allenai/ropes huggingface dataset:
Background: Trees can benefit fauna. The most common examples are silvopasture where cattle, goats, or sheep browse on grasses grown under trees. In hot climates, the animals are less stressed and put on weight faster when grazing in a cooler, shaded environment. The leaves of trees or shrubs can also serve as fodder.

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Will the cattle on Wyatt's farm be more or less stressed than the cattle on Earl's farm?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Will the cattle on Earl's farm be more or less stressed than the cattle on Wyatt's farm?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Whose cattle will be less stressed, Wyatt's or Earl's?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Whose cattle will be more stressed, Wyatt's or Earl's?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Whose cattle will put on weight faster, Wyatt's or Earl's?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Whose cattle will put on weight slower, Wyatt's or Earl's?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Will Wyatt's cattle gain weight faster or slower than Earl's cattle?

Situation: Wyatt and Earl both own cattle ranches in Texas. Wyatt's ranch is open and sunny with very few trees for shade. Earl's ranch has a mix of open, sunny areas as well as areas with a lot of trees and shade.

Question: Will Earl's cattle gain weight faster or slower than Wyatt's's cattle?
Background: There is a zone of the atmosphere in which ozone absorbs some 98% of non-ionizing but dangerous UV-C and UV-B. This so-called ozone layer starts at about 20 miles (32 km) and extends upward. Some of the ultraviolet spectrum that does reach the ground (the part that begins above energies of 3.1 eV, a wavelength less than 400 nm) is non-ionizing, but is still biologically hazardous due to the ability of single photons of this energy to cause electronic excitation in biological molecules, and thus damage them by means of unwanted reactions. An example is the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which begins at wavelengths below 365 nm (3.4 eV), which is well below ionization energy. This property gives the ultraviolet spectrum some of the dangers of ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization occurring. In contrast, visible light and longer-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared, microwaves, and radio waves, consists of photons with too little energy to cause damaging molecular excitation, and thus this radiation is far less hazardous per unit of energy.

Situation: Ellie is studying climate change and the effect of ozone depletion on human health. She is studying two specific regions on Earth in which different types of radiation have been recorded: Region A has reported ultraviolet radiation and Region B has reported electromagnetic radiation.

Question: In which region is the radiation most harmful to humans, Region A or Region B?

Situation: Ellie is studying climate change and the effect of ozone depletion on human health. She is studying two specific regions on Earth in which different types of radiation have been recorded: Region A has reported ultraviolet radiation and Region B has reported electromagnetic radiation.

Question: In which region is the radiation least harmful to humans, Region A or Region B?
Background: Glaciers, while geographically restricted, are effective agents of landscape change. The gradual movement of ice down a valley causes abrasion and plucking of the underlying rock. Abrasion produces fine sediment, termed glacial flour. The debris transported by the glacier, when the glacier recedes, is termed a moraine. Glacial erosion is responsible for U-shaped valleys, as opposed to the V-shaped valleys of fluvial origin.The way glacial processes interact with other landscape elements, particularly hillslope and fluvial processes, is an important aspect of Plio-Pleistocene landscape evolution and its sedimentary record in many high mountain environments. Environments that have been relatively recently glaciated but are no longer may still show elevated landscape change rates compared to those that have never been glaciated. Nonglacial geomorphic processes which nevertheless have been conditioned by past glaciation are termed paraglacial processes. This concept contrasts with periglacial processes, which are directly driven by formation or melting of ice or frost.

Situation: Stacey is studying two recently unexplored areas of Antarctica. Her main goal is to determine the effects of climate change on glaciers. In order to do this, she needs to determine whether glaciers existed in the areas she is currently studying based on the rate of landscape change in each area. She has learned that Area X has a higher rate of landscape change than Area Z.

Question: Which area was most likely the site of a glacier, Area X or Area Z?

Situation: Stacey is studying two recently unexplored areas of Antarctica. Her main goal is to determine the effects of climate change on glaciers. In order to do this, she needs to determine whether glaciers existed in the areas she is currently studying based on the rate of landscape change in each area. She has learned that Area X has a higher rate of landscape change than Area Z.

Question: Which area was least likely the site of a glacier, Area X or Area Z?
Background: Abiotic stress, as a natural part of every ecosystem, will affect organisms in a variety of ways. Although these effects may be either beneficial or detrimental, the location of the area is crucial in determining the extent of the impact that abiotic stress will have. The higher the latitude of the area affected, the greater the impact of abiotic stress will be on that area. So, a taiga or boreal forest is at the mercy of whatever abiotic stress factors may come along, while tropical zones are much less susceptible to such stressors.

