allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: In the realm of psychological counseling, counselors, armed with the credentials of professional psychologists, deploy cutting-edge psychological theories and methodologies. They offer a sanctuary of confidential and efficacious support, adeptly untangling the knots of learning stress, interpersonal conundrums, and a plethora of other psychological tribulations that students encounter. This holistic support system not only safeguards the students' mental well-being but also paves the way for their academic and personal flourishing.
Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: find resourses for this paper:Cognitive sociology's origins can be traced back to writings in the sociology of knowledge, sociology of culture, cognitive and cultural anthropology, and more recently, work done in cultural sociology and cognitive science. 
Cognitive sociologists are interested in cognitive elements that are shared by members of one or more groups, but different from other groups. They systematically map the differences and distinctions that define the thinking of those in various groups, communities, and locations.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: In recent years, natural product-based antioxidants have gained prominence in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, with compounds in the flavonoid family showing great potential. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds found in plants, which are plant pigments with the basic structure of flavones. Flavonoids have been reported to have a variety of physiological activities, including antioxidant activity, and have gained attention as dietary supplements. Recently, natural substances in the flavonoid family have been recognized for their effectiveness in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease, and taxifolin has emerged as a promising candidate.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: can you please find papers on this
Challenges to Academic Integrity in AI-Driven Evaluations
1	Introduction
The rapid advancement of generative AI technologies has significantly transformed educational practices, raising fundamental questions about agency, academic integrity, and the nature of human-computer interactions in learning environments. As AI tools such as large language models (LLMs), automated grading systems, and AI-driven tutoring platforms become integrated into educational systems, they offer unprecedented opportunities to enhance personalized learning, streamline administrative tasks, and provide more efficient evaluations. However, these benefits come with substantial challenges, particularly when it comes to maintaining academic integrity in AI-driven assessments.
This chapter explores the intersection of generative AI and education, critically examining the evolving roles of students, educators, and institutions in an increasingly AI-integrated educational landscape. Special attention is paid to the implications for academic integrity, focusing on the challenges of AI-driven evaluations, and proposing potential solutions to safeguard fairness, transparency, and ethical standards.

Subject: education
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Evaluate and write below more acadamic and technical:

In previous studies, researchers have proposed various techniques to optimise the communication resources for WFL, including hybrid NOMA for latency minimisation \cite{ding2023noma}, traditional NOMA for delay minimisation \cite{bouzinis2021wireless}, rate splitting to reduce latency \cite{fuhrling2023rate}, OFDMA for latency reduction \cite{zhong2022mobile}, FDMA for energy optimisation \cite{chen2019covariance}, and energy-efficient resource allocation for wireless-powered FL networks\cite{alishahi2023energy}. However, these approaches often focus on OMA or traditional NOMA to optimise latency or energy efficiency without considering the trade-offs between the two\cite{fang2020energy}. This gap in the litere motivates the need for a joint optimisation framework that simultaneously minimises latency and energy consumption while ensuring reliable and efficient WFL performance in B5G networks.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Consider these two papers: 

"Long-Tail Crisis in Nearest Neighbor Language Models" and "Why do Nearest Neighbor Language Models Work?". 

This is a rough summary, and be sure to correct me if I'm wrong: 

Long tail crisis states:
- The issue in finding low frequency tokens is partially attributable to kNN search 
The coefficient of variance is much higher for low frequency tokens 
Nearest neighbor search, when quantized (presumably in a similar fashion in FAISS) yields high quantization errors for low frequency tokens
- Per figure 13, the knn-lm softmax temperature does not appear to have a large impact until temperatures of ~100-1000. 

“Why Does kNN-LM Work?” states implicitly: 
- approximate neighbor search crucial for increasing performance
- knn-lm softmax temp is a key element in kNN-LM’s performance 

How can these two papers coexist with such contradictory data? Can you please give some ideas as to why this might be the case in terms of kNN-LM's behavior? 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Major Findings
1.	ICT Use in Science Curriculum Planning: A significant proportion (72.9%) of undergraduate science teachers frequently use ICT for curriculum planning, reflecting its integral role in accessing diverse resources, tailoring curriculum content, and meeting local and global needs. However, 27.1% use ICT inconsistently, indicating room for improvement.
2.	Updating and Revising Curricula: About 70.9% of teachers frequently employ ICT to reflect, revise, and update the curriculum, integrating emerging issues. Yet, a notable minority (29.2%) utilize ICT sporadically or not at all.
3.	Content Creation and Institutional Alignment: While two-thirds of teachers (66.7%) use ICT regularly to create course content aligned with institutional goals, one-third remain less frequent in their ICT adoption for this purpose.
4.	Inclusion and Equity: ICT is recognized by 66.7% of teachers as a tool to create inclusive and equitable curricula accommodating diverse learning styles. However, 33.4% do not consistently leverage ICT for this critical role.
5.	Flexible Learning Modes: About 66.7% of respondents integrate ICT to facilitate alternative learning modes like online, hybrid, or open and distance learning. Nonetheless, one-third of teachers lag behind in adopting such modes.
6.	Interactive Learning through Digital Labs: Digital lab utilization for enhancing understanding of complex scientific concepts is lower, with 54.2% of teachers reporting frequent use, while 45.8% rarely or never use these tools.
7.	Course Blueprint and Value Addition: ICT is used by 64.6% of teachers for creating course blueprints and by 62.5% for value-added courses, though approximately one-third use ICT sporadically or not at all for these purposes.
8.	Courses Beyond the Prescribed Syllabus: ICT is leveraged by only 52.1% of teachers to create certificate or diploma courses, indicating limited integration of ICT in extending curriculum beyond standard syllabi.


Write the consistent study with the findings in APA format
Subject: education
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: I'm looking for important papers on using LLMs as a judge for evaluating generated summarization but already know these papers 

Zheheng Luo, Qianqian Xie, Sophia Ananiadou. The Lay Person's Guide to Biomedicine: Orchestrating Large Language Models. 2024. arXiv.org.
Haopeng Zhang, Philip S. Yu, Jiawei Zhang. A Systematic Survey of Text Summarization: From Statistical Methods to Large Language Models. 2024. arXiv.org.
Hwanjun Song, Hang Su, Igor Shalyminov, Jason (Jinglun) Cai, Saab Mansour. FineSurE: Fine-grained Summarization Evaluation using LLMs. 2024. Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
Sher Badshah, Hassan Sajjad. Reference-Guided Verdict: LLMs-as-Judges in Automatic Evaluation of Free-Form Text. 2024. arXiv.org.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Rewrite  this abstract in a more scholarly and acadamic form"Wireless Federated Learning (WFL) is a promising machine learning concept for privacy-preserving Beyond 5G networks, enabling
the collaborative training of models across distributed devices without exchanging raw data. However, WFL faces significant
challenges, including high communication latency and energy consumption, particularly under constrained network resources. A
grant-free Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) assisted WFL framework is proposed to optimise latency and energy effi-
ciency jointly. The proposed approach uses grant-free NOMA to transfer machine learning parameters from edge users to the
central server when they have completed local model training, eliminating scheduling overhead and reducing communication
delays. To mitigate signal collisions and ensure reliable decoding of overlapping signals, the Collision-Aware Successive Convex
Optimisation (CA-SCO) algorithm is introduced. The proposed framework is more scalable and feasible for B5G networks, with
improved latency and energy efficiency compared to benchmark multiple access techniques. The framework’s efficacy is assessed
by comprehensive simulation data, demonstrating substantial decreases in latency and enhancements in energy efficiency"
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: consider "When Do Graph Neural Networks Help with Node Classification? Investigating the Impact of Homophily Principle on Node Distinguishability" (luan et al., 2023). true/false: the authors reach to the conclusion that GNNs have worse node classification capabilities then other neural networks if it generates node embeddings that are "similar" for same class nodes and "different" for nodes of different classes. provide quotes that support your answer.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Phytochemical profiling will be conducted using advanced analytical techniques, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These methods will enable the identification and quantification of key bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. Fractionation and purification of lead compounds will be achieved through preparative HPLC and column chromatography, guided by AI-based prioritization to focus on compounds with the highest predicted anti-diabetic activity 
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Introduction to Highlight Detection
Highlight Detection (HD) aims to assign relevance scores to video sub-clips based on specific criteria or queries, enabling effective ranking of important segments within a video.

Categorization by Annotation Level
HD methods are typically classified by their annotation requirements:

Supervised HD: Utilizes fine-grained annotations to achieve precise highlight detection, though it involves significant cost and effort for data labeling.
Weakly Supervised HD: Leverages higher-level event labels to identify key moments without the need for detailed annotations, balancing performance and annotation efficiency.
Unsupervised HD: Operates without any labeled data, offering flexibility and scalability by relying on inherent video features to determine highlight segments.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Wuhan is known as the "City of Bridges," with 11 bridges across the Yangtze River, 12 bridges over the Han River, and over 700 bridges spanning rivers and lakes. These bridges are not only vital components of Wuhan's urban transportation network but also witness the city's ongoing development and innovative explorations in modernization.
The most iconic is the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, built in 1957, a milestone in China's bridge-building history. As the first dual-purpose road and rail bridge constructed over the Yangtze River after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was designed with the assistance of Soviet engineers and Chinese bridge experts. Standing for 67 years, it has become a key hub connecting north and south transportation.The completion of this bridge was not only a leap in the city's development but also an important attempt in China's exploration of modern urban construction and sustainable development. Its successful experience offers valuable references and possibilities for other cities worldwide in building livable environments and optimizing urban transportation.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: I am writing an assignment about community engagement techniques for an ecological restoration programme I am planning and implementing. The programme is creating a biodiverse public park space, which is going to educate different groups in the community on restoration techniques such as natural succession, rewilding and managed grassland. The techniques used for community engagement include online and physical surveys to engage local residents, one-to-one consultations to engage landowners and funding bodies, focus groups and workshops for local community and environmental groups and universities, and creative competitions for local schools. Find me some academic peer reviewed journal articles that talk about these specific techniques in the context of my ecological restoration project and each stakeholder 
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: I need to create a study guide to prepare for a seminar I am participating in. This week we are focusing on four papers on the topic of video segmentation. If I give you the four papers, can you curate a study guide that covers the essential papers that are required to be read to fully understand the four papers? I would assume that you would look at the foundational papers referenced in these works, and then the influential papers then referenced by those papers, and so forth. I need a list of papers that I would be able to cover in approximately four days. The papers are the following: * Decoupling Static and Hierarchical Motion Perception for Referring Video Segmentation (He et al., 2024) * Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentation (Cheng et al., 2023) * SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos (Ravi et al., 2024) * Context Enhanced Transformer for Single Image Object Detection (An et al., 2024)
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: With the title of "Deep Learning Model Assists in the Differential Diagnosis of Early Vertebral Compression Fracture Caused by Primary Osteoporosis and Multiple Myeloma", this paper develops an open-source small language model suitable for medical vertical fields and integrates it into a new method of multi-center distributed federated learning framework, obtains multi-source and multi-modal data, identifies and extracts the fusion characteristics of patients' spinal X-rays and clinical information, and gives a diagnosis and basis. To improve the accuracy and interpretability of the differential diagnosis of early vertebral compression fractures caused by primary osteoporosis and multiple myeloma, prevent misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, protect patient privacy, reduce medical costs, increase patient benefits, and break the monopoly of large enterprises and institutions on computing power and medical resources.  by papers of scientific researchs, summarize research significance, research status and development dynamic analysis, list key scientific issues, explain the basis of previous work, innovation of research ideas and methods, scientific significance, and application prospects.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Three CMS options were reviewed: WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla. WordPress is user-friendly with strong SEO and plugin support but requires extra security measures. Drupal offers high security and scalability but has a steep learning curve. Joomla provides a balance of usability and management features but has limited plugins. SharePoint was chosen for its seamless Microsoft 365 integration, enterprise-level security, and governance, despite higher costs and IT requirements.

Format 
wordpress
pros
cons
Drupal
pros
cons
Joomla
pros
cons
pros
cons

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: 

"The life cycle of lithium-ion batteries consists of stages including raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal, each with specific environmental and economic impacts. The use phase, due to its influence on battery demand and energy consumption, holds particular importance. Considering the different aging trajectories (linear, sublinear, and superlinear), how can strategies be developed to extend battery lifespan and reduce environmental impacts? Additionally, what role do eco-friendly design principles, life cycle assessment, and responsible disposal play in the sustainable management of lithium-ion battery life cycles? Please also address the significance of these batteries in reducing carbon emissions (e.g., through electric vehicles and energy storage) and propose solutions to optimize each stage of the life cycle
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: find support：
Research on CSP has largely focused on evaluating its technical and economic feasibility. Geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods have been widely used to assess CSP suitability, considering factors such as direct normal irradiance (DNI), land use, and topography. Studies have been conducted in various regions, including Algeria, South Africa, and China, to identify CSP development zones[15–19]. However, many of these studies rely on generalized technical assumptions, failing to account for spatial variations in CSP efficiency and land-use constraints
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Can you din papers that focus on the task of morphological segmentation, e.g. segmenting words into their morphemes. I want to find as many different approaches as possible. I'm interested in like just throwing ML at the task (e.g. transformer encoders or something), but also think maybe a paper on a finite state transducer and also like an information theoretic approach might be good. Give me a list of papers, and then also give me a summary of the approaches, what works and doesn't, and maybe some concrete directions I can explore for a class project on this task of morpheme segmentation.
Subject: computational linguistics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Kindly rewrite below Abstract in a more academic

"This paper proposes a novel reinforcement learning-based approach to user clustering and power control for grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (GF-NOMA) in wireless federated learning (FL) systems. Unlike existing NOMA-FL frameworks that rely on static clustering and grant-based access, our method adapts dynamically to user heterogeneity and channel variations. By integrating an RL-driven clustering and power allocation mechanism—termed CA-SC, we aim to minimize uplink latency and energy consumption while preserving FL model accuracy. The proposed framework considered realistic wireless environments, including Rician fading with time correlation and diverse user capabilities regarding data volume, CPU frequency, and path loss. We evaluate the proposed scheme against two baselines: a heuristic clustering approach without learning and a random clustering policy. Simulation results demonstrate that our method significantly improves communication efficiency and learning performance in dense IoT scenarios, making it well-suited for emerging 5G and beyond networks."
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: For example, \cite{zou2023single} has revealed significant heterogeneity among immune cells in breast cancer liver and brain metastases. 
Distinct immune cell subsets exhibit varied functional states; for instance, CD8⁺ T cells often display an exhausted phenotype, characterized by the expression of multiple immune checkpoint molecules, which may adversely affect the efficacy of immunotherapy.

paraphrase this paragraph
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: is this correct merging?
```
def handle_multiple_hits(adg_profile_results: list[tuple[str, str, list[str]]], min_keywords: int
                         ) -> list[tuple[str, list]]:
    """
    Handle profiles with multiple hits for the same email, merging them by email,
    and filtering based on the minimum keyword count.

    :param adg_profile_results: List of tuples containing (email, last_name, keywords).
    :param min_keywords: Minimum number of keywords required for inclusion.
    :return: A list of merged profiles with emails and associated keywords.
    """
    profiles = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(set))

    for email, last_name, keywords in adg_profile_results:
        if not email or not keywords:
            continue
        profiles[email][last_name].update(keywords)

    merged_profiles = []
    for email, last_name_groups in profiles.items():
        all_keywords = set()
        for keywords in last_name_groups.values():
            all_keywords.update(keywords)

        if len(all_keywords) >= min_keywords:
            merged_profiles.append((email, sorted(all_keywords)))

    return merged_profiles
```
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Please list relevant research that should be included in this chapter.
  		
--
## 2.2 Recognition and Presentation of Tactile Sensations of Cloth

The research on the tactile qualities of cloth has developed in two directions: (1) the recognition of tactile sensations and (2) the presentation of tactile sensations.

### 2.2.2 Tactile Presentation of Cloth
 Research on the tactile presentation of cloth has been conducted using two main approaches
 
 1. the mechanical actuation approach:
 Bau et al.'s [2009] BubbleWrap used a matrix of electromagnetic actuators embedded in the fabric to control cell-by-cell expansion and contraction; Barreiros et al.'s [2022] HYFAR used air pressure to expand the fabric. These methods take advantage of the inherent flexibility of the fabric, but require a mechanical control mechanism.
 
 2.Methods using flexible materials:
 Bianchi and Serio [2015] developed a fabric-based softness display that expresses different stiffness by controlling the tension of the fabric.
 
 In contrast, the pinching tactile display in this study:
 - Uniform tactile sensation without mechanical actuators by using conductive fabric and electrostatic adsorption
 - Dynamic tactile changes while maintaining the original thinness and softness of the fabric
 - Realization of natural touch by pinching and rubbing
 The features of this product are as follows.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: However, deploying FL in wireless IoT environments re-
mains challenging. Stochastic wireless impairments such as
fading and interference, device heterogeneity, and adversarial
threats (e.g., model poisoning, backdoors) severely degrade FL
performance. Communication inefficiencies under grant-free
non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) further complicate
convergence and energy management.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I speculate that there may be a difference in the quality of low back pain between middle-aged and older adults. For example, some middle-aged adults' back pain is more likely to be associated with imaging findings and inflammatory responses, while many older adults have no back pain, even with imaging degeneration. However, the quality of low back pain is less discussed, although it is also more frequent in the elderly. So, please tell me about studies that mention these associations.

Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The CA-SCO algorithm jointly optimizes latency, energy consumption, and scalability in grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-assisted wireless federated learning (WFL) systems through a systematic framework that balances competing objectives. By formulating a weighted multi-objective function, the algorithm dynamically prioritizes latency minimization, energy efficiency, and scalability based on real-time network conditions. This approach, validated by recent studies on adaptive weighting strategies in wireless optimization (Chen et al., 2022), employs coefficients (α, β, γ) to adjust the relative importance of each objective:
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: For this 


IV. How AI Adapts to Individual Student Needs
Tracking and Assessing Learning Patterns:
Explain how AI analyzes data from student interactions, such as quiz scores, time on tasks, and error patterns.
Discuss how this data is used to identify areas of strength and areas that need improvement.


Write a paragraph or two about this topic, providing at least 2 citations and reference
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Mobile Robot Path Planning
Long Rigid-Body Robots
Whole-Body Motion Planning
Non-Holonomic Constraints
High-Dimensional Configuration Space
Kinematic and Dynamic Constraints
Articulated Robots
Snake Robots
Trailer Vehicle Path Planning
Rapidly-Exploring Random Trees (RRT)
Probabilistic Roadmaps (PRM)
Motion Planning Algorithms
Reconfigurable Robots
Obstacle Avoidance
Robot Kinematics
Subject: robotics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: To more accurately capture the complexity of these interactions, we propose a departure from the traditional “one-pathogen, one-disease” model historically applied to infectious contributors to neurodegeneration. Instead, we introduce the pathobiome concept: the dynamic community of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and their interactions with resident commensal microbiota. This framework accounts for the cumulative and synergistic effects of chronic, polymicrobial exposures, which are shaped by ecological, climatic, socioeconomic, and infrastructural variables unique to tropical environments
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Check for prior work: We propose Neuro-Symbolic Persona Grounding (NSPG), a framework that combines symbolic
knowledge bases with neural language models to create more richly grounded personas. The method
consists of the following components:
• Knowledge Graph Construction: Build a multi-relational knowledge graph representing common
human experiences, beliefs, and social norms.
• Graph-to-Text Encoder: Develop a novel encoder that translates subgraphs into natural language
descriptions for conditioning the LLM.
• Persona Creation: Select a subgraph representing core personality traits and experiences for each
persona.
• Graph Neural Network: Use a GNN to reason over the subgraph, generating embeddings that
capture complex relationships between concepts.
• Cross-Attention Mechanism: Utilize the GNN embeddings to guide the LLM's output through a
cross-attention mechanism.
• Dynamic Graph Expansion: Implement a module that retrieves relevant knowledge based on
dialogue context, allowing the persona to access a broader knowledge base as needed.
• Symbolic Constraint Checking: Introduce a mechanism that verifies the LLM's outputs against the
knowledge graph, rejecting inconsistent responses.
• End-to-End Training: Train the entire system on a dataset of persona-grounded dialogues,
optimizing for both language modeling and graph-based reasoning objective
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The military technology landscape demands rapid, secure, and contextually adaptive information access, spanning applications from real-time intelligence gathering to the streamlined management of complex logistical chains. As LLMs demonstrate increased sophistication in retrieving, organizing, and contextualizing information, a promising avenue emerges to generalize LLM-based information retrieval (IR) frameworks beyond targeted code retrieval (as described in the previous section) to a wide array of military applications. This section explores the fundamental motivations for extending an LLM-based IR system across the military, emphasizing the potential strategic, operational, and logistical benefits of broadening the framework’s functionality beyond military developers.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: A. Traditional Strategies for Water Resources Management 1. Describe the most prominent traditional strategies - Dams and reservoirs: Used for decades to store water and make it available for agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses. They also help with flood control. o Key advantage:  Effective at storing large volumes of water and regulating its flow. o Challenges:  Impact on riverine ecosystems and displacement of local communities. - Canals and irrigation networks: Canals are one of the oldest means of distributing water to agricultural areas. o Key advantage: Ensures the delivery of water to large areas of agricultural land. o Challenges: Significant losses due to evaporation and leakage, and aging infrastructure in many areas. o Desalination plants: A relatively new technology that provides fresh water from seawater, especially in water-scarce areas. o Key advantage:  Provides a reliable source of fresh water in arid regions. o Challenges:  High operating and energy costs, as well as environmental impacts from saltwater discharge.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: I am looking for various generative tasks that I can use to evaluate the performance of an LLM. 
I am thinking of using metrics like Self-BLEU, COMET, BLEURT, BERTscore, etc. (as opposed to older ones like ROUGE, BLEU, etc.)
What are the best *paraphrasing* tasks used in the NLP literature?  


Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Upton et al. conducted a large prospective, multicenter RCT to evaluate the clinical value of AI in stress echocardiography176. The study included 2,341 patients, randomly assigned to either the standard care or AI-assisted group, and compared the two groups on coronary angiography referral rates and severe coronary artery disease diagnosis. The results showed that AI did not significantly improve diagnostic accuracy, with no significant improvement in sensitivity, specificity, or positive predictive value. This suggests that even with regulatory approval, AI technology still requires more rigorous clinical validation to ensure its real-world applicability.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Bayesian causal inference uses probabilistic models to represent causal relationships between variables, allowing for the estimation of intervention effects, such as a treatment's impact on patient outcomes. For instance, it has been applied to identify causal links among biomarkers, demographics, treatments, and outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Causal graph learning, on the other hand, infers causal structures from observational data, enabling both the identification of causal relationships and the prediction of intervention outcomes. A study demonstrated its use in a simulated data center environment to predict the effects of adjustments like cooling set points. Causal effect estimation further refines causal analysis by quantifying an intervention's impact on an outcome variable. This method has been employed to assess treatment effects in de-identified datasets of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: 
• Towhatextentisthereacorrespondencebetweenstructuralattributes(e.g.,clusteringcoefficients, centrality) of user interaction networks and textual semantic similarity networks?
If users with high frequency interactions exhibit high clustering coefficients and their centrality is high in the network, then discussions between these groups tend to revolve around common themes, thus leading to semantic similarity in the content of their texts. For example, on Stack Overflow, close interactions between active users may prompt them to use similar terminology and expressions when answering questions.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: pr_auc: area under the precision-recall curve

roc_auc: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve

accuracy: accuracy score

balanced_accuracy: balanced accuracy score (usually used for imbalanced datasets)

f1: f1 score

precision: precision score

recall: recall score

cohen_kappa: Cohen’s kappa score

jaccard: Jaccard similarity coefficient score

ECE: Expected Calibration Error (with 20 equal-width bins). Check pyhealth.metrics.calibration.ece_confidence_binary().

ECE_adapt: adaptive ECE (with 20 equal-size bins). Check pyhealth.metrics.calibration.ece_confidence_binary().
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: i am writing now a paper about my work, in which i compare the results of two palmprint recognition biometric systems, the first is a local training system, where the data is randomly distributed across multiple clients  and each client train its local data using Vision transformer, and the second system is a federated learning system where each client trains its local model with the local data and the weights are after that aggregated and distributed to all the clients in a federatedlearning system
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Shi et al. proposes an idea whereby multiple sub-tasks with same objectives submitted from different edge devices are aggregate into a batach and executed on the edge server. This approach aiming at improving the efficiency of inference tasks by minimising the number of communication overhead and maximising the parallelism. The authors proved that this strategy can effectively improve the efficiency of inferencing while reducing the energy consumption of users by up to 94.9\% compared to a single-user offloading strategy.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Act as an academic research expert. Draft an abstract for a research paper titled "Pan-Cancer Drug Efficacy Profiles at Single-Cell Resolution Identify
Novel Intratumour Heterogeneity Markers". The abstract should succinctly summarize the main objectives, methodologies, key findings, and implications of the research. Ensure clarity, coherence, and conciseness while adhering to the specific guidelines and conventions of the academic field. The abstract should effectively communicate the significance of the research to both experts in the field and general readers, encouraging them to delve deeper into the paper.

here is the outline of the abstract
1. Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is important to precision cancer therapies. 
2. Developments in scRNA technology enable discovery of heterogeneous perspectives in cancer
3. At present, some work has discovered the mechanism of Intratumoral  heterogeneity and initially clarified the mechanism of Intratumoral  heterogeneity in drug resistance in specific cancers.
4.Limitations of ITH studies using only scRNA data
5. Advantages of combining treatment information with scRNA data for ITH research



Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: The core idea of operator learning is to achieve global modeling of complex dynamical systems by constructing mappings between input and output function spaces. Unlike traditional methods, operator learning does not require explicit solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs), but directly predicts the evolutionary behavior of the system by learning the mapping relationship in the function space. DeepONet (Deep Operator Network) is a typical representative of operator learning, which effectively learns the mapping between input-output functions through the structural design of Branch Net and Trunk Net
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Robust and Secure Federated Learning: Robust aggregation schemes such as Krum, trimmed mean, and coordinate-wise median [?], [12] defend against Byzantine attacks by filtering anomalous client updates. FLTrust [?] uses a server-side trusted dataset to compute a reference update, improving robustness under non-IID data. However, such trusted data is often unavailable in IoT environments, limiting its applicability. Secure aggregation techniques, notably additive masking protocols [13], preserve privacy during model update trans- mission. These protocols prevent the server from accessing individual gradients, but also limit anomaly inspection unless complemented by pre-aggregation filtering.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common, long-lasting, and complex
neuropsychiatric condition of our time, resulting in 800,000 suicides each year
(WHO, 2020). It is marked by adverse consequences such as depressed mood,
diminished interest and pleasure, changes in weight or appetite, sleep problems
(insomnia or excessive sleepiness), tiredness, slowed or restless movements, feelings
of guilt, difficulty focusing, and reduced self-esteem, all of which can result in
suicidal ideation or attempts (Thapar et al., 2022)
Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: Hierarchical and Clustered FL
In large-scale FL deployments, hierarchical or clustered
communication architectures can alleviate bottlenecks by in-
troducing intermediate aggregators.
a) Edge-Assisted Aggregation:: Clients transmit updates
to local edge servers (e.g., base stations), which perform partial
aggregation before forwarding to a central server.
b) Device Clustering:: Devices are grouped based on
proximity, similarity, or network topology to perform localized
model updates.
These architectures reduce the volume and frequency of
long-range communication and enable parallelism across clus-
ters
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Scientific research employs various types of models, which can be categorized as follows:

Descriptive Models: These models aim to describe phenomena without necessarily explaining the underlying mechanisms. They often summarize data and identify patterns. For example, statistical models fall into this category, providing insights through data analysis (
Brimacombe, 2018
).

Mechanistic Models: These models provide explanations based on the mechanisms that produce observed phenomena. They often involve detailed representations of processes and interactions within a system (
Povich, 2015
).

Predictive Models: These models are designed to forecast future outcomes based on current data and trends. They are widely used in fields like epidemiology and climate science to predict future events (
Kocabas, 1992
).

Normative Models: These models establish standards or norms for evaluating outcomes. They are often used in decision-making processes to determine optimal solutions (
Barreto, 2003
).

Conceptual Models: These models provide a framework for understanding complex systems by illustrating relationships between different components. They are often used in interdisciplinary research to integrate diverse perspectives (
Shestakova, 2024
).

Each model type serves distinct purposes and is chosen based on the research objectives and the nature of the phenomena being studied.
Subject: research methodology
Intent: Other
Query: Find papers on the topic: "Suppose that a researcher elaborate the follow hypothesis: "every system can be reduced to a computation". The laws of nature. Consciousness... Next, he proceeds: "if I can simulate the book o nature on a computer, with the right conditions I can emergent behavior and artificial lifeform". And their intelligence, capabilities, etc. This is a borderline philosophical question. But also touch on computer science, physics/chemistry/biology. What would this take? How could this be implemented, thinking on a practical level?"
Subject: philosophy of science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: I'm writing a Research Grant Application on Combining Small Language Models and Decentralized Federated Learning support for Differential Diagnosis of Vertebral Compression Fractures Caused by Primary Osteoporosis and Multiple Myeloma. This Research Grant Application aims to develop a novel approach by combining small language models and decentralized federated learning to improve the differential diagnosis of VCFs caused by PO and MM. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and offers a more accurate, patient-centered, and cost-effective solution. Please rephrase several research AIMS and Significances in seperate research AIMS for clarity, coherence and conciseness, ensuring each paragraph flows into the next. Remove jargon. Use a professional tone.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Ideation
Query: My goal is to have a large generative machine learning model be good at reasoning with spatial dimensions to help with building 3d film scenes. This includes positioning and orienting objects well in a 3d environment. This could include use a large language model, a large multimodal model, or a large video generation model. The current approach I am taking is to develop a dataset with correct input and output using a top down view of a scene and position and orientating objects correctly. However, it is a manual tedious task and would prefer more automated synthetic generation approach. The end goal could be either to fine tune any of the models specified for this type of task. Ideally I would use a movie scene dataset which I have. There has been a lot of recent findings of the benefits of reasoning with chain-of-thought (CoT). Use recent research to suggest a few automated approaches.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Can you make a list of significant events in south-eastern Europe, from the Paleolithic till the late Iron Age, in the form of a timeline? I think of events like taming the fire, inventing the wheel, spread of agriculture, construction of Stonehenge, the eruption of Thera, unification of lower and upper Egypt, domestication of the horse, the spread of horseback riding, Trojan wars, Tollense battle, the death of Ötzi, use of potters wheel, bronze and iron metallurgy, production of glass, construction of the pyramids, end of the glaciation, extinction of the megafauna, apparition of the first burials, apparition of the first, anatomically modern human in Europe, first cave art, first pottery item, the first fortified settlements and defensive systems, the first sign of armed conflict, the Etruscan art, the Celtic invasions, the Hallstatt salt mine exploitations, the first textile remains, when did the Indo-Europeans arrived, when did the Scythians came to the Carpathian basin? Somehow, in this manner? These are just some examples i remembered, but you can expand.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Describe the optimal or observed relation/ associations/ links of the ratios between P (protein), C (carbohydrates) and F (fats) on optimal/ healthy testosterone production in men. (I.e., is more protein to fats more affective at supporting the body in synthesizing testosterone, or a higher carbohydrates to fats more affective at producing optimal levels of testosterone in men, etc…). Utilize meta analysis and reviews as an approach to explain, learn about, and describe this topic.
Subject: nutrition
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Figure 2 shows the weight change of concrete specimens cured under non-CO2 conditions. Figure 2(a) presents the weight change over 24 hours at a relative humidity (RH) of 65%, the midpoint among the 15 experimental conditions. Similarly, Figure 2(b) displays results at the midpoint curing temperature of 50℃. At constant RH, a slight initial weight increase (<3h) was observed as the curing temperature increased, followed by continuous weight loss up to 24 hours. Following a 24 hours curing at 20℃, 50℃ and 80℃, the average weight change was found to be -1.08%, -1.89% and -3.03%, respectively. When the temperature was held constant, no significant trend differences were observed between RH of 30% and 65%. However, at RH 100%, an initial weight increase of up to 0.46%$ was recorded, followed by a gradual decrease to -0.14% at 24 hours. find support reference for the each statement
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Why is it a good time now to address this problem and start a business to tackle it:  We plan to address challenges in maintaining emotional closeness in long-distance relationships, focusing on creating meaningful connections through hardware solutions rather than enhancing existing communication tools like video calls or messaging apps. A lot of communication apps but all of them are online & intangible(they often fail to replicate the tactile, intimate aspects of being physically present with someone)These tools fulfill the functional need for communication but lack the ability to convey deep emotional and sensory experiences. Our aim is to design a solution that captures these missing elements, offering a new way to feel close despite physical separation.
Subject: business
Intent: Ideation
Query: The importance of biomimicry as a sustainable approach to water resources management - Efficient and integrated management: Biomimicry offers solutions that are aligned with environmental principles and enhances the ability to manage water resources in ways that consider the sustainability of ecosystems. - Addressing global challenges: They provide practical solutions to address issues such as water scarcity, pollution, and inefficient allocation of water resources. - Low cost: Biomimetic technologies are often less expensive and more energy-efficient than traditional solutions, making them attractive to both developing and developed countries.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: Plant Materials: Tomato and lettuce seeds will be germinated in rockwool cubes within a growth chamber for 25 days to ensure uniform and healthy seedling development.
Greenhouse Growing Conditions: After germination, seedlings will be transplanted into an AI-controlled greenhouse for 60 days. The greenhouse will maintain optimal growth conditions, including Temperature, Humidity, CO₂ levels, and AI-Controlled Features
Environmental Monitoring: In real-time, AI-integrated sensors will track and regulate key parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO₂ levels, and light intensity.
Dynamic Light Control: AI algorithms will adjust light intensity and spectrum based on plant growth stages to optimize energy use.
Data Acquisition and Analysis: AI systems will collect and analyze data from sensors and cameras to monitor plant health and growth.
Soil and Nutrient Monitoring: Sensors will measure soil moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity to assess nutrient availability. AI will predict nutrient uptake and recommend fertilization or irrigation adjustments.
Lighting Treatments: Four groups of light treatments will be applied (three replicates per group); red light (R) with a peak emission at 664 nm; blue light (B) with a peak emission at 446 nm; combined red and blue light (R60%: B40%); and natural light (control group). 
Nutrient Analysis: Baseline nutrient levels in rockwool cubes and greenhouse substrates will be analyzed before transplantation.
Plant Growth Parameters: After 60 days, the following growth metrics will be assessed: biometric measurements: fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), stem diameter, plant height, and number of internodes.
Photosynthetic Pigments: Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels quantified spectrophotometrically.
Stress Tolerance Indicators: oxidative stress markers (e.g., malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline levels) and antioxidant enzyme activities (e.g., catalase, peroxidase).
Give me common title for this items
Subject: plant science
Intent: Ideation
Query: I wrote a paper on role-playing agents using LLM, and received the following comment: "
In the beginning of the introduction, I would argue that these kinds of role-playing agents were around before LLMs. LLMs has made them easier to make, but starting from agents and then talking about LLMs have changed how these agents are created would make more sense to me."
In order to respond to this comment, please tell me about related systems such as role-playing agents before LLM.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding