The effectiveness of methylphenidate in the management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Mental Retardation/Borderline Intellectual Functioning and ADHD Randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study of methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschoolers with developmental disorders. Methylphenidate and ADHD: influence of age, IQ and neurodevelopmental status. Efficacy of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: a randomized crossover trial. PREVALENCE ESTIMATIONS OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES AND COMORBIDITIES IN A COLOMBIAN SAMPLE The effect of methylphenidate on oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate Social functioning in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. Academic achievement and emotional status of children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. Clinical efficacy of methylphenidate in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The effect of methylphenidate on neurofibromatosis type 1: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: randomized double-blind study. Amantadine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial. Executive functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: combined type with and without a stimulant medication history. Effects of Methylphenidate on Impulsive Responding in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Effects and noneffects of methylphenidate in children with mental retardation and ADHD. Methylphenidate in Children With ADHD With or Without Learning Disability Methylphenidate in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. Children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment: impact on parental practices.
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of psychostimulants , primarily methylpheni date ( MPH ) , in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) in the general population of typically growing children and adolescents is well established through many R and omised Controlled Trials ( RCTs ) . AIMS AND METHODS We carried out a systematic review of all the RCTs in people with intellectual disabilities ( ID ) that assessed effectiveness of MPH on the core ADHD symptoms . OUTCOMES AND RESULTS We included 15 papers from 13 studies that were all on children and adolescents with ID ( 315 participants were on MPH and placebo respectively ) , 12 of which used a cross over design , and one used a parallel design . On average around 40 - 50 % responded to MPH in the ID group whereas around 70 - 80 % response rate is reported among the non-ID children . Because of the heterogeneity of the outcome data it was not possible to carry out a meta- analysis . Significant adverse events included sleep difficulties and poor appetite along with weight loss and also irritability , social withdrawal and increased motor activities including tic . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION On the basis of the poor quality evidence that is available , it seems that MPH may be effective in some but not all children and adolescents with ID and ADHD BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is increased in children with intellectual disability . Previous research has suggested stimulants are less effective than in typically developing children but no studies have titrated medication for individual optimal dosing or tested the effects for longer than 4 weeks . METHOD One hundred and twenty two drug-free children aged 7 - 15 with hyperkinetic disorder and IQ 30 - 69 were recruited to a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial that r and omized participants using minimization by probability , stratified by referral source and IQ level in a one to one ratio .  Methylpheni date was compared with placebo . Dose titration comprised at least 1 week each of low ( 0.5 mg/kg/day ) , medium ( 1.0 mg/kg/day ) and high dose ( 1.5 mg/kg/day ) . Parent and teacher Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) index of the Conners Rating Scale-Short Version at 16 weeks provided the primary outcome measures . Clinical response was determined with the Clinical Global Impressions scale ( CGI-I ) . Adverse effects were evaluated by a parent-rated question naire , weight , pulse and blood pressure . Analyses were by intention to treat . TRIAL REGISTRATION IS RCT N 68384912 . RESULTS Methylpheni date was superior to placebo with effect sizes of 0.39 [ 95 % confidence intervals ( CIs ) 0.09 , 0.70 ] and 0.52 ( 95 % CIs 0.23 , 0.82 ) for the parent and teacher Conners ADHD index . Four ( 7 % ) children on placebo versus 24 ( 40 % ) of those on methylpheni date were judged improved or much improved on the CGI . IQ and autistic symptoms did not affect treatment efficacy . Active medication was associated with sleep difficulty , loss of appetite and weight loss but there were no significant differences in pulse or blood pressure . CONCLUSIONS Optimal dosing of methylpheni date is practical and effective in some children with hyperkinetic disorder and intellectual disability . Adverse effects typical of methylpheni date were seen and medication use may require close monitoring in this vulnerable group Fifty-two children ( ages 7 to 14 years ) with moderate mental retardation to borderline intellectual functioning were recontacted 12 to 65 months following participation in a double-blind , placebo-controlled trial of methylpheni date ( MPH ) . Sixty-nine percent of subjects continued to be prescribed medication for behavior control at follow-up . While 72 % of the sample evidence d improvement , over two-thirds continued to be rated at or above the 98th percentile on the Hyperactivity Index of the Parent Conners . In fact , 22 % of subjects had received inpatient psychiatric treatment between the time of the initial MPH trial and follow-up . Finally , subjects with high initial ratings on the Parent Conners Conduct Problems scale were more likely to be suspended from school or receive inpatient psychiatric treatment than subjects with low initial ratings . The results suggested that children with ADHD and mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning continued to exhibit significant symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) at follow-up and that early conduct problems were predictive of continuing behavioral difficulties OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the short-term efficacy and safety of methylpheni date ( MPH ) to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptoms in an understudied population of preschoolers with pervasive developmental disorder ( PDD ) or intellectual disability ( ID ) . METHODS Fourteen preschoolers with developmental disorders ( DD , n = 14 ; PDD , n = 12 ; ID , n = 2 ) underwent MPH titration in a single-blind manner followed by a 4-week double-blind crossover phase . Each child was administered placebo for 2 weeks and " optimal dose " for 2 weeks . The primary outcome measure was the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4(th ) edition ( DSM-IV ) ADHD subscale of the Conners ' Parent Rating Scale-Revised ( CPRS-R-DSM-IV-ADHD ) . RESULTS MPH improved parent-rated ADHD symptoms of the preschoolers ; 50 % were rated as responders . The CPRS-R-DSM-IV-ADHD subscale was significant for the PDD subgroup ( p = 0.005 , Cohen d = 0.97 ) and marginally significant for the entire DD sample ( p = 0.08 , Cohen d = 0.50 ) . Half of the preschoolers experienced side effects with MPH , including reports of increased stereotypic behavior , upset stomach , sleep-related difficulties , and emotional lability . One child discontinued during titration due to side effects . CONCLUSION The predominant direction of response in these preschoolers with both ADHD and PDD/ID favored MPH , even though the response was more subtle and variable than in older and typically developing children . Due to high rates of adverse effects , preschoolers should be monitored closely Sixty-nine children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) underwent blind methylpheni date trials . 36 had ADHD alone ( with or without a learning disability ) and 33 had additional neurodevelopmental disorders . Of the children with ADHD alone , 88 per cent improved significantly on methylpheni date . This did not differ significantly from the 69 per cent response rate for children with ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders . The results confirm and add to the research literature indicating that ADHD children who are of preschool age and /or who have co-existing neurological disorders may benefit from methylpheni date OBJECTIVE To determine whether children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and learning disabilities respond differently to methylpheni date ( MPH ) compared with children with ADHD only . METHODS We conducted a prospect i ve , double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , 2-week crossover trial of MPH , during which response to MPH was assessed . Learning ability was appraised using the Wide Range Achievement Test , Revised ( WRAT-R ) , for English-speaking students and the Test de rendement pour francophones for French-speaking students . The study was conducted at the Douglas Hospital , a McGill University-affiliated teaching hospital in Montréal . Ninety-five children , aged 6 - 12 years , who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , fourth edition ( DSM-IV ) , criteria for ADHD participated in the study , which ran from 2001 to 2004 . The outcome measure used was the Consensus Clinical Response , an indicator of the degree of clinical improvement shown when taking MPH . RESULTS The proportion of children with learning disabilities who responded to MPH ( 55 % ) was significantly smaller ( chi(2)1 = 4.5 , p = 0.034 ) than the proportion of children without learning disabilities who responded adequately to MPH ( 75 % ) . This difference was mainly because of children with mathematics disability being particularly unresponsive to MPH ( chi(2)1 = 4.5 , p = 0.034 ) . Children with reading disability did not show this pattern of poor response ( chi(2)1 = 1.0 , p = 0.33 ) . CONCLUSION Children with ADHD and comorbid learning disability tended to respond more poorly to MPH . In particular , children with disability in mathematics responded less to MPH than those without disability in mathematics . Additional therapy may be indicated for this group of patients The aim of this article was to analyze the prevalence of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) in Colombian Paisa children and adolescents . A r and omized sample of 4- to 17-year-old children and adolescents--176 males and 154 females -- was selected from schools in Manizales , Colombia . The diagnosis of ADHD was obtained using a semistructured psychiatric and neurological interview , medical histories revision , and neurological or psychiatric evaluations .  Several rating scales and a neuropsychological assessment  were administered in order to confirm the diagnosis . Children with Full Scale Intelligence Quotient ( FSIQ ) between 71 and 84 were recorded as having Borderline Intellectual Functioning ( BIF ) , and those with a history of mild motor retardation , and /or Performance Intelligence Quotient ( PIQ ) lower than 71 , were recorded as having a Developmental Coordination disorder ( DCD ) , after confirmation by neurological and neuropsychological examinations . BIF and DCD children were excluded from the ADHD group . Total prevalence of ADHD adjusted by sex was 16.4 % ( males 19.8 % and females 12.3 % ) . Prevalence of clean ADHD cases was 11.5 % , distrib uted as follows : combined type , 6.4 % ; inattentive , 4.8 % ; and hyperactive-impulsive , 0.3 % . Distribution by sex was as follows : males , 14.8 % ; and females , 7.7 % ; with an odds ratio of 2.1 ( 95 % CI : 1 - 4.5 , h 2 = 4.0 , p < . 05 ) . Clean prevalence of ADHD adjusted by equal sex distribution was 11.3 % . Prevalence of BIF was 5.8 % , DCD 3.0 % , and mild mental retardation 3.9 % . Prevalence of ADHD did not show differences by socioeconomic status ( SES ) , in contrast to mild mental retardation in which BIF and DCD were significantly more frequent in the lower SES OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of methylpheni date on the diagnosis of oppositional-defiant disorder ( ODD ) comorbid with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . METHOD We conducted an open-label study in which 10 children and adolescents with a dual diagnosis of ODD and ADHD were assessed for their ODD symptoms and treated with methylpheni date . At least one month after ADHD symptoms were under control , ODD symptoms were reevaluated with the Parent form of the Children Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes ( P-ChIPS ) . RESULTS Nine of the 10 patients no longer fulfilled diagnostic criteria for ODD after they were treated with methylpheni date for ADHD . CONCLUSION Methylpheni date seems to be an effective treatment for ODD , as well as for ADHD itself . The implication s for the treatment of patients with ODD not comorbid with ADHD needs further investigation OBJECTIVE To test the hypotheses that in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) ( 1 ) symptoms of ADHD , oppositional defiant disorder , and overall functioning are significantly improved by methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial treatment compared with methylpheni date alone and with methylpheni date plus attention control and ( 2 ) more children receiving combined treatment can be taken off methylpheni date . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , psychotherapy , and academic assistance , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention psychosocial control treatment . Assessment s included parent , teacher , and psychiatrist ratings , and observations in academic and gym classes . RESULTS Combination treatment did not lead to superior functioning and did not facilitate methylpheni date discontinuation . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In stimulant-responsive children with ADHD , there is no support for adding ambitious long-term psychosocial intervention to improve ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years We argue that impulsiveness is characterized by compromised timing functions such as premature motor timing , decreased tolerance to delays , poor temporal foresight and steeper temporal discounting . A model illustration for the association between impulsiveness and timing deficits is the impulsiveness disorder of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Children with ADHD have deficits in timing processes of several temporal domains and the neural substrates of these compromised timing functions are strikingly similar to the neuropathology of ADHD . We review our published and present novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data to demonstrate that ADHD children show dysfunctions in key timing regions of prefrontal , cingulate , striatal and cerebellar location during temporal processes of several time domains including time discrimination of milliseconds , motor timing to seconds and temporal discounting of longer time intervals . Given that impulsiveness , timing abnormalities and more specifically ADHD have been related to dopamine dysregulation , we tested for and demonstrated a normalization effect of all brain dysfunctions in ADHD children during time discrimination with the dopamine agonist and treatment of choice , methylpheni date . This review together with the new empirical findings demonstrates that neurocognitive dysfunctions in temporal processes are crucial to the impulsiveness disorder of ADHD and provides first evidence for normalization with a dopamine reuptake inhibitor OBJECTIVE To test that methylpheni date combined with intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes social skills training , significantly enhances social functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) compared with methylpheni date alone and methylpheni date plus nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to receive ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone , ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus multimodal psychosocial treatment that included social skills training , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Assessment s included parent , child , and teacher ratings of social function and direct school observations in gym . RESULTS No advantage was found on any measure of social functioning for the combination treatment over methylpheni date alone or methylpheni date plus attention control . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and continued over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In young children with ADHD , there is no support for clinic-based social skills training as part of a long-term psychosocial intervention to improve social behavior . Significant benefits from methylpheni date were stable over 2 years OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that intensive multimodal psychosocial intervention ( that includes academic assistance and psychotherapy ) combined with methylpheni date significantly enhances the academic performance and emotional status of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) compared with methylpheni date alone and with methylpheni date combined with nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date were r and omized for 2 years to receive one of three treatments : ( 1 ) methylpheni date alone , ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included academic remediation , organizational skills training , and psychotherapy as well as parent training and counseling and social skills training , or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Children 's function was assessed through academic testing , parent ratings of homework problems , and self-ratings of depression and self-esteem . RESULTS No advantage was found on any measure of academic performance or emotional status for the combination treatment over methylpheni date alone and over methylpheni date plus attention control . Significant improvement occurred across all treatments and was maintained over 2 years . CONCLUSIONS In stimulant-responsive young children with ADHD without learning and conduct disorders , there is no support for academic assistance and psychotherapy to enhance academic achievement or emotional adjustment . Significant short-term improvements were maintained over 2 years BACKGROUND Stimulants are not considered appropriate for the treatment of children with conduct disorders ( CDs ) . The postulated differences in stimulant effect between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and CD led to the hypothesis that methylpheni date hydrochloride , which is effective in ADHD , would not significantly improve symptoms of CD . METHODS We r and omly assigned 84 children with CD , between the ages of 6 and 15 years , to receive methylpheni date hydrochloride ( up to 60 mg/d ) or placebo for 5 weeks . Behavior was evaluated by parent , teacher , and clinician reports and by direct classroom observations . Two thirds of the children also met criteria for ADHD . RESULTS Contrary to prediction , ratings of antisocial behaviors specific to CD were significantly reduced by methylpheni date treatment . The magnitude of methylpheni date effect indicated meaningful clinical benefit . Partialling out severity of ADHD did not alter the significant superiority of methylpheni date on CD ratings specifically ( P < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Methylpheni date has short-term positive effects on children and adolescents with CD . Key aspects of antisocial adjustment appear to be treatment responsive . This effect was independent of severity of the children 's initial ADHD symptoms Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ) is an autosomal dominant disorder with an estimated prevalence of about 1/3000 , independent of ethnicity , race , or gender . Attention Deficit Hyperactivity like Disorder (ADHD)-like characteristics are often reported in patients with NF1 . We hypothesised that learning disabilities in NF1 children were related to ADHD symptoms . Treatment with methylpheni date ( MPD ) has improved learning disabilities in ADHD by acting on neurotransmitters . Our objective was to evaluate its efficacy on ADHD-like symptoms in neurofibromatosis type 1 children ( 7–12 years ) . Methods This was a r and omised , double blind , placebo controlled , and crossover trial comparing 0.5 to 0.8 mg/kg/d of MPD as it is indicated for ADHD to placebo in NF1 children with ADHD-like symptoms . Children aged 7 to 12 years were eligible when their IQ was between 80 and 120 . The total follow-up was 9 weeks including 4 weeks for each period and 1 week wash out . Fifty subjects ( 25 for each period ) were required for testing the primary study hypothesis . The main outcome was an improvement in scores on the simplified Conners ’ Parent Rating Scale . Results Thirty-nine patients were included between April 2004 and December 2010 . Twenty participants received  MPD and 19 placebo during the first period . They all completed the trial . MPD  decreased the simplified Conners by 3.9 points ( ±1.1 , p = 0 . 0003 ) . Conclusions This is the first r and omised controlled trial showing the short-term benefit of MPD on simplified Conners scores in NF1 children . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00169611 OBJECTIVE To compare the safety and efficacy of bupropion with methylpheni date in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . METHODS In a 6-week r and omized double-blind study , 44 patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD were r and omly assigned to receive bupropion 100 - 150 mg/day ( 100 mg/day for < 30 kg and 150 mg/day for > 30 kg ) or methylpheni date 20 - 30 mg/day . Symptoms were assessed using Teacher and Parent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV ( ADHD-RS-IV ) at baseline and weeks 3 and 6 . RESULTS Forty patients had at least one post-baseline measurement , and 38 patients completed the trial . No significant difference was found between the two groups on the Parent and Teacher ADHD-RS-IV scores ( [ F(1 , 38 ) = 0.266 , p = 0.609 ] and [ F(1 , 38 ) = 0.001 , p = 0.972 ] , respectively ) . By week 6 , 18 patients ( 90 % ) in each group achieved response on the Parent scale ( Fisher 's exact test p-value = 1.0 ) . With the Teacher ADHD-RS-IV used , eight ( 40 % ) patients in the bupropion group and 12 ( 60 % ) patients in the methylpheni date group achieved response by week 6 ( χ(2 ) ( 1 ) = 1.600 , p = 0.206 ) . Headache was observed more frequently in the methylpheni date group . Frequency of other side effects was not significantly different between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Bupropion has a comparable safety and efficacy profile with methylpheni date in children and adolescents with ADHD OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to further evaluate , under double blind and controlled conditions , the efficacy of amantadine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) in children and adolescents as compared to methylpheni date . METHODS This was a 6-week r and omized clinical trial . Forty patients ( 28 boys and 12 girls ) with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD were the study population of this trial . All study subjects were r and omly assigned to receive the treatment using capsule of amantadine at a dose of 100 - 150 mg/day depending on weight ( 100 mg/day for < 30 kg and 150 mg/day for > 30 kg ) or methylpheni date at a dose of 20 - 30 mg/day for a 6-week double blind , r and omized clinical trial . The principal measure of outcome was the Teacher and Parent Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale-IV . RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the two groups on the Parent and Teacher Rating Scale scores ( df = 1 ; F = 0.02 ; p = 0.86 and df = 1 ; F = 0.01 ; p = 0.89 , respectively ) . Side effects of decreased appetite and restlessness were observed more frequently in the methylpheni date group . CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that amantadine significantly improved symptoms of ADHD and was well tolerated and it may be beneficial in the treatment of children with ADHD . Nevertheless , the present results do not constitute proof of efficacy Behavioral and neuropsychological functioning in unmedicated children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) who have a history of medication treatment ( Rx ) versus those who are treatment naïve ( TN ) has , to our knowledge , not been previously studied . Ninety-four children in four groups ( ADHD/Rx , ADHD/TN , learning disabilities [ LD ] , and controls ) were evaluated , while unmedicated , on measures of achievement , neuropsychological functioning , and behavior . The ADHD/Rx group performed significantly better than the TN group on writing , Stroop interference , and measures of attention , and performed as well as the control group on executive functioning , verbal working memory , and academics . Behaviorally , the ADHD groups showed more difficulty with mood and externalizing behaviors compared with the LD and control groups , with the ADHD/TN performing the most poorly . Findings suggest that the ADHD/Rx group shows better executive and academic functioning even when unmedicated The present investigation examined the effects of methylpheni date on impulsivity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . A task was design ed to measure empirically the ADHD child 's proclivity to blurt out incorrect answers before giving a final and /or correct response . Twenty-six ADHD children referred for double-blind placebo-controlled assessment of medication responsiveness and 14 non-ADHD controls were given a visual search word-matching task to assess impulsive responding . An analysis of covariance showed that ADHD children on methylpheni date made fewer impulsive errors than ADHD children on placebo . The control group made fewer impulsive errors than the ADHD children in the placebo condition , but the performance of the ADHD children on medication approximated the performance of the children without ADHD . These preliminary findings suggest that the word-matching task may be a useful tool for assessing impulsive responding and determining the benefits of stimulant medication on impulsivity . ( J Child Neurol 1993;8:157 - 163 ) Stimulant medication efficacy was evaluated in 14 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and IQs of 48 to 74 in a double-blind crossover study of two methylpheni date doses and placebo . Dependent measures included behavioral ratings , work output , measures of learning , attention and impulsivity , and direct observation of peer social interactions . Nine children ( 64 % ) were methylpheni date -responders , based upon the Conners Hyperactivity Index . Significant gains in on-task behavior and attentional skills were noted with methylpheni date in comparison to placebo . No improvement on measures of learning or social interactions were observed . Results extend and replicate previous research conducted by the authors Objective : To explore treatment response to Osmotic Release Oral System ® ( OROS ) methylpheni date in children with ADHD with and without comorbid learning disability ( LD ) . Method : Data were analyzed from two 6-week , double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , crossover studies evaluating individually determined doses of OROS methylpheni date versus placebo in 135 children ( ages 9 to 12 years ) with ADHD with or without an LD in reading , math , or both . The sample was demographically diverse , with 31 % females and more than 40 % minority , predominantly African American and Hispanic . On two laboratory school days , participants received either OROS methylpheni date or placebo and were given a battery of cognitive and behavioral tests . Results : Treatment with OROS methylpheni date led to improvement in ADHD Rating Scale scores for participants with or without comorbid LD . Both groups performed better during treatment with OROS methylpheni date than placebo on measures of cognitive skills ( i.e. , Test of Variables of Attention , Finger Windows Backwards ) , academically related tasks ( i.e. , Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills , Test of H and writing Skills – Revised , Permanent Product Math Test ) , and observed classroom behavior ( i.e. , Swanson , Kotkin , Alger , M-Flynn , and Pelham Scale ) . Conclusion : In children with ADHD with or without comorbid LD  , behavior and performance improved during treatment with OROS methylpheni date OBJECTIVE To examine the short-term efficacy of methylpheni date in the treatment of youths with bipolar disorder ( BD ) and comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . METHOD A 4-week double-blind , placebo-controlled trial in youths ages 5 to 17 years was conducted . Subjects met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder and ADHD , were currently receiving a stable dose of at least one thymoleptic , and while euthymic continued to have clinical ly significant symptoms of ADHD . Patients received 1 week each of placebo , methylpheni date 5 mg twice daily , methylpheni date 10 mg twice daily , and methylpheni date 15 mg twice daily using a crossover design . Subjects were r and omly assigned to receive one of six possible dosing orders . At study 's end , and before the blind being broken , a " best dose week " for each subject was determined . The primary outcome measure was the total score on the parent-completed ADHD Rating Scale-IV . RESULTS Sixteen patients , with a mean age of 10.43 ( SD 3.14 ) years completed the trial . Lower scores during best dose treatment compared to the week of placebo treatment were found on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV ( p < .05 ) , suggesting a therapeutic benefit . A large effect size ( Cohen 's d = 0.90 ) was found for methylpheni date . Treatment was generally well tolerated . CONCLUSIONS Euthymic youths with bipolar disorder and ADHD may benefit from short-term concomitant treatment with methylpheni date OBJECTIVE This was a double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover design study of the safety and efficacy of methylpheni date ( MPH ) in 11 preschool children ( aged 4.0 - 5.11 years ) with developmental disabilities and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . METHOD MPH doses of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg per dose and a placebo were given . Drug response was evaluated via teacher-completed behavior checklists and clinic-based observations of activity level , attention , and compliance to adult requests . A side effects checklist was also completed by teachers and parents . RESULTS Significant improvement on teacher ratings of hyperactivity and inattention as well as clinic-based observations of activity level and compliance were associated with MPH . Eight of 11 preschool children were medication responders ( based on a minimum 40 % decrease between placebo and one drug condition on either the teacher-rated Conners Hyperactivity Index or the Hyperactive-Distractible subscale of the Preschool Behavior Question naire ) . Five children exhibited significant adverse drug side effects such as severe social withdrawal , increased crying , and irritability , especially at the higher dose ( 0.6 mg/kg ) . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD respond to MPH at rates similar to those of school-age children with mental retardation and ADHD . However , this population appears to be especially susceptible to adverse drug side effects OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that multimodal psychosocial intervention , which includes parent training , combined with methylpheni date significantly enhances the behavior of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , compared with methylpheni date alone and compared with methylpheni date and nonspecific psychosocial treatment ( attention control ) . METHOD One hundred three children with ADHD ( ages 7 - 9 ) , free of conduct and learning disorders , who responded to short-term methylpheni date therapy were r and omized for 2 years to receive either ( 1 ) methylpheni date treatment alone ; ( 2 ) methylpheni date plus psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling , social skills training , academic assistance , and psychotherapy ; or ( 3 ) methylpheni date plus attention control treatment . Parents rated their knowledge of parenting principles and negative and positive parenting behavior . Children rated their parents ' behavior . RESULTS Psychosocial treatment led to significantly better knowledge of parenting principles but did not enhance parenting practice s , as rated by parents and children . Significant improvement in mothers ' negative parenting occurred across all treatments and was maintained . CONCLUSIONS In nonconduct-disordered , stimulant-treated children with ADHD , parent training does not improve self-rated parental behavior . The benefits of brief stimulant treatment for negative parental behavior are sustained with extended treatment
Our study suggests that methylpheni date retains its efficacy in children with ADHD and borderline intellectual functioning or ID
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) frequently co-occurs with intellectual disability in children , and may further compromise learning .
Methylpheni date is a first-line treatment for ADHD , however no previous meta- analysis has evaluated its overall efficacy for ADHD in children with comorbid intellectual disability ( ID ) or borderline intellectual functioning .