Situation: Ralph is studying the effects of climate change on crop production in order to determine the effects of abiotic stress in different regions. He is studying two farms: Farm A is located in the United States and Farm B is locate in Mexico.

Question: Will Farm A experience more or less abiotic stress than Farm B?

Situation: Ralph is studying the effects of climate change on crop production in order to determine the effects of abiotic stress in different regions. He is studying two farms: Farm A is located in the United States and Farm B is locate in Mexico.

Question: Will Farm B experience more or less abiotic stress than Farm A?

Situation: Ralph is studying the effects of climate change on crop production in order to determine the effects of abiotic stress in different regions. He is studying two farms: Farm A is located in the United States and Farm B is locate in Mexico.

Question: Which farm will experience more abiotic stress?

Situation: Ralph is studying the effects of climate change on crop production in order to determine the effects of abiotic stress in different regions. He is studying two farms: Farm A is located in the United States and Farm B is locate in Mexico.

Question: Which farm will experience less abiotic stress?
Background: Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans. The light that is observed on photographs of earth from space and with the naked eye is only reflected visible light.

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Which star will emit more radiation?

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Which star will emit less radiation?

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Will Star S emit more or less radiation than Star T?

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Will Star T emit more or less radiation than Star S?

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Which star will emit longer wavelengths of radiation?

Situation: Sarah is an astrophysicist studying the properties of two newly discovered stars: Star S and Star T. Not much is known about the stars other than the temperature, and Sarah only knows that Star S is much hotter than Star T.

Question: Which star will emit shorter wavelengths of radiation?
Background: Wind causes the generation of sound. The movement of air causes movements of parts of natural objects, such as leaves or grass. These objects will produce sound if they touch each other. Even a soft wind will cause a low level of environmental noise. If the wind is blowing harder, it may produce howling sounds of varying frequencies. This may be caused by the wind blowing over cavities, or by vortices created in the air downstream of an object. Especially on high buildings, many structural parts may be a cause of annoying noise at certain wind conditions. Examples of these parts are balconies, ventilation openings, roof openings or cables.

Situation: Ashley is relocating to Chicago for a new job. She is currently looking for a place to live and is considering two different apartment buildings, Suncrest Villas and Highland Heights. The apartment at Suncrest Villas is on the first floor of the building and the apartment at Highland Heights is on the top floor of the building.

Question: In which apartment will the environmental noise from the wind be louder?

Situation: Ashley is relocating to Chicago for a new job. She is currently looking for a place to live and is considering two different apartment buildings, Suncrest Villas and Highland Heights. The apartment at Suncrest Villas is on the first floor of the building and the apartment at Highland Heights is on the top floor of the building.

Question: In which apartment will the environmental noise from the wind be quieter?

Situation: Ashley is relocating to Chicago for a new job. She is currently looking for a place to live and is considering two different apartment buildings, Suncrest Villas and Highland Heights. The apartment at Suncrest Villas is on the first floor of the building and the apartment at Highland Heights is on the top floor of the building.

Question: Will the noise from the wind in the Suncrest Villas apartment be louder or softer than the Highland Heights apartment?

Situation: Ashley is relocating to Chicago for a new job. She is currently looking for a place to live and is considering two different apartment buildings, Suncrest Villas and Highland Heights. The apartment at Suncrest Villas is on the first floor of the building and the apartment at Highland Heights is on the top floor of the building.

Question: Will the noise from the wind in the Highland Heights apartment be louder or softer than the Suncrest Villas apartment?
Background: Windbreaks reduce wind velocity over and around crops. This increases yields through reduced drying of the crop and/or by preventing the crop from toppling in strong wind gusts.

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Whose farm is most likely to have an increase in crop production, Hap or Hal?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Whose farm is least likely to have an increase in crop production, Hap or Hal?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Will Hap's farm produce more or less crops than Hal's farm?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Will Hal's farm produce more or less crops than Hap's farm?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Whose crops are more likely to topple in strong wind gusts, Hap or Hal?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Whose crops are least likely to topple in strong wind gusts, Hap or Hal?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Is Hap more or less likely than Hal to experience reduced drying of crops?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Is Hal more or less likely than Hap to experience reduced drying of crops?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Will Hap's farm experience more or less wind velocity on their crops than Hal's farm?

Situation: Hap and Hal are both farmers in Kansas. Hap recently built a windbreak on his farm, but Hal is trying to save money and did not build a windbreak.

Question: Will Hal's farm experience more or less wind velocity on their crops than Hap's farm?
Background: The types of strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. A large difference in electronegativity leads to more polar (ionic) character in the bond.

Situation: Frank is studying covalent bonds in his chemistry class. He is trying to determine the polarity of different types of bonds. He has observed that bond A has a larger difference in electronegativity than bond B.

Question: Is bond A more or less polar than bond B?

Situation: Frank is studying covalent bonds in his chemistry class. He is trying to determine the polarity of different types of bonds. He has observed that bond A has a larger difference in electronegativity than bond B.

Question: Is bond B more or less polar than bond A?

Situation: Frank is studying covalent bonds in his chemistry class. He is trying to determine the polarity of different types of bonds. He has observed that bond A has a larger difference in electronegativity than bond B.

Question: Which bond is more polar, bond A or bond B?

Situation: Frank is studying covalent bonds in his chemistry class. He is trying to determine the polarity of different types of bonds. He has observed that bond A has a larger difference in electronegativity than bond B.

Question: Which bond is less polar, bond A or bond B?
Background: New species develop naturally through the process of natural selection . Due to natural selection, organisms with traits that better enable them to adapt to their environment will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers. Natural selection causes beneficial heritable traits to become more common in a population and unfavorable heritable traits to become less common. For example, a giraffe’s neck is beneficial because it allows the giraffe to reach leaves high in trees. Natural selection caused this beneficial trait to become more common than short necks.

Situation: There are two types of mice living in the rocky Black Mountain region: a brown mouse and a black mouse. The Black Mountain region is also home to the hawk, which preys on mice. In the Black Mountain region, the majority of the rocks are black.  This makes it easy for the hawk to see the brown mice, but hard for the hawk to see the black mice.

Question: Which type of mouse is more likely to survive, the black mouse or the brown mouse?

Situation: There are two types of mice living in the rocky Black Mountain region: a brown mouse and a black mouse. The Black Mountain region is also home to the hawk, which preys on mice. In the Black Mountain region, the majority of the rocks are black.  This makes it easy for the hawk to see the brown mice, but hard for the hawk to see the black mice.

Question: Which type of mouse is least likely to survive, the black mouse or the brown mouse?

Situation: There are two types of mice living in the rocky Black Mountain region: a brown mouse and a black mouse. The Black Mountain region is also home to the hawk, which preys on mice. In the Black Mountain region, the majority of the rocks are black.  This makes it easy for the hawk to see the brown mice, but hard for the hawk to see the black mice.

Question: Which type of mouse is more likely to reproduce in greater numbers, the brown mouse or the black mouse?

Situation: There are two types of mice living in the rocky Black Mountain region: a brown mouse and a black mouse. The Black Mountain region is also home to the hawk, which preys on mice. In the Black Mountain region, the majority of the rocks are black.  This makes it easy for the hawk to see the brown mice, but hard for the hawk to see the black mice.

Question: Which type of mouse is least likely to reproduce in greater numbers, the brown mouse or the black mouse?
Background: Allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms might include itchy eyes, sneezing, and a runny nose. Severe symptoms can cause difficulty breathing, which may be life threatening. Keep in mind that it is the immune system and not the allergen that causes the allergy symptoms. Allergy symptoms can be treated with medications such as antihistamines. Severe allergic reactions may require an injection of the hormone epinephrine. These treatments lessen or counter the immune system’s response.

Situation: Connie and Neal both suffer from allergies. They each make an appointment with their respective doctor to talk about their symptoms and discuss treatment options. Neal's doctor prescribes an antihistamine to treat his allergy symptoms. Connie's doctor takes a more holistic approach to medicine and does not prescribe antihistamines.

Question: After their appointments, will Connie or Neal experience a reduction in allergy symptoms?

Situation: Connie and Neal both suffer from allergies. They each make an appointment with their respective doctor to talk about their symptoms and discuss treatment options. Neal's doctor prescribes an antihistamine to treat his allergy symptoms. Connie's doctor takes a more holistic approach to medicine and does not prescribe antihistamines.

Question: After their appointments, will Connie or Neal experience no change in allergy symptoms?

Situation: Connie and Neal both suffer from allergies. They each make an appointment with their respective doctor to talk about their symptoms and discuss treatment options. Neal's doctor prescribes an antihistamine to treat his allergy symptoms. Connie's doctor takes a more holistic approach to medicine and does not prescribe antihistamines.

Question: After their appointments, will Connie have more or less allergy symptoms than Neal?

Situation: Connie and Neal both suffer from allergies. They each make an appointment with their respective doctor to talk about their symptoms and discuss treatment options. Neal's doctor prescribes an antihistamine to treat his allergy symptoms. Connie's doctor takes a more holistic approach to medicine and does not prescribe antihistamines.

Question: After their appointments, will Neal have more or less allergy symptoms than Connie?