allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced. When glucose levels are too low, another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Will Jackie's pancreas produce more or less insulin than Ken's pancreas?

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Will Ken's pancreas produce more or less insulin than Jackie's pancreas?

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Is Jackie's pancreas more or less likely to produce more insulin than Ken?

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Is Ken's pancreas more or less likely to produce more insulin than Jackie?

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Who is more likely to produce glucagon, Jackie or Ken?

Situation: Jackie and her husband Ken recently had an annual physical with their primary care physician. After they received their lab results, Jackie was told that her blood sugar levels were too high, and Ken was told that his blood sugar levels were too low.

Question: Who is less likely to produce glucagon, Jackie or Ken?
Background: What does popping bubble wrap have to do with science? Actually, it demonstrates an important scientific law, called Boyle’s law. Like other laws in science, this law describes what always happens under certain conditions. Boyle’s law is one of three well-known gas laws, which state the relationships among temperature, volume, and pressure of gases. (The other two gas laws are Charles’ law and Amontons’ law.) According to Boyle’s law , if the temperature of a gas is held constant, then decreasing the volume of the gas increases its pressure—and vice versa. That’s what happens when you squeeze the bubbles of bubble wrap. You decrease the bubbles' volume, so the air pressure inside the bubbles increases until they pop.

Situation: Ryan and Krista are both traveling from Ohio to Florida. Ryan doesn't like to fly in airplanes, so he decides to drive. Krista prefers less travel time, so she chooses to fly. Since Ryan is staying on the ground, the air pressure around him will remain constant throughout his trip. On the other hand, Krista will experience a change in air pressure from high pressure to low pressure as the plane ascends.

Question: Who is more likely to experience popping in their ears, Ryan or Krista?

Situation: Ryan and Krista are both traveling from Ohio to Florida. Ryan doesn't like to fly in airplanes, so he decides to drive. Krista prefers less travel time, so she chooses to fly. Since Ryan is staying on the ground, the air pressure around him will remain constant throughout his trip. On the other hand, Krista will experience a change in air pressure from high pressure to low pressure as the plane ascends.

Question: Is Ryan more or less likely than Krista to experience popping in his ears?

Situation: Ryan and Krista are both traveling from Ohio to Florida. Ryan doesn't like to fly in airplanes, so he decides to drive. Krista prefers less travel time, so she chooses to fly. Since Ryan is staying on the ground, the air pressure around him will remain constant throughout his trip. On the other hand, Krista will experience a change in air pressure from high pressure to low pressure as the plane ascends.

Question: Is Krista more or less likely than Ryan to experience popping in her ears?

Situation: Ryan and Krista are both traveling from Ohio to Florida. Ryan doesn't like to fly in airplanes, so he decides to drive. Krista prefers less travel time, so she chooses to fly. Since Ryan is staying on the ground, the air pressure around him will remain constant throughout his trip. On the other hand, Krista will experience a change in air pressure from high pressure to low pressure as the plane ascends.

Question: Who is least likely to experience popping in their ears, Ryan or Krista?
Background: The parts of the ears involved in balance are the semicircular canals . Above, the semicircular canals are colored purple ( Figure above ). The canals contain liquid and are like the bottle of water pictured below ( Figure below ). When the bottle tips, the water surface moves up and down the sides of the bottle. When the body tips, the liquid in the semicircular canals moves up and down the sides of the canals. Tiny hair cells line the semicircular canals. Movement of the liquid inside the canals causes the hair cells to send nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the cerebellum in the brain along the vestibular nerve. In response, the cerebellum sends commands to muscles to contract or relax so that the body stays balanced.

Situation: Terri and Brian have appointments with an ENT to discuss some symptoms they have been having. During the exam, Terri's doctor tells her that the structures in her ear appear to be fine. Brian's doctor tells him that it appears as though he has suffered some damage to his semicircular canals.

Question: Who is more likely to have problems staying balanced, Terri or Brian?

Situation: Terri and Brian have appointments with an ENT to discuss some symptoms they have been having. During the exam, Terri's doctor tells her that the structures in her ear appear to be fine. Brian's doctor tells him that it appears as though he has suffered some damage to his semicircular canals.

Question: Who is less likely to have problems staying balanced, Terri or Brian?

Situation: Terri and Brian have appointments with an ENT to discuss some symptoms they have been having. During the exam, Terri's doctor tells her that the structures in her ear appear to be fine. Brian's doctor tells him that it appears as though he has suffered some damage to his semicircular canals.

Question: Is Terri more or less likely than Brian to have trouble staying balanced?

