Exercise volume and intensity: a dose–response relationship with health benefits Effectiveness of Three Different Walking Prescription Durations on Total Physical Activity in Normal- and Overweight Women Exercise for people with cancer: a clinical practice guideline. Intrapersonal, social and physical environmental determinants of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in working-age women: a systematic review protocol Effectiveness of exercise interventions on physical function in community-dwelling frail older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews How Physically Active Are People with Stroke in Physiotherapy Sessions Aimed at Improving Motor Function? A Systematic Review Physical activity as a treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of physical activity policies in schools: A systematic review. Dose-response relationship between moderate-intensity exercise duration and coronary heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. Developing an Intervention to Address Physical Activity Barriers for African–American Women in the Deep South (USA) Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Physical activity in the treatment of the adulthood overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues. Physical activity as a treatment for depression: the TREAD randomised trial protocol Long‐term maintenance and effects of exercise in early psychosis Physical activity patterns among walkers and compliance with public health recommendations. Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity Examining the theory‐effectiveness hypothesis: A systematic review of systematic reviews Effect of long-term nutraceutical and dietary supplement use on cognition in the elderly: a 10-year systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Physical activity patterns during pregnancy through postpartum Effect of short-duration physical activity and ventilation threshold on subjective appetite and short-term energy intake in boys Effect of resistance exercises on function in older adults with osteoporosis or osteopenia: a systematic review. Lifestyle Interventions in Overweight and Obese Pregnant or Postpartum Women for Postpartum Weight Management: A Systematic Review of the Literature The Effect of Atorvastatin on Habitual Physical Activity among Healthy Adults.
Introduction The health benefits of exercise are well established . However , the relationship between exercise volume and intensity and health benefits remains unclear , particularly the benefits of low-volume and intensity exercise . Purpose The primary purpose of this investigation was , therefore , to examine the dose – response relationship between exercise volume and intensity with derived health benefits including volumes and intensity of activity well below international recommendations . Methods Generally healthy , active participants ( n = 72 ; age = 44 ± 13 years ) were assigned r and omly to control ( n = 10 ) or one of five 13-week exercise programs : ( 1 ) 10-min brisk walking 1 × /week ( n = 10 ) , ( 2 ) 10-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 10 ) , ( 3 ) 30-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 18 ) , ( 4 ) 60-min brisk walking 3 × /week ( n = 10 ) , and ( 5 ) 30-min running 3 × /week ( n = 14 ) , in addition to their regular physical activity . Health measures evaluated pre- and post-training including blood pressure , body composition , fasting lipids and glucose , and maximal aerobic power ( VO2max ) . Results Health improvements were observed among programs at least 30 min in duration , including body composition and VO2max : 30-min walking 28.8–34.5 mL kg−1 min−1 , 60-min walking 25.1–28.9 mL kg−1 min−1 , and 30-min running 32.4–36.4 mL kg−1 min−1 . The greater intensity running program also demonstrated improvements in triglycerides . Conclusion In healthy active individuals , a physical activity program of at least 30 min in duration for three sessions/per week is associated with consistent improvements in health status Objective : While there is a dose-response relationship between physical activity ( PA ) and health benefit , little is known about the effectiveness of different PA prescriptions on total daily PA . Aim : To test , under real-life conditions and using an objective , non-invasive measurement technique ( accelerometry ) , the effect of prescribing additional physical activity ( walking only ) of different duration s ( 30 , 60 and 90 min/day ) on compliance ( to the activity prescribed ) and compensation ( to total daily PA ) . Participants in each group were prescribed 5 sessions of walking per week over 4 weeks . Methods : 55 normal-weight and overweight women ( mean BMI 25 ± 5 kg/m2 , height 165 ± 1 cm , weight 68 ± 2 kg and mean age 27 ± 1 years ) were r and omly assigned to 3 prescription groups : 30 , 60 or 90 min/day PA . Results : Walking duration result ed in an almost linear increase in the number of steps per day during the prescription period from an average of about 10,000 steps per day for the 30-min prescription to about 14,000 for the 90-min prescription . Compliance was excellent for the 30-min prescription but decreased significantly with 60-min and 90-min prescriptions . In parallel , degree of compensation subsequent to exercise increased progressively as length of prescription increased . Conclusion : A 30-min prescription of extra walking 5 times per week was well tolerated . However , in order to increase total PA  further , much more than 60 min of walking may need to be prescribed in the majority of individuals . While total exercise ‘ volume ' increased with prescriptions longer than 30 min , compliance to the prescription decreased and greater compensation was evident BACKGROUND Development of this guideline was undertaken by the Exercise for People with Cancer Guideline Development Group , a group organized by Cancer Care Ontario 's Program in Evidence -Based Care ( pebc ) . The purpose of the guideline was to provide guidance for clinicians with respect to exercise for patients living with cancer , focusing on the benefits of specific types of exercise , recommendations about screening requirements for new referrals , and safety concerns . METHODS Consistent with the pebc 's st and ardized approach , a systematic search was conducted for existing guidelines , and systematic literature search es were performed in medline and embase for both systematic review s and primary literature . Content and methodology experts performed an internal review , which was followed by an external review by targeted experts and intended users . RESULTS The search identified three guidelines , eighteen systematic review s , and twenty-nine r and omized controlled trials with relevance to the topic . The present guideline provides recommendations for the duration , frequency , and intensity of exercise appropriate for people living with cancer . It also provides recommendations for pre-exercise assessment , safety concerns , and delivery models . CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to show that exercise provides benefits in quality of life and muscular and aerobic fitness for people with cancer both during and after treatment , and that it does not cause harm . The present guideline is intended to support the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology 's Canadian physical activity guidelines . The recommendations are intended for clinicians and institutions treating cancer patients in Ontario , and for policymakers and program planners involved in the delivery of exercise programs for cancer patients Background The majority of North American adult females do not meet current physical activity recommendations ( 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity ( MVPA ) per week accrued in ≥10 min bouts ) ultimately placing themselves at increased risk of morbidity and mortality . Working-age females face particular challenges in meeting physical activity recommendations as they have multiple dem and s , including occupational , family and social dem and s. To develop effective interventions to increase MVPA among working-age females , it is necessary to identify and underst and the strongest modifiable determinants influencing these behaviours . Therefore , the objective of this systematic review is to examine the available evidence to identify intrapersonal , social and environmental determinants of MVPA among working-age females . Methods / Design Six electronic data bases will be search ed to identify all prospect i ve cohort studies that report on intrapersonal , social and /or environmental determinants of  MVPA  in working-age females . Grey literature sources including theses , published conference abstract s and websites from relevant organizations will also be included . Articles that report on intrapersonal ( e.g. health status , self-efficacy , socio-economic status ( SES ) , stress , depression ) , social environmental ( e.g. crime , safety , area SES , social support , climate and capital , policies ) , and environmental ( e.g. weather , workplace , home , neighbourhood , recreation environment , active transportation ) determinants of MVPA  in a working-age ( mean age 18–65 years ) female population will be included . Risk of bias will be assessed within and across all included studies using the Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Cohort Studies and the Grade s of Recommendation , Assessment , Development and Evaluation approach . Harvest plots will be used to synthesize results across all determinants , and meta-analyses will be conducted where possible among studies with sufficient homogeneity . Discussion This review will provide a comprehensive examination of evidence in this field and will serve to highlight gaps for future research on the determinants of MVPA in working-age females and ultimately inform intervention design . Systematic review registration PROSPERO : CRD42014009750 Objectives : This umbrella review aim ed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions , alone or in combination with other interventions , in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail . Introduction : Exercise is said to have a positive impact on muscle mass and strength which improves physical function and hence is beneficial for the treatment of frailty . Several systematic review s discuss the effects of exercise interventions on physical function parameters , such as strength , mobility , gait , balance and physical performance , and indicate that multi-component exercise , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility training , appears to be the best way in which to improve physical function parameters in frail older people . However , there is still uncertainty as to which exercise characteristics ( type , frequency , intensity , duration and combinations ) are the most effective and sustainable over the long-term . Inclusion criteria : Participants were adults , 60 years or over , living in the community and identified as pre-frail or frail . Quantitative systematic review s , with or without meta- analysis that examined the effectiveness of exercise interventions of any form , duration , frequency and intensity , alone or in combination with other interventions design ed to alter physical function parameters in frail older people , were considered . The quantitative outcome measures were physical function , including muscular strength , gait , balance , mobility and physical performance . Methods : An iterative search strategy for ten bibliometric data bases and gray literature was developed . Critical appraisal of seven systematic review s was conducted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute tool . Data was extracted independently by two review ers using a st and ard Joanna Briggs Institute data extraction tool and summarized using a narrative synthesis approach . Results : Seven systematic review s were included in this umbrella review , with a total of 58 relevant r and omized controlled trials and 6927 participants . Five systematic review s examined the effects of exercise only , while two systematic review s reported on exercise in combination with a nutritional approach , including protein supplementations , as well as fruit and dairy products . The average  exercise frequency was 2–3 times per week ( mean 3.0 ± 1.5 times per week ; range 1–7 weekly ) for 10–90 minutes per session ( mean of 52.0 ± 16.5 mins ) and a total duration of 5–72 weeks with the majority lasting a minimum of 2.5 months ( mean 22.7 ± 17.7 weeks ) . Multi-component exercise interventions can currently be recommended for pre-frail and frail older adults to improve muscular strength , gait speed , balance and physical performance , including resistance , aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Resistance training alone also appeared to be beneficial , in particular for improving muscular strength , gait speed and physical performance . Other types of exercise were not sufficiently studied and their effectiveness is yet to be established . Conclusions : Interventions for pre-frail and frail older adults should include multi-component exercises , including in particular resistance training , as well as aerobic , balance and flexibility tasks . Future research should adopt a consistent definition of frailty and investigate the effects of other types of exercise alone or in combination with nutritional interventions so that more specific recommendations can be made Background . Targeted physical activity drives functional recovery after stroke . This review aim ed to determine the amount of time stroke survivors spend physically active during physiotherapy sessions . Summary of Review . A systematic search was conducted to identify published studies that investigated the use of time by people with stroke during physiotherapy sessions . Seven studies were included ; six observational and one r and omised controlled trial . People with stroke were found to be physically active for an average of 60 percent of their physiotherapy session duration . The most common activities practice d in a physiotherapy session were walking , sitting , and st and ing with a mean ( SD ) practice time of 8.7 ( 4.3 ) , 4.5 ( 4.0 ) , and 8.3 ( 2.6 ) minutes , respectively . Conclusion . People with stroke were found to spend less than two-thirds of their physiotherapy sessions duration engaged in physical activity . In light of dosage studies , practice time may be insufficient to drive optimal motor recovery AIM To review the effectiveness of exercise as a therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) and potential benefits in treating insulin resistance and atherosclerosis . METHODS Medline ( EBSCOhost ) and PubMed were search ed for English- language r and omized controlled trials and prospect i ve cohort studies in human adults aged ≥ 18 which investigated the various effects of exercise alone , a combination of exercise and diet , or exercise and diet coupled with behavioral modification on NAFLD from 2010 to Feburary 2015 . RESULTS Eighteen of 2298 available studies were chosen for critical review , which included 6925 patients . Nine ( 50 % ) studies were r and omized controlled trials . Five ( 27.8 % ) studies utilized biopsy to examine the effects of physical activity on hepatic histology . The most commonly employed imaging modality to determine change in hepatic steatosis was hydrogen-magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Only two studies examined the effects of low impact physical activity for patients with significant mobility limitations and one compared the efficacy of aerobic and resistance exercise . No studies examined the exact duration of exercise required for hepatic and metabolic improvement in NAFLD . CONCLUSION  While exercise improved hepatic steatosis and underlying metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD , more studies are needed to define the most beneficial form and duration of exercise treatment Research consistently indicates that schools fail to implement m and atory physical activity policies . This review aim ed to describe factors ( barriers and facilitators ) that may influence the implementation of school physical activity policies which specify the time or intensity that physical activity should be implemented and to map these factors to a theoretical framework . A systematic search was undertaken in six data bases for quantitative or qualitative studies published between 1995-March 2016 that examined teachers ' , principals ' or school administrators ' reported barriers and /or facilitators to implementing m and ated school physical activity policies .  Two independent review ers screened texts , extracted and coded data from identified articles using the Theoretical Domains Framework ( TDF ) . Of the 10,346 articles identified , 17 studies met the inclusion criteria ( 8 quantitative , 9 qualitative ) . Barriers and facilitators identified in qualitative studies covered 9 and 10 TDF domains respectively . Barriers and facilitators reported in quantitative studies covered 8 TDF domains each . The most common domains identified were : ' environmental context and re sources ' ( e.g. , availability of equipment , time or staff ) , ' goals ' ( e.g. , the perceived priority of the policy in the school ) , ' social influences ' ( e.g. , support from school boards ) , and ' skills ' ( e.g. , teachers ' ability to implement the policy ) . Implementation support strategies that target these factors may represent promising means to improve implementation of  physical activity policies and increase physical activity among school-aged children . Future studies assessing factors that influence school implementation of physical activity policies would benefit from using a comprehensive framework to help identify if any domains have been overlooked in the current literature . REGISTRATION This review was prospect ively registered with PROSPERO ( CRD42016051649 ) on the 8th December 2016 PURPOSE This study was design ed to investigate whether , in a dose-response manner , there would be greater health benefits in a group of postmenopausal women completing 45 minute- vs. 30 minutes of moderate intensity ( 50 % maximal oxygen uptake reserve , VO2R ) exercise 5 days . wk(-1 ) . METHODS Apparently healthy but sedentary postmenopausal women ( n = 33 ) were r and omized to a nonexercise control group , a 30-minute exercise duration group , or a 45-minute exercise duration group . Exercise training was performed 5 days . wk(-1 ) for 12 weeks at 50 % VO2R . Participants were instructed to not change their usual diet throughout the study . RESULTS Twenty-six women completed the study . After 12 weeks , VO2max increased significantly ( p < 0.05 ) in both 30-minute ( 0.20 + /- 0.21 L . min(-1 ) ) and 45-minute ( 0.41 + /- 0.10 L . min(-1 ) ) groups . Repeated measures ANOVA identified a significant interaction between exercise duration and VO2max values ( F = 4.72 , p < 0.05 ) , indicating that VO2max responded differently to 30-minute and 45-minute exercise duration s. Trend analysis showed that body mass , body composition , waist circumference , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) changed favorably ( p < 0.05 ) across control , 30-minute , and 45-minute groups . CONCLUSIONS Although most health organizations agree that 150 min . wk(-1 ) of physical activity will reduce the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality , few r and omized , controlled studies have examined whether completing more physical activity than the recommended amount will yield additional benefits . Findings from the present study suggest that there is a dose-response relationship between exercise duration and numerous health outcomes in postmenopausal women , including cardiorespiratory fitness , body mass , body composition , waist circumference , and Aim : To address high rates of inactivity and related chronic diseases among African – American women . Material s & methods : Eleven focus groups on physical activity barriers for African – American women in the deep south ( USA ) were conducted ( n = 56 ) . Feedback guided an intervention development process . The result ing Home-Based Individually Tailored Physical Activity Print intervention was vetted with the target population in a 1-month , single arm , pre – post test demonstration trial ( n = 10 ) . Results : Retention was high ( 90 % ) . Intent-to-treat analyses indicated increases in motivational readiness for physical activity ( 70 % of sample ) and physical activity ( 7-day Physical Activity Recall ) from baseline ( mean : 89.5 min/week , st and ard deviation : 61.17 ) to 1 month ( mean : 155 min/week , st and ard deviation : 100.86 ) . Small improvements in fitness ( 6-Min Walk Test ) , weight and psychosocial process measures were also found . Conclusion : Preliminary findings show promise and call for future r and omized controlled trials with larger sample s to determine efficacy . Such low-cost , high-reach approaches to promoting physical activity have great potential for addressing health disparities and benefiting public health BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves produces acute analgesic effects . This r and omized , sham-controlled , crossover study was design ed to evaluate the effect of differing duration s of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response to percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in 75 consenting patients with low back pain . METHODS All patients received electrical stimulation for four different time intervals ( 0 , 15 , 30 , and 45 min ) in a r and om sequence over the course of an 11-week study period . All active percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation treatments were administered using alternating frequencies of 15 and 30 Hz three times per week for 2 consecutive weeks . The pre study assessment s included the health status survey short form question naire and 10-cm visual analog scale scores for pain , physical activity , and quality of sleep , with 0 being the best and 10 being the worst . The pain scoring was repeated 5 - 10 min after each 60-min study session and 24 h after the last treatment session with each of the four methods . The daily oral analgesic requirements were assessed during each of the four treatment blocks . At the end of each 2-week treatment block , the question naire was repeated . RESULTS Electrical stimulation using percutaneously placed needles produced short-term improvements in the visual analog scale pain , physical activity , and quality of sleep scores , and a reduction in the oral analgesic requirements . The 30-min and 45-min duration s of electrical stimulation produced similar hypoalgesic effects ( 48+/-21 % and 46+/-19 % , respectively ) and were significantly more effective than either 15 min ( 21+/-17 % ) or 0 min ( 10+/-11 % ) . The 30- and 45-min treatments were also more effective in improving physical activity and sleep scores over the course of the 2-week treatment period . In contrast to the sham treatment ( 0 min ) , the health status survey short form revealed that electrical stimulation for 15 to 45 min three times per week for 2 weeks improved patient function . CONCLUSION The recommended duration of electrical stimulation with percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy is 30 min PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence on the role of physical activity in the treatment of adult overweight and obesity . Three specific questions are addressed : ( 1 ) Does exercise alone produce weight loss ? ( 2 ) Does exercise in combination with diet produce greater weight loss than diet only ? and ( 3 ) Does exercise in combination with diet produce better maintenance of weight loss than diet alone ? METHODS The literature initially identified by the Expert Panel on Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Obesity , three key meta analyses , and additional literature search es were used to identify r and omized trials related to the three aforementioned topics . These articles were review ed and tabulated . RESULTS Six of 10 r and omized studies found significantly greater weight loss in exercise alone versus no treatment controls . The magnitude of the effect averaged 1 - 2 kg . Only 2 of 13 studies found significant differences in initial weight loss for diet plus exercise versus diet only , although almost all studies pointed in this direction . Six studies were identified with maintenance periods of at least 1 yr . In two of the six there were significant long term differences favoring diet plus exercise , but in every study considered the direction of the difference favored diet plus exercise . Other strong evidence showing benefits of exercise for long-term weight loss comes from correlational analyses which consistently find that those individuals who report the greatest exercise have the best maintenance of weight loss . CONCLUSIONS R and omized trials consistently show benefits of exercise for weight loss , but the effects are often modest . This may result from small sample sizes , short study duration , and poor adherence to the exercise prescriptions . To better define the doses and types of exercise that will promote long-term weight loss , it is necessary to develop better ways to measure exercise and promote adherence to exercise Background Depression is one of the most common reasons for consulting a General Practitioner ( GP ) within the UK . Whilst antidepressants have been shown to be clinical ly effective , many patients and healthcare professionals would like to access other forms of treatment as an alternative or adjunct to drug therapy for depression . A recent systematic review presented some evidence that physical activity could offer one such option , although further investigation is needed to test its effectiveness within the context of the National Health Service . The aim of this paper is to describe the protocol for a r and omised , controlled trial ( RCT ) design ed to evaluate an intervention developed to increase physical activity as a treatment for depression within primary care . Methods / design The TREAD study is a pragmatic , multi-centre , two-arm RCT which targets patients presenting with a new episode of depression . Patients were approached if they were aged 18 - 69 , had recently consulted their GP for depression and , where appropriate , had been taking antidepressants for less than one month . Only those patients with a confirmed diagnosis of a depressive episode as assessed by the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised ( CIS-R ) , a Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI ) score of at least 14 and informed written consent were included in the study . Eligible patients were individually r and omised to one of two treatment groups ;  usual GP care or usual GP care plus facilitated physical activity . The primary outcome of the trial is clinical symptoms of depression assessed using the BDI four months after r and omisation . A number of secondary outcomes are also measured at the 4- , 8- and 12-month follow-up points including quality of life , attitude to and involvement in physical activity and antidepressant use/adherence . Outcomes will be analysed on an intention-to-treat ( ITT ) basis and will use linear and logistic regression models to compare treatments . Discussion The results of the trial will provide information about the effectiveness of  physical activity  as a treatment for depression . Given the current prevalence of depression and its associated economic burden , it is hoped that TREAD will provide a timely contribution to the evidence on treatment options for patients , clinicians and policy-makers . Trial registration : IS RCT N Abstract Aim The aims of this study were to examine if people with first‐episode psychosis ( FEP ) are able to continue adhering to exercise after a supervised intervention and to explore if the benefits of exercise can be sustained . Methods Twenty‐eight persons with FEP took part in a 10‐week exercise intervention that provided each participant with twice‐weekly accompaniment to exercise activities of their own choice , of whom 20 were re‐assessed 6 months after the intervention . Long‐term adherence to exercise  was assessed , and measures of psychiatric symptoms , physical health , neurocognition and social functioning were administered at baseline , post‐intervention and 6‐month follow‐up . Results During the supervised intervention , participants achieved 124.4 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous exercise per week . After 6 months , physical activity levels had decreased significantly ( P = 0.025 ) and only 55 % of participants had continued to exercise weekly . Repeated‐ measures analysis of variance found that the significant improvements in psychiatric symptoms and social functioning observed immediately after the intervention were maintained at 6 months ( P = 0.001 ) . However , post hoc analyses showed that symptomatic reductions were only maintained for those who continued to exercise , whereas symptom scores increased among those who had ceased exercising . Previously observed improvements in waist circumference and verbal memory were lost by 6 months . Conclusion Long‐term exercise participation is associated with significant benefits for symptoms , cognition and social functioning in FEP . However , adherence to unsupervised exercise is low . Future research should explore the effectiveness of ‘ step‐down ’ support following supervised interventions , and aim to establish sustainable methods for maintaining regular exercise in order to facilitate functional recovery and maintain physical health PURPOSE Walking is the most common leisure-time physical activity ( LTPA ) among U.S. adults . The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of  walking for physical activity  and the proportion of  walkers who met current public health  physical activity recommendations . METHODS We analyzed data from the 1998 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System , a collection of state-based , r and om-digit-dialed telephone surveys of adults . Physical activity measures included the type , frequency , and duration of the two LTPAs in which respondents engaged most often during the previous month . We calculated the prevalence of walking and the prevalence of three physical activity patterns defined by combinations of walking duration and frequency . We also examined the effect on these patterns of participating in a second LTPA . RESULTS In 1998 , an estimated 38.6 % of U.S. adults walked for physical activity . Among walkers , 21.3 % walked a minimum of 30 min five or more times per week . This approximates compliance with current physical activity recommendations . Compliance increased to 34.5 % when the criteria were relaxed to include at least 150 min of walking per week accumulated over three or more occasions . Relaxing the criteria further to include a minimum of 150 min.wk(-1 ) regardless of frequency produced only a small increase in compliance ( 37.6 % ) . However , compliance with each of these three activity patterns approximately doubled when a second LTPA was taken into account . CONCLUSIONS Less than 40 % of walkers complied through walking with even our most liberal physical activity pattern ( > or = 150 min.wk(-1 ) regardless of frequency ) . For walkers to meet current public health recommendations , many need to walk more frequently and /or to engage in additional physical activities Purpose of review This review highlights recent work evaluating the relationship between exercise , physical activity and physical and mental health . Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies , as well as r and omized clinical trials , are included . Special attention is given to physical conditions , including obesity , cancer , cardiovascular disease and sexual dysfunction . Furthermore , studies relating physical activity to depression and other mood states are review ed . The studies include diverse ethnic population s , including men and women , as well as several age groups ( e.g. adolescents , middle-aged and older adults ) . Recent findings Results of the studies continue to support a growing literature suggesting that exercise , physical activity and physical-activity interventions have beneficial effects across several physical and mental-health outcomes . Generally , participants engaging in regular physical activity display more desirable health outcomes across a variety of physical conditions . Similarly , participants in r and omized clinical trials of physical-activity interventions show better health outcomes , including better general and health-related quality of life , better functional capacity and better mood states . Summary The studies have several implication s for clinical practice and research . Most work suggests that exercise and physical activity are associated with better quality of life and health outcomes . Therefore , assessment and promotion of exercise and physical activity may be beneficial in achieving desired benefits across several population s. Several limitations were noted , particularly in research involving r and omized clinical trials . These trials tend to involve limited sample sizes with short follow-up periods , thus limiting the clinical implication s of the benefits associated with physical activity . Abbreviations CAD : coronary artery disease ; COPD : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; CRP : cardiac rehabilitation program ; CVD : cardiovascular disease ; GMCB : group-mediated cognitive – behavioural ; HRQOL : health-related quality of life PURPOSE Health interventions based on theory may be more effective than those that are not . This review of review s synthesizes all published r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) meta-analytic evidence from the last decade to examine whether theory-based interventions were found to be associated with more effective  adult health behaviour change interventions . METHODS Systematic review s including meta-analyses were identified by search ing Medline , CINAHL , PsycINFO , and CDSR . A narrative synthesis was used to summarize and analyse the evidence . Only review s including RCTs of health behaviour change interventions with adults aged 18 + published from 2007 to 2017 were included . RESULTS Of 8,659 articles , nine systematic review s met inclusion criteria . The majority of review s ( n = 8) suggested no increased effectiveness for theory-based compared to non-theory-based interventions for effectiveness of outcomes relating to health behaviour . Less than half of the RCTs included in the review s reported the use of theory ( 85/183 ) . Two review s suggested interventions based on control theory , motivational interviewing , or self-determination theory were associated with greater effectiveness for physical activity and /or dietary interventions and outcomes . Method ological and reporting issues limit the conclusions . CONCLUSIONS Theory-based interventions as currently operationalized in systematic review s were not found to be more effective than non-theory-based interventions . Method ological and reporting issues at study and review level may not reflect the true utility of theory use within health behaviour interventions . The promotion of theory use may benefit from using a multifaceted argument , rather than a narrow focus of increased effectiveness . Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject ? Theory use is regularly promoted by cl aim ing that it will lead to more effective behaviour change interventions . Theory use has been frequently linked to effectiveness within systematic review s of behaviour change interventions . The theory-effectiveness hypothesis has not been systematic ally examined at the systematic review level . What does this study add ? Theory use as operationalized by systematic review authors was not associated with increased effectiveness within systematic review s examining r and omized controlled trials of behaviour change interventions in adults . Interventions based on control theory , motivational interviewing , or self-determination theory were associated with greater effectiveness for physical activity and /or dietary interventions and outcomes . Theory use should be promoted using a multifaceted argument , and assertions for increased effectiveness of theory-based interventions should only be used in domains where specific evidence exists to support this cl aim Nutraceuticals have generated interest as a way to mitigate the cognitive decline in older adults . The aim of this systematic review was to determine the evidence for these cl aims from the scientific literature in r and omised , double-blinded , controlled trials ( duration : ≥1 year ; participants : n≥100 ; age(mean ) : ≥65 years ) . Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ( PRISMA ) guidelines , we search ed four electronic data bases ( PubMed , Scopus , CINAHL and Web of Science ) and identified twenty-five studies published between the 15·June·2006 and 14·June·2016 . Interventions included B-vitamins , n-3 fatty acids , antioxidant vitamins and herbs . Of the B-vitamin studies , four found benefits to cognition with supplementation . The first of these B-vitamin studies , in individuals with mild cognitive impairment ( n 266 ; duration = 2 years ) , included benefit to executive function ( P=0·015 ) and improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination ( MMSE ) among participants with baseline homocysteine above 11·3 µmol/l ( P<0·001 ) . In the same sample , the second study found cognitive benefits  of B-vitamins dependent on the higher baseline plasma n-3 fatty acid status . The third B-vitamin study ( n 900 ; duration = 2 years ) reported improved performance in immediate ( P=0·046 ) and delayed recall ( P=0·013 ) , whereas the fourth study ( n 856 ; duration = 2 years ) reported slower rate of cognitive decline in the MMSE ( P=0·05 ) . One study investigating DHA treatment ( n 402 ; duration = 1·5 years ) revealed the slower rate of cognitive change in apoE e4 non-carriers ( P=0·03 ) . As only five included studies revealed notable benefits , presently based on the specific compounds explored here , there is not compelling evidence to support the use nutraceuticals to improve cognition in the elderly . Future long-term trials of nutraceuticals should investigate interactions with lifestyle , blood biomarkers and genetic risk factors Background Realizing the importance of regular physical activity , particularly in the prevention of chronic diseases and unhealthy weight gain , it is important to study how physical activity changes during and after pregnancy using prospect i ve study design s. The aim of this study was to describe the mode , duration , intensity , and changes in physical activity  during pregnancy through one year postpartum among a cohort of women . Methods This study was part of the third Pregnancy , Infection and Nutrition Postpartum Study at the University of North Carolina Hospitals . A cohort of 471 women was followed at 17 - 22 and 27 - 30 weeks ' gestation and at 3 and 12 months postpartum . The participants reported the  mode , frequency , duration , and intensity of all physical activities that increased their breathing and heart rate in the past week . Results Overall physical activity for the cohort decreased from 17 - 22 weeks to 27 - 30 weeks of gestation , but rebounded up at 3 months postpartum and remained stable at 12 months postpartum . The mean MET h/wk values for each time point were 24.7 ( st and ard deviation , SD 26.8 ) , 19.1 ( SD 18.9 ) , 25.7 ( SD 29.3 ) , and 26.7 ( SD 31.5 ) . In postpartum , women reported more care-giving and recreational activity and less indoor household activity , as compared to their activity level during pregnancy . Conclusion For health benefits and weight management , health care professionals are encouraged to provide pregnant and postpartum women with information on recommendations of physical activity , particularly regarding the minimum duration and intensity level The purpose of this investigation was twofold : ( 1 ) to examine the role of low- to moderate-intensity , short- duration physical activity on subjective appetite and ( 2 ) to identify the role of and associations between ventilation threshold ( VeT ) and energy intake at a pizza lunch 30 min after glucose and whey protein drinks in normal weight boys . In 14 boys ( age : 12.5+/-0.4 years )  subjective appetite was measured before and after a 12 min walking protocol design ed to determine physical fitness based on the VeT. On a separate occasion food intake ( FI ) and subjective appetite were measured in response to sweetened preloads of either a SPLENDA Sucralose control , glucose or whey protein made up to 250 ml with water , given in r and om order to each boy , 2h after a st and ardized breakfast . Subjective average appetite and prospect i ve food consumption scores increased after physical activity . VeT was positively associated with FI at a pizza lunch consumed 30 min after glucose and whey protein drinks . Glucose and whey protein reduced FI similarly at lunch compared with control . In conclusion , appetite is increased by low- to moderate-intensity , short- duration physical activity and FI following glucose and protein preloads is positively associated with fitness levels in boys PURPOSE To examine the effect of resistance exercises on self-reported physical function and activities of daily living ( ADL ) in older adults with osteoporosis or osteopenia . METHODS A search of available literature was conducted using PubMed , CINAHL , SPORTD iscus , PEDro , ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source , and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register . Studies were included if they involved ( 1 ) r and omized controlled trials ; ( 2 ) participants with osteoporosis or osteopenia ; ( 3 ) resistance exercise as an intervention ;  and ( 4 ) self-report of physical function or ADL . Articles were independently review ed for quality by two authors using the Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale . Cohen 's d effect size was calculated by dividing st and ardized mean differences by the st and ard deviation to determine treatment effect in terms of physical function or ADL . RESULTS Five full-text articles were selected for inclusion . PEDro scores ranged from 5 to 7 ( out of 10 ) . Effect size mean differences as a result of resistance intervention ranged from 0.08 to 1.74 , suggesting " trivial " to " large " effects on self-reported physical function and ADL . CONCLUSION RESULTS suggest that interventions using resistance training have a beneficial impact on the domains of physical function and ADL in participants with osteoporosis or osteopenia . More high- quality studies are needed to lend further validity to this supposition Excessive gestational weight gain ( GWG ) and postpartum weight retention ( PPWR ) may predispose women to the development of obesity . The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in overweight or obese pregnant and /or postpartum women for managing postpartum weight up to 2 years after giving birth . Eighteen r and omised controlled trials were included ( 2559 participants ) and divided into three categories according to the timing of the intervention : pregnancy only ( n = 3 ) , postpartum only ( n = 12 ) and pregnancy and postpartum ( n = 3 ) . The intervention duration varied from 10 weeks to 10 months and included diet only ( n = 5 ) or diet and physical activity ( n = 13 ) . Seven postpartum only interventions reported significant improvements in postpartum weight when compared to the control group . Most of these interventions were short and intensive , lasting 10–16 weeks . One pregnancy only and one pregnancy and postpartum intervention reported reduced PPWR at 6 months . Nine trials did not report an effect of the intervention on postpartum weight . However , of these , four reported associations between GWG and PPWR . This review suggests that successful postpartum weight management is achievable with intensive lifestyle interventions starting in the postpartum period ; however , there is insufficient evidence to conclude whether interventions starting in pregnancy are effective . Larger trials utilising comparative method ologies in the pregnancy and postpartum periods are required to inform the development of targeted strategies preventing PPWR or reducing postpartum weight PURPOSE Statin therapy can result in muscle pain , cramps , and weakness that may limit physical activity , although reports are mixed . We conducted a r and omized control trial to examine the effect of atorvastatin on habitual physical activity levels in a large sample of healthy adults . METHODS Participants ( n = 418 ) were statin-naive adults ( 44.0 ± 16.1 yr ( mean ± SD ) ) who were r and omized and double-blinded to 80 mg · d(-1 ) of atorvastatin or placebo for 6 months . Accelerometers were worn for 96 h before and after drug treatment . Repeated- measures analysis tested physical activity levels after versus those before drug treatment among groups with age and VO2max as covariates . RESULTS In the total sample , sedentary behavior increased ( 19.5 ± 5.1 min · d(-1 ) ) , whereas light-intensity ( 9.1 ± 3.0 min · d(-1 ) ) and moderate-intensity ( 9.7 ± 2.8 min · d(-1 ) ) physical activity decreased , as did total activity counts ( 17.8 ± 6.3 d × 10(-3 ) ) over 6 months ( P < 0.01 ) , with no differences between groups . The atorvastatin group increased sedentary behavior ( 19.8 ± 7.4 min · d(-1 ) ) and decreased light-intensity ( 10.7 ± 4.3 min · d(-1 ) ) and moderate-intensity ( 8.5 ± 4.0 min · d(-1 ) ) physical activity ( P < 0.05 ) . On the other h and , the placebo group increased sedentary behavior ( 19.2 ± 7.1 min · d(-1 ) ) and decreased moderate-intensity ( 11.0 ± 3.8 min · d(-1 ) ) and total physical activity counts ( -23.8 ± 8.8 × 10(-3 ) d(-1 ) ) ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Time being sedentary increased and physical activity levels decreased in the total sample over 6 months of drug treatment , independent of group assignment . Our results suggest that statins do not influence physical activity levels any differently from placebo , and the lack of inclusion of a placebo condition may provide insight into inconsistencies in the literature
Conclusions The current evidence , from cross-sectional and prospect i ve cohort studies , supports that physical activity of any bout duration is associated with improved health outcomes , which includes all-cause mortality .
Purpose This study aim ed to conduct a systematic literature review to determine whether physical activity episodes of < 10 min in duration have health-related benefits or , alternatively , if the benefits are only realized when the duration of physical activity episodes is ≥10 min .