allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: If a nuclear chain reaction is uncontrolled, it produces a lot of energy all at once. This is what happens in an atomic bomb. If a nuclear chain reaction is controlled, it produces energy more slowly. This is what occurs in a nuclear power plant. The reaction may be controlled by inserting rods of material that do not undergo fission into the core of fissioning material (see Figure below ). The radiation from the controlled fission is used to heat water and turn it to steam. The steam is under pressure and causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine runs a generator, which produces electricity.

Situation: A war has started. In this war, no side shows a clear side of winning and the casualties are already high. In a desperate attempt to end the war quickly country A decides it wants to try to drop an atomic bomb on country B. They succeed.

Question: Will the dropped bomb cause a controlled or uncontrolled chain reaction?
Answer: uncontrolled

Situation: A war has started. In this war, no side shows a clear side of winning and the casualties are already high. In a desperate attempt to end the war quickly country A decides it wants to try to drop an atomic bomb on country B. They succeed.

Question: Will the bomb detonation cause a lot of energy all at once or slowly over time?
Answer: all at once

Situation: A war has started. In this war, no side shows a clear side of winning and the casualties are already high. In a desperate attempt to end the war quickly country A decides it wants to try to drop an atomic bomb on country B. They succeed.

Question: Given a power plant, will the nuclear chain reaction happening inside be controlled or uncontrolled?
Answer: controlled
Background: The Figure below shows decibel levels of several different sounds. As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder. For every 10-decibel increase in the intensity of sound, loudness is 10 times greater. Therefore, a 30-decibel “quiet” room is 10 times louder than a 20-decibel whisper, and a 40-decibel light rainfall is 100 times louder than the whisper. High-decibel sounds are dangerous. They can damage the ears and cause loss of hearing.

Situation: James is attending a concert. When he first walks in the concert hall there aren't that many people there and it is relatively quiet. As the room fills up it starts to get a bit louder. And when the concert starts its so loud that it is almost painful for him as he is sitting near the speakers.

Question: Will the decibel levels have increased or decreased in the time since James arrived at the concert to when the show started?
Answer: increase

Situation: James is attending a concert. When he first walks in the concert hall there aren't that many people there and it is relatively quiet. As the room fills up it starts to get a bit louder. And when the concert starts its so loud that it is almost painful for him as he is sitting near the speakers.

Question: Given the concert is now over and everyone is leaving, will the decibel levels increase or decrease?
Answer: decrease

Situation: James is attending a concert. When he first walks in the concert hall there aren't that many people there and it is relatively quiet. As the room fills up it starts to get a bit louder. And when the concert starts its so loud that it is almost painful for him as he is sitting near the speakers.

Question: Given that during the concert the decibel levels were high enough to be painful to James, will further increasing them make them safer or harmful?
Answer: harmful
Background: Some materials have negative heats of solution; the dissolution of one of these solutes in water is an exothermic process. Heat is released, causing a net increase in the temperature of the solution. Conversely, other substances have positive heats of solution. For example, the dissolution of potassium nitrate in water is an endothermic process. The resulting absorption of energy causes the solution to become colder. Calculations involving heats of solutions follow the same basic approach that we have used with other enthalpy problems.

Situation: A scientist is in the lab testing mixing water with different chemicals. While working with chemical A he notes that the water becomes colder after combining them. With chemical B the water becomes much warmer.

Question: Given the changes in temperature, does chemical A cause an exothermic process or an endothermic process?
Answer: exothermic

Situation: A scientist is in the lab testing mixing water with different chemicals. While working with chemical A he notes that the water becomes colder after combining them. With chemical B the water becomes much warmer.

Question: Which of the two chemicals causes an endothermic process, chemical A or chemical B?
Answer: chemical B

Situation: A scientist is in the lab testing mixing water with different chemicals. While working with chemical A he notes that the water becomes colder after combining them. With chemical B the water becomes much warmer.

Question: Given he adds a new chemical, chemical C and notes that it is an exothermic process, will the temperature have increased or decreased?
Answer: decreased
Background: Our knowledge of electromagnets developed from a series of observations. In 1820, Hans Oersted discovered that a current-carrying wire produced a magnetic field. Later in the same year, André-Marie Ampere discovered that a coil of wire acted like a permanent magnet and François Arago found that an iron bar could be magnetized by putting it inside of a coil of current-carrying wire. Finally, William Sturgeon found that leaving the iron bar inside the coil greatly increased the magnetic field.

Situation: Mark is doing an experiment creating a magnet. He takes a piece of iron named iron bar A and wraps it in a coil of copper wire. After that he puts an electric current through the copper for about an hour.

Question: Given Mark disconnects and unwraps the copper wire, will the magnetic strength of the iron bar have increased or decreased?
Answer: increased

Situation: Mark is doing an experiment creating a magnet. He takes a piece of iron named iron bar A and wraps it in a coil of copper wire. After that he puts an electric current through the copper for about an hour.

Question: Given Mark repeates his experiment with a second iron bar, Iron bar B but leaves it in the coil for 3 hours, which bar has a stronger magnetic field, Iron bar A or Iron bar B?
Answer: Iron bar B

Situation: Mark is doing an experiment creating a magnet. He takes a piece of iron named iron bar A and wraps it in a coil of copper wire. After that he puts an electric current through the copper for about an hour.

Question: Will leaving an iron bar wrapped in copper wire carrying a current cause the bars magnetic field to increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: The body's second line of defense against pathogens includes the inflammatory response. If bacteria enter the skin through a scrape, the area may become red, warm, and painful. These are signs of inflammation. Inflammation is one way the body reacts to infections or injuries. Inflammation is caused by chemicals that are released when skin or other tissues are damaged. The chemicals cause nearby blood vessels to dilate, or expand. This increases blood flow to the damaged area, which makes the area red and slightly warm. The chemicals also attract white blood cells called neutrophils to the wound and cause them to leak out of blood vessels into the damaged tissue.

Situation: Adam was playing tag football when one of his friends tagged him a bit too hard and caused him to tumble and fall. He noticed when he fell, he got a pretty bad cut in his knee. He decided to ignore the injury for now and keep playing. Later when he got home he realized the area of the cut was warm and swollen

Question: Will the blood vessels near Adam's injury have expanded or contracted?
Answer: expanded

Situation: Adam was playing tag football when one of his friends tagged him a bit too hard and caused him to tumble and fall. He noticed when he fell, he got a pretty bad cut in his knee. He decided to ignore the injury for now and keep playing. Later when he got home he realized the area of the cut was warm and swollen

Question: Given that the area around Adam's injury has become inflamed, is there increased or decreased blood flow to the area?
Answer: increased

Situation: Adam was playing tag football when one of his friends tagged him a bit too hard and caused him to tumble and fall. He noticed when he fell, he got a pretty bad cut in his knee. He decided to ignore the injury for now and keep playing. Later when he got home he realized the area of the cut was warm and swollen

Question: Will the blood flow to the area of an inflamed injury have increased or decreased?
Answer: increased

Situation: Adam was playing tag football when one of his friends tagged him a bit too hard and caused him to tumble and fall. He noticed when he fell, he got a pretty bad cut in his knee. He decided to ignore the injury for now and keep playing. Later when he got home he realized the area of the cut was warm and swollen

Question: Given Adam's injury is mostly healed and inflammation has subsided will, the blood vessels around the injury have expanded or contracted?
Answer: contracted
Background: Reactions are favorable when they result in a decrease in enthalpy and an increase in entropy of the system. When both of these conditions are met, the reaction occurs naturally. A spontaneous reaction is a reaction that favors the formation of products at the conditions under which the reaction is occurring. A roaring bonfire is an example of a spontaneous reaction, since it is exothermic (there is a decrease in the energy of the system as energy is released to the surroundings as heat). The products of a fire are composed partly of gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. The entropy of the system increases during a combustion reaction. The combination of energy decrease and entropy increase dictates that combustion reactions are spontaneous reactions.

Situation: Mike and his family are going on a camping trip. Mike being the outdoors-man he is decides to bring an axe along so they can make an authentic campfire. When they get to the site he chops some wood, piles it up and lights it creating a nice strong flame.

Question: Which is the source of the energy in Mike's campfire, the wood or the fire?
Answer: wood

Situation: Mike and his family are going on a camping trip. Mike being the outdoors-man he is decides to bring an axe along so they can make an authentic campfire. When they get to the site he chops some wood, piles it up and lights it creating a nice strong flame.

Question: Which would be considered entropy, the wood being consumed in the fire or the heat of the fire?
Answer: fire

Situation: Mike and his family are going on a camping trip. Mike being the outdoors-man he is decides to bring an axe along so they can make an authentic campfire. When they get to the site he chops some wood, piles it up and lights it creating a nice strong flame.

Question: Will entropy increase or decrease when lighting a campfire?
Answer: increase

Situation: Mike and his family are going on a camping trip. Mike being the outdoors-man he is decides to bring an axe along so they can make an authentic campfire. When they get to the site he chops some wood, piles it up and lights it creating a nice strong flame.

Question: Will enthalpy increase or decrease when lighting a campfire?
Answer: decrease
Background: Another example of incomplete dominance is with sickle cell anemia, a disease in which a blood protein called hemoglobin is produced incorrectly. This causes the red blood cells to have a sickle shape, making it difficult for these misshapen cells to pass through the smallest blood vessels. A person that is homozygous recessive ( ss ) for the sickle cell trait will have red blood cells that all have the incorrect hemoglobin. A person who is homozygous dominant ( SS ) will have normal red blood cells.

Situation: Trisha has a doctors appointment to get some blood work done. She goes to see her doctor and he takes a blood sample. Sadly when he comes back he reports to her that her blood cells are misshapen and look like small sickles, as well as her hemoglobin is being produced incorrectly.

Question: Will a person with sickle cell anemia have circular red blood cells or red blood cells shaped like sickles?
Answer: sickles

Situation: Trisha has a doctors appointment to get some blood work done. She goes to see her doctor and he takes a blood sample. Sadly when he comes back he reports to her that her blood cells are misshapen and look like small sickles, as well as her hemoglobin is being produced incorrectly.

Question: Will Trisha's red blood cells have an easier or harder time traveling though the smallest blood vessels?
Answer: harder

Situation: Trisha has a doctors appointment to get some blood work done. She goes to see her doctor and he takes a blood sample. Sadly when he comes back he reports to her that her blood cells are misshapen and look like small sickles, as well as her hemoglobin is being produced incorrectly.

Question: Given a person has sickle cell anemia, is their hemoglobin produced correctly or incorrectly?
Answer: incorrectly
Background: Electromagnetic radiation is energy that travels in waves across space as well as through matter. Most of the electromagnetic radiation on Earth comes from the sun. Like other waves, electromagnetic waves are characterized by certain wavelengths and wave frequencies. Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves. Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and more energy.

Situation: Chris is working in a lab that handles radioactive materials. Today he is working with Element A and Element B. When measuring element A he notes that is has a shorter wavelength than element B.

Question: Which element has a higher frequency, element A or element B?
Answer: element B

Situation: Chris is working in a lab that handles radioactive materials. Today he is working with Element A and Element B. When measuring element A he notes that is has a shorter wavelength than element B.

Question: Will an element with a high frequency have shorter or longer wavelengths compared to an element with a low frequency?
Answer: shorter

Situation: Chris is working in a lab that handles radioactive materials. Today he is working with Element A and Element B. When measuring element A he notes that is has a shorter wavelength than element B.

Question: Will an element with a long wavelength have more or less energy when compared to an element with a short wavelength?
Answer: less
Background: Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus called hepatitis B, which can be passed through sexual activity. Hepatitis B causes vomiting. It also causes yellowing of the skin and eyes. The disease goes away on its own in some people. Other people are sick for the rest of their lives. In these people, the virus usually damages the liver. It may also lead to liver cancer. Medicines can help prevent liver damage in these people. There is also a vaccine to protect against hepatitis B.

Situation: Anthony is going in for a doctors appointment. He hasn't been feeling well and has been vomiting. When he talks to his doctor the doctor can tell immediately what's wrong. Anthony's physical appearance immediately tells the doctor that he likely has hepatitis B.

Question: Given the doctor assumes Anthony has hepatitis B based on his appearance, will Anthony's skin and eyes be yellowish or a normal color?
Answer: yellowish

Situation: Anthony is going in for a doctors appointment. He hasn't been feeling well and has been vomiting. When he talks to his doctor the doctor can tell immediately what's wrong. Anthony's physical appearance immediately tells the doctor that he likely has hepatitis B.

Question: Given a person's eyes and skin tone appear to be yellow and they experience vomiting, will the chances that they have hepatitis B increase or decrease?
Answer: increase
Background: Light may transfer its energy to matter rather than being reflected or transmitted by matter. This is called absorption . When light is absorbed, the added energy increases the temperature of matter. If you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun all day, the seats and other parts of the car’s interior may be almost too hot to touch, especially if they are black or very dark in color. That’s because dark colors absorb most of the sunlight that strikes them.

Situation: Marcus is going for a walk outside. He is wearing a black shirt and notices it feels very hot to him. His friend Adam joins him shortly after. Adam is wearing a white shirt and expressed to Adam how nice it is outside. He doesn't feel nearly as hot as Marcus.

Question: Which person shirt is absorbing more energy, Marcus or Adam?
Answer: Marcus

Situation: Marcus is going for a walk outside. He is wearing a black shirt and notices it feels very hot to him. His friend Adam joins him shortly after. Adam is wearing a white shirt and expressed to Adam how nice it is outside. He doesn't feel nearly as hot as Marcus.

Question: Will a light colored piece of clothing be hotter or colder than a dark piece of clothing when left out in the sun for a short time?
Answer: colder

Situation: Marcus is going for a walk outside. He is wearing a black shirt and notices it feels very hot to him. His friend Adam joins him shortly after. Adam is wearing a white shirt and expressed to Adam how nice it is outside. He doesn't feel nearly as hot as Marcus.

Question: Will a car painted white absorb more or less energy from light than a black painted car?
Answer: less

Situation: Marcus is going for a walk outside. He is wearing a black shirt and notices it feels very hot to him. His friend Adam joins him shortly after. Adam is wearing a white shirt and expressed to Adam how nice it is outside. He doesn't feel nearly as hot as Marcus.

Question: Given Marcus' changes into a yellow shirt, will this new shirt absorb more or less energy than his original black shirt?
Answer: less
Background: Geologists study earthquake waves to “see” Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake’s focus. These waves are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves go different speeds through different materials. They change speed when they go from one type of material to another. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. They just stop. Scientists use information from seismic waves to understand what makes up the Earth’s interior.

Situation: Mary is studying the seismic waves of a recent earthquake from 2 locations around its focus. She notes at point A the waves are easily detectable. at point B the waves are unable to be read at all, as if they just stopped.

Question: Which area is likely to have underground water, point A or point B.
Answer: B

Situation: Mary is studying the seismic waves of a recent earthquake from 2 locations around its focus. She notes at point A the waves are easily detectable. at point B the waves are unable to be read at all, as if they just stopped.

Question: Given Mary decides to check the readings for two other locations, points C and D, and notices the waves at D are slower, will the areas underground at points C and D be made of the same materials or different materials?
Answer: different
Background: In the wiring of a building, the wires carrying the current in and out are different and never touch directly. The charge passing through the circuit always passes through an appliance (which acts as a resistor) or through another resistor, which limits the amount of current that can flow through a circuit. Appliances are designed to keep current at a relatively low level for safety purposes. The appropriate voltage and resistance in a circuit keeps the current in control and keeps the circuit safe. It is possible, however, for something to happen that causes the wire bringing the current in to come into contact with either the wire carrying the current out or the ground wire, thus causing what is called a short circuit . In a short circuit, some or all of the resistance is cut out of the circuit allowing the voltage to push a huge current through the wires.

Situation: Adam is playing a game on his computer. The wire plugging his computer into the wall is frayed and a bit of it is showing. One day he accidentally knocks over a glass of water and it spills onto the wire essentially making all of the wires in the cord touch eachother. There are large sparks and his computer completely shuts off.

Question: Will the voltage pushed through a ciruit increase or decrease when the wire bringing current in comes into contactwith the wire bringing the current out.
Answer: increase
Background: Chemical reactions follow the laws of thermodynamics. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. This law is also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states the energy available after a chemical reaction is always less than that at the beginning of a reaction. This is also commonly referred to as entropy. Entropy can be described as the degree of disorder in a system . That is, as energy is transferred from one form to another, some of the energy is lost as heat, and the amount of available energy decreases. As the energy decreases, the disorder in the system increases, and, by definition, the entropy increases. Ice melting provides an example in which entropy increases. Entropy essentially is a measure of the tendency of a process, such as a chemical reaction, to proceed in a particular direction.

Situation: Marcus is in a lab working on an experiment. He combines two chemicals to see if they react and the solution starts to boil. He notices that the air above the chemicals reacting has greatly increased in heat.

Question: Will the boiling solution Marcus made have more or less energy when it finishes reacting?
Answer: less

Situation: Marcus is in a lab working on an experiment. He combines two chemicals to see if they react and the solution starts to boil. He notices that the air above the chemicals reacting has greatly increased in heat.

Question: Given the heat rising off of the solution, has the disorder of the system increased or decreased?
Answer: increased

Situation: Marcus is in a lab working on an experiment. He combines two chemicals to see if they react and the solution starts to boil. He notices that the air above the chemicals reacting has greatly increased in heat.

Question: Will the disorder of a system increase or decrease as entropy increases?
Answer: increase