Acute effects of feeding fructose, glucose and sucrose on blood lipid levels and systemic inflammation The Effects of Physiologic Amounts of Simple Sugars on Lipoprotein, Glucose, and Insulin Levels in Normal Subjects Blood lipid distribution of hyperinsulinemic men consuming three levels of fructose. Effects of dietary fructose on plasma lipids in healthy subjects. Blood lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins, and uric acid in men fed diets containing fructose or high-amylose cornstarch. Beneficial Effects of Palatable Guar and Guar Plus Fructose Diets in Diabetic Children Liquid meal replacements and glycemic control in obese type 2 diabetes patients. Fructose and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Effects of Satureja khuzestanica on Serum Glucose, Lipids and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Fructose overconsumption causes dyslipidemia and ectopic lipid deposition in healthy subjects with and without a family history of type 2 diabetes. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Moderate Amounts of Fructose Consumption Impair Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men Effects of hazelnuts consumption on fasting blood sugar and lipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using Genetic Variants to Assess the Relationship Between Circulating Lipids and Type 2 Diabetes Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes Effect of Probiotic Fermented Milk (Kefir) on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial Konjac Supplement Alleviated Hypercholesterolemia and Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects—A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Effects of Two Energy-Restricted Diets Containing Different Fruit Amounts on Body Weight Loss and Macronutrient Oxidation Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation over a one-year period on lipid levels, blood pressure and heart rate in type-2 diabetic patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents: nonrandomized clinical trial The Effect of Normally Consumed Amounts of Sucrose or High Fructose Corn Syrup on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition and Related Parameters in Overweight/Obese Subjects Soy protein reduces serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratios in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Background Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between fructose consumption and risk of developing metabolic syndrome . Mechanisms by which dietary fructose mediates metabolic changes are poorly understood . This study compared the effects of fructose , glucose and sucrose consumption on post-postpr and ial lipemia and low grade inflammation measured as hs-CRP . Methods This was a r and omized , single blinded , cross-over trial involving healthy subjects ( n = 14 ) . After an overnight fast , participants were given one of 3 different isocaloric drinks , containing 50 g of either fructose or glucose or sucrose dissolved in water .  Blood sample s were collected at baseline , 30 , 60 and 120 minutes post intervention for the analysis of blood lipids , glucose , insulin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) . Results Glucose and sucrose supplementation initially result ed in a significant increase in glucose and insulin levels compared to fructose supplementation and returned to near baseline values within 2 hours . Change in plasma cholesterol , LDL and HDL-cholesterol ( measured as area under curve , AUC ) was significantly higher when participants consumed fructose compared with glucose or sucrose ( P < 0.05 ) . AUC for plasma triglyceride levels however remained unchanged regardless of the dietary intervention . Change in AUC for hs-CRP was also significantly higher in subjects consuming fructose compared with those consuming glucose ( P < 0.05 ) , but not sucrose ( P = 0.07 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrates that fructose as a sole source of energy modulates plasma lipids and hsCRP levels in healthy individuals . The significance of increase in HDL-cholesterol with a concurrent increase in LDL-cholesterol and elevated hs-CRP levels remains to be delineated when considering health effects of feeding fructose-rich diets . Registration number for clinical Using a crossover design , eight healthy volunteers r and omly received physiologic amounts ( ⅓ of each subject 's total carbohydrate intake ) of either fructose or sucrose as the primary source of simple sugar , incorporated into isocaloric diets comprised of typical American foods . After 7 and 14 days of consuming either of the two sugars , no change occurred in fasting glucose or insulin levels . In addition , total triglyceride , totalcholesterol , low-density-lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , and high-density-lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were unaltered . Since our study used conventional foods in normal eating patterns rather than contrived formulas or excessive amounts of simple sugar , our data indicate that there is no difference between sucrose or fructose on various lipid components or glucose and fasting insulin levels in the “ real world ” innormal subjects Twelve carbohydrate-sensitive men selected due to their abnormally high insulin responses to a sucrose load and 12 men with normal insulin responses were fed diets containing 0 , 7.5 , and 15 % fructose for 5 wk each in a cross-over design . The diets contained 43 % total carbohydrate , 42 % fat , and 15 % protein . Initial fasting total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher in the hyperinsulinemic men than in the controls . Diastolic blood pressure was not affected by diet , but systolic blood pressure was slightly higher after the men consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Free fatty acids were not different . Total plasma cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher after the men consumed 7.5 and 15 % fructose than when they consumed the 0 % fructose diet . Plasma triglyceride increased significantly as fructose in the diets of the hyperinsulinemics increased , but was not affected in the controls . These changes in blood lipids are associated with heart disease BACKGROUND About 9 % of average dietary energy intake in the United States comes from fructose . Such a high consumption raises concern about the metabolic effects of this sugar . OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary fructose on plasma lipids . DESIGN The study was conducted in the General Clinical Research Center at Fairview-University of Minnesota Medical Center . The participants were 24 healthy adult volunteers ( 12 men and 12 women ; 6 of each sex were aged < 40 y and 6 of each sex were aged > /=40 y ) . All subjects received 2 isoenergetic study diets assigned by using a r and omized , balanced crossover design . One diet provided 17 % of energy as fructose . The other diet was sweetened with glucose and was nearly devoid of fructose . Each diet was fed for 6 wk . Both diets were composed of common foods and contained nearly identical amounts of carbohydrate , protein , fat , fiber , cholesterol , and saturated , monounsaturated , and polyunsaturated fatty acids . All meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the General Clinical Research Center . RESULTS The responses to the study diets differed by sex . In men , the fructose diet produced significantly higher fasting , postpr and ial , and daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentrations than did the glucose diet . The daylong plasma triacylglycerol concentration after 6 wk of the fructose diet was 32 % greater in men than the corresponding concentration during the glucose diet ( P : < 0.001 ) . The fructose diet had no significant effect on fasting or postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in women . The fructose diet also had no persistent effect on fasting plasma cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , or LDL cholesterol in either men or women . CONCLUSIONS Dietary fructose was associated with increased fasting and postpr and ial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in men . Diets high in added fructose may be undesirable , particularly for men . Glucose may be a suitable replacement sugar Ten hyperinsulinemic and 11 nonhyperinsulinemic men consumed for 5 wk each in a cross-over design a diet , similar to one currently consumed in the United States , with 20 % of the kilocalories from either fructose or high-amylose cornstarch to determine the effects of the two diets on various blood metabolites considered to be risk factors associated with heart disease . In the hyperinsulinemic men the intake of fructose as compared with cornstarch significantly increased total triglycerides and their lipoprotein distribution ; total and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ; apoproteins B-100 , C-II , C-III ; and uric acid . In the nonhyperinsulinemic men  total triglycerides , total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid were significantly greater after the consumption of fructose than after cornstarch . The results indicate that in a diet high in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol , fructose increases the levels of risk factors associated with heart disease , especially in hyperinsulinemic men This r and omized cross‐over study evaluates the effects of extended , guar and guar + fructose diets on the metabolic balance of children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM ) . We studied 22 children ; mean age 12.2 years , mean duration of diabetes 4.4 years . The diet was supplemented for three weeks with guar in palatable form ( 5 % of daily carbohydrate intake ) and with guar + fructose ( 1 g of fructose/kg body weight , max 30 g/d ) for another three weeks . A control group ( 8 children , mean age 12.3 , duration of diabetes 4.3 years ) followed the same experimental protocol without guar supplementation .  The metabolic balance was assessed by glucosuria index ( per cent of tests with less than 1 % glucosuria from all urine tests ) and measurements of red cell glycohaemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) . Serum total and HDL‐choiesterol , C‐peptide , pancreatic and enteroglucagon were also measured . HbA1c decreased during guar ( p<0.001 ) and guar + fructose diet ( p<0.001 ) . The glucosuria index improved ( p<0.02 ) and the serum total cholesterol concentration decreased ( p<0.02 ) during the experimental guar diets . Guar in acceptable form and quantity in the diet appears to improve metabolic control of diabetic children OBJECTIVE Although weight management is an important component in the treatment of type 2 diabetes , there has been concern about the use of liquid meal replacements ( MRs ) in treating obese patients with type 2 diabetes because of the sugar content of the MRs . The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of using MRs for weight loss in obese patients with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Seventy-five subjects with type 2 diabetes , treated only with oral agents , were recruited for this 12-week clinical study . Subjects were r and omized into three groups using either a MR containing lactose , fructose , and sucrose , a MR in which fructose and sucrose were replaced with oligosaccharides ( sugar-free Slim-Fast ) , or an exchange diet plan ( EDP ) using the proportion of macronutrients recommended by the American Diabetes Association . RESULTS Fifty-seven patients ( 41 MR and 16 EDP ) finished the study . None developed serious adverse effects , including major hypoglycemic reactions . Weight losses in the MR 1 and MR 2 groups were comparable ( 6.4 % and 6.7 % , respectively ) and greater than the weight loss in the EDP group ( 4.9 % ) . Fasting glucose level was significantly reduced in the MR group compared with the EDP group ( p = 0.012 ) . There was a significant reduction in the MR group in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol that was not seen in the EDP group . DISCUSSION We have shown that liquid MRs are a safe and effective weight loss tool for obese subjects with type 2 diabetes , and can result in improvements in body weight , glucose , insulin , hemoglobin A1c and lipid levels The effect of dietary fructose ( 20 % of carbohydrate calories , 45 - 65 g day-1 for 4 weeks ) on glycaemic control , serum lipid , lipoprotein and apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations and on insulin sensitivity was studied in 10 type 2 diabetic patients . The study was done in a r and omized , double-blind fashion with crystalline fructose or placebo administered evenly during 4 meals or snacks per day . The patients were hospitalized throughout the study periods . The fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased during the fructose ( from 10.7 + /- 1.4 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.8 mmol l-1 , P < 0.02 ) and the control diet ( from 10.1 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 to 8.0 + /- 0.7 mmol l-1 , P < 0.05 ) . The mean diurnal blood glucose concentration also fell both during the fructose ( from 10.8 + /- 0.5 mmol l-1 to 8.4 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 , P < 0.001 ) and the control diet ( from 10.3 + /- 0.3 mmol l-1 to 8.8 + /- 0.9 mmol l-1 , P < 0.01 ) . The HbA1 concentration improved ( P < 0.02 ) only during the fructose diet . Insulin sensitivity increased by 34 % ( P < 0.05 ) during the fructose diet , but remained unchanged during the control period . Serum insulin , triglyceride , apoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations , body weight , blood pressure and blood lactate remained unchanged during both diets . In conclusion , substitution of moderate amounts of fructose for complex carbohydrates can improve glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes Satureja khuzestanica is an endemic plant of Iran that is widely distributed in the Southern part of the country . It has antioxidant properties and thus it seems to be useful in diseases related to oxidative stress such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia . The present study investigates the effect of S. khuzestanica supplement in metabolic parameters of hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Twenty-one hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were r and omized in a double blind , placebo controlled clinical trial to receive either S. khuzestanica ( tablets contain 250 mg dried leaves ) or placebo once a day for 60 days . Blood sample s were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study . Sample s were analyzed for levels of glucose , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triglyceride , creatinine , thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ( TBARS ) as marker of lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing ability ( total antioxidant power , TAP ) . Treatment of patients by S. khuzestanica for 60 days induced significant decrease in total cholesterol ( P = 0.008 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.03 ) while increased HDL-cholesterol ( P = 0.02 ) and TAP ( P = 0.007 ) in comparison with the baseline values . S. khuzestanica did not alter blood glucose , triglyceride , creatinin and TBARS levels . In comparison with baseline values , no significant change was observed in blood glucose , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol , HDL-cholesterol , triglyceride , creatinine , TBARS and TAP in placebo-treated group . Usage of S. khuzestanica as a supplement to drug regimen of diabetic type 2 patients with hyperlipidemia is recommended BACKGROUND Both nutritional and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance . OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effects of fructose , a potent stimulator of hepatic de novo lipogenesis , on intrahepatocellular lipids ( IHCLs ) and insulin sensitivity in healthy offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes (OffT2D)--a subgroup of individuals prone to metabolic disorders . DESIGN Sixteen male OffT2D and 8 control subjects were studied in a crossover design after either a 7-d isocaloric diet or a hypercaloric high-fructose diet ( 3.5 g x kg FFM(-1 ) x d(-1 ) , + 35 % energy intake ) . Hepatic and whole-body insulin sensitivity were assessed with a 2-step hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp ( 0.3 and 1.0 mU x kg(-1 ) x min(-1 ) ) , together with 6,6-[2H2]glucose . IHCLs and intramyocellular lipids ( IMCLs ) were measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy . RESULTS The OffT2D group had significantly ( P < 0.05 ) higher IHCLs ( + 94 % ) , total triacylglycerols ( + 35 % ) , and lower whole-body insulin sensitivity ( -27 % ) than did the control group . The high-fructose diet significantly increased IHCLs ( control : + 76 % ; OffT2D : + 79 % ) , IMCLs ( control : + 47 % ; OffT2D : + 24 % ) , VLDL-triacylglycerols ( control : + 51 % ; OffT2D : + 110 % ) , and fasting hepatic glucose output ( control : + 4 % ; OffT2D : + 5 % ) . Furthermore , the effects of fructose on VLDL-triacylglycerols were higher in the OffT2D group ( group x diet interaction : P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS A 7-d high-fructose diet increased ectopic lipid deposition in liver and muscle and fasting VLDL-triacylglycerols and decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity . Fructose-induced alterations in VLDL-triacylglycerols appeared to be of greater magnitude in the OffT2D group , which suggests that these individuals may be more prone to developing dyslipidemia when challenged by high fructose intakes . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00523562 OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether cinnamon improves blood glucose , triglyceride , total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 60 people with type 2 diabetes , 30 men and 30 women aged 52.2 + /- 6.32 years , were divided r and omly into six groups . Groups 1 , 2 , and 3 consumed 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon daily , respectively , and groups 4 , 5 , and 6 were given placebo capsules corresponding to the number of capsules consumed for the three levels of cinnamon . The cinnamon was consumed for 40 days followed by a 20-day washout period . RESULTS After 40 days , all three levels of cinnamon reduced the mean fasting serum glucose ( 18 - 29 % ) , triglyceride ( 23 - 30 % ) , LDL cholesterol ( 7 - 27 % ) , and total cholesterol ( 12 - 26 % ) levels ; no significant changes were noted in the placebo groups . Changes in HDL cholesterol were not significant . CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1 , 3 , or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose , triglyceride , LDL cholesterol , and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases OBJECTIVE Adverse effects of hypercaloric , high-fructose diets on insulin sensitivity and lipids in human subjects have been shown repeatedly . The implication s of fructose in amounts close to usual daily consumption , however , have not been well studied . This study assessed the effect of moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose compared with glucose on glucose and lipid metabolism . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nine healthy , normal-weight male volunteers ( aged 21–25 years ) were studied in this double-blind , r and omized , cross-over trial . All subjects consumed four different sweetened beverages ( 600 mL/day ) for 3 weeks each : medium fructose ( MF ) at 40 g/day , and high fructose ( HF ) , high glucose ( HG ) , and high sucrose ( HS ) each at 80 g/day . Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6]-2H2 glucose labeling were used to measure endogenous glucose production . Lipid profile , glucose , and insulin were measured in fasting sample s. RESULTS Hepatic suppression of glucose production during the clamp was significantly lower after HF ( 59.4 ± 11.0 % ) than HG ( 70.3 ± 10.5 % , P < 0.05 ) , whereas fasting glucose , insulin , and C-peptide did not differ between the interventions . Compared with HG , LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly higher after MF , HF , and HS , and free fatty acids were significantly increased after MF , but not after the two other interventions ( P < 0.05 ) . Subjects ’ energy intake during the interventions did not differ significantly from baseline intake . CONCLUSIONS This study clearly shows that moderate amounts of fructose and sucrose significantly alter hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism compared with similar amounts of glucose Background : Previous studies have demonstrated that nuts consumption have beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic or normolipidemic subjects . However , similar studies in diabetes field are quite rare . So , we aim ed to investigate the effects of hazelnut consumption on fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 Diabetes . Material s and Methods : An 8-week controlled r and omized parallel study in patients with type 2 diabetes . Fifty eligible volunteers were assigned to either the control or intervention groups . 10 % of total daily calorie intake was replaced with hazelnuts in intervention group . Blood sample s were collected from fasting patients at the start and at the end of the study . Results : After 8 weeks , there were significant differences in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) concentrations between two groups , using analyses of covariance ( P = 0.009 ) , which was due to the larger HDL-C reduction in control group ( P = 0.003 ) . Although , Hazelnut group achieved greater reduction in triglyceride ( TG ) concentrations than control group , these changes were not statistically significant . Neither between-group changes nor within-group changes were significant for FBS , total cholesterol ( TC ) , TG , and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) levels . Conclusion : Results of this study indicated that incorporation of hazelnuts into diet can prevent reduction of HDL-C concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes , but had no effect on FBS or other lipid profile indices AIMS To compare the effects of a high-carbohydrate ( CHO ) diet and a high-monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) diet on LDL oxidative resistance in free-living individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS Twenty-two men and women out- patients with Type 2 diabetes , with mean age 61 years and in fair metabolic control ( HbA1c<8.0 % ) , were enrolled at a university hospital lipid clinic in a r and omized , crossover feeding trial comparing two isocaloric diets for 6 weeks each : CHO ( fat , 28 % energy ) and MUFA ( fat , 40 % energy ) based on virgin olive oil . Outcome measurements were changes in LDL susceptibility to oxidation , body weight , glycaemic control , and lipoprotein profiles . RESULTS Planned and observed diets were well matched . Participants preferred the MUFA diet over the CHO diet . The lag time of conjugated diene formation during Cu2 + -induced LDL oxidation was similar after the CHO and MUFA diets ( 36.4 + /- 12.2 min and 36.0 + /- 13.7 min , respectively ) . Body weight , glycaemic control , total triglycerides , and total , LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels also were similar after the two diets . Compared with the CHO diet , the MUFA diet lowered VLDL-cholesterol by 35 % ( P=0.023 ) and VLDL triglyceride by 16 % ( P=0.016 ) . CONCLUSIONS Natural food-based high-CHO and high-MUFA diets have similar effects on LDL oxidative resistance and metabolic control in subjects with Type 2 diabetes . A MUFA diet is a good alternative to high-CHO diets for nutrition therapy of diabetes because it also has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile and superior patient acceptance The effects of dyslipidemia on the risk of  type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and related traits are not clear . We used regression models and 140 lipid-associated genetic variants to estimate associations between circulating HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , and triglycerides and T2D and related traits . Each genetic test was corrected for effects of variants on the other two lipid types and surrogates of adiposity . We used the largest data sets available : 34,840 T2D case and 114,981 control subjects from the DIAGRAM ( DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta- analysis ) consortium and up to 133,010 individuals without diabetes for insulin secretion and sensitivity from the MAGIC ( Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium ) and GENESIS ( GENEticS of Insulin Sensitivity ) studies . Eight of 21 associations between groups of variants and diabetes traits were significant at the nominal level , including those between genetically determined lower HDL-C ( β = −0.12 , P = 0.03 ) and T2D and genetically determined lower LDL-C ( β = −0.21 , P = 5 × 10−6 ) and T2D . Although some of these may represent causal associations , we discuss why caution must be used when using Mendelian r and omization in the context of circulating lipid levels and diabetes traits . In conclusion , we found evidence of links between genetic variants associated with lipids and T2D , but deeper knowledge of the underlying genetic mechanisms of specific lipid variants is needed before drawing definite conclusions about causality based on Mendelian r and omization methodology The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic people . In a r and omized double-blind controlled trial , 60 people ( 23 males and 37 females ) with type 2 diabetes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) greater than 2.6 mmol/L were assigned to 2 groups . Participants consumed daily 300 g of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g of conventional yogurt for 6 wk . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-d , 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial . Probiotic yogurt consumption caused a 4.54 % decrease in total cholesterol and a 7.45 % decrease in LDL-C compared with the control group . No significant changes from baseline were shown in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) in the probiotic group . The total cholesterol : HDL-C ratio and LDL-C : HDL-C ratio as atherogenic indices significantly decreased in the probiotic group compared with the control group . Probiotic yogurt improved total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations in type 2 diabetic people and may contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors The relevance of dietary fatty acids ( FA ) for blood lipids should be assessed in the context of substituting nutrients . Such evidence is lacking for adolescents . This study describes prospect i ve associations of dietary FA with changes in serum lipids during adolescence , and considers the theoretical isocaloric replacements of saturated FA ( SFA ) with other FA or carbohydrates ( CHO ) .  Children from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts , with data on FA intakes ( at age 10 years ) and serum lipids ( at age 10 and 15 years ) , were included ( n = 1398 ) . Associations of SFA , monounsaturated FA ( MUFA ) , n-3 polyunsaturated FA ( n-3 PUFA ) and n-6 PUFA , with changes in low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglycerides ( TAG ) , and total cholesterol to HDL ratio ( TOTAL : HDL ) , were assessed by linear regression . Substitution models assessed isocaloric replacements of SFA with MUFA , n-3 PUFA , n-6 PUFA or CHO . Higher SFA intakes were associated with decreasing TAG . No associations were observed for fatty acid intakes with LDL , HDL or TOTAL : HDL . In females , replacing SFA with CHO was associated with increasing LDL , TAG and TOTAL : HDL . Our findings confirm observations in adults , although sex-specific determinants seem relevant in our adolescent population . Overlooking the nutrient context when limiting SFA intakes might have detrimental consequences appreciable as early as adolescence Background : Diabetes is a global health problem in the world . Probiotic food has anti-diabetic property . The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) on glucose and lipid profile control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . Methods : This r and omized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 diabetic patients aged 35 to 65 years . Patients were r and omly and equally ( n=30 ) assigned to consume either probiotic fermented milk ( kefir ) or conventional fermented milk ( dough ) for 8 weeks . Probiotic group consumed 600 ml/day probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria and control group consumed 600 ml/day conventional fermented milk . Blood sample s tested for fasting blood glucose , HbA1C , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol , HDL-C and LDL-C at the baseline and end of the study . Results : The comparison of fasting blood glucose between two groups after intervention was statistically significant ( P=0.01 ) . After intervention , reduced HbA1C compared with the baseline value in probiotic fermented milk group was statistically significant ( P=0.001 ) , also the HbA1C level significantly decreased in probiotic group in comparison with control group ( P=0.02 ) adjusting for serum levels of glucose , baseline values of HbA1c and energy intake according to ANCOVA model . Serum triglyceride , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and HDL- cholesterol levels were not shown significant differences between and within the groups after intervention . Conclusion : Probiotic fermented milk can be useful as a complementary or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetes Objectives : The present study was design ed to evaluate effects of konjac glucomannan ( KGM ) supplement ( 3.6 g/day ) for 28 days on blood lipid and glucose levels in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients and the possible mechanism for the reductions in blood lipid levels . Methods : Twenty-two diabetic subjects ( age 64.2 + 8.4 years , BMI 25.5 + 3.2 kg/m2 ) with elevated blood cholesterol levels ( fasting glucose between 6.7–14.4 mmol/L ) , but currently not taking lipid-lowering medication , were recruited to participate in a two 28-day period , r and omized , double-blind , crossover clinical trial . Fasting blood sample s drawn on the initial and final days of each period were determined for plasma lipids and glucose levels . Feces collected at the end of each experimental period were analyzed for neutral sterol and bile acid contents . Results : Compared with placebo , KGM effectively reduced plasma cholesterol ( 11.1 % , p = 0.0001 , adjusted α = 0.006 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( 20.7 % , p = 0.0004 , adjusted α = 0.006 ) , total/HDL cholesterol ratio ( 15.6 % , p = 0.0005 , adjusted α = 0.007 ) , ApoB ( 12.9 % , p = 0.0001 , adjusted α = 0.006 ) and fasting glucose ( 23.2 % , p = 0.002 , adjusted α = 0.008 ) . Plasma triglyceride , HDL-cholesterol , LDL/HDL cholesterol , postpr and ial glucose and body weight were not significant after adjustment by the Bonferroni-Hochberg procedure . Fecal neutral sterol and bile acid concentrations were increased by 18.0 % ( p = 0.004 ) and 75.4 % ( p < 0.001 ) , respectively , with KGM supplement . Conclusions : The KGM supplement improved blood lipid levels by enhancing fecal excretion of neutral sterol and bile acid and alleviated the elevated glucose levels in diabetic subjects . KGM could be an adjunct for the treatment of hyperlipidemic diabetic subjects The consumption of specific foods in energy-restricted diets may affect the weight loss process . The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether obese women following two hypocaloric diets with distinct fruit content differ in weight loss and metabolic responses .  Fifteen obese women were included , who were r and omly assigned to follow a low or a high-fruit energy-restricted diet for 8 weeks . The main outcome variables were weight and fat losses . Metabolic measurements concerning macronutrient oxidation were also assessed by using 13C labelled fructose and indirect calorimetry . The induced weight loss was similar for both diets ( 6.9 ± 2 % vs. 6.6 ± 2 % , p = 0.785 ) . Both experimental diets similarly improved the lipid plasma profile in the participants , but the cholesterol fall was higher in obese subjects receiving the diet containing more fruit . No statistical differences in lipids carbohydrates and 13C labelled fructose utilisation were observed , but protein oxidation was differently affected by the experimental diets . The compensatory effects of the associated fibre/fructose intake may explain the lack of a specific effect of the fruit amount on hypocaloric diets design ed to weight loss , although the increased fibre content from enriched fruit diets may be involved in the favourable effects on cholesterol plasma levels BACKGROUND Diabetic patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia are at a high risk of cardiovascular complications . OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on the lipid profile , mean arterial pressure , and heart rate in persons with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycemic agents ( OHA ) .  DESIGN Single-blind , nonr and omized . SETTING Diabetes clinic of a university hospital in Saudi Arabia . PATIENTS AND METHODS Type-2 diabetic patients were recruited by purposive sampling and assigned to treatment or control at the discretion of the investigator with the patient blinded to treatment . Before the intervention and every 3 months thereafter until the end of the treatment period , the following parameters were measured : triglycerides ( TG ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) , mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) , heart rate ( HR ) , and body mass index ( BMI ) . Results at the baseline and each subsequent visit were compared between the two groups . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S ) Lipid and cardiovascular parameters , and BMI . RESULTS Fifty-seven patients were assigned to receive N sativa 2 g daily for one year and 57 were assigned to receive an identical regimen of placebo , along with OHA . A significant decrease in HDL-C and increase in the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were seen in the control group . The N sativa group had a significant decline in TC , LDL-C , TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios , compared with the respective baseline data and the control group . HDL-C was significantly elevated in the N sativa group . The control group showed a significant elevation in MAP . The N sativa group had a significant reduction in SBP , DBP , MAP and HR and a significant decrease in DBP , MAP and HR as compared with the control group . CONCLUSION N sativa supplementation improves total cholesterol , mean arterial pressure and heart rate in type 2 diabetes patients on oral hypoglycemic agents .  LIMITATIONS There were 9 subjects in each group lost to follow up ; thus the sample size could not be maintained as per the sample size calculation . The study was nonr and omized and thus there was a possibility of allocation bias . ( Clinical trial registration number : CTRI/2013/06/003781 , Clinical Trial Registry of India ) The American Heart Association ( AHA ) has advocated that women and men not consume more than 100 and 150 kcal/day , respectively , from added sugars . These levels are currently exceeded by over 90 % of the adult population in the United States . Few data exist on longer-term metabolic effects when sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup ( HFCS ) , the principal sources of added dietary sugars , are consumed at levels typical of the general population . Sixty five overweight and obese individuals were placed on a eucaloric ( weight stable ) diet for 10-weeks , which incorporated sucrose- or HFCS-sweetened , low-fat milk at 10 % or 20 % of calories in a r and omized , double-blinded study . All groups responded similarly ( interaction p > 0.05 ) . There was no change in body weight in any of the groups over the 10-week study , or in systolic or diastolic blood pressure . Likewise , there were no changes in total cholesterol , triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , or apolipoprotein B ( Apo B ) . We conclude that ( 1 ) when consumed as part of a eucaloric diet fructose — when given with glucose ( as normally consumed ) does not promote weight gain or an atherogenic lipid profile even when consumed at two to four times the level recently recommended by the AHA . ( 2 ) There were no differences between HFCS and sucrose on these parameters Type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in North America and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Evidence supports a role for soy protein in the reduction of serum lipids related to CVD risk ; however , few studies have focused on adults with type 2 diabetes who are not on lipid-lowering medications and /or do not have diabetic complications . The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soy protein isolate ( SPI ) consumption on serum lipids in adults with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes . Using a double-blind , r and omized , crossover , placebo-controlled intervention study design , adults with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes ( n = 29 ) consumed SPI ( 80 mg/d aglycone isoflavones ) or milk protein isolate ( MPI ) for 57 d each separated by a 28-d washout period . Twenty-four-hour urine sample s were collected on d 54 - 56 of each treatment for analysis of isoflavones and blood was collected on d 1 and 57 of each treatment and analyzed for serum lipids and apolipoproteins . SPI consumption increased urinary isoflavones compared with MPI . SPI consumption reduced serum LDL cholesterol ( P = 0.04 ) , LDL cholesterol : HDL cholesterol ( P = 0.02 ) , and apolipoprotein B : apolipoprotein A-I ( P = 0.05 ) compared with MPI . SPI did not affect serum total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , triacylglycerol , apolipoprotein B , or apolipoprotein A-I. These data demonstrate that consumption of soy protein can modulate some serum lipids in a direction beneficial for CVD risk in adults with type 2 diabetes
Pooled analyses demonstrated conditional triglyceride-raising and total cholesterol – lowering  effects of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes .
OBJECTIVE Because of blood lipid concerns , diabetes associations discourage fructose at high intakes .
To quantify the effect of fructose  on blood lipids in diabetes , we conducted a systematic review and meta- analysis of experimental clinical trials investigating the effect of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate on triglycerides , total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and HDL cholesterol in type 1 and 2 diabetes .