allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: Consumers' choice motivation is an important manifestation of brand attractiveness, influencing brand awareness, decision-making process and final consumption behaviour. The initial choice motives of loyal customers and tourists are both common and somewhat different. Loyal customers' choices are more based on emotional resonance and brand trust, while tourists are influenced by the attributes of carding and word-of-mouth recommendations, but they both show great interest in the shop's decoration and design, IP image and geographic location.
Subject: marketing
Intent: Other
Query: Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar (S2) are different in a key respect: Differential indexing.  The former bases the ranking of papers for search results on analyzing the full text of most papers in its corpus.  The latter -- as I understand it -- analyzes the full text of open-access papers while only analyzing the metadata (e.g. publication info, abstract, citations) of paid-access papers, which include a substantial share of what are quantitatively judged to be higher-quality papers.  One examines most of scholarly literature as published while the other only examines a subset.  What are the ways that S2 could skew search results compared to Google Scholar?  And what measures could S2 take to balance its ranking of paid-access papers with open-access papers?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Give me the reference for below:

Client Scheduling Methods
Protocols such as importance-aware client selection [ref] prioritize clients contributing the most diverse or informative data, whereas resource-aware scheduling [ref] selects clients based on available energy, computation power, or network quality. While importance-aware methods aim to improve model generalization, resource-aware methods optimize communication efficiency and reliability. Some hybrid approaches combine both to balance fairness and efficiency
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Could you evaluate and write the abstract below in a more academic form ?

In this work, we propose a novel Wireless Federated Learning (WFL) framework to jointly optimise latency and energy efficiency for Beyond 5G networks. Wireless Federated Learning is a machine learning concept for data privacy and security preservation that allows collaborative training of models across distributed devices without exchanging raw data. We introduce a grant-free Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)-assisted WFL framework, which eliminates scheduling overhead and reduces communication delays by transferring machine learning parameters from edge users to the central server when they have completed local model training. To mitigate signal collisions and ensure reliable decoding of overlapping signals, we propose the Collision-Aware Successive Convex Optimisation (CA-SCO) algorithm. The framework is more scalable and feasible for B5G networks, with improved latency and energy efficiency compared to multiple access benchmark techniques. The simulation results demonstrate decreases in latency and improved energy efficiency, underscoring the potential of our framework for WFL applications in Beyond 5G networks.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: find papers that support the following

Reasoning with numbers is an important skill that occurs in various day-to-day scenarios and not surprisingly, numbers are ubiquitous in textual data. To train AI reasoning systems that can perform simple mathematical reasoning, many tasks have been proposed . Despite these efforts, current state-of-the-art AI systems are brittle and fail when problems involving similar mathematical reasoning is posed in a slightly different manner. For instance, presenting a word problem in a different manner, while hardly affecting human performance, is sufficient to confuse state-of-the-art AI systems. This brittleness in reasoning indicates that the models latch on to spurious signals in the specific dataset resulting in “solving” the dataset while not truly understanding the underlying reasoning skill of simple arithmetic. Further, we believe that building AI systems that can truly understand and apply simple arithmetic reasoning is a mandatory first step towards successfully tackling complex mathematical reasoning skills 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: HPV vaccine is most effective when administered prior to initiation of sexual activity since sexually active individuals may have already been exposed to one or more of the HPV types against which they are being protected by the vaccine, and hence it could prove less effective.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys aged 11 or 12 years, although the vaccine can be administered as young as 9. Catch-up vaccination is also advisable for individuals who were not vaccinated at the recommended age, through age 26. Adults aged 27 to 45 who are not yet vaccinated should speak with their healthcare provider regarding individual risk factors and may choose to get vaccinated.

Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Traditionally, clinical skills practice has relied heavily on faculty or peers to simulate patient interactions. However, there are several limitations to this approach. First, traditional simulations often fail to replicate the complexity and unpredictability of real-world clinical Settings, limiting the value of standardized patient simulations. Second, simulations may lack the emotional and social aspects of real clinical practice, ignoring key emotional and social dynamics necessary to develop communication, empathy, and decision-making skills (Jacklin et al., 2018). At the same time, the lack of standardization and consistency in this type of simulation experience (Mattila et al., 2020) means that the quality of the scenarios can vary greatly depending on the expertise of the faculty, thus hindering the transfer of skills between different clinical Settings.
In addition, due to the limited clinical training and observation resources and the large demand of medical students during the internship, the opportunity for medical students to contact actual clinical practice and obtain effective feedback is limited.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: I’m trying to research the Abbreviated injury scale (AIS), and use it to identify the AIS injury level in human lower extremities. Up until now, I have collected a few papers about developing functions and risk curves to be able to “calculate” the AIS. There are a few paper like Kuppa’s, Rupp’s, Laituri’s,… but they all calculate the probability of AIS 2+ injury. What I want is a function that calculates the precise AIS injury level, for example, if the leg is broken while withstanding a specific amount of force, we can calculate and the result would say that it’s the injury level of AIS 2 or AIS 3 ….. Can you find me some researches that provides the calculation and function that I need?

Subject: biomechanics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: For this  

Adjusting Content and Difficulty Levels:
Describe how adaptive learning systems dynamically adjust content based on real-time assessments.
Provide examples of how AI-driven learning paths allow students to advance at their own pace.
Providing Targeted Feedback and Support:
Explain the role of AI in offering immediate, specific feedback to help students correct mistakes and understand complex concepts.
Discuss how AI tutors provide suggestions for improvement based on student progress and performance data.






Write a paragraph or two about this topic, providing at least 2 citations and references
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: find paper on 
Furthermore, investing in advanced containment and recovery technologies is essential for improving oil spill response, ensuring more effective containment and oil recovery. Conventional booms which were used in response to the Hebei Spirit oil spill, have limitations due to extreme weather conditions (Kurtz, 2010), highlighting the need to deploy high-performance booms capable of withstanding strong currents. These advanced booms would enhance the containment efforts, preventing the oil from spreading. By pre-positioning these booms in high-risk coastal areas and conducting regular drills, efficient deployment is ensured during an oil spill response. This approach minimizes the risk of oil spreading to vulnerable coastal ecosystems, enhances control over containment zones, and accelerates the oil recovery process. Containing the spill within a controlled area increases the speed of clean use, reducing the risk of long-term environmental damage. 
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: I’m designing a STEM-education charity program for neurodiverse children (ages 6–14) in an inclusive learning environment. Which 4–6 established educational frameworks would best guide our curriculum and teaching practices? For each framework, briefly outline: (1) its core principles, (2) why it suits neurodiverse learners, and (3) one concrete example of how it could be applied in a STEM activity. Please present your answer in a three-column table: Framework | Key Principles | Inclusive STEM Application Example.
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Biomimicry in water distribution and conservation Efficient water distribution is another area where biomimicry is making significant contributions. Plant vascular systems, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant, have inspired more efficient water distribution networks. These natural systems optimize flow and minimize energy loss, principles that can be applied to man-made water infrastructure. For example, branching patterns in tree roots and leaves have inspired more efficient pipe layouts for water distribution systems. These biomimetic designs can reduce pumping costs and minimize water loss through leaks. Water conservation strategies in nature also offer valuable lessons. Drought-resistant plants, for example, have developed various mechanisms to conserve water, such as a waxy coating on leaves to minimize evaporation. These strategies inspire water-saving techniques in agriculture and urban landscaping. 

Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Given that super enhancers (SEs) harbor a high density of transcription factor (TF) binding sites, even subtle fluctuations in TF concentrations can induce substantial alterations in target gene transcription. This exquisite sensitivity to TF dosage renders SEs particularly vulnerable to pharmacological intervention, establishing the therapeutic rationale for targeting aberrant SE-driven transcriptional programs. Small-molecule inhibitors disrupting SE components (e.g., BRD4 inhibitors like JQ1) or SE-TF interactions (e.g., CDK7/9 inhibitors) have demonstrated remarkable preclinical efficacy in various malignancies by selectively attenuating oncogenic transcription while preserving normal cellular functions, thereby representing a promising precision medicine approach for diseases characterized by SE dysregulation.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: find paper on this topic 
Step 1: HCI Research
We'll identify relevant academic literature related to:

Rock climbing apps: Explore existing applications or studies focusing on similar user needs (e.g., activity tracking, social features, weather integration).
Outdoor activity applications: Broaden the scope to apps designed for outdoor enthusiasts, focusing on interaction design and usability for such contexts.
Wearables in sports: Research how wearables are integrated with mobile apps for outdoor activities.
Step 2: HCI Theory
We'll cover concepts such as:

Interaction Design:
Touch and gesture interactions for ease of use.
Design patterns for logging and tracking progress.
Cognitive Load Theory:
Simplify navigation and interfaces for users in challenging outdoor conditions.
Feedback and Visibility:
Immediate feedback for logged activities or weather updates.
Social Features:
Interaction design theory for enhancing community engagement.
Action Plan:
Search for literature or case studies focusing on:
Mobile apps for climbing or similar sports.
HCI principles applied to outdoor apps.
Usability and accessibility challenges for climbers.
Collect and summarise findings under two headings:
Insights for conceptual design and features.
Theories to guide user-friendly interactions.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: You are an expert in biology and genetics. Given a GWAS phenotype, the goal was to Identify the causal gene out of a list of candidates around a locus. 

Bilirubin levels	{ATG16L1},{DGKD},{HJURP},{MROH2A},{SAG},{SPP2},{TRPM8},{UGT1A1},{UGT1A10},{UGT1A3},{UGT1A4},{UGT1A5},{UGT1A6},{UGT1A7},{UGT1A8},{UGT1A9},{USP40}
Subject: biology
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Mathematical \emph{within-host} (or \emph{in-host}) models have become essential tools for understanding the dynamics of infectious diseases inside the body. These models help explain how pathogens interact with host cells and immune responses, offering valuable insights into disease progression, treatment strategies, and vaccine development. By capturing key biological processes such as viral replication and immune defense, within-host models support both theoretical studies and practical applications in medicine and public health
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: When talking about writing, it just simply referred to as one of the four (4) macro-skills in language that one must acquire and master. In English as a foreign language (EFL) education, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of writing as the last skill, especially given the growth in the number of international students (Andrade & Evans, 2013) and non-native speakers of English seeking to publish their research in international English language journals (Adnan, 2009).
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: Which Android app would you recommend for transferring large video files, up to 10 GB, between Android devices or from Android to a computer:
1. Snapdrop for Android app developed by Didla
2. EasyShare (Early Access) app developed Vivo Communication Technology Co. Ltd
3. Zapya - File Transfer, Share Apps & Music Playlist app developed by Dewmobile, Inc.
4. Nearby Sharing Windows 10/11 app developed by ShortDevelopment
5. Sendmate - FILES SHARING app developed by  Devaity
6. Send Anywhere (File Transfer) app developed by  Rakuten Symphony Korea, Inc.
7. Arc – Seamless File Sharing app developed by  Quadren
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I am a researcher looking to conduct a review of literature on bioelectrocatalysis in which a combination of enzymes and carbon nanomaterials are employed for applications in green chemistry and green energy. I would like to generate a table. Each row represents a different article (please ensure they are real). For each article, use columns to delineate what is the enzyme being used in the study, what carbon nanomaterial is employed, the raw chemical inputs, the product outputs, the key chemical reaction being catalysed, DOI hyperlink, and key figures of merit (e.g. production rate, current density, etc). If there are articles that talk about enzyme-mimicking or enzyme-like nanomaterials, please ignore these. Only papers that involve an enzyme and a carbon nanomaterial, used to perform an electrocatalytic reaction, need to be used. Please ignore any review articles. Please report back with up to 100 of the most articles fitting the search criteria and export the table into a spreadsheet format
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: A limitation of inter-exchange arbitrage is that it may be influenced by other factors such as capital controls and market inefficiency (Hautsch et al., 20182). For example, capital controls can limit the amount of assets that can be transferred between exchanges, making it difficult for arbitrageurs to exploit price differences (Hautsch et al., 20182).
Explore the economic meaning of capital controls and what they are.
Subject: finance
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: "Please assist in drafting Section 4 of a manuscript titled 'Targeting Cognitive Decline: The Emerging Role of PROTACs in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases.' This section needs to focus on the intersection of aging, cognitive decline, and PROTAC-based interventions. The content should be scientifically rigorous, incorporating relevant biological insights and recent advancements.

