Bond strength between different bonding systems and densely sintered alumina with sandblasted surfaces or as produced. The effect of surface treatments on the micro-shear bond strength of a resin luting agent and four all-ceramic systems. The Effect of Laser Treatment on Bonding Between Zirconia Ceramic Surface and Resin Cement Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments Shear bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia core after different surface treatments. Effect of surface treatments and aging in water on bond strength to zirconia. Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets cemented with a zinc oxide-polyvinyl cement. Inlays made from a hybrid material: adaptation and bond strengths. Bond strength of resin cements to a zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments. Effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement. Effects of different surface treatments on bond strength between resin cements and zirconia ceramics. Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics. The effect of tooth-preparation cleansing protocol on the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to dentin contaminated with a hemostatic agent. Influence of surface treatment and simulated aging on bond strengths of luting agents to zirconia. Influence of sandblasting granulometry and resin cement composition on microtensile bond strength to zirconia ceramic for dental prosthetic frameworks. The effect of nano-structured alumina coating on resin-bond strength to zirconia ceramics. The effect of silica coating on the resin bond to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations. Resistance to bond degradation between dual-cure resin cements and pre-treated sintered CAD-CAM dental ceramics Association of different primers and resin cements for adhesive bonding to zirconia ceramics. Effects of multipurpose, universal adhesives on resin bonding to zirconia ceramic. Bond strength of different veneering ceramics to zirconia and their susceptibility to thermocycling. Effect of conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of phosphate monomer-based cement on zirconia ceramic in dry and aged conditions.
The traditional zinc phosphate cementation technique for crowns and fixed partial dentures ( FPDs ) is based on mechanical retention where the geometry of the prepared tooth provides retention for the restoration . In clinical situations where mechanical retention is compromised or regarded insufficient , a bonding system can be used to provide retention . This study investigates whether bond strengths of different bonding systems to densely sintered high-strength alumina ceramics are sufficient . One hundred twenty pairs of industrially manufactured specimens -- one block and one cylinder-shaped disc of densely sintered alumina -- were used . The cementation surfaces of the blocks were s and blasted with 110-microm aluminium oxide while the cementation surfaces of the discs were left untreated , as produced . The pairs were then bonded with one of six different bonding systems . Each bonding group of 20 sample s was r and omly divided into thermocycled and non-thermocycled subgroups ( n=10 ) . Both subgroups were stored 1 week in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) . During this week , the thermocycled subgroup underwent 5000 thermocycles ( 5 degrees C-55 degrees C ) . Following pre-treatment , the specimens were loaded until fracture in a universal testing machine to determine shear bond strength . Data were analysed using student 's t-test and a one-way ANOVA . Fractured interfaces were examined under a light microscope to classify the failure mode of the debonded area as adhesive , cohesive , or a combination of the two . The highest bond strengths , achieved with two of the bonding systems , were significantly higher than the remaining bonding systems , irrespective of pretreatment--(p>0.001 ) . The predominant failure mode for both treated and untreated surfaces was adhesive . Two of the six tested bonding systems achieved sufficient shear bond strength to densely sintered alumina . Furthermore , recommendations on whether to use surface-treated or as produced densely sintered alumina must be based on which bonding system is being used OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated the micro-shear bond strength between a  resin luting agent  and four strengthened all-ceramic systems under different surface treatments . METHODS Rectangular specimens of IPS Empress 2 ( Ivoclar-Vivadent ) , Cergogold ( DeguDent ) , In Ceram Alumina ( Vita ) and Cercon ( DeguDent ) ceramics were fabricated and r and omly divided into three groups : 1-no  treatment ; 2-etched with 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid and 3-airborne-particle abraded with 50 microm aluminum oxide particles . The ceramic surfaces of the specimens were coated with a silane agent ( Clearfil Porcelain Bond , Kuraray ) , then bonded with a resin-luting agent ( Panavia F , Kuraray ) . A micro-shear bond test was carried out to measure the bond strength . Moreover , each ceramic surface was observed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy . The results were su bmi tted to analysis of variance and Tukey 's post-hoc analysis ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS The bond strength of all ceramic systems evaluated was affected by the surface treatments ( p<0.05 ) . The highest values for bond strength of IPS Empress 2 were found when the surface treatment used was hydrofluoric acid etching , followed by airborne particle abrasion treatment . On the other h and , airborne particle abrasion treatment and acid etching were not different for Cergogold and In Ceram Alumina ceramics , but they were higher when compared to the control ( p<0.05 ) . The highest bond strength to Cercon was found when it was treated with airborne particle abrasion with aluminum oxide . The SEM photographs showed that the hydrofluoric acid etching treatment affected the surface of IPS Empress 2 and Cergogold ; however , Cercon and In Ceram surface morphology were not changed by the hydrofluoric acid etching . The airborne particle abrasion treatment altered the Cercon ceramic morphology but it did not change the other ceramic 's surface Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different surface treatments and laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based ceramic . Material and methods . Forty zirconia core specimens ( 10-mm diameter , 2-mm thickness ) were produced and embedded in the centers of autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Subsequently , specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens , for different surface treatment methods . The details of the groups are as follows : Group C , no treatment applied ( control ) ; Group SB , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were airborne particle-abraded with 110-μm alumina oxide particles ; Group HF , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were etched with 9.6 % hydrofluoric acid ; and Group L , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were irradiated by a CO2 laser . A total of 40 composite resin disks were fabricated and cemented with an adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for the shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Results . The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with Group L ( 20.99 ± 3.77 MPa ) and the lowest values with Group C ( 13.39 ± 3.10 MPa ) . Although there was no significant difference between Groups C , HF and SB ( P > 0.05 ) , Group L showed a significant difference from all other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . All surface treatment methods improved the bond strength between resin cement and the zirconium oxide ceramic surface . CO2 laser etching may represent an effective method for conditioning zirconia surfaces , enhancing micromechanical retention and improving the bond strength of resin cement on zirconia ceramic OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated Zirconia-based ceramics offer strong restorations in dentistry , but the adhesive bond strength of resin cements to such ceramics is not optimal . This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments on the bond strength of resin cement to yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Seventy-five plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to five groups ( n = 15 ) according to the surface treatments [ airborne particle abrasion , neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser irradiation ( Fidelis Plus 3 , Fotona ; 2 W , 200 mJ , 10 Hz , with two different pulse duration s 180 or 320 μs ) , glaze applied , and then 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid gel conditioned , control ] . One specimen from each group was r and omly selected , and specimens were evaluated with x-ray diffraction and SEM analysis . The resin cement ( Clearfil Esthetic Cement , Kuraray ) was adhered onto the zirconia surfaces with its corresponding adhesive components . Shear bond strength of each sample was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Bond strengths were analyzed through one-way ANOVA/Tukey tests . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . The Nd : YAG laser-irradiated specimens result ed in both increased surface roughness and bond strength of the resin cement . The highest surface roughness and bond strength values were achieved with short pulse duration . Nd : YAG laser irradiation increased both surface roughness of Y-TZP surfaces and bond strength of resin cement to the zirconia surface OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments : s and blasting , liners , and different laser irradiations on shear bond strength ( SBS ) of pre-sintered zirconia to veneer ceramic . BACKGROUND DATA The SBS between veneering porcelain and zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 ) substructure was weak . Various surface treatment methods have been suggested for zirconia to obtain high bond strength to veneering porcelain . There is no study that evaluated the bond strength between veneering porcelain and the different surface treatments on pre-sintered ZrO2 substructure . METHODS Two hundred specimens with 7 mm diameter and 3 mm height pre-sintered zirconia blocks were fabricated . Specimens were r and omly divided into 10 groups ( n=20 ) according to surface treatments applied . Group C , untreated ( Control ) ; Group E , erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser irradiated ; Group N , neodymium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser irradiated ; Group SB , s and blasted ; Group L , liner applied ; Group NL , Nd : YAG laser irradiated+liner applied ; Group EL , Er : YAG laser irradiated+liner applied ; Group SN , s and blasted+Nd : YAG laser irradiated ; Group SE , s and blasted+Er : YAG laser irradiated ; and Group SL , s and blasted+liner applied . The disks were then veneered with veneering porcelain . Before the experiment , specimens were steeped in 37 ° C distilled water for 24 h. All specimens were thermocycled for 5000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C with a 30 sec dwell time . Shear bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . The fractured specimens were examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the fracture pattern . RESULTS Surface treatments significantly changing the topography of the yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic according to scanning electron microscopic ( SEM ) images . The highest mean bond strength value was obtained in Group SE , and the lowest bond strength value was observed in NL group . Bond strength values of the other groups were similar to each other . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that s and blasting+Er : YAG , s and blasting , Er : YAG+liner , s and blasting+Nd : YAG , and Er : YAG laser treatment on pre-sintered ZrO2 substructure increased the bond strength to veneering porcelain , compared with other surface treatments . After different surface treatments , there was no difference in surface roughness of pre-sintered zirconia to compare after sintering ; sintering enhanced the bond strength within the limitations of present study The current study evaluated the effects of various pretreatments and aging in water on the bond strength to hot isostatic pressed yttrium-oxide partially stabilized zirconia . Sixty zirconia ceramic specimens ( Denzir ) were r and omly divided into three groups of 20 . One group of specimens ( n=10 ) was then bonded to each other using a resin composite cement ( RelyX Unicem ) , the second group ( n=10 ) was bonded with RelyX Unicem and a metal primer ( Metal Primer II ) , while the third group ( n=10 ) was bonded with RelyX Unicem and a ceramic primer ( Ceramic Primer ) . The specimens were then subjected to shear force before and after s and blasting and before and after aging in water for 180 days . Before aging , no significant differences ( p > 0.05 ) were seen within the different groups , either before or after s and blasting . S and blasting and pretreatment with the metal ( p < 0.01 ) or ceramic ( p < 0.001 ) primers significantly improved the bond strength compared to that of the non-treated specimens . After aging , the bond strength of the s and blasted specimens with metal primer was significantly higher than that of the s and -blasted specimens with ceramic primer ( p < 0.01 ) and the specimens with no primer ( p < 0.001 ) . For the specimens that were s and blasted and pretreated with the metal primer , the bond strength was not significantly affected after aging ( p > 0.05 ) , whereas , for those specimens with the ceramic primer ( p < 0.001 ) and no primer ( p < 0.05 ) , the bond strength significantly decreased . Thus , air abrasion and pretreatment with a metal primer seems to be an appropriate method for improving bond strength The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths and enamel surface structure after debonding a conventional metal bracket and a polycrystalline ceramic bracket bonded with a bipolar zinc oxide-polyvinyl cement ( F-21 ) or a light-cured resin cement ( Transbond ) .  Forty extracted human premolars were used . The buccal enamel surfaces were used , and the teeth r and omly divided into four groups of 10 teeth each : group 1 : conventional metal bracket ( Unitek ) bonded with Transbond ; group 2 : metal bracket bonded with F-21 ; group 3 : ceramic bracket ( Transcend 2000 ) bonded with Transbond ; and group 4 : ceramic bracket bonded with F-21 . The brackets were bonded to the etched enamel surfaces according to manufacturer 's instructions . All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 300 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. The specimens were mounted in dental stone and placed in the Instron at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min with a knife-edged blade . Immediately after debonding , the enamel surface and bracket-enamel interface were evaluated visually and with a stereomicroscope . Representative sample s were then examined with the scanning electron microscope . The analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls tests were performed . The results in megapascals were Group 1 : 19,6 ( + /- 9,6 ) ; group 2 : 14,3 ( + /- 4,6 ) ; group 3 : 28,8 ( + /- 12,6 ) ; and group 4 : 18,5 ( + /- 7,5 ) . Group 3 was statistically significantly different ( P < 0.008 ) from all other groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 4 were not significantly different . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal fit , marginal adaptation , and bond strengths of inlays made of computer-aided design /computer-aided manufacturing feldspathic ceramic and polymer-infiltrated ceramic . Twenty molars were r and omly selected and prepared to receive  inlays that were milled from both material s. Before cementation , internal fit was achieved using the replica technique by molding the internal surface with addition silicone and measuring the cement thicknesses of the pulpal and axial walls . Marginal adaptation was measured on the occlusal and proximal margins of the replica . The inlays were then cemented using resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) and subjected to two million thermomechanical cycles in water ( 200 N load and 3.8-Hz frequency ) . The restored teeth were then cut into beams , using a lathe , for microtensile testing . The contact angles , marginal integrity , and surface patterns after etching were also observed . Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance ( p<0.05 ) , the Tukey test for internal fit and marginal adaptation , and the Student t-test for bond strength . The failure types ( adhesive or cohesive ) were classified on each fractured beam . The results showed that the misfit of the pulpal walls ( p=0.0002 ) and the marginal adaptation ( p=0.0001 ) of the feldspathic ceramic were significantly higher when compared to those of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic , while the bond strength values of the former were higher when compared to those of the latter . The contact angle of the polymer-infiltrated ceramic was also higher . In the present study , the hybrid ceramic presented improved internal and marginal adaptation , but the bond strengths were higher for the feldspathic ceramic This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments and metal primers on the bond strength of resin cements to a yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Two-hundred and forty plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to 24 groups ( n = 10 ) according to the combination of surface treatment  ( none , air abrasion with Al2O3 particles , Er : YAG laser irradiation ) , metal primer ( none , Alloy Primer , Metal Primer II or Metaltite ) and resin cement ( Calibra [ Bis-GMA-based ] or Panavia F2.0 [ MDP-based ] ) . Fragments of dentin with a cylindrical edge ( 0.8 mm in diameter ) were fixed to ceramic surfaces with the resin cements . The micro-shear bond test was carried out at a 1 mm/minute speed until failure , and the ceramic surfaces were examined after debonding . Bond strengths were analyzed through three-way ANOVA/Tukey test with a 5 % significance level . Changes in topography after surface treatments were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . Air abrasion result ed in increased bond strength for both resin cements . However , air abraded and laser irradiated specimens presented higher bond strength with the Bis-GMA-based resin cement than with the MDP-based cement . Both cements presented similar behavior on untreated surfaces . The three metal primers yielded a significant increase in bond strength , regardless of the surface treatment and resin cement . Adhesive failures were the most prevalent . Air abrasion with Al2O3 particles and the application of metal primers  increased bond strength to Y-TZP surfaces for both resin cements OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to investigate whether or not an erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser could improve the bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . BACKGROUND DATA Surface treatments can improve the bonding properties of dental ceramics . However , little is known about the effect of Er : YAG laser irradiated on zirconia ceramics . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Specimens of zirconia ceramic pieces were made , and r and omly divided into 11 groups according to surface treatments , including one  control group ( no treatment )  ,  one air abrasion group  , and  nine Er : YAG laser groups .  The laser groups were subdivided by applying different energy intensities ( 100 , 200 , or 300 mJ ) and irradiation times ( 5 , 10 , or 15 sec ) . After surface treatments , ceramic pieces had their surface morphology observed , and their surface roughness was measured . All specimens were bonded to resin cement . Shear bond strength was measured after the bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 h , and additionally aged by thermocycling . Statistical analyses were performed using one way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's test for shear bond strength , and Dunnett 's t test for surface roughness , with α=0.05 . RESULTS Er : YAG laser irradiation changed the morphological characteristics of zirconia ceramics . Higher energy intensities ( 200 , 300 mJ ) could roughen the ceramics , but also caused surface cracks . There were no significant differences in the bond strength between the control group and the laser groups treated with different energy intensities or irradiation times . Air abrasion with alumina particles induced highest surface roughness and shear bond strength .  CONCLUSIONS Er : YAG laser irradiation can not improve the bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . Enhancing irradiation intensities and extending irradiation time have no benefit on the bond of the ceramics , and might cause material defect This study compares the bond strength of resin cement and yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ( Y-TZP ) ceramic with different surface conditioning methods . Two hundred presintered Y-TZP ceramic specimens were prepared , sintered ( 4 × 4 × 4 mm ) , and r and omly assigned to four equal groups as control ( C , no conditioning ) ; airborne particle abraded ( APA , air abrasion with 11 μm Al2O3 ) ; tribochemical silica coating/silane coupling system ( TSC , Rocatec , air abrasion with 110 μm Al2O3 , 30 μm silica-coated Al2O3 and silane ) ; and laser ( L , Er : YAG laser irradiation treated at a power setting of 200 mJ ) . After specimen preparation , composite resin cylinders were prepared and cemented with resin cements ( Clearfil Esthetic , Panavia F 2.0 , Rely X-U100 , Super Bond C&B , and Multilink Automix ) on the ceramic surfaces and kept in an incubator at 37 ° C for 60 days . All specimens were tested for shear bond strength with a universal testing machine , and fractured surfaces were evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests ( α=0.05 ) . The bond strengths for C and L groups were not significantly different according to adhesive resin cement . APA and TSC result ed in increased bond strength for Panavia F 2.0 and Rely X-U100 resin cements . Additionally , TSC presented higher bond strength with Multilink Automix . Adhesive fracture between the ceramic and resin cement was the most common failure . Complete cohesive fracture at the ceramic or composite cylinders was not observed . Regardless of the adhesive resin cement used , laser treatment did not improve resin bond strength OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics . METHODS Six disc shaped ceramic specimens ( glass ceramics , glass infiltrated alumina , glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina ) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens . The specimens in each group were r and omly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions : ( 1 ) hydrofluoric acid etching , ( 2 ) airborne particle abrasion , ( 3 ) tribochemical silica coating . The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds . All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled ( 6.000 , 5 - 55 degrees C , 30 s ) conditions . The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) . RESULTS In dry conditions , acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results ( 26.4 - 29.4 MPa ) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics ( 5.3 - 18.1 MPa ) or zirconium dioxide ( 8.1 MPa ) ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics ( 8.5 - 21.8 MPa ) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic ( 17.4 MPa ) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion ( ANOVA , P<0.001 ) . Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested . SIGNIFICANCE Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types . Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures . Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization This study evaluated the effect of tooth-preparation cleansing protocol s on the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to dentin contaminated with two different types of hemostatic agents . The occlusal surface of extracted third molars was flattened to expose the dentin surface and prepared for a full crown . Acrylic temporary crowns were fabricated and placed using temporary cement . The specimens were stored at 100 % relative humidity for seven days . Following removal of the temporary crowns , the specimens were surface debrided using aluminum oxide abrasion with a particle size of 27 μm at 40 psi . The specimens were r and omly assigned to three groups , according to the hemostatic agents : Group I – an agent containing aluminum chloride was applied to the tooth surface ; Group II – an agent containing ferric sulfate was applied to the tooth surface and Group III – uncontaminated ( control ) . The contaminated specimens were then further subdivided into three subgroups ( A – C ; n=12 ) : Group A – tooth surface cleansing with water spray ; Group B – tooth surface cleansing with phosphoric acid etch and Group C – tooth surface cleansing with aluminum oxide abrasion with a particle size of 27 μm at 40 psi . Ceramic blocks were treated with a 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid-etch and silanized prior to being cemented with self-adhesive resin luting agent ( RelyX Unicem ) to the prepared dentin . The shear bond strength was determined at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA , followed by the Duncan multiple range test , to determine any significant differences between the testing groups . The microstructure morphology of the tooth surface was evaluated using SEM analysis . The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the bond strength of the control and the contaminated testing groups ( p<0.05 ) . A tooth preparation cleansing protocol using particle abrasion with low-pressure aluminum oxide particles provided a significant improvement in bond strength to contaminated dentin , while rinsing with water spray result ed in the lowest mean bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement to dentin ( p<0.05 ) OBJECTIVE To evaluate short- and long-term shear bond strengths of 4 luting agents to zirconia following different surface treatments . METHOD AND MATERIAL S A total of 320 ceramic specimens fabricated from a commercial zirconium oxide ceramic ( Lava ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups : left untreated ( NOT ) , airborne-particle abraded ( SND ) , Rocatec tribochemical silica/silane coated ( ROC ) , or ground and polished ( GRD ) . Resin composite cylinders were bonded to the zirconia specimens with resin composite luting agent RelyX ARC ( ARC ) , universal adhesive resin composite RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) , adhesive-phosphate-monomer-containing resin composite Panavia F ( PAN ) , or the hybrid glass-ionomer cement RelyX Luting ( LUT ) .  Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) for 3 days ( ST ) or stored for 180 days and thermocycled for 12,000 cycles ( LT/TC ) before shear bond strength was tested . Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon 2- sample rank sum test ( alpha = .01 ) . RESULTS Short-term shear bond strengths were higher with ROC than with SND , which were both greater than GRD or NOT . UNI revealed higher shear bond strengths than PAN , ARC , and LUT . LT/TC significantly decreased shear bond strength values . GRD and NOT produced the lowest shear bond strengths . SND and ROC significantly increased bond strength . ROC generally yielded the highest long-term shear bond strength , especially with UNI , PAN , or ARC . These were similar to SND and PAN , which revealed the highest long-term shear bond strengths . CONCLUSIONS Surface treatment , luting agent , and storage conditions significantly influence shear bond strengths to zirconia . Artificial aging significantly reduces shear bond strengths . Airborne-particle abrasion combined with a resin composite containing adhesive phosphate monomers or tribochemical silica/silane coating combined with any of the tested resin composite luting agents provides superior long-term shear bond strength values OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the particle size of s and blasting and the composition of the resin cement on the microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) to zirconia . METHODS Forty zirconia blocks ( Cercon , Dentsply ) were polished and r and omly treated as follows : Group 1 ( NT ) : no treatment ; Group 2 ( APA-I ) : airborne particle abrasion ( Cobra , Renfert ) using 25-μm aluminium-oxide ( Al(2)O(3))-particles ; Group 3 ( APA-II ) : APA with 50-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles ; and Group 4 ( APA-III ) : APA using 110-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles . Ceramic blocks were duplicated in composite resin . Sample s of each pretreatment group were r and omly divided into two subgroups depending on the resin cement used for bonding the composite disks to the treated zirconia surfaces . Subgroup 1 ( PAN ) , which was a 10-MDP-containing luting system , used Clearfil Ceramic Primer plus Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) and Subgroup 2 ( BIF ) used Bifix SE ( VOCO ) self-adhesive cement . After 24h , bonded specimens were cut into 1±0.1mm(2 ) sticks . MTBS values were obtained using a universal testing machine ( cross-head speed=0.5mm/min ) . Failure modes were recorded and the interfacial morphology of the debonded microbars was SEM-assessed . Two-way ANOVA , Student-Newman-Keuls tests , and the step-wise linear regression analysis were performed with the MTBS being the dependent variable ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Despite the s and blasting granulometry , PAN bonded to air-abraded surfaces attained the highest MTBS and frequently showed mixed fractures . BIF recorded no significant differences in MTBS depending on the conditioning method , and registered the highest rates of premature and adhesive failures . CONCLUSIONS The 10-MDP-containing luting system seems to be the most suitable to bond zirconium-oxide ceramic , mainly after s and blasting OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to functionalize the surface of yttria partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramics ( Y-TZP ) with a nano-structured alumina coating to improve resin bonding . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 120 densely sintered disc-shaped specimens ( 15.5+/-0.03 mm in diameter and 2.6+/-0.03 mm thick ) were produced from biomedical- grade TZ-3YB-E zirconia powder ( Tosoh , Tokyo , Japan ) , r and omly divided into three groups of 40 and subjected to the following surface treatments : AS - as-sintered ; APA - airborne-particle abraded ; POL - polished . Half of the discs in each group received an alumina coating that was fabricated by exploiting the hydrolysis of aluminium nitride ( AlN ) powder ( groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C ) . The coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) , atomic force microscopy ( AFM ) , and transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . The shear-bond strength of the self-etching composite resin ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M ESPE , USA ) was then studied for the coated and uncoated surfaces of the as-sintered , polished and airborne-particle abraded specimens before and after thermocycling ( TC ) . RESULTS The SEM/TEM analyses revealed that the application of an alumina coating to Y-TZP ceramics created a highly retentive surface for resin penetration . The coating showed good surface coverage and a uniform thickness of 240 nm . The resin-bond strength to the groups AS-C , APA-C , POL-C was significantly higher than to the groups AS , APA and POL , both before and after TC ( p < or = 0.05 ) . During TC all the specimens in the POL and AS groups debonded spontaneously . In contrast , the TC did not affect the bond strength of the AS-C , POL-C and APA-C groups . SIGNIFICANCE A non-invasive method has been developed that significantly improves resin-bond strength to Y-TZP ceramics . After surface functionalization the bond survives thermocycling without reduction in strength . The method is relatively simple and has the potential to become an effective conditioning method for zirconia ceramics OBJECTIVES This study investigated the influence of a silica-coating method on the resin bond of two different resin composite cements to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram densely sintered , high-purity , alumina ceramic restorations after long-term storage and thermocycling . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Densely sintered alumina ceramic specimens were fabricated with the intaglio surface of the Procera AlICeram coping and r and omly divided into five adhesive groups ( 100 total specimens ) . Resin composite cylinders were bonded either to the untreated or to the tribochemical silica/silane-coated ceramic surface with either a conventional Bis-GMA resin cement or a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer ( Panavia 21 ) in combination with their corresponding bonding/silane coupling agents . Panavia was also used without silanization to the untreated ceramic surface ( control ) . Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water for either 3 ( baseline ) or 180 days prior to shear bond strength testing . The 180-day sample s were subjected to repeated thermocycling for a total of 12,000 cycles . Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey 's multiple comparison . RESULTS Silica coating significantly increased overall bond strength to Procera AllCeram . RelyX ARC and silica coating revealed the highest bond strength at baseline . Long-term storage and thermocycling significantly decreased overall bond strength . Two groups revealed the significantly highest bond strength values after artificial aging : Panavia 21 with its silane/bonding agent to the original ceramic surface and Panavia 21 to the silica-coated ceramic surface . CONCLUSION The use of a resin composite containing an adhesive phosphate monomer either in combination with a silane coupling/bonding agent or after tribochemical silica/silane coating revealed the highest long-term shear bond strength to the intaglio surface of Procera AllCeram restorations Objective : To evaluate the bond stability of resin cements when luted to glass-reinforced alumina and zirconia CAD/CAM dental ceramics . Study design : Eighteen glass-infiltrated alumina and eighteen densely sintered zirconia blocks were r and omly conditioned as follows : Group 1 : No treatment ; Group 2 : S and blasting ( 125 µm Al2O3-particles ) ; and Group 3 : Silica-coating ( 50 µm silica-modified Al2O3-particles ) . Composite sample s were r and omly bonded to the pre-treated ceramic surfaces using different resin cements : Subgroup 1 : Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CEC ) ; Subgroup 2 : RelyX Unicem ( RXU ) ; and Subgroup 3 : Calibra ( CAL ) . After 24 h , bonded specimens were cut into 1 ± 0.1 mm2 sticks . One-half of the beams were tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . The remaining one-half was immersed in 10 % NaOCl aqueous solution ( NaOClaq ) for 5 h before testing . The fracture pattern and morphology of the debonded surfaces were assessed with a field emission gun scanning electron microscope ( FEG-SEM ) . A multiple ANOVA was conducted to analyze the contributions of ceramic composition , surface treatment , resin cement type , and chemical challenging to MTBS . The Tukey test was run for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Results : After 24 h , CEC luted to pre-treated zirconia achieved the highest MTBS . Using RXU , alumina and zirconia registered comparable MTBS . CAL failed prematurely , except when luted to s and blasted zirconia . After NaOClaq storage , CEC significantly lowered MTBS when luted to zirconia or alumina . RXU decreased MTBS only when bonded to silica-coated alumina . CAL recorded 100 % of pre-testing failures . Micromorphological alterations were evident after NaOClaq immersion . Conclusions : Resin-ceramic interfacial longevity depended on cement selection rather than on surface pre-treatments . The MDP-containing and the self-adhesive resin cements were both suitable for luting CAD/CAM ceramics . Despite both cements being prone to degradation , RXU luted to zirconia or untreated or s and blasted alumina showed the most stable interfaces . CAL experimented spontaneous debonding in all tested groups . Key words : CAD/CAM ceramic , alumina , zirconia , resin cement , surface pre-treatment , s and blasting , silica-coating , chemical aging , bond degradation , microtensile bond strength PURPOSE To evaluate the shear bond strength ( SBS ) to zirconia ceramics using different associations of primers and resin cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two blocks of LAVA zirconia ( 3Y-TZP ) were r and omly su bmi tted to an application of three different commercially available primers : Alloy Primer ( AP ) , Z-Prime Plus ( ZP ) , and Signum Zirconia Bond ( SZB ) . Nonprimed specimens were considered controls . After treatment , the 80 specimens ( 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm ) were r and omly cemented with one of the resin cements : Panavia F , Multilink , seT , and NX3 . For cementation , cylinders of resin cement were built on the ceramic surfaces using the SDI SBS apparatus . The specimens were su bmi tted to the SBS test . Fractured surfaces were observed under stereomicroscopy to determine the failure mode , and mean bond strength values were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Signum Zirconia Bond had the highest SBS compared to all other primers and the control group , regardless of the resin cement used . The highest values were obtained when associating Panavia F with Signum Zirconia Bond . Alloy Primer increased bonding values when associated with seT cement only . When no primer was used , no statistical difference was observed among resin cements . All specimens fractured due to adhesive failure . CONCLUSION Signum Zirconia Bond is capable of increasing bonding values of resin cements to zirconia ceramics . Its association with Panavia F shows enhanced results when considering short-term adhesion to zirconia This study evaluated the effects of single-bottle , multi purpose , universal adhesives on the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . Polished zirconia ceramic ( Cercon base ) discs were r and omly divided into four groups ( n=40 ) according to the applied surface-conditioning agent : Single Bond 2 , Single Bond Universal , All-Bond Universal , and Alloy Primer . Cured composite cylinders ( Ø 0.8 mm × 1 mm ) were cemented to the conditioned zirconia specimens with resin cement ( RelyX ARC ) . The bonded specimens were subjected to a microshear bond-strength test after 24 hours of water storage and after 10,000 cycles of thermocycling . The surface-conditioning agent significantly influenced the bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . Single Bond Universal showed the highest initial bond strength ( 37.7 ± 5.1 MPa ) , followed by All-Bond Universal ( 31.3 ± 5.6 MPa ) , Alloy Primer ( 26.9 ± 5.1 MPa ) , and Single Bond 2 ( 8.5 ± 4.6 MPa ) . Artificial aging significantly reduced the bond strengths of all the test groups ( p<0.05 ) . After 10,000 cycles of thermocycling , All-Bond Universal showed the highest bond-strength value ( 26.9 ± 6.4 MPa ) . Regardless of artificial aging , Single Bond Universal and All-Bond Universal showed significantly higher bond strengths than Alloy Primer , a conventional metal primer PURPOSE To evaluate the bond strength of recently developed feldspathic veneering ceramics to zirconium-oxide ceramic core material ( Y-TZP ) . In addition , the effect of thermocycling on the bond strength was investigated . METHODS 90 square Lava framework Y-TZP specimens were r and omly assigned to three groups ( n = 30 ) and veneered with one of the three zirconia veneering ceramics Cerabien ZR ( CZR ) , GC Initial ( GCI ) , or Lava Ceram ( LC ) . 30 additional metal-ceramic specimens served as the control ( VO ) . 15 specimens per group were stored in a saline solution for 3 days . To test the durability of the bond , 15 specimens per group were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles between 5 degrees to 60 degrees C with a 15-second dwell time . Shear strength was tested with an Instron universal testing system . A two-way ANOVA model and Tukey 's HSD were applied for statistical analyses ( alpha = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The different material combinations revealed significantly different shear bond strength values ( CZR > GCI > LC > VO ) . All veneering ceramic/zirconia combinations showed significantly higher bond strength than the metal-ceramic control VO . Bond strength values were not affected by thermocycling , except for CZR , which had significantly higher bond strength after thermocycling . Microscopic evaluation of failure modes revealed 100 % cohesive failures in the veneering ceramic for all specimens The objective of this study was to evaluate the durability of bond strength between a resin cement and aluminous ceramic su bmi tted to various surface conditioning methods . Twenty-four blocks ( 5 x 5 x 4 mm(3 ) ) of a glass-infiltrated zirconia-alumina ceramic ( In-Ceram Zirconia Classic ) were r and omly divided into three surface treatment groups : ST1-Air-abrasion with 110-mum Al2O3 particles + silanization ; ST2-Laboratory tribochemical silica coating method ( 110-microm Al2O3 , 110-microm silica ) ( Rocatec ) + silanization ; ST3-Chairside tribochemical silica coating method ( 30-microm SiO(x ) ) ( CoJet ) + silanization . Each treated ceramic block was placed in its silicone mold with the treated surface exposed . The resin cement ( Panavia F ) was prepared and injected into the mold over the treated surface . Specimens were sectioned to achieve nontrimmed bar specimens ( 14 sp/block ) that were r and omly divided into two conditions : ( a ) Dry-microtensile test after sectioning ; ( b ) Thermocycling (TC)-(6,000x , 5 - 55 degrees C ) and water storage ( 150 days ) . Thus , six experimental groups were obtained ( n = 50 ) : Gr1-ST1 + dry ; Gr2-ST1 + TC ( ; ) Gr3-ST2 + dry ; Gr4-ST2 + TC ; Gr5-ST3 + dry ; Gr6-ST3 + TC . After microtensile testing , the failure types were noted . ST2 ( 25.1 + /- 11 ) and ST3 ( 24.1 + /- 7.4 ) presented statistically higher bond strength ( MPa ) than that of ST1 ( 17.5 + /- 8) regardless of aging conditions ( p < 0.0001 ) . While Gr2 revealed the lowest results ( 13.3 + /- 6.4 ) , the other groups ( 21.7 + /- 7.4 - 25 . 9 + /- 9.1 ) showed statistically no significant differences ( two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test , alpha = 0.05 ) . The majority of the failures were mixed ( 82 % ) followed by adhesive failures ( 18 % ) . Gr2 presented significantly higher incidence of ADHESIVE failures ( 54 % ) than those of other groups ( p = 0.0001 ) . Both laboratory and chairside silica coating plus silanization showed durable bond strength . After aging , air-abrasion with 110-microm Al(2)O(3 ) + silanization showed the largest decrease indicating that aging is fundamental for bond strength testing for acid-resistant zirconia ceramics in order to estimate their long-term performance in the mouth
An as-produced surface of oxide ceramic needs to be surface treated to achieve durable bond strength .
Abrasive surface treatment and /or silica-coating treatment with the use of primer treatment can provide sufficient bond strength for bonding oxide ceramics .
The following aims were set for this systematic literature review : ( a ) to make an inventory of existing methods to achieve bondable surfaces on oxide ceramics and ( b ) to evaluate which methods might provide sufficient bond strength .