allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: As time passes, the number of HIV copies keeps increasing, while the number of helper T cells keeps decreasing. The graph in Figure below shows how the number of T cells typically declines over a period of many years following the initial HIV infection. As the number of T cells decreases, so does the ability of the immune system to defend the body. As a result, an HIV-infected person develops frequent infections. Medicines can slow down the virus but not get rid of it, so there is no cure at present for HIV infections or AIDS. There also is no vaccine to immunize people against HIV infection, but scientists are working to develop one.

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who will have more copies of HIV in their blood, Jason or Elton?

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who will have fewer copies of HIV in their blood, Jason or Elton?

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who will have fewer T cells, Jason or Elton?

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who will have more T cells, Jason or Elton?

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who is more likely to develop frequent infections, Jason or Elton?

Situation: Jason and Elton have both been diagnosed with HIV. Jason was initially diagnosed 5 years ago. Elton was initially diagnosed 15 years ago. Both Jason and Elton recently had routine doctor appointments and had blood work done to assess the progression of the disease.

Question: Who is less likely to develop frequent infections, Jason or Elton?
Background: The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color. Everyone has about the same number of melanocytes, but the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin. The amount of melanin produced is determined by heredity and exposure to UV light, which increases melanin output. Exposure to UV light also stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D. Because melanin blocks UV light from penetrating the skin, people with darker skin may be at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency.

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Whose skin produces more melanin, Lily or Ivy?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Whose skin produces less melanin, Lily or Ivy?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Does Lily or Ivy's skin have more melanin?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Does Lily or Ivy's skin have less melanin?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: If the sisters go to a tanning bed, will their skin produce more or less melanin?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Is Lily more or less likely to have vitamin D deficiency than Ivy?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Is Ivy more or less likely to have vitamin D deficiency than Lily?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Which sister is more likely to experience vitamin D deficiency?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: Which sister is less likely to experience vitamin D deficiency?

Situation: Lily and Ivy are biological sisters. Due to genetics, Lily has much lighter skin than Ivy, who is fairly dark complected.

Question: If Lily sunbathes and her skin gets darker, will her melanin production increase or decrease?
Background: At sea level, a mercury column will rise a distance of 760 mm. This atmospheric pressure is reported as 760 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is decreased and so the column of mercury will not rise as high. On the summit of Mt. Everest (elevation of 8848 m), the air pressure is 253 mmHg. Atmospheric pressure is slightly dependent on weather conditions. From the graph we can see the decrease in atmospheric pressure as the altitude increases. At sea level, the atmospheric pressure would be a little over 100 kPa (one atmosphere or 760 mm Hg). If we climb to the top of Mount Everest (the highest mountain in the world at 29,029 feet or 8848 meters), the atmospheric pressure will drop to slightly over 30 kPa (about 0.30 atmospheres or 228 mm Hg). This marked decrease in atmospheric pressure results in much lower levels of oxygen. Teams that climb this mountain must bring supplies of oxygen with them in order to breathe at these high altitudes.

Situation: Danny is taking a team of hikers on a mountain climb. He has a choice between two mountains, Mount Everest and Mount Kamet. He knows Mount Everest is higher than Mount Kamet, and he is trying to determine the atmospheric pressure of each mountain in order to determine how much of an oxygen supply the hikers must bring.

Question: Which mountain will have a lower atmospheric pressure?

Situation: Danny is taking a team of hikers on a mountain climb. He has a choice between two mountains, Mount Everest and Mount Kamet. He knows Mount Everest is higher than Mount Kamet, and he is trying to determine the atmospheric pressure of each mountain in order to determine how much of an oxygen supply the hikers must bring.

Question: Which mountain will have a higher atmospheric pressure?

Situation: Danny is taking a team of hikers on a mountain climb. He has a choice between two mountains, Mount Everest and Mount Kamet. He knows Mount Everest is higher than Mount Kamet, and he is trying to determine the atmospheric pressure of each mountain in order to determine how much of an oxygen supply the hikers must bring.

Question: Will Mount Everest have a higher or lower atmospheric pressure than Mount Kamet?

