allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism. The hypothesis suggests that the Earth is self-regulating and tends to achieve a stable state, known as homeostasis . For example the composition of our atmosphere stays fairly consistent, providing the ideal conditions for life. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, plants grow more quickly. As their growth continues, they remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this way, the amount of carbon dioxide stays fairly constant without human intervention.

Situation: Mark hated that his boss turned the heat up so high in the office. He was always hot and sweaty when he was at work.  However he missed that heat when he went outside later in the afternoon. It was 10 degrees outside and he shivered the whole way to his car.

Question: Was Mark shivering to warm up or cool off?

Situation: Mark hated that his boss turned the heat up so high in the office. He was always hot and sweaty when he was at work.  However he missed that heat when he went outside later in the afternoon. It was 10 degrees outside and he shivered the whole way to his car.

Question: Was Mark sweating to warm up or cool off?

Situation: Mark hated that his boss turned the heat up so high in the office. He was always hot and sweaty when he was at work.  However he missed that heat when he went outside later in the afternoon. It was 10 degrees outside and he shivered the whole way to his car.

Question: What is one thing Mark's body did to self regulate its temerature??

Situation: Mark hated that his boss turned the heat up so high in the office. He was always hot and sweaty when he was at work.  However he missed that heat when he went outside later in the afternoon. It was 10 degrees outside and he shivered the whole way to his car.

Question: What is one thing Mark's body did to  regulate its temerature??

Situation: Mark hated that his boss turned the heat up so high in the office. He was always hot and sweaty when he was at work.  However he missed that heat when he went outside later in the afternoon. It was 10 degrees outside and he shivered the whole way to his car.

Question: Was Mark's body temerature stable or fluxuating through the day?

Situation: Mark had been visiting the rain forest every year for a decade. It saddened him that the forest was getting smaller each year. He also noticed that it was also getting hotter.

Question: Is the forest needed or not needed to regulat the weather?

Situation: Mark had been visiting the rain forest every year for a decade. It saddened him that the forest was getting smaller each year. He also noticed that it was also getting hotter.

Question: Will destroying the forest effect the global weather or not?

Situation: Mark had been visiting the rain forest every year for a decade. It saddened him that the forest was getting smaller each year. He also noticed that it was also getting hotter.

Question: Will carbon dioxide increase or decrease without the forest?
Background: The epidermis also contains melanocytes , which are cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color. Everyone has about the same number of melanocytes, but the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin. The amount of melanin produced is determined by heredity and exposure to UV light, which increases melanin output. Exposure to UV light also stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D . Because melanin blocks UV light from penetrating the skin, people with darker skin may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Situation: Jane envied her friend Ann she was from the Mediterranean and had a nice olive skin tone with out sunbathing.

Question: Whose skin produces mor melanin?

Situation: Jane envied her friend Ann she was from the Mediterranean and had a nice olive skin tone with out sunbathing.

Question: Who is more likely to have a vitamin D deficence? ?
Background: One reason radiation is dangerous is that it can’t be detected with the senses. You normally can’t see it, smell it, hear it, or feel it. Fortunately, there are devices such as Geiger counters that can detect radiation. A Geiger counter, like the one in Figure below , has a tube that contains atoms of a gas. If radiation enters the tube, it turns gas atoms to ions that carry electric current. The current causes the Geiger counter to click. The faster the clicks occur, the higher the level of radiation.

Situation: Bob is an environmentalist studying the old Chernobyl site. He is particular interested in seeing how much radiation remains decades later. He took a Geiger counter with him and as he got closer to the area were the accident occurred the Geiger counter started to click. When he reached the site of the accident the Geiger counter clicked even faster.

Question: Is there still radiation in the area or is it clean?

Situation: Bob is an environmentalist studying the old Chernobyl site. He is particular interested in seeing how much radiation remains decades later. He took a Geiger counter with him and as he got closer to the area were the accident occurred the Geiger counter started to click. When he reached the site of the accident the Geiger counter clicked even faster.

Question: Where is the radiation highest?
Background: The parts of the ears involved in balance are the semicircular canals. These are the curved structures above the cochlea in the inner ear in Figure above . Like the cochlea, the semicircular canals contain liquid and are lined with tiny hair cells. As the head changes position, the liquid moves. This causes the hair cells to bend. The bending of the hair cells triggers nerve impulses that travel to the cerebellum in the brain. The cerebellum uses the information to maintain balance.

Situation: Some people think Rock Music is just loud noise but Sam loves it. Sam liked going to Rock concert when he was younger. In his opinion the louder the better. Unfortunately over the years Sam's hearing has declined and he has trouble hearing the music he loves so much.

Question: Is Sam's balance problem temerary or permanant?

Situation: Some people think Rock Music is just loud noise but Sam loves it. Sam liked going to Rock concert when he was younger. In his opinion the louder the better. Unfortunately over the years Sam's hearing has declined and he has trouble hearing the music he loves so much.

Question: Are the hair cells in Sam's cochlea normal or damaged?

Situation: Some people think Rock Music is just loud noise but Sam loves it. Sam liked going to Rock concert when he was younger. In his opinion the louder the better. Unfortunately over the years Sam's hearing has declined and he has trouble hearing the music he loves so much.

Question: Is Sam's cerrabellum able or unable to get nerve pulses from the hair cells in his ear?
Background: The Hawaiian Islands ( Figure above ) are in the central Pacific Ocean. The islands are volcanoes that increase in age from southeast to northwest. The youngest island is the Big Island of Hawaii at the southeast end of the chain. The volcanoes get older through Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau Islands through the northwest. The Kilauea volcano on Hawaii has been erupting almost continuously since 1983. There are also eruptions at an underwater volcano called Loih

Situation: Matt to see The Hawaiian Islands. His plan is to start at the youngest island and travel in order from the youngest to the oldest visiting the volcanoes on each Island.

Question: Will Matt start on Maui or the Big Island?

Situation: Matt to see The Hawaiian Islands. His plan is to start at the youngest island and travel in order from the youngest to the oldest visiting the volcanoes on each Island.

Question: Is Matt going to travel west or east?

Situation: Matt to see The Hawaiian Islands. His plan is to start at the youngest island and travel in order from the youngest to the oldest visiting the volcanoes on each Island.

Question: Is Kilauea likely or unlikely to be erupting when he visits?

Situation: Matt to see The Hawaiian Islands. His plan is to start at the youngest island and travel in order from the youngest to the oldest visiting the volcanoes on each Island.

Question: Will Matt be able or unable to visit the youngest volcano in the islands?
Background: A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.  A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. The presence of a catalyst is one of several factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions. (Other factors include the temperature, concentration, and surface area of reactants.) A catalyst isn’t a reactant in the chemical reaction it speeds up. As a result, it isn’t changed or used up in the reaction, so it can go on to catalyze many more reactions.

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: Is the pan copper or iron?

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: Was the pan exposed to water or not.

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: What caused the rust.

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: Was there less or the same amount of water after the rust formed?

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: Did the water make the rust form faster or slower?

Situation: Matt borrowed his fathers  pan to use on a camping trip. When he got home he sat it on his back porch, meaning to return the next day but forgot about it. A week later he saw the pan sitting on the porch with a puddle of rain water in it and rust on the bottom.

Question: If there had been no rain would the rust have formed faster or slower?
Background: Many chemicals that were once commonly used were later found out to be harmful to the environment , to human health, or both. The element lead was once a common additive to gasoline and to paint. Plumbing pipes were once typically made of lead. Only since the 1970s has the danger of lead become apparent. It causes brain damage and small children (who often chewed on objects painted with lead-based paint) are particularly susceptible. The use of lead in gasoline, paint, and plumbing pipes is now banned and new materials are being developed to replace the hazardous lead components.

Situation: Asbestos was once used insulation in buildings and in various products such as roofing materials, water supply lines and clutches, brake linings, gaskets and pads for automobiles. Decades later asbestos was linked to cancer but can still be found in old buildings.

