allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: On the other hand, other gases --- called diatomic --- consist of two atoms held by a bond. This bond can be modeled as a spring, and the two atoms and bond together as a harmonic oscillator. Now, a single molecule's kinetic energy can be increased either by increasing its speed, by making it vibrate in simple harmonic motion, or by making it rotate around its center of mass . This difference is understood in physics through the concept of degrees of freedom : each degree of freedom for a molecule or particle corresponds to a possibility of increasing its kinetic energy independently of the kinetic energy in other degrees.

Situation: Scientists are performing some tests on two molecules in order to try to discover how to bring dinosaurs back to life. In the first test, they increased molecule Y's speed, but they didn't do anything to molecule X's speed. They then compared the two molecules to see if they could discern anything useful.

Question: Which molecule has more kinetic energy?
Answer: molecule Y

Situation: Scientists are performing some tests on two molecules in order to try to discover how to bring dinosaurs back to life. In the first test, they increased molecule Y's speed, but they didn't do anything to molecule X's speed. They then compared the two molecules to see if they could discern anything useful.

Question: Which molecule has less kinetic energy?
Answer: molecule X
Background: This is how ice wedging works. When liquid water changes into solid ice, it increases in volume. You see this when you fill an ice cube tray with water and put it in the freezer. The ice cubes go to a higher level in the tray than the water. You also may have seen this if you put a can of soda into the freezer so that it cools down quickly. If you leave the can in the freezer too long, the liquid expands so much that it bends or pops the can. (For the record, water is very unusual. Most substances get smaller when they change from a liquid to a solid.)

Situation: Jeremy is performing some chores around the kitchen when he decides to pour himself some water into a blue cup. However, this water isn't cold enough so he puts it into the freezer to cool it down. He then pours himself the exact same amount of water in a red cup, but gets a phone call and leaves that cup on the table without taking a sip. He comes back two hours later after the phone call to get his cups of water back.

Question: Will the water in the red or blue cup have more volume?
Answer: blue

Situation: Jeremy is performing some chores around the kitchen when he decides to pour himself some water into a blue cup. However, this water isn't cold enough so he puts it into the freezer to cool it down. He then pours himself the exact same amount of water in a red cup, but gets a phone call and leaves that cup on the table without taking a sip. He comes back two hours later after the phone call to get his cups of water back.

Question: Will the water in the red or blue cup have less volume?
Answer: red

Situation: Jeremy is performing some chores around the kitchen when he decides to pour himself some water into a blue cup. However, this water isn't cold enough so he puts it into the freezer to cool it down. He then pours himself the exact same amount of water in a red cup, but gets a phone call and leaves that cup on the table without taking a sip. He comes back two hours later after the phone call to get his cups of water back.

Question: Which cup is more likely to get a crack in it?
Answer: blue

Situation: Jeremy is performing some chores around the kitchen when he decides to pour himself some water into a blue cup. However, this water isn't cold enough so he puts it into the freezer to cool it down. He then pours himself the exact same amount of water in a red cup, but gets a phone call and leaves that cup on the table without taking a sip. He comes back two hours later after the phone call to get his cups of water back.

Question: Which cup is less likely to get a crack in it?
Answer: red
Background: A person with a serious brain injury usually suffers permanent brain damage. These brain injuries usually occur when an external mechanical force, such as a violent blow or jolt to the head or body, causes brain dysfunction. An object penetrating the skull, such as a bullet or a shattered piece of the skull, also can cause traumatic brain injury. As a result, the person may have trouble talking or controlling body movements. Symptoms depend on what part of the brain was injured. Serious brain injuries can also cause personality changes and problems with mental abilities such as memory. Medicines, counseling, and other treatments may help people with serious brain injuries recover from, or at least learn to cope with, their disabilities.

Situation: Jill and Bob are working on a construction site together when suddenly two wooden planks fall from three stories up. One plank hits Bob on the head and the other lands directly on Jill's shoulder. Everyone rushes over to them to check if they are ok. All the people are relieved that Bob and Jill appear to be alright, but they urge them both to go visit a doctor to get checked out.

Question: Which person is more likely to have trouble talking?
Answer: Bob

Situation: Jill and Bob are working on a construction site together when suddenly two wooden planks fall from three stories up. One plank hits Bob on the head and the other lands directly on Jill's shoulder. Everyone rushes over to them to check if they are ok. All the people are relieved that Bob and Jill appear to be alright, but they urge them both to go visit a doctor to get checked out.

Question: Which person is less likely to have trouble talking?
Answer: Jill
Background: What does popping bubble wrap have to do with science? Actually, it demonstrates an important scientific law, called Boyle’s law. Like other laws in science, this law describes what always happens under certain conditions. Boyle’s law is one of three well-known gas laws, which state the relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. (The other two gas laws are Charles’ law and Amontons’ law.) According to Boyle’s law , if the temperature of a gas is held constant, then decreasing the volume of the gas increases its pressure—and vice versa. That’s what happens when you squeeze the bubbles of bubble wrap. You decrease the bubbles' volume, so the air pressure inside the bubbles increases until they pop.

Situation: Except for their color, there are two identical inflatable chairs in a grade school classroom that the children can use during free time. Today, Patrick and Mark, who weighs much more than Patrick, are allowed to use the chairs. Patrick chooses to sit on the red chair, and Mark sits on the green chair. The boys have fun reading books while they sit on their comfortable inflatable chairs.

Question: Which chair has a higher air pressure?
Answer: green chair

Situation: Except for their color, there are two identical inflatable chairs in a grade school classroom that the children can use during free time. Today, Patrick and Mark, who weighs much more than Patrick, are allowed to use the chairs. Patrick chooses to sit on the red chair, and Mark sits on the green chair. The boys have fun reading books while they sit on their comfortable inflatable chairs.

Question: Which chair has a lower air pressure?
Answer: red chair
Background: Our knowledge of electromagnets developed from a series of observations. In 1820, Hans Oersted discovered that a current-carrying wire produced a magnetic field. Later in the same year, André-Marie Ampere discovered that a coil of wire acted like a permanent magnet and François Arago found that an iron bar could be magnetized by putting it inside of a coil of current-carrying wire. Finally, William Sturgeon found that leaving the iron bar inside the coil greatly increased the magnetic field.

Situation: Kelsey is bored in class, and sees a coil of wire with electricity running through it. There is a box of random pieces of iron on the teacher's desk so she goes and picks up two of them. Piece A she simply puts on her desk to use later, and Piece B she slowly passes through the coil of wire.

Question: Which piece of iron is more magnetized?
Answer: Piece B

Situation: Kelsey is bored in class, and sees a coil of wire with electricity running through it. There is a box of random pieces of iron on the teacher's desk so she goes and picks up two of them. Piece A she simply puts on her desk to use later, and Piece B she slowly passes through the coil of wire.

Question: Which piece of iron is less magnetized?
Answer: Piece A
Background: Hydrogen bonds cause water to have a relatively high boiling point of 100°C (212°F). Because of its high boiling point, most water on Earth is in a liquid state rather than in a gaseous state. Water in its liquid state is needed by all living things. Hydrogen bonds also cause water to expand when it freezes. This, in turn, causes ice to have a lower density (mass/volume) than liquid water. The lower density of ice means that it floats on water. For example, in cold climates, ice floats on top of the water in lakes. This allows lake animals such as fish to survive the winter by staying in the water under the ice.

Situation: Marcy is in her kitchen and fills one blue cup with water and then sticks that cup in the freezer. She then takes a green cup and fills that one with water but sets that one out on the kitchen counter. Three hours later, Marcy returns and takes the cup out of the freezer and dumps the now frozen water out onto a plate to look at it and compare it to the water that has been sitting on the kitchen counter.

Question: The water in which color cup will be more dense?
Answer: blue

Situation: Marcy is in her kitchen and fills one blue cup with water and then sticks that cup in the freezer. She then takes a green cup and fills that one with water but sets that one out on the kitchen counter. Three hours later, Marcy returns and takes the cup out of the freezer and dumps the now frozen water out onto a plate to look at it and compare it to the water that has been sitting on the kitchen counter.

Question: The water in which color cup will be less dense?
Answer: green

Situation: Marcy is in her kitchen and fills one blue cup with water and then sticks that cup in the freezer. She then takes a green cup and fills that one with water but sets that one out on the kitchen counter. Three hours later, Marcy returns and takes the cup out of the freezer and dumps the now frozen water out onto a plate to look at it and compare it to the water that has been sitting on the kitchen counter.

Question: Has the water in the green cup expanded more or less than the water in the blue cup?
Answer: less

Situation: Marcy is in her kitchen and fills one blue cup with water and then sticks that cup in the freezer. She then takes a green cup and fills that one with water but sets that one out on the kitchen counter. Three hours later, Marcy returns and takes the cup out of the freezer and dumps the now frozen water out onto a plate to look at it and compare it to the water that has been sitting on the kitchen counter.

Question: Has the water in the blue cup expanded more or less than the water in the green cup?
Answer: more
Background: People protect areas that might flood with dams. In dire situations, they use sandbags ( Figure below ). Dams are usually very effective, but high water levels sometimes cause a dam to break. In that case, flooding can be catastrophic. Flood waters can also overflow a dam. People may line a river bank with levees to protect against floods. These are high walls that keep the stream within its banks during floods. Flood protection in one location sometimes causes problems elsewhere. For example, a levee in one location may just force the high water upstream or downstream. This will lead to flooding in a different location. Sometimes water gets so high that the river must be allowed to flood.

Situation: There are two neighboring towns in the middle of the United States with a river running through both of them. One town, Glenview, just installed a new set of levees due to concerns about the river flooding. The other town, Binnington, is located just upstream from Glenview and has not yet installed any flood protection.

Question: Which town will experience a larger increase of water when the river floods?
Answer: Binnington

Situation: There are two neighboring towns in the middle of the United States with a river running through both of them. One town, Glenview, just installed a new set of levees due to concerns about the river flooding. The other town, Binnington, is located just upstream from Glenview and has not yet installed any flood protection.

Question: Which town will experience a smaller increase of water when the river floods?
Answer: Glenview
Background: It mutates DNA. The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on April 26, 1986. It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history. A Russian publication concludes that 985,000 excess cancers occurred between 1986 and 2004 as a result of radioactive contamination. The 2011 report of the European Committee on Radiation Risk calculates a total of 1.4 million excess cancers occurred as a result of this contamination.

Situation: In Arizona, there are two cities approximately 300 miles apart. Both of them have nuclear power plants in their town. Blinkton had a catastrophic meltdown at their nuclear power plant approximately 15 years ago. The city, Frafton, has a nearly identical nuclear power plant but has never experienced a nuclear accident before.

Question: Which city will have more people with cancer?
Answer: Blinkton

Situation: In Arizona, there are two cities approximately 300 miles apart. Both of them have nuclear power plants in their town. Blinkton had a catastrophic meltdown at their nuclear power plant approximately 15 years ago. The city, Frafton, has a nearly identical nuclear power plant but has never experienced a nuclear accident before.

Question: Which city will have fewer people with cancer?
Answer: Frafton
Background: However, when going across a period from left to right, the atomic radius actually tends to decrease. Why is this so? Each successive electron is going into the same principal energy level as the previous one, so the total amount of occupied space does not really go up significantly. Additionally, because protons are also added to the nucleus as you go across the row, the pull of the positively charged nucleus on the negatively charged electrons increases. This tighter pull leads to a slight decrease in atomic radius. As a result, the atomic radii of the elements exhibit a periodic trend, gradually tends to downward, but with a sharp spike up whenever electrons are added to a new principal energy level ( Figure below ).

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element will have a larger atomic radius?
Answer: Zaxon

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element will have a smaller atomic radius?
Answer: Barton

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element has more protons?
Answer: Barton

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element has fewer protons?
Answer: Zaxon

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element has a tighter pull between the nucleus and the electron?
Answer: Barton

Situation: There are two elements, Zaxon and Barton. Zaxon is an element that is further left on the period, and Barton is on the right of the period.

Question: Which element has a weaker pull between the nucleus and the electron?
Answer: Zaxon
Background: Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. The light that is observed on photographs of earth from space and with the naked eye is only reflected visible light.

Situation: There are two rocks that scientists are looking at. Rock A is located near the lava stored in an active volcano, and rock B is outside this volcano near the base of it. The scientists are currently trying to find a way to safely transport both rocks back to a lab so they can get these rocks under a microscope to look at them. However, they are currently struggling to figure out an effective way to lift rock A out of the volcano.

Question: Which rock emits more radiation?
Answer: Rock A

Situation: There are two rocks that scientists are looking at. Rock A is located near the lava stored in an active volcano, and rock B is outside this volcano near the base of it. The scientists are currently trying to find a way to safely transport both rocks back to a lab so they can get these rocks under a microscope to look at them. However, they are currently struggling to figure out an effective way to lift rock A out of the volcano.

Question: Which rock emits less radiation?
Answer: rock B

Situation: There are two rocks that scientists are looking at. Rock A is located near the lava stored in an active volcano, and rock B is outside this volcano near the base of it. The scientists are currently trying to find a way to safely transport both rocks back to a lab so they can get these rocks under a microscope to look at them. However, they are currently struggling to figure out an effective way to lift rock A out of the volcano.

Question: Are rock A's wavelengths shorter or longer than rock B's?
Answer: shorter

Situation: There are two rocks that scientists are looking at. Rock A is located near the lava stored in an active volcano, and rock B is outside this volcano near the base of it. The scientists are currently trying to find a way to safely transport both rocks back to a lab so they can get these rocks under a microscope to look at them. However, they are currently struggling to figure out an effective way to lift rock A out of the volcano.

Question: Are rock B's wavelengths shorter or longer than rock A's?
Answer: longer
Background: Type 2 diabetes is much more common than type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes occurs when body cells no longer respond normally to insulin. The pancreas still makes insulin, but the cells of the body can’t use it. Being overweight and having high blood pressure increase the chances of developing type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes usually develops in adulthood. However, it is becoming more common in teens and children because more young people are overweight now than ever before.

Situation: Justin and his sister Samantha recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Justin was told that he weighs too much and his blood pressure is higher than normal. Samantha was told she is at an appropriate weight and her blood pressure is normal.

Question: Who is at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Justin

Situation: Justin and his sister Samantha recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Justin was told that he weighs too much and his blood pressure is higher than normal. Samantha was told she is at an appropriate weight and her blood pressure is normal.

Question: Who is at a lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Samantha

Situation: Mark and his sister Elaine recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Mark has not been able to manage his weight for the last several years, and the doctor told him he now officially has type 2 diabetes. Elaine has paid close attention to her health, and the doctor told her she does not have type 2 diabetes and her health is normal.

Question: Whose body cells no longer respond normally to insulin?
Answer: Mark

Situation: Mark and his sister Elaine recently had a visit with their doctors to see how their health was doing. Mark has not been able to manage his weight for the last several years, and the doctor told him he now officially has type 2 diabetes. Elaine has paid close attention to her health, and the doctor told her she does not have type 2 diabetes and her health is normal.

Question: Whose body cells still respond normally to insulin?
Answer: Elaine
Background: Gibberellins are hormones that cause the plant to grow. When gibberellins are applied to plants by scientists, the stems grow longer. Some gardeners or horticulture scientists add gibberellins to increase the growth of plants. Dwarf plants (small plants), on the other hand, have low levels of gibberellins ( Figure below ). Another function of gibberellins is to stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds and buds. Gibberellins signal that it’s time for a seed to germinate (sprout) or for a bud to open.

Situation: Jeffrey is an avid grower of plants and he currently has some daisies and roses in his bedroom. Jeffrey's friend Robert gives Jeffrey a bottle of gibberellins one day and tells Jeffrey to pour some of the bottle onto the daisies. Jeffrey doesn't question this, because he is very trusting of his friend Robert, and pours the gibberellins onto the daisies, but not onto the roses.

Question: Which plants will grow faster, the daisies or the roses?
Answer: the daisies

Situation: Jeffrey is an avid grower of plants and he currently has some daisies and roses in his bedroom. Jeffrey's friend Robert gives Jeffrey a bottle of gibberellins one day and tells Jeffrey to pour some of the bottle onto the daisies. Jeffrey doesn't question this, because he is very trusting of his friend Robert, and pours the gibberellins onto the daisies, but not onto the roses.

Question: Which plants will grow slower, the daisies or the roses?
Answer: the roses

Situation: Jeffrey is an avid grower of plants and he currently has some daisies and roses in his bedroom. Jeffrey's friend Robert gives Jeffrey a bottle of gibberellins one day and tells Jeffrey to pour some of the bottle onto the daisies. Jeffrey doesn't question this, because he is very trusting of his friend Robert, and pours the gibberellins onto the daisies, but not onto the roses.

Question: Seeds and buds from which plant, the daisies or the roses, will now stop being dormant?
Answer: the daisies

Situation: Jeffrey is an avid grower of plants and he currently has some daisies and roses in his bedroom. Jeffrey's friend Robert gives Jeffrey a bottle of gibberellins one day and tells Jeffrey to pour some of the bottle onto the daisies. Jeffrey doesn't question this, because he is very trusting of his friend Robert, and pours the gibberellins onto the daisies, but not onto the roses.

Question: Seeds and buds from which plant, the daisies or the roses, will continue being dormant?
Answer: the roses