A systematic review of school-based interventions targeting physical activity and sedentary behaviour among older adolescents Intervening to Reduce Sedentary Behaviors and Childhood Obesity among School-Age Youth: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials Correlates of preschool children’s objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPLASHY study Comparison of Actical and activPAL measures of sedentary behaviour in preschool children. Definition, measurement, and health risks associated with sedentary behavior. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce sedentary behavior and promote physical activity and health of 8-9 year olds: The Transform-Us! Study Higher levels of objectively measured sedentary behavior is associated with worse cognitive ability: Two-year follow-up study in community-dwelling older adults Sedentary behavior & health-related quality of life among congestive heart failure patients. Examination of mid-intervention mediating effects on objectively assessed sedentary time among children in the Transform-Us! cluster-randomized controlled trial Safety of kidney biopsy in pediatric transplantation: a report of the Controlled Clinical Trials in Pediatric Transplantation Trial of Induction Therapy Study Group. One-year changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents: the Croatian Physical Activity in Adolescence Longitudinal Study (CRO-PALS). Motivational counselling and SMS-reminders for reduction of daily sitting time in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a descriptive randomised controlled feasibility study Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce older adults’ sedentary behavior Standing Up for Student Health: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach for Reducing Student Sedentary Behavior-Randomised Control Pilot Trial. The effect of a movement-to-music video program on the objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity of preschool-aged children and their mothers: A randomized controlled trial What helps children to move more at school recess and lunchtime? Mid-intervention results from Transform-Us! cluster-randomised controlled trial Effect of Retraining Approach-Avoidance Tendencies on an Exercise Task: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Prostate cancer diagnosis: multiparametric MR-targeted biopsy with cognitive and transrectal US-MR fusion guidance versus systematic biopsy--prospective multicenter study. Testing the transition preparation training program: A randomized controlled trial. Online prevention of disordered eating in at-risk young-adult women: a two-country pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Safety and Pharmacokinetics of an Intramuscular Monoclonal Antibody (SB 209763) against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Infants and Young Children at Risk for Severe RSV Disease Effects of Single Versus Multiple Bouts of Resistance Training on Maximal Strength and Anaerobic Performance Randomised controlled feasibility study of a school-based multi-level intervention to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviour among vocational school students
ABSTRACT Lack of  physical activity  (  PA  ) and high levels of sedentary behaviour ( SB ) have been associated with health problems . This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of school-based interventions to increase PA  and decrease SB  among 15–19-year-old adolescents , and examines whether intervention characteristics ( intervention length , delivery mode and intervention provider ) and intervention content ( i.e. behaviour change techniques , BCTs ) are related to intervention effectiveness . A systematic search of r and omised or cluster r and omised controlled trials with outcome measures of PA and /or SB rendered 10 results . Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool . Intervention content was coded using Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy v1 . Seven out of 10 studies reported significant increases in PA . Effects were generally small and short-term ( Cohen 's d ranged from 0.132 to 0.659 ) . Two out of four studies that measured SB reported significant reductions in SB . Interventions that increased PA  included a higher number of BCTs , specific BCTs ( e.g. , goal setting , action planning and self-monitoring ) , and were delivered by research staff . Intervention length and mode of delivery were unrelated to effectiveness . More studies are needed that evaluate long-term intervention effectiveness and target SBs among older adolescents Objective . To assess the effectiveness of interventions that focus on reducing  sedentary behavior ( SB ) among school-age youth and to identify elements associated with interventions ' potential for translation into practice setting s. Methods . A comprehensive literature search was conducted using 4 data bases for peer- review ed studies published between 1980 and April 2011 . R and omized trials , which lasted at least 12 weeks , aim ed at decreasing  SB among children aged 6 to 19 years were identified . Results . Twelve studies were included ; 3 focused only on SB , 1 focused on  physical activity ( PA )  , 6 were combined SB and PA interventions , and 2 studies targeted SB , PA , and diet .  The majority of the studies were conducted in a school setting , while others were conducted in such setting s as clinics , community centers , and libraries . Conclusions . Overall , interventions that focused on decreasing SB were associated with reduction in time spent on SB and /or improvements in anthropometric measurements related to childhood obesity . Several of the studies did consider elements related to the intervention 's potential for translation into practice setting Background Identifying ways to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time during childhood is a key public health issue . Research on the putative influences on preschool children ’s  physical activity ( PA ) and  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is limited and has yielded inconsistent results . Our aim was to identify correlates of PA and SB in preschool children . Methods Cross-sectional data were drawn from the Swiss Preschoolers ’ Health Study ( SPLASHY ) , a Swiss population -based cohort study . Of 476 two to six year old children , 394 ( 54 % boys ) had valid PA data assessed by accelerometry .  Information on exposure data was directly measured or extracted from parental question naires . Multilevel linear regression modeling was used to separately assess associations between 35 potential correlates and  total PA ( TPA ) , moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and SB . Results In total , 12 correlates from different domains were identified . TPA and MVPA were greater in boys than girls , increased with age and were positively associated with gross motor skills . Children from single parent families had a higher level of TPA and spent less time sedentary than those living with two parents . Time spent outdoors was positively associated with TPA and negatively with SB . The child ’s activity temperament was related all three outcomes , whereas parental sports club membership , living area per person and neighborhood safety were associated with SB only . Fixed and r and om factors in the final models accounted for 28 % , 32 % and 22 % of the total variance in TPA , MVPA and SB , respectively . Variance decomposition revealed that age , sex and activity temperament were the most influential correlates of both , TPA and MVPA , whereas the child ’s activity temperament , time outdoors and neighborhood safety were identified as the most important correlates of SB . Conclusions A multidimensional set of correlates of young children ’s  activity behavior has been identified . Personal factors had the greatest influence on PA , whereas environmental-level factors had the greatest influence on SB . Moreover , we identified a number of previously unreported , potentially modifiable correlates of young children ’s PA and SB . These factors could serve to define target groups or become valuable targets for change in future interventions .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials IS RCT N41045021 ( date of registration : 21.03.14 ) OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the Actical and activPAL to measure  sedentary behaviour ( SB ) and non-SB in preschoolers in a free-living environment . DESIGN A convenience sample of 49 preschoolers ( 22 boys ; 4.0 ± 0.5 years ) from six early childhood centres in Auckl and , New Zeal and were included in data analysis . METHODS Participants wore a hip-mounted Actical and a thigh-mounted activPAL accelerometer simultaneously during centre attendance for one day and data were collected in 15s epochs . Bl and -Altman tests were used to assess differences in group mean minutes and percentage of time in (non-)SB between both monitors . Agreement between binary coded ( SB vs. non-SB ) 15s-by-15s Actical and activPAL data was evaluated by calculating percentage agreement and κ statistic . RESULTS The monitors were worn on average for 294.8 ± 46.3 min result ing in a total of 57,780 15s epochs . Bl and -Altman tests suggested a small group mean difference in (non-)SB ( 1.3 min ; 0.1 % ) and a wide prediction interval ( 121.3 min ; 39.2 % ) . No obvious systematic bias was observed in the Bl and -Altman plot . Percentage agreement between the 15s-by-15s Actical and activPAL data of all participants was 73.0 % ( inter-child range : 36.8 - 93.8 % ) . The κ statistic showed moderate agreement with a value of 0.46 ( 95 % CI : 0.45 - 0.47 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although the group mean estimate of (non-)SB was similar between the Actical and activPAL , the output of both monitors can not be considered convergent as meaningful r and om disagreement was found between both monitors PURPOSE AND METHODS Although evidence is accumulating that sedentary behavior ( SB ) , independent of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) , is associated with cardiometabolic and aging outcomes in adults , several gaps present opportunities for future research . This article reports on the " Research Evidence on Sedentary Behavior " session of the Sedentary Behavior : Identifying Research Priorities workshop , sponsored by the National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute and the National Institute on Aging , which aim ed to identify priorities in SB research . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A consensus definition of SB has not yet been established , although agreement exists that SB is not simply all behaviors other than MVPA . The two most common definitions are as follows : one based solely on intensity ( < 1.5 metabolic equivalents [ METs ] ) and another which combines low intensity ( ≤1.5 METs ) with a seated or reclining posture . Thus , for the definition of SB , evaluation of whether or not to include a postural component is a research priority . SB assessment method ologies include self-report and objective measurement , each offering distinct information . Therefore , evaluation , st and ardization , and comparison across self-report and objective assessment methods are needed . Specific priorities include the development and validation of novel devices capable of assessing posture and st and ardization of research practice s for SB assessment by accelerometry . The prospect i ve evidence that SB relates to health outcomes is limited in that SB is almost exclusively measured by self-report . The lack of longitudinal studies with objective ly measured SB was recognized as a major research gap , making examination of the association between objective ly measured SB and adverse health outcomes in longitudinal studies a research priority . Specifically , studies with repeated measures of SB , evaluating dose-response relationships , with inclusion of more diverse population s are needed Background Physical activity ( PA ) is associated with positive cardio-metabolic health and emerging evidence suggests sedentary behavior ( SB ) may be detrimental to children 's health independent of PA . The primary aim of the Transform-Us ! study is to determine whether an 18-month , behavioral and environmental intervention in the school and family setting s results in higher levels of PA and lower rates of SB among 8 - 9 year old children compared with usual practice ( post-intervention and 12-months follow-up ) . The secondary aims are to determine the independent and combined effects of PA and SB on  children 's cardio-metabolic health risk factors ; identify the factors that mediate the success of the intervention ; and determine whether the intervention is cost-effective . Methods / design A four-arm cluster-r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) with a 2 × 2 factorial design , with schools as the unit of r and omization . Twenty schools will be allocated to one of four intervention groups , sedentary behavior ( SB-I ) , physical activity ( PA-I ) , combined SB and PA ( SB+PA-I ) or current practice control ( C ) , which will be evaluated among approximately 600 children aged 8 - 9 years in school year 3 living in Melbourne , Australia . All children in year 3 at intervention schools in 2010 ( 8 - 9 years ) will receive the intervention over an 18-month period with a maintenance ' booster ' delivered in 2012 and children at all schools will be invited to participate in the evaluation assessment s. To maximize the sample and to capture new students arriving at intervention and control schools , recruitment will be on-going up to the post-intervention time point . Primary outcomes are time spent sitting and in PA assessed via accelerometers and inclinometers and survey . Discussion To our knowledge , Transform-Us ! is the first RCT to examine the effectiveness of intervention strategies for reducing children 's overall sedentary time , promoting PA and optimizing health outcomes . The integration of consistent strategies and messages to children from teachers and parents in both school and family setting s is a critical component of this study , and if shown to be effective , may have a significant impact on educational policies as well as on pedagogical and parenting practice s . Trial registration ACTRN12609000715279 ; Current Controlled Trials IS RCT Background : A number of cross‐sectional studies have suggested that higher levels of  sedentary behavior ( SB ) are associated with worse cognitive abilities  in older age . There is a paucity of longitudinal studies investigating this relationship utilizing objective ly assessed SB . This study investigated the relationship between objective ly assessed SB and future cognitive abilities in a cohort of older adults . Methods : A longitudinal study over 22.12 ± 1.46 months including 285 community‐dwelling older adults across 14 regions in Taiwan was undertaken . Cognitive ability was ascertained using a Chinese version of the Ascertain Dementia 8‐item Question naire ( AD8 ) and SB captured by 7 days accelerometer data . Multivariable negative binomial regression models adjusted for confounders were undertaken . Results : 274 community‐dwelling older adults finished the study ( age = 74.6 ± 6.2 , % female = 54.4 % ) . At baseline , 20.1 % ( n = 55 ) , 48.5 % ( n = 133 ) and 31.4 % ( n = 86 ) of the sample engaged in high ( 11 + h ) , medium ( 7–10.99 h ) and low ( < 7 h ) of SB respectively . In the fully adjusted model , higher levels of SB were associated with an increased risk of worse cognitive ability at follow up ( adjusted rate ratio (ARR)1.09 ( 95%CI:1.00–1.19 ) ) , with the strongest relationship evident in those engaging in over 11 h of SB ( ARR 2.27 ( 95%CI:1.24–4.16 ) ) . The relationship remained evident after adjusting for depressive symptoms and physical activity . Conclusion : Our data suggests that objective ly assessed SB , particularly when over 11 h a day , is independently associated with worse cognitive ability over a two year period . Our data adds to the pressing reasons to reduced SB in older age . HighlightsFirst prospect i ve study to investigate objective  ly sedentary behavior ( SB ) and cognition in older adults . Higher levels of objective SB were independently associated with worse cognitive ability over two years . This relationship was most pronounced in older people spending over 11 h a day being sedentary BACKGROUND Previous research demonstrates that participation in light-intensity physical activity ( LIPA ) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) are favorably associated with health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) . Emerging work demonstrates that  sedentary behavior  ( SB ) is detrimentally associated with various cardiometabolic biomarkers , with few studies exploring the association of SB on HRQOL , and no studies examining this among congestive heart failure patients . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to examine the potential independent associations of SB on HRQOL among congestive heart failure patients . METHODS Data from the 2003 - 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used .  Physical activity was assessed over 7days during all waking hours using the ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer .  HRQOL was assessed using the Centers for Disease Control HRQOL index survey . RESULTS 190 participants self-reported a physician-diagnosis of congestive heart failure . After adjustments , SB behavior ( 1-min/day increase ) was associated with worse HRQOL ( β=0.004 ; 95 % CI : 0.0004 - 0.007 ; P=0.03 ) . When MVPA was added as a covariate to this model , SB remained significantly associated with worse HRQOL ( β=0.003 ; 95 % CI : 0.0001 - 0.007 ; P=0.04 ) . However , when adding LIPA to this model that also included MVPA as a covariate , SB was no longer associated with HRQOL ( β=0.0001 ; 95 % CI : -0.003 - 0.004 ; P=0.92 ) . CONCLUSIONS If confirmed by prospect ive/experimental work , this suggests that SB may not have detrimental HRQOL effects among congestive heart failure patients Background The optimal targets and strategies for effectively reducing sedentary behavior among young people are unknown . Intervention research that explores changes in mediated effects as well as in outcome behaviors is needed to help inform more effective interventions . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to examine the mid-intervention mediating effects on children ’s objective ly assessed classroom and total weekday sedentary time in the Transform-Us ! intervention . Methods The results are based on 293 children , aged 7- to 9-years-old at baseline , from 20 schools in Melbourne , Australia . Each school was r and omly allocated to one of four groups , which targeted reducing sedentary time in the school and family setting s ( SB ; n = 74 ) , increasing or maintaining moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity in the school and family setting s ( PA ; n = 75 ) , combined SB and PA ( SB + PA ; n = 80 ) , or the current practice control ( C ; n = 64 ) . Baseline and mid-intervention data ( 5–9 months ) were collected in 2010 and analyzed in 2012 . Classroom and total weekday sedentary time was objective ly assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers . The hypothesized mediators including , child enjoyment , parent and teacher outcome expectancies , and child perceived access to st and ing opportunities in the classroom environment , were assessed by question naire . Results The SB + PA group spent 13.3 min/day less in weekday sedentary time at mid-intervention compared to the control group . At mid-intervention , children in the SB group had higher enjoyment of st and ing in class ( 0.9 units ; 5-unit scale ) and all intervention groups had more positive perceptions of access to st and ing opportunities in the classroom environment ( 0.3 - 0.4 units ; 3-unit scale ) , compared to the control group . However , none of the hypothesized mediator variables had an effect on sedentary time ; thus , no mediating effects were observed . Conclusions While beneficial intervention effects were observed on some hypothesized mediating variables and total weekday sedentary time at mid-intervention , no significant mediating effects were found . Given the dearth of existing information , future intervention research is needed that explores mediated effects . More work is also needed on the development of reliable mediator measures that are sensitive to change overtime . Trial registration ACTRN12609000715279IS RCT BACKGROUND Historically , young children undergoing renal transplantation have lower allograft survival than adults , and potential causes of this are being addressed by the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study through the National Institutes of Health-sponsored study Cooperative Clinical Trials in Pediatric Transplantation . Included in this study is evaluation of surveillance renal biopsies ( SB ) and clinical ly indicated biopsies ( CB ) . Few data exist in children to identify the risk involved with renal transplant biopsies . METHODS Question naires were mailed to 21 participating centers asking for descriptions of adverse events associated with kidney biopsies , with choices limited to none , gross hematuria , perinephric hematoma , and other . Further clinical details were obtained from review of medical records of all patients with reported adverse events . Data were collected from 19 centers on 126 patients . RESULTS Eighty-six patients had undergone 212 biopsies ( 75 SB and 137 CB ) . Nine biopsy-related adverse events were reported ( 4.2 % ) : three SB ( 4.0 % ) and six CB ( 4.4 % ) . Gross hematuria was reported in six patients ( 2.8 % ) : two SB ( 2.7 % ) and four CB ( 2.9 % ) . A perinephric hematoma was reported in one patient . Two patients with intraperitoneal kidneys developed significant bleeding after biopsy and required transfusions and surgical exploration . No patient lost kidney function or required nephrectomy after biopsy . No difference was noted in adverse events between SB at day 5 or 12 versus CB . CONCLUSION Evaluation of transplanted kidney tissue may provide important information for the care of the transplantation patient . This analysis suggests that transplanted kidney biopsies can be performed with minimal risks in pediatric patients Background Little is known about the concurrent change in  physical activity ( PA )  ,  sedentary behavior ( SB ) and  sport participation  ( SP ) during adolescence . The main purpose of this prospect i ve and partly objective study was to simultaneously investigate PA , SBs and SP changes between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school in urban adolescents . Methods In this 1-year follow-up study , the participants were 81 secondary -school students ( 28 boys and 53 girls ) aged 15.5 years at the baseline .  PA was assessed with the SenseWear Armb and multi-sensor activity monitor , while SBs were assessed by using School Health Action , Planning and Evaluation System ( SHAPES ) PA question naire . The SHAPES question naire was supplemented with two questions inquiring about SP in organized sports in school and outside of school . Results PA decreased markedly in both genders between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school . Total energy expenditure ( TEE ) was reduced by 13 kcal/kg/day on average in boys and by 10 kcal/kg/day in girls ( p for both < 0.001 ) , while mean daily active energy expenditure ( AEE ) decreased by 7 kcal/kg/day ( p < 0.001 ) and 3 kcal/kg/day ( p = 0.04 ) in boys and girls , respectively . Similarly , the amount of moderate PA declined by 49 min/day in boys and 21 min/day in girls ( p for both < 0.001 ) . At the same time vigorous PA was cut by 14 min/day ( p < 0.001 ) and 3 min/day ( p = 0.003 ) in boys and girls , respectively . Conversely , time spent in SBs did not show any change . Conclusion In conclusion , a decline in PA between the 1st and 2nd grade s of high school was marked but was not accompanied with an increase in SBs . Policies aim ed at increasing PA should be targeting the period of entering secondary school to offset the observed drop in PA Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) spend a high proportion of their waking time in sedentary behaviour ( SB ) and have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease . Reduction of SB and increase in light intensity physical activity has been suggested as a means of improvement of health in patients with mobility problems . Short-term intervention studies have demonstrated that SB can be reduced by behavioural interventions in sedentary population s. To evaluate descriptively the feasibility of recruitment , r and omisation , outcome assessment s , retention and the acceptability of an individually tailored , theory-based behavioural intervention targeting reduction in daily sitting time in patients with RA . Methods A r and omised , controlled trial with two parallel groups . RA patients > 18 years of age and Health Assessment Question naire ( HAQ ) score < 2.5 were consecutively invited and screened for daily leisure time sitting > 4 h. The 16-week intervention included 1 ) three individual motivational counselling sessions and 2 ) individual text message reminders aim ed at reducing daily sitting time . The control group was encouraged to maintain their usual lifestyles . Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after the 16 week intervention . Daily sitting time was measured using  an ActivPAL3TM activity monitor .  The study was not powered to show superiority ; rather the objective was to focus on acceptability among patients and clinical health professionals . Results In total , 107 patients were invited and screened before 20 met eligibility criteria and consented ; reasons for declining study participation were mostly flares , lack of time and co-morbidities . One patient from the control group dropped out before end of intervention ( due to a RA flare ) . Intervention participants completed all counselling sessions . All procedures regarding implementation of the trial protocol were feasible . The daily sitting time was reduced on average by 0.30 h in the intervention group unlike the control group that tended to increase it by 0.15 h after 16 weeks . Conclusions This study shows that an individually tailored behavioural intervention targeting reduction of SB was feasible and acceptable to patients with RA.Trial registration The Danish Data Protection Agency ( ref.nb . 711 - 1 - 08 - 20 March 2011 ) , the Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark ( ref.nb . H-2 - 2012 - 112- 17 October 2012 ) , clinical trials.gov ( NCT01969604 - October 17 2013 , retrospectively registered ) Older adults represent the segment of the population that sits the most . This study evaluated the feasibility , acceptability , safety , and preliminary efficacy of an intervention to reduce sedentary behavior ( SB ) in older adults that can be disseminated broadly for limited cost and delivered by paraprofessionals with limited training . Senior centers in Central Pennsylvania were r and omized to receive one of two healthy aging programs ( i.e. , intervention or comparison ) . Participants in both groups attended three 90-min meetings over 2 weeks . Behavior change content was delivered at the second session ( i.e. , day 7 ) . Forty-two participants ( nintervention = 25 , ncomparison = 17 ) were recruited from five senior centers . Content for the intervention group focused on  reducing SB while comparison group content focused on reducing social isolation  . Self-reported SB was assessed on days 7 and 14 . Repeated- measures ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction for total and weekday , but not weekend , SB . In the week following the delivery of group content , participants in the intervention group reported an average decrease in total SB of 837.8 min/week ; however , the comparison group reported a nonsignificant average decrease of 263.0 min/week of total SB . Participants in the intervention group also reported an average decrease in weekday SB of 132.6 min/weekday ( d = −0.83 ) in the week following the delivery of group content ; however , the comparison group reported a nonsignificant decrease of 24.0 min/weekday ( d = −0.16 ) . There were no significant changes in weekend SB in either group in the week following the delivery of group content . Participants ’ attendance , measurement completion , and program ratings were high . Safety issues were minimal . This intervention was feasible to implement and evaluate , acceptable to older adults , and showed promise for reducing older adults ’ SB BACKGROUND Sedentary behavior ( SB ) has been associated with chronic diseases . University students are a high-risk population for excessive SB . The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if a Health Action Process Approach ( HAPA ) based intervention , specifically action and coping planning , would increase student break frequency and decrease duration . METHODS Fifty-two university students ( 14 men , mean age 23.5 ) were r and omised into an 8-week HAPA-treatment ( sedentary behavior ) or HAPA-control ( nutrition ) group . Participants completed an SB question naire that assessed break frequency and duration of student SB ( Baseline , Weeks 1 - 6 Treatment , and Weeks 7 - 8 Follow-up ) , and received behavioral counselling on either dietary information or SB ( Baseline and Week 3 ) . RESULTS An intent-to-treat analysis revealed a significant group by time interaction effect for student break frequency ( p = .05 , ηρ2 = 0.27 ) , and a non-significant effect for student break duration ( p = .10 , ηρ2 = 0.23 ) . For occupational ( student ) break frequency and duration , the large accompanying effect sizes favored the treatment group . CONCLUSIONS The current pilot study provides preliminary evidence for the potential of a HAPA-based intervention for increasing student break frequency in full-time university students Regular physical activity ( PA ) and the avoidance of prolonged sitting are essential for children ’s healthy growth , and for the physical and mental wellbeing of both children and adults . In the context of exercise , music may promote behavioral change through increased exercise adherence and participation . The purpose of this study was to determine whether a movement-to-music video program could reduce sedentary behavior ( SB ) and increase PA in mother-child pairs in the home environment . A r and omized controlled trial was conducted in the Pirkanmaa region , Finl and , in 2014–2016 . The participants consisted of 228 mother-child pairs ( child age 5–7 years ) . The primary outcomes of interest were tri-axial accelerometer-derived SB and PA , which were measured in weeks one ( baseline ) , two , and eight in both the intervention and control groups . Further , the mothers and children in the intervention group used a movement-to-music video program from the beginning of week two to the end of week eight . Secondary outcomes included self-reported screen time . The statistical methods employed comprised an intention-to-treat and linear mixed effects model design . No statistically significant differences between groups were found in primary or secondary outcomes . Among the children in the control group  , light PA  decreased significantly over time and screen time increased from 89 ( st and ard deviation , SD 37 ) to 99 ( SD 41 ) min/d . Among mothers and children in the intervention group , no statistical differences were found . In supplementary analysis , the children who stayed at home instead of attending daycare/preschool had on average 25 ( 95 % confidence interval , CI 19–30 ) min/d more sedentary time and 11 ( 95 % CI 8–14 ) min/d less moderate-to-vigorous PA than those who were at daycare/preschool . The higher body mass index of mothers was related with 5 ( 95 % CI 2–7 ) min/d more sedentary time and 1 ( 95 % CI 0–2 ) min/d less moderate-to-vigorous PA . The movement-to-music video program did not change the objective ly measured SB or PA of the mother-child pairs . However , mothers and children seemed to be more sedentary at home , and therefore interventions for decreasing SB and increasing PA should be targeted in the home environment Background To investigate the interpersonal and physical environment mediators of the Transform-Us ! mid-intervention effects on  physical activity ( PA )  during recess and lunchtime . Methods Transform-Us ! is a clustered r and omised school-based intervention with four groups : sedentary behaviour intervention ( SB-I ) , PA intervention ( PA-I ) , combined PA+SB-I and control group .  All children in grade 3 from 20 participating primary schools in Melbourne , Australia were eligible to complete annual evaluation assessment s. The outcomes were the proportion of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA ( MVPA ) and light PA ( LPA )  during recess and lunchtime assessed by accelerometers . Potential mediators included : perceived social support from teachers ; perceived availability of line markings ; perceived accessibility of sports equipment ; and perceived school play environment . Generalised linear models were used and mediation effects were estimated by product-of-coefficients ( a·b ) approach . Results 268 children ( 8.2 years , 57 % girls at baseline ) provided complete data at both time points . A significant intervention effect on MVPA during recess in the SB-I and PA-I groups compared with the control group ( proportional difference in MVPA time ; 38 % ( 95 % CI 21 % to 57 % ) and 40 % ( 95 % CI 20 % to 62 % ) , respectively ) was found . The perceived school play environment was significantly positively associated with MVPA at recess among girls . An increase in perceived social support from teachers suppressed  the PA+SB-I effect on light PA  during recess ( a·b= −0.03 , 95 % CI −0.06 to −0.00 ) . No significant mediating effects  on PA during recess and lunchtime were observed . Conclusions A positive perception of the school play environment was associated with higher MVPA during recess among girls . Future studies should conduct mediation analyses to explore underlying mechanisms of PA interventions BACKGROUND Promoting regular physical activity ( PA ) and lessening sedentary behaviors ( SB ) constitute a public health priority . Recent evidence suggests that PA and SB are not only related to reflective processes ( eg , behavioral intentions ) , but also to impulsive approach-avoidance tendencies ( IAAT ) . This study aims to test the effect of a computerized IAAT intervention on an exercise task . METHODS Participants ( N = 115 ) were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conditions , in which they were either trained to approach PA and avoid SB ( ApPA-AvSB condition ) , to approach SB and avoid PA ( ApSB-AvPA condition ) , or to approach and avoid PA and SB equally often ( active control condition ) . The main outcome variable was the time spent carrying out a moderate intensity exercise task . RESULTS IAAT toward PA decreased in the ApSB-AvPA condition , tended to increase in the ApPA-AvSB condition , and remained stable in the control condition . Most importantly , the ApPA-AvSB manipulation led to more time spent exercising than the ApSB-AvPA condition . Sensitivity analyses excluding individuals who were highly physically active further revealed that participants in the ApPA-AvSB condition spent more time exercising than participants in the control condition . CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary evidence that a single intervention session can successfully change impulsive approach tendencies toward PA and can increase the time devoted to an exercise task , especially among individuals who need to be more physically active . Potential implication s for health behavior theories and behavior change interventions are outlined PURPOSE To compare biopsy performance of two approaches for multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR)-targeted biopsy ( TB ) with that of extended systematic biopsy ( SB ) in prostate cancer ( PCa ) detection . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This institutional review board-approved multicenter prospect i ve study ( May 2009 to January 2011 ) included 95 patients with informed consent who were suspected of having PCa , with a suspicious abnormality ( target ) at prebiopsy MR . Patients underwent  12-core SB and four-core TB with transrectal ultrasonographic ( US ) guidance , with two cores aim ed visually ( cognitive TB [ TB-COG ] ) and two cores aim ed using transrectal US-MR fusion software ( fusion-guided TB [ TB-FUS ] ) . SB and TB positivity for cancer and sampling quality ( mean longest core cancer length , Gleason score ) were compared . Clinical ly significant PCa was any 3 mm or greater core cancer length or any greater than 3 Gleason pattern for SB or any cancer length for TB . Statistical analysis included t test , paired χ(2 ) test , and κ statistic . Primary end point ( core cancer length ) was calculated ( paired t test ) . RESULTS Among 95 patients ( median age , 65 years ;  mean prostate-specific antigen level  , 10.05 ng/mL [ 10.05 μg/L ] ) , positivity rate for PCa was 59 % ( n = 56 ) for SB and 69 % ( n = 66 ) for TB ( P = .033 ) ; rate for clinical ly significant PCa was 52 % ( n = 49 ) for SB and 67 % ( n = 64 ) for TB ( P = .0011 ) . Cancer was diagnosed through TB in 16 patients ( 17 % ) with negative SB results . Mean longest core cancer lengths were 4.6 mm for SB and 7.3 mm for TB ( P < .0001 ) . In 12 of 51 ( 24 % ) MR imaging targets with positive SB and TB results , TB led to Gleason score upgrading . In 79 MR imaging targets , positivity for cancer was 47 % ( n = 37 ) with TB-COG and 53 % ( n = 42 ) with TB-FUS ( P = .16 ) . Neither technique was superior for Gleason score assessment .  CONCLUSION Prebiopsy MR imaging combined with transrectal US-guided TB increases biopsy performance in detecting PCa , especially clinical ly significant PCa . No significant difference was observed between TB-FUS and TB-COG for TB guidance The effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral program , Transition Preparation Training ( TPT ) , in combination with spina bifida ( SB ) management was compared to adolescents with SB who received only SB management .  Design , setting and participants : Prospect i ve controlled trial with an ethnically diverse sample ( 94 % ) of 65 adolescents with SB ( 31 in treatment group [ mean age : 16.19 ] ; 34 in control group [ mean age : 15.71 ] ) conducted at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles between September 2006 and September 2008 . INTERVENTIONS : TPT was a three-module , eight sessions program offered in a 2 day workshop format to facilitate development of health care transition plan . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Subjective well being as measured by the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Scale ( PARS III ) , Role mastery measured using Community Life Skills Scale ( CLSS ) , and Self Care Practice with the Denyes Self-Care Practice Instrument ( DSCPI-90 © ) . RESULTS : No significant differences were found between groups of any treatment effect or treatment follow-up interaction . No substantial changes in the scores either between treatments of post treatments were found BACKGROUND Disordered eating ( DE ) is a widespread , serious problem . Efficacious prevention programs that can be delivered at-scale are needed . METHODS A pragmatic r and omized controlled trial of two online programs was conducted . Participants were young-adult women from Australia and New Zeal and seeking to improve their body image .  Media Smart-Targeted ( MS-T ) and Student Bodies ( SB ) were both 9-module interventions released weekly , whilst control participants received positive body image information .  Primary [ Eating Disorder Examination- Question naire ( EDE-Q ) Global ] , secondary ( DE risk factors ) and tertiary ( DE ) outcome measures were completed at baseline , post-program , 6- and 12-month follow-up . RESULTS Baseline was completed by 608 women ( M age = 20.71 years ) ; 33 were excluded leaving 575 r and omized to : MS-T ( N = 191 ) ; SB ( N = 190 ) or control ( N = 194 ) . Only 66 % of those r and omized to MS-T or SB accessed the intervention and were included in analyses with controls ; 78 % of this sample completed measures subsequent to baseline . Primary intent-to-treat ( ITT ) analyses revealed no differences between groups , while measure completer analyses found MS-T had significantly lower EDE-Q Global than controls at 12-month follow-up . Secondary ITT analyses found MS-T participants reported significantly higher quality of life-mental relative to both SB and controls ( 6-month follow-up ) , while MS-T and controls had lower clinical impairment relative to SB ( post-program ) . Amongst measure completers , MS-T scored significantly lower than controls and SB on 5 variables . Of those with baseline DE , MS-T participants were significantly less likely than controls to have DE at 12-month follow-up . CONCLUSIONS Given both programs were not therapist-moderated , MS-T has potential to achieve reductions in DE risk at low implementation costs ABSTRACT We conducted a multicenter , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized trial of a humanized monoclonal antibody against a respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV ) fusion protein ( SB 209763 ) to evaluate its safety , pharmacokinetics , and fusion inhibition and neutralization titers .  Forty-three infants who were either delivered prematurely ( ≤35 weeks ’ gestation ) or exhibited bronchopulmonary dysplasia were administered either  single or repeat ( two doses , 8 weeks apart ) intramuscular injections of SB 209763 at a concentration of 0.25 , 1.25 , 5.0 , or 10.0 mg/kg or of a placebo . Four of 229 adverse events were considered related to the study drug , including purpura ( n = 3 ) and thrombocytosis ( n = 1 ) . No subject developed a detectable level of anti-SB 209763 antibody . Approximately 1 week after administration of the second dose of SB 209763 at 10 mg/kg , the mean plasma concentration ( n = 9 ) was 68.5 μg/ml . The terminal half-life ( T1/2 ) determined by noncompartmental analysis ranged from 22 to 50 days . The population pharmacokinetics for SB 209763 following intramuscular administration was appropriately described by a one-compartment model with first-order input and elimination . Higher values for clearance and volume of distribution at steady state were observed for younger patients , with values decreasing to 0.143 (ml/h)/kg and 161 mL/kg , respectively , by a mean age of 298 days ( ∼10 months ) . The mean T1/2 of SB 209763 for the study population was 32.5 days . No other factor ( dose , weight , gender , race , premature birth , or bronchopulmonary dysplasia ) was observed to alter the population pharmacokinetics of SB 209763 in this study of infants and young children . The mean neutralization titer on day 6 was 286 , and the mean fusion inhibition titer was 36 . At least 57 % of subjects dosed at 1.25 to 10.0 mg of SB 209763 per kg of body weight who were seronegative at baseline experienced a fourfold or greater increase in fusion inhibition titer . Nine RSV infections were documented during the 16-week course of the study ; the numbers of RSV infections were similar for the different regimens , including the placebo . The doses of SB 209763 studied may have been insufficient to confer protection against RSV lower respiratory tract disease ; these results suggest that additional trials using higher doses of monoclonal antibody for immunoprophylaxis should be considered Abstract This study examined the effects of one single bout daily versus triple bouts of resistance exercise for 12 weeks on muscular strength and anaerobic performance of the upper body . Twenty young male adults ( age : 22.0 ± 1.0 years , bench press : 44.0 ± 10.3 kg ) were r and omly assigned to a single bout ( SB ) or triple bouts ( TB ) of resistance exercise group . Maximal strength and anaerobic performance of the upper body using the bench press ( one-repetition maximum ) and the modified 30 s Wingate test were determined before and after the intervention . Additionally , changes in lactate levels before and after the Wingate test were measured . Although the SB and TB groups showed a significant increase in maximal strength ( post-intervention , SB : 67.2 ± 9.2 and TB : 67.6 ± 7.6 kg , respectively ) compared with the values at pre-intervention ( SB : 44.6 ± 11.4 and TB : 43.9 ± 8.7 kg , respectively ) , there was no significant difference for this variable between the two groups post-intervention ( p > 0.05 ) . The anaerobic performance of the upper body in the SB and TB groups also displayed improvements without significant difference between the two groups after the completion of different training regimes . On the basis of the same training volume , multiple bouts of resistance training showed similar improvements in maximal strength and anaerobic performance to one bout of resistance training in young adult men without prior experience in resistance Background No school-based physical activity ( PA ) interventions among older adolescents have demonstrated long-term effectiveness , and few of them so far have addressed sedentary behaviour ( SB ) . Based on behavioural theories and evidence , we design ed a multi-level intervention to increase  PA  and decrease SB  among vocational school students . This study investigates feasibility and acceptability of two main intervention components and research procedures . We also examine uptake of behaviour change techniques ( BCTs ) by the participants . Methods Design was an outcome assessor blinded , cluster-r and omised controlled trial . Four classes of students ( matched pairs ) were r and omised into one intervention and one control arm . The intervention consisted of ( 1 ) a 6-h group-based intervention for students , ( 2 ) two 2-h training workshops to reduce their students ’ sitting in class for teachers , and ( 3 ) provision of light PA equipment in classrooms . At baseline ( T1 ) , mid-intervention ( T2 ) at 3 weeks , post-intervention ( T3 ) and 6 months after baseline ( T4 ) we measured hypothesised psychosocial mediators and self-reported PA and sitting . Objective assessment of PA and SB ( 7-day accelerometry ) was conducted at T1 , T3 and T4 . Body composition ( bioimpedance ) was measured at T1 and T4 . Students and teachers in the intervention arm filled in acceptability question naires at T3 . Results  Recruitment rate was 64 % ( students ) and 88.9 % ( teachers ) , and at T3 , all post-intervention measurements were completed by 33 students ( retention 76.7 % ) and 15 teachers ( retention 93.8 % ) .  Acceptability ratings of sessions were high ( students M = 6.29 , scale 1–7 ) , and data collection procedures were feasible . Intervention arm students reported increased use of BCTs , but uptake of some key BCTs was suboptimal . BCT use correlated highly with objective measures of PA . Based on both self-report and student evaluation , teachers in the intervention arm increased the use of sitting reduction strategies  at post-intervention and T4 follow-up ( p < .05 ) . Conclusions We detected willingness of the target groups to participate , good response rates to question naires , adequate retention , as well as acceptability of the trial protocol . Investigation of BCT use among students helped further enhance intervention procedures to promote BCT use . After making necessary modifications identified , intervention effectiveness can next be tested in a definitive trial . Trial registration IS RCT N34534846 . Registered 23 May 2014 . Retrospectively registered
Several studies that used DXA or quantitative ultrasound suggested that objective ly measured SB was negatively associated with lower extremity bone outcomes , such as femoral neck bone mineral density .
The magnitude of this negative association was small and independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity .
In contrast to the lower extremities , there was insufficient evidence for an association of lumbar spine bone outcomes with objective ly measured SB .
In high- quality studies that used DXA , no association was observed between objective ly measured SB and total body bone outcomes .
In studies using question naires , none of these relationships were observed .
Sedentary  behaviour ( SB ) is increasing in Western societies and some studies suggest a deleterious effect of SB on bone .
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the association between  SB and bone health in children , adolescents and young adults .