Question: Is asbestos harmful or safe?

Situation: Asbestos was once used insulation in buildings and in various products such as roofing materials, water supply lines and clutches, brake linings, gaskets and pads for automobiles. Decades later asbestos was linked to cancer but can still be found in old buildings.

Question: Is asbestos harmful or safe for people?

Situation: Asbestos was once used insulation in buildings and in various products such as roofing materials, water supply lines and clutches, brake linings, gaskets and pads for automobiles. Decades later asbestos was linked to cancer but can still be found in old buildings.

Question: Was asbestos always harmful or only recently?
Background: Chills is a feeling of coldness occurring during a high fever, but sometimes is also a common symptom which occurs alone in specific people. It occurs during fever due to the release of cytokines and prostaglandins as part of the inflammatory response, which increases the set point for body temperature in the hypothalamus. The increased set point causes the body temperature to rise (pyrexia), but also makes the patient feel cold or chills until the new set point is reached. Shivering also occurs along with chills because the patient's body produces heat during muscle contraction in a physiological attempt to increase body temperature to the new set point. When it does not accompany a high fever, it is normally a light chill. Sometimes a chill of medium power and short duration may occur during a scare, especially in scares of fear, commonly interpreted like or confused by trembling.

Situation: Beth has been coughing all morning and she has a high fever. She decided to stay home but has noticed that she can not get warm and is shaking. Meanwhile her roommate Susan was driving to work when she was suddenly cut off by a large truck and had to go off the road to narrowly miss an accident. Susan was terrified, she looked at the steering wheel and saw that her hands were shaking.

Question: Is Susan sick.

Situation: Beth has been coughing all morning and. She decided to stay home but has noticed that she can not get warm and is shaking. Meanwhile her roommate Susan was driving to work when she was suddenly cut off by a large truck and had to go off the road to narrowly miss an accident. Susan was terrified, she looked at the steering wheel and saw that her hands were shaking.

Question: Who has a fever.

Situation: Beth has been coughing all morning and. She decided to stay home but has noticed that she can not get warm and is shaking. Meanwhile her roommate Susan was driving to work when she was suddenly cut off by a large truck and had to go off the road to narrowly miss an accident. Susan looked at the steering wheel and saw that her hands were shaking.

Question: Who is frightened.
Background: Biodiversity loss is the extinction of species (plant or animal) worldwide, and also the local reduction or loss of species in a certain habitat.

The latter phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the environmental degradation that leads to the loss is reversible through ecological restoration / ecological resilience or effectively permanent (e.g. through land loss). Global extinction has so far been proven to be irreversible.

Even though permanent global species loss is a more dramatic phenomenon than regional changes in species composition, even minor changes from a healthy stable state can have dramatic influence on the food web and the food chain insofar as reductions in only one species can adversely affect the entire chain (coextinction), leading to an overall reduction in biodiversity, possible alternative stable states of an ecosystem notwithstanding. Ecological effects of biodiversity are usually counteracted by its loss. Reduced biodiversity in particular leads to reduced ecosystem services and eventually poses an immediate danger for food security, also for humankind.[1]

Situation: Rob like to kike trails near his home and enjoys the forest and the many animals he sees there. While he is glad there are no more wolves or mountain lions near his home he has noticed that there are a lot of deer. In fact he sometimes sees them in his back yard. Several plants that he knows the deer like to eat are getting hard to find. He has also noticed fewer shrubs and birds that like to nest in them

Question: Why are there fewer birds

Situation: Rob like to hike trails near his home and enjoys the forest and the many animals he sees there. While he is glad there are no more wolves or mountain lions near his home he has noticed that there are a lot of deer. In fact he sometimes sees them in his back yard. Several plants that he knows the deer like to eat are getting hard to find. He has also noticed fewer shrubs and birds that like to nest in them

Question: Why are there deer in Rob's yard?

Situation: Rob like to hike trails near his home and enjoys the forest and the many animals he sees there. While he is glad there are no more wolves or mountain lions near his home he has noticed that there are a lot of deer. In fact he sometimes sees them in his back yard. Several plants that he knows the deer like to eat are getting hard to find. He has also noticed fewer shrubs and birds that like to nest in them

Question: Why are there a lot of deer?

Situation: Rob like to hike trails near his home and enjoys the forest and the many animals he sees there. While he is glad there are no more wolves or mountain lions near his home he has noticed that there are a lot of deer. In fact he sometimes sees them in his back yard. He has noticed several plants deer like to eat are getting hard to find. He has also noticed fewer shrubs and birds that like to nest in them

Question: What plants hard to find?
Background: To determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acid-base titration is commonly performed. A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base added.[7] The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's pH value on the y-axis. The pH of the solution always goes up as the base is added to the solution.

Situation: Sam was looking over his notes from his science experiment. He looked at the graph he had made while titrating an acid with a base.  He noticed that on the first day there was less base in the acid and the ph was lower. On the second day he added more base and the y-axis on his graph increased.

Question: What happened to the ph of the solution on the second day.

Situation: Sam was looking over his notes from his science experiment. He looked at the graph he had made while titrating an acid with a base.  He noticed that on the first day there was less base in the acid and the ph was lower. On the second day he added more base and the y-axis on his graph increased.

Question: Was the y-axis higher or lower the first day.

Situation: Sam was looking over his notes from his science experiment. He looked at the graph he had made while titrating an acid with a base.  He noticed that on the first day there was less base in the acid and the ph was lower. On the second day he added more base and the y-axis on his graph increased.

Question: Was the x-axis increased or decreased the second day.
Background: Raising the temperature of a chemical reaction usually results in a higher rate of reaction. When the reactant particles are heated, they move faster and faster. This results in a greater frequency of collisions. A more important effect of the temperature increase is that the collisions occur with a greater force and are thus more likely to surmount the activation energy barrier and go on to form products. Increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the number of effective collisions between reacting particles, so the reaction rate increases.

Situation: Janet is baking cookies for her daughter's birthday party. She has so many cookies to bake that she decides to bake two batches at once using separate ovens. Janet asks her neighbor if she can use her oven for one batch, and uses her own oven for the other batch. Janet sets the oven temperature on both stoves to 375 degrees and begins baking the cookies. However, after she leaves her neighbors house, the oven temperature is accidentally increased to 475.

Question: Which cookies will bake faster, the cookies in Janet's oven or the cookies in the neighbor's oven?

Situation: Janet is baking cookies for her daughter's birthday party. She has so many cookies to bake that she decides to bake two batches at once using separate ovens. Janet asks her neighbor if she can use her oven for one batch, and uses her own oven for the other batch. Janet sets the oven temperature on both stoves to 375 degrees and begins baking the cookies. However, after she leaves her neighbors house, the oven temperature is accidentally increased to 475.

Question: Which cookies will bake slower, the cookies in Janet's oven or the cookies in the neighbor's oven?

Situation: Janet is baking cookies for her daughter's birthday party. She has so many cookies to bake that she decides to bake two batches at once using separate ovens. Janet asks her neighbor if she can use her oven for one batch, and uses her own oven for the other batch. Janet sets the oven temperature on both stoves to 375 degrees and begins baking the cookies. However, after she leaves her neighbors house, the oven temperature is accidentally increased to 475.

Question: Will the cookies in Janet's oven cook faster or slower than the cookies in her neighbor's oven?

Situation: Janet is baking cookies for her daughter's birthday party. She has so many cookies to bake that she decides to bake two batches at once using separate ovens. Janet asks her neighbor if she can use her oven for one batch, and uses her own oven for the other batch. Janet sets the oven temperature on both stoves to 375 degrees and begins baking the cookies. However, after she leaves her neighbors house, the oven temperature is accidentally increased to 475.

Question: Will the cookies in the neighbor's oven cook faster or slower than the cookies in Janet's oven?