Effects of a Walking Intervention Using Mobile Technology and Interactive Voice Response on Serum Adipokines Among Postmenopausal Women at Increased Breast Cancer Risk Weight loss due to a very low calorie diet differentially affects insulin sensitivity and interleukin-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human subjects. Effects of individual and combined dietary weight loss and exercise interventions in postmenopausal women on adiponectin and leptin levels. Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial Impact of Weight Loss on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin in Overweight-to-Obese Post Menopausal Breast Cancer Survivors Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial. Little evidence of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals† Soy isoflavones, diet and physical exercise modify serum cytokines in healthy obese postmenopausal women. Orlistat for obesity: benefits beyond weight loss. The influence of very-low-calorie-diet on serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women. Adipokines and biochemical changes in Egyptian obese subjects: possible variation with sex and degree of obesity Circulating cytokines as determinants of weight loss-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity Is serum leptin related to physical function and is it modifiable through weight loss and exercise in older adults with knee osteoarthritis? Impact of a mixed strength and endurance exercise intervention on levels of adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin and leptin in breast cancer survivors Sixteen weeks of exercise reduces C-reactive protein levels in young women. Effects of aerobic exercise on serum leptin levels in obese women A low-glycemic load diet reduces serum C-reactive protein and modestly increases adiponectin in overweight and obese adults. Is obesity a possible modifier of periodontal disease as a chronic inflammatory process? A case-control study. Improving Adiponectin Levels in Individuals With Diabetes and Obesity: Insights From Look AHEAD A comparative controlled trial comparing the effects of yoga and walking for overweight and obese adults Effect of exercise training combined with phytoestrogens on adipokines and C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Diets higher in dairy foods and dietary protein support bone health during diet- and exercise-induced weight loss in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women.
Practical methods to reduce the risk of obesity-related breast cancer among high-risk subgroups are lacking . Few studies have investigated the effects of exercise on circulating adipokines , which have been shown to be associated with obesity and breast cancer . The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a walking intervention on serum adiponectin , leptin , and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio ( A/L ) .  Seventy-one overweight and obese postmenopausal women at increased risk of developing breast cancer were stratified by BMI ( 25–30 kg/m2 or > 30 kg/m2 ) and r and omized to a 12-week , two-arm walking intervention administered through interactive voice response ( IVR ) and mobile devices . The intervention arms were IVR + coach and IVR + no-coach condition . Pre – post changes in serum adiponectin , leptin , and the A/L ratio were examined using mixed regression models , with ratio estimates ( and 95 % confidence intervals [ CI ] ) corresponding to postintervention adipokine concentrations relative to preintervention concentrations . While postintervention effects included statistically significant improvements in anthropometric measures , the observed decreases in adiponectin and leptin ( ratio = 0.86 , 95 % CI 0.74–1.01 , and ratio = 0.94 , 95 % CI 0.87–1.01 , respectively ) and increase in A/L ratio = 1.09 , 95 % CI 0.94–1.26 ) were not significant . Thus , these findings do not support significant effects of the walking intervention on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese postmenopausal women . Additional studies are essential to determine the most effective and practical lifestyle interventions that can promote beneficial modification of serum adipokine concentrations , which may prove useful for obesity-related breast cancer prevention Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes with interleukin (IL)-6 being particularly important . While long term exercise has been shown to be associated with reduction in IL-6 serum levels in several reports , the discussion on the effect of dietary intervention on IL-6 serum levels is controversial . In the present study , we aim ed to investigate the effect of weight loss due to a very low calorie diet ( VLCD ) on insulin sensitivity and IL-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human individuals . 10 patients with obesity were examined during 12 weeks of a VLCD ( 800 kcal/d ) . Body composition was measured by impedance analysis . Blood sample s were taken before , during , and after the dietary intervention .  Leptin , adiponectin , and IL-6 serum levels were measured by ELISA . The body weight decreased significantly from 123.9±6.2 - 103.5±5.6 kg with a significant reduction in body fat content ( 43.2±2.3 - 36.1±3.1 % ) . Leptin levels exhibited a significant decrease from 56.8±5.6 - 27.9±5.6 ng/ml while adiponectin levels increased significantly from 7.5±0.9 - 10.6±1.1 μg/ml . Thereby the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio , a novel marker for insulin sensitivity , significantly improved . Mean IL-6 serum concentrations were within the normal range ( 3.2±0.8 pg/ml ) before the study and were not significantly altered by the nutritional therapy . Despite improvement of insulin sensitivity , IL-6 serum levels did not change throughout the study period , suggesting that in nondiabetic obese human subjects IL-6 might have only a minor role in the impairment of insulin sensitivity BACKGROUND Excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with the development of several diseases , including cardiovascular disease , diabetes and cancer in women . One proposed mechanism linking obesity to chronic diseases is an alteration in adipose-derived adiponectin and leptin levels . We investigated the effects of 12-month reduced calorie , weight loss and exercise interventions on adiponectin and leptin concentrations . METHODS Overweight/obese postmenopausal women ( n = 439 ) were r and omized as follows : ( i ) a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet ( diet ; N = 118 ) , ( ii  ) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( exercise ; N = 117 ) , ( iii ) a combination of a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet and moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( diet + exercise ; N = 117 ) , and ( iv ) control ( N = 87 ) . The reduced calorie diet had a 10 % weight-loss goal . The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity 5 days per week . Adiponectin and leptin levels were measured at baseline and after 12 months of intervention using a radioimmunoassay . RESULTS Adiponectin increased by 9.5 % in the diet group and 6.6 % in the diet + exercise group ( both P ≤ 0.0001 vs. control ) . Compared with controls , leptin decreased with all interventions ( diet + exercise , -40.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; diet , -27.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; exercise , -12.7 % , P = 0.005 ) . The results were not influenced by the baseline body mass index ( BMI ) . The degree of weight loss was inversely associated with concentrations of adiponectin  ( diet , P-trend = 0.0002 ; diet + exercise , P-trend = 0.0005 ) and directly associated with leptin ( diet , P-trend < 0.0001 ; diet + exercise , P-trend < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION Weight loss through diet or diet + exercise  increased adiponectin concentrations . Leptin concentrations decreased in all of the intervention groups , but the greatest reduction occurred with diet + exercise . Weight loss and exercise exerted some beneficial effects on chronic diseases via effects on adiponectin and leptin Purpose The most effective dietary pattern for breast cancer prevention has been greatly debated in recent years . Studies have examined hypocaloric diets , with particular emphasis on macronutrient composition , yielding inconclusive data . The objective of this study was to examine the effects of calorie-restricted low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets ( LFD and LCD , respectively ) on circulating adipokines among overweight and obese premenopausal women . Methods Seventy-nine overweight and obese premenopausal women were r and omized to either LFD or LCD , with increased physical activity , for 52 weeks . Serum adiponectin , leptin and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio ( A/L ) were measured at baseline , and at weeks 34 and 52 to assess intervention effects . Results While there were no significant changes in serum adiponectin concentrations following the LCD and LFD interventions , leptin concentrations significantly decreased by week 34 of the intervention period ( LCD : 35.3 % , P = 0.004 ; LFD : 30.0 % , P = 0.01 ) , with no difference by intervention arm . At week 52 , these reductions were statistically non-significant , indicating a return to baseline levels by the end of the intervention . While there were non-significant increases in the A/L ratio following the LCD and LFD intervention arms , the overall trend , across groups , was marginally significant ( P = 0.05 ) with increases of 16.2 % and 35.1 % at weeks 34 and 52 , respectively . Conclusions These findings suggest that caloric-restricted LCD and LFD dietary patterns favorably modify leptin and possibly the A/L ratio , and lend support to the hypothesis that these interventions may be effective for obesity-related breast cancer prevention through their effects on biomarkers involved in metabolic pathways . Trial registration Clinical Trial Registration Number : NCT01559194 Women who are obese at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have higher overall mortality than normal weight women and some evidence implicates adiponectin and leptin as contributing to prognostic disadvantage . While intentional weight loss is thought to improve prognosis , its impact on these adipokines is unclear . This study compared the pattern of change in plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight-to-obese post-menopausal breast cancer survivors during  weight loss .  Given the controversies about what dietary pattern is most appropriate for breast cancer control and regulation of adipokine metabolism , the effect of a low fat versus a low carbohydrate pattern was evaluated using a non-r and omized , controlled study design .  Anthropometric data and fasted plasma were obtained monthly during the six-month weight loss intervention . While leptin was associated with fat mass , adiponectin was not , and the lack of correlation between leptin and adiponectin concentrations throughout weight loss implies independent mechanisms of regulation . The temporal pattern of change in leptin but not adiponectin was affected by magnitude of weight loss . Dietary pattern was without effect on either adipokine . Mechanisms not directly related to dietary pattern , weight loss , or fat mass appear to play dominant roles in the regulation of circulating levels of these adipokines OBJECTIVE Previous experimental studies have suggested curcumin as a safe phytochemical that can improve insulin resistance through effects on adiponectin and leptin . This study aim ed to investigate the effect of curcumin on circulating adiponectin and leptin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome . METHODS In this pilot , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , subjects who met the criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were r and omly assigned to curcumin ( n = 59 ; 1000 mg/d ) or a placebo ( n = 58 ) for 8 wk . Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were determined before and after intervention . The pooled effect size for the impact of curcumin supplementation on serum adiponectin and leptin levels was also estimated using r and om-effects meta analysis . RESULTS Eight-week supplementation with curcumin was associated with a significant increase in serum adiponectin levels ( P < 0.001 ) and a reduction in serum leptin concentrations ( P < 0.001 ) . Serum leptin : adiponectin ratio was also improved by curcumin ( P < 0.001 ) . These beneficial effects of curcumin remained significant after adjustment for changes in serum lipids and glucose concentrations and baseline differences in body mass index and serum levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin as potential confounders of treatment response . Meta analysis suggested that curcumin supplementation can increase adiponectin levels by 76.78 % ( 95 % CI : 6.14 - 147.42 ; P = 0.0330 ) , and reduce leptin by 26.49 % ( 95 % CI : -70.44 to 17.46 ) , however this latter effect size did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.238 ) . CONCLUSIONS Curcumin can improve serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in patients with metabolic syndrome . This trial was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ ) under Trial No. UMIN000018339 Context : The effect of weight loss by diet alone or diet in conjunction with exercise on low- grade inflammation in non-obese ( overweight ) individuals is not known . Objective : Test the hypothesis that 24 weeks of moderate calorie restriction ( CR ; 25 % ) by diet only or with aerobic exercise would reduce markers of systemic inflammation and attenuate inflammation gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Institutional Research Center . Participants : Thirty-five overweight ( body mass index : 27.8 ± 0.7 kg/m2 ) but otherwise healthy participants ( 16M/19F ) completed the study . Intervention : Participants were r and omized to either CR ( 25 % reduction in energy intake , n = 12 ) , caloric restriction + exercise ( CR + EX : 12.5 % reduction in energy intake + 12.5 % increase in exercise energy expenditure , n = 12 ) , or control ( healthy weight-maintenance diet , n = 11 ) for 6 months . Main outcome measures : Fasting serum markers of inflammation [ leptin , highly sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , adiponectin ] and inflammation-related genes [ CD68 , IL-6 , TNF-α , macrophage migration inhibitory factor ( MIF ) , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , adiponectin , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) ] in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Results : CR and CR + EX lost similar amounts of body weight ( –10 ± 1 % ) , fat mass ( –24 ± 3 % ) , visceral fat ( –27 ± 3 % ) , and had increased insulin sensitivity ( CR : 40 ± 20 % , CR + EX : 66 ± 22 % ) . Leptin was significantly decreased from baseline ( p < 0.001 ) in both groups however TNF-α and IL-6 were not changed . hsCRP was decreased in CR + EX . There was no change in the expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration ( CD68 , MIF MCP-1 , PAI-1 ) or inflammation ( IL-6 , TNF-α , adiponectin ) in either CR or CR + EX . Conclusion : A 10 % weight loss with a 25 % CR diet alone or with exercise did not impact markers of systemic inflammation or the expression of inflammation-related adipose genes in overweight individuals OBJECTIVES Evaluate the effect of diet , physical exercise , and a daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract ( Fisiogen ( ® ) ) contained 200 mg of Glycine max , which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone ( 60.8 mg of genistein , 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein ) on leptin and other adipokines plasma levels in healthy obese postmenopausal women . METHODS A multicentric r and omized longitudinal prospect i ve cohort study was conducted in a sample of 87 healthy obese postmenopausal women . Patients were r and omly assigned to a 1200 kcal diet and exercise group ( control group ) or a group of 1200 kcal diet , exercise , and daily oral intake of daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract ( Fisiogen ( ® ) ) contained 200 mg of Glycine max , which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone ( 60.8 mg of genistein , 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein ) ( soy isoflavones group ) along 6 months . Main outcome measures were : anthropometric measures , body composition , leptin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , homocysteine , C-reactive protein , glucose , insulin , lipid profile and oestradiol serum levels , Kupperman index and Cervantes Scale . RESULTS Mean serum leptin and TNF-alpha levels declined after 6 months in both groups of the study , but only women in the soy isoflavones group showed a significant increase of mean serum levels of adiponectin . CONCLUSIONS Diet , physical exercise and daily oral intake of a soy isoflavones extract ( Fisiogen ( ® ) ) contained 200 mg of Glycine max , which corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavone ( 60.8 mg of genistein , 16 mg of daidzein and 3.2 mg of glicitein ) have a beneficial effect on serum leptin , adiponectin and TNF-α in healthy obese postmenopausal women after 6 months of treatment Orlistat lowers lipids and improves insulin sensitivity , but its effect on other metabolic syndrome related parameters is not known . To assess its influence on adiponectin , high sensitive C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) and other metabolic syndrome related parameters , this study enrolled 106 participants in a weight-reduction program and categorized them into a group of 51 who had been treated with orlistat 360 mg/day for one year and a group of 55 age and sex and body mass index ( BMI ) matched controls . The orlistat group had greater changes in BMI , % body fat ( % BF ) , waist circumference , and insulin resistance , hs-CRP , leptin and adiponectin levels after one year on the program than the controls . After adjusting for % BF and waist circumference , change of serum leptin and adiponectin levels remained significantly different . It was found that orlistat could effectively manage obesity related co-morbidities , especially insulin resistance and atherosclerosis risk . It decreases leptin and increases adiponectin independent of % BF and waist circumference . Therefore , orlistat appears to have anti-diabetic and anti-atherogenic properties and may help prevent metabolic syndrome in the overweight people The aim of our study was to determine whether adipocyte-derived hormones leptin , adiponectin and resistin contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity after very-low calorie diet ( VLCD ) . Therefore , serum levels of these hormones were measured in fourteen obese females before and after three weeks VLCD and in seventeen age- and sex-matched healthy controls .  Body mass index , HOMA index , serum insulin and leptin levels in obese women before VLCD were significantly higher than in control group ( BMI 48.01+/-2.02 vs. 21.38+/-0.42 kg/m(2 ) , HOMA 10.72+/-2.03 vs. 4.69+/-0.42 , insulin 38.63+/-5.10 vs. 18.76+/-1.90 microIU/ml , leptin 77.87+/-8.98 vs. 8.82+/-1.52 ng/ml ) . In contrast , serum adiponectin and soluble leptin receptors levels were significantly lower in obese women before VLCD than in the control group . No differences were found in serum glucose and resistin levels between the obese group before VLCD and the control group . VLCD significantly decreased BMI , HOMA index , serum glucose , insulin and leptin levels and increased soluble leptin receptor levels . The changes in serum adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women after VLCD did not reach statistical significance . We conclude that leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels were affected by VLCD while adiponectin and resistin concentrations were not . Therefore , other mechanisms rather than changes in the endocrine function of the adipose tissue are probably involved in the VLCD-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity The purpose of this study was firstly to evaluate the adipokines and biochemical changes in obese subjects in relation to different grade s of obesity and in relation to gender difference ( males versus females ) and secondly to evaluate the role of TNF-α in obesity . From January 2013 to February 2014 , a total number of 120 non-diabetic subjects of both sexes were recruited and r and omly selected from Dr. Abd-Elhamid Elsheikh center for physiotherapy and weight control , El-menofia-Egypt . Those subjects were classified according to their sex into two main groups ; the female group and the male group . The female group ( 60 women ) was distributed according to BMI into group 1 ( 15 lean women ) , group 2 ( 15 class I obese women ) , group 3 ( 15 class II obese women ) , and group 4 ( 15 class III obese women ) . The male group ( 60 men ) was also distributed according to the BMI into group 1 ( 15 lean men ) , group 2 ( 15 class I obese men ) , group 3 ( 15 class II obese men ) , and group 4 ( 15 class III obese men ) . All individuals enrolled in the study were su bmi tted to weight and height measurements with subsequent calculation of body mass index . Fasting blood sample s were collected from all participants for quantitative determination of blood glucose , serum lipid , TNF-α , leptin , and adiponectin levels . One-way analysis of variance followed by LSD post hoc test was used for comparison of variables . In obese subjects of both sexes , it was found that circulating leptin and TNF-α levels were significantly high ( P < 0.05 ) and positively correlated to BMI . In contrast to leptin , adiponectin concentrations were significantly low ( P < 0.05 ) and inversely correlated to BMI . Regarding gender difference , although serum leptin and adiponectin levels were higher in women than men , men showed higher atherogenic parameters . We conclude that leptin , TNF-α , and adiponectin were related to both BMI and grade s of obesity . Furthermore , TNF-α may play a role in obesity Dietary calorie restriction and exercise promote weight loss and may have additive effects for improving insulin sensitivity , independent of weight loss . It is not known if these effects are attributable to changes in circulating cytokines . We evaluated the hypothesis that modest , matched weight loss induced by calorie restriction and exercise have additive effects on circulating cytokines and these changes correlate with improvements in insulin sensitivity . Overweight and sedentary women and men ( n = 52 , 45–65 years ) were r and omized to undergo 7 % weight loss by using 3–6 months of calorie restriction , exercise , or a combination of both calorie restriction and exercise . Concentrations of cytokines and hormones were measured in fasting and oral glucose tolerance test blood sample s. Insulin sensitivity was estimated based on oral glucose tolerance test for glucose and insulin . With all groups combined , fasting leptin ( p < 0.0001 ) and high molecular weight adiponectin ( p = 0.04 ) decreased and pentraxin-3 increased ( p < 0.0001 ) , in a manner that correlated with improvements in insulin sensitivity ( all p ≤ 0.0002 ) . These changes , combined with decreases in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from the oral glucose tolerance test , explained 63 % of the variance ( p < 0.0001 ) in insulin sensitivity improvements . Exercise and calorie restriction had additive effects on leptin , with a similar trend for high molecular weight adiponectin . Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C-reactive protein concentrations did not change . Calorie restriction and exercise had opposite effects on soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 .  Modest weight loss in overweight adults  decreases serum leptin and high molecular weight adiponectin , and increases pentraxin-3 concentrations in a manner that correlates with increased insulin sensitivity . Exercise has additive effects to those induced by calorie restriction for reductions in leptin and possibly adiponectin . These changes may contribute to the additive effects of calorie restriction and exercise for improving insulin sensitivity OBJECTIVE : To determine the effect of weight loss and exercise interventions on serum leptin and to investigate the relationship of physical function and osteoarthritis ( OA ) severity with serum leptin in older overweight and obese adults with knee OA . In addition , the study examined if serum leptin predicts weight loss . DESIGN : Longitudinal , controlled clinical trial of weight loss and exercise interventions .SUBJECTS : Community dwelling , older , overweight and obese adults ( n=316 ; > 60 years of age ; body mass index ≥28.0 kg m−2 ) with symptomatic knee OA and self-reported difficulty in performing selected physical activities were recruited . INTERVENTIONS : Participants were r and omized into one of four groups for the 18-month study duration : Healthy Lifestyle Controls , Dietary Weight Loss ( Diet ) , Exercise Training ( Exercise ) , and a combination of Dietary Weight Loss and Exercise Training ( Diet+Exercise ) . The weight loss goal for the two Diet groups was 5 % from baseline at 18 months . Participants in the Exercise groups were trained for 3 days week−1 , 60 min day−1 . MEASUREMENTS : Body weight , body mass index , serum leptin , physical function , and OA severity were measured at baseline , 6 months , and 18 months . RESULTS : Diet and Diet+Exercise groups lost 5.3 and 6.1 % of their weight , respectively , at 18 months with the Exercise group losing 2.9 % . There was a significant main effect of weight loss on serum leptin with a decrease in serum leptin averaged across the 6- and 18-month time points for the Diet and Diet+Exercise groups compared to the other two groups ( β=0.245 ; P<0.01 ) . No main effect  for exercise training was observed . Serum leptin was related to self-reported physical function . In all participants , a mixed model analysis demonstrated that lower levels of baseline serum leptin predict larger weight loss ( β=−2.779 ; P=0.048 ) . CONCLUSION : Decreases in serum leptin may be one mechanism by which weight loss improves physical function and symptoms in OA patients Evidence suggests that exercise affects breast cancer risk and outcomes , but little is known about the mechanisms through which this effect may be mediated . This study examines the impact of exercise upon levels of adiponectin , high molecular weight adiponectin ( HMWA ) , and leptin in breast cancer survivors . Methods One hundred and one sedentary , overweight breast cancer survivors were r and omized to a 16-week exercise intervention or usual care control group . Anthropometric measurements were taken and fasting levels of adiponectin , HMWA and leptin were collected at baseline and 16 weeks . Results Baseline and week-16 measurements were available for 81 patients . The exercise group experienced a significant decrease in hip measurements , with no change in weight or body composition . There were no significant changes in adiponectin , HMWA , or leptin in either group . Modeling analyses demonstrated a significant inverse relationship between changes in leptin and adiponectin , but no relationship between changes in BMI , waist or hip circumference , or body fat percentage and change in leptin or adiponectin . Conclusions This study did not demonstrate a significant change in adipocytokine levels in breast cancer survivors participating in an exercise intervention  , suggesting that further work is needed to explore the mechanisms through which exercise may impact breast cancer PURPOSE Regular exercise has been shown to protect against breast cancer risk , and one possible mechanism is through a reduction in inflammation . The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 16 wk of aerobic exercise training on adipokines and inflammatory markers in healthy young women . METHODS Participants were 319 sedentary women aged 18 - 30 yr , with body mass index of 18 - 40 kg · m , r and omized to an exercise intervention or no exercise for approximately 16 wk . Adiponectin , leptin , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and amyloid A ( AA ) were measured at baseline and after 16 wk . Adiponectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , and AA , CRP , and leptin were measured by multiplex bead array assays . RESULTS Exercise significantly decreased CRP levels in the exercise group compared with the control group ( -1.41 mg · L in exercisers vs -0.005 mg · L in controls , P = 0.040 ) , and this effect was largely driven by changes in CRP that occurred in the obese exercisers . There was no effect of exercise  on levels of SAA , adiponectin , or leptin . There was also no effect of exercise  on stress and depression scores . Neither change in percent body fat nor change in fitness influenced the effects of exercise on these inflammatory markers . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a 16-wk aerobic exercise program significantly decreased levels of CRP in young women , especially in those who were obese . There was no evidence that this effect was mediated by changes in perceived stress , percent body fat , or fitness . These findings suggest that adopting an exercise routine early in life may decrease future risk of breast cancer and other chronic diseases in obese women Abstract It has been demonstrated that leptin concentrations in obese patients may be altered by weight loss . We examined the effects of a 9-week aerobic exercise program on serum leptin concentrations in overweight women ( 20–50 % above ideal body mass ) under conditions of weight stability . Sixteen overweight women , mean ( SE ) age 42.75 ( 1.64 ) years , comprised the exercise group which adhered to a supervised aerobic exercise program . A grade d exercise treadmill test was conducted before and after the exercise program to determine  maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max ) using open-circuit spirometry . The women demonstrated improved aerobic fitness ( V˙O2max increased 12.29 % ) , however , body fat and the body mass index did not change significantly [ 42.27 (1.35)–41.87 (1.33)% ] . Fourteen women , age 40.57 ( 2.80 ) years , did not exercise over the same time period and served as a control group . Serum leptin levels were not significantly altered for either the exercise [ 28.00 (2.13)–31.04 ( 2.71 ) ng · ml−1 ] or the control group [ 33.24 (3.78)–34.69 ( 3.14 ) ng · mg−1 ] . The data indicate that 9 weeks of aerobic exercise  improves aerobic fitness , but does not affect leptin concentrations in overweight women Low-glycemic load ( GL ) diets improve insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in individuals with diabetes . Less is known about whether low-GL diets , independent of weight loss , improve the health profile for persons without diabetes or other preexisting conditions . We conducted a r and omized , cross-over feeding study testing low- compared to High-GL diets on biomarkers of inflammation and adiposity in healthy adults . Eighty participants ( n = 40 with BMI 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m² ; n = 40 with BMI 28.0 - 40.0 kg/m² ) completed two 28-d feeding periods in r and om order where one period was a high-GL diet ( mean GL/d = 250 ) and the other a low-GL diet ( mean GL/d = 125 ) . Diets were isocaloric with identical macronutrient content ( as percent energy ) . All food was provided and participants maintained weight and usual physical activity . Height , weight , and DXA were measured at study entry and weight assessed again thrice per week . Blood was drawn from fasting participants at the beginning and end of each feeding period and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP , serum amyloid A , IL-6 , leptin , and adiponectin were measured . Linear mixed models tested the intervention effect on the biomarkers ; models were adjusted for baseline biomarker concentrations , diet sequence , feeding period , age , sex , and body fat mass . Among participants with high-body fat mass ( > 32.0 % for males and > 25.0 % for females ) , the low-GL diet reduced CRP ( P = 0.02 ) and marginally increased adiponectin ( P = 0.06 ) . In conclusion , carbohydrate quality , independent of energy , is important . Dietary patterns emphasizing low-GL foods may improve the inflammatory and adipokine profiles of overweight and obese individuals BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional case-control study was conducted to provide a comparative evaluation of clinical periodontal measurements , together with serum levels of certain bioactive peptides and inflammatory cytokines , in relation to obesity . For this purpose , clinical periodontal measurements and the levels of serum leptin , adiponectin , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of obese female individuals and their nonobese counterparts were compared . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty obese ( body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 ) and 31 nonobese ( BMI < 30 ) female subjects were recruited for the present study . Before any periodontal intervention , serum sample s were obtained and full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at six sites per tooth . ELISA was used for the biochemical analysis . Data were tested statistically . RESULTS Clinical attachment level was significantly higher in the obese group compared with the nonobese control group ( p < 0.05 ) . Serum levels of leptin and IL-6 were significantly higher in the obese group ( p < 0.05 ) . BMI correlated with the serum levels of inflammatory molecules ( p < 0.05 ) , but not with clinical periodontal parameters , in the obese group . CONCLUSION In conclusion , obesity does not seem to have a prominent effect on clinical periodontal parameters but it does have many correlations with circulating inflammatory molecules . As suggested in the literature , increased levels of leptin and IL-6 in the obese group might be one explanation for a possible relationship between obesity and periodontal disease . A prospect i ve study is warranted to clarify , in greater detail , the effects of obesity on periodontal health OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether fitness changes result ing from lifestyle interventions for weight loss may independently contribute to the improvement of low adiponectin levels in obese individuals with diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Look AHEAD ( Action for Health in Diabetes ) r and omized overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes to intensive lifestyle intervention ( ILI ) for weight loss or to diabetes support and education ( DSE ) .  Total and high – molecular weight adiponectin ( adiponectins ) , weight , and cardiorespiratory fitness ( submaximal exercise stress test ) were measured in 1,397 participants at baseline and at 1 year , when ILI was most intense . Regression analyses examined the associations of 1-year weight and fitness changes with change in adiponectins . RESULTS ILI result ed in greater improvements in weight , fitness , and adiponectins at 1 year compared with DSE ( P < 0.0001 ) . Weight loss and improved fitness were each associated with changes in adiponectins in men and women ( P < 0.001 for all ) , after adjusting for baseline adiponectins , demographics , clinical variables , and treatment arm . Weight loss contributed an additional 4–5 % to the variance of change in adiponectins than did increased fitness in men ; in women , the contributions of improved fitness ( 1 % greater ) and of weight loss were similar . When weight and fitness changes were both accounted for , weight loss in men and increased fitness in women retained their strong associations ( P < 0.0001 ) with adiponectin change . CONCLUSIONS Improvements in fitness and weight with ILI were favorably but distinctly associated with changes in adiponectin levels  in overweight/obese men and women with diabetes . Future studies need to investigate whether sex-specific biological determinants contribute to the observed associations Background Walking and yoga have been independently evaluated for weight control ; however , there are very few studies comparing the 2 with r and omization . Material / Methods The present study compared the effects of 90 minutes/day for 15 days of supervised yoga or supervised walking on : ( i ) related biochemistry , ( ii ) anthropometric variables , ( iii ) body composition , ( iv ) postural stability , and ( v ) bilateral h and grip strength in overweight and obese persons . Sixty-eight participants , of whom 5 were overweight ( BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ) and 63 were obese ( BMI ≥30 kg/m2 ; group mean age ±S.D. , 36.4±11.2 years ; 35 females ) , were r and omized as 2 groups – ( i ) a yoga group and ( ii ) a walking group – given the same diet . Results All differences were pre-post changes within each group . Both groups showed a significant ( p<0.05 ; repeated measures ANOVA , post-hoc analyses ) decrease in : BMI , waist circumference , hip circumference , lean mass , body water , and total cholesterol . The yoga group increased serum leptin ( p<0.01 ) and decreased LDL cholesterol ( p<0.05 ) . The walking group decreased serum adiponectin ( p<0.05 ) and triglycerides ( p<0.05 ) . Conclusions Both yoga and walking  improved anthropometric variables and serum lipid profile in overweight and obese persons . The possible implication s are discussed Phytoestrogens and training could be effective to reduce cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk factors in postmenopausal women . Nevertheless , the impact of their combination on adipokines and systemic inflammation was never investigated . The objective was to verify if 6 months of mixed training combined with phytoestrogens could have an additional effect on adipokine levels and systemic inflammation in obese postmenopausal women . Fifty-two obese women aged between 50 and 70 years were r and omly assigned to ( 1 ) exercise with placebo ( EX + PL ; n = 25 ) or ( 2 ) exercise with phytoestrogens ( EX + PHY ; n = 27 ) . Body weight , waist circumference , fat mass , and lean body mass ( dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ) were assessed . Fasting plasma glucose and insulin , adiponectin , leptin , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels were obtained after a 12-hour overnight fast . Total energy intake was measured with a 3-day dietary record . All measurements were performed before and after the 6-month intervention . Although energy intake remained unchanged , body composition was improved in all women ( all Ps < .02 ) . Plasma CRP and leptin levels decreased in both groups similarly ( all Ps < .03 ) , whereas plasma adiponectin and insulin did not change with exercise combined with placebo or phytoestrogens . Correlation analyses showed that homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( r = -0.58 , P = .02 ) and fasting insulin levels ( r = -0.42 , P = .02 ) at baseline were both correlated with changes in leptin levels . Baseline fasting glucose ( r = -0.36 , P = .03 ) and adiponectin ( r = 0.45 , P = .005 ) levels were associated with changes in CRP concentrations . Although mixed exercise program combined with phytoestrogens does not seem to provide any additional effect , mixed training improves systemic inflammation and leptin concentrations in obese postmenopausal women CONTEXT Consolidation and maintenance of peak bone mass in young adulthood may be compromised by inactivity , low dietary calcium , and diet-induced weight loss . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine whether higher intakes of dairy foods , dietary calcium , and protein during diet- and exercise-induced weight loss affected markers of bone health . PARTICIPANTS Participants included premenopausal overweight and obese women . DESIGN /INTERVENTION Ninety participants were r and omized into three groups ( n = 30 per group ) : high protein and high dairy ( HPHD ) , adequate protein and medium dairy ( APMD ) , and adequate protein and low dairy ( APLD ) , differing in dietary protein ( 30 , 15 , or 15 % of energy , respectively ) , dairy foods ( 15 , 7.5 , or < 2 % of energy from protein , respectively ) , and dietary calcium ( ∼1600 , ∼1000 , or < 500 mg/d , respectively ) . OUTCOME MEASURES Serum and urine bone turnover biomarkers , serum osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) , receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB lig and ( RANKL ) , PTH , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , leptin , and adiponectin measured at 0 and 16 wk . RESULTS All groups lost equivalent body weight ( P < 0.05 ) . N-telopeptide , C-telopeptide ( CTX ) , urinary deoxypyridinoline , and osteocalcin increased in APLD ( P < 0.01 ) , whereas in HPHD , osteocalcin and procollagen 1 amino-terminal propeptide ( P1NP ) increased ( P < 0.05 ) , and all resorption markers remained unchanged . P1NP to CTX and OPG to RANKL ratios increased in HPHD ( P < 0.005 ) , and P1NP to CTX ratio decreased in APLD ( P < 0.05 ) . PTH decreased in HPHD and APMD vs. APLD ( P < 0.005 ) , and 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased in HPHD ( P < 0.05 ) , remained unchanged in APMD , and decreased in APLD ( P < 0.05 ) . Leptin decreased and adiponectin increased in APMD and HPHD only ( P < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Hypoenergetic diets higher in dairy foods , dietary calcium , and protein with daily exercise , favorably affected important bone health biomarkers vs. diets with less of these bone-supporting nutrients We studied the effect of exercise on circulating adipokine , high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) , and metabolic parameters in obese young women . Ninety-six healthy Japanese young female students aged 18 - 23 years were studied . The longitudinal intervention study of a 7-month exercise training program ( 30 - 60 min/day , 60 - 70 % HR-reserve , 200 - 400 kcal , 4 - 5 days/week ) was performed in eight obese female students ( BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2 ) ) . Eight control female students ( mean BMI = 22 kg/m(2 ) ) were included in the follow-up study . Body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , percentage of body fat ( % Fat ) , body fat mass , lean body mass , health-promoting lifestyle profile-scale ( L-scale ) , VO(2)max ( maximal oxygen uptake ) , hs-CRP , lipids , insulin homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-R ) , fasting levels for circulating adiponectin , leptin , and TNF-alpha , were measured before and after the exercise program . In obese subjects , body weight , BMI , % Fat , body fat mass , lean body mass , hs-CRP , leptin , and TNF-alpha were significantly higher , and L-scale and adiponectin were lower than those in control subjects . In obese subjects , exercise decreased body weight , BMI , % Fat , body fat mass , lean body mass , hs-CRP , leptin , and TNF-alpha , and increased L-scale , VO(2)max , HDL-cho , and adiponectin . It was concluded that changes in circulating adipokine levels are involved in the improvement of the metabolic state by exercise and may be useful markers for evaluation and prescription of exercise
Exercise , particularly aerobic exercise , had a significant effect on serum leptin and a possible influence on adiponectin levels , suggesting its therapeutic implication
Previous reports have shown that exercise improves serum leptin and adiponectin abnormalities in overweight and obese individuals ; however , results to date are controversial .
Here we performed a systematic review and meta- analysis of the available r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) of the possible beneficial action of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin levels in overweight and obese individuals .