allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: Investigate how different forms of data "regularization" (e.g., augmenting data, injecting noise, curating diverse datasets) can be used to improve model robustness without leading to overfitting or memorization. A particular angle could involve controlled data adversarial training techniques, where data is intentionally altered to introduce controlled "confusion" and measure how models recover their generalization ability. Above is a research idea, does it being well investigated before?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Detecting smishing remains more difficult than email phishing due to the technical constraints of mobile devices. Text messages inherently lack cues such as sender information or subject lines found in emails [23]. Factors like small screen sizes [35], [36], limited viewing options, and difficulties navigating between apps or verifying SSL certificates [37] exacerbate this issue. Mobile users also face challenges with frequent call-to-action prompts [38], [16]. Anti-phishing solutions designed for desktops often fail on smaller devices. However, platforms like Google have adopted visual indicators such as verified badges, not only on Gmail for desktop but also on the Gmail app for mobile devices, to illustrate the legitimacy of senders, as shown in Figure 2. This approach can also be adopted on SMS chat interfaces as it requires minimal space, making it suitable for mobile screens. The combination of colors and symbols is both eye-catching and informative, helping users quickly identify potential threats while overcoming mobile device limitations and fostering effective detection and prevention. find resources for this part: The combination of colors and symbols is both eye-catching and informative, helping users quickly identify potential threats while overcoming mobile device limitations and fostering effective detection and prevention.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: **Research Hypothesis:** 

"By designing a hybrid thermoelectric system that integrates an adaptive gel-based electrolyte with nanostructured thermoelectric materials, it is possible to achieve continuous and efficient power generation across a wide temperature range while mitigating the limitations of traditional thermocells. This approach will enhance both power output and operational stability under variable environmental conditions through dynamically responsive thermal and electrical properties, enabling sustained performance even when temperature gradients stabilize or fluctuate."

### Justification:
This hypothesis addresses the limitations of traditional thermocells and gel-based systems by proposing a hybrid solution that combines the advantages of nanostructured thermoelectric materials (for improved efficiency) with adaptive gel-based electrolytes (for enhanced stability and ionic conductivity). The concept of "adaptive" materials suggests that the system could adjust its properties in response to changing temperatures, which is critical for sustaining power output in dynamic environments. Additionally, focusing on nanostructured materials aligns with recent advancements in improving thermoelectric performance, making this hypothesis both innovative and grounded in current scientific understanding.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Ideation
Query: Writing is considered one of the four macro-skills in language that must be acquired and mastered. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of writing as the final skill to be fully developed, particularly given the growth in the number of international students (Andrade & Evans, 2013) and non-native speakers of English seeking to publish their research in international English-language journals (Adnan, 2009). This trend is especially significant in Asian countries, including the Philippines, where English is used as a second language (ESL) in many contexts, such as education, business, and government. Research conducted between 2015 and 2019 highlights the growing demand for advanced writing skills among ESL learners in the Philippines (Gonzales, 2017; Chua, 2019). Similarly, studies in other Asian countries, such as China and Indonesia emphasized the need to enhance writing proficiency, given its crucial role in academic success and global communication (Liu, 2016; Sutarto, 2018). These findings reflect a broader recognition that writing, especially academic writing, is not merely a passive skill, but a vital component of the academic identity and success of both EFL and ESL learners across Asia.
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: Anyone know of work measuring how stubborn LLMs are (how much they stick to their answers despite feedback) in general settings (not just factual/knowledge questions)? I read the ClashEval paper (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.10198) but I'm a bit unsure about their approach since they measure stubbornness using the model's own confidence scores, which might not be well-calibrated.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising example of developing private AI, enabling AI models to collaboratively train on distributed devices without exposing private data. Please delve into the latest developments of federated learning, discussing key concepts, technologies, and applications that promote collaboration, enhance privacy, and address the inherent challenges of centralized AI. Also, analyze its potential in shaping the future of AI, especially in the era of large AI models. Discuss it as much detail as possible
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Do a literature review for our paper:
Geometric Tolerance Evaluation of Deformed Shaft Using an Optical 3D Scanning
Takenori Sumia, Akihiro Oritaa, Shizuo Kajib
aAsahi Heat Treatment Co.,Ltd., 2-9-1 Kuzuhara, Neyagawa, 5720075, Osaka, Japan
bInstitute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Fukuoka, Japan
Abstract
This study proposes a novel method for determining the longitudinal reference axis from point cloud data obtained via optical
three-dimensional(3D) scanning. To achieve axis determination, PCA on the shaft’s central axis is introduced. This method
requires precise centroids; therefore, slicing, convex hull construction, and weighted centroid calculations are performed. As a
result of its application to geometric tolerance evaluation of heat-treated shafts and extreme cross-section distortions, this approach
stabilizes straightness evaluation by mitigating axis misalignment effects, while also providing a consistent reference for roundness
assessment. Its ability to quantify axis distortions in heat-treated shafts suggests potential applications in industrial inspections.
Keywords: Straightness evaluation, Roundness evaluation, Point cloud, Shaft deformation, Optical 3D scanning
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Give me a short literature review comprising the most cited publications from the top venues in Human Computer Interaction about  human values such as privacy, security, safety, transparency, fairness, sustainability in autonomous vehicle platforms. I only the published articles (not from Arxiv) and I want  the ones from the top venues only. Please provide the links to all cited publications (directly form the publisher website) and avoid providing unreliable or made-up (fake) references. Once finished, double check evry single cited article and make sure they actually exists and that they are properly cirted and the link is valiud.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: In the initial stages of developing our fact-checking tool, we employed simple and straightforward prompts, assuming that the large language models (LLMs) would be able to easily interpret and validate subject-predicate-object semantic triples. However, this approach revealed several critical limitations that hindered the accuracy and reliability of the tool’s outputs.

One of the major issues we encountered was the generation of vague or overly general responses
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Gurgaon, officially known as Gurugram, faces a severe groundwater crisis characterized by over-extraction and diminishing reserves. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has classified the district as 'overexploited' since 2013, indicating that groundwater extraction significantly surpasses natural replenishment rates. 
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Key Groundwater Statistics for Gurgaon:
•	Net Annual Ground Water Availability: As of the latest assessments, Gurgaon's total replenishable groundwater resources are critically low. 
cgwb.gov.in
•	Annual Ground Water Draft: The district's annual groundwater extraction for domestic, industrial, and irrigation purposes has been reported to exceed sustainable limits, leading to a negative balance. 
cgwb.gov.in
•	Stage of Ground Water Development: Gurgaon's extraction rate is more than double its renewable capacity, placing it at extreme risk of aquifer depletion. 
cgwb.gov.in
The city's reliance on groundwater is exacerbated by inadequate surface water supply. Gurgaon receives approximately 570 million liters per day (MLD) from river sources, which falls short of the peak summer demand of 675 MLD. This shortfall compels residents and industries to depend heavily on groundwater, further stressing the aquifers. 
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Recent observations indicate a slight improvement in groundwater levels, with a rise of 3.5 meters, reaching a six-year high. Despite this positive trend, the overall situation remains precarious, necessitating sustainable water management practices and policies to address the ongoing crisis. 
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
In summary, Gurgaon's groundwater scenario is marked by over-extraction and insufficient recharge, leading to a critical imbalance. Addressing this challenge requires a multifaceted approach, including enhancing surface water supply, implementing stringent groundwater regulations, and promoting water conservation initiatives among all stakeholders.

Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: What the novelties and equivalent ideas presented in Instruct, Not Assist: LLM-based Multi-Turn Planning and Hierarchical Questioning for Socratic Code Debugging (https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.553) and Stepwise Verification and Remediation of Student Reasoning Errors with Large Language Model Tutors (https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.478/)?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Conduct a comprehensive review of biosensor techniques that leverage biotechnology, nanotechnology, CRISPR-Cas, and synthetic biology for the detection and quantification of various environmental contaminants. Focus on heavy metals, oil spills, and microbial pathogens in water, soil, air, and biological materials.

Given the limitations of current EPA techniques, which are often time-consuming, expensive, and not feasible for many developing countries, there is a pressing need for novel, cost-effective, rapid, and user-friendly biosensor methods.
Objectives:

    Identify Efficient Biosensors:
        Evaluate enzyme inhibition-based biosensors (e.g., glucose oxidase, urease, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase).
        Assess DNA-based biosensors and whole-cell biosensors (e.g., bacteria, algae).
    Role of Nanotechnology:
        Examine the enhancement of biosensor sensitivity and selectivity using graphene, nanowires, and nanostructured films.
    Performance Evaluation:
        Detail the sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits of the biosensors.
        Discuss the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendliness of the proposed techniques.
    Experimental Validation:
        Verify the proposed biosensor techniques through experimental validation.
    Future Directions:
        Suggest potential refinements or future research directions to improve the efficiency and applicability of the biosensors.

Report Format:

    Provide a detailed, technical report including an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions.
    Include tables, figures, and references to support the findings.

Address this research to environmental scientists, biotechnologists, and engineers involved in the development of biosensors. Ensure the language is clear, concise, and free of grammatical errors.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: The 32 crystal point groups are: 

1. C1, Ci, Cs
2. C2, C2h, C2v
3. D2, D2h
4. C4, S4, C4h, C4v, D4, D4h, D4d
5. C3, S6, C3v, D3, D3h, D3d
6. C6, C6h, C6v, D6, D6h, D6d
7. T, Th, Td, O, Oh, I, Ih

These point groups represent all possible symmetry operations in three-dimensional space for crystals.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation that describes the behavior of shallow water waves or long waves in a compressible fluid. The equation has been extensively studied and has several important properties, including soliton solutions, infinite number of conservation laws, Bäcklund and Darboux transformations, and solvability in terms of inverse scattering transformation. rewrite
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: Discussion
The results highlight the superior capability of transformer-
based architectures like RoBERTa for handling informal
and context-rich textual data. Key findings include:
• Contextual Understanding: RoBERTa’s ability to
capture bidirectional relationships between words al-
lowed it to outperform Logistic Regression and Naive
Bayes significantly.
• Impact of Hyperparameter Tuning: The use of
Bayesian optimization to refine hyperparameters con-
tributed to improved convergence and reduced overfit-
ting.
• Challenges: While baseline models struggled with the
informal language and class imbalances in the dataset,
RoBERTa demonstrated robustness and reliability in
handling these challenges.
The findings underscore the importance of leveraging ad-
vanced transformer-based models for sentiment analysis
tasks, especially in domains where informal language and
nuanced expressions are prevalent.

can you find paper to ad in text citation 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: I have a new idea for research on metrics for LLM Narrative Generation. I will describe the idea below. Tell me if it is novel:

The CORE Score is a multi-faceted evaluation metric for narrative quality, integrating three components: Narrative Surprisal Arc (NSA), Causal Coverage, and Structural Complexity. NSA models the rise and fall of tension using GPT-2 to calculate surprisal values, fitting a quadratic curve to capture the arc's coherence. Causal Coverage employs BART-large MNLI for zero-shot classification to infer causal relationships between consecutive sentences, quantifying logical flow. Structural Complexity leverages spaCy's dependency parser to compute clause counts, parse depth, and clause density, assessing linguistic depth. This metric combines cognitive and structural insights to provide a comprehensive evaluation of narrative structure and coherence.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: How to merge the ideas of these two articles, I want to develop a multihop reasoning agent, can you give me some idea Hyungjoo Chae, Yongho Song, Kai Tzu-iunn Ong, Taeyoon Kwon, Minjin Kim, Youngjae Yu et al. Dialogue Chain-of-Thought Distillation for Commonsense-aware Conversational Agents. 2023. Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. KG-Agent: An Efficient Autonomous Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graph

following your answer, this idea really make sence:
"Implement a dual-agent framework: The KG-Agent framework can be modified to use a dual-agent approach, where one agent is responsible for navigating the knowledge graph and the other agent is responsible for using Chain-of-Thought reasoning to extract plausible rationales."
can you following the idea of the above two articles, give me a complete Technical Solutions，includes the complete process and details of each step, as well as key formulas
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: Following BERT, the field rapidly advanced with the introduction of models such as GPT-2 and GPT-3 by OpenAI. GPT-2, released in 2019, demonstrated that increasing the model size and training data could lead to substantial improvements in performance across a wide range of tasks . GPT-3, introduced in 2020, further pushed boundaries with 175 billion parameters, showing remarkable abilities in terms of language understanding, generation, and even few-shot learning. These models set a new standard for LLMs, emphasizing the importance of scale and training data.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Residents of the Loess Plateau heavily rely on land resources for their basic livelihood. However, with continued population growth, the land’s carrying capacity is increasingly strained. Many families depend on rain-fed agriculture, which is highly vulnerable to climate fluctuations and threatens food security. Due to poor soil and weak infrastructure, the region has long been a focus of national poverty alleviation efforts. Ecological degradation exacerbates economic hardship, prompting large numbers of young adults to migrate for work, leading to the “hollowing-out” of rural villages. Some local governments have implemented “ecological migration” programs to relocate residents from high-risk zones, though with mixed success—many migrants struggle to adapt. Additionally, frequent natural disasters such as landslides and loess collapses pose serious threats to residential safety and increase the burden of governance.
Subject: environmental science
Intent: Other
Query: One of the primary goals of an SLR is to identify gaps in the current literature. This is particularly important in the context of Scrum, where claims of its superiority over other methodologies may lack empirical support. By systematically reviewing the literature, the study can pinpoint areas that require further investigation, thereby guiding future research efforts and ensuring that they are focused on addressing significant questions. Through the systematic aggregation of findings from multiple studies, an SLR can provide a more nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of Scrum compared to other agile methodologies. This synthesis can reveal patterns, trends, and inconsistencies in the literature, offering valuable insights that can inform both academic discourse and practical applications in the industry. continue and paraphrase
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: LLM-based systems are being spun up more and more frequently for tasks like evaluation and annotation workflows. In this work, we propose a framework, \textsc{ActiveRubric}, to provide support for this life cycle of tuning, evaluation and both train and test-time annotations by humans and LLMs. We start by first exploring whether the transformer architecture is good at learning joint distributions. We evaluate this by running transformer-based inferencing on randomly sampled Bayesian nets and find that transformers \textit{can} do inferencing on graph structures. Next, we evaluate the architecture on the dataset introduced in \textsc{LLMRubric} \cite{hashemi-etal-2024-llm} and a manually constructed dataset from the HANNA corpus \cite{chhun-etal-2022-human} and find that the transformer architecture is again well suited for modeling the joint distribution and correlates well with judge annotations. \textit{Future work to be added here include using VOI for active feature acquisition and active learning.} 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube enable instant dissemination of information, often unverified or unedited. Algorithms designed to optimize user interaction prioritize sensational and emotionally charged content, fueling the spread of misinformation. The network effect of social media, where misinformation can reach millions within minutes, creates a fertile environment for manipulation. 

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies add new dimensions to misinformation campaigns. AI algorithms can generate convincing text, images, and videos—known as deepfakes—making it increasingly difficult to discern real from fake. Deepfakes, which mimic individuals saying or doing things they never did, pose serious risks to personal reputations and public trust.

Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Replication (receptors, modes of entry, genome replication, mode of exit).
Virus entry: discuss how the virus enters host cells, including the receptors to which it binds.
Replication process: Explain the steps involved in the virus replication cycle, from entry to genome replication.
Exit mechanisms: Describe how the virus exits the host cell to infect new cells. Include any relevant terminology.

Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: make this stronger: Smishing, or SMS phishing, is an increasingly prevalent threat that exploits users' trust in mobile communications. Despite the widespread use of smartphones, many individuals struggle not only to accurately distinguish between legitimate and fraudulent messages, but they also often fall for fraudulent ones. A study by Faklaris et al. highlights that users exhibit a strong bias toward perceiving legitimate messages as fraudulent due to the ambiguous nature of message content, which leads to overcautious behavior (cite). Another study further reveals that users' inability to correctly interpret cues contributes significantly to their confusion and susceptibility to smishing attacks (cite). This growing challenge highlights the need for effective user interface solutions to help users make informed decisions about incoming messages.
 and emphasize on this section: "This growing challenge highlights the need for effective user interface solutions to help users make informed decisions about incoming messages." the need for effective user interface solution to make users more vigilent is the key here
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Throughout medieval Europe (circa 500-1500 AD), reliance on wood persisted, and technological advancements introduced windmills and waterwheels, enhancing efficiency in milling and other industrial processes. Notably, the Dutch (circa 1300 AD) emerged as pioneers in windmill technology, significantly improving land drainage and agricultural practices. However, as populations grew, concerns regarding resource depletion and environmental impacts became more pronounced, prompting a shift in energy use patterns. 
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Yes, I understand the precursor effect of martensitic transformation. The precursor effect refers to the phenomenon where small-scale structural changes or precursors occur before the actual martensitic transformation takes place. These precursors can include localized lattice distortions, the formation of short-range order, or the movement of defects like dislocations and interfaces. These local changes prepare the material for the rapid, diffusionless transformation that characterizes martensitic transformations, which are typically associated with phase transitions in metals and alloys.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: In the Emulsion Stability Test, the electrical stability (ES) and oil-based mud (OBM) was evaluated by measuring voltage across different concentrations of barite. Based on Figure 2, the results show that ES values increased as the barite concentration increases up to 20%, however a decline was observed at 25%. The average ES values are 296.3 V for 5% of barite, 292.0 V for 10% of barite, 298.3 V for 15% of barite, 316.0 V for 20% of barite and 260.6 V for 25% of barite. 
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: As temperatures rose to 75°C, both mixtures showed reduced stability. However, PG 76-10 remained above the minimum requirement for 30 minutes (10.382 kN), while the 40/50 mixture barely met the limit (9.513 kN). After 24 hours at 75°C, the PG 76-10 mixture retained a borderline value of 9.068 kN, still within specification, but the 40/50 mixture fell to 6.529 kN—well below the required threshold.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: write one paragraph to answer this question: 

Write an essay comparing the integration of technology in rural and urban schools. Discuss disparities in access and infrastructure, and examine strategies to address challenges unique to each setting. With continued advocacy, investment in infrastructure, and innovative solutions, technology integration in both rural and urban schools can lead to more equitable and effective educational outcomes.

Include in text citations and a list with the full sources at the end
Subject: education
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: From a global perspective, China's gender equality issues have commonalities with other countries, such as the limitation of women's career development due to childbearing responsibilities. However, China's problems are also unique: such as the complex impacts of rapid economic development and population policy adjustments. By comparing with global successful cases, we can see that gender equality policies need to be implemented in conjunction with local culture and social environment. Iceland’s wage equality certification and the Nordic countries’ flexible childcare policies prove that a combination of legal enforcement and social support can effectively improve gender equality.
Looking more broadly, gender equality not only affects individual well-being, but also concerns the overall economic vitality and innovation capabilities of society. China plays an important role in the global supply chain, and improvements in gender equality will directly affect the diversity and stability of the global economy. Therefore, promoting gender equality in China is not only a requirement for domestic development, but also an important manifestation of China's role as a responsible member of the international community.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Give me some research papers that handle the following research questions: 

1. Can we develop new ML techniques and metrics to improve model-level guarantees? For
example, [to meet system-level privacy, augmenting training data using synthetic data instead
of FL, individualized private training]
2. Can we apply system design and software engineering techniques to provide system-level
guarantees when ML techniques fall short? For example, [to meet system-level flexibility and
performance, decomposing the ML task and using a connected system of specialist models
over a generalist model, using a combination of ML and non-ML components to solve an ML
task and optimizing these components together]
3. Can we build frameworks or tools to automatically navigate this design space?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: To address the growing need for efficient processing of large and high-resolution datasets without losing critical diagnostic information, researchers are exploring innovative methods that simplify complexity while preserving accuracy. Two promising techniques are frequency-domain image preprocessing and the introduction of sparsity in deep learning architectures. Frequency-domain image preprocessing is a technique that transforms images into the frequency domain, allowing for more efficient processing and analysis (Yan et al., 2022). This approach has been shown to be effective in medical image analysis, where high-resolution images must be processed quickly and accurately. For example, a study on breast cancer detection used axial attention transformer networks to selectively enhance the attention on critical areas within medical images, leading to improved detection accuracy (Xu et al., 2022). Another technique that simplifies complexity while preserving accuracy is the introduction of sparsity in deep learning architectures. Sparsity refers to the reduction of the number of parameters in a neural network, making it more efficient and interpretable (Bengio et al., 2005). By inducing sparsity in deep neural networks, researchers can prevent overfitting and create well-interpretable results (Bengio et al., 2005). In medical image processing, sparsity has been shown to be effective in image super-resolution, where complex high-dimensional datasets are often encountered (Kawahara et al., 2017).
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Find papers on A common method to evaluate wettability is through the contact angle. The contact angle is the angle formed between a liquid droplet and a solid surface, and it reflects the wetting behaviour. A low contact angle indicates a strong wetting tendency which has a hydrophilic behaviour, while a high contact angle indicates poor wetting which has a hydrophobic behaviour. Contact angles are influenced by factors such as surface 
roughness and fluid properties.

Subject: engineering
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Identify suitable precursors and conditions for colloidal ReS2 growth, targeting optimized optical and photodetection properties for semiconductor applications.
Instructions: Begin by selecting potential chemical precursors for ReS2 synthesis, such as [Rhenium (V) Chloride (ReCl5) or ammonium perrhenate (NH₄ReO₄) as precursor A], [sulfur powder or thiourea as precursor B], solvents, and stabilizers, with their respective purities and quantities. Detail the stoichiometry calculations to ensure optimal reagent ratios, considering the molecular weights and desired reaction outcomes.
Proceed to define the temperature and reaction conditions conducive to high-quality ReS2 formation. Specify the temperature range, heating rate, and duration required to achieve the desired crystal orientation, thickness, and flake size. Consider factors like solvent choice, surfactants, and reaction vessel, which may influence the reaction's success.
Next, outline the procedure for conducting the colloidal synthesis on a laboratory bench-scale. Include step-by-step instructions for mixing, heating, and cooling, as well as any purification or post-synthesis treatments needed to enhance ReS2's optical and photodetection properties.
Finally, suggest methods to characterize the synthesized ReS2, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to verify structural and morphological attributes. Provide guidance on adjusting synthesis parameters to fine-tune material properties for specific semiconductor device applications.

Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: identify all materials that exhibit high stiffness or rigidity. For each material, provide:

1. The name of the material.
2. A brief description of why it is considered to have high stiffness (e.g., specific properties, measurements, or comparative analysis).
3. Any relevant context, such as its applications, structural features, or experimental results.

Please ensure that the output is structured as a list with the following format:
- Material: [Name of the material]
  Description: [Brief explanation of its high stiffness]
  Supporting Context: [Optional additional information, such as experimental results or comparisons]
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: “Exploring the Potential of Integrating World Models with Finance-Specific LLMs (e.g., FinGPT) for Stock Price Prediction

Overview:
This study investigates the current state of open-source finance-specific LLMs and examines the extent to which world model-based simulations are utilized. By training FinGPT with world model-like environments, the aim is to explore its potential capabilities through practical implementation.
Particular focus is placed on moving beyond predictions made by individual experts. Instead, the research delves into finance-specific LLMs and libraries that continuously learn multiple strategies in parallel, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the financial world. The study also examines their current state and practical applications.”
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: which publications are most closely related to this abstract:

Carbon dioxide released permanently from soils in diffuse degassing areas may constitute a permanent hazard for the population. Several villages in the Azores archipelago (Portugal) are placed in areas with anomalous soil CO2 degassing and lethal indoor CO2 concentration (> 10 vol.%) has been already recorded in some buildings. The 2021-2022 dislodgements of population at Vulcano (Italy) and La Palma (Spain) volcanic islands due to high soil CO2 degassing highlight the importance of defining criteria to produce human CO2 exposure risk maps, which are useful to mitigate the risk and should constitute valuable tools for land-use planners. Risk is assessed in the current study by combining susceptibility, exposure, and vulnerability maps. The defined criteria were applied to two villages in Furnas Volcano (São Miguel Island, Azores), showing that 58% and 98% of the buildings, respectively, at Furnas and Ribeira Quente villages are at high risk of CO2 exposure.
Subject: earth sciences
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: There are are 3 major fault and fracture trends (orientations), NE-SW to ENE-WSE, NW-SE, and E-W, around Akan volcanic system in the eastern Hokkaido. What are the causes of each of these 3 different major fault and fracture system? Under what regional stress fields and plate tectonic movements  was each of these 3 different major fault and fracture system formed? 
Subject: earth sciences
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: # Literature Review on SMS Spam Detection

## Introduction
- [ ] Briefly introduce the problem of SMS spam and its significance.
- [ ] State the purpose of the literature review.

## Evolution of SMS Spam Detection Techniques

### Early Approaches (Pre-2010s)
- [ ] Discuss early methods like keyword-based filtering and rule-based systems.
- [ ] Mention the limitations of these early approaches.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Find papers on the topic: "Suppose that a researcher elaborate the follow hypothesis: "every system can be reduced to a computation". The laws of nature. Consciousness... Next, he proceeds: "if I can simulate the book o nature on a computer, with the right conditions I observe can emergent behavior and artificial lifeform". And their intelligence, capabilities, etc. This is a borderline philosophical question. But also touch on computer science, physics/chemistry/biology. What would this take? How could this be implemented, thinking on a practical level?"

Subject: social sciences
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: But if Black holes do not suck in Hawking radiation, then they are not a perfect black body, since Black body should absorb ALL radiation. Right? Besides I have heard that Hawking radiation is stream of half of particles borned in pair creation process near event horizon of black hole. This means that other half of particles are falls back into black hole. Hence, half of Hawking radiation IS sucked in into black hole, isn't it?
Subject: physics
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Please find references of this



Personal Development and Growth
Role of Course Materials and Role-Play Activities
The course materials and role-play exercises have significantly enhanced my communication skills. Active listening, which involves fully engaging with the speaker and reflecting on their content, was a foundational micro-skill I developed. For instance, the role-play scenarios allowed me to practice paraphrasing to confirm understanding and build rapport. The textbook by de Janasz et al. emphasizes that active listening fosters trust and reduces misunderstandings, which I found applicable in both academic and personal contexts (de Janasz, 2020).
Feedback and Evidence of Growth
Feedback from my tutor and peers highlighted areas for improvement, such as avoiding closed questions and enhancing nonverbal communication. By incorporating this feedback, I observed a marked improvement in my ability to facilitate open dialogue. For example, during a group exercise, a peer noted my use of open-ended questions to explore underlying issues, which contributed to a productive discussion.
Managing Nervousness in Role-Plays
Initially, I felt nervous and self-conscious during role-plays. To address this, I employed relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, and focused on preparation to boost my confidence. Over time, the structured environment of role-plays helped me approach these scenarios as opportunities for growth rather than as stress-inducing tasks.

Subject: education
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: These findings are consistent with current literature, which highlights that while neuroinflammation is a central mechanism in AD pathogenesis, the degree and pattern of inflammatory pathway activation can vary substantially between individuals without always manifesting as group-level statistical differences in pathway abundance . Chronic neuroinflammation, primarily mediated by activated microglia and involving a complex network of cytokines and immune signaling pathways, is recognized as a key contributor to disease progression, but heterogeneity in inflammatory responses among both AD cases and controls has been frequently reported in the literature.
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Other
Query: Your task is to search for the specified gene on PubMed and analyze whether this gene is associated with the occurrence of schizophrenia based on the content of existing literature. The answer should be within 500 words, and all output content should be objectively described. Please do not speculate on its possible potential effects. Also, you need to provide the literature you found in the answer.
The specified gene name is:
<gene>
{PCCB}
</gene>
Please follow the steps below:
Search for relevant literature on this gene on PubMed.
Carefully read the literature content and analyze the correlation between the gene and the occurrence of schizophrenia.
Extract the literature information related to the correlation analysis.
Please write down the analysis results and the cited literature within the <answer> tag, in the following format:
Analysis shows that [gene name] [whether it is associated with the occurrence of schizophrenia]. The literature shows: [List the literature content].
<answer>
[Write down the analysis results and the cited literature here]
</answer>
Subject: medicine
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: To assess the performance of communication-efficient pro-
tocols in wireless federated learning (FL), a variety of metrics
and benchmarking approaches are employed. These metrics
aim to capture trade-offs between communication cost, model
accuracy, convergence speed, energy efficiency, and robustness
under wireless constraints. In this section, we categorize the
most commonly used evaluation metrics and highlight widely
adopted datasets, simulation platforms, and baseline methods
used in the literature.
A. Communication Metrics
a) Total Transmitted Bits per Round:: This metric quan-
tifies the volume of data exchanged during each communica-
tion round, often measured in bits per client or per global
update. It reflects protocol efficiency in bandwidth-limited
scenarios.
b) Cumulative Communication Overhead:: The total
number of bits or packets transmitted over the entire training
process. Lower cumulative overhead indicates more efficient
communication over time.
c) Compression Ratio:: Defined as the ratio of the orig-
inal model size to the compressed model size. It is used to
evaluate the effectiveness of quantization and sparsification
techniques.
d) Uplink vs Downlink Cost:: Some protocols may dis-
proportionately affect either uplink or downlink channels.
This distinction is especially important in asymmetric wireless
systems (e.g., NB-IoT or LoRa)
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Soft-biometric privacy-enhancement methods are commonly used in face recognition systems to prevent attackers from
inferring users’ soft-biometric attributes (e.g., gender, age, and race). However, existing methods are often limited to protecting privacy
at either the representation or image level. We propose a novel Face Conditional Privacy Funnel Network (Face-CPFNet), a multi-level
privacy-enhancement framework that disentangles a sensitive attribute from face representations and reconstructs privacy-enhanced
images. Face-CPFNet introduces three key innovations: First, it considers a privacy protection system in which attackers receive
representation data designed to conceal the sensitive attribute of users. The reconstructed images are generated based on the
attacker’s guess of the potential label value of the sensitive attribute. Second, it leverages the conditional privacy funnel principle with
mutual information to optimize the privacy channel, parameterized by deep neural networks using a variational approximation
approach. For a discrete binary sensitive attribute, the privacy channel aims to minimize the Jensen-Shannon divergence of the
probability distributions associated with the latent representations for each label. Finally, it enables supervised disentangled
representation learning for a sensitive attribute to generate semantically meaningful images from these representations. Experimental
results on benchmark face datasets demonstrate that Face-CPFNet effectively balances face verification accuracy with soft-biometric
privacy. summary 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: he US has a market-oriented AI development approach, emphasizing innovation and competition. In contrast, China's government plays a significant role in AI development, with universities as the primary AI developers (Leusin et al. 2021). The Chinese government has invested heavily in AI research and development, with a focus on domestic market growth (Reshetnikova et al. 2021). This has led to significant advancements in AI technologies, including image classification, speech recognition, and natural language processing (Zhou. 2023).
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Biology
LSD1 Inhibition Reduces Tumor Growth:
Hypothesis: LSD1 inhibition decreases TNBC progression by modulating hypoxia and cell cycle pathways, particularly through downregulation of HIF-1A, VEGFA, and MYC.
LSD1 Promotes Hypoxia-Driven Angiogenesis:
Hypothesis: LSD1 overexpression enhances angiogenesis in TNBC through activation of the HIF-1/VEGFA axis, and its inhibition impairs this process.
LSD1's Role in Epigenetic Regulation:
Hypothesis: LSD1 promotes TNBC progression by modifying chromatin states, particularly by regulating H3K4 and H3K9 methylation marks at key oncogenic loci.
Hypotheses Related to Immune Response
LSD1 Suppresses Tumor Immunogenicity:
Hypothesis: LSD1 overexpression suppresses the expression of immune response genes, including type I interferons, and reduces MHC class I antigen presentation, dampening the immune system's ability to target tumor cells.
LSD1 Inhibition Enhances Anti-Tumor Immunity:
Hypothesis: Inhibition of LSD1 reprograms the tumor microenvironment, promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration and enhancing immune-mediated cytotoxicity.
Impact on Immune Checkpoint Genes:
Hypothesis: LSD1 inhibition upregulates PD-L1 and MHC-I expression, potentially sensitizing TNBC tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
LSD1's Role in Immune Cell Suppression:
Hypothesis: LSD1 expression alters the composition of immune cell populations in TNBC tumors, particularly reducing the activity of B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Therapeutic Implications
Combination Therapies:
Hypothesis: Combining LSD1 inhibitors (e.g., Phenelzine) with immune checkpoint inhibitors enhances therapeutic efficacy in TNBC by overcoming immune resistance.
Prognostic Biomarker Potential:
Hypothesis: High LSD1 expression serves as a biomarker for poor prognosis and lower immunogenicity in TNBC, making it a predictive indicator for response to LSD1-targeted therapies.
Drug-Specific Effects:
Hypothesis: Phenelzine specifically inhibits LSD1 activity in TNBC organoids, leading to differential modulation of hypoxia and immune response pathways compared to other LSD1 inhibitors.
These hypotheses can be tested using experimental and computational approaches, leveraging RNA-seq data and immunological assays described in the study. Design experiments in detail with aims, hypothesis, experimental design, expected outcomes, pitfalls and solutions 
Subject: biology
Intent: Ideation
Query: To meet the demands of massive machine-type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and immersive services—such as large-scale IoT deployments, extended-reality applications, and autonomous vehicle coordination—beyond-5G (B5G) networks must support device densities 10–100× higher than 5G NR, guaranteed end-to-end latencies below 1 ms, and reliability beyond “five nines.” These stringent requirements expose the limitations of grant-based scheduling and orthogonal access in 5G, motivating novel grant-free multiple-access paradigms that can deliver the needed scalability, ultra-low latency, and energy efficiency for next-generation wireless AI workloads.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I want to investigate initialization models in the field of program synthesis with library learning. In particular, we're looking into approaches like DreamCoder or AbstractBeam that identify commonly used subprograms and add them as new operations, i.e., abstractions, to the DSL. In AbstractBeam, there is an Argument Selector Module for each operation. When adding abstractions to the DSL, a new Argument Selector Module must be instantiated. As abstractions are sequences of known operations I want to investigate how to combine the weights of the Argument Selector Modules of these known operations to reduce the training overhead of the Argument Selector Module of the added abstractions. Are there similar applications in the literature? What methods do they use to combine the weights of the trained neural models to initialize the new one?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Research that gives an insight on the difference of compressed llm and those originally with small scale of params. Here I dont focus on the compressed llm and its uncompressed counterpart, but a compressed llm with a dense model, the dense model has a similar amount of param than the compressed one. Therefore they can be a general model and a specified model, etc. I imagine the conclusion should including output fluency, less perplexity, etc.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Find a recent, high-quality journal article that studies the effect of cell temperature on solar photovoltaic (PV) performance.

In your response, include:

The full reference (preferably from a reputed Q1 journal like Applied Energy or Renewable Energy).

Whether the role of cell temperature is explicitly analysed or only inferred.

The model or method used to estimate the impact of cell temperature.

The main findings about how cell temperature affects system efficiency or energy yield.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that digital health management interventions can improve glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and health behaviours in multiple dimensions, and that these improvements are highly consistent with the joint management of blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure proposed in the Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Version 2023), which achieves the core goal of reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. 研究生毕业论文，加一些参考文献
Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Auditor independence refers to the auditor's integrity in assessing the facts and to their use of impartial, unbiased criteria when generating and presenting opinions (Mautz & Sharaf, 1993; Elliott & Jacobson, 1998; Hayes et al., 2005; Patrick, Vitalis & Mdoom, 2017; Rittenberg, Johnstone, Gramling, 2010). Based on the opinions of several experts and previous researchers (Hayes et al., 2005; Arens, Elder & Beasley, 2012; IESBA, 2014; Arens et al., 2017) 
Subject: finance
Intent: Other