allenai/openscilm_queries huggingface dataset:
Query: "Wireless Federated Learning (WFL) enables the collaborative training of machine learning models across distributed devices without exchanging raw data, positioning it as a promising strategy for privacy-preserving applications in Beyond 5G networks. However, WFL faces critical challenges, including high communication latency and energy consumption, particularly under constrained network resources in future networks. In this paper, a grant-free Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access assisted Wireless Federated Learning is proposed to jointly optimise latency and energy efficiency. The proposed approach uses grant-free NOMA to transfer the machine learning parameters from edge users to the central server when they have completed local model training, thus, eliminating scheduling overhead and reducing communication delays. In addressing the challenges of simultaneous transmissions, we introduce the Collision-Aware Successive Convex Optimisation (CA-SCO) algorithm, which mitigates signal collisions and ensures reliable decoding of overlapping signals. This method makes WFL more scalable and feasible for B5G networks by reducing latency and improving energy efficiency. The suggested framework performs noticeably better than benchmark methods, according to extensive simulation data." Kindly analyze this abstract and make necessary corrections
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: Inspired by OpenAI’s O1 and the concept of Long Thought, I aim to explore (i) whether models can consistently identify the most likely correct reasoning paths at each stage of a problem-solving process, similar to AlphaGo’s method of selecting optimal moves; (ii) the ability of models to self-assess their reasoning. Specifically, when encountering dead-ends or failures to solve, can they critically evaluate the correctness of their reasoning and the evidence supporting their conclusions? Finally, (iii) I am interested in assessing whether models can generate diverse new reasoning directions when faced with uncertainty, demonstrating cognitive flexibility and adaptability, inspired by cognitive science. This approach aligns with reward modeling in O1, where models are evaluated not just for correctness but for the quality and adaptability of their reasoning. Ultimately, just as in an interview setting, evaluation should not only depend on the model’s final answer but also on its cognitive rigor and agility throughout the reasoning process. Summarize related articles to me, and further raise the specific limits in these researches. 
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: HIV infection occurs when free virus particles infect activated CD4+ T cells,
converting them into productively infected cells. These infected cells produce
new virions that contribute to the growing viral load until they are cleared
either through natural death or by immune-mediated killing, primarily driven
by CTLs. The presence of these infected cells stimulates the proliferation of
HIV-specific CTLs, which are essential components of the adaptive immune
response. However, this immune response is subject to limitations such as
immune exhaustion or resource constraints, meaning that CTL expansion cannot
grow indefinitely even in the presence of high antigen levels
Subject: immunology
Intent: Other
Query: 'The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of social conformity on individuals' music preferences. Based on the literature review, two hypotheses were formulated for statistical testing. A sample of 8 participants (four males and four females) was recruited offline from the University of Allahabad. Their responses were recorded using the software PsychoPy and a standardized scale.
After data collection, scoring was conducted according to the manual guidelines, and statistical tools were applied as per the requirements of the hypotheses. For the first hypothesis, mean, standard deviation (SD), and a paired sample t-test were computed using SPSS to determine any significant differences between the pretest and post-test scores. For the second hypothesis, the correlation coefficient between participants' conformity scores and post-test scores was calculated. Additionally, the significance level was determined, and results were tested for confidence at significant levels for both the paired sample t-test and correlation coefficient.'

Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: Second: Tax objective:
Today, taxes hold a prominent place in financial studies as one of the main sources of public revenue. They are collected by the state through tax authorities to support the general budget. Over time, the definition and purpose of taxation have evolved. In earlier stages, taxes were primarily seen as a tool for generating revenue. In the modern context, taxes also serve broader economic, social, and political goals, in addition to their financial function.

Subject: finance
Intent: Other
Query: To ensure the availability of pledged capabilities for peace and security operations, the AU must provide targeted incentives to Member States. These incentives can encourage participation in peacekeeping and enforcement missions, while simultaneously fostering a culture of commitment and cooperation. For resource optimization, the harmonization of AU and UN systems is critical. Aligning operational frameworks and processes between these organizations will help avoid duplication, maximize efficiency, and ensure that resources are effectively utilized.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Other
Query: Human cognition is intrinsically contextualized and embodied, with cognitive processes emerging from interactions with the real world \cite{10.1093/iwcomp/iwaa023}. Cognitive behavior of humans in daily life is classic multimodal, carried out dynamically through various sensory modalities such as auditory and visual. This holistic integration of information from diverse senses enables humans to form richer and more robust understandings of complex situations. Even when confronted with distorted or noisy information, humans effortlessly discern intent, demonstrating remarkable flexibility in language understanding.
Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: Random walk on graphs has recently gained immense popu-
larity as a tool for graph data analytics and machine learning.
Currently, random walk algorithms are developed as individ-
ual implementations and suffer significant performance and
scalability problems, especially with the dynamic nature of
sophisticated walk strategies.
We present KnightKing, the first general-purpose, dis-
tributed graph random walk engine. To address the unique in-

teraction between a static graph and many dynamic walkers,

it adopts an intuitive walker-centric computation model. The
corresponding programming model allows users to easily
specify existing or new random walk algorithms, facilitated
by a new unified edge transition probability definition that
applies across popular known algorithms. With KnightKing,
these diverse algorithms benefit from its common distributed
random walk execution engine, centered around an innova-
tive rejection-based sampling mechanism that dramatically
reduces the cost of higher-order random walk algorithms.
Our evaluation confirms that KnightKing brings up to 4 or-
ders of magnitude improvement in executing algorithms that

currently can only be afforded with approximation solutions
on large graphs.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: can you improve this with some citations? This proposal targets three key user groups: students, researchers, and policymakers. Each group has distinct needs that our integrated AI framework aims to address effectively.
Students: High school seniors, undergraduates, and graduate students increasingly seek personalized academic guidance to navigate their educational journeys. The demand for tools that align academic choices with career goals is significant, as students often feel overwhelmed by the multitude of options available. The global AI in education market size is expected to reach USD 32.27 billion by 2030 [1], highlighting the increasing need for personalized learning solutions that enhance retention and academic success. Our framework will provide tailored recommendations based on individual academic records and career aspirations, thereby improving decision-making and retention rates.
Researchers: Academics across various disciplines face mounting pressure to produce reproducible and impactful work. With millions of papers published yearly [2], there is a growing demand for AI in science [2], with researchers increasingly adopting AI technologies to enhance their research and productivity. Our framework will extract and categorize research limitations from publications, creating a dynamic database that fosters collaboration and accelerates innovation. This approach addresses the reproducibility crisis in research by providing actionable insights and promoting transparency.
Policymakers: Policymakers require simplified, multilingual insights to inform decisions across diverse geographies and domains. The demand for evidence-based governance is growing, particularly as societies grapple with complex challenges such as accessibility and misinformation [4][5] . Our framework will distill complex academic insights into actionable summaries, enabling timely decision-making that reflects current research findings. 
Our framework offers a unique value proposition by seamlessly integrating personalized academic support, research innovation tools, and policy guidance. By leveraging Llama’s advanced multilingual and multimodal capabilities, we ensure broad applicability and inclusivity, filling a critical gap in the market.

Subject: research methodology
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The field of construction cybersecurity has rapidly evolved in response to the accelerating digitization of the built environment, often referred to as Construction 4.0. The integration of advanced technologies—such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, digital twins, and cloud-based management platforms—has revolutionized construction productivity, collaboration, and lifecycle management. However, this digital transformation has also expanded the threat landscape, exposing critical infrastructure to increasingly sophisticated cyber-physical risks.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Please give references used:Recent efforts such as ReEvo  and EOH have shown promising results in combining LLMs with Evolutionary Computation (EC). However, these approaches still heavily rely on predefined paradigms and lack autonomous exploration and innovation capabilities. Despite these advances, such methods remain constrained by their dependence on predefined templates and focus on isolated components rather than holistic optimization, limiting the achievable degree of automation in algorithm design.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Metadata
Query: School-based programs for example lay the groundwork by integrating language and literacy instruction into the context of formal education. Readership programs, however, show that activities can foster engagement beyond the classroom through focused and creative reading efforts that paints the act of reading as an activity other than it being purely academic. Beyond this, family-literacy and community-based programs acknowledges that learning continues from the classroom into the home and the community, emphasizing the important and active role of the family and the learner’s locale in facilitating a rich and safe language and literacy-learning environment. These programs emphasize that literacy education is a shared responsibility, fostering an environment where learners feel supported, regardless of background and age, laying the foundation for adult literacy programs, extending the reach of literacy education. 
Subject: education
Intent: Other
Query: Traditionally, clinical skills practice has relied heavily on faculty or peers to simulate patient interactions. However, there are several limitations to this approach. First, traditional simulations often fail to replicate the complexity and unpredictability of real-world clinical Settings, limiting the value of standardized patient simulations. Second, simulations may lack the emotional and social aspects of real clinical practice, ignoring key emotional and social dynamics necessary to develop communication, empathy, and decision-making skills . At the same time, the lack of standardization and consistency in this type of simulation experience means that the quality of the scenarios can vary greatly depending on the expertise of the faculty, thus hindering the transfer of skills between different clinical Settings.
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: In reference: Davenport, T., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. In Ubiquity (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1145/348772.348775
Select the original text from which the phrase was quoted: Knowledge about customers is a strategic asset that can drive innovation, improve decision-making, and enhance competitive advantage
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Understanding
Query: As an AI assistant with expertise in lithium-ion battery technology, I need you to perform the following tasks:
Investigate the diffusion rates in the cathode of lithium-ion batteries. Provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding and research findings on this topic.
Analyze 10 recent scientific papers focusing on the relationship between lithium-ion concentration and diffusion rates within the cathode. For each paper:
Briefly summarize the key findings
Extract data on how the diffusion rate changes with respect to lithium-ion concentration
Based on the data collected from these 10 papers, create a graph that illustrates the relationship between lithium-ion concentration and diffusion rate in the cathode. The graph should:
Have lithium-ion concentration on the x-axis and diffusion rate on the y-axis
Include data points from all 10 papers, using different colors or markers to distinguish between studies
Have a legend identifying each study
Include appropriate axis labels and units
Have a clear title describing the relationship being shown
Provide a brief analysis of the trends observed in the graph, highlighting any consistencies or discrepancies between the different studies.
Please ensure that your response is scientifically accurate and up-to-date, drawing from peer-reviewed sources where possible. If you encounter any conflicting data or theories, please highlight these and explain the current scientific debate surrounding them.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: find most cited papers with this analysis. 

In addition, the introduction of sampling-based acceleration techniques also invites new challenges. Selecting representative samples that accurately capture the inherent characteristics of the original dataset is crucial. The performance and accuracy of the clustering results are significantly influenced by the chosen sampling strategy and sample size determination. Moreover, a trade-off exists between reducing computational complexity and potential information loss caused by sampling, thereby necessitating a balanced approach for efficiency and accuracy in these methods.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: find papers that study dataset like this:
Alternating state processes: Imagine a system that exists in two distinct states, which we can call "State A" and "State B". These states are mutually exclusive, meaning the system cannot be in both states simultaneously. The system transitions back and forth between these states over time, creating a sequence of alternating periods.

**Key Characteristics of Alternating State Processes:**

1. **Discrete States:** The system is definitively in State A or State B (or possibly other defined states). There's a clear criterion for classifying the system's current state. 
2. **Temporal Sequencing:** States occur sequentially. State A is followed by State B, then State A, then State B, and so on. This creates a time-ordered sequence of state durations. Your data is inherently time-series based.    
3. **State Durations:** Each instance of a state has a measurable duration. 
4. **Intra-State Metrics:** Within each state, you can measure other parameters. 
5. **Inter-State Dependencies:** The central question is whether characteristics of one state (e.g., an awake bout) predict or correlate with characteristics of the _following_ state (e.g., a sleep bout). You are investigating if the duration, distance, or mean distance of an awake bout predicts the duration of the next sleep bout, and if the duration of one sleep bout predicts the duration of the next. This highlights the sequential dependency between alternating states.    
Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard small-molecule therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) [5]; however, only ~10% of an oral dose reaches the CNS, with the remainder metabolized peripherally, often inducing dyskinesia. To mitigate these limitations, chitosan-coated nano-liposomes (NLs) were formulated. Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide derived from crustacean chitin 
Subject: medicine
Intent: Other
Query: In an era of rapid technological advancement and increasing deployment of AI systems, workers face unprecedented challenges in
navigating volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) work environments. This paper examines the evolving competencies
required from individual contributors (i.e. non-managers) through a focused ethnographic case study of a VUCA environment: a data
services organization conducting an evolving, complex data audit project. As organizations flatten their hierarchies and distribute
decision-making responsibilities, individual contributors must now handle complex technical and ethical decisions traditionally
reserved for management, yet current workforce development programs have not adapted to these shifting demands. We identify four
key metacognitive-social competencies essential for navigating modern sociotechnical workplaces: (1) noticing potential blind spots in
understanding, (2) mapping and navigating complex information landscapes, (3) constructing and integrating new knowledge into
decision-making, and (4) communicating effectively with stakeholders in real-time. Our findings suggest that traditional models of
workforce development and learning, which focus primarily on technical skills and static knowledge acquisition, are insufficient for
preparing workers in VUCA environments. Instead, we argue for a shift toward developing these metacognitive-social competencies
that, when incorporated into workplace design, enable continuous adaptation and learning. This research contributes to HCI and
CSCW literature by providing a framework for understanding how individual contributors navigate increasingly complex work
environments and suggests implications for designing more effective training programs and support systems.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: I’m trying to research the Abbreviated injury scale (AIS), and use it to identify the AIS injury level in human lower extremities. Up until now, I have collected a few papers about developing functions and risk curves to be able to “calculate” the AIS. There are a few paper like Kuppa’s, Rupp’s, Laituri’s,… but they all calculate the probability of AIS 2+ injury. What I want is a function that calculates the precise AIS injury level, for example, if the leg is broken while withstanding a specific amount of force, we can calculate and the result would say that it’s the injury level of AIS 2 or AIS 3 ….. Can you find me some researches that provides the calculation and function that I need?
Subject: biomechanics
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The lignin oxidase systems secreted by Dichomitus squalens, including lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac), decompose the macromolecular structure of the lignin through oxidation reactions to degrade it into smaller molecules. Among them, lignin peroxidase mainly oxidizes the non-phenolic structure of lignin, while manganese peroxidase and laccase mainly oxidize the phenolic structure.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: Are you aware of any literature in cognitive science/psychology that studies the process of which humans solve a problem step by step? I’m looking to categorize and label the different stages in an LLM’s chain-of-thought, such as “rephrasing the problem”, “exploration of solutions”, “performing logical deduction”, etc. But I hope to ground the labeling scheme in established literature and draw a reference to how humans perform CoT reasoning.
Subject: psychology
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: I don't have enough context about what specific material or compound you're referring to. Different materials have different optimal compositions depending on their intended use and properties. For example, in semiconductors, the doping levels can vary widely based on whether you want n-type or p-type conductivity and the desired electrical characteristics.

If you provide more details about the material, its application, and the specific elements involved, I could offer more targeted advice or general guidelines. There isn't typically a "one-size-fits-all" chemical formula for optimal doping; it depends heavily on the system in question.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: provide substantiated examples and quantitative results for this: The integration of Earth system science is central to understanding the spatial dynamics of heat vulnerability and transportation access. In this project, we utilize environmental monitoring tools, including thermal cameras, drones, and multispectral sensors, to initiate and support community-led collections of detailed data on heat exposure across King County. The real-time, high-resolution data generated from these sensors, including aerial and ground-level thermal imagery, allows communities to collect the data, and the project team to provide tooling to map urban heat islands and heat-retaining structures.

Subject: environmental science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: CAPM interpretation using machine learning in a finance journal, you'll need to make significant contributions beyond the existing literature. Here's a structured approach:
1.	Novel Factor Identification 
o	Use dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA or autoencoders to discover latent factors from alternative data sources (social media sentiment, satellite imagery, supply chain data)
o	Apply NLP to extract text-based factors from earnings calls, financial news, or SEC filings that traditional CAPM overlooks
2.	Methodological Innovations 
o	Develop hybrid models that combine traditional CAPM with deep learning architectures
o	Implement time-varying factor loadings using recurrent neural networks to capture regime changes
o	Create non-linear extensions of CAPM using gradient boosting or neural networks that preserve interpretability
3.	Research Angles with Publication Potential 
o	Compare model performance across different market conditions (bull/bear markets, crises)
o	Demonstrate how ML-enhanced CAPM improves portfolio construction outcomes
o	Address the "black box" concern by developing explainable AI techniques specific to asset pricing models
o	Focus on sector-specific CAPM enhancements where traditional models consistently underperform

Subject: finance
Intent: Ideation
Query: can you suggest  recent 15 relevent articles related to research topic  Post Covid E- Learning Response from Hei’s of Pakistan: Hei’s Resilience and  sustainability perspective . The conceptual framework of this study is designed to structure, analysis and explore the moderating role of HEI’s resilience factors between e-learning resilience success factors and HEI’s e-learning success. 
The INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (E-LEARNING RESILIENCE SUCCESS FACTORS) include Technological Infrastructure (Availability of digital tools, internet connectivity), Institutional Support (Policies, resources, funding for e-learning), Student Readiness (Access to technology, digital skills, engagement, E-Learning Perceptions), E-Learning Equity and Accessibility, Curriculum / Instructional Design, 
The DEPENDENT VARIABLES (HEIS E-LEARNING SUCCESS) including Effectiveness of E-Learning: (Student performance) and Sustainability of E-Learning (Students engagement and satisfaction) the moderating HEI RESILIENCE FACTORS including Institutional Resilience (Ability to sustain e-learning, Adaptability to changes), Management Commitment / Leadership Support, Faculty preparedness (Training, Computer literacy, Adaptability), Collaborative Capacity Building, Standardizing E- Learning and Change Management Control. i have mistakenly deleted the questionnaire to measure these variables. 
plz help me to find valid and authentic measurement scales of each variable and also find both open and close ended interview questions of  measurement scales  of all these variables. write detailed questionnaires for each variable u

Subject: education
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Here's a query you could provide to OpenScholar to help generate your related work section:
Write a comprehensive related work section for a paper about AI-assisted novelty assessment in peer review. The system uses targeted content extraction (abstracts, introductions, citation contexts) rather than full papers, and follows a three-stage pipeline: landscape analysis, positioning, and recommendation generation. 

Cover these areas:
1. AI-assisted peer review systems (OpenReviewer, DeepReviewer, MARG, ReviewRobot, PIRAS)
2. Scientific literature retrieval and analysis (retrieval methods, citation context analysis, knowledge extraction)
3. Computational novelty detection in scientific text

For each work, briefly describe their approach and limitations. Focus on how existing systems either use only abstracts (losing detail) or full papers (computationally expensive), and how most generate full reviews rather than focused novelty assessments. Include recent 2024-2025 papers.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Explore the concept of legal personhood in robotics. To what extent, if at all, should autonomous systems and artificial intelligence be accorded similar rights and responsibilities to those of corporations or natural persons? What are the possible benefits and risks of such an approach in terms of liability, accountability, and innovation? Discuss the above in light of the resolution of the European Parliament on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, which proposed the concept of an “electronic person.” You may also consider “Sophia the Robot”, where an AI robot was granted honorary citizenship by Saudi Arabia, or you may consider self-driving cars.
Subject: social sciences
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: In a simple task (target switching from right eye to left eye), a significant moderate negative correlation was found between the number of correct answers when reacting with the left hand and the score of the depressive indicator (r = -0.635, p = 0.008 Figure 3(A) ). In addition, when the selection assignment (presenting external disturbance stimulation to the left eye when switching targets from the left eye to the right eye), a moderate negative correlation was seen between the number of correct answers and the score of the depression indicator (r = -0.534 p = 0. 033 Figure 3(B)). Next, there was a tendency to correlation when the simple assignment was performed with the right hand (r=-0.471 p=0.066 Figure 3(C)) and when the selection assignment was performed with the left hand (r=-0.44 p=0.088 Figure 3(D)). Please consider it in the style of a paper.
Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: Nonlinear dynamical systems play a crucial role in fields such as physics, engineering, meteorology, and finance. Their complexity and nonlinear characteristics make effective modeling and prediction a core concern for academia and industry. These systems typically exhibit complex dynamic behaviors that are non-stationary, multi-scale, and strongly coupled. Traditional numerical methods, such as the finite element method and finite difference method, can provide high-precision solutions, but they face significant computational efficiency bottlenecks and adaptability issues in high-dimensional complex systems [1][2]. Moreover, traditional methods rely on explicit physical models, and their modeling capabilities are greatly limited for systems with complex nonlinear characteristics or strong spatiotemporal coupling. Therefore, developing frameworks that can efficiently model complex nonlinear dynamical systems has become a hot topic and a difficult challenge in current research [3][4].
Subject: math
Intent: Other
Query: Bosutinib works for this patient because it targets the SRC family kinases, including LYN, which is overexpressed in this patient, and inhibits the BCR-ABL pathway, which is involved in triple negative breast cancer..Bosutinib works by inhibiting BCR-ABL and SRC family kinases, which are involved in B-cell receptor signaling.    Find papers to support above statement .

Subject: medicine
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Based on my knowledge base, the material that meets the following conditions is titanium carbide (TiC):

1. Titanium carbide can be prepared into nanoflakes by hydrothermal method.
2. It has good thermal stability and can be sintered into ceramics under oxidizing atmosphere and unpressurized conditions.
3. It is not commonly reported as a ceramic material.
4. It does not have high toxicity and radioactivity.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Sure! Here are some references to articles related to magnetron sputtering deposition using a Si₃N₄ target:

1. **Title**: "Investigation of Si₃N₄ Thin Film Deposition by DC Magnetron Sputtering for MEMS Applications"
   - **Journal**: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A
   - **Year**: 2015

2. **Title**: "Structural and Optical Properties of Si₃N₄ Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering"
   - **Journal**: Surface and Coatings Technology
   - **Year**: 2018

3. **Title**: "Influence of Process Parameters on Properties of Si₃N₄ Thin Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering"
   - **Journal**: Thin Solid Films
   - **Year**: 2016

4. **Title**: "High Rate Deposition of Si₃N₄ Thin Films Using Reactive Magnetron Sputtering"
   - **Journal**: Materials Letters
   - **Year**: 2017

These references should provide you with a good starting point for your research. Let me know if you need further assistance!
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: According to coach Rob Gray, mental and emotional states like anxiety, fear, and pressure can strongly affect performance through changes in attentional focus, movement solutions, and a reluctance to explore and make mistakes, all of which can negatively impact performance (Gray 2011). 
•Fighters need to remain focused, mentally and emotionally balanced while experiencing extreme physical and emotional pressure.
•Therefore, sport-psychological interventions are increasingly applied in boxing (e.g., Larson et al. 2012)

Subject: psychology
Intent: Other
Query: Help me find the corresponding literature for the techniques mentioned in my paragraph。Moment retrieval, a pivotal task in video analysis, involves identifying specific segments within a video based on textual queries. The methodologies addressing this task are generally categorized into two primary approaches: proposal-based and proposal-free.

Proposal-based techniques typically follow a two-stage process. Initially, candidate moments are generated using strategies such as sliding windows, proposal generation networks, or two-dimensional (2D) maps. Subsequently, these candidate moments are evaluated and ranked according to their relevance to the textual query, with the highest-ranking candidate selected as the final result. This approach necessitates additional pre-processing and post-processing steps, resulting in computational inefficiency. In contrast, proposal-free methods leverage multimodal data to directly predict the start and end boundaries of the target moments, thereby eliminating the need for explicit candidate generation.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: To determine if a person passing a wall on Wifi Camer is the same before and after passing, we must first distinguish if it is a person and then if it is the same person. However, if the boundary for defining a person is too narrow in the process of distinguishing a person, it becomes difficult to determine if the person before and after passing is the same person. I am looking for a computer vision paper that proposes a methodology using not only the direction but also the magnitude of a vector to solve this problem. CVPR paper.

Subject: computer science
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Camelina sativa L. (Camelina) is a newly introduced oil crop that is believed to be a promising source of fatty acids for human consumption. However, the oil content of Camelina contains very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that can cause cardiovascular diseases, such as eicosenoic acid and erucic acid. Various attempts have been made to decrease VLCFAs through plant transformation techniques, but concerns regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have led to the exploration of alternative approaches. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-mediated genome editing is a cutting-edge technique with lower risks and concerns for modifying fatty acid profiles in oil crops, particularly Camelina. This review highlights the significance of Camelina cultivation for human consumption and the importance of reducing VLCFAs in oil crops. The potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for modifying the fatty acid content of Camelina is also discussed, along with an overview of existing studies on modified oil content. Finally, the challenges associated with CRISPR-mutant lines production are evaluated. give short summary about this paragraph 
Subject: biology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Lets make you an upcoming creative and a very innovative and effective blog writer who can write words that resonate with the youth. You are already aware of the brand marketing strategy and the message from the team of a telepsychiatry platform named "THYNQ". The blogs will be uploaded on the website and then an instagram reel will also be prepared for around 40-60 seconds that can match with the blog. So now you are an academician and a  blog author who is just waiting for her chance to step int creative writing for medical field, while also helping with writing a script for the instagram reel for the blog. Here are some topics that have been decided that can resonate well with the digital age era youth and professionals and the potential patients. The topic is "AI’s Role in Mental Health"
Subject: psychology
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: Nano-oxides have shown significant advantages as coating materials for solid phase microextraction (SPME) in the analysis of environmental water samples, mainly due to their unique physicochemical properties. For example, graphite carbon nitride/copper oxide nanocomposites and titanium phosphate oxide nanofibres exhibit excellent adsorption capacity and selectivity for organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to their high specific surface area, excellent pore structure, and abundant active sites. In addition, these oxide nanocoatings have excellent thermal and chemical stability and mechanical strength, enabling them to maintain stable performance under complex environmental conditions and withstand multiple extraction/desorption cycles. Experimental data have shown that SPME methods constructed on the basis of these materials typically have a wide linear response range and very low detection limits, making them ideal for the analysis of trace contaminants in environmental samples such as river water, seawater and tap water.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Other
Query: In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the automation of algorithm design. Early work in \textit{evolutionary computation} and \textit{metaheuristic optimization} introduced concepts such as genetic programming and hyperparameter search, facilitating partial automation of parameter tuning and heuristic development. More recently, advances in \textit{machine learning for algorithm design} have enabled systems to learn optimization strategies from data or generate code snippets for specific tasks




Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: paraphrase
One of the primary goals of an SLR is to identify gaps in the current literature. This is particularly important in the context of Scrum, where claims of its superiority over other methodologies may lack empirical support. By systematically reviewing the literature, the study can pinpoint areas that require further investigation, thereby guiding future research efforts and ensuring that they are focused on addressing significant questions.
Through the systematic aggregation of findings from multiple studies, an SLR can provide a more nuanced understanding of the effectiveness of Scrum compared to other agile methodologies. This synthesis can reveal patterns, trends, and inconsistencies in the literature, offering valuable insights that can inform both academic discourse and practical applications in the industry.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: (Verma Deepak, Dawar Varun, Chaudhary Pankaj,et. al. (2023) noted that the poor financial information results in the a increasing increase in the cost of equity capital. These markets  - unlike developed countries are characterized by weak legal investor protection which makes the results of these studies not generalizable to emerging markets like Egypt due to different institutional settings, regulations, rules, and economic environment.
Subject: finance
Intent: Other
Query: The biological rationale behind this modeling framework is to capture the
interplay between viral replication, immune activation, latent reservoirs, and immune
exhaustion — all of which are fundamental in determining the long-term outcome
of infection and the effectiveness of therapy. In particular, the explicit inclusion of
quiescent cells reflects their well-known role in latency and treatment failure, while the
saturating functional response for CTL proliferation accounts for immune regulation
dynamics observed in chronic infections, where excessive antigenic stimulation leads
to diminishing immune returns.
Subject: biology
Intent: Other
Query: The indirect binary regulatory mechanism between molecules and pathways involves rescue experiments. The design approach is to confirm the main variable (specific molecule) and the effect variable (related pathway), and then validate the relationship between the two through overexpression or silencing experiments. In the rescue experiment, first, overexpress the molecule when the pathway is inhibited to observe whether the phenotype is restored; secondly, silence the molecule when enhancing pathway activity to analyze its impact on the phenotype, and set up a control group to ensure the reliability of the results. Finally, analyze the expression changes of the effect variable using methods such as qPCR and Western blot. Are there any recommended literature?
Subject: biology
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: The use of universal handheld ATP fluorescence detectors in the detection of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an emerging area of research. While ATP detectors are primarily designed for measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels to assess microbial contamination, their application in detecting specific toxins like AFB1 is not straightforward and requires complementary methods.''''PROVIDE REFERENCE TO SUPPORT THIS POINT,,, JUST CONFIRM THAT IT CAN BE USED FOR AFB1 DETECTION?
Subject: food science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: client Selection and Scheduling:
Client selection protocols aim to reduce the number of
clients participating in each communication round. This min-
imizes aggregate communication cost while maintaining rep-
resentativeness of the data distribution.
a) Importance-Aware Selection:: Clients are selected
based on data diversity, model contribution (e.g., gradient
norms), or update utility.
b) Resource-Aware Scheduling:: Clients with favorable
channel conditions or sufficient energy/computational re-
sources are prioritized to avoid stragglers and reduce latency.
Such strategies are especially useful in IoT and mobile
networks where client capabilities are highly heterogeneous.
Subject: computer science
Intent: Other
Query: Tokenisation is the process of segmenting text into smaller units, called subword tokens. It is a crucial preprocessing step in language modelling, as it determines the fundamental units at which languages are modelled. One popular tokenisation algorithm is Byte Pair Encoding (BPE), which splits words into subword units based on their frequency in a text corpus. For example, the word “unhappiness” might be tokenised into “un”, “happi”, and “ness”. BPE often fails to capture morphemes - the smallest meaningful units of language that convey grammatical or semantic information - resulting in tokenisations that disregard the linguistic structure of words. This is critical for languages with complex morphology (word structure), such as the Nguni languages spoken in South Africa (e.g. isiXhosa and isiZulu). 

This project will allow students to study and improve the morphological accuracy of tokenisation for Nguni languages by developing two existing computational linguistic tools, umLabeller and BPE-knockout, for the Nguni languages. The first tool, umLabeller, is an inspection algorithm that classifies tokenisations as either morphologically correct or problematic. Later in the project, this tool can be used to analyse whether models struggle more with morphologically incorrect tokenisations. The second tool, BPE-knockout, modifies the popular BPE algorithm to better align with linguistically correct segmentations. Later in the project, this can be used as a tokeniser to improve language models for the Nguni languages. Each student will extend one of these tools to the Nguni languages and evaluate their performance using datasets from these languages. By the end of the project, the students will have contributed practical solutions to analysing and improving tokenisation for language models.

What would be a suitable 3rd tool to add to this project?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Ideation
Query: Several non-Islamic countries have adopted Islamic FinTech initiatives, primarily driven by market opportunities and financial inclusion goals:

United Kingdom:
First Western country to issue sovereign Sukuk (2014)
Established the Islamic FinTech Panel through the UK Islamic FinTech Panel (UKIFTP)
Reference: UK Islamic Finance Council Reports (2020-2023)
Singapore:
Created the Islamic FinTech ecosystem through MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore)
Launched ETHIS, a major Islamic crowdfunding platform
Reference: Singapore FinTech Association Reports
Hong Kong:
Issued multiple Sukuk since 2014
Developed Islamic FinTech regulatory frameworks
Reference: Hong Kong Monetary Authority Annual Reports
Japan:
Established regulations for Islamic finance products in 2008
Multiple banks offering Islamic FinTech services
Reference: Japan Financial Services Agency Reports
Key Integration Areas:

Digital Banking
Crowdfunding
P2P Lending
Digital Investment Platforms
Smart Contracts
Major Challenges:

Regulatory alignment
Shariah compliance verification
Technical infrastructure
Market education

Subject: finance
Intent: Other
Query: I already an idea I am working on. I am hoping to improve the SOTA in AVD in the wild - Specifically on the AVA-AVD corpus. I have extracted audio embedding in the dimensionality (T, 192) using a resnet based x-vector approach. Here, T represents the time windows of speech based on GT VAD labels.

I also have vision embeddings from retina face in the dimensionality - (T, 150528). Now I need to focus on how to merge and which method to use to diarize the output.

Focus on that - Think of novel approaches. Also I am not sure what to do for DER. I already have a method - Use cosine embeddings and test over 0.1 to 0.9 threshold and choose the best threshold based on the training data. 

But maybe we can combine the emebdddings in a novel way - Or maybe even train a diarization pipeline? What do you think?
Subject: computer science
Intent: Literature Understanding
Query: DRL has the advantage of dynamically optimizing maintenance policies by considering various factors, such as actual equipment conditions, degradation patterns, and maintenance costs. Compared with conventional machine learning methods that only predict failures based on historical data, DRL can learn from previous maintenance actions to determine the best strategy for performing maintenance. Thus, DRL has the potential to reduce downtime, improve operational efficiency, and reduce maintenance costs, making it a more effective solution in the maintenance management of steam-fired power plant turbines.
Subject: engineering
Intent: Other
Query: Bi₂Se₃ is a topological insulator, a material that functions as an insulator in its interior but has conductive properties on its surface. This unique property makes it particularly interesting for research in condensed matter physics and electronics.

Here are some key references related to Bi₂Se₃:

1. **"Large Bulk Conductivity in the Topological Insulator Bi₂Se₃"**  
   - Authors: Zhang, H., et al.
   - Journal: Physical Review Letters
   - Year: 2010
   - DOI: [10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.066803](https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.066803)

2. **"Topological Insulators: Dirac Equations in Solids"**  
   - Editors: Bernevig, B.A., Hughes, T.L., Zhang, S.-C.
   - Publisher: Cambridge University Press
   - Year: 2013

3. **"Surface States and Chemical Potentials in Topological Insulators: Angle-Resolved Photoemission Studies of Bi₂Se₃ and Bi₂Te₃"**  
   - Authors: Vishwanath, A., et al.
   - Journal: Reviews of Modern Physics
   - Year: 2015
   - DOI: [10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1219](https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1219)

These references should provide a comprehensive understanding of the material and its properties. If you need more specific information or further details, feel free to ask!
Subject: physics
Intent: Other
Query: find related reference:
Retrieval and generation are the two key tasks of spectral→molecule. From the perspective of exploration space and modeling difficulty, the spectral-molecule retrieval task involves a smaller exploration space and a well-defined problem, and thus the modeling complexity is relatively low. The generation task, on the other hand, requires searching for molecular structures that satisfy multiple constraints in the open chemical space, and thus is usually more technically challenging than the spectrum-configuration retrieval task.
Subject: chemistry
Intent: Paper Finding
Query: Even in the absence of direct CNS invasion, systemic infections endemic to tropical regions can exert profound neurological effects. Peripheral inflammation activates brain inflammation through cytokine signaling that reaches the CNS via circumventricular organs, and through vagal nerve afferents that transmit immunological information centrally. Furthermore, systemic inflammation can compromise BBB integrity, allowing peripheral immune mediators and activated leukocytes to traffic into the CNS parenchyma 
Subject: neuroscience
Intent: Other