allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: A car’s gas pedal, like the one in Figure below , is sometimes called the accelerator. That’s because it controls the acceleration of the car. Pressing down on the gas pedal gives the car more gas and causes the car to speed up. Letting up on the gas pedal gives the car less gas and causes the car to slow down. Whenever an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it accelerates. Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity of a moving object. Acceleration occurs whenever an object is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Situation: Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down 
very hard on the gas pedal in his car.

Question: Who will provide their car with more gas?
Answer: Alejandro

Situation: Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down 
very hard on the gas pedal in his car.

Question: Who will provide their car with less gas?
Answer: Jordan

Situation: Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down 
very hard on the gas pedal in his car.

Question: Who will cause their car to increase in speed?
Answer: Alejandro

Situation: Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down 
very hard on the gas pedal in his car.

Question: Who will cause their car to decrease in speed?
Answer: Jordan

Situation: Jordan and Alejandro are drivers currently in an intense car race. Some dust blows into Jordan's car, causing him to sneeze and take his foot off of the gas pedal. At the same time, Alejandro gets a burst of adrenaline and presses down 
very hard on the gas pedal in his car.

Question: Will both of their cars be accelerating, yes or no?
Answer: yes
Background: Middle adulthood lasts from the mid-30s to the mid-60s. During this stage of life, many people raise a family and strive to attain career goals. They start showing physical signs of aging, such as wrinkles and gray hair. Typically, vision, strength and reaction time start declining. Diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular or heart disease, and cancer are often diagnosed during this stage of life. These diseases are also the chief causes of death in middle adulthood.

Situation: Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.

Question: Who is more likely to begin developing wrinkles?
Answer: Margaret

Situation: Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.

Question: Who is less likely to begin developing wrinkles?
Answer: Vanessa

Situation: Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.

Question: Who is more likely to begin developing gray hair?
Answer: Margaret

Situation: Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.

Question: Who is less likely to begin developing gray hair?
Answer: Vanessa

Situation: Margaret is a mother currently in the middle adulthood stage of her life.  Margaret's daughter, Vanessa, hasn't reached middle adulthood yet, and is still a teenager. Both of them enjoy reading beauty and fashion magazines so they can find age-appropriate tips on how to improve their look.

Question: Who is more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?
Answer: Margaret
Background: A After a rock forms, nuclei of a radioisotope inside the rock start to decay. As they decay, the amount of the original, or parent, isotope decreases, while the amount of its stable decay product, or daughter isotope, increases. By measuring the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes and knowing the rate of decay, scientists can determine how long the parent isotope has been decaying. This provides an estimate of the rock’s age.

Situation: Gregory is a geologist who went on an excursion to Australia. While hiking in a cave, Gregory found two radioactive rocks containing Uranium. Gregory then brought the rocks back to his lab in Germany to conduct tests. Gregory discovered that rock A had high amounts of the original uranium isotope present, and low amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present. In rock B, however, there were low amounts of the original uranium isotope present and high amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present.

Question: Which rock, rock A or rock B, had been decaying over a longer period of time?
Answer: rock B

Situation: Gregory is a geologist who went on an excursion to Australia. While hiking in a cave, Gregory found two radioactive rocks containing Uranium. Gregory then brought the rocks back to his lab in Germany to conduct tests. Gregory discovered that rock A had high amounts of the original uranium isotope present, and low amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present. In rock B, however, there were low amounts of the original uranium isotope present and high amounts of the daughter uranium isotope present.

Question: Which rock, rock A or rock B, had been decaying over a shorter period of time?
Answer: rock A
Background: The quantity of small plastic fragments floating in the north-east Pacific Ocean increased a hundredfold between 1972 and 2012.Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The main culprits are those using the rivers for disposing of their waste. The rivers then empty into the ocean, often also bringing chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.Marine debris, also known as marine litter, is human-created waste that has ended up floating in a lake, sea, ocean, or waterway. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.In addition, the Pacific Ocean has served as the crash site of satellites, including Mars 96, Fobos-Grunt, and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite.

