The Effect of a High-Intensity Interval Training Program on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Young Men High-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training elicit similar enjoyment and adherence levels in overweight and obese adults Effects of high vs. moderate exercise intensity during interval training on lipids and adiponectin levels in obese young females Effects of resistance and multicomponent exercise on lipid profiles of older women. Lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein profiles in active and sedentary men with tetraplegia. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: respective contributions of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to coronary heart disease risk in apparently healthy men and women. Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial. BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND LIPID PROFILE BY PROGRAMMED EXERCISE TRAINING IN TAIWANESE PATIENTS WITH MILD HYPERTENSION Nonlinear Resistance Training Enhances the Lipid Profile and Reduces Inflammation Marker in People Living With HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Effects of endurance training and resistance training on plasma lipoprotein profiles in elderly women. Lipid changes in breast cancer patients on exemestane treatment: final results of the TEAM Greek substudy. The Effect of Exemestane on the Lipidemic Profile of Postmenopausal Early Breast Cancer Patients: Preliminary Results of the TEAM Greek Sub-study Training intensity, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins in men with high cholesterol. Correlation of dyslipidemia with waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index in Iranian adults. High-intensity interval training reduces abdominal fat mass in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Effect of 14 weeks of resistance training on lipid profile and body fat percentage in premenopausal women. Beneficial effects on blood pressure and lipid profile of programmed exercise training in subjects with white coat hypertension. The effect of pain-free treadmill training on fibrinogen, haematocrit, and lipid profile in patients with claudication Long-term exercise training in overweight adolescents improves plasma peptide YY and resistin. Effects of low-intensity aerobic training on the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in healthy elderly subjects. The Effect of Moderate Physical Exercise on the Plasma Lipoprotein Subfractions of Male Survivors of Myocardial Infarction Pistachio intake increases high density lipoprotein levels and inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation in rats. Effect of simvastatin on the lipid profile of hemodialysis patients.
Musa , DI , Adeniran , SA , Dikko , AU , and Sayers , SP . The effect of a high-intensity interval training program on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young men . J Strength Cond Res 23(2 ) : 587 - 592 , 2009-This study examined the impact of an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , and the atherogenic index ( TC/HDL-C ) in 36 untrained men ages 21 - 36 years . Participants were r and omly assigned to an interval training group ( n = 20 ) or a control group ( n = 16 ) . Participants in the experimental group performed 3.2 km of interval running ( 1:1 work : rest ratio ) 3 times a week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 90 % of maximal heart rate ( ∼423 kcal per session ) . Results indicated significant pre- to posttraining changes in HDL-C ( 1.1 vs. 1.3 mmol·L−1 , p < 0.0001 ) and TC/HDL-C ( 3.8 vs. 3.1 , p < 0.0001 ) but no significant changes in TC ( 3.9 vs. 3.8 mmol·L−1 , p > 0.05 ) with interval training . It was concluded that an 8-week program of high-intensity interval training is effective in eliciting favorable changes in HDL-C and TC/HDL-C but not TC in young adult men with normal TC levels . Our findings support the recommendations of high-intensity interval training as an alternative mode of exercise to improve blood lipid profiles for individuals with acceptable physical fitness levels Abstract Background : High-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) has been shown to improve cardiometabolic health during supervised lab-based studies but adherence , enjoyment , and health benefits of HIIT performed independently are yet to be understood . We compared adherence , enjoyment , and cardiometabolic outcomes after 8 weeks of HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) , matched for energy expenditure , in overweight and obese young adults . Methods : 17 adults were r and omized to HIIT or MICT .  After completing 12 sessions of supervised training over 3 weeks , participants were asked to independently perform HIIT or MICT for 30 min , 4 times/week for 5 weeks . Cardiometabolic outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO2 peak ) , lipids , and inflammatory markers . Exercise enjoyment was measured by the vali date d Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale . Results : Exercise adherence ( 93.4 ± 3.1 % vs. 93.1 ± 3.7 % , respectively ) and mean enjoyment across the intervention ( 100.1 ± 4.3 vs. 100.3 ± 4.4 , respectively ) were high , with no differences between HIIT and MICT ( p > .05 ) . Similarly , enjoyment levels did not change over time in either group ( p > .05 ) . After training , HIIT exhibited a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than MICT ( −0.66 mmol L−1 vs. −0.03 mmol L−1 , respectively ) and a greater increase in VO2 peak than MICT ( p < .05 , + 2.6 mL kg min−1 vs. + 0.4 mL kg min−1 , respectively ) . Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein increased in HIIT ( + 0.5 pg mL−1 and + 31.4 nmol L−1 , respectively ) and decreased in MICT ( −0.6 pg mL−1 and −6.7 nmol L−1 , respectively , p < .05 ) . Conclusions : Our novel findings suggest that HIIT is enjoyable and has high unsupervised adherence rates in overweight and obese adults . However , HIIT may be associated with an increase in inflammation with short-term exercise in this population Purpose We investigate the effects of 12-week interval training of moderate- or high-intensity exercise on blood lipids and plasma levels of adiponectin . Methods Thirty-four obese adolescent females [ age = 15.9 ± 0.3 years ; BMI and BMI -Z-score = 30.8 ± 1.6 kg/m2 and 3 ± 0.3 , respectively ] , were r and omized to high-intensity interval training ( HIIT , n = 11 ) , moderate-intensity interval training ( MIIT , n = 11 ) , or a control group ( CG , n = 12 ) . Maximal oxygen uptake ( $ $ \mathop V\limits^{. } { \text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$V.O2peak ) , maximal aerobic speed ( MAS ) , plasma lipids and adiponectin levels were measured in all subjects before and after training . Results Following the training program , in both training groups , body mass , BMI -Z-score , and percentage body fat ( % BF ) decreased , while $ $ \mathop V\limits^{. } { \text{O}}_{{2{\text{peak}}}}$$V.O2peak and MAS increased . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and adiponectin levels were positively altered ( −12.6 and −7.4 % ; 6.3 and 8.0 % ; 35.8 and 16.2 % ; high to moderate training program , respectively ) . Waist circumference , triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased only in HIIT group ( −3.5 ; −5.3 and −7.0 % , respectively , in all P < 0.05 ) . Significant decrease in the usual index of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) occurred in HIIT and MIIT groups ( −29.2 ± 5.3 and −18.4 ± 8.6 % , respectively ; P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion The results show that HIIT positively changes blood lipids and adiponectin variables in obese adolescent girls , result ing in improved insulin sensitivity , as attested by a lower HOMA-IR , and achieving better results compared to moderate-intensity exercise OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two exercise programs of 8 months duration on lipid profiles in older women . METHODS In 2006 , 77 women from Porto , Portugal , aged 60 - 79 years were r and omly assigned into a multicomponent exercise ( ME ) program or resistance exercise ( RE ) program . Before- and after-training , body composition , daily physical activity ( DPA ) , aerobic endurance , plasma concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TG ) were assessed . Training was performed twice weekly . The protocol for the ME included aerobic exercise , muscular endurance exercises and activities targeted to improve balance and flexibility . The RE protocol included leg press , leg extensions and curls , double chest raises , lateral raises , overhead press and abdominal exercises . RESULTS Significant decreases in TG ( -5.1 % , p=0.006 ) , and significant increases in HDL-C ( 9.3 % , p<0.001 ) were observed in the ME group . Following 8 months no significant changes were observed on lipid profile in RE group , although lipid- and lipoprotein-related variables tended to alter favorably . Both regimens result ed in significant improvements on 6-min walk test ( 6.4 % , p=0.001 for ME ; and 6.0 % , p=0.044 for RE ) . No significant changes were observed in total DPA and body fat in either group after exercise interventions . No significant correlations were found between body composition , physical activity , aerobic endurance , and lipid profile . CONCLUSIONS The data suggested that 8 months of ME may be more effective than RE for inducing favorable changes in plasma lipoprotein and lipid profiles OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the risk profile of coronary heart disease ( CHD ) is more favorable in physically active men with tetraplegia compared with sedentary men with tetraplegia . DESIGN Using a cross-sectional design , the lipid and (apo)lipoprotein concentrations of 11 active and 13 sedentary men with tetraplegia were compared . Regression analysis was applied to investigate the influence of subject characteristics and behavioral factors on the risk profile of CHD . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Total plasma cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , triglycerides , apolipoprotein-A1 ( ApoA1 ) , and apolipoprotein-B ( ApoB ) concentrations were determined . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and the ratios TC/HDL-C , LDL-C/HDL-C , ApoA1/ApoB , and HDL-C/ApoA1 were calculated . RESULTS A significantly higher HDL-C and ApoA1/ApoB and lower TC/HDL-C were found in the active group . Age and body mass index were important determinants of the lipids and (apo)lipoproteins .  Sport activity was the only significant determinant of HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a positive influence of sport activity on HDL-C in men with tetraplegia , which may reduce the risk of CHD OBJECTIVES This study was design ed to test the hypothesis that at any low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level , other lipid parameters such as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels , triglyceride ( TG ) levels , and the total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C are still associated with an increased coronary heart disease ( CHD ) risk . BACKGROUND Although LDL-C is considered to be the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy , other parameters of the lipoprotein-lipid profile may more closely associated with CHD risk . METHODS In the EPIC ( European Prospect i ve Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition)-Norfolk prospect i ve population study , 21,448 participants without diabetes or CHD between age 45 and 79 years were followed for 11.0 years . A total of 2,086 participants developed CHD during follow-up . RESULTS Among individuals with low LDL-C levels ( < 100 mg/dl ) , after adjustment for age , sex , smoking , systolic blood pressure , waist circumference , physical activity , and hormone replacement therapy ( in women ) , those with non-HDL-C > 130 mg/dl had a hazard ratio ( HR ) for future CHD of 1.84 ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 1.12 to 3.04 ) when compared with those with non-HDL-C levels < 130 mg/dl . In a similar model , individuals with TG levels > 150 mg/dl had an HR of 1.63 ( 95 % CI : 1.02 to 2.59 ) when compared with those with TG levels < 150 mg/dl , and individuals with a TC/HDL-C ratio > 5 had an HR of 2.19 ( 95 % CI : 1.22 to 3.93 ) when compared with those with a TC/HDL-C ratio < 5 . CONCLUSIONS In this prospect i ve study , independently of their plasma LDL-C levels , participants with high non-HDL-C levels , high TG levels , or with an elevated TC/HDL-C ratio were at increased CHD risk . CHD risk assessment algorithms as well as lipid targets of lipid-lowering trials may also need to consider other easily available parameters such as PURPOSE Despite the potential importance of favorable changes in the lipid profile produced by aerobic exercise , training-induced lipid profile changes in atherosclerosis-prone type 1 diabetes mellitus ( DM ) have not heretofore been adequately addressed . METHODS We assessed the effect of a 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and the lipid profile in young men with type 1 DM . Generally active men aged 20 - 40 yr with type 1 DM ( N = 56 ) were r and omized into training ( N = 28 ) and control ( untrained , N = 28 ) groups after baseline measurements . Training consisted of 30 - 60 min moderate-intensity running 3 - 5 times a week for 12 - 16 wk . RESULTS For the 42 men finishing the study , peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 peak ) increased significantly only in the trained group . Total and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and apolipoprotein ( apo ) B decreased and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/apo A-I ratio increased in the trained group . HDL and apo A-I increased in both groups . The exercise program brought about improvements in the HDL/LDL and apo A-I/apo B ratios and apo B and triglyceride levels when comparing the relative ( % ) changes in the trained versus control group . In the trained group , men with HDL/LDL ratios below the group median at baseline showed even more favorable changes in their lipid profile than those with higher initial HDL/LDL ratios . Body mass index , percent body fat and hemoglobin A1c did not change during the training period in either group . CONCLUSIONS Endurance training improved the lipid profile in already physically active type 1 diabetic men , independently of effects on body composition or glycemic control . The most favorable changes were in patients with low baseline HDL/LDL ratios , likely the group with the greatest benefit to be gained by such changes Mild essential hypertensive patients comprise a large portion of the hypertensive population . Previous reports have shown that moderate-intensity regular exercise training in these patients usually reduces blood pressure . By design ing programmed exercise to evaluate whether it is effective in reducing blood pressure in mild hypertensive patients and also has beneficial effects on other biochemical parameters . Twenty-three mild hypertensive Taiwanese patients ( resting blood pressure 139.1±11.4/99.5±8.0 mmHg ) were divided r and omly into two groups : control ( no exercise ) and moderate-intensity exercise ( average 6.4±0.7 METs ) . The training group exercised three times per week at the prescribed exercise intensity by using the Treadmill exercise test . Blood pressure , heart rate and other biochemical parameters were monitored regularly every 4 weeks for 12 weeks . After 12 weeks regular exercise training , the exercise group showed for significant resting blood pressure reduction . Mean maximal reduction of systolic pressure was 18 mmHg . Significant reduction of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and triglyceride were found ; elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) was also noted . These data suggest that after 12 weeks of exercise training in mild hypertensive patients , successful reduction of blood pressure and favorable changes of lipid profile will be noted BACKGROUND Highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) is associated with high total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-c ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels . The natural course of the HIV infection reduces the high-density lipoprotein level ( HDL-c ) . Thus , physical exercise plays a key role in reducing the effects of HAART and HIV . METHODS Thirty people living with HIV ( PLHIV ) were r and omized to the nonlinear resistance training ( NLRT ) and control ( CON ) groups . The NLRT group underwent 12 weeks of resistance training , whereas the CON group maintained usual daily activities . All volunteers underwent anthropometric , body composition , and biochemical assessment s at the beginning and end of 12 weeks . RESULTS After 12 weeks , the NLRT group had increased lean body mass ( P < .0001 ) , and a reduction in body fat mass ( P < .0001 ) and body fat percentage ( P < .0001 ) . The levels of TC ( P < .0001 ) , LDL-c ( P = .049 ) , TG ( P < .0001 ) , and CRP ( P = .004 ) were reduced , and the HDL-c level increased ( P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSION Twelve weeks of NLRT causes beneficial changes in the body composition , lipid profile , and inflammation markers in PLHIV , and it can be used in this patient population It has been shown that high levels of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol and low levels of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol are associated with health maintenance in older women , but the few studies that have examined the relationship between exercise and plasma lipoprotein levels in this elderly population have been equivocal . In addition , there are no studies that examine the plasma lipoprotein response of two different types of exercise in a group of active but nonexercising women . Thus , the effects of exercise training on plasma lipoprotein levels in elderly women remain unclear . The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of endurance and resistance exercise on plasma lipoprotein levels in elderly women who were active but nonexercising prior to the study . A total of 45 healthy , active women , aged 70 - 87 years , were r and omly assigned to either an aerobic training ( AT , 76 + /- 5 years , n = 15 ) , resistance training ( RT , 73 + /- 3 years , n = 15 ) , or control ( C , 74 + /- 5 years , n = 15 ) group . The AT group walked 3 days a week at 70 % heart rate reserve . The duration on day 1 was 20 minutes , and it was increased by 5 minutes each day until subjects were walking for 50 minutes ( week 3 ) . The exercise training session for the RT group consisted of one to three sets of eight repetitions of eight different exercises at an eight repetition maximum ; the C group maintained normal activity . Weight and diet were unchanged across groups . The exercise interventions lasted 10 weeks . Blood sample s were obtained from all subjects at week 0 and week 11 . Training result ed in a significant decrease in 1-mile walk times and heart rate at completion of the walk for the AT group and a significant increase in eight repetition maximum of all RT exercises . Both AT and RT groups experienced increased HDL cholesterol and decreased triglycerides at week 11 compared with week 0 . There were no positive changes in control lipoproteins . Both triglycerides and the total cholesterol to HDL ratio increased significantly while total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol remained unchanged . The RT group also had significantly lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol compared with controls at week 11 . Both RT and endurance training result ed in favorable changes to plasma lipoprotein levels for elderly women in only 10 weeks . The fact that this occurred without concurrent changes in weight or diet is an indication that high-intensity exercise alone can be used to modify lipoproteins in population s of healthy elderly women BACKGROUND The Greek sub study of the Tamoxifen and Exemestane Adjuvant Multicenter International trial compared the effect of exemestane on the lipid profile of postmenopausal , breast cancer patients to that of tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting . PATIENTS AND METHODS Lipidemic profile changes were studied in 142 postmenopausal patients r and omized to receive either adjuvant exemestane ( n=77 ) or tamoxifen ( n=65 ) .  Total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and serum triglyceride ( TRG ) levels were measured at baseline and then every 3 months for the first 12 months of treatment and at 18 and 24 months . RESULTS A trend for a reduction in TC was found in both treatment arms ; however , TC and LDL levels were consistently and significantly decreased in tamoxifen arm only . The mean HDL level was higher for the tamoxifen arm compared with the exemestane arm across time . No significant trend was detected throughout the study period on TRG levels on either arm . CONCLUSIONS Unlike tamoxifen 's beneficial effect on TC and LDL levels , exemestane appears to have a neutral effect on lipidemic profile of postmenopausal , breast cancer patients . These data offer additional information with regard to the safety and tolerability of exemestane treatment in the adjuvant setting Summary Introduction . Long-term endocrine therapy for breast cancer may have clinical implication s as drugs that potentially alter the lipid profile may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease . In this study , a companion sub- protocol to the TEAM ( Tamoxifen and Exemestane Adjuvant Multicenter ) International trial , we compared the effect of the steroidal aromatase inactivator exemestane on the lipid profile of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer in the adjuvant setting to that of tamoxifen . Patients and methods . In this open-label , r and omized , parallel group study , 176 postmenopausal patients with estrogen and /or progesterone receptor positive early breast cancer were r and omized to either  adjuvant exemestane ( 25 mg/day ; n = 90 ) or tamoxifen ( 20 mg/day ; n = 86 ) . Assessment s of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and serum triglycerides ( TRG ) were performed at baseline and every 3 months for the first 12 months . Results . Serum triglyceride levels were consistently increased above baseline throughout the study in the tamoxifen arm , while there was a trend towards reduction in the exemestane arm . There was also an overall trend for tamoxifen to decrease the levels of LDL throughout the study period . Exemestane did not demonstrate any other significant change in HDL levels ; however , there was a consistent trend for a reduction in total cholesterol in both treatment arms . The atherogenic risk determined by the TC : HDL ratio remained stable in both arms throughout the treatment period . Conclusions . Exemestane appears to have a neutral effect on total cholesterol and HDL levels . Unlike tamoxifen ’s positive effect on LDL levels , exemestane does not significantly alter LDL levels . Tamoxifen on the other h and increases triglyceride levels , while exemestane results in a beneficial reduction in TRG levels . These data offer additional information with regard to the safety and tolerability of exemestane in postmenopausal breast cancer patients and support further investigation of its potential usefulness in the adjuvant setting Twenty-six hypercholesterolemic men ( mean cholesterol , 258 mg/dl ; age , 47 yr ; weight , 81.9 kg ) completed 24 wk of cycle ergometer training ( 3 days/wk , 350 kcal/session ) at either high ( n = 12 ) or moderate ( n = 14 ) intensity ( 80 and 50 % maximal O2 uptake , respectively , r and omly assigned ) to test the influence of training intensity on blood lipid and apolipoprotein ( apo ) concentrations . All physiological , lipid , and apo measurements were completed at 0 , 8 , 16 , and 24 wk . Lipid data were analyzed via two x four repeated- measures analysis of variance ( alpha = 0.0031 ) . Training produced a significant decrease in body weight and increase in maximal O2 uptake . No interactions between intensity and weeks of training were noted for any lipid or apo variable , and no between-group differences were significant before or throughout training . Therefore , intensity did not affect the training response . Regardless of intensity , apo AI and apo B fell 9 and 13 % , respectively , by week 16 and remained lower through week 24 ( P < 0.0003 ) . Total cholesterol fell transiently ( -5.5 % ) by week 16 ( P < 0.0021 ) but returned to initial levels by week 24 . Triglyceride , low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol , and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol did not change with training . In contrast , HDL2 cholesterol rose 79 % above initial levels by week 8 and 82 % above initial levels by week 24 ( P < 0.0018 ) ; HDL3 cholesterol fell 8 and 13 % over the same training intervals ( P < 0.0026 ) . These data show that changes in blood lipid and apo concentrations that accompany training in hypercholesterolemic men are not influenced by exercise intensity when caloric expenditure is held constant Overweight and obesity are increasing problems in many countries and are related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors . Although imaging techniques can determine total body fat and its distribution reliably , anthropometric measurements remain important in clinical practice . The purpose of this study was to determine the association between some anthropometric measurements and dyslipidemia as an important cardiovascular risk factor in Iranian population . A total of 750 subjects ( 580 females and 170 males ) were selected by multistage r and om sampling from residents of Arak ( Iran ) and related villages in 2005 . None of them had any significant past medical history .  Body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference(WC ) , and waist to height ratio(W/Ht ) of subjects were measured to identify their relationship with their lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC ) , triglyceride(TG ) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C ) , and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol(TC/HDL-C ) . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) was also measured . WC and W/Ht showed greater correlation with TC , TG , LDL-C , TC/HDL-C level than did BMI . Among lipid profile , TG showed the closest correlation with W/Ht ( r=0.309 , p<0.001 ) and WC ( r=0.308 , p<0.001 ) . HDL-C level did not show any statistical relationship with W/Ht , but it was weakly correlated with WC ( r=-0.088 , p<0.05 ) . None of the indices showed any association with FBS level . It can be concluded that W/Ht and WC can best predict dyslipidemia in an Iranian adult population . We suggest using both W/Ht and WC as inexpensive and easy methods in clinical and epidemiological fields AIM This study compared the effect of high-intensity interval training ( HIIT ) and moderate-intensity continuous training ( MICT ) for 16 weeks on whole-body and abdominal fat mass ( FM ) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) . METHODS Seventeen women ( 69±1 years ; BMI : 31±1kg.m-2 ) were r and omly assigned to either a HIIT [ 60 × (8s at 77 - 85 % HRmax , 12s of active recovery ) ] or MICT ( 40min at 55 - 60 % of their individual HRR ) cycling program for 16 weeks , 2 days/week . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body and regional FM content , including abdominal adiposity and visceral adipose tissue . Plasma cholesterol , HDL , LDL , triglycerides , glucose and HbA1c levels were measured . Levels of nutritional intake and physical activity were evaluated by 7-day self-reports . RESULTS Dietary energy ( caloric ) intake , physical activity level and total body mass did not vary in either group from the beginning to the end of the training intervention . Overall , total FM decreased and total fat-free mass significantly increased over time ( by around 2 - 3 % ) . Total FM reduction at the end of the intervention was not significantly different between groups . However , significant loss of total abdominal ( -8.3±2.2 % ) and visceral ( -24.2±7.7 % ) FM was observed only with HIIT . Time effects were noted for HbA1c and total cholesterol/HDL ratio . CONCLUSION With no concomitant caloric restriction , an HIIT program in postmenopausal women with T2D ( twice a week for 16 weeks ) appeared to be more effective for reducing central obesity than MICT , and could be proposed as an alternative exercise training program for this population OBJECTIVES To study the effects of a supervised , intensive ( 85 % of one repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) ) 14 week resistance training programme on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy , sedentary , premenopausal women . SUBJECTS Twenty four women ( mean ( SD ) age 27 ( 7 ) years ) took part in the study . Subjects were r and omly assigned to either a non-exercising control group or a resistance exercise training group . The resistance exercise training group took part in supervised 45 - 50 minute resistance training sessions ( 85 % of 1-RM ) , three days a week on non-consecutive days for 14 weeks . The control group did not take part in any structured physical activity . RESULTS Two way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed significant ( p < 0.05 ) increases in strength ( 1-RM ) in the exercising group . There were significant ( p < 0.05 ) decreases in total cholesterol ( mean ( SE ) 4.68 ( 0.31 ) v 4.26 ( 0.23 ) mmol/1 ( 180 ( 12 ) v 164 ( 9 ) mg/dl ) ) , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( 2.99 ( 0.29 ) v 2.57 ( 0.21 ) mmol/l ( 115 ( 11 ) v 99 ( 8) mg/dl ) , the total to high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ratio ( 4.2 ( 0.42 ) v 3.6 ( 0.42 ) ) , and body fat percentage ( 27.9 ( 2.09 ) v 26.5 ( 2.15 ) ) , as well as a strong trend towards a significant decrease in the LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio ( p = 0.057 ) in the resistance exercise training group compared with their baseline values . No differences were seen in triglycerides and HDL cholesterol . No changes were found in any of the measured variables in the control group . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that resistance training has a favourable effect on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy , sedentary , premenopausal women BACKGROUND Patients with white coat hypertension comprise a substantial portion of the hypertensive population . Previous reports have shown that moderate-intensity regular exercise training in patients with mild hypertension usually reduces blood pressure ( BP ) , but there is a lack of data regarding individuals with white coat hypertension . This study was performed to evaluate whether programmed exercise was effective in reducing BP in patients with white coat hypertension and whether it also had beneficial effects on other biochemical parameters . METHODS A total of 42 patients ( 23 men and 19 women ) with white coat hypertension ( mean 24-h ambulatory BP 119.2 + /- 6.6/78.3 + /- 5.8 mm Hg ) were divided r and omly into two groups : control ( n = 20 ) ( no exercise ) , and moderate-intensity exercise ( n = 22 ) . The training group exercised three times per week at the prescribed exercise intensity using a treadmill exercise program .  Blood pressure , heart rate , and biochemical parameters were monitored every 4 weeks for 12 weeks . RESULTS Significant reductions in clinic and ambulatory BPs were seen in the exercise group after only 4 weeks regular exercise training and these persisted over the 12-week study . The mean maximal reductions in clinic BP were 11 mm Hg for systolic and 5 mm Hg for diastolic pressure . Significant reductions were found in plasma total cholesterol ( -6.1 % ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) ( -14.1 % ) , and triglyceride ( -11.4 % ) . Elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) ( + 11.2 % ) was also noted . CONCLUSIONS These data , which are clinical ly significant , suggest that 12 weeks of exercise training can result in successful reduction of BP and favorable changes in the lipid profile that would be beneficial to patients with white coat hypertension Objective : To assess the effect of pain-free treadmill training on changes of plasma fibrinogen , haematocrit , lipid profile , and walking ability in patients with claudication . Design : R and omized control trial . Methods : Sixty-eight patients with peripheral obstructive arterial disease and intermittent claudication ( Fontaine stage II ) were r and omly assigned into the treadmill training ( repetitive intervals to onset of claudication pain , three times a week ) or a control group ( no change in physical activity ) over 3 months . Both groups performed treadmill test to assess pain-free walking time ( PFWT ) and maximal walking time ( MWT ) and had blood analyses [ for haematocrit , fibrinogen , triglycerides , and cholesterol : total , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) ] done at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of the study . Results : Total and LDL cholesterol levels in the training group decreased ( p < 0.05 ) by 14.8 % and 20,5 % , respectively . Significant ( p < 0.05 ) HDL cholesterol increased ( 14.6 % ) and triglycerides decreased ( 19 % ) in the training group but changes of all these lipids were insignificant in the control group over the 3 months . Haematocrit and fibrinogen changes were insignificant in both groups . PFWT was prolonged by 109 % and MWT increased by 54 % in the training group ( p < 0.01 ) , but not in the control group . Conclusion : The improvement in walking time over 3 months of pain-free treadmill training parallels with progressive normalization of lipid profiles in patients with claudication The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term exercise training on concentrations of five hormones related to appetite and insulin resistance in overweight adolescents . In addition , we were interested in the relationships of these hormones with each other and with anthropometric and /or cardiovascular disease marker changes . Participants were > or = the 85th percentile for BMI for age and sex and participated in an  8-month supervised aerobic training program .  Anthropometrics , cardiovascular fitness assessment , and fasting blood sample s were taken pre- and post-training . Glucose , insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , triglycerides , leptin , active ghrelin , total peptide YY ( PYY ) , adiponectin , and resistin concentrations were measured . The participants increased their time to exhaustion on an incremental treadmill test and decreased both percent body fat and blood triglyceride concentrations . Total PYY concentration increased and resistin concentration decreased after long-term exercise training , which are favorable outcomes . Leptin concentrations were related to weight , percent body fat , waist circumference , and triglyceride concentrations pre- and post-training . The changes in resistin concentrations were related to the changes in triglyceride concentrations . We conclude that long-term exercise training has beneficial effects for overweight adolescents with respect to PYY and resistin , hormones related to appetite and insulin sensitivity The concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) is inversely correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease . The effects of low-intensity aerobic training on serum HDL-C and other lipoprotein concentrations were examined in healthy elderly subjects . The subjects were r and omly assigned to two groups matched for sex , age , height , and weight . The training group ( n = 20 , 10 men and 10 women aged 67 + /- 4 years ) participated in a supervised physical exercise regimen using a bicycle ergometer at an intensity of 50 % estimated maximal oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) for 60 minutes two to four times per week for 5 months . In contrast , the control group ( n = 20 , 10 men and 10 women aged 68 + /- 4 years )  did not perform any particular physical training . The training protocol result ed in significant increases in the VO2max ( P < .05 ) , HDL-C , HDL2-C , and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ratio ( P < .01 ) . The change in HDL2-C ( r = .57 , P < .01 ) and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ( r = .63 , P < .01 ) was positively associated with an increase in the total exercise duration per week . In addition , the total weekly exercise duration also showed a significant positive relationship with HDL-C ( r = .75 , P < .01 ) , HDL2-C ( r = .81 , P < .01 ) , and HDL2-C/HDL3-C ( r = .71 , P < .01 ) after the training period . The changes in body weight and the VO2max were not significantly correlated with any lipid parameters . Low-intensity aerobic training may improve the profile of HDL-C and its subfractions in healthy elderly subjects . Also , the total exercise duration may be an important factor for improving HDL-C and HDL2-C in elderly subjects The effect of regular , moderate exercise on the lipoprotein subfractions of male survivors of myocardial infa rct ion was studied . Nineteen men were r and omly allocated to an incremental exercise program and 23 to a  control group . Both groups were studied for 6 months . No change occurred in any lipoprotein class in the control group . In the trained group , total triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly ( 0.01 > p > 0.001 and 0.05 > p > 0.01 , respectively ) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-i rose ( both p < 0.001 ) . The concentration of the HDL2 subfraction increased with training ( 0.01 > p > 0.001 ) and HDL , did not change . No relationship was found between changes in lipoproteins and treadmill exercise test performance . Thus , in survivors of myocardial infa rct ion , exercise may alter plasma lipoprotein values beneficially There is increasing evidence that nuts have protective effects against coronary artery disease by improving lipid profile and inhibiting lipid oxidation . However , data about pistachio nuts are limited , and to our knowledge , there is no study investigating the effects of pistachio intake on lipid oxidation and serum antioxidant levels . This study , therefore , sought to determine the effects of pistachio intake on serum lipids and determine whether consumption of pistachio would alter serum antioxidant levels . Rats were r and omly divided into three groups ( n=12 for each ) : control group fed basic diet for 10 weeks and treated groups fed basic diet plus pistachio which constituted 20 % and 40 % of daily caloric intake , respectively . Consumption of pistachio as 20 % of daily caloric intake increased high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels and decreased total cholesterol (TC)/HDL ratio , compared with those not taking pistachio . However , TC , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unaffected by pistachio consumption . Consumption of pistachio as 20 % of daily caloric intake increased serum paraoxonase activity by 35 % and arylesterase activity by 60 % , which are known to inhibit LDL cholesterol oxidation , compared with the control group . However , increased antioxidant activity was blunted when pistachio intake was increased to 40 % of daily caloric intake . In conclusion , the present results show that consumption of pistachio as 20 % of daily caloric intake leads to significant improvement in HDL and TC/HDL ratio and inhibits LDL cholesterol oxidation . These results suggest that pistachio may be beneficial for both prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease BACKGROUND Simvastatin , a 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A ( HMG-CoA ) reductase inhibitor , is used widely for treatment of hypercholesterolemia .  Simvastatin may be a suitable treatment for dyslipidemia in hemodialysis ( HD ) patients . However , investigation of the side-effects and safety of long-term administration of simvastatin to HD patients has been limited . In this study , we investigated the effects and safety of simvastatin and its effects on lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic patients on HD . METHODS Simvastatin was administered at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 24 weeks to 38 HD patients with high serum total cholesterol ( TC ) levels ( 200 mg/dl ) or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels ( 35 mg/dl ) . Every four weeks , serum lipids , apolipoprotein , lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) levels were measured . In addition , lipid levels were determined in each lipoprotein fraction separated by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS After 24 weeks of simvastatin administration , TC significantly decreased by 25.7 % , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) was significantly decreased by 33.6 % . Triglyceride ( TG ) and HDL-C showed no significant changes . Apolipoprotein ( apo ) B significantly decreased by 24.5 % and apo E by 30.0 % . No significant changes were observed in the other apolipoproteins . MDA was also significantly decreased , whereas Lp(a ) was not significantly altered . In the lipoprotein fractions , very LDL cholesterol ( VLDL-C ) , intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( IDL-C ) , LDL1 cholesterol ( LDL1-C ) , and LDL2 cholesterol ( LDL2-C ) showed significant decreases . No particular side-effects were observed during the 12 months of simvastatin administration . CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that simvastatin appears to be safe and effective in HD patients with hypercholesterolemia
Conclusion Neither HIIT nor MICT is superior for altering TC , TRG , or LDL-C , or TC-HDL-C ratio .
To raise HDL-C , HIIT may result in a larger effect size compared with MICT .
Objective To compare the effects of moderate intensity continuous training ( MICT ) and high intensity interval training ( HIIT ) on  adult lipid profiles ;  to identify training or participant characteristics that may determine exercise-induced change in total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TRG ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) .