Situation: Terri and Brian have appointments with an ENT to discuss some symptoms they have been having. During the exam, Terri's doctor tells her that the structures in her ear appear to be fine. Brian's doctor tells him that it appears as though he has suffered some damage to his semicircular canals.

Question: Is Brian more or less likely than Terri to have trouble staying balanced?
Background: Old age begins in the mid-60s and lasts until the end of life. Most people over 65 have retired from work, freeing up their time for hobbies, grandchildren, and other interests. Stamina, strength, reflex time, and the senses all decline during old age, and the number of brain cells decreases as well. The immune system becomes less efficient, increasing the risk of serious illnesses such as cancer and pneumonia. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease that cause loss of mental function also become more common.

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Will Patient A's reflex time be faster or slower than Patient B?

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Will Patient B's reflex time be faster or slower than Patient A?

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Which patient will likely have more brain cells, Patient A or Patient B?

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Which patient will likely have fewer brain cells, Patient A or Patient B?

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Who has a higher risk of developing a serious illness, Patient A or Patient B?

Situation: Dr. Smith is examining the medical records of two of her patients to get a better understanding of their medical history, what factors contribute to the difference in health between the two patients, and what factors contribute to their health at present. Patient A is a 66 year old male and Patient B is a 22 year old male.

Question: Who has a lower risk of developing a serious illness, Patient A or Patient B?
Background: Electrons can be removed from some objects using friction, simply by rubbing one substance against another substance. There are many examples of objects becoming charged by friction, including a rubber comb through hair, and a balloon on a sweater. In both these instances, the electrons move from the second object to the first, causing the first object to become negatively charged and the second one positively charged. Friction between the tires on a moving car and the road cause the tires to become charged, and wind causes friction between clouds and air which causes clouds to become charged and can result in tremendous bolts of lightning.

Situation: Iris notices that while brushing her cat, especially on cold and dry days, she can hear a crackling sound. She also notices that after she is done brushing, her cat's hair stands on end and is attracted to the brush.

Question: Before Iris brushes her cat, does her cat’s fur have an electrical charge?

Situation: Iris notices that while brushing her cat, especially on cold and dry days, she can hear a crackling sound. She also notices that after she is done brushing, her cat's hair stands on end and is attracted to the brush.

Question: Before Iris brushes her cat, does the brush have an electrical charge?

Situation: Iris notices that while brushing her cat, especially on cold and dry days, she can hear a crackling sound. She also notices that after she is done brushing, her cat's hair stands on end and is attracted to the brush.

Question: After brushing her cat, do the cat and the brush have the same charge or a different charge?
Background: Light may transfer its energy to matter rather than being reflected or transmitted by matter. This is called absorption . When light is absorbed, the added energy increases the temperature of matter. If you get into a car that has been sitting in the sun all day, the seats and other parts of the car’s interior may be almost too hot to touch, especially if they are black or very dark in color. That’s because dark colors absorb most of the sunlight that strikes them.

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: Who is more likely to get hotter during the marathon, Heather or Jen?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: Who is more likely to stay cooler during the marathon, Heather or Jen?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: Will Heather’s clothes absorb more or less light than Jen’s clothes?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: Will Jen's clothes absorb more or less light than Heather’s clothes?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: If Jen touched Heather’s shirt, would it feel hotter or cooler than her own shirt?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: If Heather touched Jen’s shirt, would it feel hotter or cooler than her own shirt?

Situation: Heather and Jen are running a marathon together. The weather is sunny and perfect for a day of running outside. Heather dresses for the marathon in a light-colored shirt and shorts. Jen dresses in a black t-shirt and black shorts.

Question: If the day of the race was cloudy rather than sunny, would Heather’s shirt be cooler, hotter, or the same temperature as Jen’s shirt?
Background: When you add sugar to a cold drink, you may stir it to help the sugar dissolve. If you don’t stir, the sugar may eventually dissolve, but it will take much longer. Stirring is one of several factors that affect how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent. Temperature is another factor. A solid solute dissolves faster at a higher temperature. For example, sugar dissolves faster in hot tea than in ice tea. A third factor that affects the rate of dissolving is the surface area of the solute. For example, if you put granulated sugar in a glass of ice tea, it will dissolve more quickly than the same amount of sugar in a cube. That’s because granulated sugar has much more surface area than a cube of sugar. You can see videos of all three factors at these URLs

Situation: To demonstrate solubility to her class, Professor Johnson shows her students several examples of salt dissolving in water. In one experiment, she is showing her students how salt dissolves differently when added to water of differing temperatures. Glass A is filled with ice water and Glass B is filled with hot water.

Question: In which glass will the salt dissolve faster?

Situation: To demonstrate solubility to her class, Professor Johnson shows her students several examples of salt dissolving in water. In one experiment, she is showing her students how salt dissolves differently when added to water of differing temperatures. Glass A is filled with ice water and Glass B is filled with hot water.

Question: In which glass will the salt dissolve slower?

Situation: To demonstrate solubility to her class, Professor Johnson shows her students several examples of salt dissolving in water. In one experiment, she is showing her students how salt dissolves differently when added to water of differing temperatures. Glass A is filled with ice water and Glass B is filled with hot water.

Question: Will the salt in Glass A dissolve faster or slower than the salt in Glass B?

Situation: To demonstrate solubility to her class, Professor Johnson shows her students several examples of salt dissolving in water. In one experiment, she is showing her students how salt dissolves differently when added to water of differing temperatures. Glass A is filled with ice water and Glass B is filled with hot water.

Question: Will the salt in Glass B dissolve faster or slower than the salt in Glass A?
Background: As you read earlier in this chapter, plant roots always grow downward because specialized cells in root caps detect and respond to gravity. This is an example of a tropism. A tropism is a turning toward or away from a stimulus in the environment. Growing toward gravity is called geotropism. Plants also exhibit phototropism, or growing toward a light source. This response is controlled by a plant growth hormone called auxin. As shown in Figure below , auxin stimulates cells on the dark side of a plant to grow longer. This causes the plant to bend toward the light.

Situation: Amanda has two of the same plant sitting in different pots in front of the same light source. She rotates Plant A by 180 degrees every day, but does not rotate Plant B at all.

Question: Which plant is more likely to be bending toward the light, Plant A or Plant B?

Situation: Amanda has two of the same plant sitting in different pots in front of the same light source. She rotates Plant A by 180 degrees every day, but does not rotate Plant B at all.

Question: Which plant is less likely to be bending toward the light, Plant A or Plant B?

Situation: Amanda has two of the same plant in different pots sitting in front of the same light source. Amanda rotates Plant A by 180 degrees every day, but does not rotate Plant B at all.

Question: Will the cells on the dark side of Plant B be longer or shorter than the cells on Plant A?
Background: In the U.S., the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn’t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up.

Situation: Valley City and Mountain City recently voted on whether to continue to use coal and fossil fuels for electricity or to change to nuclear energy. Valley City decided to continue using coal and fossil fuels to produce electricity. Mountain City decided to switch to nuclear energy to produce electricity.

Question: After the change in power source, which city is more likely to experience a decrease in air pollution?

Situation: Valley City and Mountain City recently voted on whether to continue to use coal and fossil fuels for electricity or to change to nuclear energy. Valley City decided to continue using coal and fossil fuels to produce electricity. Mountain City decided to switch to nuclear energy to produce electricity.

Question: After the change in power source, which city is more likely to experience an increase in air pollution?

Situation: Valley City and Mountain City recently voted on whether to continue to use coal and fossil fuels for electricity or to change to nuclear energy. Valley City decided to continue using coal and fossil fuels to produce electricity. Mountain City decided to switch to nuclear energy to produce electricity.

Question: After the change in power source, will Valley City likely have more or less acid rain than Mountain City?

Situation: Valley City and Mountain City recently voted on whether to continue to use coal and fossil fuels for electricity or to change to nuclear energy. Valley City decided to continue using coal and fossil fuels to produce electricity. Mountain City decided to switch to nuclear energy to produce electricity.

Question: After the change in power source, will Mountain City likely have more or less acid rain than Valley City?

Situation: Valley City and Mountain City recently voted on whether to continue to use coal and fossil fuels for electricity or to change to nuclear energy. Valley City decided to continue using coal and fossil fuels to produce electricity. Mountain City decided to switch to nuclear energy to produce electricity.

Question: After the change in power source, which city is more likely to experience a decrease in environmental problems?
Background: A vapor light also produces visible light by electroluminescence The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like the streetlight pictured in the Figure below , produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. In addition to lighting city streets, vapor lights are used to light highways and stadiums. The bulbs are very bright and long lasting so they are a good choice for these places.

Situation: Megan is in charge of deciding what type of lights to use for recently installed street lights in a newly built subdivision. To help her in her decision, she asked the residents of the subdivision to vote on whether they would prefer lights that emitted a bluish light or a yellowish light.

Question: If the residents vote on the yellowish lights, should Megan choose the sodium vapor lights or mercury vapor lights for the street lights?

Situation: Megan is in charge of deciding what type of lights to use for recently installed street lights in a newly built subdivision. To help her in her decision, she asked the residents of the subdivision to vote on whether they would prefer lights that emitted a bluish light or a yellowish light.

Question: If the residents vote on the bluish lights, should Megan choose the sodium vapor lights or mercury vapor lights for the street lights?