Situation: Robert and his brother Jeff are both farmers whose farms are near large rivers. These rivers eventually flow into the Pacific Ocean. Robert recently switched to a different brand of fertilizer to increase the yield on his crops.  This fertilizer contains a chemical that tends to destroy oxygen when it comes into contact with it. Due to heavy rains on his farm, large amounts of this fertilizer have been leaking into the river near Robert's farm. Meanwhile, Jeff uses fertilizer that is very stable and does not leak into the rivers near his farm.

Question: Who will contribute more to the formation of dead zones in the Pacific Ocean?
Answer: Robert

Situation: Robert and his brother Jeff are both farmers whose farms are near large rivers. These rivers eventually flow into the Pacific Ocean. Robert recently switched to a different brand of fertilizer to increase the yield on his crops.  This fertilizer contains a chemical that tends to destroy oxygen when it comes into contact with it. Due to heavy rains on his farm, large amounts of this fertilizer have been leaking into the river near Robert's farm. Meanwhile, Jeff uses fertilizer that is very stable and does not leak into the rivers near his farm.

Question: Who will contribute less to the formation of dead zones in the Pacific Ocean?
Answer: Jeff
Background: The jejunum is the second part of the small intestine, where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. As shown in Figure below , the mucous membrane lining the jejunum is covered with millions of microscopic, fingerlike projections called villi (singular, villus). Villi contain many capillaries, and nutrients pass from the villi into the bloodstream through the capillaries. Because there are so many villi, they greatly increase the surface area for absorption. In fact, they make the inner surface of the small intestine as large as a tennis court!

Situation: Robert and John both went to the doctor because they had been having stomach problems. The doctor decided to take images of the men's jejunum to try and diagnose the issues. He discovered that Robert has more villi covering his jejunum compared to John.

Question: Who has more surface area available for absorption of nutrients?
Answer: Robert

Situation: Robert and John both went to the doctor because they had been having stomach problems. The doctor decided to take images of the men's jejunum to try and diagnose the issues. He discovered that Robert has more villi covering his jejunum compared to John.

Question: Who has less surface area available for absorption of nutrients?
Answer: John

Situation: Robert and John both went to the doctor because they had been having stomach problems. The doctor decided to take images of the men's jejunum to try and diagnose the issues. He discovered that Robert has more villi covering his jejunum compared to John.

Question: Who has more capillaries available to transport nutrients into the bloodstream?
Answer: Robert

Situation: Robert and John both went to the doctor because they had been having stomach problems. The doctor decided to take images of the men's jejunum to try and diagnose the issues. He discovered that Robert has more villi covering his jejunum compared to John.

Question: Who has less capillaries available to transport nutrients into the bloodstream?
Answer: John
Background: Something that is elastic can return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. This property is called elasticity . As you stretch or compress an elastic material like a bungee cord, it resists the change in shape. It exerts a counter force in the opposite direction. This force is called elastic force . The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes. As soon as the stretching or compressing force is released, elastic force causes the material to spring back to its original shape. You can watch a demonstration of elastic force at this URL:

Situation: Michael is planning on playing a prank on his older brother. He is going to take a bungee cord and stretch it and then release it so that it hits his older brother as he is sleeping.  He is deciding whether to stretch the cord only partially or completely before releasing it.

Question: Will stretching the bungee cord partially or completely result in more force when it's released?
Answer: completely

Situation: Michael is planning on playing a prank on his older brother. He is going to take a bungee cord and stretch it and then release it so that it hits his older brother as he is sleeping.  He is deciding whether to stretch the cord only partially or completely before releasing it.

Question: Will stretching the bungee cord partially or completely result in less force when it's released?
Answer: partially

Situation: Michael is planning on playing a prank on his older brother. He is going to take a bungee cord and stretch it and then release it so that it hits his older brother as he is sleeping.  He is deciding whether to stretch the cord only partially or completely before releasing it.

Question: Will the bungee cord resist further stretching more when it's stretched partially or completely?
Answer: completely

Situation: Michael is planning on playing a prank on his older brother. He is going to take a bungee cord and stretch it and then release it so that it hits his older brother as he is sleeping.  He is deciding whether to stretch the cord only partially or completely before releasing it.

Question: Will the bungee cord resist further stretching less when it's stretched partially or completely?
Answer: partially
Background: Rainfall in an area is important because it influences the rate of weathering. More rain means that more rainwater passes through the soil. The rainwater reacts chemically with the particles. The top layers of soil are in contact with the freshest water, so reactions are greatest there. High rainfall increases the amount of rock that experiences chemical reactions. High rainfall may also carry material away. This means that new surfaces are exposed. This increases the rate of weathering.

Situation: A geologist is examining rocks found in neighboring cities. City A recently experienced heavy rainfall for several weeks. Meanwhile, city B hasn't had a single rainy day in the same time span.

Question: Which city would have more rocks that had experienced chemical reactions over the previous weeks?
Answer: City A

Situation: A geologist is examining rocks found in neighboring cities. City A recently experienced heavy rainfall for several weeks. Meanwhile, city B hasn't had a single rainy day in the same time span.

Question: Which city would have fewer rocks that had experienced chemical reactions over the previous weeks?
Answer: city B

Situation: A geologist is examining rocks found in neighboring cities. City A recently experienced heavy rainfall for several weeks. Meanwhile, city B hasn't had a single rainy day in the same time span.

Question: Which city would have had more rock and soil material carried away by the rain?
Answer: City A

Situation: A geologist is examining rocks found in neighboring cities. City A recently experienced heavy rainfall for several weeks. Meanwhile, city B hasn't had a single rainy day in the same time span.

Question: Which city would have had less rock and soil material carried away by the rain?
Answer: city B
Background: Extending the period of time over which a force acts in order to lessen the force is a common practice in design. Padding in shoes and seats allows the time to increase. The front of automobiles are designed to crumple in an accident; this increases the time the car takes to stop. Similarly, barrels of water or sand in front of abutments on the highway and airbags serve to slow down the stoppage time. These changes all serve to decrease the amount of force it takes to stop the momentum in a car crash, which consequently saves lives.

Situation: Timothy and Jordan both just bought their first cars. Timothy's car comes with state of the art airbags that decelerate the driver over a relatively long period of time in the event of a crash. Jordan's car, however, has airbags with older technology, and as a result they decelerate the driver over a short period of time when a crash happens.

Question: Drivers of which person's car will experience more force in a car crash?
Answer: Jordan

Situation: Timothy and Jordan both just bought their first cars. Timothy's car comes with state of the art airbags that decelerate the driver over a relatively long period of time in the event of a crash. Jordan's car, however, has airbags with older technology, and as a result they decelerate the driver over a short period of time when a crash happens.

Question: Drivers of which person's car will experience less force in a car crash?
Answer: Timothy
Background: However, the addition of a metal catalyst, such as platinum, provides a lower energy pathway. The energy requirements for breaking the H-H bond are offset somewhat if each hydrogen atom can form a new bond with the metal surface. Then, collisions between the alkene and the metal-hydrogen complex result in the formation of a product. The metal surface is regenerated after the hydrogen atoms are removed, so it is not used up by the reaction, but it increases the rate by stabilizing the high energy hydrogen atoms.

Situation: Michael and Robert are both performing a chemistry experiment. The reaction they are performing uses alkenes and hydrogen as reactants. Michael performs the experiment without any additional materials, while Robert performs the experiment while using a platinum catalyst.

Question: Who will have a higher reaction rate in their experiments?
Answer: Robert

Situation: Michael and Robert are both performing a chemistry experiment. The reaction they are performing uses alkenes and hydrogen as reactants. Michael performs the experiment without any additional materials, while Robert performs the experiment while using a platinum catalyst.

Question: Who will have a lower reaction rate in their experiments?
Answer: Michael

Situation: Michael and Robert are both performing a chemistry experiment. The reaction they are performing uses alkenes and hydrogen as reactants. Michael performs the experiment without any additional materials, while Robert performs the experiment while using a platinum catalyst.

Question: Whose reaction will require less energy to occur?
Answer: Robert

Situation: Michael and Robert are both performing a chemistry experiment. The reaction they are performing uses alkenes and hydrogen as reactants. Michael performs the experiment without any additional materials, while Robert performs the experiment while using a platinum catalyst.

Question: Whose reaction will require more energy to occur?
Answer: Michael
Background: We all enjoy a cool dip in a swimming pool on a hot day, but we may not realize the work needed to keep that water safe and healthy. The ideal pH for a swimming pool is around 7.2. The pH will change as a result of many factors. Adjustment can be accomplished with different chemicals depending on the tested pH. High pH can be lowered with liquid HCl (unsafe material) or sodium bisulfate. The bisulfate anion is a weak acid and can dissociate partially in solution. To increase pH, use sodium carbonate. The carbonate anion forms an equilibrium with protons that results in some formation of carbon dioxide.

Situation: Tom and John are both pool owners. Tom prefers to use sodium bisulfate in his pool because he enjoys the smell. John, however, prefers using sodium carbonate in his pool because he believes it helps keep pests away.

Question: Whose pool will have a higher pH?
Answer: John

Situation: Tom and John are both pool owners. Tom prefers to use sodium bisulfate in his pool because he enjoys the smell. John, however, prefers using sodium carbonate in his pool because he believes it helps keep pests away.

Question: Whose pool will have a lower pH?
Answer: Tom

Situation: Tom and John are both pool owners. Tom prefers to use sodium bisulfate in his pool because he enjoys the smell. John, however, prefers using sodium carbonate in his pool because he believes it helps keep pests away.

Question: Whose pool will have higher levels of carbon dioxide?
Answer: John

Situation: Tom and John are both pool owners. Tom prefers to use sodium bisulfate in his pool because he enjoys the smell. John, however, prefers using sodium carbonate in his pool because he believes it helps keep pests away.

Question: Whose pool will have lower levels of carbon dioxide?
Answer: Tom
Background: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.  A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. The presence of a catalyst is one of several factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions. (Other factors include the temperature, concentration, and surface area of reactants.) A catalyst isn’t a reactant in the chemical reaction it speeds up. As a result, it isn’t changed or used up in the reaction, so it can go on to catalyze many more reactions.

Situation: Henry and Tiffany are performing chemical reactions in their high school chemistry class. Henry performs his reactions with the use of a catalyst. Tiffany performs the same reaction with no catalyst present.

Question: Which person's reactions will occur at a faster rate?
Answer: Henry

Situation: Henry and Tiffany are performing chemical reactions in their high school chemistry class. Henry performs his reactions with the use of a catalyst. Tiffany performs the same reaction with no catalyst present.

Question: Which person's reactions will occur at a slower rate?
Answer: Tiffany

Situation: Henry and Tiffany are performing chemical reactions in their high school chemistry class. Henry performs his reactions with the use of a catalyst. Tiffany performs the same reaction with no catalyst present.

Question: Will Henry's catalyst be used up after it catalyzes some reactions, yes or no?
Answer: no

Situation: Henry and Tiffany are performing chemical reactions in their high school chemistry class. Henry performs his reactions with the use of a catalyst. Tiffany performs the same reaction with no catalyst present.

Question: Could Tiffany change other aspects of her reaction besides adding a catalyst to influence its rate, yes or no?
Answer: yes