Effect of 2% chlorhexidine on microtensile bond strength of composite to dentin. Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin Influence of endodontic irrigants on bond strength of a self-etching adhesive. Effect of Erbium Laser on Microtensile Bond Strength of Fissure Sealant in Primary Teeth: An in vitro Study In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Chlorhexidine Pretreatment on Immediate and Aged Dentin Bond Strengths. Microtensile bond strength of a total-etching versus self-etching adhesive to caries-affected and intact dentin in primary teeth. Influence of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on the microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces. Influence of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber posts to root dentin using a total etching adhesive system. Effect of silver diamine fluoride on microtensile bond strength to dentin. Correlation between microtensile bond strength data and clinical outcome of Class V restorations. Influence of chlorhexidine concentration on microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. Resin bond strength to water versus ethanol-saturated human dentin pretreated with three different cross-linking agents Microtensile bond strength to ground enamel by glass-ionomers, resin-modified glass-ionomers, and resin composites used as pit and fissure sealants. Primary dentin etching time, bond strength and ultra-structure characterization of dentin surfaces. Relationship between adhesive thickness and microtensile bond strength. Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Adhesive performance of dentin bonding agents applied in vivo and in vitro. Effect of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth. Adjunctive application of chlorhexidine and ethanol-wet bonding on durability of bonds to sound and caries-affected dentine. Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Shear-bond strength of a new self-adhering flowable restorative material to dentin of primary molars. Effect of caries removal techniques on the bond strength of adhesives to caries-affected primary dentin in vitro. Effect of acid etching time on the degradation of resin-dentin bonds in primary teeth.
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine on the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to dentin treated with three dentin bonding systems . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentinal surfaces were prepared in 24 extracted human third molars . Teeth were r and omly divided into 8 distinct experimental groups according to the adhesive applied ( Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond ) , the application ( yes/no ) of chlorhexidine , and the time point at which it was applied ( before or after acid etching the dentin ) . Composite resin blocks were built up over treated surfaces , and teeth were then stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Sample s were thermocycled , stored under the same conditions , and then vertically sectioned , thus obtaining specimens with 1.0 + /- 0.1 mm2 cross-sectional area . Specimens were stressed in tension at 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed . Bond strength results were evaluated using a one-way ANOVA ( p < 0.05 ) . The modes of failures were verified using optical microscopy . Dentin disks were obtained from 3 additional teeth treated in the same manner for observation under SEM . The most representative sample s of fractured specimens were also observed under SEM . RESULTS No statistically significant differences of bond strength values were found between any groups . Failures occurred mainly within the bond ; exclusively adhesive fractures ( adhesive-dentin ) were not observed . CONCLUSION The 2 % chlorhexidine solution , applied before or after acid etching of the dentin , did not interfere with the microtensile bond strength of composite resin to the dentin treated with Prime & Bond NT , Single Bond , or Clearfil SE Bond bonding systems ABSTRACT Objective Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) inhibitor ; however , its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin has never been reported . Thus , the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two MMP inhibitors ( 2 % chlorhexidine and 2 % green tea extract ) , applied after acid etching , on bond durability of an etch- and -rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin . Material and Methods Occlusal enamel was removed from third molars to expose the dentin surface , and the molars were su bmi tted to a caries induction protocol for 15 days . After removal of infected dentin , specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid ( 15 seconds ) and r and omly divided into three groups , according to the type of dentin pretreatment ( n=10 ) : NT : no treatment ; GT : 2 % green tea extract ; CLX : 2 % chlorhexidine . The etch- and -rinse adhesive system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's instructions , and composite resin restorations were built on the dentin . After 24 hours , at 37 ° C , the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks ( 0.8 mm2 of adhesive area ) and r and omly subdivided into two groups according to when they were to be su bmi tted to microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) testing : immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water . Data were reported in MPa and su bmi tted to two-way ANOVA for completely r and omized blocks , followed by Tukey ’s test ( α=0.05 ) . Results After 24 hours , there was no significant difference in the μTBS of the groups . After 6 months , the GT group had significantly higher μTBS values . Conclusion It was concluded that the application of 2 % green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the etch- and -rinse system to dentin . Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non-treatment ( NT - control ) had any effect on bond strength after water storage The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system to dentine irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , chlorhexidine solution ( CX ) and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid ( EDTA ) by microtensile testing . Sixty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then r and omly divided into six groups : G1(control ) , without irrigant solution ; G2 , 1 % NaOCl ; G3 , 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % EDTA ; G4 , 2 % CX ; G5 , 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA and G6 , 17 % EDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system were restored with composite resin , then sectioned and trimmed to obtain four hourglass-shaped slabs from each tooth . The specimens were su bmi tted to the microtensile test in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) until fracture . The results were su bmi tted to statistical analysis by anova /Newman-Keuls . The means and st and ard deviations ( MPa ) were : G1 , 26.88 ( ±3.81 ) ; G2 , 19.08 ( ±3.89 ) ; G3 , 18.16 ( ±2.21 ) ; G4 , 18.14 ( ±4.32 ) ; G5 , 34.30 ( ±3.32 ) ; G6 , 13.61 ( ±1.21 ) . It was concluded that the application of 2 % CX followed by the application of 17 % EDTA result ed in increasing the bond strength of the self-etching adhesive system to dentine , when compared with the results obtained for the other tested groups Background : Laser etching has several advantages as compared with conventional acid etching . However , results of earlier studies on conditioning surfaces with erbium , chromium : yttrium – sc and ium – gallium – garnet ( Er , Cr : YSGG ) before application of the fissure sealant have been inconclusive . Aim : The study aim ed to evaluate the microtensile strength of resin-based fissure sealant bonded to primary enamel conditioned by Er , Cr : YSGG laser with varying power outputs . Material s and Methods : Fifty sound primary first molars were r and omized into the following five groups based on pretreatment choice : Group 1 : 3.5 W laser etching + acid etching ; Group 2 : 2.5 W laser etching + acid etching ; Group 3 : 3.5 W laser etching with no acid ; Group 4 : 2.5 W laser etching with no acid and Group 5 : acid etching with no laser . Acid etch was performed with 35 % orthophosphoric acid for 30 s. Laser etching was performed with Er , Cr : YSGG ( 2780 nm ) laser using G6 tips and 600 μm diameter , 2.5 W or 3.5 W power outputs , pulse duration of 140 μs and a repetition rate of 20 Hz . Sealant was applied on the buccal surface followed by an incremental buildup with composite resin . Microtensile bond strength was assessed and compared among the five groups using one- and two-way ANOVA . Results : There was no statistical difference in the mean bond strength between groups except in Group 4 ( 9.66 MPa ) ( Group 1 : 15.57 MPa ; Group 2 : 14.18 MPa ; Group 3 : 14.78 MPa ; Group 5 : 14.63 MPa ) . Conclusion : Pretreatment with 3.5 W Er , Cr : YSGG laser alone results in microtensile bond strengths similar to that produced by acid etching , indicating that enamel etching using 3.5 W Er , Cr : YSGG laser would result in the long-term success of pit and fissure sealants in primary teeth This study evaluated the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) pretreatment of dentin on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of different adhesives to dentin in vivo and in vitro . Class I cavities were prepared in 80 caries-free human third molars of 40 patients in a split-mouth fashion . In each tooth pair , one tooth received 2 % CHX pretreatment after which both teeth were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups with respect to the type of adhesive system applied : Adper Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) , Clearfil S(3 ) Bond ( one-step self-etch ) , and Adper Prompt-L-Pop ( all-in-one self-etch ) . The teeth were restored with resin composite and extracted for μTBS testing either immediately or after six months in function . In vitro specimen pairs were prepared as with the clinical protocol in intact , freshly extracted human molars , and thereafter , subjected to testing immediately or after 5000 × thermocycling . Data were analyzed with four-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Bonferroni test was utilized for pair-wise comparisons . The immediate bond strength values were significantly higher than " aged " ones for all tested adhesives ( p=0.00 ) . The in vitro immediate bond strength values were statistically higher than in vivo bond strength values ( p<0.05 ) . While the bond strength of in vitro aged , CHX-treated sample s were higher than their in vivo counterparts ( p<0.05 ) , no difference was observed in non-CHX treated groups ( p>0.05 ) . In the absence of CHX pretreatment , all adhesives showed significantly higher immediate bond strength values than CHX-treated groups , while all " aged " , non-pretreated adhesives exhibited significantly lower bond strength values ( both p<0.05 ) . By contrast , chlorhexidine pretreatment result ed in significantly higher aged bond strengths , regardless of the adhesive system and testing condition . Aging-associated decline in dentin bond strength of etch- and rinse and self-etch adhesives can be counteracted by chlorhexidine application BACKGROUND The objec tives of this study were to determine microtensile bond strengths of two dentin adhesives and to compare the micromorphological structure of the resin/dentin interface in caries-affected dentin with that of intact dentin . METHODS The authors r and omly divided 40 proximal dentinal carious primary teeth and 40 noncarious anterior primary teeth into two groups ( self-etching and total-etching ) . They used a caries-detecting dye as an indicator of the need to remove the outer carious dentin . The authors restored the teeth with a hybrid resin-based composite . After 24 hours ' storage in 37 C water , specimens were sectioned and shaped to form a curved section with a cross-sectional area of 1 square millimeter , then tension was applied until they fractured . The authors prepared the resin/dentin interfaces for the two bonding systems and examined them in 10 occlusal carious and 10 noncarious teeth . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin within the same group were analyzed via a t test . The authors compared the remaining dentin thickness ( RDT ) and dentin hardness using analysis of variance and the least significant difference test at the .05 level of significance . RESULTS The self-etching adhesive demonstrated no statistical difference in bond strength between intact and caries-affected dentin . However , the total-etching adhesive demonstrated different bond strengths for intact and caries-affected dentin . Moreover , the RDT of specimens with intact and caries-affected dentin was not significantly different , whereas the dentin hardness of caries-affected dentin was significantly lower than that of intact dentin . The authors found a thicker hybrid layer in intact and caries-affected dentin of specimens in the total-etching group . CONCLUSION The adhesives exhibited significantly different bond strengths in intact dentin of primary teeth . However , they exhibited similar bond strengths in caries-affected dentin Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative material s. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( eDTA ) . Material and Methods Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface , polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers , and r and omly divided into 3 groups : G1 ( control ) : no irrigating solution ; G2 : 1 % NaOCl ; and G3 : 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % eDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system ( XeNO III - Dentsply ) , restored with microhybrid composite resin ( Z250 - 3 M ESPE ) , sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth . The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine ( emic DL 2000 ) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture . The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test . Results Mean µTBS values and st and ard deviations in MPa were : G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22 ; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32 ; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73 . 1 % NaOCl  increased the adhesive resistance significantly ( p<0.001/ F=22.5763 ) . The application of 1 % NaOCl/17 % eDTA result ed in statistically similar µTBS to the control group . Conclusions None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XeNO III to dentin . The use of 1 % NaOCl alone result ed in higher bond strength than the other treatments . The combination of 1 % NaOCl and 17 % eDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding of four commercially available adhesive systems to ground and intact enamel surfaces . METHODS Extracted human teeth were used to measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and a field-emission scanning electron microscopy ( FE-SEM ) was used to observe the bonded interface and the effect of the surface conditioning of each material . Intact buccal enamel surfaces were cleansed with tooth paste using a rotary dental brush , and the ground enamel surfaces were prepared by reducing approximately 0.5 mm from the buccal enamel surfaces using a high-speed diamond bur . One-Step ( OS , Bisco ) , Single Bond ( SB , 3 M ) , Clearfil Liner Bond II ( LBII , Kuraray ) , and Tokuso Mac Bond II ( MBII , Tokuso ) were evaluated for their ability to bond to enamel . RESULTS There was no significant difference in bond strengths between the material s when they were applied to ground enamel surfaces ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the self-etching systems , LBII and MBII , had significantly lower bond strengths to intact enamel than the bonding systems OS and SB using phosphoric acid etching ( p < 0.05 ) . FE-SEM revealed that the etching pattern of self-etching primers was not deep enough to obtain good penetration of bonding resin when applied to intact enamel surfaces . CONCLUSIONS Phosphoric acid etching produced good resin adhesion to ground and intact enamel . The self-etching/self-priming systems also produced good adhesion to ground enamel , but had lower bond strengths to intact enamel INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of gel chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol ( EtOH ) on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber post relined with resin composite to the root dentin using a total etch adhesive system . METHODS Forty bovine incisor roots were divided into four groups after phosphoric acid etching : irrigation with physiologic solution ( control ) , 5 minutes with CHX , 1 minute with EtOH , and 5 minutes with chlorhexidine followed by 1 minute with EtOH . Fiber posts relined with resin composite were cemented with either RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) and a total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups : 24 hours of storage and 12 months of storage . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure modes were observed , and the bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS CHX irrigation result ed in homogeneous bond strength values at 24 hours and 12 months of storage ( P < .05 ) . A significant bond strength decrease was noticed after 12 months of storage when irrigations were performed with physiologic solution and EtOH application only or associated with CHX ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of CHX pretreatment could preserve the bond strength of the fiber post relined with resin composite to root dentin for 12 months . The use of EtOH and CHX followed by EtOH did not preserve the bond strength of the total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of the cariostatic and preventive agent silver diamine fluoride ( SDF ) on the microtensile bond strength of resin composite to dentin . Forty-two caries-free , extracted molars were flattened occlusally and apically using a diamond saw , and the exposed occlusal dentin was polished with a series of silicon carbide papers , all under water irrigation . The teeth were then r and omly divided into six groups of seven teeth each that were treated as follows : 1 ) Peak SE self-etch bonding agent ; 2 ) 12 % SDF + Peak SE ; 3 ) 38 % SDF + Peak SE ; 4 ) Peak LC etch- and -rinse bonding agent ; 5 ) 12 % SDF + Peak LC ; and 6 ) 38 % SDF + Peak LC . Four-millimeter buildups of Amelogen Plus were incrementally placed on all teeth ; after a 24-hour storage period in distilled water , the specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce beams of cross-sectional surface area measuring approximately 1 mm(2 ) . The beams were placed on a microtensile testing machine , which utilized a single-speed pump motor and force gauge at 20 kgf × 0.01 second to record maximum tensile force before failure occurred . Two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were performed to compare the effects of the SDF  on microtensile bond strength , with statistical significance set at α = 0.05 . None of the experimental groups treated with different concentrations of SDF showed a significant difference in bond strength compared to the control groups , and there was no significant difference in bond strength between self-etch and etch- and -rinse groups . However , the effect of SDF  on self-etch bonded teeth compared to etch- and -rinse bonded teeth was statistically significant ( p=0.0363 ) , specifically at the 12 % concentration . SDF does not adversely affect the bond strength of resin composite to noncarious dentin OBJECTIVE To determine if the results of  resin-dentin microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) is correlated with the outcome parameters of clinical studies on non-retentive Class V restorations . METHODS  Resin-dentin μTBS data were obtained from one test center ; the in vitro tests were all performed by the same operator . The μTBS testing was performed 8 h after bonding and after 6 months of storing the specimens in water . Pre-test failures ( PTFs ) of specimens were included in the analysis , attributing them a value of 1MPa . Prospect i ve clinical studies on cervical restorations ( Class V ) with an observation period of at least 18 months were search ed in the literature . The clinical outcome variables were retention loss , marginal discoloration and marginal integrity . Furthermore , an index was formulated to be better able to compare the laboratory and clinical results . Estimates of adhesive effects in a linear mixed model were used to summarize the clinical performance of each adhesive between 12 and 36 months . Spearman correlations between these clinical performances and the μTBS values were calculated subsequently . RESULTS Thirty-six clinical studies with 15 adhesive/restorative systems for which μTBS data were also available were included in the statistical analysis . In general 3-step and 2-step etch- and -rinse systems showed higher bond strength values than the 2-step/3-step self-etching systems , which , however , produced higher values than the 1-step self-etching and the resin modified glass ionomer systems . Prolonged water storage of specimens result ed in a significant decrease of the mean bond strength values in 5 adhesive systems ( Wilcoxon , p<0.05 ) . There was a significant correlation between μTBS values both after 8 h and 6 months of storage and marginal discoloration ( r=0.54 and r=0.67 , respectively ) . However , the same correlation was not found between μTBS values and the retention rate , clinical index or marginal integrity . SIGNIFICANCE As μTBS data of adhesive systems , especially after water storage for 6 months , showed a good correlation with marginal discoloration in short-term clinical Class V restorations , longitudinal clinical trials should explore whether early marginal staining is predictive for future retention loss in non-carious cervical restorations The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) concentration on the microtensile bond strength ( muTBS ) of contemporary adhesive systems . Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study . The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat , mid-coronal dentin surfaces . The tested material s were Scotchbond Multi purpose ( SMP ) , Single-Bond ( SB ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) and Clearfil Tri S Bond ( CTSB ) . All the material s were applied according to manufacturer 's instructions and followed by composite application ( Z250 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups : for the etch- and -rinse adhesives ( SMP and SB ) , 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to or after the acid etching procedure . For the self-etch adhesives ( CSEB and CTSB ) 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to the primer . Control groups for each one of the adhesive systems were also set up . The specimens were immediately su bmi tted to muTBS testing and the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the Tukey post hoc test ( alpha = .01 ) . The failure patterns of the specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy . The effects of 2 % CHX were statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) for the self-etch adhesives but were not significant for the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical difference between the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . CHX-based cavity disinfectants in concentrations higher than 0.12 % should be avoided prior to the self-etch adhesive systems evaluated in this study to diminish the possibilities of reduction in bond strength Context : Resin-dentin bonds are unstable owing to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation . Several approaches such as collagen cross-linking and ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) have been developed to overcome this problem . Collagen cross-linking improves the intrinsic properties of the collagen matrix . However , it leaves a water-rich collagen matrix with incomplete resin infiltration making it susceptible to fatigue degradation . Since EWB is expected to overcome the drawbacks of water-wet bonding ( WWB ) , a combination of collagen cross-linking with EWB was tested . Aim : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of pretreatment with different cross-linking agents such as ultraviolet A (UVA)-activated 0.1 % riboflavin , 1 M carbodiimide , and 6.5 wt% proanthocyanidin on the immediate and long-term bond strengths of an etch and rinse adhesive system to water- versus ethanol-saturated dentin within clinical ly relevant application time periods . Setting s and Design : Long-term in vitro study evaluating the microtensile bond strength of adhesive-dentin interface after different surface pretreatments . Subjects and Methods : Eighty freshly extracted human molars were prepared to expose dentin , etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 15 s rinsed , and grouped r and omly . They were blot-dried and pretreated with different cross-linkers : 0.1 % riboflavin for 2 min followed by UVA activation for 2 min ; 1 M carbodiimide for 2 min ; 6.5 wt% proanthocyanidin for 2 min and rinsed . They were then bonded with Adper Single Bond Adhesive ( 3 M ESPE ) , by either WWB or EWB , followed by resin composite build-ups ( Filtek Z350 , 3 M ESPE ) . Bonded specimens in each group were then sectioned and divided into two halves . Microtensile bond strength was tested in one half after 24 h and the other after 6 months storage in artificial saliva . Statistical Analysis Used : Analysis was done using SPSS version 18 software ( SPSS Inc. , Chicago , IL , USA ) . Intergroup comparison of bond strength was done using ANOVA with post hoc Tukey 's test , and intragroup comparison was done using paired t-test . Results : The microtensile bond strength of cross-linked groups was higher compared to control group ( P < 0.001 ) . EWB showed much higher bond strength values on cross-linked dentin compared to noncross-linked dentin . UVA-activated riboflavin group exhibited highest bond strengths followed by carbodiimide and proanthocyanidin groups , respectively , on both water- as well as ethanol-saturated dentin . Even after 6 months storage , cross-linked groups showed significantly higher values compared to initial bond strength values of control group ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : 0.1 % riboflavin pretreatment of dentin followed by UVA activation for 2 min exhibited highest increase in bond strength values at 24 h and least reduction in bond strength values after 6 months storage compared to other groups . Biomodification of dentin using collagen cross-linking followed by EWB exhibited a synergistic effect in improving the resin-dentin bond durability OBJECTIVES To measure the microtensile bond strength to ground enamel of different types of material s used as pit and fissure sealants in combination with different substrate conditioners . METHODS From 40 sound extracted molars , eight groups of five teeth were r and omly formed . The experimental groups were : ( 1 ) ( C ) 37 % phosphoric acid/ClinPro Sealant ( 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) ( G ) 37 % phosphoric acid/Guardian Seal ( Kerr ) ; ( 3 ) ( E/TF ) 37 % phosphoric acid/Excite/Tetric Flow ( Ivoclar-Vivadent ) ( 4 ) ( OS/UF ) 37 % phosphoric acid/One Step (Bisco)/UniFil Flow ( GC ) ; ( 5 ) ( OS/AE ) 37 % phosphoric acid/One Step/AEliteflo ( Bisco ) ; ( 6 ) ( UB/UF ) UniFil Bond/UniFil Flow ( GC ) ; ( 7 ) ( CC/FVII ) GC Cavity Conditioner/Fuji VII ( GC ) ; ( 8) ( CC/FII ) GC Cavity Conditioner/Fuji II LC Improved ( GC ) . On the buccal of each tooth , a 5 mm high build-up was created by incrementally adding layers of the sealing material on the conditioned enamel . By serially cutting the built-up tooth , multiple beam-shaped specimens about 1 mm x 1 mm in cross section were obtained , and loaded in tensile ( 0.5 mm/min ) until failure occurred . RESULTS The bond strengths measured in MPa were : ( C ) 20.41+/-11.79 ; ( G ) 16.02+/-7.99 ; ( E/TF ) 24.06+/-9.67 ; OS/UF 15.63+/-9.00 ; ( OS/AE ) 9.31+/-6.05 ; ( UB/UF ) 4.96+/-3.46 ; ( CC/FVII ) 1.70+/-2.19 ; ( CC/FII ) 2.19+/-1.44 . CONCLUSIONS The conventional and the resin-modified glass ionomers measured bond strengths significantly lower than those of any resin-based material s. Failure frequently occurred cohesively within the cement . Flowable composites in combination with phosphoric acid and a total-etch adhesive performed similarly to resin-based material s specifically conceived for sealings , such as ClinPro Sealant and Guardian Seal . The bond achieved by resin composite when treating enamel with the self-etching primer used in this study ( UniFil Bond ) was significantly lower than that developed when the substrate was etched with 37 % phosphoric acid OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of shortening the etching time on roughness , microhardness and bond strength of three adhesive systems to primary tooth dentin . METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from primary molars were r and omly assigned to six experimental groups . Three different adhesive systems were used : an etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Single Bond ) , a two-step self-etching ( Clearfil SE Bond ) , and a one-step self-etching ( One-Up Bond F ) adhesive . In half of the specimens , the recommended etching time was used , in the other half the etching time was 50 % reduced . After applying the adhesive , resin composite build-ups were constructed and stored in a humid environment for 24h at 37 degrees C. Specimens were sectioned into 1mm(2 ) beams and tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . Debonded surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . Additional surfaces were conditioned for microhardness measurements ( KHN ) and for atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) analysis . Intertubular and total surface roughness ( Ra ) were recorded . Results were analyzed with ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ( P<0.05 ) . RESULTS Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond showed higher MTBS than One-Up Bond F. Bond strength and intertubular roughness increased when Single Bond and One-Up Bond F were used with a reduced etching time . For Clearfil SE Bond no differences in MTBS were detected when reducing the etching time . The application of phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond primer and One-Up Bond F decreases dentin microhardness . CONCLUSIONS Shortening One-Up Bond F application time and reducing the etching time of phosphoric acid to one-half of the manufacturer 's recommended etching time when using Single Bond are recommended when bonding to primary dentin This study evaluated the effect of the thickness of the adhesive resin layer of two commercially available resin bonding systems on bond strengths ( Single Bond and Liner Bond 2V ) . The adhesive of Single Bond contains ethanol and water as solvents and is applied using the moist-bonding technique . The adhesive of Liner Bond 2V contains no solvents and is applied after a self-etching primer treatment . Forty-six caries-free molars were ground flat to expose the dentin surface and polished with # 800-grit silicon carbide paper under running water . A vinyl tape punched with a 6 mm diameter hole was then placed on the dentin surface to demarcate the area for bonding . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was varied by stacking an increasing numbers of vinyl tapes together . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups and treated with either Clearfil Liner Bond 2V or Single Bond . They were further divided into subgroups according to the number of tapes placed on the dentin surface . After the bonding procedures the teeth were incrementally restored with Clearfil AP-X resin composite , building a 5 mm high crown to produce sufficient bulk for the microtensile bond test and stored in tap water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours . The teeth were then sectioned along their long axis into 0.7 mm thick slabs and trimmed for the microtensile bond test using a super-fine diamond bur . The thickness of the adhesive resin layer was then measured with a light microscope and the slabs tested in tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute . The results were subjected to statistical analysis by a one-way analysis of variance and linear regressions with 95 % confidence intervals . The thickness of the Clearfil Liner Bond 2V adhesive layer ranged from 5 mm-1500 mm , and for Single Bond , it varied from < 7.5 mm-430 mm . For Clearfil Liner Bond 2V , bond strengths increased significantly as the thickness of bonding layer increased ( p < 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the Single Bond decreased significantly with increased thickness of the bonding layer ( p < 0.05 ) OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intrapulpal pressure and dentin depth on bond strengths of an etch- and -rinse and a self-etching bonding agent to dentin in vitro and in vivo . Twenty-four pairs of premolars were r and omly divided into four groups ( n = 6 ) according to the dentin bonding agent , Single Bond and Clearfil SE Bond , and intrapulpal pressure , null or positive . Each tooth of the pair was further design ated to be treated in vivo or in vitro . The intrapulpal pressure was controlled in vivo by the delivery of local anesthetics containing or not a vasoconstrictor , while in vitro , it was achieved by keeping the teeth under hydrostatic pressure . Class I cavities were prepared and the dentin bonding agents were applied followed by incremental resin restoration . For the teeth treated in vitro , the same restorative procedures were performed after a 6 month-storage period . Beams with 1 mm(2 ) cross-sectional area were prepared and microtensile tested . Clearfil SE Bond was not influenced by any of the variables of the study , while bond strengths produced in vitro were significantly higher for Single Bond . Overall , lower bond strengths were produced in deep dentin , which reached statistical significance when Single Bond was applied under physiological or simulated intrapulpal pressure . In conclusion , in vitro bonding may overestimate the immediate adhesive performance of more technique-sensitive dentin bonding systems . The impact of intrapulpal pressure on bond strength seems to be more adhesive dependent than dentin morphological characteristics related to depth OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of adjunctive application of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol-wet bonding ( EWB ) on bond durability and nanoleakage of hydrophobic adhesive to sound ( SD ) and caries-affected dentine ( CAD ) . METHODS Dentine surfaces of molars were etched after caries removal and r and omly allocated to four groups ( n=12 ) . In Groups 1 and 2 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 2 ml of 100 % ethanol or 2 ml of ethanol with 2 % CHX for 60s . In Groups 3 and 4 , dentine surfaces were saturated with either 15 μL of distilled water or 15 μL of distilled water with 2 % CHX for 60s . Two coats of primer , followed by neat resin were applied and light-cured for 40s . Resin composite build-ups were placed and bonded specimens were sectioned for bond strength testing after 24 h and 12 months ' storage in artificial saliva . Bond strength data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and SNK tests . Interfacial nanoleakage was evaluated after 24 h and 12 months using a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS Significant differences were observed for the three factors : " substrate " ( p<0.001 ) , " rewetting agents " ( p<0.001 ) and " time " ( p<0.001 ) on bond strength . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to EWB preserved bond strength to SD and CAD and reduced interfacial nanoleakage after 12 months . Incorporation of 2 % CHX to WWB also preserved bond strength to SD after ageing . CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding has an interaction effect on preservation of bond durability to sound and caries-affected dentine . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of chlorhexidine to ethanol-wet bonding with hydrophobic adhesive enhances the success rate of aesthetic bonded restorations PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength to dentin of primary molars of a new self-adhering flowable resin composite with two ionomer-based cements and one flowable resin composite in combination with two different adhesive systems . STUDY DESIGN Fifty primary molars were grinded on the occlusal surface to obtain flat dentin substrate and r and omly divided into 5 groups ( n = 10 ) : OFL : Phosphoric Acid/Optibond FL/Premise Flow ; OAO : Optibond All-In-One/Premise Flowable ; II : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji II ; IX : Polyacrylic Acid/Fuji IX ; V : Vertise Flow . Cylinders ( 3 mm diameter - 5 mm height ) of restorative material were built-up in three increments over the dentin surfaces . A shear load was applied until failure . Bond strength values were statistically analysed with Kruskall-Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn 's test ( P < .05 ) . Differences in failure mode distribution were assessed with Chi-square ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS OFL and OAO recorded significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups . Adhesive failures were evident in all groups except OFL and OAO , in which also cohesive failures in dentin were observed . CONCLUSIONS Vertise Flow established on primary dentin bond strengths values similar to those of glass ionomer cements routinely used for restorations of primary teeth . The combination of flowable resin with etch- and -rinse or all-in-one adhesives obtained higher bond strength values , thus involving a more complex h and ling AIM The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effects of three different caries removal techniques on the microtensile bond strength of adhesive material s to caries-affected dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty primary molar teeth were used . The teeth were r and omly divided into three groups according to the caries removal technique employed : conventional steel bur ( group 1 ) ; Er : YAG laser ( group 2 ) ; chemomechanical method ( group 3 ) . Each group was divided into two subgroups according to bonding agents : one-step self-etch adhesive and etch- and -rinse adhesive . The teeth were restored with composite resin . Vertical sticks were obtained and subjected to tensile stress . Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , Tukey 's test and an independent sample s t-test . RESULTS The values for the laser groups were significantly lower than those of the bur groups for both bonding agents ( p<0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bur and chemomechanical groups ( p > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Bur and chemomechanical techniques in primary teeth were found more successful . Similar results were found according to the adhesives used for each caries removal techniques PURPOSE To investigate the influence of etching time on the degradation of resin-dentin bonds produced in primary teeth . METHODS 40 primary molars were r and omly divided into four groups according to the adhesive system , Single Bond ( SB ) and Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) , and acid etching time . SB was applied to dentin after phosphoric acid etching for 15 or 7 seconds , whereas CSEB was applied after the application of SE Primer for 20 or 10 seconds . Resin composite crowns were built-up followed by the production of specimens with a cross-sectional area of 0.49 mm2 , which were further divided according to the storage condition , 24 hours , 6 and 12 months in water . Data were su bmi tted to ANOVA and Tukey tests ( alpha=0.05 ) . RESULTS After 24 hours there was no significant difference between bond strengths produced by the adhesive systems , irrespective of the acid etching time . Water storage for 6 and 12 months significantly reduced bond strengths of SB , especially when the dentin was acid etched for 15 seconds . For CSEB , no significant alteration in bond strength was seen up to the storage period of 12 months for both etching times
Conclusions : The application of a 2 % chlorhexidine solution after acid etching increased the microtensile bond strength significantly for follow-up times of 6 months or more .
The adhesive type had no influence
Background and Objectives : The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine following acid etching on the microtensile bond strength of resin restorations for different follow-up times .