Situation: Danny is taking a team of hikers on a mountain climb. He has a choice between two mountains, Mount Everest and Mount Kamet. He knows Mount Everest is higher than Mount Kamet, and he is trying to determine the atmospheric pressure of each mountain in order to determine how much of an oxygen supply the hikers must bring.

Question: Will Mount Kamet have a higher or lower atmospheric pressure than Mount Everest?
Background: Bicarbonate ions are crucial for regulating blood pH. A person's breathing rate influences the level of CO2 in their blood. Breathing that is too slow or shallow causes respiratory acidosis, while breathing that is too rapid leads to hyperventilation, which can cause respiratory alkalosis.

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Which woman likely has respiratory acidosis, Barb or Sandra?

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Which woman likely has respiratory alkalosis, Barb or Sandra?

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Is Barb more or less likely than Sandra to have respiratory acidosis?

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Is Sandra more or less likely than Barb to have respiratory acidosis?

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Is Sandra more or less likely than Barb to have respiratory alkalosis?

Situation: Barb and Sandra just finished running a marathon. The women used different breathing techniques while running: Barb took very slow, shallow breaths while Sandra took very rapid breaths. Neither woman was feeling very well after the race and went to the medical tent to get checked out.

Question: Is Barb more or less likely than Sandra to have respiratory alkalosis?
Background: Another possible benefit of aggregation is to protect against predation by group anti-predator behavior. Many species exhibit higher rates of predator vigilance behavior per individual at lower density. This increased vigilance might result in less time and energy spent on foraging, thus reducing the fitness of an individual living in smaller groups. One striking example of such shared vigilance is exhibited by meerkats. Meanwhile, other species move in synchrony to confuse and avoid predators such as schools of sardines and flocks of starlings. The confusion effect that this herding behavior would have on predators will be more effective when more individuals are present.Cooperative feeding

Situation: Camilla is interested in how smaller fish avoid larger predators. She has been observing two groups of fish: Group A travels together in the same direction in a coordination fashion. Group B also travels together, but each fish moves somewhat independently.

Question: Which group is more likely to confuse and avoid predators, Group A or Group B?

Situation: Camilla is interested in how smaller fish avoid larger predators. She has been observing two groups of fish: Group A travels together in the same direction in a coordination fashion. Group B also travels together, but each fish moves somewhat independently.

Question: Which group is least likely to confuse and avoid predators, Group A or Group B?

Situation: Camilla is interested in how smaller fish avoid larger predators. She has been observing two groups of fish: Group A travels together in the same direction in a coordination fashion. Group B also travels together, but each fish moves somewhat independently.

Question: Is Group A more or less likely than Group B to confuse and avoid predators?

Situation: Camilla is interested in how smaller fish avoid larger predators. She has been observing two groups of fish: Group A travels together in the same direction in a coordination fashion. Group B also travels together, but each fish moves somewhat independently.

Question: Is Group B more or less likely than Group A to confuse and avoid predators?
Background: Generally, there is an increase in biodiversity from the poles to the tropics. Thus localities at lower latitudes have more species than localities at higher latitudes. This is often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. Several ecological factors may contribute to the gradient, but the ultimate factor behind many of them is the greater mean temperature at the equator compared to that of the poles.Even though terrestrial biodiversity declines from the equator to the poles, some studies claim that this characteristic is unverified in aquatic ecosystems, especially in marine ecosystems. The latitudinal distribution of parasites does not appear to follow this rule.In 2016, an alternative hypothesis ("the fractal biodiversity") was proposed to explain the biodiversity latitudinal gradient. In this study, the species pool size and the fractal nature of ecosystems were combined to clarify some general patterns of this gradient. This hypothesis considers temperature, moisture, and net primary production (NPP) as the main variables of an ecosystem niche and as the axis of the ecological hypervolume. In this way, it is possible to build fractal hypervolumes, whose fractal dimension rises up to three moving towards the equator.

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Will Ecosystem A be more or less diverse than Ecosystem B?

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Will Ecosystem B be more or less diverse than Ecosystem A?

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Which ecosystem will be more diverse, Ecosystem A or Ecosystem B?

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Which ecosystem will be less diverse, Ecosystem A or Ecosystem B?

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Which ecosystem will contain more species, Ecosystem A or Ecosystem B?

Situation: Sasha is studying the biodiversity of two ecosystems located in different regions of the world. Ecosystem A is located in North America, and Ecosystem B is located in South America.

Question: Which ecosystem will contain fewer species, Ecosystem A or Ecosystem B?
Background: Huge amounts of chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, are applied to farm fields (see Figure below ). Some of the chemicals are picked up by rainwater. Runoff then carries the chemicals to nearby rivers or lakes. Dissolved fertilizer causes too much growth of water plants and algae. This can lead to dead zones where nothing can live in lakes and at the mouths of rivers. Some of the chemicals can infiltrate into groundwater. The contaminated water comes up in water wells. If people drink the polluted water, they may get sick.

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Will Farm A experience more or less groundwater contamination than Farm B?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Will Farm B experience more or less groundwater contamination than Farm A?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Will the lakes and rivers near Farm A have more or less water plants and algae than Farm B?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Will the lakes and rivers near Farm B have more or less water plants and algae than Farm A?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Are the residents near Farm A more or less likely to experience illness due to polluted water than the residents near Farm B?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: Are the residents near Farm B more or less likely to experience illness due to polluted water than the residents near Farm A?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: If Farm A stops using pesticides and fertilizers, will Farm A experience more or less groundwater contamination?

Situation: Farm A and Farm B use different methods of controlling pests on their crops. Farm A uses fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Farm B is organic and does not use fertilizers or pesticides.

Question: If Farm B starts using pesticides and fertilizers, will Farm B experience more or less groundwater contamination?
Background: Once again, a mutation is the change in the DNA or RNA sequence. In multicellular organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations and somatic mutations. Germline mutations occur in the DNA of sex cells, or gametes, and are therefore potentially very serious. These mutations can be passed to the next generation. If the zygote contains the mutation, every cell in the resulting organism will have that mutation. If the mutation results in a disease phenotype, the mutation causes what is called a hereditary disease. Somatic mutations , which occur in somatic, or body, cells, cannot be passed to the next generation (offspring). Mutations present in a somatic cell of an organism will be present (by DNA replication and mitosis) in all descendants of that cell. If the mutation is present in a gene that is not used in that cell type, the mutation may have no effect. On the other hand, the mutation may lead to a serious medical condition such as cancer.

Situation: Andy is studying his family's medical history and genealogy. He noticed that there were two types of disorders that occurred in his family line. The first, Down syndrome, was present in several generations of his family line. The second, Kabuki syndrome, only occurred once in his family line.

Question: Is Down syndrome a germline or somatic mutation?

Situation: Andy is studying his family's medical history and genealogy. He noticed that there were two types of disorders that occurred in his family line. The first, Down syndrome, was present in several generations of his family line. The second, Kabuki syndrome, only occurred once in his family line.

Question: Is Kabuki syndrome a germline or somatic mutation?
Background: Sometimes muscles and tendons get injured when a person starts doing an activity before they have warmed up properly. A warm up is a slow increase in the intensity of a physical activity that prepares muscles for an activity. Warming up increases the blood flow to the muscles and increases the heart rate. Warmed-up muscles and tendons are less likely to get injured. For example, before running or playing soccer, a person might jog slowly to warm muscles and increase their heart rate. Even elite athletes need to warm up ( Figure below ).

Situation: Kylie and Taylor are taking an exercise class at the local gym together. Before class, Kylie does a warm-up to stretch her muscles. Taylor does not do a warm-up before class.

Question: Who is more likely to suffer a muscle or tendon injury, Kylie or Taylor?

Situation: Kylie and Taylor are taking an exercise class at the local gym together. Before class, Kylie does a warm-up to stretch her muscles. Taylor does not do a warm-up before class.

Question: Who is less likely to suffer a muscle or tendon injury, Kylie or Taylor?

Situation: Kylie and Taylor are taking an exercise class at the local gym together. Before class, Kylie does a warm-up to stretch her muscles. Taylor does not do a warm-up before class.

Question: Is Taylor more or less likely to suffer a muscle or tendon injury than Kylie?

Situation: Kylie and Taylor are taking an exercise class at the local gym together. Before class, Kylie does a warm-up to stretch her muscles. Taylor does not do a warm-up before class.

Question: Is Kylie more or less likely to suffer a muscle or tendon injury than Taylor?