allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: discuss this method: Oral bacterial community diversity was significantly elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
patients compared to age-matched healthy controls. Shannon diversity analysis confirmed
this finding, revealing a statistically significant increase in median diversity (Case = 1.2,
Control = 1.15; p = 0.022, Mann-Whitney U test) (Figure X). The distribution of diversity
values also reflected this difference, with interquartile ranges spanning 1.05–1.5 for AD cases
and 0.9–1.4 for controls. Consistent with the Shannon diversity results, Simpson diversity
analysis also demonstrated a statistically significant increase in oral bacterial community
diversity among AD patients compared to controls (median diversity: Case = 0.62, Control =
0.57; p = 0.005, Mann-Whitney U test) (Figure X). Interquartile ranges for AD cases and
controls were 0.57–0.68 and 0.47–0.65, respectively, further supporting the observation of
increased diversity in AD patients.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Give a few theoretical frameworks to work on a project with the following objectives: 1. Develop and Implement a Common Syllabus and Competency-Based Teaching Approach: Syllabi will be standardized to establish clear, competency-based learning objectives in foundational courses (e.g., CE 240/L, CE 340/L, AM 316) for the sake of consistency and alignment of course evaluation and assessment across sections while emphasizing mastery of content. . 2. Incorporate Equity-Based Pedagogies and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Principles: Train faculty to design and deliver courses using equity-focused and UDL approaches, ensuring that all course materials, assessments, and activities are accessible and inclusive for diverse student populations. 3. Implement Equitable and Transparent Assessment Practices: Redesign assessments to reduce bias, emphasize student growth, and provide multiple pathways for students to demonstrate mastery, while fostering an environment of fairness and inclusion. 4. Build Faculty Capacity Through Professional Development and Collaborative Practice: Establish a robust faculty development program that integrates professional development opportunities, mentorship, and a Community of Practice to support lecturers and tenure-track faculty in adopting innovative teaching methods, addressing equity gaps, and collaboratively refining pedagogical strategies to improve student outcomes. 5. Track and Analyze Short-Term Impacts: Implement a robust data collection and analysis framework to monitor the effectiveness of interventions on reducing DFU rates, improving equity, and enhancing both student and faculty performance over time.
Subject: education
Intent: Ideation
Query: bring me references that support the claims regarding

Spectrum Sensing:

Cognitive radios use AI-driven algorithms (e.g., convolutional neural networks or reinforcement learning) to scan the electromagnetic spectrum for jamming signals.

Techniques like energy detection, cyclostationary feature detection, and matched filtering identify occupied or jammed frequencies.

Spectrum Decision:

AI models predict the least congested or jam-free frequencies based on historical data and real-time conditions.

Prioritizes frequencies based on parameters like signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), latency, and regulatory constraints.

Spectrum Mobility:

Seamlessly switches to a new frequency band if jamming is detected, ensuring uninterrupted communication.

Employs spectrum handover protocols to minimize latency during transitions.

Dynamic Spectrum Sharing:

Uses underlay/overlay techniques to share spectrum with other users without interference, even in contested environments.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The rapid advancement of deep learning has significantly contributed to the proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications across various domains. Notable examples of AI implemented on edge devices include smartphones, which utilize AI for features such as facial recognition and voice assistants; wearable health-monitoring devices, which leverage AI to continuously track vital signs and provide real-time health insights; and autonomous vehicles, where AI processes data from sensors to enable real-time decision-making regarding navigation and obstacle detection. 

In this context, providing low-latency responses is essential for ensuring a seamless and comfortable user experience, particularly in applications involving edge devices like virtual reality (VR) headsets. However, the evolution of AI technologies, especially large language models (LLMs), has led to a substantial increase in model sizes, resulting in heightened memory and computational demands. For instance, models such as OpenAI's GPT-3 contain 175 billion parameters, while Google's PaLM boasts an impressive 540 billion parameters, underscoring the extensive resources required for their operation.

Although current GPU and CPU capabilities can support the training of such complex models, deploying them on edge devices—like VR headsets and mobile devices—presents challenges due to their limited computational resources, often constrained by commercial considerations. Consequently, the demand for AI services on edge devices with stringent low-latency service level objectives (SLOs) has led to the emergence of inference offloading as a predominant solution. 

filled citation where its aproprite
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Please write about related work in this part:Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in algorithm design automation. Early work in evo-
lutionary computation and meta-heuristic optimization introduced concepts like genetic programming
and hyperparameter search, facilitating partial automation of parameter tuning and heuristic develop-
ment. More recently, advances in machine learning for algorithm design have enabled systems to learn
optimization strategies from data or generate code snippets for specific tasks. Large Language Models
(LLMs), such as GPT, represent a significant breakthrough in this domain, demonstrating the ability to
transform natural language descriptions directly into executable code. These developments have opened
new possibilities for large-scale automation of algorithm design.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: When talking about writing, it is simply referred to as one of the four (4) macro-skills in language that one must acquire and master. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of writing as the last skill to be fully developed, especially given the rapid growth in the number of international students (Andrade & Evans, 2013) and non-native speakers of English seeking to publish their research in international English language journals (Adnan, 2009). This trend is particularly significant in Asian countries, including the Philippines, where English is used as a second language (ESL) in many contexts, such as education, business, and government. Research conducted between 2015 and 2019 highlights the increasing demand for advanced writing skills among ESL learners in the Philippines (Gonzales, 2017; Chua, 2019). Similarly, studies across other Asian contexts, such as in China and Indonesia, also emphasize the need for enhancing writing proficiency, given the role of writing in academic success and global communication (Liu, 2016; Sutarto, 2018). These findings reflect a broader recognition that writing, particularly academic writing, is no longer just a passive skill but an active component in the academic identity and success of EFL and ESL learners across Asia.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: PL inequality on the definition of the gradient mapping paradigm \|\mathcal{G}_\gamma(x)\|^2\geq2\mu(F(x)-F_{*}), \quad \forall x \in \mathbb{R}^d,where \mathcal{G}_\gamma(x):=\frac{1}{\ gamma}\Big(x-\mathrm{prox}_{\gamma h}\big(x-\gamma\nabla f(x)\big)\Big) was first mentioned in which literature? Are there any examples of functions that specifically fit this inequality?
Subject: math
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: The tectonic framework of the Assam region in northeastern India is marked by the complex interaction of multiple tectonic plates, resulting in significant seismic activity and structural dynamics. The northeastern margin of the Indian Plate plays a critical role in this interaction, as it collides with the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayan front (Lahiri & Sinha, 2012). This collision, part of the broader Indo-Asian convergence, defines the region's tectonic and seismic characteristics.

The Indian Plate's interaction with the Eurasian Plate is facilitated by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT), also referred to as the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), a significant tectonic boundary that accommodates much of the convergence between these plates. To the east, the tectonic complexity increases as the eastern edge of the Indian Plate subducts beneath the Indo-Burma Ranges (IBR), creating an intricate subduction zone that is associated with deep seismicity and crustal deformation.

Several key tectonic features characterize the region's dynamics. The Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS), located in Arunachal Pradesh and extending into bordering regions of Assam, represents one of the most seismically active zones globally. This region is a focal point of stress accumulation and release due to the interaction of multiple tectonic units. The Kopili Fault Zone, a prominent 300 km long and 50 km wide structural feature extending from western Manipur to the tri-junction of Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, and Assam, is another critical lineament contributing to regional seismicity. Additionally, the Mishmi Thrust, identified as a locked tectonic zone, is hypothesized to be accumulating stress, posing potential for future seismic events.

Seismically, the northeastern edge of the Indian Plate within the Eastern Himalaya exhibits active crustal deformation, with seismic events observed up to a depth of 40 km. In the Indo-Burma Ranges, seismicity extends to depths of approximately 200 km, reflecting the active subduction processes in the region. This seismic activity classifies the Assam region within Zone V of India's seismic hazard map, indicating the highest level of seismic risk.

The region's tectonic activity has resulted in significant seismic events, including the Great Assam Earthquake of 1950, with a magnitude of 8.6. This earthquake remains the largest intra-continental seismic event ever recorded. Additionally, ongoing seismic activity continues to underscore the region's vulnerability to major tectonic phenomena.

The intricate interplay between these tectonic elements creates a dynamic environment, highlighting the need for continued research and monitoring. Understanding the tectonic and seismic characteristics of the Assam region is essential for effective hazard assessment and risk mitigation strategies in this highly active and complex tectonic setting. For these text find references 
Subject: earth sciences
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Second co-morbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic lung disease were clinical significance as risk factors for treatment failure or recurrence in TB. Our findings align with previous studies (5, 17, 18). underscoring the role of relapse as the primary form of recurrence in regions with intermediate or low TB incidence, where relapse rather than reinfection is more prevalent and clinically significant (19). Studies have shown that relapse, a manifestation of bacterial clearance failure, is closely linked to immunocompromised states (18, 20-22). As an extension of this perspective, the underlying diseases identified in our study, such as DM and chronic lung disease, share a common feature in that they are both immunocompromised states. The mechanisms by which DM impairs immune function have been well-characterized in numerous studies (23-26). Specifically, reduced cellular immunity associated with TB in diabetic patients has been documented (27, 28), suggesting that DM may contribute to bacterial clearance failure, as observed in our study. Similarly, chronic lung disease has been associated with immune dysfunction in pulmonary infections(29, 30), which likely contributes to bacterial clearance failure during TB treatment. Consistent with these findings, several studies have also suggested an association between chronic lung disease and both TB development and relapse (31, 32). Our findings support this evidence, suggesting that chronic lung disease may contribute to suboptimal TB treatment outcomes. improve sentences for publication in medical journal
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: "Find research papers that address the challenges of table structure recognition in document images, with a focus on the following aspects:
•
Accurate cell detection, including empty cells, and the impact of high Intersection over Union (IoU) thresholds on evaluation.
•
Handling of complex table structures such as multi-row and multi-column spanning cells.
•
The use of structural constraints like alignment and continuity in cell detection.
•
Approaches to capture long-range dependencies in dense tables and use of rectilinear adjacencies.
•
The impact of empty cells and how they should be interpreted in table structure recognition and semantic understanding.
•
Methods that address the challenge of tables without clear visual separators, and that handle multi-line content within table cells.
•
Evaluation metrics used for assessing the performance of table structure recognition models, especially those that account for empty cells.
The papers should also discuss the challenges associated with tables found in diverse document types, including business documents, invoices, financial reports and scientific papers, and multimodal content. Please prioritize papers that present novel approaches, datasets, and evaluation criteria."
Here's why this question is effective:
•
Specific Keywords: It uses key terms and phrases directly from the sources, such as "table structure recognition," "cell detection," "empty cells," "Intersection over Union (IoU)," "structural constraints," "rectilinear adjacencies," and "multi-row/column spanning cells." This helps the LLM focus on the core issues.
•
Core Concepts: The question covers the main challenges and approaches discussed in the sources, such as the importance of accurate cell detection, the role of empty cells, the use of structural constraints, and dealing with complex table layouts.
•
Emphasis on Evaluation: The question explicitly asks for papers that address evaluation metrics, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive evaluation that takes into account empty cells.
•
Context: It specifies the importance of diverse document types including business documents, invoices, financial reports, and scientific papers.
•
Prioritization: By asking the LLM to prioritize "novel approaches, datasets, and evaluation criteria," it aims to surface papers that push the field forward, not just repeat existing work.
•
Multimodal Content: It also asks for papers related to multimodal content as that is a significant factor in our customer discussions, based on our previous conversation.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The conductivity of Li6PS5Cl is typically around 1 mS/cm. This value is usually measured at room temperature (around 25°C) or slightly elevated temperatures. The exact conditions can vary depending on the specific synthesis method and sample preparation.

For literature references, you might want to check out the following studies:
- "Superionic Conductivity in the Li7P3S11 System" by K. Yubuta et al., published in Chemistry of Materials.
- "Lithium Superionic Conductors with an Anti-Fluorite Lithium Sulfide Structure" by M. Reddy et al., published in Journal of the American Chemical Society.

As for modifications, common approaches include:
- Doping with other elements to enhance ionic mobility.
- Adjusting the synthesis temperature and time to control the crystal structure.
- Compositing with other materials to improve overall conductivity and stability.

Please note that specific details would require accessing the full texts of these papers.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: I am writing a literature review under the theme: Actionable Intelligence and Security Metrics for benchmarking temporal models. 
I need academically peer-reviewed official sources supporting the paragraph, "Risk scoring frameworks, such as the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), are widely used  but have limitations. (author?) [18] found that CVSS scores have low correlation with actual exploitation, suggesting the need for alternative metrics like the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS) (https://www.first.org/epss/model). EPSS provides probabilistic estimates of exploitation likelihood,
 enhancing prioritization. However, (author?) [17] notes EPSS’s challenges with unobserved vulnerabilities, advocating for supplementary systems like SOCRadar’s SVRS. Patch management policies also play a critical role, with (author?) [16] analyzing exploitation timelines (2021–2022) to inform patching priorities, finding that 62% of exploited vulnerabilities were zero-days, requiring rapid response (https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/time-to-exploit-trends-2021-2022/). The literature underscores that actionable intelligence must lead to measurable improvements in SOC metrics, such as reduced MTTR or fewer successful attacks. However, few studies link predictive model performance to these operational outcomes, highlighting the need for frameworks that integrate predictive accuracy with actionability, as proposed in this paper."

Prepare the intext citation and references in IEEE standard
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: To fully integrate tumors with Drug Efficacy Profiles, we obtained single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets for 17 types of cancers from GEO. To ensure the rationality of drug efficacy prediction, only untreated primary tumor samples in vivo were selected, totaling 900 samples from 86 projects with a total of 2,733,523 cells (Figure 1A). Additionally, we obtained information on 1,593 drugs used for cancer treatment from the L1000 database.
paraphrase this paragraph
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: 
I've been reading some papers which suggest that the lower and final layers of transformer language models are doing "detokenization" and "retokenization". Here detokenization means gathering tokens and form a concept. For example, the term "machine learning" is formed after a few layers, or maybe entity names (gathering first and last names). It is usually stored at the last token position, which is intuitive for decoder transformers. And the final several layers are basically doing the inverse of this, decoding concepts/entities into a sequence of tokens.

I wonder how this could be achieved. Specifically, the encoding part should be easy, but the decoding part needs to decode multiple tokens . What could be the possible ways transformers do this (through attention+MLP)?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: (20 points)
(a) (5 points) Prove that if G is an undirected graph with n vertices and
n edges with no vertices of degree 0 or 1, then the degree of every
vertex is 2.
(b) (5 points) Let G be an undirected graph with at least two vertices.
Prove that it is impossible for every vertex of G to have a different
degree.
(c) (10 points) In a group of 10 people, each one has 7 friends among the
other nine people. Prove that there exist 4 people who are friends of
each other.
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: Spin tilts of binary black holes are vital for distinguishing different astrophysical formation channels. However, the tilts observed when the binary enters the frequency band of ground-based gravitational-wave detectors can differ significantly from the tilts at formation. Therefore, evolving the binary backward in time from its detection to its formation is essential for understanding its origins. There exist codes to evolve quasi-circular precessing binary black holes to formation, but not yet any for eccentric precessing binaries, even though dynamical formation channels can result in non-negligible eccentricities at detection. Can you cite papers to back the claim in the last 2 sentences?
Subject: physics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: A decentralised ORAN network is possible using federated learning and d2d communications in Near-RT RIC for effective resource allocation. For a D2D -FL Near RIC RT ORAN network, provide specific current papers that implemented this architecture. Present papers that have implemented various schedulers and interference management schemes. Note that the papers should be those that worked on D2D -FL Near RIC RT ORAN network.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: kit. In order to make this detection scheme more convenient to carry out work in economically underdeveloped areas, we choose a cheap and universal handheld ATP fluorescence detector for bacterial quantification to detect the chemiluminescence result of using aptamer to detect to detect AFB1. 800 μL of the solution to be tested after pre-treatment was added into the luminescent tube, then 100μL of detection solution was added into the test sample, and incubated for 10 min. After this, 100μL of H2O2 was added to the cell. Finally, the intensity of luminescence was collected by an ATP fluorescence detector. 'I have few questions  like " can we detect the signals of "using aptamer to detect AFB1" using universal handheld ATP fluorescence detector"""
Subject: biology
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: The growing influence of media in shaping public discourse raises critical questions about the impact of external forces on social opinion. To what extent do individuals truly shape their own commentary, and how much are they reacting to the pressures exerted by their surrounding environment? As people engage with various media channels, their emotional and cognitive responses can be significantly swayed by prevailing narratives and trends, often leading to phenomena such as opinion avalanches. This term describes the rapid accumulation of comments and reactions, which escalates to the point where it overwhelms the original topic, creating a tidal wave of discourse that drowns out nuanced discussion. The interaction between public sentiment and the mechanisms of media dissemination invites us to reflect on how societal values and collective consciousness both shape and sometimes distort individual perspectives.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Someone in Dreadsbury Mansion killed Aunt Agatha. Agatha, the butler, and Charles live in Dreadsbury Mansion, and are the only ones to live there. A killer always hates, and is no richer than his victim. Charles hates noone that Agatha hates. Agatha hates everybody except the butler. The butler hates everyone not richer than Aunt Agatha. The butler hates everyone whom Agatha hates. Noone hates everyone. Who killed Agatha?
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: The ITH program that continues to mediate the most signaling under known heterogeneous conditions is considered a critical MP. 
Most cancers exhibit notable consistency across all drug groups. 
As shown in Figure 3, programs related to the cell cycle and stress responses displayed evident trends, reflecting the proliferation and metastasis characteristics of tumor cells. 
To assess the level of heterogeneity, core heterogeneity genes from each drug group were used to enrich the specific genes of MPs. 
The MP with the largest absolute value of the Normalized Enrichment Score (NES) was selected as the heterogeneity-associated MP contributing to differences in drug efficacy.

paraphrase this paragraph
Subject: biology
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: The data from the study show that furosemide had a marked effect on urinary excretion in Wistar rats, particularly at doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. This result aligns with the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of furosemide involves inhibition of the sodium, potassium and chloride cotransporter in the ascending portion of the loop of Henle, resulting in increased urinary fluid and electrolyte excretion. It was observed that rats receiving the highest doses experienced a significant increase in urine output compared to the control group and those receiving the lowest dose (2.5 mg/kg), confirming the dose-response relationship suggested at the outset.   
With regard to water consumption, a remarkable pattern was observed. It was evident that all furosemide-treated rats showed an increase in water consumption compared to the control group. This increase was more pronounced in the intermediate and high dose groups compared to the lower dose groups. This phenomenon could be interpreted as a physiological compensation mechanism, whereby the body seeks to restore the water balance lost as a result of drug administration. This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that diuretics can increase the sensation of thirst.   
However, no significant differences in the weight of the rats were observed. Although it was anticipated that fluid loss would result in a decrease in body weight, it is plausible that the duration of the experiment was not long enough to detect a variation or that increased water intake counteracted fluid loss. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study suggest that the weight of the rats remained stable, indicating that their bodies were able to adequately regulate water balance despite the diuretic effect of the drug. Therefore, it is concluded that the rats did not reach a state of severe dehydration, suggesting that the duration of the experiment was insufficient to detect significant changes in their body condition.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: The coating material of SPME is the key factor determining the extraction efficiency and selectivity. The traditional commercial SPME coatings mainly include polymer materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polymethyl methacrylate (PA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), etc., as well as mixed coatings such as PDMS/DVB (diethylenevinylbenzene), CAR/PDMS (carbon molecular sieve/PDMS), etc.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Understanding the importance of reading
Reading is a very important process that should be encouraged and
enhanced.
2.1Definition
Reading is one of the most important language skills that should
be developed; it is defined as “the ability to extract and construct
linguistically-based meaning from written text” (Hoove &
Tunmer, 2020, p. 24) that is, the reader should have a deep
knowledge and a good command of language to be able to
identify and decipher the meanings of words.
5
Further, Cain states that “reading is much more than a single skill:
it involves the coordination of a range of abilities, strategies, and
knowledge” (Cain, 2010, p. 2)
2.2Types
There are many types of reading that students may engage in such
as: scanning or skimming reading, idea reading, exploratory
reading, study reading, critical reading, and analytic reading
(Koneru, 2008).
Brown (1994) suggests several reading types such as oral reading,
silent reading which is divided into intensive and extensive
readings. On the other hand, Rizvi (2006) considers “the
techniques of prediction, skimming, and scanning as part of rapid
reading which prepare for intensive reading if applied correctly
and effectively” (243)
2.3Importance
Reading is essential for :
 Knowledge acquisition
 Exploration of diverse subjects
 Cognitive and emotional development
 Vocabulary enhancement
 Critical thinking and analysis skills development
 Creativity enhancement
 Writing skills development                                                                                                                                                                                                summaries briefly by stating important ideas
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: The atomic coordinates for the Te crystal structure with space group 166 (R-3m) are as follows:

- Te: (0, 0, 0)
- Te: (2/3, 1/3, 1/2)

These coordinates represent the positions of the tellurium atoms within the unit cell of the crystal structure, considering the symmetry operations defined by the R-3m space group.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: Super enhancers  represent large clusters of contiguous typical enhancers that are densely enriched with master transcription factors, cofactors, and characteristic epigenetic marks (e.g., H3K27ac, BRD4). These regulatory elements play pivotal roles in orchestrating cell identity gene expression programs, and have emerged as critical players in developmental biology and disease pathogenesis, particularly in cancer, owing to their unique capacity to integrate multiple signaling pathways and amplify oncogenic transcriptional outputs.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Main research prompt:
"Provide a comprehensive analysis of One Meal a Day (OMAD) diet, focusing on:

Optimal meal timing and composition for maximum nutritional benefit
Exercise recommendations and timing around the single meal
Scientific evidence on metabolic benefits and potential risks
Sample meal plans with macro and micronutrient breakdowns
Strategies for athletes and active individuals following OMAD"

Follow-up prompts for specific details:

"What is the ideal window for consuming the single meal in OMAD, and how should exercise be timed relative to this meal? Include research on circadian rhythms and metabolic optimization."
"Detail the recommended macronutrient distribution for an OMAD meal plan, considering different activity levels and fitness goals. Include specific food combinations that maximize nutrient absorption."
"Compare the effectiveness of different exercise types (strength training, cardio, HIIT) when following OMAD, including optimal timing and intensity recommendations."

Expert-level variations:
"Analyze current peer-reviewed research on OMAD's impact on:

Muscle preservation and growth
Athletic performance
Recovery and adaptation
Hormonal balance
Long-term sustainability"
Subject: nutrition science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: They provided evidence that audit quality improves the quality of financial reporting information, reduces information risk and information asymmetry, and consequently, lowers the cost of equity capital. (Verma Deepak, Dawar Varun, Chaudhary Pankaj,et. al. (2023) noted that the poor financial information results in the a increasing increase in the cost of equity capital. These markets  - unlike developed countries are characterized by weak legal investor protection which makes the results of these studies not generalizable to emerging markets like Egypt due to different institutional settings, regulations, rules, and economic environment.
Subject: finance
Intent: Other
Query: In recent years, high-performance prediction of DTI has become an extremely important issue in drug discovery research (). To address this issue, machine learning methods based on GNNs have been attracting attention in recent years, because GNNs can learn information inherent in vertices and edges by representing compounds and proteins as graph structures, and have been reported as a promising method for the prediction of drug-target protein interactions (). In particular, GNN does not require highly accurate protein conformational information as in docking simulations, and thus has the potential to be applied to target proteins whose conformations are not yet known or whose conformational accuracy is low. However, there have been no DTI prediction studies focusing on proteins that are difficult to predict by docking simulations, taking advantage of this feature of GNNs.
In addition, although the quality of training data is extremely important for DTI prediction, there are only a limited number of methods to examine negative data, which are considered to have no interaction, and to improve the reliability of the data before training them into GNNs. Furthermore, after obtaining interaction prediction results from GNNs, there are no studies that analyze these candidate interactions on the network structure to narrow down the list of more reliable interaction candidates. In general, drug-target interactions form complex networks, suggesting that it is beneficial to consider the broader network structure rather than simply predicting pairs ().

Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Explain the replication cycle of HPV from initial entry into the host cell to genome replication. Address the following:

How the viral genome is released into the nucleus and establishes itself as an episome.

The roles of viral early proteins (e.g., E1, E2, E6, E7) in hijacking host replication machinery, disabling tumor suppressors, and promoting S-phase conditions.

The differentiation-dependent transition from latent to productive replication in epithelial cells.

The mechanism of viral DNA replication (e.g., rolling-circle replication) and its reliance on host enzymes.
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: In recent years, with the rapid development of drone technology, swarm control has gradually become a research hotspot. The application scenarios of quadcopter drone swarms have become increasingly widespread, covering various advanced fields such as disaster rescue and emergency response, environmental monitoring and protection, agricultural automation and precision farming, smart city construction and infrastructure management, logistics and delivery, military reconnaissance and operations, media and entertainment, and scientific research and data collection. For example, in disaster rescue, swarm drones can be rapidly deployed for real-time monitoring and search and rescue; in environmental protection, collaborative operations achieve large-scale data collection and analysis; in the agricultural field, drone swarms are used for precise spraying and crop health monitoring; in smart cities, swarm drones are employed for traffic management and security surveillance; in logistics and delivery, swarm drones enhance transportation efficiency and coverage; in military applications, swarm control strengthens reconnaissance and combat capabilities. Additionally, the media and entertainment, as well as scientific research sectors, widely adopt drone swarm technology. These diverse applications not only demonstrate the powerful functions and flexibility of quadcopter drone swarms but also drive continuous innovation and optimization of related technologies, further expanding their application prospects across various industries.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Mindful Maze is an innovative platform designed to transform online learning by providing personalized and interactive educational experiences. The platform caters to individual learning styles, ensuring accessibility and engagement. By intelligently connecting learners with instructors based on subject expertise, availability, and budget preferences, Mindful Maze enhances the quality of digital education. Key features such as real-time communication, AI-powered learning support, and secure payment systems contribute to a seamless and effective user experience.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: can you prepare research specific objectives from the following research questions: 1.	What institutional policies currently exist at Dilla University regarding digital literacy integration into the curriculum?
2.	How do faculty perceptions of digital literacy impact their teaching practices and curriculum design?
3.	What barriers do students face in developing digital competencies within their academic programs?
4.	In what ways can Dilla University enhance its approach to digital literacy training for both students and faculty?
Subject: education
Intent: Ideation
Query: where is this passage from It is unsurprising, given that functioning peatlands require ahigh water table, that rewetting is a common restoration techniqueto reverse the damage from widespread drainage, nor that it isbeneﬁcial (Renou-Wilson et al. 2019; Taylor et al. 2019). Rewet-ting has been considered to “jump-start” the recovery of peatlandecosystem function (Kareksela et al. 2015), yet our results suggestthat as a single technique it is generally unlikely to deliver reliableimprovements in the short term and that active revegetation isadditionally required. This may be due to a depleted seedbankor lack of nearby diaspores (Smolders et al. 2003; Hedberget al. 2012), or in the contrary, the presence of other dominatingspecies (Gaffney et al. 2020), or other limiting factors, such asabiotic disturbances like wave erosion. Whatever the underlyingcause, our results suggest that solely restoring the water table,though a necessary step (Klimkowska et al. 2010; Luntet al. 2010), does not guarantee recovery of peatland ecosystems(Kreyling et al. 2021).
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Metadata
Query: investigates whether International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) can narrow the gap by improving audit quality and financial reporting. Another comprehensive review by the Asian Journal of Accounting Research  (2022) identifies multifaceted causes and suggests that complete eradication of the gap is unlikely, though strategies for reduction exist. (Mengyan, G. 2020) emphasizes the role of corporate governance in narrowing the gap through improved accountability. Toumeh et al. (2018) highlight the lack of awareness among financial statement users as a major factor and suggest bolstering auditor independence. Finally, Fotoh and Lorentzon (2022) discuss how digitalization in auditing could transform expectations and potentially narrow the gap by enhancing fraud prevention and detection.
Subject: finance
Intent: Other
Query: I need to create a study guide to prepare for a seminar I am participating in. This week we are focusing on four papers on the topic of video segmentation. If I give you the four papers, can you curate a study guide that covers the essential papers that are required to be read to fully understand the four papers? I would assume that you would look at the essential papers referenced in these works, and then the influential papers then referenced by those papers, and then the influential papers referenced by them~ and so forth. I need a list of papers that I would be able to cover in approximately four days. The papers are the following: * Decoupling Static and Hierarchical Motion Perception for Referring Video Segmentation (He et al., 2024) * Tracking Anything with Decoupled Video Segmentation (Cheng et al., 2023) * SAM 2: Segment Anything in Images and Videos (Ravi et al., 2024) * Context Enhanced Transformer for Single Image Object Detection (An et al., 2024)

When giving me the study plan, list which papers reerenced which.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Please find related literature: In recent years, several algorithms have been proposed to address these challenges, including multi-objective Bayesian optimization (Li et al. 20242), evolutionary algorithms (Wang et al. 2024)(Jain et al. 2022)(Shahrzad et al. 2018), and constrained multi-objective optimization (Li et al. 20241). These algorithms have been shown to be effective in various scientific applications, including drug discovery, hyperparameter optimization, and molecular design.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Certainly! Here's a novel and valid research topic based on your background:

**"Exploring Photoredox Catalysis for Controlled Three-Component Cycloadditions of Phosphorus Ylides with Inert C–H and C=P Bonds: A Route to Versatile Synthetic Building Blocks Under Mild Conditions"**

This topic focuses on leveraging photoredox catalysis to activate phosphorus ylides and enable a formal three-component cycloaddition reaction. The aim is to convert inert C–H and C=P bonds into valuable C–C and C=C bonds in a controlled and efficient manner. This approach not only expands the utility of photoredox catalysis but also provides a practical method for synthesizing versatile building blocks suitable for complex molecule construction.

Would you like me to refine it further or help outline potential experimental approaches?
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: find the reference for the below papers:
Here is a list of papers related to the topic of developing a framework for ethical implementation of Artificial Intelligence in business processes:

(Towards an Ethical and Inclusive Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Organizations: A Multidimensional Framework)
(Ethical and Scalable Automation: A Governance and Compliance Framework for Business Applications)
(Ethics and responsible AI deployment)
(Hacia una implementación ética e inclusiva de la Inteligencia Artificial en las organizaciones: un marco multidimensional)
(Signs for Ethical AI: A Route Towards Transparency)
(Towards a Privacy and Security-Aware Framework for Ethical AI: Guiding the Development and Assessment of AI Systems)
(A Framework for Ethical AI: Integrating Ethics into AI Development and Deployment)
(Ethical AI: A Framework for Responsible AI Development and Deployment)
(A Multidimensional Framework for Ethical AI: Combining Ethics with Regulation, Innovation, and Education)
(Ethics and AI: A Framework for Ethical AI Development and Deployment)
(A Framework for Ethical AI: Integrating Ethics into AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(Ethical AI: A Framework for Responsible AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(A Multidimensional Framework for Ethical AI: Combining Ethics with Regulation, Innovation, and Education)
(Ethics and AI: A Framework for Ethical AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(A Framework for Ethical AI: Integrating Ethics into AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(Ethical AI: A Framework for Responsible AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(A Multidimensional Framework for Ethical AI: Combining Ethics with Regulation, Innovation, and Education)
(Ethics and AI: A Framework for Ethical AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(A Framework for Ethical AI: Integrating Ethics into AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
(Ethical AI: A Framework for Responsible AI Development, Deployment, and Use)
Subject: computer science
Intent: Metadata
Query: I'm trying to create a world map type plot, where I want to show discrepancy between the global north and global south countries, in terms of AI. My key argument is: AI progress is uneven, and it is biased toward / favours global north countries predominantly. For instance, I have a data showing LLM actuality for different countries, and it clearly shows that LLM factuality is far better for global north countries, compared to global south. Does Global North countries (1) hire more AI PhDs? (2) governments spend more in AI? (3) have more AI Engineers compared to global south?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: The scientific impact of a research paper describes the positive and negative influence the paper has on its field of study as well as other fields.
To understand the impact of a paper, one needs to understand how it has been utilized and discussed by other papers.
This is normally referred to as citation intents or aspects.
One also needs to understand the evolution of the impact over time.

Given the paper titled "Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual Using Knowledge Distillation" published in 2020, describe the influence of this paper.
The output impact statement should cover different eras of influence, describing specific aspects of impact,
and back up every claim with specific sources.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Blockchain technology has revolutionized decentralized data management by ensuring security, transparency, and immutability. However, scalability limitations remain a critical bottleneck, particularly in permissionless blockchains that require high transaction throughput. The growing demand for decentralized applications (DApps) has highlighted the inefficiencies of traditional blockchain architectures, which struggle with increased network congestion and transaction latency.
Sharding has emerged as a promising scalability solution, partitioning the blockchain network into smaller, independently processed units known as shards. Despite its potential, sharding faces key challenges in ensuring security, reducing cross-shard communication, and optimizing node-shard assignments. Existing approaches, such as Random Sharding (RS), provide strong security guarantees but suffer from poor scalability. Alternatively, Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based sharding has demonstrated moderate performance improvements but remains computationally expensive and prone to local optima.
To address these challenges, this paper explores Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) as advanced optimization techniques for secure and scalable blockchain sharding. ACO leverages a pheromone-inspired heuristic mechanism to dynamically allocate nodes to shards, balancing security and performance. Meanwhile, RL employs a learning-based adaptation strategy to iteratively refine shard assignments based on observed network conditions.
Through extensive experimentation on over 360,000 test cases, this study compares the effectiveness of ACO, RL, GA, and RS across three key metrics:
Scalability – measured by transaction throughput and network efficiency.
Security – evaluated based on adversary tolerance in sharded architectures.
Computational Efficiency – assessed via execution time and convergence speed.
The results demonstrate that ACO achieves the highest balance between scalability and security, outperforming GA and RS while maintaining efficient execution. RL exhibits the highest scalability potential but suffers from performance variability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive comparative study of ACO and RL in permissionless blockchain sharding. These insights contribute to the development of more efficient and adaptable blockchain scaling mechanisms.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Hello. I am a master's student in energy systems engineering, specializing in modeling and renewable energies.
I am currently focused on my thesis and conducting research.
I want to conduct research on reducing and optimizing energy consumption in buildings in a way that is related to my field, which is renewable energies.
The type and process of the project must be software-based and I do not have the ability to use physical equipment.
I also have problems and deficiencies in collecting data.
What do you think I should work on in this area that is both innovative and meets the stated needs?
Subject: engineering
Intent: Ideation
Query: Can you suggest 3 papers on Spin-Orbit Coupling and Topological Properties in regards to  2D SPINTRONIC MATERIALS AND PHENOMENA. I need to hit these topics: Examine materials such as WTe2 and Bi2Se3 for their strong spin-orbit coupling and
potential for spin-charge interconversion. - Highlight the relevance of topological insulators
and quantum anomalous Hall insulators in wearable neuromorphic devices. Synaptic weights
4
in neuromorphic systems with fast switching (<1 ns) and low energy (<10 fJ/bit). -
W/CoFeB/MgO structures have demonstrated high spin-torque efficiency.
Subject: physics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Mechanisms of Bioavailability Enhancement by Nanocarriers
*   IV.C.1.  Improved Solubility and Dissolution Rate (Nanocarriers overcoming solubility limitations)
*   IV.C.2.  Protection from Metabolism and Degradation (Nanocarriers shielding quercetin from enzymatic breakdown)
*   IV.C.3.  Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Permeation (Mechanisms of nanocarrier-mediated cellular entry)
*   IV.C.4.  Targeted Delivery to Absorption Sites (Nanocarriers directing quercetin to specific intestinal regions)
write content in context of quercetin 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding