allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: i am writing a thesis on the EFFECT OF BRAND PERSONALITY ON CONSUMER LOYALTY OF SOFT DRINKS COMPANY IN ABUJA, FCT. my specific objectives are:
i.	To examine the effect of brand ruggedness on consumer loyalty on soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT.
ii.	To investigate the effect of brand excitement on consumer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT.
iii.	To analyze the effect of brand competence on consumer loyalty on soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT.
iv.	To explore the effect of brand sophistication on customer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT.
v.	To determine the effect of brand sincerity on consumer loyalty of soft drinks companies in Abuja, FCT.
kindly provide the problem statement for this study
Subject: business
Intent: Ideation
Query: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) accounts for only about 10 % of all lymphomas, yet its incidence is disproportionately high among adolescents and young adults, exhibiting a characteristic bimodal (“double‑peak”) age distribution—with one peak in young adulthood (around ages 20–30) and a second peak in older adults (after age ~50 or 55)
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: I want to know about CAR-T therapy for hematology/oncology. Find information and most appropriate reference for following questions:
(1) Currently, what cancers are being tested (clinical trials) by CAR-T? List all cancers and in what phase does these RCTs 
(2) What are some retrospective studies or meta-analysis done about CAR-T and what are their benefits? List some most popular studies according to citations and renowned journals
(3) Describe briefly about CAR-T therapy in 3 paragraphs
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Many proteins with low reliability scores contain naturally denatured regions [7]. They tend to be located away from the center in the drug-target interaction network. While drug discovery targeting naturally-denatured proteins is attracting attention, it has traditionally been difficult to design drugs for these proteins, which do not have a fixed tertiary structure. This may be one of the reasons for their tendency to be positioned away from the center of the network. The robust interaction prediction of this method should be useful for drug redevelopment targeting them.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: 	Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
MAE measures the average magnitude of the errors without considering their direction:
MAE=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|y_i-\widehat{y_i}\right|
Where:
	n is the total number of observations,
	y_i is the actual value for observation i,
	\widehat{y_i}\  is the predicted value for observation i.
The benefits include the equal weighting of all errors, ensuring that no single deviation unduly influences the overall measure. Moreover, it is more robust to outliers than metrics like MSE and RMSE, reducing the impact of extreme values and providing a more stable assessment of model performance

Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: Steam Power Plants (PLTU) play a crucial role in meeting the need for stable and reliable electrical energy. Amidst increasing electricity demand and pressure to improve operational efficiency, equipment maintenance strategies—especially turbines—become a fundamental aspect in the sustainability of power plant operations. Turbines, as one of the main components in PLTUs, work in extreme conditions with high temperatures and pressures, making them susceptible to performance degradation and failure if not managed properly.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: can you suggest recent 15 relevent articles related to research topic Post Covid E- Learning Response from Hei’s of Pakistan: Hei’s Resilience and sustainability perspective . The conceptual framework of this study is designed to structure, analysis and explore the moderating role of HEI’s resilience factors between e-learning resilience success factors and HEI’s e-learning success. The INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (E-LEARNING RESILIENCE SUCCESS FACTORS) include Technological Infrastructure (Availability of digital tools, internet connectivity), Institutional Support (Policies, resources, funding for e-learning), Student Readiness (Access to technology, digital skills, engagement, E-Learning Perceptions), E-Learning Equity and Accessibility, Curriculum / Instructional Design, The DEPENDENT VARIABLES (HEIS E-LEARNING SUCCESS) including Effectiveness of E-Learning: (Student performance) and Sustainability of E-Learning (Students engagement and satisfaction) the moderating HEI RESILIENCE FACTORS including Institutional Resilience (Ability to sustain e-learning, Adaptability to changes), Management Commitment / Leadership Support, Faculty preparedness (Training, Computer literacy, Adaptability), Collaborative Capacity Building, Standardizing E- Learning and Change Management Control. give me latest  valid and authentic measurement scales references for each variable along with the exact measurement scale questions 

Subject: education
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: What is AI-in-the-loop systems, i.e., what it different than a human-in-the-loop system? critically analyze the challenges and risks associated with AI-in-the-loop systems. Please summarize based on the following papers: 1) Human-AI Collaboration Enables More Empathic
Conversations in Text-based Peer-to-Peer Mental
Health Support; 2) https://www.mindfoundry.ai/blog/ai-in-the-loop; 3) Safe and Trustful AI for Closed-Loop Control Systems; 4) AI-in-the-Loop The impact of HMI in AI-based Application; 5) Generative AI-in-the-loop: Integrating LLMs and GPTs into the Next Generation Networks 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: State of research
Current research on integrating machine learning (ML) with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems, particularly Splunk, reveals a dynamic shift from static rule-based detection toward adaptive, data-driven approaches. Studies indicate that traditional methods struggle to capture evolving attack patterns and subtle anomalies, which are critical in today’s complex IT environments (Patel & Kumar, 2021). Researchers have applied unsupervised learning techniques, such as clustering and anomaly detection, to establish baselines of normal user behavior and identify deviations that may indicate security threats (Garcia & Lee, 2014). Hybrid approaches that combine expert-driven rules with ML models have demonstrated promising improvements in detection accuracy and a reduction in false positives (Sharma, Rani, & Driss, 2024).
Furthermore, advancements in natural language processing and deep learning have enhanced the ability to interpret unstructured log data, adding contextual depth to threat analysis (Chen, Xiang, & Li, 2020). Despite these advancements, challenges persist, including the need for large, high-quality datasets, scalability of ML models in high-volume environments, and ensuring model interpretability for practical deployment in Security Operations Centers. Overall, current research supports the feasibility of ML-enhanced SIEM systems and underscores the potential for future studies to further refine these techniques, offering robust solutions to modern cybersecurity challenges.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: - Role: Physics Research Literature Specialist
- Background: The user is engaged in research within the domain of strong laser field ionization of krypton atoms, specifically focusing on above-threshold ionization, and is seeking a series of related academic literature to build a foundation for their studies.
- Profile: As a Physics Research Literature Specialist, you possess a deep understanding of the scientific literature landscape, particularly in the area of laser-atom interactions. You are adept at navigating various databases and are skilled in identifying key publications that are pivotal to the user's research.
- Skills: You are equipped with the ability to conduct advanced literature searches, critically assess the relevance and credibility of sources, and present findings in a manner that is both comprehensive and user-friendly.
- Goals: To provide the user with a curated list of academic literature that is directly relevant to the study of above-threshold ionization of krypton atoms in intense laser fields.
- Constrains: The identified literature must be from reputable academic sources, such as peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and theses, ensuring the scientific rigor and reliability of the material.
- OutputFormat: Present the literature in a structured format that includes the title, authors, publication year, journal name, and DOI or URL link.
- Workflow:
  1. Define search parameters using key terms such as "intense laser field ionization," "krypton atoms," and "above-threshold ionization."
  2. Utilize academic databases and search engines, including but not limited to Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, to conduct the search.
  3. Screen and appraise the search results to select the most pertinent literature.
  4. Compile and present the key details of the selected literature, organized by relevance.
- Examples:
  - Example 1: "Above-Threshold Ionization of Krypton Atoms in Intense Laser Fields", Authors: [Names], Published in: [Journal Name], Year: [Publication Year], DOI: [DOI Link]
  - Example 2: "Multiphoton Ionization of Krypton in Strong Laser Fields", Authors: [Names], Published in: [Journal Name], Year: [Publication Year], DOI: [DOI Link]
- Initialization: Greetings, as your Physics Research Literature Specialist, I am here to assist you in uncovering the academic literature pertinent to the above-threshold ionization of krypton atoms in intense laser fields. Please inform me of any specific topics or keywords you are interested in, or if there are particular criteria for the literature you seek.
Subject: physics
Intent: Other
Query: HIV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of approximately 10\,kb. It encodes three major structural genes—\textit{gag}, \textit{pol}, and \textit{env}—alongside several regulatory and accessory genes that enhance replication and immune evasion. Viral entry is mediated by binding to the CD4 receptor and a co-receptor (typically CCR5 or CXCR4) on target cells, most notably CD4$^+$ T helper lymphocytes. Following entry, the viral RNA is reverse-transcribed and integrated into the host genome. New virions bud from the host cell membrane, often resulting in cell death. The high mutation rate and recombination potential of HIV contribute to its genetic diversity, complicating immune control and drug treatment.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Challenges and Opportunities in Phytochemical-Based Cervical Cancer Therapy
6.1 Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals
6.2 Safety profiles and side effects
6.3 Standardization of natural products for clinical use
6.4 Advances in nanoformulations to improve delivery and efficacy
6.5 Integrative approaches: Combining phytochemicals with conventional therapies
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Recent data from Q4 2023 shows promising trends:

67% of students report better understanding of complex topics
72% of educators cite reduced administrative burden
58% improvement in student completion rates for challenging courses

Massachusetts Institute of Technology's recent study demonstrated how AI-powered personalized learning paths led to a 31% improvement in student performance across STEM subjects.Recent data from Q4 2023 shows promising trends:

67% of students report better understanding of complex topics
72% of educators cite reduced administrative burden
58% improvement in student completion rates for challenging courses

Massachusetts Institute of Technology's recent study demonstrated how AI-powered personalized learning paths led to a 31% improvement in student performance across STEM subjects.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: Given the following paragraph:

The increasing popularity and wide acceptance of LLMs is based on their seeming prowess and robustness built on their ability for self-awareness\cite{peng2024self} self-learning\cite{ji2024llms, Zhang2024SelfContrastBR}, and processing tasks without prior proper fine-tuning for such specific tasks (zero-shot) \cite{qin2023chatgpt, Kojima2022LargeLM}. 

Find papers that support the submission that this was not always the case with LLMs. That LLMs evolved overtime before attaining this current popularity and robustness
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Intraosseous anesthesia is a method employed to anesthetize one or more teeth within a quadrant. The specific number of affected teeth depends on factors like the injection site, the concentration of the anesthetic solution, and the volume administered. The advantage of this technique is that it ensures pain relief to the dental pulp and periodontal tissues while avoiding the numbing of the lingual and facial areas typically associated with traditional mandibular nerve blocks. Its power of penetration through thick mandibular cortical bone and the decreased numbness of labial tissues, which could be the main reason for a child’s discomfort, makes CIOA warrant investigation in pediatric dentistry. 7 

paraphrase and rewrite this paragraph to abide to international journal of pediatric dentistry rules 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Future Research Directions
*   VI.C.1.  Focus on Specific Cancer Types (Identifying most responsive cancers to nano-quercetin)
*   VI.C.2.  Long-term Efficacy and Safety Studies (Need for comprehensive long-term evaluations)
*   VI.C.3.  Clinical Trials and Human Studies (Moving nano-quercetin towards clinical application)
  write content 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Iceland, a global model for gender equality, stands out for its mandatory wage equality certification system (implemented in 2018). The system requires companies with more than 25 employees to obtain certification to prove that their salary systems are non-gender-discriminatory. Companies that fail to meet the standards will face fines. At the same time, Iceland also implements the world's leading paid parental leave policy, with each parent enjoying 6 months of non-transferable leave, and provides extensive government-subsidized childcare services to reduce women's family burden. These measures have narrowed the gender pay gap in Iceland to less than 5%, raised the male parental leave participation rate to over 90%, and significantly increased the female labor force participation rate.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: I want to write a short paragraph to say that argumentative behavior includes propose, rebut, and defend. I now have a version but haven't checked the citation yet. Can you have a look to improve a little by checking the references?


Argumentative behavior in natural language can be decomposed into three fundamental components: propose, rebut, and defend. The propose phase involves establishing initial arguments and supporting evidence, forming the foundation for subsequent discourse (Walton, 2007). Rebuttal requires identifying and challenging weaknesses in opposing arguments while presenting counter-evidence (Grosz & Sidner, 1986). Defense involves reinforcing one’s position against critiques while maintaining argumentative coherence (Toulmin, 2003). This decomposition aligns with established frameworks in argumentation theory and cognitive science research on human debate behavior (Hamblin, 1970). Recent work in computational argumentation has adopted similar frameworks for analyzing and generating argumentative discourse, particularly in the context of argument mining and generation in NLP (Stab & Gurevych, 2017; Li et al., 2020).


Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Help me add the correct references to the appropriate places in my article? At least 3-5 references are required:Gastrointestinal diseases impose a significant health burden globally. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, digestive system diseases account for more than one-third of all disease prevalence, and their new cases constitute about one-fifth of all new disease cases. [37302558] The lower gastrointestinal tract, responsible for nutrient absorption and fecal excretion, is a major component of the digestive system. Diseases in this region are diverse and complex, involving mechanisms such as ischemia, mechanical obstruction, autoimmune inflammation, and tumors. The burden of these diseases shows significant regional and gender differences. For instance, in 2019, approximately 7 million people worldwide were affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The prevalence of IBD is significantly higher in high-income countries compared to low-income countries, with the incidence rate in the United States being 4.5 times higher than the global average. Additionally, the incidence and mortality rates of IBD are higher in females than in males. Therefore, understanding the epidemiological characteristics of this group of diseases is crucial for improving health policies and reducing disease burden.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: In SelvarClustMV: Variable selection approach in model-based clustering allowing for missing values, the mechanism for missing values in SR and SRUW model is discussed. I want to check if the PDF for observed value is still valid for the proof of identifiability and consistency of BIC, proved in Variable Selection for Clustering with Gaussian Mixture Models and Variable selection in model-based clustering: A general variable role modeling
Subject: math
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: In the digital age, it is indisputable that the value of personal information generated and managed by individuals, institutions, operators and smart devices is immense. There have been several jurisdictions that have established Data Protection and Monetization policies that establish the foundations for collecting and processing personal data. These policies are for the benefit of both data subjects and data processors or custodians. A great deal of consent management is required in the ecosystem in order to apply these policies and regulations. A user-centric consent tokenization framework is proposed in this paper which allows individuals to easily control consents regarding access and monetisation of their personal data. Moreover, it assists data seekers and consumers to comply with data privacy regulations regarding consent management. An infrastructure that is decentralised ensures the integrity of consent tokens, whereas a validation service evaluates the quality of the tokens on the basis of its features or information it's carrying. Last but not least, we provide some preliminary details about the implementation of the framework we have proposed.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: i wanto to write a theoric frame of an article related with finance, portfolio optimization and data science, the specific subsection are Basic Fundamentals of Finance

1.1. Introduction to Financial Markets
1.1.1. Financial Instruments
1.1.2. Capital and Money Markets

1.2. Concepts of Risk and Return
1.2.1. Definition and Types of Risk
1.2.2. Measuring Investment Returns
1.2.3. Relationship Between Risk and Return
Subject: finance
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: 4. PDF Parsing
PDF parsing focuses on extracting and manipulating the data contained in PDF files, which are often structured in complex ways.
Main features :
- Content extraction: Extracts text, images and tables from a PDF document.
- Structural analysis: Understanding complex structures such as headers, footers and annotations.
- Format conversion: Transformation of a PDF into editable formats such as Word, Excel or JSON.
- Practical applications: Automation of report extractions, document flow management, integration into data processing pipelines.
Limitations:
- Scanned PDFs often require a prior OCR step.
- The diversity of PDF formats (unstructured vs tagged) can complicate extraction.


("PDF parsing" OR "PDF analysis" OR "PDF text extraction" OR "PDF data processing" OR "structured document processing" OR "table extraction from PDF" OR "PDF-to-text conversion")
AND ("AI" OR "LLM" OR "language model" OR "deep learning" OR "data extraction")

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: RHD protein is an important protein on the erythrocyte membrane and plays a key role in the Rh blood group system. Anti-D antibody is an immunoglobulin produced against RHD antigen. At present, the research on the binding mechanism of RHD protein and anti-D antibody has made some progress. Previous studies have shown that the mechanism of anti-D immunoglobulin in preventing hdfn is antibody mediated immunosuppression. In the study of anti-D immunoglobulin in preventing hemolytic disease of newborn infants with RhD blood group incompatibility, it was found that anti-D immunoglobulin can effectively prevent hdfn caused by anti-D antibody, which provides an important theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment.
In addition, the study also found that the c/c and e/e antigens were absent on the surface of erythrocytes in RHD deficient patients, while the expression of D antigen might be enhanced. In this case, individuals are prone to produce high-frequency anti-rh17 antibodies during pregnancy or blood transfusion, which is of great significance for the study of antibody specificity and affinity. In terms of research methods, interdisciplinary cooperation has become the development trend in the future. Experts in the fields of structural biology, immunology, biochemistry and bioinformatics participated in the study to explore the interaction mechanism between RHD protein and anti-D antibody from different perspectives. For example, using bioinformatics tools to analyze the sequence and structural data of a large number of RHD proteins and anti-D antibodies can find potential interaction patterns and key sites, providing important clues for experimental research.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: Modern neuroscience faces a fundamental challenge: bridging the rich cellular diversity revealed by single-cell transcriptomic and single-molecule RNA imaging methods (e.g., MERFISH) with a comprehensive view of how these distinct cell types connect and interact within neural circuits. While expansion microscopy (ExM) has enabled nanoscale visualization of axons, synapses, and other subcellular structures, existing approaches typically cannot multiplex enough markers to characterize many cell types and their synaptic connections simultaneously. pull up the related paper
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: According to a study published in 2019, the audit expectation gap is described by the
Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) as "the gap between what the
general public think auditors do and what the general public would like auditors to do”
(ACCA, 2019). While commonly referred as AEG, the ACCA recommended a new
approach to divide the gap into having 3 elements: knowledge gap, performance gap
and evolution gap (Figure 3). As suggested by the ACCA, each of these gaps should
be addressed separately
Subject: business
Intent: Other
Query: The specific size of ceramic powder particles that cannot be sintered varies depending on the material and processing conditions, but generally, particles larger than 100 micrometers are less likely to be sintered effectively. This is because coarse powders have lower surface area-to-volume ratios, which reduces the driving force for diffusion and mass transport during the sintering process. Additionally, coarse particles may not pack densely enough to allow for efficient necking and grain growth between particles, leading to incomplete densification and weaker mechanical properties in the final product.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Malignant cell MPs map common gene expression patterns across samples, providing critical insights into ITH.
To preserve inherent biological variability, we avoid batch correction and apply NMF independently to each cancer sample, defining distinct expression programs corresponding to intratumoral variations. 
NMF is executed across a range of parameter (K = 4 to 9) to capture diverse transcriptional programs within each tumor. 
Programs consistently identified across tumors are considered robust. 
We cluster the ITH programs based on the top 200 highest-scoring genes and perform a grid search to maximize the Calinski-Harabasz Index, determining the optimal clustering parameters. 
Within each cluster, genes exhibiting consistently high scores are identified as MP-specific genes.
To explore the functions of MPs, GSEA are employed with the specific genes of MPs from 3CA\cite{gavish2023hallmarks}, enabling annotation with relevant biological functions. 
Our analysis identified a total of 78 distinct MPs, with their distribution across samples illustrated in Figure 1. 
Utilizing the identified MPs, we annotate malignant cell subsets, delineating cellular heterogeneity within tumors and constructing a comprehensive cell-cell communication (CCC) network among malignant cells.

paraphrase this paragraph
Subject: biology
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: find papers on a topic ''Feedback

Bridging FinTech and Islamic Finance for Sustainable Development: Evidence from BRICS Markets
Bridging FinTech and Islamic finance can have a significant impact on sustainable development, particularly in BRICS markets. The integration of FinTech and Islamic finance can promote financial inclusion, increase access to financial services, and provide innovative financial solutions for sustainable development.

One of the key benefits of bridging FinTech and Islamic finance is the potential to increase financial inclusion in BRICS markets. Islamic finance has been shown to have a positive impact on financial inclusion, particularly for marginalized communities (Ali et al., 2019). The use of FinTech can further enhance this impact by increasing access to financial services and reducing costs (Das, 2019). For example, Islamic peer-to-peer lending platforms can provide access to financing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have access to traditional financial institutions (Kamaruddin et al., 2023).

Another benefit of bridging FinTech and Islamic finance is the potential to provide innovative financial solutions for sustainable development. Islamic finance has a strong focus on social responsibility and environmental sustainability, which aligns with the goals of sustainable development (Hakeem, 2019). FinTech can be used to develop new financial products and services that are compliant with Islamic finance principles and that promote sustainable development. For example, green crowdfunding platforms can provide financing for environmentally sustainable projects and initiatives (Moro-Visconti et al., 2022).

However, there are also challenges to bridging FinTech and Islamic finance. One of the main challenges is the need for regulatory frameworks that support the integration of FinTech and Islamic finance (Arner et al., 2019). There is a need for regulatory frameworks that are flexible and adaptable to the changing landscape of FinTech and Islamic finance. Additionally, there is a need for increased awareness and education about Islamic finance and its benefits, particularly among SMEs and other small businesses (Akbar et al., 2023).

In conclusion, bridging FinTech and Islamic finance has the potential to have a significant impact on sustainable development, particularly in BRICS markets. The integration of FinTech and Islamic finance can promote financial inclusion, increase access to financial services, and provide innovative financial solutions for sustainable development. However, there are also challenges to bridging FinTech and Islamic finance, including the need for regulatory frameworks and increased awareness and education.
Subject: finance
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Since the Industrial Revolution, global energy transitions have followed a discernible trajectory of systematic decarbonisation, as evidenced by the evolving hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) molecular ratios of dominant energy sources. This progression has been marked by a shift from carbonaceous coal, a complex heterogeneous mixture with an H/C ratio of less than 1, through petroleum hydrocarbons, which exhibit diverse compositions such as CnH2n+2 and an average H/C ratio of approximately 2:1, to methane (CH4), characterised by an H/C ratio of 4:1 (Anderson & Thompson, 2024). This historical trend towards hydrogen-enriched energy carriers reflects significant technological advancements and growing environmental awareness, as exemplified by the transformative innovations such as the steam engine, oil lamps, and internal combustion engines, which have historically driven significant shifts in energy production and consumption.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: make a part for scientific paper concentrated on 4d printed metamaterials and their applications based on this structure: " introduce metamaterial and 4d printing. Metamaterials is a specials class of materials that is artificially designed to have not naturally available in nature properties. Recently their perfomance were improved greatly by combainning with emerging technologies of 4d printing. 4d printing is a combination f 3d prnting witg smart materials, structurs creating via 4d printing are initially designed to exceed theit full potential with various stimuli like temperature, light, oriantation or magnetic filed. "
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: The balance between individual rights and the public interest is a longstanding challenge in tort law, particularly concerning the duty of care that public bodies, such as the police, owe to individuals. The "duty of care" refers to the legal obligation to avoid causing harm to others, and negligence occurs when this duty is breached . This balance becomes especially complex for public bodies like the police, as illustrated by the case of Brooks v. Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis , which established that the police generally do not owe a duty of care during investigations. The ruling in this case raises important questions about the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement. Some critics argue that the decision undermines individual rights; however, this essay contends that prioritizing the public interest is essential for maintaining the effectiveness of a functional police force. Given their unique role in society, the doctrine of the duty of care takes on special characteristics for public bodies, and this analysis will examine significant case law, relevant journal articles, and critical policy considerations to clarify how this perspective shapes the legal landscape. It engages with the threshold concept that "law is not neutral, objective, or universal," highlighting its importance in the pursuit of justice.

