Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Influence of a hydrophobic resin coating on the immediate and 6-month dentin bonding of three universal adhesives. Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Effect of chemomechanical caries removal on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin. Bonding of simplified adhesive systems to caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. The effect of load cycling on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems. Effect of chlorhexidine on the durability of a new universal adhesive system Adjunctive application of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding on durability of bonds to sound and caries-affected dentine. Effect of proanthocyanidin incorporation into dental adhesive resin on resin-dentine bond strength. Bond strength of adhesive resin cement with different adhesive systems Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Effect of a plant-based hemostatic agent on microleakage of self-etching adhesives Effect of caries removal techniques on the bond strength of adhesives to caries-affected primary dentin in vitro. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Six-month bracket survival with a self-etch adhesive. Effect of self-etching primers on bond strength--are they reliable? Does the method of caries induction influence the bond strength to dentin of primary teeth? Experimental and clinical evaluation of a self-etching and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Eighteen-month bracket survival rate: conventional versus self-etch adhesive. Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Microtensile bond strength of a total-etch 3-step, total-etch 2-step, self-etch 2-step, and a self-etch 1-step dentin bonding system through 15-month water storage. An in vitro investigation of pre‐treatment effects before fissure sealing Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin
PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To test the influence of a hydrophobic resin coating ( HC ) on the immediate ( 24h ) and 6-month ( 6 m ) microtensile dentin bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal adhesives applied in self-etch ( SE ) or in etch- and -rinse ( ER ) mode . METHODS Sixty caries-free extracted third molars were assigned to 12 experimental groups result ing from the combination of the factors " adhesive system " ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [ SBU ] , 3 M ESPE ; All-Bond Universal [ ABU ] , Bisco Inc. ; and G-Bond Plus [ GBP ] , GC Corporation ) ; " adhesive strategy " ( SE or ER ) ; " hydrophobic resin coating " [ HC ] ( with or without Heliobond , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; and " storage time " ( 24h or 6 m ) . Specimens were prepared for μTBS testing - ( 24h ) half of the beams were immediately tested under tension ; and ( 6 m ) the other half was stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C ) for 6 m prior to testing . For each tooth , two beams were r and omly selected for NL evaluation for both evaluation times . Data were analyzed for each adhesive system using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS μTBS : ( 24h ) : In SE mode , HC result ed in statistically greater mean μTBS for all adhesives . ( 6 m ) : When HC was not used the mean μTBS for SBU/ER , ABU/ER , GBP/ER and SBU/SE decreased significantly . NL : ( 24h ) : SBU/ER , ABU/ER and GBP/SE result ed in a significant reduction in NL when HC was applied . ( 6 m ) : No significant reduction was observed for SBU/ER or for SBU/SE regardless of the use of HC . SIGNIFICANCE The application of a hydrophobic resin coating improved the 24h and the 6 m performances of all three adhesives systems in SE mode OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based ( Papacárie ) and sodium-hypochlorite-based ( Carisolv ) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin , in comparison to the st and ard rotary-instrument caries removal method . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used . Forty-eight teeth were r and omly divided into three groups , according to the caries excavation methods : ( i ) Papacárie , ( ii ) Carisolv and ( iii ) a round steel bur . After caries removal , each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step ( Clearfil SE Bond ) or one-step ( Clearfil S3 Bond ) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups . Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing . Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test . For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope , caries was similarly removed from the remaining thirty carious molars , bonding was performed as for bond strength testing , and the teeth were sectioned . RESULTS RESULTS of three-way ANOVA revealed that bond strength was significantly affected by " adhesive " ( p<0.001 ) and " dentin " ( p<0.001 ) , but not " caries excavation methods " ( p>0.05 ) . The bond strength of the two-step self-etching adhesive was significantly higher than that of the one-step self-etching adhesive ( p<0.001 ) . Conversely , the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to sound dentin was significantly higher than to residual caries-affected dentin ( p<0.001 ) . Greater silver penetration was observed in the bonded interfaces of residual caries-affected dentin and in interfaces bonded with the one-step self-etching adhesive vs those bonded with the two-step self-etching adhesive . CONCLUSION Chemomechanical caries removal did not affect the bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin as compared to caries excavation with rotary instruments PURPOSE To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile ( µTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) tests . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars . Half of the specimens were su bmi tted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin . Teeth were r and omly restored with one of three material s : the etch- and -rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 ( SB ) , the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus ( SE ) , and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One ( EASY ) . After storage for 24 h , specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing ( 1 mm/min ) . One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution ( 24 h ) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nano leakage with SEM . The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . The µTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . For NL , the Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α < 0.05 ) . RESULTS SB ( 35.5 ± 3.5 ) showed the highest µTBS value to sound dentin , followed by EASY ( 26.3 ± 1.9 ) and SE ( 18.2 ± 6.5 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . No difference among material s was observed for caries-affected dentin ( SB : 17.8 ± 4.2 ; SE : 13.9 ± 3.2 ; EASY : 14.4 ± 4.2 , p > 0.05 ) . For all groups , adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed . Caries affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface ; however , with SE , the nano leakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems , even in sound dentin . CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nano leakage of the two-step etch- and -rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of load cycling on nanoleakage of occlusal flat surface or cervical restorations bonded with three self-etching priming systems and a single bottle system . METHODS The dentin bonding systems used in this study were Clearfil SE Bond , Unifil Bond , Prompt L-Pop and Single Bond .  Flat occlusal dentin surfaces and cervical cavities from extracted human molars were bonded with one of the dentin bonding systems . After load cycling of 90N for 5000 cycles , sample s were immersed in a 50 % w/v solution of silver nitrate for 24h , and exposed to photodeveloping solution for 8h . Specimens were sectioned , mounted on stubs , carbon-coated and observed in a Field Emission-SEM using backscattered electron mode . One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the leakage scores . RESULTS FE-SEM images showed that sample s subjected to load cycling had leakage patterns similar to non-load-cycled sample s for all dentin bonding systems . Load cycling did not affect leakage lengths in any system . Prompt L-Pop had greater silver deposition and leakage score than the other systems . SIGNIFICANCE The dentin bonding systems tested were unable to prevent nanoleakage , and the extent of nanoleakage was not increased by load cycling Background The effect of chlorhexidine on bond durability of universal adhesives is not clear . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine on 6-month water storage bond strength of adhesive systems . Material and Methods 72 freshly sound human extracted molars were selected . In each tooth both buccal and lingual sides were prepared by bur to reach superficial dentin and r and omly divided into 6 groups and 12 sub-groups and bonded with Scotchbond Universal ( SBU ) or Scotchbond Multi- purpose ( SBMP ) with/without chlorhexidine ( CHX ) usage . Group 1 : SBU , group2 : SBU+CHX , group3 : Etch+SBU , group4 : Etch+CHX+SBU , group5 : Etch+SBMP , group6 : Etch+CHX+SBMP . After composite curing , water storage and thermocycling was done . Each group was divided into two subgroups . One was tested immediately , and the other was thermocycled for 5000 cycles ( 5 - 55 ° C ) ( it was equivalent to 6 months of storage in distilled water ) . Shear bond strength test was done and failure modes were determined by Stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA , Tukey post-hoc test and Paired Two test with P<0.050 as the level of significance . Results Shear bond strength in late SBU ( Self etch ) was significantly lower than late SBU [ Etch and rinse ( ER ) ] , P value= 0.0001 , also shear bond strength in late SBU [ self-etch ( SE ) ] was significantly lower than immediate SBU ( SE ) , P value= 0.01 . There were no significant differences between other sub-groups and conditions . The most failure mode was adhesive in all the groups . Conclusions Long term bonding durability of SBU(ER ) was better than SBU ( SE ) . CHX usage had prevented bond strength decrease in SBU and SBMP in long term . CHX usage did not have any effect on immediate shear bond strength of SBU and SBMP . Immediate and late shear bond strength of SBMP with/without CHX usage was similar to SBU(SE , ER ) . Key words : Dentin Bonding , Shear Bond Strength , chlorhexidine , 6-month storage OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of adjunctive application of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) on bond durability and nanoleakage of hydrophobic adhesive to sound ( SD ) and caries-affected dentine ( CAD ) . METHODS Dentine surfaces of molars were etched after caries removal and r and omly allocated to four groups ( n=12 ) . In Groups 1 and 2 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 2 ml of 100 % ethanol or 2 ml of ethanol with 2 % CHX for 60s . In Groups 3 and 4 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 15 μL of distilled water or 15 μL of distilled water with 2 % CHX for 60s . Two coats of primer , followed by neat resin were applied and light-cured for 40s . Resin composite build-ups were placed and bonded specimens were sectioned for bond strength testing after 24 h and 12 months ' storage in artificial saliva . Bond strength data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and SNK tests . Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24 h and 12 months using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS Significant differences were observed for the three factors : " substrate " ( p<0.001 ) , " rewetting agents " ( p<0.001 ) and " time " ( p<0.001 ) on bond strength . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to EWB preserved bond strength to SD and CAD and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to WWB also preserved bond strength to SD after ageing . CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding has an interaction effect on preservation of bond durability to sound and caries-affected dentine . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding with hydrophobic adhesive enhances the success rate of aesthetic bonded restorations OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of proanthocyanidin ( PA ) incorporation into experimental dental adhesives on resin-dentine bond strength . METHODS Four experimental hydrophilic adhesives containing  different PA concentrations were prepared by combining 50wt% resin comonomer mixtures with 50wt% ethanol . Proanthocyanidin was added to the ethanol-solvated resin to yield three adhesives with PA concentrations of 1.0 , 2.0 and 3.0wt% , respectively . A PA-free adhesive served as the control . Flat dentine surfaces from 40 extracted third molars were etched with 32 % phosphoric acid . The specimens were r and omly assigned to one of the four adhesive groups . Two layers of one of the four experimental adhesives were applied to the etched dentine and light-cured for 20s . Composite build-ups were performed using Filtek Z250 ( 3 M ESPE ) . After storage in distilled water at 37 ° C for 24h , twenty-four bonded teeth were sectioned into 0.9 mm × 0.9 mm beams and stressed to failure under tension for bond strength testing . Bond strength data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . Interfacial nanoleakage was examined in the remaining teeth using a field-emission scanning electron microscope and analysed using the Chi-square test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference in bond strength was found amongst PA-free , 1 % and 2 % PA adhesives . However , incorporation of 3 % PA into the adhesive significantly lowered bond strength as demonstrated by a greater number of adhesive failures and more extensive nanoleakage along the bonded interface . CONCLUSION Incorporation of 2 % proanthocyanidin into dental adhesives has no adverse effect on dentine bond strength . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The addition of proanthocyanidin to an experimental adhesive has no adverse effect on the immediate resin-dentine bond strength when the concentration of proanthocyanidin in the adhesive is less than or equal to 2 % Background To assess the immediate bond strength of a dual-cure adhesive resin cement to the hybridized dentin with different bonding systems . Material and Methods Fifty-six healthy human molars were r and omly divided into 7 groups ( n=8 ) . After 3 longitudinal sections , the central cuts were included in PVC matrix and were su bmi tted to dentin hybridization according to the groups : G1 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Apder ™ Scotchbond ™ Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , G2 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Optibond ™ FL , Kerr ) , G3 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( All-Bond 3 ® , Bisco ) , G4 - etch & rinse simplified system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE ) , G5 - self-etching system with one step ( Bond Force , Tokuyama ) , G6 - universal system in moist dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) , G7 - universal system in dry dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) . Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder ( Duo-link , Bisco ) made from a polypropylene matrix . In the evaluation of bond strength , the sample s were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy . Results The Kruskal-Wallis test suggests a statistically significant difference between groups ( p=0,039 ) , and Tukey for multiple comparisons , indicating a statistically significant difference between G3 and G4 ( p<0.05 ) . It was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures , followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin . Conclusions The technique and the system used to dentin hybridization are able to affect the immediate bond strength of resin cement dual adhesive . Key words : Adhesion , adhesive resin cement , adhesive systems , microshear PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE Objective : This in vitro study evaluated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) contamination on the microleakage of one-step and two-step self-etching adhesives . Study design : Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 freshly extracted human molars . Teeth were r and omly assigned into three groups according to contamination material applied ( Group I , no contamination ; Group II , blood contamination ; Group III , ABS contamination ) . In contaminated groups , one drop of blood and ABS solution was applied directly to the dentin surface and air-dried . Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to bonding agent used [ Group A , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etching adhesive ) ; Group B , Adper Easy One ( one-step self-etching adhesive ) ] . Adhesive material s were applied according to the manufacturers ’ recommendations . The specimens were restored using a universal microhybrid composite ( Arabesk ) . After thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C – 55 ° C ) and immersion in a 0.5 % basic fuchsin , dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at p < 0.05 . Results : Significantly higher microleakage scores were observed when one-step self-etching adhesive was applied to blood- and ABS-contaminated dentin . However , when a two-step self etching adhesive was used , microleakage was observed only following blood contamination , not following ABS contamination . Conclusions : Although , blood contamination before adhesive application result ed in increased microleakage with both one-step and two-step self-etching adhesive systems , ABS contamination did not affect microleakage when a two-step self-ething adhesive system was used . Key words : Ankaferd Blood Stopper , blood , microleakage , self-etching adhesive AIM The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effects of three different caries removal techniques on the microtensile bond strength of adhesive material s to caries-affected dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty primary molar teeth were used . The teeth were r and omly divided into three groups according to the caries removal technique employed : conventional steel bur ( group 1 ) ; Er : YAG laser ( group 2 ) ; chemomechanical method ( group 3 ) . Each group was divided into two subgroups according to bonding agents : one-step self-etch adhesive and etch- and -rinse adhesive . The teeth were restored with composite resin . Vertical sticks were obtained and subjected to tensile stress . Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , Tukey 's test and an independent sample s t-test . RESULTS The values for the laser groups were significantly lower than those of the bur groups for both bonding agents ( p<0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bur and chemomechanical groups ( p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Bur and chemomechanical techniques in primary teeth were found more successful . Similar results were found according to the adhesives used for each caries removal techniques OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength OBJECTIVE To evaluate , over a 6-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive ( Transbond Plus Self-Etching ) compared with a conventional adhesive that uses the etch and rinse approach ( Transbond XT ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One operator , using the straight-wire technique , placed 567 metallic brackets in 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) such that homologous teeth from the same arch received different material s. The brackets were bonded following the manufacturer 's instruction except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) . The failure modes were visually classified into three modes : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rate of the brackets was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS The failure rates of the conventional and self-etch  [ corrected ] adhesives  were 10.6 % and 7.4 % , respectively . The failure rate of the conventional system was 0.43 [ corrected ] times greater than that of the self-etch system . The self-etch adhesive showed a higher survival rate compared with the conventional system ( P < .05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel surface . No difference in the fracture debonding mode was observed for the material s. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the self-etch Transbond Plus Self-Etching can be safely used for orthodontic brackets because it provides higher survival rates than does the conventional Transbond XT Currently introduced self-etching primers combine conditioning and priming agents into a single product . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of using three self-etching primers on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of orthodontic brackets and on the bracket/adhesive failure mode . Brackets were bonded to extracted human teeth according to one of four protocol s. In the control group , teeth were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid . In the experimental groups , the enamel was conditioned with three different self-etching primers , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSE ) , Etch & Prime 3.0 ( EP3 ) , or Transbond Plus ( TBP ) , as suggested by the manufacturer . The brackets were then bonded with Transbond XT in all groups . The present in vitro findings indicate that conditioning with TBP before bonding orthodontic brackets to the enamel surface result ed in a significantly ( P < or = .001 ) higher SBS ( mean , 16.0 + /- 4.5 MPa ) than that found in CSE , EP3 , and the control ( acid-etched [ AE ] ) groups . CSE produced bond strength values ( mean 11.5 + /- 3.3 MPa ) that are statistically comparable to those produced by acid etching ( mean 13.1 + /- 3.1 MPa ) . The use of EP3 for enamel conditioning result ed in the lowest mean SBS value ( mean 9.9 + /- 4.0 MPa ) . A comparison of the adhesive remnant index scores indicated that there was more residual adhesive remaining on the teeth that were treated with conventional acid etching than in the CSE and EP3 groups . In the TBP group , the failure sites were similar to those of the AE group but different from those of the CSE group PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of chemical and microbiological methods of caries induction on microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of current adhesive systems to primary dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 36 primary molars were assigned to 3 groups according to the method of inducing caries-affected dentin : ( 1 )  control ( sound dentin ) ; ( 2 )  pH cycling ; and ( 3 ) microbiological . In both methods , teeth were su bmi tted to caries induction for 14 days , and the sound dentin was stored in distilled water for the same period . Specimens were then r and omly reassigned according to adhesive system : a two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Adper Single Bond 2 ) or a two-step self-etching system ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Composite buildups were constructed and the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks ( 0.8 mm2 ) to be tested for microtensile bond strength . The μTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . RESULTS Both methods of caries induction result ed in lower μTBS values ( with no significant difference between them ) than those obtained for sound dentin . Adhesive systems showed similar bond strength values . The percentage of premature failure was higher in the microbiological group , regardless of adhesive system . CONCLUSION Microbiological and pH-cycling methods are both suitable for simulating caries-affected dentin for bonding evaluations in primary teeth PURPOSE To assess the one-step self-etching adhesive iBond Gluma inside ( 1-SE ) and the two-step etch- and rinse adhesive Gluma Comfort Bond ( 2-ER ) , both used in combination with the fine particle hybrid composite Venus , in a laboratory and in a prospect i ve clinical study . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In the in vitro study , tooth-composite interaction , microleakage , and adhesive failure of 8 Class V restorations per system were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy . In the in vivo study , 90 paired Class III/IV restorations were scored over 48 months ( modified USPHS criteria ) . Cumulative failure rates ( CFR ) were calculated . RESULTS In vitro , microleakage and adhesive failure at enamel margins were significantly increased with 1-SE in comparison with 2-ER . With 1-SE , micromechanical interlocking at enamel was reduced and pores within the adhesive layer arose . In vivo , after 48 months with 1-SE , decreased marginal integrity and an increased number of dark marginal color lines were observed . CONCLUSION Because the results of the 4-year clinical study showed lower esthetics and marginal integrity for the 1-SE adhesive , its use should be viewed critically , which is in line with the reduced enamel-adhesive-composite interaction found in vitro The aim of this study was to evaluate , over an 18-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive [ Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer ( SEP ) , 3 M Unitek ] compared with a conventional adhesive that employs the etch- and -rinse approach ( Transbond XT , 3 M Unitek ) . One operator , using the straight-wire technique , bonded 567 metallic brackets to the teeth of 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) in a way that patients acted as self-control . The brackets were bonded following the manufacturers ' instructions except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) since previous investigations have reported that prolonged application times can improve the bonding efficacy of self-etch systems to enamel . The failure modes were visually classified into : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rates of the brackets were estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < 0.05 ) . The failure rates of the self-etch and conventional adhesives were 15.6 and 17.6 per cent , respectively . No significant differences in the survival rate were observed between the material s ( P > 0.05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel interface . There was no difference in the fracture debonding mode . These findings indicate that Transbond Plus SEP can be safely used for orthodontic brackets since the survival rates are similar to the conventional Transbond XT Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it PURPOSE To evaluate dentin bond durability using current dentin adhesive resin bonding approaches over a 15-month period of water storage . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-four extracted human molars were polished with 600-grit SiC papers exposing occlusal dentin , and r and omly distributed into four adhesive groups : total-etch 3-step ( TE3 ) ( Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , total-etch 2-step ( TE2 ) ( Single Bond , 3 M ESPE ) , self-etch 2-step ( SE2 ) ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray ) , and a self-etch 1-step ( SE1 ) ( Prompt L-Pop , 3 M ESPE ) . A resin composite crown was incrementally formed and light cured to approximately 6 mm in height . Microtensile specimens were fabricated and stored in distilled water containing 0.5 % chloramine T and tensile tested at 1 mm/min after 1 , 6 , and 15 months . The debond pathway was recorded as either involving the substrate or joint using scanning electron microscopy . SAS software was used to compute Weibull parameters and distributions , Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of survival curves over time for each adhesive system and between adhesive systems . RESULTS The TE2 was significantly weaker than TE3 and SE2 after 1 and 6 months of storage , but all three systems were equivalent after 15 months of storage . The SE1 system could not be tested due to 58 of 65 specimens failing during specimen preparation . Failure modes were observed to be dependent upon adhesive system , with only the total-etch 2-step system demonstrating an increasing involvement in the adhesive joint over time . CONCLUSION Although differences in bond strength were observed across adhesive systems up to 6 months of storage , no differences were noted at 15 months . This may represent common degradative mechanisms BACKGROUND Fissure sealants prevent occlusal caries in permanent molars .  Enamel preparation methods are used before fissure sealing . AIMS To investigate effects of bioglass air-abrasion pre-treatment with and without an adhesive , on fissure enamel of permanent teeth , with respect to etchability , microleakage and microtensile bond strength . DESIGN Half of the occlusal surfaces of 50 extracted premolars underwent bioglass air-abrasion . Dye was applied to the entire occlusal surface . Photographs were taken to score etched surface by dye uptake . Adhesive was applied to 25 of the bioglass-treated areas and all teeth were fissure sealed , sectioned , and evaluated using confocal microscopy . Buccal and lingual surfaces of a further eight premolars were acid-etched and r and omly received : air-abrasion , adhesive , both , or none before sealant application for microtensile bond strength measurement in half of the sample s immediately and half following 6 months of water immersion . RESULTS Linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression were used ( P = 0.05 ) . Bioglass air-abrasion significantly improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage . The addition of an adhesive made no difference to either microleakage or microtensile bond strength . The combination of bioglass abrasion and adhesive led to more cohesive , rather than adhesive , failure . CONCLUSIONS Bioglass air-abrasion improved enamel etchability and reduced microleakage irrespective of the adhesive use but neither pre-treatment affected the microtensile bond strength ABSTRACT Objective Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) inhibitor ; however , its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin has never been reported . Thus , the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two MMP inhibitors ( 2 % chlorhexidine and 2 % green tea extract ) , applied after acid etching , on bond durability of an etch- and -rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin . Material and Methods Occlusal enamel was removed from third molars to expose the dentin surface , and the molars were su bmi tted to a caries induction protocol for 15 days . After removal of infected dentin , specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid ( 15 seconds ) and r and omly divided into three groups , according to the type of dentin pretreatment ( n=10 ) : NT : no treatment ; GT : 2 % green tea extract ; CLX : 2 % chlorhexidine . The etch- and -rinse adhesive system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's instructions , and composite resin restorations were built on the dentin . After 24 hours , at 37 ° C , the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks ( 0.8 mm2 of adhesive area ) and r and omly subdivided into two groups according to when they were to be su bmi tted to microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) testing : immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water . Data were reported in MPa and su bmi tted to two-way ANOVA for completely r and omized blocks , followed by Tukey ’s test ( α=0.05 ) . Results After 24 hours , there was no significant difference in the μTBS of the groups . After 6 months , the GT group had significantly higher μTBS values . Conclusion It was concluded that the application of 2 % green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the etch- and -rinse system to dentin . Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non-treatment ( NT - control ) had any effect on bond strength after water storage
The meta- analysis demonstrated that the etch- and -rinse technique significantly reduced the nanoleakage of the Peak Universal and G-Bond Plus adhesives , whereas the self-etch mode reduced the nanoleakage of All-Bond Universal .
In comparison , the etching technique did not significantly alter the nanoleakage of either Prime&Bond Elect or Scotchbond Universal which was characterized by the smallest nanoleakage .
CONCLUSIONS Etching modes significantly , in various ways , influence the nanoleakage of universal adhesives .
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Contrary to the drive to simplify bonding technologies , an appreciation of their adhesive components and how these perform according to bonding technique could yield a knowledge-based practical approach that ultimately improves the longevity of direct composite restorations
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate how etching modes affect the nanoleakage of universal adhesive from in vitro studies .