PROTACs in the Context of Aging and Cognitive Decline
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Classification of Jamming Techniques
Suppression Jamming: Explain its purpose (e.g., reducing signal-to-noise ratio) and categorize it further into:
Broadband Jamming: Impacts a wide range of frequencies, affecting multiple channels simultaneously.
Narrowband Jamming: Targets specific frequencies for precise interference.
Pulse Jamming and Sweep Jamming: Briefly describe their mechanisms and frequency characteristics.
Matched Spectrum Jamming: Aligns with the satellite signal’s spectral characteristics for greater impact.
Deception Jamming: Explain its goal to mislead receivers using false signals and categorize into:
Generated Deception Jamming: Creation of signals that mimic real navigation signals.
Repeater Deception Jamming: Relaying real signals with modifications.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: This chapter introduces a proposed framework for designing and implementing ICT standards in technical colleges of Gaza Strip. The framework is specifically tailored to address the dual challenges of rebuilding physical infrastructure and fostering digital transformation. It emphasizes practical solutions that leverage technology to overcome limitations and ensure continuity in education.
The objectives of this chapter include:
1.	Presenting a structured approach for integrating ICT standards into the technical education system of Gaza Strip.
2.	Highlighting the role of ICT in supporting education during crises and rebuilding efforts.
3.	Outlining key components and strategies for implementing the proposed framework in the current context.
By providing a flexible and scalable solution, this framework aims to equip technical colleges in Gaza Strip with the tools and strategies needed to recover from the destruction and build a robust, future-ready education system.
To address the realities of the current situation, the framework prioritizes adaptable measures such as leveraging mobile technologies, enabling remote learning platforms, and collaborating with international organizations for resource mobilization. These strategies ensure both short-term recovery and long-term development, allowing technical colleges to thrive despite ongoing challenges.

Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: **Introduction:**

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) pose significant health challenges worldwide, particularly in impoverished regions. Despite their impact, the development of vaccines against these diseases faces numerous obstacles.

**Funding and Resource Allocation:**

A major challenge to NTD vaccine development is the chronic underfunding and limited resource allocation (Hotez et al., 2014; Trouiller et al., 2018). The lack of financial incentives for diseases affecting marginalized communities results in a dearth of research and development activities (Berman et al., 2016). This affects all stages of vaccine development, from basic research to clinical trials and manufacturing (Kala et al., 2021). Additionally, the scarcity of resources hampers the establishment of necessary infrastructure in endemic areas, such as laboratory facilities and cold chain storage (WHO, 2022).

To address these issues, increased and sustained investment from public and private sectors is necessary (Hotez & Bundy, 2017). Innovative financing mechanisms, like product development partnerships (PDPs), can bridge the funding gap and encourage collaboration between stakeholders (Moran et al., 2005).

**Regulatory and Ethical Considerations:**

The regulatory and ethical landscapes in endemic regions pose another significant hurdle for NTD vaccine development (Taylor et al., 2019). Navigating diverse regulatory frameworks can lead to delays and increased costs (Page et al., 2016). Ethical considerations are crucial, especially when involving vulnerable populations (Emanuel et al., 2000). Ensuring community engagement, obtaining informed consent, and addressing vaccine hesitancy are essential for ethical research (WHO, 2015). Building trust and transparent communication are key to public acceptance and effective vaccine uptake (Larson et al., 2018).

Post-licensure considerations, such as equitable distribution and affordability, are also critical ethical dimensions (Oguonu et al., 2018). Strengthening regulatory capacity and promoting ethical research practices are vital for the successful development and deployment of NTD vaccines.

**Conclusion:**

The development of NTD vaccines is hindered by funding constraints, regulatory complexities, and ethical considerations. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts from various stakeholders, including increased investment, regulatory harmonization, and ethical research practices.


Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: The military technology landscape demands rapid, secure, and contextually adaptive information access, spanning applications from real-time intelligence gathering to the streamlined management of complex logistical chains. <insert citation> As LLMs demonstrate increased sophistication in retrieving, organizing, and contextualizing information <insert citation>, a promising avenue emerges to generalize LLM-based information retrieval (IR) frameworks beyond targeted code retrieval (as described in the previous section) to a wide array of military applications. This section explores the fundamental motivations for extending an LLM-based IR system across the military, emphasizing the potential strategic, operational, and logistical benefits of broadening the framework’s functionality beyond military developers.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: write a research proposal tackling these questions, ''Has there been any integrated bioprocess that combines enzymatic hydrolysis of protein-rich wastes (like feathers) with microwave-assisted anaerobic fermentation of the hydrolysate mixed with lignocellulosic substrates (like brewer's spent grain) for the co-production of peptides and bioenergy carriers such as volatile fatty acids or hydrogen?''
Subject: biology
Intent: Ideation
Query: Understanding what drives trust in artificial intelligence systems is crucial for successful implementation of AI in public services and e-government solutions. Recent empirical research has identified several key determinants that influence user trust in AI systems. To develop AI systems that users will accept and utilize effectively in public service contexts, several trust determinants are essential. Firstly, perceived credibility, risk, and ease of use are crucial factors that influence user trust in AI-enabled systems 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: As a solution to improve maintenance efficiency and reduce the risk of failure, artificial intelligence-based predictive maintenance (PdM) is starting to be applied. Predictive maintenance allows the system to detect potential failures before they occur, based on the analysis of sensor data and equipment operational patterns. One of the latest promising approaches in PdM is Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), which combines the advantages of Deep Learning (DL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) to build adaptive, data-driven maintenance models.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Intraosseous anesthesia is a method employed to anesthetize one or more teeth within a quadrant. The specific number of affected teeth depends on factors like the injection site, the concentration of the anesthetic solution, and the volume administered. The advantage of this technique is that it ensures pain relief to the dental pulp and periodontal tissues while avoiding the numbing of the lingual and facial areas typically associated with traditional mandibular nerve blocks. Its power of penetration through thick mandibular cortical bone and the decreased numbness of labial tissues, which could be the main reason for a child’s discomfort, makes CIOA warrant investigation in pediatric dentistry. 7 


paraphrase and rewrite this paragraph into a single paragraph to abide with international journal of pediatric dentistry rules
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: The offloading of inference tasks to more capable cloud servers not only enhances the computational capabilities of these devices but also addresses critical performance metrics such as latency reduction, energy efficiency, and privacy preservation. The existing literature predominantly focuses on developing optimal offloading strategies tailored to achieve specific objectives. However, in order to fully harness the potential of offloadin inference,it is crucial to adopt a holistic approach that intergrates multiple objectives depending on the characteristics of the offloading scenario. Hence, before we can proceed to discuss the existing offloading strategies, it is essential to first understand the critical performance metrics that are considered when designing an effective offloading strategy.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Certainly! Based on your background and the question you're exploring, here's a novel and valid research topic:

**"Developing Photoredox Catalyzed Three-Component Cycloadditions Utilizing Phosphorus Ylides for the Controlled Conversion of Inert C–H and C=P Bonds into Functionalized C–C and C=C Bonds."**

This topic focuses on leveraging photoredox catalysis to harness the latent reactivity of phosphorus ylides, enabling the synthesis of complex molecules with greater efficiency and control. It aligns well with the current advancements in multicomponent reactions and photoredox chemistry while addressing the challenge of transforming inert bonds into synthetically useful ones. 

Would you like me to refine it further or help outline potential approaches?
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: I’m looking for recent and foundational papers that use Density Functional Theory (DFT) to study hydrogen embrittlement in structural metals. Specifically, I’m interested in works that:
	1.	Explore hydrogen interactions with defects (vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries, interfaces),
	2.	Analyze atomic-scale embrittlement mechanisms such as HEDE, HELP, HESIV, and AIDE using first-principles methods,
	3.	Discuss computational methodology choices (e.g., exchange-correlation functionals, ZPE, spin polarization) in DFT applied to H-metal systems,
	4.	Link electronic structure changes to macroscopic mechanical behavior, and
	5.	Provide material-specific insights for steels, nickel alloys, or other hydrogen-relevant materials.

Please include both review articles and key research papers from the past 10–15 years that have significantly advanced the field.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Water resources management is one of the critical issues facing the world today, especially in light of increasing environmental challenges such as climate change, rapid population growth, and urbanization. These challenges require innovative strategies to ensure the sustainability of water, which is one of the most important natural resources to ensure the survival and sustainability of human life and the environment. As the gap between traditional methods of water management and environmental and social changes increases, there is an urgent need for new strategies that are able to adapt to these challenges. Biomimicry is an innovative solution that draws inspiration from other organisms to develop more sustainable and efficient water resource management techniques. Many societies around the world rely on traditional water management methods, including large infrastructures such as dams and reservoirs, which, while effective in the past, are facing increasing pressure due to environmental and social changes. Biomimicry is an innovative solution that draws inspiration from nature's strategies that have evolved over millions of years to address water challenges, and it is an innovative solution that draws on nature's strategies that have evolved over millions of years. Biomimicry relies on the study and simulation of biological patterns to develop innovative and effective solutions in many fields, including water resources management (Sedira et al., 2024). The need for sustainable water management has become increasingly urgent, with a growing global population and the impact of climate change on water resources, and biomimicry offers a promising approach to develop new technologies for effective and sustainable water management (Durán-Sánchez et al., 2018). The growing body of research in this field suggests that biomimicry is poised to play a key role in addressing the challenges of water scarcity and pollution in the coming years (Durán-Sánchez et al., 2018). 

Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: To assist with your literature review on designing a digital application for outdoor rock climbers in the UK, consider using the following keywords in your searches:

Rock Climbing Mobile Applications: Explore existing apps tailored for rock climbers, focusing on features like climb logging, social connectivity, and weather integration.
Usability in Outdoor Activity Apps: Investigate studies on user interface design and user experience specific to outdoor recreational applications.
Wearable Technology in Sports: Examine the integration of wearable devices in sports applications, emphasizing data tracking and user interaction.
Social Features in Sports Apps: Look into how social functionalities are implemented in sports-related applications to enhance community engagement.
Weather Forecast Integration in Mobile Apps: Research methods and best practices for incorporating real-time weather data into mobile applications.
Utilizing these keywords should help you find relevant academic papers and articles to inform your project's design and development.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: When conducting machine learning, it is necessary to logically explain why a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE)-based centralized learning approach should be chosen over a vertically federated learning (VFL) approach. The two methodologies are fundamentally different in how they operate within machine learning training. Specifically, FHE-based centralized learning processes data in an encrypted form directly on a central server, whereas VFL relies on a distributed framework. Due to these structural and operational differences, direct comparisons with existing VFL-based studies are unnecessary. To support this argument convincingly, references from top-tier academic conferences (e.g., NeurIPS, ICML, AAAI) or highly cited journal articles should be utilized.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: 
Study Description: 
This study investigates how NLP researchers navigate trade-offs in their annotation processes, with a focus on understanding the types of costs (financial, time, ethical, environmental, etc.) they prioritize or overlook. By simulating real-world constraints and choices, we aim to uncover the implicit assumptions, cognitive strategies, and contextual factors that shape these decisions. The insights will contribute to the design of resilient, ethical AI infrastructures.
Research Questions:
How do NLP researchers conceptualize and prioritize different costs when designing annotation strategies?
What contextual factors and constraints influence their decision-making processes?
How do researchers address trade-offs between competing priorities (e.g., speed, accuracy, ethical considerations)?
What are the blind spots or implicit assumptions in current decision-making processes?
Methodology:
We will conduct semi-structured case interviews using a hypothetical annotation task centered on the DICES-350 dataset. Participants will walk through their decision-making processes and reflect on their choices under evolving constraints.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Generative AI is viewed through different, more insightful lenses by students and professionals in software development. For students, these tools offer the potential to augment learning and skill acquisition but also may create risks for over-reliance and weakened critical thinking (Finnie-Ansley et al., 2022). This differs from the high-level perspective of professionals who focus on productivity, efficiency, and how well AI integrates with their existing workflows, and worry about security vulnerabilities and how much modification AI code requires (Zhang et al., 2023). These different perspectives also emphasize the need to conduct empirical research that examines what specifically influences adoption within and across these groups.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Deepfakes are AI-generated media that convincingly mimic real people, making it difficult to differentiate between real and synthetic content. The use of deepfake technologies has been used for negative intent that can range from making fake footage of politicians saying something that is actually not true to creating explicit content with an individual’s identity without their consent (Chesney & Citron, 2019; Kietzmann et al., 2020). This then poses a huge risk factor to privacy, security, and democratic practices (Gambin et al., 2024; Yu et al., 2022).
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: This description indicates the huge strategic significance of the Rumelia provinces. They were the initial focus in the westward advance of the Ottomans and were the foundation on which all territorial gains were made. Rumelia acted geographically as the gateway from Asia (the East) to Europe (the West), and it thus formed an important corridor to Hungary and other military objectives. Rumelia lay surrounded by several seas — Adriatic to the west, to the far south the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast the Aegean Sea, and to the east the Black Sea — and thus formed an open and cosmopolitan geography.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Handling geometric transformations is another significant challenge in image processing, especially in histopathology image analysis. Tissue samples often undergo various distortions during preparation processes, including cutting, staining, and imaging. These distortions can alter the appearance of critical features like cell shapes and structures, leading to inconsistencies in image representation. Standard convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have inherent limitations in addressing these transformations, which can negatively impact model performance and lead to misclassifications. Developing models that learn invariant features and maintain robustness to geometric variations is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I'm writing a Research Grant Application on Combining Small Language Models and Decentralized Federated Learning support for Differential Diagnosis of Vertebral Compression Fractures Caused by Primary Osteoporosis and Multiple Myeloma. What l tried to say in the following section is Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are a common complication of osteoporosis and multiple myeloma. Early diagnosis and differentiation between primary osteoporosis (PO) and multiple myeloma (MM) are crucial for appropriate treatment planning. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as radiology and clinical evaluation, may not always provide definitive answers due to overlapping symptoms and limitations in imaging techniques. The current status of ML and DL-assisted research on the diagnosis of disease is rapidly evolving.Small language models are lightweight and efficient, making them suitable for deployment on edge devices or in resource-constrained environments. These models can be fine-tuned for specific medical tasks, such as text classification or named entity recognition, using small amounts of labeled data.Decentralized federated learning is a privacy-preserving approach that allows multiple institutions to collaboratively train models while keeping their data localized. This method is particularly useful for medical applications, where sensitive data needs to be protected. Combining small language models with decentralized federated learning is a promising approach for medical applications. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and offers a more accurate, patient-centered, and cost-effective solution. By leveraging the strengths of both technologies, we aim to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and promote collaboration and knowledge sharing among institutions. This Research Grant Application aims to develop a novel approach by combining small language models and decentralized federated learning to improve the differential diagnosis of VCFs caused by PO and MM. Please rephrase it for clarity, coherence and conciseness, ensuring each paragraph flows into the next. Remove jargon. Use a professional tone.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Ideation
Query: Give me some paper and future direction that I can research with the direction below:

Can we isolate "harmful" and "safety" vector representations in LLMs across different safety taxonomies? How would jailbreak prompts behave differently?
How does multilingual content affect jailbreak success rates and harmful output generation?
How do different safety alignment methods compare in terms of compliance rates and unintended model degradation? (so like we get previous works as baselines)
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: Online Adaptive Federated Learning with Dynamic Strategy
This approach dynamically adjusts FL parameters such as client selection, aggregation frequency, and learning rates in real-time based on network conditions, device availability, and data heterogeneity. Online adaptation helps maintain training efficiency and model accuracy despite varying resource constraints and non-IID data distributions. Techniques include reinforcement learning or heuristic algorithms to optimize scheduling and resource allocation on the fly, minimizing training delay and communication overhead while maximizing convergence speed
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: can you help me find citations to add to this paragraph

<note: need literature discussing emergence of scientific software as research output> The increasing recognition of software as a primary research output has highlighted the importance of understanding how development team characteristics influence scientific impact. Software development in scientific contexts differs from traditional software engineering in several key ways - the code often implements novel algorithms or methods, requires deep domain knowledge, and must prioritize reproducibility over efficiency or scalability. <note: need citation about unique challenges of scientific software development> These unique characteristics and the demonstrated benefits of larger, more diverse teams in both research and software development lead us to propose:

**H1: Articles with more code-contributing members receive higher citation counts.**

Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Please give references used:Traditional HH approaches primarily focus on parameter tuning and refinement of existing heuristics, rather than designing novel algorithms. This narrow focus stems from their dependence on manually defined search spaces, limiting their capacity to discover approaches that might surpass conventional heuristics. For example, genetic programming-based HH frameworks \cite{poli2008field,koza1992genetic} typically require extensive manual intervention to define reusable algorithmic components, thereby constraining their scalability and adaptability in complex, dynamic problems. Furthermore, achieving true end-to-end automation in algorithm design remains a significant challenge for traditional HH approaches. These methods often lack autonomous exploration capabilities and the ability to transcend human-defined template constraints, leading to premature convergence to local optima and failure to discover potentially breakthrough unconventional paradigms.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Metadata
Query: In the context of enterprise automation, AI technologies are significantly transforming the landscape across various industrial sectors (Iakovlev et al. 20233). The integration of AI into enterprise operations is not merely a trend but a strategic direction that is shaping the future of industries globally (Iakovlev et al. 20232). The deployment of AI in automation leads to streamlined processes, reduced manual labor costs, improved product quality, and enhanced competitiveness (Iakovlev et al. 20232).

However, the adoption of AI in industrial automation also raises several challenges, including the need for staff training, data protection, and ensuring the safety of automated systems (Iakovlev et al. 20232). Collaboration between technologists, industry experts, and policymakers will be essential in crafting a landscape where AI not only drives economic growth but also aligns with societal values and workforce development (Iakovlev et al. 20232).

please write me 1500 words discussing these topics in depth
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: First, a comparison was made with the general IC50 reference value. In general, the threshold value of IC50 that determines the presence or absence of drug-target interaction is 1000 nM (log_affinity = 3). Distribution analysis showed that the “binary = -1” group had a peak in the distribution in the low area where the log10(IC50) value was below 3 (small IC50 = high affinity), while the “binary = Others” group had a peak in the high area where the log10(IC50) value was above 3 (large IC The “binary = Others” group showed a tendency for the distribution to spread out into high affinity regions with log10(IC50) values greater than 3 (high IC50 = low affinity regions).
Next, a Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to confirm the statistical significance of the difference in distribution. The results showed that the p-value between the “binary = -1” and “binary = Others” groups was 1.24 × 10-⁷, indicating a significant difference (p < 0.05). This result indicates that a statistical difference exists in the distribution of log10(IC50) between the two groups.
These results seem to support the validity of the classification by matrix decomposition

Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Rural populations in Mecklenburg County, representing approximately 3.2% of the county's total population, face distinct challenges in maternal healthcare despite the county's overall urban character. These rural communities, primarily located in the northern and southern peripheries of the county, experience significant disparities in pregnancy outcomes compared to their urban counterparts. Limited healthcare infrastructure, with only two obstetric practices serving rural areas, creates geographical barriers where residents must travel an average of 18.7 miles to access specialized prenatal care. Transportation challenges are exacerbated by inconsistent public transit coverage, with 38% of rural residents lacking reliable transportation to medical appointments. Additionally, socioeconomic factors compound these access issues, as rural residents experience higher rates of uninsurance (17.3% vs. 11.8% urban) and lower median household incomes ($47,200 vs. $68,300). These structural barriers contribute to delayed prenatal care initiation, reduced visit frequency, and ultimately poorer pregnancy outcomes among rural residents. This summary examines the epidemiological profile of pregnancy-related health outcomes in rural Mecklenburg County populations to highlight these disparities and inform targeted interventions.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: The Collision-Aware Successive Convex Optimization (CA-SCO) algorithm was developed to enhance the performance of grant-free NOMA-based Wireless Federated Learning (WFL) systems by addressing key factors like latency, energy use, and scalability. These factors often conflict, so the goal is to strike a balance while ensuring that the system can reliably converge and meet all necessary constraints.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Extensive research has been conducted in the field of IR, including frameworks like Carrot, an open-source platform designed for the rapid development of web information retrieval and web mining applications \cite{osinski2005carrot}. Modular search frameworks have also been explored, such as systems employing semantic search to address military and industrial tasks \cite{hawkins2010developing}, though these primarily operate on static, known corpora. Notably, these earlier efforts predate the rapid advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have shown immense potential in enhancing IR applications \cite{zhao2024, zhu2024}.

More recent studies have examined the integration of LLMs within IR systems, leveraging their capabilities at both the retrieval (first stage) and ranking (second stage) levels \cite{hambarde2023information}. However, such works focus on broad, open-domain advancements and do not address the unique challenges posed by secure, air-gapped military environments. This gap highlights the need for research into LLM-enabled IR frameworks that accommodate the stringent constraints of classified military applications.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Conduct a comprehensive physiological and mechanistic analysis of testosterone's pleiotropic effects on male endocrine function, with particular emphasis on steroidogenic pathways, downstream molecular cascades, and systemic homeostatic regulation. Evaluate both genomic and non-genomic signaling mechanisms through which testosterone modulates target tissue function, including but not limited to skeletal muscle protein synthesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation, and neuroendocrine feedback loops. Synthesize current peer-reviewed literature to elucidate the integral role of testosterone in maintaining male physiological homeostasis across multiple organ systems and metabolic processes, specifically examining: (1) the reproductive tract, including testicular function, epididymal development, testicular development, primary sex characteristics [penis and testicle] development and function; (2) fertility parameters, encompassing spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and capacitation, as well as global trends regarding male fertility; (3) secondary sexual characteristics development and maintenance; (4) Testosterones role in sexual differentiation during fetal and pubertal development, how testosterone maintains these changes; (5) metabolic regulation, including glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and body composition; and (6) neurocognitive and phycological function, including libido, spatial cognition, male wellbeing, , and mood regulation. Additionally, analyze the interdependent relationships between testosterone levels and various physiological markers of male reproductive health, including seminiferous tubule function, Leydig cell steroidogenesis, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis sensitivity.”
Finally, provide actionable advice an individual can take to enhance testicular synthesis of testosterone and utilization of testosterone by the body by utilizing natural methods and sources. 
Using peer-reviewed scientific literature, analyze the molecular mechanisms and signaling cascades by which testosterone stimulates, controls and directs the development of primary male characteristics as well as other anabolic affects which promote secondary sex characteristics including; neurocognitive and phycological function, primary sex characteristic development, secondary sex characteristics development, and role in skeletal muscular development and muscle protein synthesis (MPS)  . Critically evaluate both the primary research and meta-analyses that explore these pathways, addressing any conflicting findings or debates within the scientific community regarding testosterone's role in male development.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding