Psychosocial correlates of eating behavior in children and adolescents: a review A systematic review of the use of financial incentives and penalties to encourage uptake of healthy behaviors: protocol Public health strategies for dietary change: schools and workplaces. Systematic review of effectiveness of universal self-regulation-based interventions and their effects on distal health and social outcomes in children and adolescents: review protocol Does EEG-neurofeedback improve neurocognitive functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A systematic review and a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The Effects of Exercise on Memory Function Among Young to Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research A systematic review of peer-mediated interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. White Rice Consumption, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference among Iranian Female Adolescents [Optimization of calcium intake for the prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures: a review of the evidence]. Risperidone for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review Efficacy and tolerability of lithium in treating acute mania in youth with bipolar disorder: protocol for a systematic review Eating habits and factors affecting food choice of adolescents living in rural areas Use of Pit-and-Fissure Sealants. Antiviral efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy as first-line treatment of HIV-infected children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol Methodology and reporting of randomised controlled trials. Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guideline for the Use of Pit-and-Fissure Sealants. Design of a 20-month comprehensive, multicomponent school-based randomised trial to promote healthy weight development among 11-13 year olds: The HEalth In Adolescents study Integrating Children with Psychiatric Disorders in the Classroom: A Systematic Review A systematic review of strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among 0-year to 5-year olds. Tipping the balance: use of advergames to promote consumption of nutritious foods and beverages by low-income African American children. Adolescent Diet and Subsequent Serum Hormones, Breast Density, and Bone Mineral Density in Young Women: Results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children Follow-up Study Hypovitaminosis D in the Middle East and North Africa European clinical guidelines for Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions
Background Underst and ing the correlates of dietary intake is necessary in order to effectively promote healthy dietary behavior among children and adolescents . A literature review was conducted on the correlates of the following categories of dietary intake in children and adolescents :  Fruit , Juice and Vegetable Consumption , Fat in Diet , Total Energy Intake , Sugar Snacking , Sweetened Beverage Consumption , Dietary Fiber , Other Healthy Dietary Consumption , and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in children and adolescents . Methods Cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies were identified from PubMed , PsycINFO and PsycArticles by using a combination of search terms . Quantitative research examining determinants of dietary intake among children and adolescents aged 3–18 years were included . The selection and review process yielded information on country , study design , population , instrument used for measuring intake , and quality of research study . Results Seventy-seven articles were included . Many potential correlates have been studied among children and adolescents . However , for many hypothesized correlates substantial evidence is lacking due to a dearth of research . The correlates best supported by the literature are : perceived modeling , dietary intentions , norms , liking and preferences . Perceived modeling and dietary intentions have the most consistent and positive associations with eating behavior . Norms , liking , and preferences were also consistently and positively related to eating behavior in children and adolescents . Availability , knowledge , outcome expectations , self-efficacy and social support did not show consistent relationships across dietary outcomes . Conclusion This review examined the correlates of various dietary intake ; Fruit , Juice and Vegetable Consumption , Fat in Diet , Total Energy Intake , Sugar Snacking , Sweetened Beverage Consumption , Dietary Fiber , Other Healthy Dietary Consumption , and Other Less Healthy Dietary Consumption in cross-sectional and prospect i ve studies for children and adolescents . The correlates most consistently supported by evidence were perceived modeling , dietary intentions , norms , liking and preferences . More prospect i ve studies on the psychosocial determinants of eating behavior using broader theoretical perspectives should be examined in future research Background The use of financial incentives and penalties to encourage uptake of healthy behaviors is increasingly seen as a viable intervention in developed countries . Previous review s of the effectiveness of financial incentives and penalties for encouraging the uptake of healthy behaviors have focused on individual behaviors making it difficult to draw overall conclusions about the effectiveness of such interventions . This systematic review will explore the effectiveness of financial incentives and penalties for encouraging a wide range of behaviors , including : smoking cessation , increased physical activity , healthier dietary intake , sensible patterns of alcohol consumption , safe sun , safe sex , and primary preventive clinical behaviors . Methods Systematic methods will be used to search existing literature and screen studies for inclusion . All studies that meet the following inclusion criteria will be included in the review : participants were 18 years old or older and living in high-income countries ; interventions included cash or cash-like incentives to promote the uptake of healthy behaviors , or cash or cash-like penalties to discourage unhealthy behaviors ; the comparator was usual care or no intervention ; study design was r and omized controlled trial , cluster r and omized controlled trial , controlled before and after study , or interrupted time series analysis . Two review ers will independently screen the publications to ensure they meet the inclusion criteria . Quality will be assessed by two research ers , working independently , using the Cochrane risk of bias tool . Meta- analysis will be conducted , if appropriate . Any studies identified as at ‘ high risk of bias ’ will be excluded from meta- analysis . Discussion This systematic review will provide policy-relevant recommendations for the use of financial incentives and penalties as a method of encouraging uptake of healthy behaviors Environmental intervention represents an effective strategy to promote the purchase and consumption of healthful foods in community-based setting s. Three such studies promoted the consumption of healthier snacks and lower-fat foods at worksites and at schools . The first study examined lower prices and point-of-purchase promotion on sales of lower-fat snacks in vending machines in 12 worksites and 12 secondary schools . Price reductions of 10 % , 25 % and 50 % on lower-fat snacks result ed in an increase in sales of 9 % , 39 % and 93 % , respectively , as compared to usual-price conditions . The second study examined the impact of a 50 % price reduction on the consumption of fresh fruit and baby carrots in 2 secondary school cafeterias . In the third study , 20 secondary schools were r and omly assigned to either an environmental intervention or a control group for a 2-y period . The intervention increased the availability of lower-fat foods  and implemented student-based promotions . School-based environmental interventions to increase availability and promotion of lower-fat foods and healthier snacks can increase purchase of these foods among adolescents Background Growing evidence suggests that childhood and adolescence self-regulation contributes to multiple health , educational and social outcomes . Considering the potential impact of self-regulation skills on improved life chances in conjunction with evidence suggesting that self-regulation can be modified by interventions , there is a need to identify interventions which are most effective in improving childhood and adolescence self-regulation . The present systematic review was design ed to determine the effectiveness of universal interventions focused on enhancing the  self-regulation of children and adolescents . As secondary outcomes , we will also examine the effectiveness of such interventions on distal health and social outcomes . Methods Eligible studies include r and omised controlled trials ( including cluster r and omised trials ) reporting on universal interventions design ed to improve self-regulation in childhood and adolescence ( age 0–19 years ) . The following data bases will be search ed for peer- review ed publications using an iterative search strategy : Medline , PsycINFO , EMBASE , ERIC , CINAHL Plus , British Education Index , Child Development & Adolescent Studies and CENTRAL without applying language or date filters . Additionally , reference lists and citations of included studies will be search ed for eligible studies . A 10 % proportion of the total titles and abstract s will be r and omly selected and screened independently by two review ers ( AP and DH ) . Results will be compared to ensure less than 5 % discrepancy , followed by screening of all results by one review er ( AP ) . Full-text review and data collection will be independently performed by two review ers . Any discrepancies will be solved by mutual discussion , and if unresolved , a third review er ( RV ) will be consulted . Meta- analysis will be conducted to quantify trial effects , if the data is sufficiently homogenous to allow quantitative synthesis . Otherwise , results will be described narratively . Discussion The evidence derived from the systematic review will strengthen the evidence base to inform planning of effective interventions targeting self-regulation skills in childhood and adolescence . This will benefit policy makers , academicians , research ers , health professionals , and also , young people who will benefit from policy and interventions informed by this review . Systematic review registration CRD42016047661 BACKGROUND The number of placebo-controlled r and omized studies relating to EEG-neurofeedback and its effect on neurocognition in attention-deficient/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is limited . For this reason , a double blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled study was design ed to assess the effects of  EEG-neurofeedback  on neurocognitive functioning in children with ADHD , and a systematic review on this topic was performed . METHODS Forty-one children ( 8 - 15 years ) with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD were r and omly allocated to EEG-neurofeedback or placebo-neurofeedback treatment for 30 sessions , twice a week . Children were stratified by age , electrophysiological state of arousal , and medication use . Neurocognitive tests of attention , executive functioning , working memory , and time processing were administered before and after treatment . Research ers , teachers , children and their parents , with the exception of the neurofeedback-therapist , were all blind to treatment assignment . Outcome measures were the changes in neurocognitive performance before and after treatment . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www . clinical trials.gov : NCT00723684 . RESULTS No significant treatment effect on any of the neurocognitive variables was found . A systematic review of the current literature also did not find any systematic beneficial effect of EEG-neurofeedback on neurocognitive functioning . CONCLUSION Overall , the existing literature and this study fail to support any benefit of neurofeedback on neurocognitive functioning in ADHD , possibly due to small sample sizes and other study limitations Objective : To systematic ally summarize the experimental effects of exercise on cognitive-related memory function among young to middle-aged adults , which has yet to be done in the literature . Data Source : PubMed . Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria : Studies were included if they were published in the English language , indexed in PubMed , employed an experimental study design ( eg , traditional parallel group r and omized controlled trial : either acute intervention or chronic/training intervention study ) , and conducted among human adults . Studies were excluded if nonhumans ( ie , animal models ) were studied , if children/adolescents ( < 18 years ) or older adults ( > 50 years ) were evaluated , and if select chronic diseases ( eg , diabetes and dementia ) were present . Data Extraction : A systematic review approach was employed . Data Synthesis : An extraction table was created synthesizing the key results , and recommendations for future research are emphasized . Results : Among the 17 evaluated studies , 2 were published before the year 2000 ( ie , 1998 and 1999 ) , 2 were published in 2007 , and the remaining 13 were published in the years 2011 and beyond . This highlights the emergence of this research topic within this age-group ( young to middle-aged adults ) . Among the 17 evaluated studies , 14 were conducted among healthy sample s , with 3 conducted among those with a diagnosis of depression . Among the 17 studies , 4 employed a chronic training protocol , with 13 utilizing an acute exercise protocol . Among the 3 experimental studies in the depressed population , all demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on memory function . Among the 14 trials in the nondepressed population , 10 ( 71 % ) demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on some aspect of memory function . Conclusion : Acute and chronic exercise appears to play a pronounced effect on memory function  among young to middle-aged adults . Implication s and recommendations for future research are outlined in this systematic review BACKGROUND Peer mediated intervention ( PMI ) is a promising practice used to increase social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) .  PMIs engage typically developing peers as social models to improve social initiations , responses , and interactions . METHOD The current study is a systematic review examining PMIs for children and adolescents with ASD conducted using group design s. Five studies met the pre-specified review inclusion criteria : four r and omized controlled trials and one pre- and post-test design . RESULTS Four of the studies were conducted in school setting s , whereas one study was conducted in a camp setting . The studies all reported that participants improved in social skills ( e.g. , social initiations , social responses , social communication ) post intervention . Additionally , sustainment , generalization , and fidelity of implementation were examined . CONCLUSION PMI is a promising approach to address social skills in children with ASD , and this approach can be conducted in meaningful real-word context s , such as schools . Limitations of the studies as well as future directions are discussed Objective : Refined grains consumption is positively associated with obesity .  White rice is the most usual refined grain in Iran . However , few studies have assessed the association between rice intake and anthropometric measures among adolescents . Therefore , we aim ed to compare anthropometric measures as well as the diet quality indices across the tertiles of  white rice consumption among Iranian adolescents . Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 female adolescents who were chosen by using a systematic cluster r and om sampling .  Dietary intake assessment was done using a vali date d semiquantitative food frequency question naire . Anthropometric measures were done according to the st and ard protocol s. Diet quality indices ( including dietary energy density [ DED ] , nutrient adequacy ratio [ NAR ] , and mean adequacy ratio [ MAR ] ) were calculated using st and ard definitions . Results : The prevalence of overweight across the tertiles of rice consumption was 11.6 , 17.8 , and 24.6 % , respectively ( p = 0.03 ) . Corresponding values for obesity were 2.1 , 5.7 , and 8.6 % , respectively ( p = 0.04 ) . A significant positive association was observed for the prevalence of central obesity across the tertile of rice intake ( 13.1 , 21.4 , and 28.1 % ; p = 0.02 ) . Dietary fiber and energy intake and diet quality indices were significantly different among different tertiles of white rice intake . Those in the highest tertiles of white rice intake had the lowest scores for MAR and NAR and highest scores for DED . Conclusion : There was significant association between rice consumption and obesity as well as diet quality indices among Iranian adolescents One of the main focuses of lifestyle modification for the prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures  in Japan is improvement in dietary calcium intake . However , virtually no r and omized controlled trial to assess the preventive effects of administration of calcium on the risk of fractures has been conducted in Japan . In this study , we review ed all the scientific papers currently available from medical literature data bases to propose evidence -based recommendations on the preventive procedures for osteoporosis . The result of the present systematic review gives the evidence showing that calcium supplementation or optimal dietary calcium intake increases bone density in childhood and adolescence and reduces the risk of fracture due to osteoporosis in the elderly people regardless of the gender . The evidence also supports the current health policy guiding the elderly to increase their dietary calcium intake in daily life Background Various clinical trials suggested that risperidone was beneficial in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) in children and adolescents . Objective The aim of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy , acceptability and tolerability of risperidone in the treatment of children and adolescents with ASD . Data sources The data bases of Scopus , PubMed , CINAHL and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were search ed in February 2017 . Study eligibility criteria , participants and interventions Eligible RCTs of risperidone in the treatment of child and adolescent patients with ASD . Language s were not restricted . Study appraisal and synthesis methods The full-text versions of relevant studies were thoroughly assessed and extracted . The primary efficacy of outcome was the pooled response rate and the pooled mean changed scores of the st and ardized rating scales for ASD . Results A total of 372 r and omized subjects from seven RCTs were included in this review . In acute treatment , the pooled mean change score of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for irritability subscale ( ABC-I ) and response rate for the risperidone-treated group had a greater significance than that of the placebo-treated group . In the long-term treatment , the pooled mean change score of the CARS in the risperidone-treated group was significantly greater than that in the placebo-treated group . According to the discontinuation phase , the overall pooled relapse rate of the risperidone-treated group was significantly less than that of the placebo-treated group . The rates of pooled overall discontinuation and discontinuation due to adverse events rates were not different between the two groups in acute and long-term treatments . Limitations A small study was included in the current review . Conclusion In relation to the current systematic review , risperidone is efficacious in the treatment of symptoms in children and adolescents with ASD . Although its acceptability is comparable to placebo , treatment with risperidone is well tolerated in children and adolescents with ASD Background Epidemiological , clinical , and high-risk studies have provided evidence that the peak period for onset of diagnosable episodes of mania and hypomania starts in mid-to-late adolescence . Moreover , clinical ly significant manic symptoms may occur even earlier , especially in children at familial risk . Lithium is the gold st and ard treatment for acute mania in adults , yet to our knowledge , there is no published systematic review assessing lithium treatment of mania in children or adolescents . This is a major gap in knowledge needed to inform clinical practice . Aim As a working group within the ISBD Task Force on Lithium Treatment ( http://www.isbd.org/active-task-forces ) , our aim is to complete a systematic review of the efficacy , tolerability , and acceptability of lithium compared with placebo and other active drugs in treating mania in children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar disorder . Methods We will include double- or single-blind r and omized controlled trials in patients aged less than 18 years . No restrictions will be made by study publication date or language . Several electronic data bases will be search ed along with secondary sources such as bibliographies and trial registry websites for published and unpublished studies . Response rates to lithium compared with placebo or other active drugs will be the primary efficacy outcome . Primary tolerability and acceptability outcomes will be rates of serious adverse events and dropouts , respectively . Secondary outcomes will include rates of remission , severity of manic symptoms at different time points , and incidence of specific adverse events . Discussion Findings from this systematic review are critically needed to inform clinical practice . We should not generalize findings from adult studies , as children and adolescents are undergoing accelerated physiological and brain development . Therefore , efficacy , tolerability , and acceptability of lithium treatment of acute mania in children compared to adults may be very different . This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO ( CRD42017055675 ) OBJECTIVE : To establish factors that affect food choices among adolescents living in rural areas and to identify their food choices . DESIGN : A r and om sample of adolescents living in a Greek rural area ( n = 382 ) aged 12–18 years were individually interviewed . Food consumption  was assessed by a semi-quantitative food-frequency question naire and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the KIDMED question naire . Information was collected regarding self-perceived body size , dieting , dietary knowledge , parental control , meal and snack frequency , eating out of home , eating takeaways and precooked meals , eating from the school canteen . RESULTS : Body image concerns , dieting , education about food , parental control , maternal education level and eating with family and peers are factors that were found to affect food choices in this group of Greek adolescents . The adherence to the Mediterranean diet  was low ( KIDMED index was 4.5±2.7 ) . Regular family meals at home were frequent in this group and 99 % of the adolescents ate lunch daily at home . Eating out with peers and eating from the school canteen was related with higher consumption of ‘ junk type of food ’ . Girls and younger adolescents and those whose mothers had a higher education level seem to make healthier choices . CONCLUSIONS : Factors such as personal issues , family and peer pressure significantly affect food choices among adolescents living in a Greek rural area and highlight the importance of implementing multilevel strategies to promote healthy eating among adolescents BACKGROUND This article presents evidence -based clinical recommendations for the use of pit- and -fissure sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents . A guideline panel convened by the American Dental Association ( ADA ) Council on Scientific Affairs and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry conducted a systematic review and formulated recommendations to address clinical questions in relation to the efficacy , retention , and potential side effects of sealants to prevent dental caries ; their efficacy compared with fluoride varnishes ; and a head-to-head comparison of the different types of sealant material used to prevent caries on pits- and -fissures of occlusal surfaces . TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEW ED This is an up date of the ADA 2008 recommendations on the use of pit- and -fissure sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars . The authors conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE , Embase , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , and other sources to identify r and omized controlled trials reporting on the effect of sealants ( available on the U.S. market ) when applied to the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars . The authors used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment , Development , and Evaluation approach to assess the quality of the evidence and to move from the evidence to the decisions . RESULTS The guideline panel formulated 3 main recommendations . They concluded that sealants are effective in preventing and arresting pit- and -fissure occlusal carious lesions of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents compared with the nonuse of sealants or use of fluoride varnishes . They also concluded that sealants could minimize the progression of non-cavitated occlusal carious lesions ( also referred to as initial lesions ) that receive a sealant . Finally , based on the available limited evidence , the panel was unable to provide specific recommendations on the relative merits of 1 type of sealant material over the others . Conclusions and practical implication s : These recommendations are design ed to inform practitioners during the clinical decision-making process in relation to the prevention of occlusal carious lesions in children and adolescents . Clinicians are encouraged to discuss the information in this guideline with patients or the parents of patients . The authors recommend that clinicians re-orient their efforts toward increasing the use of sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents Background Abacavir is one of the recommended nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) for the treatment of HIV infections among children and adolescents . However , there are concerns that the antiviral efficacy of abacavir might be low when compared to other NRTIs especially among children . There are also concerns that abacavir use may lead to serious adverse events such as hypersensitivity reactions and has potential predisposition to developing cardiovascular diseases . Methods We plan to do a systematic review to evaluate the antiviral efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy as first-line treatment of HIV-infected children aged between 3 months and 18 years , compared with other NRTIs . We will search Scopus , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , MEDLINE , and Web of Science data bases for eligible studies regardless of language or publication status . We will check the reference lists of included studies , search relevant conference proceedings , email the authors of included studies and also look for unpublished and ongoing trials in prospect i ve clinical trial registries . Two authors will independently screen search outputs , select studies , extract data and assess the risk of bias in included studies . All disagreements will be resolved by discussion and consensus . Where data allow , we will conduct meta- analysis for similar types of participants , study design s , interventions , and outcome measures . If the results are statistically homogeneous , we will use the fixed-effect model ; otherwise , we will use the r and om-effects model and explore the reasons for heterogeneity using subgroup analyses . Heterogeneity will be assessed with the Chi-squared test and quantified with the I-squared statistic . Discussion The findings will be useful to policy makers and programme managers to inform treatment and management of HIV in children and adolescents and to point out research gaps for future research .Trial registration This review is registered with PROSPERO , registration number CRD42014009157 A systematic review of the literature will fail to provide information needed for evidence -based medicine ( EBM ) if the design , execution and reporting of individual trials do not adhere to strict guidelines . Experience gained while conducting systematic literature review s have revealed serious shortcomings in current literature . These limitations pertain to r and omisation , blinding , outcome assessment s and data reporting . The principles related to these issues are discussed with solutions and improvements provided BACKGROUND This article presents evidence -based clinical recommendations for the use of pit- and -fissure sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents . A guideline panel convened by the American Dental Association ( ADA ) Council on Scientific Affairs and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry conducted a systematic review and formulated recommendations to address clinical questions in relation to the efficacy , retention , and potential side effects of sealants to prevent dental caries ; their efficacy compared with fluoride varnishes ; and a head-to-head comparison of the different types of sealant material used to prevent caries on pits- and -fissures of occlusal surfaces . TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEW ED This is an up date of the ADA 2008 recommendations on the use of pit- and -fissure sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars . The authors conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE , Embase , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials , and other sources to identify r and omized controlled trials reporting on the effect of sealants ( available on the U.S. market ) when applied to the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars . The authors used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment , Development , and Evaluation approach to assess the quality of the evidence and to move from the evidence to the decisions . RESULTS The guideline panel formulated 3 main recommendations . They concluded that sealants are effective in preventing and arresting pit- and -fissure occlusal carious lesions of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents compared with the nonuse of sealants or use of fluoride varnishes . They also concluded that sealants could minimize the progression of non-cavitated occlusal carious lesions ( also referred to as initial lesions ) that receive a sealant . Finally , based on the available limited evidence , the panel was unable to provide specific recommendations on the relative merits of 1 type of sealant material over the others . Conclusions and practical implication s : These recommendations are design ed to inform practitioners during the clinical decision-making process in relation to the prevention of occlusal carious lesions in children and adolescents . Clinicians are encouraged to discuss the information in this guideline with patients or the parents of patients . The authors recommend that clinicians re-orient their efforts toward increasing the use of sealants on the occlusal surfaces of primary and permanent molars in children and adolescents Background and purpose : The lack of effective school-based interventions for preventing obesity in children has caused a call for longer duration of interventions and better reporting on design and evaluation methodology . The purpose of this paper is to present the development of the intervention , the design of the effectiveness study , and the test-retest reliability of the main outcome measures in the HEalth In Adolescents ( HEIA ) study . Methods / design : The HEIA intervention programme was developed based on literature review s , a social ecological framework , and focus groups . The intervention aim ed to increase total physical activity ( PA ) and consumption of fruit and vegetables and to decrease screen time and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages . The intervention programme consisted of a classroom component , including dietary behaviour lessons , computer tailoring , fruit/vegetable and PA breaks , and posters , and an environmental component including active transport campaigns , equipment , suggestions for easy improvements of schoolyards , inspirational courses for teachers ( all with regards to PA ) , and fact sheets to parents . The effect of the intervention programme is evaluated in a cluster r and omised controlled trial design ( intervention = 12 schools , control = 25 schools ) including process evaluation . Main outcomes include anthropometry , PA , screen time , and consumption of fruit , vegetables , and sugar-sweetened beverages . A 2-week test— retest study was conducted among 114 pupils . Determinants of the behaviours were assessed . Similar data were collected from parents . Children ’s PA was measured objective ly by accelerometers . Conclusions : The HEIA study represents a theoretically informed r and omised trial comprising a comprehensive set of multilevel intervention components with a thorough evaluation using reliable outcome measures . The study will contribute to a better underst and ing of determinants of healthy weight development among young people and how such determinants can be modified Background : The school setting may be the optimal context for early screening of and intervention on child mental health problems , because of its large reach and intertwinement with various participants ( child , teacher , parent , other community services ) . But this setting also exposes children to the risk of stigma , peer rejection and social exclusion . This systematic literature review investigates the efficacy of mental health interventions addressed to children and adolescents in school setting s , and it evaluates which programs explicitly take into account social inclusion indicators . Method : Only r and omized controlled trials conducted on clinical population s of students and carried out in school setting s were selected : 27 studies overall . Most studies applied group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy or Interpersonal Psychotherapy . Results : Findings were suggestive of the effectiveness of  school-based intervention programs  in reducing symptoms of most mental disorders . Some evidence was found about the idea that effective studies on clinical population s may promote the social inclusion of children with an ongoing mental disorder and avoid the risk of being highly stigmatized . Conclusion : School programs are still needed that implement st and ardized models with verifiable and evidence -based practice s involving the whole school community OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to summarize evidence for strategies design ed to reduce  sugar-sweetened beverage ( SSB )  consumption among children aged 0 to 5 years . DATA SOURCES PubMed , Web of Science , EMBASE , CINAHL , ERIC , Cab Abstract s and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials are the electronic data bases search ed in this systematic review . STUDY SELECTION Each included study evaluated an intervention to reduce SSB consumption in children aged 0 to 5 years , was conducted in a high-income country and was published between 1 January 2000 and 15 December 2017 . DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria . The primary intervention setting s were healthcare ( n = 11 ) , preschool/daycare ( n = 4 ) , home ( n = 3 ) , community venues ( n = 3 ) and other setting s ( n = 6 ) . Overarching strategies which successfully reduced SSB consumption included ( i ) in-person individual education , ( ii ) in-person group education , ( iii ) passive education ( e.g. pamphlets ) , ( iv ) use of technology , ( v ) training for childcare/healthcare providers and ( vi ) changes to the physical access of beverages . Studies were of moderate method ological quality ( average score of 20.7/29.0 for r and omized studies ; 3.1/9.0 for non-r and omized studies ) . CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that interventions successful at reducing SSB consumption among 0-year to 5-year olds often focused on vulnerable population s , were conducted in preschool/daycare setting s , specifically targeted only SSBs or only oral hygiene , included multiple intervention strategies and had higher intervention intensity/contact time OBJECTIVE To examine how advergames , which are online computer games developed to market a product , affect consumption of healthier and less healthy snacks by low-income African American children . DESIGN Cross-sectional , between-subjects examination of an advergame in which children were rewarded for having their computer character consume healthier or less healthy foods and beverages . Children were r and omly assigned to 1 of the following 3 conditions : ( 1 ) the healthier advergame condition , ( 2 ) the less healthy advergame condition , or ( 3 ) the control condition . SETTING Urban public elementary schools . PARTICIPANTS Thirty low-income , African American children aged 9 to 10 years . Main Exposure Children in the treatment conditions played a less healthy or a healthier version of an advergame 2 times before choosing and eating a snack and completing the experimental measures . Children in the control group chose and ate a snack before playing the game and completing the measures . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The number of healthier snack items children selected and ate and how much children liked the game . RESULTS Children who played the healthier version of the advergame selected and ate significantly more healthy snacks than did those who played the less healthy version . Children reported liking the advergame . CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that concerns about online advergames that market unhealthy foods are justified . However , advergames may also be used to promote healthier foods and beverages . This kind of social marketing approach could tip the scales toward the selection of higher- quality snacks , thereby helping to curb the obesity epidemic Background : Adolescent diet is hypothesized to influence breast cancer  risk . We evaluated the long-term effects of an intervention to lower fat intake among adolescent girls on biomarkers that are related to breast cancer risk in adults . Methods : A follow-up study was conducted on 230 girls who participated in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children ( DISC ) , in which healthy , prepubertal , 8 to 10 year olds were r and omly assigned to usual care or to a behavioral intervention that promoted a reduced fat diet .  Participants were 25 to 29 years old at follow-up visits . All tests of statistical significance are two-sided . Results : In analyses that did not take account of diet at the time of the follow-up visit , the only statistically significant treatment group difference was higher bone mineral content in intervention group participants compared with usual care group participants ; their mean bone mineral contents were 2,444 and 2,377 g , respectively . After adjustment for current diet , the intervention group also had statistically significantly higher bone mineral density and luteal phase serum estradiol concentrations . Serum progesterone concentrations and breast density did not differ by treatment group in unadjusted or adjusted analyses . Conclusions : Results do not support the hypothesis that consumption of a lower fat diet during adolescence reduces breast cancer risk via effects on subsequent serum estradiol and progesterone levels , breast density , or bone mineral density . It remains unclear , however , if the results are specific to the DISC intervention or are more broadly applicable . Impact : Modest reductions in fat intake during adolescence are unlikely to lower later breast cancer risk via long-term effects on the biomarkers measured . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; 19(6 ) ; 1545–56 . © 2010 AACR Background : The Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) region registers some of the highest rates of hypovitaminosis D worldwide . Aim : We systematic ally review ed the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D , rickets and osteomalacia , their predictors and impact on major outcomes , in the region . Methods : Medline , Pubmed and Embase search engines , entering keywords and concepts , combined with individual countries of interest , were used . Search was limited years 2000–2012 ; and review articles were used for the period preceding year 2000 . Results : Rickets and osteomalacia still occur in this sunny region . Hypovitaminosis D prevails , with rates varying 30–90 % , considering a desirable serum 25 hydroxy-vitamin D [ 25(OH)D ] of 20 ng/ml . Advancing age , female gender , multi-parity , clothing style , season , socio-economic status and urban living are recognized predictors of hypovitaminosis D in adults . Prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation and low dietary calcium intake are the recognized risk factors for rickets and hypovitaminosis D in children .. Associations with pain score and disease activity in rheumatologic disorders , viral load and interleukins in hepatitis C , BMI , lipids and insulin sensitivity , blood pressure , heart failure and mortality are described . Sun exposure in adults decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in one study . Few r and omized vitamin D trials revealed that the majority of mothers or children failed to achieve a desirable 25(OH)D level , even with doses by far exceeding current recommendations . A trial in adolescent girls reveals substantial bone and lean mass increments . Conclusion : Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in MENA . The lack of population s based studies , gaps in studies in infants , pre-pubertal children and pregnant women , hinder the development of region specific guidelines and constitute a major obstacle to impact this chronic and most often sub clinical disease This clinical guideline provides recommendations for the behavioural and psychosocial interventions ( BPI ) of children and adolescents with tic disorders prepared by a working group of the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome ( ESSTS ) . A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an up date on the efficacy of BPI for tics . Relevant studies were identified using computerised search es of the Medline and PsycINFO data bases and the Cochrane Library for the years 1950–2010 . The search identified no meta-analyses , yet twelve ( systematic ) review s and eight r and omised controlled trials provided evidence for the current review . Most evidence was found for habit reversal training ( HRT ) and the available but smaller evidence also supports the efficacy of exposure with response prevention ( ERP ) . Both interventions are considered first line behavioural treatments for tics for both children and adults and should be offered to a patient , taking into account his preference . Treatments that are considered second line or add-on behavioural treatments are  contingency management , function based interventions and relaxation training . Neurofeedback is still experimental . Almost no research was identified that examined the efficacy of psychosocial interventions , e.g. , psychoeducation and group work . Based on clinical practice , this guideline recommends behavioural treatment as first line offer to patients in most cases . It should be embedded within a psychoeducational and supportive context and can be combined with drug treatment
Taken together , evidence suggests a positive association between healthy dietary consumption and executive functioning .
A systematic review was conducted to evaluate whether healthier dietary consumption  among children and adolescents impacts executive functioning .