allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Soil piping is a particular form of soil erosion that occurs below the soil surface. It causes levee and dam failure, as well as sink hole formation. Turbulent flow removes soil starting at the mouth of the seep flow and the subsoil erosion advances up-gradient. The term sand boil is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.Soil salination is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads to degradation of the agricultural value of soils and vegetation. Consequences include corrosion damage, reduced plant growth, erosion due to loss of plant cover and soil structure, and water quality problems due to sedimentation. Salination occurs due to a combination of natural and human-caused processes. Arid conditions favour salt accumulation. This is especially apparent when soil parent material is saline. Irrigation of arid lands is especially problematic. All irrigation water has some level of salinity. Irrigation, especially when it involves leakage from canals and overirrigation in the field, often raises the underlying water table. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the capillary fringe of saline groundwater. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing with higher levels of applied water in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage.

Situation: Sam is studying the soil salinity of two soil samples to determine whether the structures around the soil are at risk of developing structural issues. Sam has found that Soil S has a very high salt level, thus higher soil salinity, than Soil N.

Question: Is Sample S more or less likely than Sample N to come from a region with reduced plant growth?

Situation: Sam is studying the soil salinity of two soil samples to determine whether the structures around the soil are at risk of developing structural issues. Sam has found that Soil S has a very high salt level, thus higher soil salinity, than Soil N.

Question: Is Sample N more or less likely than Sample S to come from a region with reduced plant growth?

Situation: Sam is studying the soil salinity of two soil samples to determine whether the structures around the soil are at risk of developing structural issues. Sam has found that Soil S has a very high salt level, thus higher soil salinity, than Soil N.

Question: Is Sample N more or less likely than Sample S to come from a region with water quality problems?

Situation: Sam is studying the soil salinity of two soil samples to determine whether the structures around the soil are at risk of developing structural issues. Sam has found that Soil S has a very high salt level, thus higher soil salinity, than Soil N.

Question: Is Sample S more or less likely than Sample N to come from a region with water quality problems?