficient than Medication A's trial?
Answer: less efficient
Background: Charging an object by touching it with another charged object is called charging by conduction. By bringing a charged object into contact with an uncharged object, some electrons will migrate to even out the charge on both objects. Charging by conduction gives the previously uncharged object a permanent charge. An uncharged object can also be charged using a method called charging by induction . This process allows a change in charge without actually touching the charged and uncharged objects to each other. Imagine a negatively charged rod held near the knob, but not touching. If we place a finger on the knob, some of the electrons will escape into our body, instead of down the stem and into the leaves. When both our finger and the negatively charged rod are removed, the previously uncharged electroscope now has a slight positive charge. It was charged by induction. Notice that charging by induction causes the newly charged object to have the opposite charge as the originally charged object, while charging by conduction gives them both the same charge.

Situation: With my previous cell phone, in order to charge it I would have a plug the charger into the wall and the plug the cord into my phone to connect it to the electric source. With my new phone, I just place the phone into the charging dock and my phone is charge wirelessly.

Question: Was my previous cell phone being charge using induction or conduction?
Answer: conduction

Situation: With my previous cell phone, in order to charge it I would have a plug the charger into the wall and the plug the cord into my phone to connect it to the electric source. With my new phone, I just place the phone into the charging dock and my phone is charge wirelessly.

Question: Was my new cell phone being charge using induction or conduction?
Answer: induction

Situation: With my previous cell phone, in order to charge it I would have a plug the charger into the wall and the plug the cord into my phone to connect it to the electric source. With my new phone, I just place the phone into the charging dock and my phone is charge wirelessly.

Question: Which cell phone had to be charged by touching it to another charged object, previous or new?
Answer: previous

Situation: With my previous cell phone, in order to charge it I would have a plug the charger into the wall and the plug the cord into my phone to connect it to the electric source. With my new phone, I just place the phone into the charging dock and my phone is charge wirelessly.

Question: Which cell phone could be charged without connecting it a charged object, previous or new?
Answer: new