Comparison of the cleaning capacity of Mtwo and Pro Taper rotary systems and manual instruments in primary teeth Rotary Mtwo system versus manual K-file instruments: efficacy in preparing primary and permanent molar root canals. 'Volumetric analysis of hand and rotary root canal instrumentation and filling in primary teeth using Spiral Computed Tomography' - an invitro study. Microbiological assessment of root canals following use of rotary and manual instruments in primary molars. Effect of three nickel-titanium rotary file techniques on infected root dentin reduction. Comparison among manual instruments and PathFile and Mtwo rotary instruments to create a glide path in the root canal preparation of curved canals. Ex vivo study on root canal instrumentation of two rotary nickel-titanium systems in comparison to stainless steel hand instruments. Smear Layer Evaluation on Root Canal Preparation with Manual and Rotary Techniques using EDTA as an Irrigant: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. An in-vitro Evaluation of canal transportation and centering ability of two rotary Nickel Titanium systems (Twisted Files and Hyflex files) with conventional stainless Steel hand K-flexofiles by using Spiral Computed Tomography. Effectiveness of various irrigation activation protocols and the self-adjusting file system on smear layer and debris removal. Comparison of removed dentin thickness with hand and rotary instruments Nickel-titanium rotary instrument fracture: a clinical practice assessment. Root Canal Cleaning Efficacy of Rotary and Hand Files Instrumentation in Primary Molars A retrospective study of endodontic treatment outcome between nickel-titanium rotary and stainless steel hand filing techniques. In vivo debridement efficacy of ultrasonic irrigation following hand-rotary instrumentation in human mandibular molars. Ability of chemomechanical preparation with either rotary instruments or self-adjusting file to disinfect oval-shaped root canals. Post-Obturation pain following one-visit and two-visit root canal treatment in necrotic anterior teeth. Apical Extrusion of Intracanal Debris Using Two Engine Driven and Step-Back Instrumentation Techniques: An In-Vitro Study An in vitro comparison of the intraradicular dentin bond strength of Resilon and gutta-percha. In vivo determination of root canal length: a preliminary report using the Tri Auto ZX apex-locating handpiece. Bacterial reduction with nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation. In vitro investigation of the cleaning efficacy, shaping ability, preparation time and file deformation of continuous rotary, reciprocating rotary and manual instrumentations in primary molars Preparation of oval-shaped root canals in mandibular molars using nickel-titanium rotary instruments: a micro-computed tomography study.
Background : Root canal cleaning is an important step in endodontic therapy . In order to develop better techniques , a new generation of endodontic instruments has been design ed . The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of manual K-files ( Mani Co , Tokyo , Japan ) and two rotary systems – Mtwo ( Dentsply-Maillefer , Ballaigues , Switzerl and ) and ProTaper ( VDW , Munich , Germany)–for root canal preparation in primary molars . Material s and Methods : India ink was injected to 160 mesiobuccal and distal root canals of m and ibular primary molars . The teeth were r and omly divided into three experimental groups and one control group . In each experimental group , either manual instruments ( K-files ) or rotary instruments ( Mtwo or ProTaper ) were used to prepare root canals . After cleaning the canals and clearing the teeth , ink removal was evaluated with a stereomicroscope . Statistical analysis was done with Kruskal – Wallis and Friedman tests . Results : There were no significant differences in cleaning efficiency between manual and rotary instruments . Only ProTaper files performed significantly better in the coronal and middle thirds than in the apical third of the root canal . Conclusion : Manual K-files and the Mtwo and ProTaper rotary systems showed equally acceptable cleaning ability in primary molar root canals AIM To compare the cleaning ability and preparation time of rotary instruments ( Mtwo ) and conventional manual instruments ( K-file ) in preparing primary and permanent molar root canals . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Access cavities were prepared in 70 primary and 70 permanent teeth and  India ink was injected into 120 canals of selected molars . The teeth were r and omly divided into two main subgroups ( n=20 ) and three control groups ( n=10 ) . In each of these main subgroups , either the manual instrument ( K-file ) or the rotary system ( Mtwo ) was used to prepare root canals . After cleaning the canals and clearing the teeth , dye removal was evaluated with the help of a stereomicroscope . In addition , the time needed for root canal preparation was recorded by a chronometer . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analyses were done using the Kruskal-Wallis , Mann-Whitney and t tests . RESULTS With regard to the cleaning ability of root canals , there were no significant differences between the K-file and Mtwo rotary system in primary and permanent teeth in the apical , middle or coronal third of the canals . Moreover , there were no significant differences between primary and permanent teeth prepared with K-files and rotary instruments . In all the groups , shorter times were recorded with the rotary technique . The working time was shorter in primary than in permanent teeth . CONCLUSION The Mtwo rotary system showed acceptable cleaning ability in both primary and permanent teeth , and achieved results similar to those of K-files in less time AIM To compare and evaluate the volumetric analysis of pre- and post-root canal instrumentation in primary teeth using h and and rotary files and also to analyse the volume of root canal filling . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 20 primary teeth were divided into two groups r and omly and subjected to spiral computed tomography ( SCT ) analysis before and after instrumentation . For manual technique ( Group 1 ) , teeth were prepared using K files and rotary ( Group 2 ) preparation was performed with Mtwo files .  Volumetric enlargement was calculated using Osirix software . Root canals were then filled with rotary lentulospiral using zinc oxide-eugenol cement ( ZOE ) . The filled volume in each canal was measured using SCT and the percentage of obturated volume was calculated . The data were statistically analysed using paired t-tests . RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the volume of root canal enlarged in both the groups . Rotary files showed significant increase in the volume compared to K files . Mtwo instrumented root canals showed good obturated volume compared to manual technique , although voids were common in both the groups . CONCLUSION Rotary root canal instrumentation may be indicated for utilization in primary teeth , for enhancing root canal preparation and good quality of root canal filling AIM To assess the microflora of root canals in primary molars following use of rotary NiTi files and conventional h and NiTi and stainless steel files . STUDY DESIGN This r and omized clinical trial consisted of a total of 60 first and second primary molars requiring root canal treatment , who were selected from children aged 5 - 9 years . Based on type of root canal instrumentation , the teeth were r and omly assigned to three groups of twenty teeth each ; Group A : Rotary NiTi files , Group B : H and NiTi files and Group C : H and stainless steel files . Following administration of local anesthesia , isolation with rubber dam was carried out . For the purpose of instrumentation and sampling , the palatal canal of maxillary molars and the distal canal of m and ibular molars were selected . Prior to sampling , the orifices of other canals in these teeth were sealed , so as to prevent any contamination . Instrumentation was carried out in each group using respective instruments along with intermittent saline irrigation . Root canal sample s were obtained both before and after instrumentation , using sterile absorbent paper points and transferred to a sterile vial with transport fluid . Serial dilutions were prepared and cultured on suitable agar media . Both aerobic and anaerobic microbial counts were made . Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test and one-way Analysis of variance . RESULTS In all three groups , there was a significant reduction in both aerobic and anaerobic mean microbial count following root canal instrumentation . ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Rotary NiTi files were as efficient as conventional h and instruments in significantly reducing the root canal microflora OBJECTIVE This study compared the bacterial reduction of in vitro infected root canals after instrumentation by 3 nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) rotary files with different taper and diameter versus manual stainless steel files . STUDY DESIGN Sixty-four single-rooted human teeth were infected with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis measured by optical density . Teeth were divided r and omly into 4 groups of 16 and prepared with Flexofiles , GT rotary files , HERO 642 , and ProFile . Bacterial samplings were performed before ( S1 ) , during ( S2-S3 ) , and after ( S4 ) instrumentation . RESULTS All techniques significantly reduced the number of bacterial cells in the root canals ( P < .05 ) . There was no significant difference between NiTi and manual instrumentation at S2 , S3 , or S4 . Concerning bacterial reduction , the results suggest that a manual stainless steel file preparation is as efficient as a NiTi rotary instrumentation . CONCLUSION Regardless of the root canal preparation technique , its taper , and diameter , the root dentin remained infected and was not bacteria-free at the end of the experiment INTRODUCTION Nickel-titanium rotary instruments reduce procedural errors and the time required to finish root canal preparation . The goal of this study was to evaluate the occurrences of apical transportation and canal aberrations produced with different instruments used to create a glide path in the preparation of curved root canals , namely manual K-files ( Dentsply Maillefer , Ballaigues , Switzerl and ) and PathFile ( Dentsply Maillefer ) and Mtwo ( Sweden and Martina , Padua , Italy ) nickel-titanium rotary files . METHODS The mesial canals of 45 m and ibular first and second molars ( with curvature angles between 25 ° and 35 ° ) were selected for this study . The specimens were divided r and omly into 3 groups with 15 canals each , and canal preparation was performed by an endodontist using # 10 - 15 - 20 K-type stainless steel manual files ( group M ) , # 13 - 16 - 19 PathFile rotary instruments ( group PF ) , and # 10 - 15 - 20 Mtwo rotary instruments ( group MT ) . The double digital radiograph technique was used , pre- and postinstrumentation , to assess whether apical transportation and /or aberration in root canal morphology occurred . The initial and final images of the central axis of the canals were compared by superimposition through computerized analysis and with the aid of magnification . The specimens were analyzed by 3 evaluators , whose calibration was checked using the Kendall agreement test . RESULTS No apical transportation or aberration in root canal morphology occurred in any of the teeth ; therefore , no statistical analysis was conducted . CONCLUSIONS Neither the manual instruments nor the PathFile or Mtwo rotary instruments used to create a glide path had any influence on the occurrence of apical transportation or produced any canal aberration AIM To investigate instrumentation time , working safety and the shaping ability of two rotary nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) systems ( Alpha System and ProTaper Universal ) in comparison to stainless steel h and instruments . METHODOLOGY A total of 45 mesial root canals of extracted human m and ibular molars were selected . On the basis of the degree of curvature the matched teeth were allocated r and omly into three groups of 15 teeth each . In group 1 root canals were prepared to size 30 using a st and ardized manual preparation technique ; in group 2 and 3 rotary NiTi instruments were used following the manufacturers ' instructions . Instrumentation time and procedural errors were recorded . With the aid of pre- and postoperative radiographs , apical straightening of the canal curvature was determined . Photographs of the coronal , middle and apical cross-sections of the pre- and postoperative canals were taken , and superimposed using a st and ard software . Based on these composite images the portion of uninstrumented canal walls was evaluated . RESULTS Active instrumentation time of the  Alpha System  was significantly reduced compared with ProTaper Universal and h and instrumentation ( P < 0.05 ; anova ) . No instrument fractures occurred in any of the groups . The Alpha System revealed significantly less apical straightening compared with the other instruments ( P < 0.05 ; Mann-Whitney U test ) . In the apical cross-sections Alpha System result ed in significantly less uninstrumented canal walls compared with stainless steel files ( P < 0.05 ; chi-squared test ) . CONCLUSION Despite the demonstrated differences between the systems , an apical straightening effect could not be prevented ; areas of uninstrumented root canal wall were left in all regions using the various systems INTRODUCTION The aim of any root canal treatment is to achieve a canal free of micro organisms , residual pulp remnants , debris and smear layer for the long term success of the procedure . Manual and automated instrumentation techniques along with proper irrigation regime is used to arrive at the aforementioned goal . Many authors focused on the preparation capabilities of various manual and rotary instruments but very few investigators stressed on the actual cleaning abilities of these instruments . AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to evaluate the cleaning efficiency of manual K flex files and rotary Pro File systems in the root canals using a scanning electron microscope . MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty single rooted m and ibular first premolars were divided into two groups and r and omized ( the manual group-M and the ProFile group-P ) with respect to the preparation technique . The Manual group was h and instrumented with stainless steel K- Flexofiles by means of a conventional filing technique . The Pro File group was instrumented according to the manufacturer 's instructions using a rotary h and piece . All canals were shaped and cleaned under frequent irrigation with EDTA . Final irrigation was carried out with 3 mL of normal saline solution to neutralize the action of the irrigant . The roots were split , one half of each tooth was selected for further SEM technique analysis and examined under the scanning electron microscope . The canal walls were quantitatively evaluated for the amount of debris and smear layer . The apical , middle and coronal regions of the canal surface , were grade d ( 1 - 5 ) for debris and smear layer . A statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test . ProFile performed least effective cleaning . Manual K-Flexofiles led to a grooved pattern . RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A statistically significant difference was observed ( p<0.05 ) between the two instrumentation techniques concerning the amount of debris and smear layer at the apical level . The manually filed canals had less debris and smear layer than those using a rotary technique . It was concluded from this study that none of the instrumentation techniques employed , produced the canal walls which were free of surface debris and smear layer . The manual instrumentation technique was better in cleaning the canals compared to the ProFile rotary Ni-Ti instruments despite the step-back technique used for manual instrumentation . How to cite this article : Manjunatha M , Kini A , Sudhakar V , Sunil K V C , Hiremath V K , Shah A. Smear Layer Evaluation on Root Canal Preparation with Manual and Rotary Techniques using EDTA as an Irrigant : A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study . J Int Oral Health 2013 ; 5(1):66 - 78 BACKGROUND The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare canal transportation and centering ability of Twisted and Hyflex Rotary Files with stainless steel h and k-flexofiles by using Spiral Computed Tomography . MATERIAL S & METHODS A total of 90 freshly extracted human m and ibular single rooted Premolar teeth were selected . The crowns were flattened with steel disks and a final dimension of 18-mm WL was achieved for each tooth . Canals were divided r and omly into 3 groups of 30 teeth each . Group I : Hyflex files , Group II : Twisted files , Group III : stainless steel h and k-flexofiles . Three sections from apical , mid-root , and coronal levels of the canal were recorded . All the teeth were scanned before and after instrumentation by using Spiral Computed Tomography . RESULTS K-files showed highest transportation and less centered when compared to the Twisted and Hyflex rotary files . No significant difference was found between TF and Hyflex CM instruments . CONCLUSION TF and Hyflex files shaped curved root canals without significant shaping errors when compared to the H and stainless steel k-flexofiles . How to cite this article : Kumar BS , Pattanshetty S , Prasad M , Soni S , Pattanshetty KS , Prasad S. An in-vitro Evaluation of canal transportation and centering ability of two rotary Nickel Titanium systems ( Twisted Files and Hyflex files ) with conventional stainless Steel h and K-flexofiles by using Spiral Computed Tomography . J Int Oral Health 2013;5(5):108 - 15 The purpose of the present study is to evaluate smear layer generation and residual debris after using self-adjusting file ( SAF ) or rotary instrumentation and to compare the debris and smear layer removal efficacy of the SAF cleaning/shaping irrigation system against final agitation techniques . One hundred and eight maxillary lateral incisor teeth were r and omly divided into nine experimental groups ( n = 12 ) , and root canals were prepared using ProTaper Universal rotary files , with the exception of the SAF instrumentation group . During instrumentation , root canals were irrigated with a total of 16 mL of 5 % NaOCl . For final irrigation , rotary-instrumented groups were irrigated with 10 mL of 17 % EDTA and 10 mL of 5 % NaOCl using different irrigation agitation regimens ( syringe irrigation with needles , NaviTip FX , manual dynamic irrigation , CanalBrush , EndoActivator , EndoVac , passive ultrasonic irrigation ( PUI ) , and SAF irrigation ) . In the SAF instrumentation group , root canals were instrumented for 4 min at a rate of 4 mL/min with 5 % NaOCl and received a final flush with same as syringe irrigation with needles . The surface of the root dentin was observed using a scanning electron microscope . The SAF instrumentation group generated less smear layer and yielded cleaner canals compared to rotary instrumentation . The EndoActivator , EndoVac , PUI , and SAF irrigation groups increased the efficacy of irrigating solutions on the smear layer and debris removal . The SAF instrumentation yielded cleaner canal walls when compared to rotary instrumentation . None of the techniques completely removed the smear layer from the root canal walls INTRODUCTION : The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of dentine removed after canal preparation using stainless steel ( SS ) h and instruments or rotary ProFile instruments . MATERIAL S AND METHODS : Thirty-six extracted human teeth with root canal curvatures less than 30º were embedded in clear polyester resin . The roots were cut horizontally at apical 2 , 4 and 7 mm . Dentin thickness was measured at each section and the sections were accurately reassembled using a muffle . Root canals were r and omly prepared by SS h and instruments or rotary ProFile instruments . Root sections were again separated , and the remaining dentin thickness was measured . Mann-Whitney U and t tests were performed for analytic comparison of the results . RESULTS : The thickness of removed dentin was significantly different between the two used methods ( P<0.05 ) . Significantly greater amounts of dentin was removed mesially in all sections in h and instrumentation group ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION : ProFile rotary instrumentation prepares root canals with a greater conservation of tooth structure AIM To prospect ively determine the incidence of nickel-titanium rotary instrument fracture in an endodontic clinical practice setting . METHODOLOGY Eleven second year endodontic residents , using four nickel-titanium rotary instrument systems ( ProFile , ProTaper , GTRotary and K3Endo )  according to the recommendations of the manufacturers , instrumented 3181 canals in 1403 teeth of 1235 patients , in a dental school post-graduate endodontic clinic , in 1 year . The incidence of instrument fracture was determined based on the number of instruments used . When fracture occurred , data were collected concerning the type , size , taper and prior use of the fractured instruments , the length and location of the fragment within the root canal and the curvature of the canal . RESULTS The overall incidence of instrument fracture was 0.39 % . The incidence of fracture for ProFile , ProTaper , GTRotary and K3Endo files was 0.28 % , 0.41 % , 0.39 % and 0.52 % , respectively . There was no statistically significant difference between instrument systems . The percentage of teeth in which instruments fractured was 1.9 % ( 0.28 % for anterior teeth , 1.56 % for pre-molars and 2.74 % for molars ) . A total of 26 instruments fractured , of which 23 had tapers of 0.06 or greater . Most of the fragments were located in the apical third of the root canal , and both the median and mode amongst the fragment lengths were 2 mm . CONCLUSIONS The low incidence of nickel-titanium rotary instrument fracture supports the continued use of these instruments in root canal treatment INTRODUCTION : Pulpectomy of primary teeth is commonly carried out with h and files and broaches ; a tricky and time consuming procedure . The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the cleaning efficacy and time taken for instrumentation of deciduous molars using h and K-files and Flex Master rotary system . MATERIAL S AND METHODS : In this study , 68 canals of 23 extracted primary molars with at least two third intact roots and 7 - 12 mm length were selected . After preparing an access cavity , K-file size # 15 was introduced into the root canal and India ink was injected with an insulin syringe . Sixty sample s were r and omly divided in to experimental groups in group I ( n=30 ) , root canals were prepared with h and K-files ; in group II ( n=30 ) , rotary Flex Master files were used for instrumentation , and in group III 8 remained sample s were considered as negative controls . After clearing and root sectioning , the removal of India ink from cervical , middle , and apical thirds was scored . Data was analyzed using student 's T-test and Mann-Whitney U test . RESULTS : There was no significant difference between experimental groups cleaning efficacy at the cervical , middle and apical root canal thirds . Only the coronal third scored higher in the h and instrumented group ( P<0.001 ) . Instrumentation with Flex Master rotary files was significantly less time consuming ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION : Although there was no difference in cleanliness efficacy at the apical and middle thirds , the coronal third was more effectively cleaned with h and files . Predictably , time efficiency was a significant advantage with rotary technique AIM The purpose of this study was to compare the periapical healing of molar root canal treatment using two instrumentation techniques . METHODS A total of 225 maxillary and m and ibular first and second permanent molars endodontically treated by undergraduate or postgraduate students were r and omly selected from a computerized hospital data base of which 110 molars had been prepared using a hybrid rotary technique with nickel-titanium instruments ( group NR ) and 115 with h and stainless steel files ( group HF ) . Patients were recalled and the teeth were examined both clinical ly and radiographically for signs of periapical inflammation . RESULTS Some 19 % and 39 % of teeth in the NR and HF group , respectively , were judged to have some form of procedural errors . A higher rate of periapical healing was noted for NR ( 77 % ) than the HF group ( 60 % ) ( p < 0.05 ) . Factors contributing favorably to treatment outcome included the use of rotary technique , maxillary molar , experienced operator , and absence of preoperative radiolucent lesion . CONCLUSION There was a higher incidence of procedural errors and a lower success rate for primary root canal treatment of teeth prepared with stainless steel files compared with the use of NiTi instruments in a continuous reaming action This study histologically compared the in vivo debridement efficacy of h and /rotary canal preparation versus a h and /rotary/ultrasound technique in mesial root canals of vital m and ibular molars . Group 1 consisted of 16 teeth prepared with a h and /rotary technique  whereas group 2 consisted of 15 teeth  prepared in similar fashion but followed by 1 min of ultrasonic irrigation , per canal , utilizing an ultrasonic needle in a MiniEndo unit . Five uninstrumented m and ibular molars served as histologic controls . After extraction and histologic preparation , 0.5 microm cross-sections , taken every 0.2 mm from the 1- to 3-mm apical levels , were evaluated for percentage of tissue removal . Nonparametric analysis revealed mean percent canal and isthmus cleanliness values to be significantly higher for group 2 at all levels evaluated , except one . In conclusion , the 1 min use of the ultrasonic needle after h and /rotary instrumentation result ed in significantly cleaner canals and isthmuses in the mesial roots of m and ibular molars INTRODUCTION Oval-shaped root canals might represent a great challenge for proper disinfection . This study compared the capability of a newly developed instrument , the self-adjusting file ( SAF ) , and rotary nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) instrumentation to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis population s from long oval root canals of extracted human teeth . As a secondary purpose , the ability of a modification in sampling technique to recover bacteria lodged in recesses of oval canals was evaluated . METHODS Long oval canals from m and ibular incisors and maxillary second premolars were infected with E. faecalis ( ATCC 29212 ) for 30 days and then r and omly distributed into 2 experimental groups . In group 1 , canals were prepared up to a 40/04 rotary BioRaCe instrument by using irrigation with NaviTip needles ; in group 2 , canals were prepared by using the SAF system with continuous irrigation . NaOCl and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were used as irrigants . Bacteriologic sample s were taken before ( S1 ) and after preparation ( S2a and S2b ) . RESULTS Reduction in the bacterial population s was highly significant in both groups ( P < .001 ) . Preparation of long oval canals with the SAF was significantly more effective than rotary NiTi instrumentation in reducing intracanal E. faecalis counts ( P = .01 ) . Frequency of positive cultures in S2 sample s was 11 of 20 ( 55 % ) for rotary instrumentation and 4 of 20 ( 20 % ) for SAF instrumentation ( P = .048 ) . S2b sample s ( modified method ) yielded more positive sample s than S2a ( 12/40 vs 5/40 ) , but this difference reached no statistical significance ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The SAF system was significantly more effective than rotary NiTi instrumentation used with syringe/needle irrigation in disinfecting long oval root canals in vitro . A modified sampling technique might be necessary for oval canals BACKGROUND To investigate and compare the post-obturation pain after one-visit and two-visit root canal treatment in non-vital anterior teeth . MATERIAL S & METHODS One hundred forty eight patients requiring root canal therapy on permanent anterior non-vital teeth with single root were included in this study . Patients were r and omly assigned to either the one-appointment or the twoappointment group . The st and ardized protocol for all the teeth involved local anesthesia , isolation and access , engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium canal instrumentation with 2.5 % NaOCl irrigation and obturation . Teeth in group 1 ( n = 74 ) were obturated during the first appointment by using laterally condensed gutta-percha and resin sealer . Teeth in group 2 ( n = 74 ) were given closed dressing and were obturated during the second appointment , 7 to 14 days later . A modified Visual Analogue Scale was used to measure pain after 6 hours , 24 hours , 48 hours and 7 days after the treatment . Statistical analysis was done to compare groups at each interval by using an independent- sample s t test . RESULTS The incidence and intensity of post-obturation pain in both Group ' A ' and Group ' B ' gradually reduced over the study period . When the incidence of pain was compared in the single and two visit group , it was found that the single-visit group experienced slightly less pain than the two-visit group during all study intervals , but the difference found was not statistically significant . CONCLUSION There was no difference in postoperative pain between patients treated in only one appointment and patients treated in two appointments . The majority of patients in both groups reported no pain or only minimal pain after 7 days of treatment . How to cite the article : Rao KN , K and aswamy R , Umashetty G , Rathore VP , Hotkar C , Patil BS . Post-Obturation pain following one-visit and two-visit root canal treatment in necrotic anterior teeth . J Int Oral Health 2014;6(2):28 - 32 Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare in-vitro the amount of debris extruded apically from extracted teeth , using K3 , Protaper rotary instruments and manual step-back technique . Methods Forty five human single-rooted m and ibular premolar teeth were r and omly divided into 3 groups . The teeth in 3 groups were instrumented until reaching the working length with K3 , Protaper rotary instruments and K-type stainless steel instruments with manual step-back technique , respectively . Debris extruded from the apical foramen was collected into centrifuge tubes and the amount was determined . The data obtained were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests , with P=.05 as the level for statistical significance . Results Statistically significant difference was observed between K3 , Protaper and step-back groups in terms of debris extrusion ( P<.05 ) . Step-back group had the highest mean debris weight , which was significantly different from the K3 and Protaper groups ( P<.05 ) . The lowest mean debris weight was related to K3 group , which was significantly different from the Protaper group ( P<.05 ) . Conclusions : Based on the results , all instrumentation techniques produced debris extrusion . The engine-driven Ni-Ti systems extruded significantly less apical debris than step-back technique . However , Protaper rotary instruments extruded significantly more debris than K3 rotary instruments The purpose of this study was to compare the micropush-out bond strength of Resilon to that of gutta-percha . Extracted human anterior teeth were used for evaluation . The crowns were removed and the root canals were instrumented with Gates Glidden drills and 0.06 Profile rotary files . Instrumentation was performed with 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite irrigation and a final rinse of 17 % EDTA . The teeth were r and omly divided into two groups . Gutta-percha group : obturation with gutta-percha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT . Resilon group : obturation with Resilon points , Epiphany Primer , and Root Canal Sealant . The teeth were cut perpendicular to their long axis to obtain a series of 1.0 mm thick disks ( n = 15 per group ) . Micropush-out bond strengths to root canal dentin were measured . The results show that the mean bond strength to root canal dentin was significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) in the Resilon/Epiphany group as compared to the gutta-percha/Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT group AIM The aim of this study was to assess the clinical perfomance of a cordless h and piece with a built-in apex locator - the Tri Auto ZX - design ed for root canal preparation with nickel-titanium rotary files . METHODOLOGY Twenty-five human maxillary incisor and canine teeth scheduled for extraction with mature apices were selected for the study . Informed written consent was obtained from each patient before treatment . After administration of local anaesthesia , the teeth were isolated and the pulp cavities accessed . The Tri Auto ZX along with a size 15 K-file was used in its electronic apex locating function based on the manufacturer 's recommendations . A periapical radiograph with the file at the electronically determined constriction was taken , the file removed and the measurement registered as the electronic length ( EL ) . To test the auto reverse function , a size 20 ProFile.04 taper NiTi rotary instrument was mounted in the h and piece . The point for the auto apical reverse function was preset on the panel at the 0.5 mm level . After the file was introduced into the canal and reached the predetermined level , the file automatically stopped and rotated in the opposite direction . A reference point was marked and this measurement was registered as the auto reverse length ( ARL ) . All measurements were made twice by two different investigators . Teeth were then extracted and immersed in a 20 % formalin solution for 48 h. After fixation , a size 15 file was inserted into the canal to measure the actual root canal length from the same reference point obtained with the Tri Auto ZX to the apical foramen , as seen in the stereo microscope . When the file tip was visible at the anatomical end of the canal it was withdrawn 0.5 mm and this measurement was registered as the actual length ( AL ) . All measurements were expressed in mm and the measuring accuracy was set to 0.5 mm . The significance of the mean differences between EL and ARL and between EL and AL measurements at the 5 % confidence level was evaluated . RESULTS EL measurements were coincident to ARL in all instances . EL and ARL were coincident to AL in 10 ( 40 % ) canals , in the remaining 15 canals ( 60 % ) the AL measurements were longer than EL and ARL ( + 0.5 mm ) in 14 instances and shorter ( -0.5 mm ) in one case . Overall , the AL was longer than the EL or ARL , the mean difference being -0.23 mm + /- 0.32 ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the Tri Auto ZX was useful and reliable . The Tri Auto ZX measurements protected against overpreparation The purpose of this study was to compare intracanal bacterial reduction on teeth instrumented with 0.04 tapered nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) rotary instrumentation to bacterial reduction when using a stainless-steel K-file step-back technique using sterile saline irrigation .  