find paper for site 
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: During the peak years of the Ottoman Empire, Eyalet (province) Rumelia covered the whole of the Balkan Peninsula and had its center during the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries and the 18th century in Edirne. Rumelia's largest size occurred under the rule of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), when it comprised 32 provinces under its control. After his period of rule, its area decreased gradually through wars and treaties with the powers of Europe.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Looking beyond current challenges and technical innovations, the next frontier for Digital Twins involves scaling them into enterprise-wide infrastructure. Tao et al. [68] present a lifecycle-oriented architecture that enables DTs to integrate across PLM, ERP, and MES systems—positioning them as central hubs for synchronized operations. However, gaps remain in standardization, semantic modeling, and especially AI explainability, which is essential for building user trust in autonomous systems [69]. As DT ecosystems grow more complex, blockchain offers a promising solution for secure, transparent data exchange. In parallel, emerging AR/VR interfaces are reshaping how users interact with digital models, enabling immersive training, remote validation, and enhanced oversight. To fully realize these capabilities, cross-sector collaboration between academia and industry is critical, along with digital workforce development that aligns with future manufacturing demands. The evolution of DTs depends not only on technical breakthroughs but on strategic alignment across systems, people, and institutions.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Can you help me find papers that support the following five hypotheses?
H1: Obesity-related cytokines (Leptin, IL-6, TNF-α) will enhance immune checkpoint inhibition mechanisms by increasing PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer cells.
H2: The obese environment increases M2 macrophages, which will contribute to immune evasion and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells.
H3: Blood levels of Leptin and IL-6 in obese patients will be associated with CD8+ T cell dysfunction and T cell exhaustion.
H4: Exosomes secreted in obesity will transmit immunosuppressive signals, promoting immune evasion in gastric cancer.
H5: There will be a correlation between body mass index (BMI) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment response in gastric cancer patients.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Elaborate and use "THE SOCIAL MEDIA" rather than the use of technology for research while investigating effect on sleep disturbance. The relationship between screen time and sleep is complex, involving multiple mechanisms. Research shows that excessive screen use can disrupt sleep, affecting cognitive abilities, academic performance, and psychological well-being (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023). One explanation is that blue light from screens inhibits melatonin secretion, disrupting the sleep-wake cycle (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023); another is that screen activities replace sleep (Orben et al. 2020). Screen usage timing is critical; using screens before bed negatively impacts sleep quality and duration (Hoang et al. 2023). A study found that reading and gaming apps used within an hour before bed were linked to poor sleep (Hoang et al. 2023). The frequency and nature of screen use also matter. Minimal social app use was associated with good sleep, while extended app use improved sleep if done more than four hours before bedtime (Hoang et al. 2023). Beyond personal use, prolonged video gaming is linked to reduced grey matter in the striatum, indicating potential long-term effects on brain structure and function (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023). Additionally, frequent smartphone use is associated with shorter attention spans and diminished cognitive control, further affecting sleep quality (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023). In summary, excessive screen time can disrupt sleep, impacting cognitive function, academic performance, and mental health (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023). The timing, frequency, and type of screen use all influence sleep quality (Hoang et al. 2023), and cognitive control and attention can moderate this relationship (Shanmugasundaram et al. 2023).
Subject: psychology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: With the upgrade of new energy vehicles to 800V high-voltage platforms, the market for silicon nitride ceramic substrates, the preferred material for SiC power device packaging, is about to explode. However, silicon nitride ceramic substrates are still controlled by NIPPON, and China has not yet achieved import substitution for automotive-grade products. So where exactly are the industrialization bottlenecks for silicon nitride ceramic substrates? And how can we break through?
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: can you generate a road map towards Cultural and linguistic diversity can pose significant challenges in EQA. Focusing on the novelties and deficiencies of existing researches: research has shown that cultural and linguistic diversity can pose significant challenges in embodied question answering (EQA) or question answering in general. For instance, a study on CVQA, a culturally diverse multilingual visual question answering benchmark, found that current multimodal large language models (MLLMs) struggle to recognize and correct noisy questions, leading to responses that frequently contain erroneous information (Wu et al. 2024). This highlights the need for more research on cultural awareness and linguistic diversity in EQA.

Another study on NoisyEQA, a benchmark designed to evaluate an agent's ability to recognize and correct noisy questions, found that current EQA agents often struggle to detect noise in questions, leading to responses that frequently contain erroneous information (Wu et al. 2024). This suggests that EQA systems need to be designed to handle diverse cultural and linguistic contexts.

The study on SituatedQA, an open-retrieval QA dataset, found that answers to the same question may change depending on the extra-linguistic contexts, such as temporal or geographical context (Zhang et al. 2021). This highlights the need for EQA systems to be able to handle context-dependent questions and provide accurate answers in diverse cultural and linguistic contexts.

In addition, research has shown that cultural and linguistic diversity can also affect the performance of LLMs in understanding cultural commonsense (Shen et al. 2024). For example, a study found that LLMs have a large performance gap for different cultures when tested on culture-specific commonsense knowledge, and that models tend to associate general commonsense with a few dominant cultures (Shen et al. 2024). This highlights the need for more research on cultural awareness and linguistic diversity in LLMs.

Overall, the research suggests that cultural and linguistic diversity can pose significant challenges in EQA, and that more research is needed to develop EQA systems that can handle diverse cultural and linguistic contexts (Shen et al. 2024).
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: Generative artificial intelligence represented by Large Language Models (LLMs) is evolving from traditional "tool" applications such as text generation and machine translation towards becoming intelligent entities with autonomy, adaptability, and continuous learning capabilities. One of the core goals of Autonomous Agents is to simulate the perception, decision-making, and action capabilities of humans or living beings in complex environments, in order to achieve independent task execution without continuous external supervision. Through pre-training on massive multimodal data, LLMs have acquired remarkable language understanding, generation, and reasoning abilities, enabling them to process natural language commands, generate coherent text, and even perform certain logical reasoning tasks. This provides a cognitive foundation for the agents to perform a wide range of tasks through forms like question-answering (QA). However, transforming LLMs from static text generators into autonomous agents that interact continuously with their environment presents a challenging leap. Not only does it require the model to have strong language abilities, but also to address a series of complex issues such as maintaining consistency in a dynamic environment, learning from experience, and interacting with the physical or virtual world.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: 3. Reversal of Trained Immunity in Microglia
One of the most exciting therapeutic frontiers is the epigenetic reprogramming of trained immunity in central nervous system (CNS) myeloid cells. Repeated pathogen exposures—common in tropical regions—can lead to persistent pro-inflammatory microglial priming via histone modifications (e.g., H3K4me3, H3K27ac) and altered enhancer landscapes 
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Other
Query: The conductivity of Li6PS5Cl is approximately 1 mS/cm. It was measured under ambient temperature conditions. One of the literature references is "Solid-state synthesis and ionic conductivity of Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br) electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries" by O. Diemant et al., published in Solid State Ionics, 2019. As for modification, one common approach is doping with elements like Ge or Si to enhance its ionic conductivity.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Communication-Oriented Metrics wireless federated learning :
These directly measure how efficiently a protocol reduces
transmission overhead:
• Uplink/Downlink Payload Size (bytes or bits): The
total volume of model parameters, gradients, or updates
transmitted per round or over the entire training period
[?], [33].
• Number of Communication Rounds: The number of
global aggregation rounds required to reach convergence
or target accuracy [?].
• Compression Ratio: The percentage reduction in trans-
mitted data volume due to quantization, pruning, or
encoding [?].
• Transmission Cost per Round: This includes both
payload size and number of participating clients in each
round
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: The implementation of AI-driven clinical prediction models presents significant challenges, spanning technical, clinical, and ethical domains. First, robust model validation is crucial, involving multidimensional performance evaluations, spatial-temporal validation, and prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to ensure reliability across diverse clinical settings. Second, clinical impact assessments measure how the model affects physician behavior, patient outcomes, and healthcare system efficiency, highlighting its real-world value. Third, demand-supply fit analysis ensures the model aligns with healthcare needs. Additionally, explainability engineering bridges the communication gap between AI systems and healthcare providers, while health economics evaluations confirm cost-effectiveness. Usability engineering focuses on model accessibility, and policy and ethical compliance frameworks ensure adherence to legal and ethical standards. These elements collectively guarantee that AI models are scientifically reliable, ethically sound, and ultimately beneficial to patients and healthcare systems.
Subject: information science
Intent: Other
Query: 1. Let I be a Jordan curve in the plane, i.e. the image of the unit circle C'= {(z,y) : +y=1} underan injective continuous mapping y into R?
(A)A Jordan curve is said to be a Jordan polygon if C' can be covered by finitely many arcs on eachof which y has the form: y(cost,sint)=(λt + μ,pt + o) with constants , μ,p,o. Prove thatfor any Jordan polygon , R’ I consists of two connected components. Here we use the origina.definition that two points are in the same connected component if and only if they can be joinedby a continuous path (image of 0,1).
(B)Every Jordan curve I can be approximated arbitrarily well by a Jordan polygon Г'
(C) Let I be a Jordan polygon. Denote by B the connected component of R?\I which is bounded inR?. Then B contains a disc D such that the boundary of D contains two points y(a) and (b)such that a-b>3.
(D) Consider a Jordan polygon I and two points a, b, belonging to the same component, X. of R? [For every line segment S, contained in X except for its endpoints, XS consists of two componentsas is immediate from (A). Let the distance between I and fa, b} be at least 1 and assume thatfor every S of length less than 2, a and b are in the same component of X'S. Then there is acontinuous path Il from a to b such that dist(I.)> 1.
(E)Prove that for any Jordan curve I in the plane, R'I consists of two connected components andI is their common boundary. Here for any open subset B c R , the boundary of B is defined tobe B\B.
Subject: math
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Silicates can react with various substances. Some common reactions include:

1. **Acids**: Silicates can react with acids to form silicic acid and salts. For example, reacting with hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and water, along with the corresponding chloride salt.

   \[
   Na₂SiO₃ + 2HCl \rightarrow H₄SiO₄ + 2NaCl
   \]

2. **Bases**: Silicates can also react with bases, forming hydroxides and complex silicate ions. For instance, reacting with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can produce soluble silicates.

   \[
   SiO₂ + 2NaOH \rightarrow Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
   \]

3. **Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)**: In the presence of water, silicates can react with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonates and silica.

   \[
   CaSiO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O \rightarrow CaCO₃ + H₄SiO₄
   \]

4. **Metals**: Under certain conditions, silicates can react with metals to form metal silicides and release hydrogen gas.

These reactions depend on factors such as temperature, pressure, and the specific type of silicate involved.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Write a paragraph of related work about construction industry llm based on the following papers.

[1] Generative AI Models for Different Steps in Architectural Design: A Literature Review, Li et al., 2024.
[2] GPT Models in Construction Industry: Opportunities, Limitations, and a Use Case Validation, Saka et al., 2023.
[3] Investigating the Use of ChatGPT for the Scheduling of Construction Projects, Prieto et al., 2023.
[4] Opportunities and Challenges of Generative AI in Construction Industry: Focusing on Adoption of Text-Based Models, Ghimire, 2024.
[5] Highway Construction Safety Analysis Using Large Language Models, Smetana et al., 2024.
[6] Leveraging large language models for enhanced construction safety regulation extraction, Tran et al., 2024.
Subject: business
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: come up with suitable citations for this paragraph: The military technology landscape demands rapid, secure, and contextually adaptive information access, spanning applications from real-time intelligence gathering to the streamlined management of complex logistical chains. <insert citation> As LLMs demonstrate increased sophistication in retrieving, organizing, and contextualizing information <insert citation>, a promising avenue emerges to generalize LLM-based information retrieval (IR) frameworks beyond targeted code retrieval (as described in the previous section) to a wide array of military applications. This section explores the fundamental motivations for extending an LLM-based IR system across the military, emphasizing the potential strategic, operational, and logistical benefits of broadening the framework’s functionality beyond military developers.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: "Search for recent fMRI studies (2015 onward) focusing on resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the front-limbic network as a vulnerability factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress-related disorders. Prioritize studies investigating alterations involving the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Specifically, include longitudinal or pre-event studies that assess RSFC as a pre-existing risk factor for PTSD symptoms after exposure to stress or trauma. Highlight findings related to hypo- or hyper-connectivity and their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and intervention."
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Delivering therapeutics to the brain remains one of the most significant biomedical challenges due to multiple biological and physicochemical barriers. The most prominent among these is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective semipermeable membrane that tightly regulates the entry of substances into the brain parenchyma. Only small, lipophilic molecules with molecular weights under 400 Da typically cross the BBB efficiently, rendering most drugs ineffective unless modified or reformulated 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other