Antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of dietary black sesame meal in pre-hypertensive humans Effect of Sesame Oil on Diuretics or ß-blockers in the Modulation of Blood Pressure, Anthropometry, Lipid Profile, and Redox Status A pilot study of open label sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics. Effect of sesame seed on lipid profile and redox status in hyperlipidemic patients Evaluation of flaxseed formulation as a potential therapeutic agent in mitigation of dyslipidemia Olive and Sesame Oil Effect on Lipid Profile in Hypercholesterolemic Patients, Which Better? The combination of vitamin C and grape-seed polyphenols increases blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Ardeh (Sesamum indicum) could improve serum triglycerides and atherogenic lipid parameters in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols on the rate of blood pressure variation: results of two randomised controlled trials. Comprehensive nutrition plan improves cardiovascular risk factors in essential hypertension. Dietary Flavonoids Added to Pharmacological Antihypertensive Therapy are Effective in Improving Blood Pressure A comparison of dietary and non-dietary factors of hypertension and normal blood pressure in a Chinese population Dietetic guidelines: diet in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Can guava fruit intake decrease blood pressure and blood lipids? Sesame supplementation does not improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in overweight men and women. A call for quality research on salt intake and health: from the World Hypertension League and supporting organizations. Legacy Effect of Delayed Blood Pressure-Lowering Pharmacotherapy in Middle-Aged Individuals Stratified by Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Protocol for a Systematic Review Sesame ingestion affects sex hormones, antioxidant status, and blood lipids in postmenopausal women. Plasma lipids and hypertension: response to calcium supplementation. Diet, lifestyle, and blood pressure of the middle-aged and elderly in the Guangxi Bai Ku Yao and Han populations. DASH Diet Lowers Blood Pressure and Lipid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Obesity Increased potassium intake from fruit and vegetables or supplements does not lower blood pressure or improve vascular function in UK men and women with early hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Protein Foods Group and 3-Year Incidence of Hypertension: A Prospective Study From Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
Background It has been known that hypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries . Elevation of blood pressure ( BP ) increases the adverse effect for cardiovascular outcomes . Prevention of increased BP plays a crucial role in a reduction of those outcomes , leading to a decrease in mortality . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary black sesame meal on BP and oxidative stress in individuals with prehypertension . Methods Twenty-two women and eight men ( aged 49.8 ± 6.6 years ) with prehypertension were r and omly divided into two groups , 15 subjects per group . They ingested 2.52 g black sesame meal capsules or placebo capsules each day for 4 weeks . Blood sample s were obtained after overnight fasting for measurement of plasma lipid , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and vitamin E levels . Anthropometry , body composition and BP were measured before and after 4-week administration of black sesame meal or a placebo . Results The results showed that 4-week administration of black sesame meal significantly decreased systolic BP ( 129.3 ± 6.8 vs. 121.0 ± 9.0 mmHg , P < 0.05 ) and MDA level ( 1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol/L , P < 0.05 ) , and increased vitamin E level ( 29.4 ± 6.0 vs. 38.2 ± 7.8 μmol/L , P < 0.01 ) . In the black sesame meal group , the change in SBP tended to be positively related to the change in MDA ( R = 0.50 , P = 0.05 ) , while the change in DBP was negatively related to the change in vitamin E ( R = -0.55 , P < 0.05 ) . There were no correlations between changes in BP and oxidative stress in the control group . Conclusions These results suggest the possible antihypertensive effects of black sesame meal on improving antioxidant status and decreasing oxidant stress . These data may imply a beneficial effect of black sesame meal on prevention of CVD The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive patients who were on antihypertensive therapy either with diuretics ( hydrochlorothiazide ) or ß-blockers ( atenolol ) . Thirty-two male and 18 female patients aged 35 to 60 years old were supplied sesame oil ( Idhayam gingelly oil ) and instructed to use it as the only edible oil for 45 days . Blood pressure , anthropometry , lipid profile , lipid peroxidation , and enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution . Substitution of sesame oil brought down systolic and diastolic blood pressure to normal . The same patients were asked to withdraw sesame oil consumption for another 45 days , and the measurements were repeated at the end of withdrawal period . Withdrawal of sesame oil substitution brought back the initial blood pressure values . A significant reduction was noted in body weight and body mass index ( BMI ) upon sesame oil substitution . No significant alterations were observed in lipid profile except triglycerides . Plasma levels of sodium reduced while potassium elevated upon the substitution of sesame oil .  Lipid peroxidation ( thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [ TBARS ] ) decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) , catalase ( CAT ) , and the levels of vitamin C , vitamin E , ß-carotene , and reduced glutathione ( GSH ) were increased . The results suggested that sesame oil as edible oil lowered blood pressure , decreased lipid peroxidation , and increased antioxidant status in hypertensive patients The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame oil in hypertensive diabetics medicated with atenolol ( beta-blocker ) and glibenclamide ( sulfonylurea ) .  This open label trial with two intervention periods comprised 22 male and 18 female patients , 45 - 65 years old , with mild to moderate hypertension and diabetes .  Sesame oil ( Idhayam Gingelly oil , V.V.V. & Sons , Virudhunagar , Tamilnadu , India ) was supplied to the patients , who were instructed to use it in place of other cooking oils for 45 days . Blood pressure ( BP ) , anthropometric measurements , plasma glucose , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , lipid profiles [ total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglycerides ( TG ) ] , lipid peroxidation [ thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ) ] , electrolytes ( sodium , potassium , and chloride ) , and enzymic ( superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and catalase ) and nonenzymic ( vitamin C , vitamin E , beta-carotene , and reduced glutathione ) antioxidants were measured at baseline and after 45 days of sesame oil substitution . The same patients were then switched over to other oils like palm or groundnut oils as their regular oils at r and om for another 45 days , and the investigations were carried out again at the end . Systolic and diastolic BP decreased remarkably . When oil substitution was withdrawn , BP values rose again . Body weight , body mass index , girth of waist , girth of hip , and waist : hip ratio were reduced upon substitution of sesame oil .  Plasma glucose , HbA1c , TC , LDL-C , and TG were decreased . TBARS level was reduced , while the activities of enzymic and the levels of nonenzymic antioxidants were increased . Plasma sodium levels were reduced , while potassium levels were elevated . These results indicate that substitution of sesame oil as the sole edible oil has an additive effect in further lowering BP and plasma glucose in hypertensive diabetics Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease . This study was design ed to investigate the effects of sesame on reducing serum lipids and enhancing antioxidant capacity in 38 hyperlipidemic patients who were divided into two groups r and omly . For all individuals along the 60 days of study period , the same drug treatments were considered . Intervention group patients were supposed to eat 40 g white sesame seeds daily , and instead of these calories , 240 kcal was removed from their diet . Anthropometric measurements including height , weight and body mass index ( BMI ) were measured . We assessed lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione peroxidase ( GPX ) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) before and after the intervention . Significant differences among and between the groups were determined by independent t-test and paired sample t-test using 13th version of statistical package for the social sciences . The results showed that the diet with sesame significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol ( TC ) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) and TC/HDL-C ratio . Lipid peroxidation ( TBARS ) decreased while the activities of GPX and SOD were increased . There were no significant changes in anthropometric indexes such as weight and BMI after consumption of sesame . The results suggested that sesame seed supplementation decreased serum TC , LDL-C and lipid peroxidation , and increased antioxidant status in hyperlipidemic patients Background : Cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are an increasing health problem all over the world . The search for natural hypolipidemic agents that can be used besides the synthetic drugs is still in its experimental stage . Plant seeds , particularly flaxseed ( Linum usitatissimum ) , which is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids , lignans and phenolic compounds , have also received increasing attention for their potential role in preventing lipid disorders . The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of flaxseeds in dyslipidemia . Methods : The study included 50 dyslipidemic subjects selected by purposive r and om sampling and were divided into two groups , a control and an experimental group . Both the groups were prescribed similar dietary guidelines . Subjects in the experimental group received 30 g of roasted flaxseed powder for 3 months . Anthropometric parameters , blood pressure , and blood lipid profile were estimated before the study and after completion of the study . Results : Flaxseed supplementation result ed in a remarkable improvement in anthropometric measurements , blood pressure , and lipid profile in the experimental group . Body weight and body mass index ( BMI ) of the experimental group were significantly reduced ( p < 0.01 ) . A lowering of systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.05 ) was also recorded in the dyslipidemic subjects . Concomitantly , a highly significant reduction ( p < 0.01 ) in total cholesterol , triglycerides , low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( VLDL-C ) levels , with simultaneous elevation ( p < 0.01 ) in high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) levels was observed . Improvement in lipid levels result ed in reduction of atherogenic indices . Conclusions : The supplementation of roasted flaxseed powder for 3 months improved the BMI , blood pressure , and lipid profile of dyslipidemic subjects , thus exhibiting cardio protective effect Background : The study on natural substances especially , dietary components such as liquid oils affecting cholesterol can be important for therapeutic propose . Sesame seeds with various biomedical actions can be control the hypercholesterolemia . On the other h and , olive oil has a wide range of therapeutic effect on lipid profile in human . The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare lipid profile changes after olive and sesame oils consumption in hypercholesterolemia . Methods : This study was a clinical r and omized trial that was performed via parallel design on 48 patients . The patients were r and omly allocated in to two groups : A : olive oil and B : sesame oil . After 1 month prescription of Step I National Cholesterol Education Program diet , patients consumed 4 table spoons aprox . 60 g ) of refined olive or sesame oil daily as an exchange of other oils , for 1 month . Lipid profiles The P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference . Results : Out of 48 patients , 24 ( 50 % ) were men . The mean age was 41.7 ± 8.3 years . The mean of total cholesterol , triglyceride ( TG ) , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , cholesterol , and high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , before oil consumption was 224.5 ± 22 , 256 ± 132 , 132.6 ± 9 , and 44.5 ± 11 mg/dl . After olive oil  consumption cholesterol , TG , LDL-C , weight , waist and BMI were decreased and HDL-C was increased . After sesame oil  consumption cholesterol , TG , LDL-C were significantly decreased . Weight , waist were decreased and HDL-C was increased ( P > 0.05 ) . Conclusions : Sesame oil had equivalent effect on lipid profile in comparison olive oil and lipid profile improvement was better in sesame oil in LDL-C and TG Background There is growing evidence that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction . Thus , dietary antioxidants may beneficially influence blood pressure ( BP ) and endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress . Objective To determine if vitamin C and polyphenols , alone or in combination , can lower BP , improve endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress in hypertensive individuals . Design A total of 69 treated hypertensive individuals with a mean 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure ≥ 125 mmHg participated in a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , factorial trial . Following a 3-week washout , participants received 500 mg/day vitamin C , 1000 mg/day grape-seed polyphenols , both vitamin C and polyphenols , or neither for 6 weeks . At baseline and post-intervention , 24-h ambulatory BP , ultrasound-assessed endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the brachial artery , and markers of oxidative damage , ( plasma and urinary F2-isoprostanes , oxidized low-density lipoproteins and plasma tocopherols ) , were measured . Results A significant interaction between grape-seed and vitamin C treatments for effects on BP was observed . Vitamin C alone reduced systolic BP versus placebo ( −1.8 ± 0.8 mmHg , P = 0.03 ) , while polyphenols did not ( −1.3 ± 0.8 mmHg , P = 0.12 ) . However , treatment with the combination of vitamin C and polyphenols  increased systolic BP ( 4.8 ± 0.9 mmHg versus placebo ; 6.6 ± 0.8 mmHg versus vitamin C ; 6.1 ± 0.9 mmHg versus polyphenols mmHg , each P < 0.0001 ) and diastolic BP ( 2.7 ± 0.6 mmHg , P < 0.0001 versus placebo ; 1.5 ± 0.6 mmHg , P = 0.016 versus vitamin C ; 3.2 ± 0.7 mmHg , P < 0.0001 versus polyphenols ) . Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation , and markers of oxidative damage were not significantly altered . Conclusion Although the mechanism remains to be eluci date d , these results suggest caution for hypertensive subjects taking supplements containing combinations of vitamin C and polyphenols BACKGROUND Data suggest that sesame seeds have properties beneficial to modulating lipid disorders and decreasing cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors . The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ardeh , paste of ground unhulled sesame seeds , on lipid profiles and atherogenic lipid parameters . METHODS This r and omized clinical trial included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes , who were r and omly assigned to one of the two groups : group A ( Ardeh 28 g/d , n = 21 ) and group B ( control , n = 20 ) . After an initial two-week washout period , the patients in group A , replaced a part of their usual breakfast with two tablespoon ( tbsp ) ( ~ 28 g ) Ardeh , while group B patients continued the usual breakfast meal for six weeks ; energy content of both breakfast meals was maintained in the same range . Anthropometric measures , blood pressure , serum levels of total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglycerides ( TG ) , LDL-C , HDL-C , and atherogenic index of plasma ( AIP ; log TG/HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio , and LDL/HDL-C ratio were determined at baseline and six weeks later . RESULTS After six weeks , there were significant decreases in serum TG ( 15.3 mg/dL ) and AIP ( 39 % ) in group A. Moreover , slight decreases in serum TC , LDL-C , and other atherogenic lipid parameters and a mild increase in HDL-C also were observed during Ardeh supplementation . Anthropometric measures and blood pressure were unchanged during the study period in both groups . CONCLUSION Ardeh could have favorable effects in decreasing CVD risk factors in type 2 diabetics High  blood pressure ( BP ) variability  , which may be an important determinant of hypertensive end-organ damage , is emerging as an important predictor of cardiovascular health . Dietary antioxidants can influence BP , but their effects on variability are yet to be investigated . The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of vitamin E , vitamin C and polyphenols on the rate of daytime and night-time ambulatory BP variation . To assess these effects , two r and omised , double-blind , placebo-controlled trials were performed . In the first trial ( vitamin E ) , fifty-eight individuals with type 2 diabetes were given 500 mg/d of RRR-α-tocopherol , 500 mg/d of mixed tocopherols or placebo for 6 weeks . In the second trial  ( vitamin C-polyphenols ) , sixty-nine treated hypertensive individuals were given 500 mg/d of vitamin C , 1000 mg/d of grape-seed polyphenols , both vitamin C and polyphenols , or neither ( placebo ) for 6 weeks . At baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention , 24 h ambulatory BP and rate of measurement-to-measurement BP variation were assessed . Compared with placebo , treatment with α-tocopherol , mixed tocopherols , vitamin C and polyphenols did not significantly alter the rate of daytime or night-time systolic BP , diastolic BP or pulse pressure variation ( P>0·05 ) . Treatment with the vitamin C and polyphenol combination result ed in higher BP variation : the rate of night-time systolic BP variation ( P= 0·022 ) and pulse pressure variation ( P= 0·0036 ) were higher and the rate of daytime systolic BP variation was higher ( P= 0·056 ) . Vitamin E , vitamin C or grape-seed polyphenols did not significantly alter the rate of BP variation . However , the increase in the rate of BP variation suggests that the combination of high doses of vitamin C and polyphenols could be detrimental to treated hypertensive individuals Increased arterial pressure is known to be influenced by a variety of nutrients . Compliance with dietary recommendations for risk reduction is often limited by the complexity of their implementation . In addition , how improvements in total diet , rather than single nutrients , influence concomitant cardiovascular risk factors has not been thoroughly explored . We assessed the effects of a nutritionally complete prepared meal program , the Campbell 's Center for Nutrition and Wellness plan ( CCNW ) , compared with dietary therapy in which participants received a structured nutritional assessment and prescription and selected their own foods , in 101 women and men with mild-to-moderate hypertension . Outcome measures included blood pressure ( BP ) , lipids and lipoproteins , glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , insulin , homocysteine , nutrient intake , compliance , and quality of life . Both dietary interventions significantly lowered BP ( P < .0001 ) , while simultaneously improving the overall cardiovascular risk profile . Significantly greater benefits were observed with the CCNW plan as compared with the participant selected diet in cholesterol and LDL levels ( both P < .0001 ) , LDL : HDL ( P < .001 ) , HbA1c ( P < .05 ) , homocysteine ( P < .001 ) , total nutrient intake ( P < .0001 ) , compliance ( P < .0001 ) , and quality of life ( P < .001 ) . This study demonstrates that improving the total diet to include the full array of recommended dietary guidelines , rather than focusing on single nutrients , has significant benefits for the cardiovascular risk profile of hypertensive persons beyond BP control . Compared with typical dietary therapy , the comprehensive CCNW meal plan has significantly greater effects on multiple cardiovascular risk factors while yielding greater compliance and improved quality of life Epidemiological studies have suggested that the daily intake of flavonoids is associated with a decreased risk of developing cardiovascular disease . Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of the addition of dietary flavonoids ( DF ) to antihypertensive treatment ( AHT ) , based on telmisartan ( Tms ) or captopril ( Cpr ) , on blood pressure ( BP ) , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist/hip ratio , leptin , lipid profile and inflammation in hypertensive young patients . An open‐label , r and omized , controlled trial was performed among 79 patients aged 20–55 years with grade I or grade II systemic arterial hypertension . The subjects were assigned to one of four groups for AHT plus DF during 6 months : Cpr ( n = 14 ) , Cpr + DF ( n = 19 ) , Tms ( n = 25 ) and Tms + DF ( n = 21 ) . DF consisted of dark chocolate , dehydrated red apple and green tea in an infusion to obtain a daily dose of 425.8 ± 13.9 mg epicatechin equivalents . The BP and anthropometric parameters were measured every 2 weeks . Lipid profile , leptin and hsCRP were determined by st and ard methods . The combination AHT‐DF produced an additional and significant reduction in ( i ) SBP/DBP of −5/−4 mmHg , being −7/−5 for Cpr + DF and −4/−3 for Tms + DF ; ( ii ) triglyceride levels ( −30.6 % ) versus AHT alone ( −9.6 % ) ; and ( iii ) leptin : Cpr + DF versus Tms + DF ( p < 0.005 ) . Finally , C‐reactive protein plasma levels were reduced significantly in all groups independently of the applied treatment . We conclude that the addition of flavonoids to pharmacological antihypertensive therapy shows additional benefits on BP , lipid profile , leptin , obesity and inflammation The aim of this study was to compare the differences of dietary and non-dietary factors  in hypertension and normal blood pressure ( BP ) of Chinese urban people . Two cross-sectional population surveys were carried out in Tianjin , one of the three largest cities in China . A total of 2068 subjects aged 35–64 years were selected by a r and om stratified cluster sampling , 367 men and 395 women were hypertensive , and 623 men and 683 women had normal BP .  The diet was assessed by food weighing plus consecutive individual 3-day food records . Health status , health behaviours and anthropomentry were assessed . The whole population had a high sodium and low potassium consumption level . Hypertensive men and women had significantly higher daily dietary sodium intake ( P < 0.05 ) and hypertensive women had higher dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio ( P < 0.01 ) than men and women with normal BP . Age , body mass index , overweight and family history of hypertension were positively related to high BP . dietary sodium intake and dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio were positively associated with high BP . Education level in women and commuting physical activity in men were inversely associated with high BP AIM To produce dietetic guidelines summarizing the systematic review evidence on dietary advice for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease . METHODS The Cochrane Library , MEDLINE and EMBASE were comprehensively search ed for systematic review s on aspects of diet and heart health . Review s were included if they search ed systematic ally for r and omised controlled trials relating to diet and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease . Two members of the UK Heart Health and Thoracic Dietitians Group critically appraised each review . The quality and results of each review were discussed and summarized in a whole group meeting . The guidelines were trialled in seven dietetic departments and modified where necessary . RESULTS Providing evidence -based dietary information ( including increasing omega-3 fat plus fruit and vegetable intake ) to all people after myocardial infa rct ion will save more lives than concentrating dietary advice on those in need of weight loss or lipid lowering . The practice of prioritizing dietetic time to those with raised lipids is out of date since the advent of statin therapy . CONCLUSION There is good systematic review evidence that dietary advice to those with cardiovascular disease can reduce mortality and morbidity as well as modify risk factors .  Dietary advice that does this most effectively should be prioritized A r and omized , single-blind , controlled trial was conducted to examine the effects of guava fruit intake on BPs and blood lipids in patients with essential hypertension . Of 145 hypertensives that entered the trial , 72 patients were assigned to take a soluble fibre and a potassium-rich diet containing 0.5 - 1.0 kg of guava daily ( group A ) and 73 patients to their usual diet ( group B ) , while salt , fat , cholesterol , caffeine and alcohol intake were similar in both groups . Mean age , mean body weight and male sex , were similar , and so were risk factors , mean BPs , mean serum sodium , potassium , calcium , magnesium , triglycerides , cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in both groups . Dietary adherence to guava intake was checked by a question naire . After four weeks of follow-up on an increased consumption of dietary potassium and low sodium/potassium ratio , group A patients were associated with 7.5/8.5 mmHg net decrease in mean systolic and diastolic pressures compared with group B. Increased intake of soluble dietary fibre ( 47.8 + /- 11.5 vs. 9.5 + /- 0.85 g/day ) was associated with a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol ( 7.9 % ) , triglycerides ( 7.0 % ) and an insignificant increase in HDL-cholesterol ( 4.6 % ) with a mild increase in the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol in group A patients compared with group B. It is possible that an increased consumption of guava fruit can cause a substantial reduction in BPs and blood lipids with a lack of decrease in HDL-cholesterol due to its higher potassium and soluble fibre content , respectively BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre- clinical studies suggest that sesame and its lignans induce beneficial changes in risk factors related to cardiovascular disease and increase the bioavailability of mammalian lignans . However , only very few intervention trials have investigated the potential bioactivities of sesame in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of sesame supplementation in humans on blood lipids , blood pressure , systemic oxidative stress , inflammatory biomarkers and mammalian lignan metabolism . METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a r and omized , placebo-controlled cross-over intervention trial at a university research centre . Overweight or obese men and women ( n=33 ) consumed 25g/d of sesame ( approximately 50mg/d of sesame lignan ) and an iso-caloric placebo matched for macronutrient composition for 5 wks each . Each intervention period was preceded by a 4-wk washout period . Blood lipid profiles , day time ambulatory blood pressure , oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and urinary mammalian lignans were measured before and after each intervention . Results are presented as the effect of sesame supplementation relative to placebo .  Urinary excretion of the mammalian lignans , enterolactone and enterodiol , increased by approximately 8-fold ( P<0.001 ) . Blood lipids and blood pressure were not altered . In addition , markers of systemic inflammation ( C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ) and lipid peroxidation ( F(2)-isoprostanes ) were not affected . CONCLUSION Supplementation with 25g/d of sesame can significantly increase the exposure to mammalian lignans . However , this did not cause any improvement in markers of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight or obese men and women Extensive research supports the harmful effects of high dietary sodium.[1 - 11 ] In several animal species , including chimpanzees , diets with added sodium result in increased blood pressure ( BP ) , and , in all setting s , sodium-induced hypertension is harmful.[12 ] Further , in several animal models , increased dietary sodium directly causes inflammation and vascular , cardiac , and renal target organ damage independent of BP.[1 , 13 ] Increased dietary sodium is a procarcinogen for gastric cancer in animal studies and a probable procarcinogen in humans , as shown in epidemiological studies that have found close associations between sodium intake and gastric cancer.[14 , 15 ] Reducing dietary sodium  decreases BP  in adults and children,[1 ] with a linear relationship down to the lowest levels of sodium intake tested in r and omized controlled trials ( about 1200 mg/d of sodium ) . Increased dietary sodium is also associated with increased vascular events in healthy population s and was estimated to cause more than 3 million sodium-related deaths in 2010 ( http://viz.healthmetrics and evaluation.org/gbd-compare/ ) . Reducing dietary sodium  is projected to be one of the most effective ( and cost-effective ) interventions to improve health.[16 ] Major health and scientific organizations around the world have recommended that dietary sodium levels be reduced Background Many national and international guidelines recommend that the initiation of blood pressure (BP)-lowering drug treatment for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) should no longer be based on BP level alone , but on absolute cardiovascular risk . While BP-lowering drug treatment is beneficial in high-risk individuals at any level of elevated BP , clinicians are concerned about legacy effects on patients with low-to-moderate risk and mildly elevated BP who remain “ untreated ” . Objective We aim to investigate the legacy effect of delayed BP-lowering pharmacotherapy in middle-aged individuals ( 45 - 65 years ) with mildly elevated BP ( systolic BP 140 - 159 mmHg and /or diastolic BP 90 - 99 mmHg ) stratified by absolute risk for primary prevention of CVD , but particularly in the low-risk ( < 10 % five-year absolute risk ) group . Methods R and omized trials of BP-lowering therapy versus placebo or pretreated subjects in active comparator studies with posttrial follow-up will be identified using a 2-step process . First , r and omized trials of BP-lowering therapy will be identified by ( 1 ) retrieving the references of trials included in published systematic review s of BP-lowering therapy , ( 2 ) retrieving studies published by the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists ’ Collaboration ( BPLTTC ) , and ( 3 ) checking studies referenced in the 1993 World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension meeting memor and um on BP management . Posttrial follow-up studies will then be identified by forward citation search ing the r and omized trials identified in step 1 through Web of Science . The search will include r and omized controlled trials with at least 1-year in-trial period and a posttrial follow-up phase . Age is the major determinant of absolute cardiovascular risk , so the participants in our review will be restricted to middle-aged adults who are more likely to have a lower cardiovascular risk profile . The primary outcome will be all-cause mortality . Secondary outcomes will include cardiovascular mortality , fatal stroke , fatal myocardial infa rct ion , and death due to heart failure . Results The search es for existing systematic review s and BPLTTC studies were piloted and modified . The study is expected to be completed before June 2018 . Conclusions The findings of this study will contribute to the body of knowledge concerning the beneficial , neutral , or harmful effects of delayed BP-lowering drug treatment on the primary prevention of CVD in patients with mildly elevated BP and low-to-moderate CVD risk . Trial Registration PROSPERO International Prospect i ve Register of Systematic Review s : CRD42017058414 ; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO /display_record.asp?ID = CRD42017058414 ( Archived by WebCite ® at http://www.webcitation.org/6t6sa8O2Q Sesame ingestion has been shown to improve blood lipids in humans and antioxidative ability in animals . Sesamin , a sesame lignan , was recently reported to be converted by intestinal microflora to enterolactone , a compound with estrogenic activity and also an enterometabolite of flaxseed lignans , which are known to be phytoestrogens . Whether sesame can be a source of phytoestrogens is unknown . This study was design ed to investigate the effect of sesame ingestion on blood sex hormones , lipids , tocopherol , and ex vivo LDL oxidation in postmenopausal women . Twenty-six healthy subjects attended , and 24 completed , this r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover study . Half of them consumed 50 g sesame seed powder daily for 5 wk , followed by a 3-wk washout period , then a 5-wk 50-g rice powder placebo period . The other half received the 2 supplements in reverse order . After sesame treatment , plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL-C , the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in oxidized LDL , and serum dehydroepi and rosterone sulfate decreased significantly by 5 , 10 , 6 , 23 , and 18 % , respectively . The ratio of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol to TC increased significantly by 18 and 73 % , respectively . All of these variables differed significantly between the 2 treatments . Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and urinary 2-hydroxyestrone ( n = 8) increased significantly by 15 and 72 % , respectively , after sesame treatment , and these concentrations tended to differ ( P = 0.065 and P = 0.090 , respectively ) from those after the placebo treatment . These results suggest that sesame ingestion benefits postmenopausal women by improving blood lipids , antioxidant status , and possibly sex hormone status Evidence from animal and human studies indicate that calcium supplementation may ameliorate two risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease , hypertension and hyperlipidemia . We sought to characterize dietary fat consumption and plasma lipid profiles in hypertensive and normotensive subjects and plasma lipid responses to supplemental calcium . A r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover protocol was used to assess blood pressure and lipid response to 8 wk of 1000 mg of elemental calcium in 43 hypertensive and 27 normotensive subjects .  Nutrient intakes and plasma lipids were measured repeatedly . Hypertensive female subjects consumed significantly less ( p less than 0.05 ) phosphorus , potassium , and magnesium and had significantly higher triglycerides ( p less than 0.04 ) and lower HDL-cholesterol ( p less than 0.02 ) than did normotensive subjects . There were no significant changes in dietary plasma lipids with calcium supplementation .  Mildly hyperlipidemic normotensive subjects had a significant decrease in total cholesterol ( p less than 0.05 ) . No significant changes in plasma lipids occurred with calcium supplementation in hypertensive subjects BACKGROUND Bai Ku Yao is an isolated subgroup of the Yao minority in China . Little is known about the association of diet and lifestyle with the prevalence of hypertension in this population . METHODS A total of 485 subjects of Bai Ku Yao and 501 participants of Han Chinese aged 40 - 89 were surveyed using stratified r and omized cluster sampling . Information on diet and lifestyle was collected by using st and ard question naires . Blood pressure ( BP ) and serum lipid levels were measured . RESULTS Physical activity levels , carbohydrate , vegetal protein , and dietary fiber intake were higher in Bai Ku Yao than in Han , whereas educational level , height , weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , and total energy , fat , protein , dietary cholesterol , and salt intake were higher in Han than in Bai Ku Yao . Systolic , diastolic , and pulse pressure ( PP ) levels and the prevalence of hypertension ( 21.9 % vs. 28.9 % , P < 0.05)were lower in Bai Ku Yao than in Han . Hypertension was positively correlated with age , physical activity , BMI , and waist circumference , as well as with total energy , fat , and salt intake , and negatively associated with educational levels and dietary fiber intake in both ethnic groups ( P < 0.05 for all ) . Hypertension was also positively correlated with triglycerides ( TGs ) in Bai Ku Yao and alcohol consumption in Han ( P < 0.05 for each ) . CONCLUSIONS The differences in BP levels and the prevalence of hypertension among the middle-aged and elderly between Bai Ku Yao and Han might result from different dietary patterns , lifestyle choices , physical activity levels , sodium intake , and even genetic factors Abstract — Evidence suggests that obesity may raise blood pressure ( BP ) through oxidative stress – sensitive mechanisms and that the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension combination diet ( DASH-CD ) may decrease BP by enhancing antioxidant capacity . To address this question , 12 obese patients with high-normal – to – stage 1 hypertension ( hypertensives ) and 12 lean normotensives were studied on their usual diets and after following the DASH-CD and a low-antioxidant diet in r and om sequence for 4 weeks each . Acute oxidative stress was induced by a 4-hour infusion of intralipid and heparin  . Ferric-reducing activity of plasma ( FRAP ) and plasma F2-isoprostanes were measured as biomarkers of antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress , respectively . BP was lower in obese hypertensives on the DASH-CD than on the usual and low-antioxidant diets ( −8.1±1.5/−7.4±1.6 mm Hg , P < 0.05 ) . BP did not change significantly in lean normotensives after 4 weeks on the DASH-CD but tended to rise on the low-antioxidant diet  . FRAP on usual diets was higher in lean subjects than in obese subjects . FRAP increased in obese but not lean volunteers on the DASH-CD compared with usual diet , and the group difference disappeared . F2-isoprostanes increased from baseline during intralipid and heparin in both groups on the low-antioxidant diet but not in obese hypertensives on the DASH-CD . Among free-living obese hypertensives , the DASH-CD  raises antioxidant capacity , lowers BP , and reduces oxidative stress induced by acute hyperlipidemia . The findings are consistent with evidence that elevated BP in obese subjects may reflect an imbalance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress that is improved by the DASH-CD K-rich fruit and vegetables may lower blood pressure ( BP ) and improve vascular function . A r and omised controlled trial ( IS RCT N50011192 ) with a cross-over design was conducted in free-living participants with early stages of hypertension ( diastolic BP>80 and < 100 mmHg , not receiving BP-lowering medication ) to test this hypothesis . Following a 3-week run-in period on a control diet , each subject completed four dietary 6-week dietary interventions ( control+placebo capsules , an additional 20 or 40 mmol K(+)/d from fruit and vegetables or 40 mmol potassium citrate capsules/d ) using a Latin square design with a washout period ≥ 5 weeks between the treatment periods . Out of fifty-seven subjects who were r and omised , twenty-three male and twenty-five female participants completed the study ; compliance to the intervention was corroborated by food intake records and increased urinary K(+ ) excretion ; plasma lipids , vitamin C , folate and homocysteine concentrations , urinary Na excretion , and body weight remained were unchanged . On the control diet , mean ambulatory 24 h systolic/diastolic BP were 132·3 ( sd 12·0)/81·9 ( ( SD ) 7·9 ) mmHg , and changes ( Bonferroni 's adjusted 95 % CI ) compared with the control on the diets providing 20 and 40 mmol K(+)/d as fruit and vegetables were 0·8 ( - 3·5 , 5·3)/0·8 ( - 1·9 , 3·5 ) and 1·7 ( - 3·0 , 5·3)/1·5 ( - 1·5 , 4·4 ) , respectively , and were 1·8 ( - 2·1 , 5·8)/1·4 ( - 1·6 , 4·4 ) mmHg on the 40 mmol potassium citrate supplement , and were not statistically significant . Arterial stiffness , endothelial function , and urinary and plasma isoprostane and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentrations did not differ significantly between the diets . The present study provides no evidence to support dietary advice to increase K intake above usual UK intakes in the subjects with early stages of hypertension OBJECTIVES Dietary factors play an important role in the development of hypertension ( HTN ) . In this study , we aim ed to determine the possible effect of protein foods group and its subgroups on risk of HTN after 3-year follow-up in Iranian adults . DESIGN Prospect i ve study in framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study . SUBJECTS A total of 1,152 healthy adults , aged 20 to 84 years participated and were followed-up for 3 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE  Usual dietary intake  was assessed using a 168-item vali date semiquantitative food frequency question naire at baseline and again after 3 years . Protein foods group was considered as the sum of meats , poultry , seafood , eggs , beans and peas , nuts , and seeds .  Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after 3 years , and HTN was diagnosed by the seventh report of Joint National Committee on prevention , detection , evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure ( JNC-VII ) . To assess the odds ratio of HTN in each tertile of protein foods group and its subgroup , a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding variables was used . RESULTS Mean age of participants was 36.0 ± 11.2 years , and mean intake of protein foods  group was 855 ± 343 g/week ( range 70.5 - 3,450 g/week ) . After 3 years of follow-up , the incidence of HTN was 12.5 % . There was no significant association between dietary intakes of the protein foods group , meats , poultry , seafood , beans and peas , and nuts and seeds and the occurrence of HTN over 3 years . However , 3-year incidence of HTN was significantly decreased in the highest tertile of eggs in compared with the lowest ( odds ratio : 0.54 ; 95 % confidence interval : 0.32 - 0.91 ; P for trend = .02 ) . CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that egg consumption could have favorable effect against development of HTN
The two articles that evaluated individuals with dyslipidemia showed improvement in lipid profile .
The mechanisms of action are still being studied .
ABSTRACT In this systematic review , we discuss the scientific evidence about the effect of dietary intake of seeds and sesame derivatives on lipid profile and blood pressure ( BP ) of hypertensive and dyslipidemic individuals .