Forty-eight patients with apical periodontitis were r and omly assigned treatment type . The canals were sample d before , during , and after instrumentation . The sample s were incubated anaerobically for 7 days at 37 degrees C , colony-forming unit numbers calculated , and a log transformation performed to normalize the counts . Teeth exhibiting apical periodontitis were uniformly infected , whereas vital control teeth were not . A similar and uniform reduction occurred with progressive filing , regardless of technique ( p < 0.0001 ) . There was no detectable difference in colony-forming unit count after NiTi rotary or stainless-steel h and instrumentation ( p = 0.42 ) . Neither technique could predictably render canals free of bacteria . The results of this study indicate NiTi rotary and stainless-steel h and K-file step-back instrumentation techniques were not significantly different in their ability to reduce intracanal bacteria Background . Efficient canal preparation is the key to successful root canal treatment . This study aim ed to assess the cleaning and shaping ability , preparation time and file deformation of rotary , reciprocating and manual instrumentation in canal preparation of primary molars . Methods . The mesiobuccal canals of 64 extracted primary m and ibular second molars were injected with India ink . The sample s were r and omly divided into one control and three experimental groups . Experimental groups were instrumented with K-file , Mtwo in continuous rotation and Reciproc in reciprocating motion , respectively . The control group received no treatment . The files were discarded after four applications . Shaping ability was evaluated using CBCT . After clearing , ink removal was scored . Preparation time and file fracture or deformation was also recorded . Data were analyzed with SPSS 19 using chi-squared , Fisher ’s exact test , Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc tests at a significance level of 0.05 . Results . Considering cleanliness , at coronal third Reciproc was better than K-file ( P < 0.001 ) , but not more effective than Mtwo ( P = 0.080 ) . Furthermore , Mtwo leaved the canal cleaner than K-file ( P = 0.001 ) . In the middle third , only Reciproc exhibited better cleaning efficacy than K-file ( P = 0.005 ) . In the apical third , no difference was detected between the groups ( P = 0.794 ) . Regarding shaping ability , no differences were found between Reciproc and Mtwo ( P = 1.00 ) . Meanwhile , both displayed better shaping efficacy than K-file ( P < 0.05 ) . Between each two groups , there were differences in preparation time ( P < 0.05 ) , with Reciproc being the fastest . No file failure occurred . Conclusion . Fast and sufficient cleaning and shaping could be achieved with Mtwo and especially with Reciproc INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the prepared surface areas of oval-shaped canals in distal roots of m and ibular molars using four different instrumentation techniques . METHODS Teeth were prescanned and reconstructed using micro-computed tomography ( MCT ) scans at low resolution ( 68 microm ) . Forty-eight molars with ribbon-shaped/oval distal root canals were selected and r and omly assigned to four groups . Distal canals ( n = 12 each ) were prepared by circumferential filing using Hedström files to apical size # 40 ( group H/CF ) ; with ProTaper nickel-titanium rotaries to finishing file 4 ( F4 ) considering the distal canal as 1 canal ( group PT/1 ) ; ProTaper to F4 considering buccal and oral aspects of the distal canal as 2 individual canals ( group PT/2 ) ; ProTaper to F4 in a circumferential filing motion ( PT/CF ) . Before and after shaping , teeth were evaluated using MCT at 34-microm resolution . The percentage of prepared surface was assessed for the full canal length and the apical 4 mm . Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and Bonferroni/Dunn multiple comparisons . RESULTS Preoperatively , canal anatomy was statistically similar among the groups ( p = 0.56 ) . Mean ( + /- st and ard deviation ) untreated areas ranged from 59.6 % ( + /-14.9 , group PT/2 ) to 79.9 % ( + /-10.3 , PT/1 ) for the total canal length and 65.2 % to 74.7 % for the apical canal portion , respectively . Canals in group PT/1 had greater untreated surface areas ( p < 0.01 ) than groups PT/2 and PT/CF . Among all groups , amounts of treated surface areas were statistically similar in the apical 4 mm . CONCLUSIONS Preparations of oval-shaped root canals in m and ibular molars left a variable portion of surface area unprepared regardless of the instrumentation technique used . However , considering oval canals as two separate entities during preparation appeared to be beneficial in increasing overall prepared surface
Conclusion Rotary instrumentation shows equivalent cleaning efficiency than h and files depending on the system of instrumentation and techniques used .
However , use of rotary in primary teeth leads to improved shaping of canals providing better quality of treatment in less time .
Aim To develop a scientifically current and evidence based protocol on the efficacy of rotary and h and root canal instrumentation in primary teeth .
How to cite this article Panchal V , Jeevan and an G , et al. Comparison between the Effectiveness of Rotary and Manual Instrumentation in Primary Teeth : A Systematic Review .