allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: To determine if a person passing a wall on CCTV is the same before and after passing, we must first distinguish if it is a person and then if it is the same person. However, if the boundary for defining a person is too narrow in the process of distinguishing a person, it becomes difficult to determine if the person before and after passing is the same person. I am looking for a computer vision paper that proposes a methodology using not only the direction but also the magnitude of a vector to solve this problem.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Change of direction (COD) ability is a critical performance factor in team sports such as soccer, basketball, and rugby, where athletes frequently need to execute rapid, precise directional changes in response to dynamic game scenarios1. Efficient COD performance offers a competitive edge, enabling players to evade opponents and adapt swiftly to tactical situations2. COD ability differs from agility in that it emphasizes the physical execution of directional changes, excluding perceptual-cognitive elements such as reaction time and decision-making3.
Warm-up routines are widely regarded as an essential component of athletic preparation. They enhance physical performance by increasing muscle temperature, improving joint range of motion, and stimulating neural activation4. Additionally, warm-ups are vital for reducing the risk of injury by adequately preparing the musculoskeletal system for the physical demands of competition and training5. An effective warm-up should avoid fatigue, progressively increase in intensity and specificity, and include high-intensity activities to maintain elevated body temperature5.
While general warm-up protocols have been extensively studied, targeted warm-ups that emphasize sport-specific movement patterns and activate relevant muscle groups may offer additional benefits6. For example, dynamic stretching and specific activation exercises have shown promise in improving sprint and jump performance7. However, research focusing on warm-up protocols specifically designed to enhance COD performance remains limited.
One potential mechanism underlying the efficacy of targeted warm-up exercises is post-activation potentiation (PAP), a phenomenon characterized by temporary improvements in muscle performance following a conditioning activity, such as high-intensity or resistance exercises8. PAP enhances neuromuscular efficiency through mechanisms like increased motor unit recruitment and phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains9. However, PAP is primarily associated with high-intensity resistance or ballistic exercises, and its relevance to lower-intensity warm-up protocols, such as those used in this study, may be limited. Thus, while PAP remains a potential contributing factor, the focus of this study is on the broader benefits of targeted warm-ups.
Despite the recognized importance of COD ability and warm-up strategies, there is a gap in the literature regarding the acute effects of brief, practical, targeted warm-up protocols on COD performance. Existing studies often emphasize general warm-up routines or address linear speed and power rather than COD-specific performance10, 11.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a targeted warm-up protocol on COD performance in university-level athletes. The warm-up included exercises designed to activate muscles crucial for COD movements, particularly the gluteal muscles, which play a pivotal role in lateral stabilization and movement12. We hypothesized that incorporating a brief, targeted warm-up protocol would significantly enhance COD performance compared to a general warm-up alone.


Subject: sports science
Intent: Other
Query: "Investigate the effects of caffeine on cognitive enhancement, focusing on:

1. Scientific evidence linking caffeine consumption to cognitive performance and brain function
2. Optimal timing for caffeine intake to maximize cognitive benefits
3. Recommended frequency and dosage for cognitive enhancement
4. Long-term effects of regular caffeine consumption on brain health
5. Role of caffeine in memory, attention, and mental alertness
6. Individual differences in caffeine metabolism and cognitive response
7. Potential drawbacks or diminishing returns of excessive caffeine intake

Include peer-reviewed studies and meta-analyses from the last 5 years where available."
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: i am writing a thesis on the EFFECT OF BRAND PERSONALITY ON CONSUMER LOYALTY OF SOFT DRINKS COMPANY IN ABUJA, FCT. my specific objectives are: i. To examine the effect of brand ruggedness on consumer loyalty on soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT. ii. To investigate the effect of brand excitement on consumer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT. iii. To analyze the effect of brand competence on consumer loyalty on soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT. iv. To explore the effect of brand sophistication on customer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT. v. To determine the effect of brand sincerity on consumer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT. write the problem statement for this study provideing references to previous studies as it will appear in the research report
Subject: business
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: "In the field of machine learning, there have been numerous attempts to incorporate the efficient learning mechanisms observed in biological systems, with reinforcement learning (RL) being a particularly active area of research. Many achievements have been reported in this context. However, in RL, the initial exploration phase is often dominated by inefficient actions, leading to a slow learning curve. To address this issue, there is growing interest in leveraging the mechanisms that enable animals to acquire effective behavioral patterns within a short period and integrating them more deeply into RL frameworks."

The above text is a part of the introduction of a research paper. Please suggest multiple references that should be cited in this context.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: As illustrated in Figure 2c, drugs within the same group exhibit similar enriched features. Subsequently, meta-analysis is applied to integrate consistently expressed differential genes across multiple drugs within the same group, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks are constructed for these genes. Hub genes within each cancer-specific PPI network, identified using the cytoHubba plugin, are key genes that influence drug efficacy for the group (Supplementary Table 1). Additionally, survival analysis has confirmed a robust correlation between the identified hub genes and patient prognosis, thereby reinforcing their potential as therapeutic targets. paraphrase this paragraph

Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Find papers on the topic -Fundamentals of AI and machine learning, emphasizing their relevance to underwriting.
Current applications of AI in loan and insurance underwriting, including automated credit scoring, fraud detection, risk profiling, and personalized pricing.
Benefits of AI in underwriting, such as efficiency, accuracy, cost reduction, and enhanced customer experience.
Risks and challenges, including data bias, lack of transparency, cybersecurity risks, and regulatory issues.
Ethical and regulatory implications of AI in underwriting.
Provide a synthesis of the existing literature, integrating key insights, trends, and case studies to highlight the transformative role of AI in these domains.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Random Forest is an ensemble learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during training and outputs the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees. The algorithm mitigates overfitting by averaging the results, thereby enhancing generalization()..
\hat{R}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=1}^{N}{h_t\left(Y\right)}
Where:
	\hat{R} is the predicted value,
	N is the number of trees,
	h_t\left(Y\right) is the prediction of the t tree.

 This model was chosen for its ability to handle high-dimensional data and capture nonlinear relationships between variables. Its ensemble nature reduces the risk of overfitting, making it reliable for predictive tasks involving noisy datasets

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: check prior work of the following abstract "Cardiac aging is an important factor in promoting age-related cardiovascular
diseases such as heart failure and myocardial infarction. Among them, the aging of
different types of myocardial cells is the initiating factor of cardiac aging, and the
microenvironment in which aging cells are located contains various cytokines,
including the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). And cytokines are
closely related to cardiac aging. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms of cardiac cell
aging and cytokine generation in the microenvironment that act on cardiac cells is of
great significance for developing new therapeutic methods for cardiovascular
diseases."
Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: For this Adjusting Content and Difficulty Levels: Describe how adaptive learning systems dynamically adjust content based on real-time assessments. Provide examples of how AI-driven learning paths allow students to advance at their own pace. Providing Targeted Feedback and Support: Explain the role of AI in offering immediate, specific feedback to help students correct mistakes and understand complex concepts. Discuss how AI tutors provide suggestions for improvement based on student progress and performance data. Write a paragraph or two about this topic, providing at least 2 citations and references
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: 3. Classification by Nature of Work

Key Focus: Categorizing employees based on their tasks and job functions.

Keywords for Exploration:

	•	Blue-collar vs. white-collar workers
	•	Knowledge workers
	•	Skilled vs. unskilled workers

Key Literature and Theoretical Perspectives:

	1.	Blue-Collar and White-Collar Dichotomy: Pioneered by Mills (1951), this remains a cornerstone for work-based classification.
	2.	Emergence of Knowledge Workers: Drucker (1999) highlights knowledge workers as vital for innovation and competitive advantage.

Insights:

Work-based classifications emphasize skill utilization and the growing prominence of cognitive and professional roles.
Subject: business
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Please list relevant research that should be included in this chapter.

--
 ### 2.2.1 Tactile perception of cloth
 Traditional research on tactile recognition of cloth has mainly taken the following approaches:
 
 Chen et al. [2021] used a large sensor array to measure tactile interactions across the entire garment, but the resolution of each sensor was limited; the See-Through-Your-Skin (STS) sensor of Hogan et al. The STS (See-Through-Your-Skin) sensor of [2021] realized simultaneous visual and tactile measurement using a translucent membrane, but was limited to fixed measurement positions.
 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: here the title : Connecting artificial intelligence to accelerate the implementation of UN sustainable development goals in higher education institutionshere the abstract As centers of knowledge, innovation, and societal influence, higher education institutions (HEIs) are uniquely positioned to integrate the sustainable development goals (SDGs) into their curricula, research, and operations. However, data analysis and resource allocation challenges frequently hinder these initiatives. Artificial intelligence, through its data processing capabilities, predictive analytics, and decision-making support, offers effective solutions to these challenges. Indeed, AI-driven systems enables HEIs to optimize resource management, track advancements in sustainability initiatives, and improve educational content in alignment with the SDGs, thus promoting a more sustainable, equitable, and inclusive society. This paper examines the possible uses of AI in higher education institutions to support the SDGs, emphasizing domains such as poverty reduction, sustainable production and consumption, and quality education. Through case studies and a review of emerging AI solutions, the paper demonstrate the potential of AI technologies to enhance sustainable practices in campus operations, involve students and faculty in sustainability initiatives, and prepare graduates with the needed expertise and skills for future challenges. The study highlights the opportunities while also addressing ethical considerations and potential limitations of AI in this context. This study shows the necessity for collaborative, interdisciplinary approaches for successfully using AI, establishing HEIs as pivotal players in the global initiative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.now provide me the outline of the paper total 7500 words
Subject: education
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: In a traditional coin-pusher arcade game, players insert coins in hopes of triggering a cascade that drops them into the prize area. However, the game is carefully engineered so that most coins merely accumulate, pushing the pile closer to the edge without granting a reward. This mirrors the dynamics of social media engagement, where users' contributions—whether through comments, shares, or reactions—may seem impactful but often lead to little meaningful change. Rather than achieving resolution, these contributions accumulate like coins, heightening tensions and driving discussions to a critical tipping point, only for the event or topic to collapse without lasting impact. Thus, the coin pusher serves as a powerful metaphor for the perceived agency of individuals within the public sphere. Much like players in the game, individuals believe their actions (posts, comments, participation) will lead to tangible outcomes, yet they often find themselves caught in a system designed to perpetuate engagement rather than effect change. The illusion of progress created by the buildup of coins parallels the cyclical nature of social media-driven public discourse—topics reach a peak of intensity before fading away, only to be replaced by the next wave of engagement. In this way, the coin pusher becomes a metaphor for social futility, exposing how the repetitive cycles of outrage, debate, and forgetting are engineered to keep participants invested without challenging the deeper structures at play.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: To convert a molar concentration (10 mM glucose) to a mass concentration, we need to calculate the mass of glucose per unit volume of solution. Here's how you can do it step by step:

### Step 1: Understand the given information
- **Molar concentration (C)** = 10 mM = $ 10 \, \text{mmol/L} = 0.01 \, \text{mol/L} $
- **Molar mass of glucose (M)** = $ 180.16 \, \text{g/mol} $ (glucose has the chemical formula $ C_6H_{12}O_6 $)

### Step 2: Use the formula for mass concentration
The relationship between molar concentration and mass concentration is:
$$
\text{Mass concentration} (\rho) = C \times M
$$
where:
- $ C $ is the molar concentration in mol/L,
- $ M $ is the molar mass in g/mol.

### Step 3: Perform the calculation
$$
\rho = 0.01 \, \text{mol/L} \times 180.16 \, \text{g/mol}
$$
$$
\rho = 1.8016 \, \text{g/L}
$$

### Final Answer:
The mass concentration of 10 mM glucose is $\boxed{1.80 \, \text{g/L}}$.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Performance-Oriented Metrics wireless federated learning :
These metrics assess the model’s learning quality and con-
vergence behavior:
• Accuracy or F1 Score: The performance of the final
model on a test set, often reported per round or after
convergence [7].
• Convergence Speed: Number of rounds or total time to
reach a target loss or accuracy level [?].
• Stability Across Rounds: Variance in model perfor-
mance due to dropout, delay, or dynamic client partic-
ipation [?


Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Add references to this paragraph
Proteins are vital molecules in living organisms. They perform a variety of life functions, from transporting oxygen to catalyzing chemical reactions. The functions of proteins depend on their three-dimensional structure, which is formed by the spontaneous folding of amino acid sequences. This folding process, how to form a complex three-dimensional structure from a one-dimensional amino acid chain, has always been a core problem in biology and is known as the "protein folding problem."
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: With the rapid development of digital government, platforms such as government service portals, mobile apps, and official WeChat accounts have provided the public with convenient online channels for handling various types of government services. These platforms have significantly improved efficiency and transparency, eliminating the need for in-person visits and enabling real-time tracking of application progress. However, the widespread adoption of online services has not fully addressed the needs of all demographics and scenarios. On one hand, digitally marginalized groups such as the elderly, individuals with lower education levels, and foreign nationals may struggle with online operations due to insufficient technical literacy or language barriers. On the other hand, complex tasks requiring multi-department coordination, on-site verification, or personalized consultation (e.g., corporate tax filing, social security differential payments) still necessitate in-person service at offline counters. Additionally, online systems may experience technical failures or data-sharing issues, making offline services a critical backup solution.

To address these challenges, the Chinese government explicitly emphasized the retention of offline service counters and manual assistance in 2021, aiming to bridge the digital divide and ensure the inclusivity of public services. For instance, the General Office of the State Council issued the Implementation Plan for Effectively Addressing the Difficulties Elderly Face in Using Smart Technologies, which mandates the preservation of offline channels for high-frequency services (e.g., healthcare, social security) and prioritizes assistance for the elderly. This policy not only reflects the government's commitment to supporting digitally disadvantaged groups but also provides a transitional buffer for the ongoing digital transformation of government services. 
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: In contrast, latency reduction focuses on minimizing the time required to complete inferencing requests.\cite{Ioan2024EdgeOI} This encompasses the entire duration from the initiation of an inference request to the acquisition of the desired results. Latency can be further dissected into two primary categories: data transfer latency and processing latency. Data transfer latency involves the delays experienced during the transmission of data from the source node to the destination node. This includes several components: weight transfer latency, which pertains to the time taken to transfer model weights; network latency, which arises from delays due to network congestion or geographical distance; and intermediate data transfer latency. Additionally, processing latency contributes to the overall task latency and encompasses computation overhead, as well as scheduling and coordination delays associated with managing inference tasks. Together, these components contribute to the temporal challenges associated with offloading inference.\\
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Challenges and future directions While biomimicry offers exciting possibilities for water resource management, several challenges remain: - Scaling biomimetic technologies from the lab to real-world applications - Integrating these new approaches with existing water infrastructure - Addressing regulatory and policy barriers to implementation - Ensuring the economic viability of biomimetic solutions Despite these challenges, the future of biomimicry in water management looks promising. Ongoing research is exploring new frontiers, such as: - self-repairing water infrastructure inspired by biological healing processes - smart water systems that adapt to changing conditions, mimicking ecosystem resilience - nature-inspired materials to improve water quality monitoring and pollution detection
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: Sample pretreatment techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) usually require a large amount of samples (500-1000 mL) and organic solvents (50-200 mL), and the pretreatment process is complex and time-consuming (4-8 hours), which also causes secondary pollution to the environment and is difficult to meet the on-site rapid analysis requirements.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: The research will emphasize how the "unknown unknowns" characteristic of complex systems necessitates multi-stakeholder engagement to surface potential blind spots. Building on this analysis, the paper will propose frameworks for intentionally designing systems and processes that not only accommodate but actively facilitate productive rupture - creating spaces where blind spots can be safely surfaced and collectively addressed.
Through examining both theoretical foundations and practical examples, this work aims to contribute to our understanding of how dialogical repair mechanisms can strengthen responsible AI development in contexts of deep uncertainty and competing stakeholder perspectives.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have shown promise in handling varied and sparse training data, naive aggregation strategies (like average pooling) can undermine performance. Each signal—be it authority or user dwell time—reflects a unique component of user experience, which simplistic fusion may fail to capture. Efforts such  highlight how separate expert modules outperform naive merges, but their solutions still cannot fully exploit the orthogonal nature of certain signals when each expert’s output is hastily combined. 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Although AI learning systems can provide precise learning content and feedback, they lack the emotional connection and motivation that human teachers offer, which may lead to a loss of intrinsic motivation for students, especially in the absence of external incentives and social interactions. Over-reliance on AI systems could weaken children's independent thinking abilities, particularly when face-to-face communication and social interaction are lacking. The applications of large language models in various disciplines also exhibit different characteristics. How can we refine and categorize the teaching methods across different subjects?
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Can you help me find high-impact factor, citation-worthy papers that support the following five hypotheses?
H1: Obesity-related cytokines (Leptin, IL-6, TNF-α) will enhance immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms by increasing PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer cells.
H2: The obese environment increases M2 macrophages, which will contribute to immune evasion and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: One of the most crucial components in a thermal plant is the turbine, which functions to convert heat energy from steam into mechanical energy to drive an electric generator. Turbines operate under extreme conditions, with high temperatures and pressures, making them susceptible to degradation and failure. If not managed properly, turbine failure can cause significant operational disruptions, reduce plant efficiency, and increase operational and maintenance costs. Therefore, an effective maintenance strategy is the main key to maintaining the reliability of the PLTU so that it continues to operate optimally and efficiently.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Rewrite and expand the paragraph, be more specific on the novelty and difficiences on the research mentioned. Cultural and linguistic diversity can pose significant challenges in embodied question answering (EQA), as current multimodal large language models (MLLMs) struggle to recognize and correct noisy questions, leading to responses that frequently contain erroneous information (Baek et al. 2024). This highlights the need for more research on cultural awareness and linguistic diversity in EQA.

To address this challenge, a roadmap towards cultural and linguistic diversity in EQA can be proposed. Firstly, developing more culturally aware and linguistically diverse benchmarks is essential. For instance, the CVQA benchmark has been proposed to evaluate cultural understanding in VLMs, covering a rich set of languages and cultures (Romero et al. 2024). Similarly, the NativQA benchmark has been developed to evaluate the performance of LLMs in multilingual and multicultural contexts (Hasan et al. 2024).

Secondly, incorporating human-VLM collaboration in benchmark construction can enhance both the efficiency and diversity of culture-relevant visual question and answer generation (Baek et al. 2024). This approach can help to create more culturally aware and linguistically diverse EQA systems.

Thirdly, leveraging retrieval-augmented LMs can improve the performance of EQA systems in handling diverse cultural and linguistic contexts (Wang et al. 2024). Retrieval-augmented LMs can dynamically incorporate relevant cultural knowledge from external databases during interactions, enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of EQA responses.

Lastly, developing culturally aware and linguistically diverse LLMs that can handle context-dependent questions and provide accurate answers in diverse cultural and linguistic contexts is crucial (Wang et al. 2024). This can be achieved by incorporating external information during content generation and using techniques like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to dynamically incorporate relevant cultural knowledge from external databases during interactions (Wang et al. 2024).

By following this roadmap, EQA systems can be developed that can handle diverse cultural and linguistic contexts, providing more accurate and sensitive responses (Wang et al. 2024).
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: find resources here: Visual trust indicators, such as checkmarks and warning icons, are commonly used in Gmail and web browsing to signal credibility [40, forward pass on], but their use in mobile messaging is less explored [4]. Prior research shows that security cues aid phishing detection [38, 40], yet studies on smishing remain limited [1, 7]. Users often struggle to recognize fraudulent messages, and visual prompts can improve security decisions [38, 40, add fog]. However, current implementations lack consistency and clear messaging. This study fills that gap by evaluating in-app trust indicators designed for mobile messaging. By analyzing how users interpret and respond to these indicators, we assess their effectiveness in guiding message evaluation. Addressing inconsistencies in existing designs, this research aims to improve mobile security and user confidence in distinguishing between legitimate and fraudulent messages.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I want to learn about the concept and possibility  of research on this, Has there been any integrated bioprocess that combines enzymatic hydrolysis of protein-rich wastes (like feathers) with microwave-assisted anaerobic fermentation of the hydrolysate mixed with lignocellulosic substrates (like brewer's spent grain) for the co-production of peptides and bioenergy carriers such as volatile fatty acids or hydrogen?
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Analyze the most effective HIIT protocol specifically for cognitive enhancement and BDNF production:

Compare different HIIT formats:

Tabata (20s work/10s rest)
Traditional HIIT (30s work/30s rest)
SIT (Sprint Interval Training)
Modified HIIT protocols


For each protocol, analyze:

Total session duration
Work-to-rest ratios
Exercise selection
Intensity levels
Rest periods between sets
Recovery between sessions


Include key metrics:

BDNF response
Cognitive performance improvements
Executive function enhancement
Memory benefits
Sustainability


Long-term implementation:

Optimal frequency per week
Progressive overload strategies
Recovery requirements
Adaptation patterns"
Subject: sports science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: find more papers for paragraph  Challenges in Tokenization for LLMs. 
Length unawareness pertains to a model's incapacity to discern the organizational structure of text, such as the number of characters or words it contains (Chai et al., 2024). This limitation may result in the model's deficient ability to accurately comprehend and process textual data. For instance, a model may encounter difficulties in distinguishing between a single word and a phrase (Chai et al., 2024).

Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: During late Neogene to Quarternary, three major fault and fracture systems of NE-SW to ENE-WSE, NW-SE, and E-W trends were formed around Akan-Shiretoko volcanic system in the eastern Hokkaido., which may be imprtant for creating geothermal reservoirs. What are the causes of each of these 3 different major fault and fracture system? Under what regional stress fields and plate tectonic movements between Pacific plate and the eastern Hokkaido was each of these 3 different major fault and fracture system formed?
Subject: earth sciences
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: The survival outcomes for pediatric AML (60%-70% 5-year overall survival) remain substantially inferior to those achieved in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) within the same geographic regions (80%-90% 5-year survival), highlighting a persistent therapeutic gap in pediatric oncology. This disparity reflects fundamental biological differences in disease pathogenesis, including distinct leukemogenic drivers (e.g., KMT2A rearrangements in infant AML versus ETV6-RUNX1 fusion in ALL) and differential responses to conventional cytotoxic therapies, as evidenced by the superior efficacy of asparaginase-based regimens in ALL compared to AML treatment protocols.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: In this study, we introduce a comprehensive pan-cancer intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) analysis pipeline that integrates drug action information with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) expression data. This integration enables direct observation of therapeutic effects on distinct tumor cell subpopulations, facilitating a detailed understanding of the mechanistic pathways involved in drug response and resistance. By comparing these observations with gene expression data, it becomes possible to identify which pathways are activated or suppressed in response to therapy, leading to deeper insights into ITH and treatment outcomes.


paraphrase this paragraph
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: The treatment methods for HDN mainly include intrauterine blood transfusion and immunoglobulin injection, but these methods have certain limitations. Intrauterine blood transfusion is the direct infusion of red blood cell suspension consistent with fetal blood type into the fetus, which can correct fetal anemia and improve fetal oxygen supply to a certain extent. However, this method is highly invasive, which may cause complications such as infection, bleeding, placental abruption, and has high requirements for operation technology and equipment, and there are certain risks.
Immunoglobulin injection is to regulate the immune system and reduce hemolytic reaction by injecting exogenous immunoglobulin into newborns. Although immunoglobulin can inhibit the further attack of maternal antibody on fetal red blood cells, its mechanism of action is not completely clear, and it cannot completely block the production and effect of anti-D antibody. At the same time, the cost is relatively high, and the economic burden is heavy for some families. In addition, there are individual differences in the practical application of these traditional treatment methods, and the treatment effect of some children is not ideal.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Qwen-Max and Qwen-2.0 are different versions of the Qwen series models. Qwen-Max is one of the large models in the Qwen series, while Qwen-2.0 refers to an upgraded version of the entire Qwen series. The two have similarities in technology and function, but there are also differences in specific performance and application scenarios. If you have any specific questions or need more detailed information, please feel free to let me know!
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: can you provide few reference to this? Understanding neurogenesis in Mytilus galloprovincialis provides unique insights into the evolution and development of nervous systems in mollusks and lophotrochozoans. The nervous system of Mytilus is decentralized, consisting of sensory, motor, and interneurons. Larval stages, including the trochophore and veliger, are marked by the development of an apical sensory organ (ASO), velar nerves, and a peripheral nerve network that coordinates swimming, feeding, and environmental sensing. Despite this progress, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of Mytilus neurogenesis remains lacking.

To address this, we propose leveraging a single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) pipeline adapted from studies on Nematostella vectensis. By isolating nuclei from Mytilus embryos and larvae, we aim to generate a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of neural development. This approach allows us to map gene expression at single-cell resolution and characterize the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) driving neural differentiation and maturation.

We will collect Mytilus embryos at 48 developmental time points, sampled every two hours from fertilization to 96 hours post-fertilization (hpf), covering cleavage, gastrulation, trochophore, and veliger stages. Nuclei will be isolated using optimized dissociation protocols, fixed with Parse Fixative, stained with Hoechst, and sorted using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Approximately 500,000 nuclei will be sequenced across two biological replicates, enabling detailed analysis of neural cell types and their differentiation trajectories.

Candidate genes identified through snRNA-seq, including SoxB, SoxC, atonal/neurogenin, and key signaling pathways (e.g., WNT, Notch), will be validated spatially using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and immunohistochemistry. Functional studies will explore the roles of these genes through CRISPR/Cas9 knockouts and pharmacological perturbations.

This approach will produce a comprehensive atlas of neural cell types, revealing the diversity of neurons in Mytilus and their GRNs. It will also allow comparative analyses with Nematostella and other bilaterians, elucidating conserved and divergent features of nervous system evolution. By bridging developmental and evolutionary biology, this study will enhance our understanding of how neural systems evolved and diversified in mollusks and other spiralians.

This project lays the groundwork for leveraging Mytilus galloprovincialis as a model for studying neurogenesis, with potential applications in developmental biology, comparative genomics, and evolutionary neuroscience.
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Personalization of complex content (\eg science, medical, legal) is retargeting the content to the individual’s relatable context. Personalization makes the information more accessible and effective in conveying the intended message. For example, when explaining biology or medical science, for children, it’s often more effective to say “try not to eat ice cream and candies”, than “reduce glucose consumption” because ice cream and candies are more relatable than glucose for them although they are saying the same thing.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: This paper explores the intersection of technology, education, and social development, emphasizing innovative strategies to address contemporary challenges. By integrating modern tools such as mobile applications and digital platforms into traditional educational systems, it seeks to enhance accessibility, engagement, and effectiveness. The research also investigates how these advancements can foster leadership and entrepreneurship in children and young adults, equipping them with skills to thrive in a globalized world. Special attention is given to inclusivity, examining methods to support diverse needs, such as those of dyslexic learners and individuals seeking to rebuild competencies. This study concludes by proposing a framework for educators, technologists, and policymakers to collaboratively create sustainable, impactful solutions.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: MoS2 refers to molybdenum disulfide, which is an inorganic compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur. It has a chemical formula of MoS₂. MoS₂ is commonly used as a lubricant due to its ability to form slippery layers, similar to graphite. In addition, it has applications in electronics, catalysis, and as a material for energy storage devices.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Describe the optimal or observed relation/ associations/ links of the ratios between P (protein), C (carbohydrates) and F (fats) on optimal/ healthy testosterone production in men. (I.e., is more protein to fats more affective at supporting the body in synthesizing testosterone, or a higher carbohydrates to fats more affective at producing optimal levels of testosterone in men, etc…) Utilize reviews and meta analysis.
Subject: nutrition science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Sheppard JM and Young WB. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci 2006; 24: 919-932. DOI: 10.1080/02640410500457109.

Change of direction (COD) ability is a critical performance factor in team sports such as soccer, basketball, and rugby, where athletes frequently need to execute rapid, precise directional changes in response to dynamic game scenarios

is this summary correct?
Subject: sports science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: I  have this annuities case study and need answers for A to E:
Rohan Credit Union Students Leading Change Scholarship
The Rohan Credit Union (RCC) offers scholarships to recognize Canadian students who have made meaningful contributions to better their communities.
“As students across Canada continue to invest in their education, many are taking the time to invest in their communities as well. In recognition of the growing number of Canadian students showing a passion to lead and inspire positive change in their community, we have created the RCC Students Leading Change Scholarship.”
- scholarships.RCC.me
The RCC Students Leading Change Scholarship is awarded to eight students graduating high school and seven students currently enrolled in a post-secondary program each year. Each of the fifteen scholarships is worth $10,000, totaling $150,000 worth of scholarships.
In order to continue to offer these scholarships every year in perpetuity, RCC was looking into setting up an endowment fund, growing at 5.25% per annum, compounded daily. The first set of scholarships is to be offered today.
a)
What should be the size of the endowment fund set up by RCC today in order to fully cover the costs of offering the scholarships every year in perpetuity?
b)
RCC currently has $3,900,000 that they are able to invest in the endowment fund. If RCC invested this amount in the fund today, what is the maximum amount that may be withdrawn every year to put towards the scholarships?
c)
What should be the size of the endowment fund set up by RCC today in order to fully cover the costs of offering the scholarships every year in perpetuity, if the first set of scholarships is offered in five years instead of today?
d)
Instead of investing in an endowment fund today, RCC contemplated setting up a high-growth fund using their monthly profits to save up for the cost of the endowment fund. If they make payments at the end of every month, what would be the size of RCC’s first monthly payment in order to accumulate to the value calculated in (a) in five years? The fund has an interest rate of 10.5% per annum, compounded monthly.
e)
Does RCC earn more interest if it follows the payment plan laid out in (c) or (d)? By how much?

Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: The evolution of energy use has undergone profound transformations, commencing in the pre-industrial era (approximately 10,000 BC), during which the primary energy sources included wood, animal power, wind, and water. Wood was the principal fuel for heating and cooking, while animal power facilitated agriculture and transportation. Moreover, wind and water were harnessed to operate early mechanical systems, such as mills, with ancient civilisations, notably in Mesopotamia (circa 3000 BC), Egypt (circa 3000 BC), and Rome (circa 500 BC), effectively capitalising on these energy sources. For instance, the Egyptians leveraged the annual floods of the Nile for irrigation. At the same time, the Romans advanced waterwheel technologies for grinding grain and other industrial applications, thus marking the inception of energy technology utilisation.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: What the novelties and equivalent ideas presented in Instruct, Not Assist: LLM-based Multi-Turn Planning and Hierarchical Questioning for Socratic Code Debugging (https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.553) and Bridging the Novice-Expert Gap via Models of Decision-Making: A Case Study on Remediating Math Mistakes (https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.10648)?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Now lets generate a literature review on: Health facility factors affecting utilization of family planning among women of child bearing age: Chapter two: Literature review Lets generate 07 well research paragraphs. Include study design, author name, year and country in each paragraph. Show the maternal factors that were obtained in each study. Authors ranging from 2017 - 2024, insert author name and year in the body, not numbers and then generate a list of references in APA format, 7th edition. Please write like a human text, not AI. Do not include recommendations or summeries at the end of the paragraphs. Ensure that you include the statistical findings (percentages). Show how the factors affect utilization of family planning among women of child bearing age. Each variable, one paragraph, well explained. Be straight to the point. Let the data be verifiable from google. 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Compared with the application of AI technology in other fields, the medical field has its own particularity. Medicine is facing life and health, and the fault tolerance rate is very low, I am afraid that it does not allow easy attempts. Medicine is a kind of science that has both height and depth, and at the same time needs temperature. The importance of human care in the medical process will always exist, and human care is not the strength of AI. Even if we consider the technology itself, the limitations of AI are clear. In other words, the future of medicine will have to be dominated by medical workers, not robots. No matter how powerful AI is, it can only be a helpful tool for doctors. Given that the embedding of AI into medical practice may involve many issues such as ethics, legal liability, technical standards, data privacy and security, it is recommended to establish a special body responsible for reviewing and supervising the application of AI in medical field.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Find influential papers from major counseling and career development journals (2019-2024) that discuss:
1. Theoretical foundations for AI integration in career counseling
2. Empirical studies measuring AI effectiveness in career guidance
3. Integration of traditional career development theories with AI-enhanced methods
4. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of technology-enhanced career counseling

Please prioritize papers from:
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Journal of Career Development
- Journal of Vocational Behavior
- International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance
- Journal of Employment Counseling

Focus on studies that:
- Have significant citation counts
- Present theoretical frameworks
- Include empirical evidence
- Discuss implications for practice
Subject: psychology
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Find me papers for: The Turkish-Iranian rivalry illustrates how middle powers engage in balancing behavior within a neorealist framework. Both states actively pursued internal balancing, with Turkey focusing on military modernization (particularly its drone program) and Iran developing asymmetric warfare capabilities and its defense industry. They simultaneously engaged in external balancing—Turkey maintaining its NATO membership while developing closer ties with Russia, and Iran strengthening strategic alliances with Russia and China while cultivating non-state proxies as force multipliers.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Higher education institutions' long-term impacts depend on education sustainability. Sustainable approaches in Egyptian higher education boost institutional resilience and social responsibility. Education sustainability requires incorporating sustainable development goals into curricula, encouraging innovation, and ensuring resource efficiency.  This report emphasizes linking academic policies to sustainability frameworks in Egyptian higher education. This relationship develops human capital to solve future issues, boosting economic and social sustainability. Human capital development for future challenges improves economic and social sustainability.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: Cervical Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets
2.1. Pathophysiology of cervical cancer
2.2. Role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinogenesis
2.3. Key molecular pathways involved in cervical cancer progression (e.g., PI3K/AKT, NF-κB)
2.4. Opportunities for targeting these pathways with natural compounds
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: 1. Definition and Concept of Employees

Key Focus: Investigating the broad definition of employees, their functions, and roles in organizations.

Keywords for Exploration:

	•	Employee definition
	•	Concept of employee
	•	Employee roles and functions
	•	Workforce definition
	•	Labor force

Key Literature and Theoretical Perspectives:

	1.	Human Resource Management Foundations: Classic HRM textbooks define employees as individuals engaged by organizations through formal or informal arrangements to perform specific tasks.
	2.	Sociological Perspective: Employees are viewed as actors within a social system, contributing to organizational objectives while influenced by external societal norms.
	3.	Organizational Behavior: The role of employees includes both functional contributions and relational dynamics within teams.

Insights:

Early foundational studies focus on delineating employee duties and organizational integration, forming the basis for modern definitions emphasizing flexibility and multi-role adaptability.
Subject: business
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Considering the diverse learning styles and individual paces inherent in university students' pursuit of knowledge, what evidence-based pedagogical methods, learning strategies, and cognitive approaches have been rigorously demonstrated to most effectively facilitate the acquisition and long-term retention of novel academic material? Specifically, how can these scientifically validated techniques be adapted and integrated into a personalized study framework to empower individual learners in maximizing their understanding and recall, acknowledging that perfect mastery is a process that unfolds over time and varies for each student?
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding