Paucity of Nanolayering in Resin-Dentin Interfaces of MDP-based Adhesives Adhesion of 10-MDP containing resin cements to dentin with and without the etch-and-rinse technique In situ assessment of effects of the bromide- and fluoride-incorporating adhesive systems on biofilm and secondary caries. Effect of a sodium hypochlorite gel on dentin bonding. Effect of various surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia after thermal aging. 3-year clinical effectiveness of one-step adhesives in non-carious cervical lesions. Evaluation of self-adhesive resin cement bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic (Y-TZP) using four surface treatments. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Effect of a self-etching adhesive containing an antibacterial monomer on clinical periodontal parameters and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients. Effect of collagen removal on shear bond strength of two single-bottle adhesive systems. Effect of different surface treatments on adhesion of In-Ceram Zirconia to enamel and dentin substrates. Efficacy of a self-curing adhesive-resin cement system on luting glass-fiber posts into root canals: an SEM investigation. The use of collagen cross-linking agents to enhance dentin bond strength. In situ anticariogenic effect of adhesive systems containing fluoride and MDPB. Effect of silica coating combined to a MDP-based primer on the resin bond to Y-TZP ceramic. Effect of acid etching time and technique on interfacial characteristics of the adhesive-dentin bond using differential staining. Effect of proanthocyanidin incorporation into dental adhesive resin on resin-dentine bond strength. SEM qualitative evaluation of four self-etching adhesive systems. Bonding effectiveness and sealing ability of fiber-post bonding. Bonding of simplified adhesive systems to caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. Long-term monitoring of microleakage of cavity varnish and adhesive resin with amalgam. A clinical, radiographic, and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of adhesive restorations on carious dentin in primary teeth. Influence of sandblasting granulometry and resin cement composition on microtensile bond strength to zirconia ceramic for dental prosthetic frameworks.
Self-assembled nanolayering structures have been reported in resin-dentin interfaces created by adhesives that contain 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate ( 10-MDP ) . These structures have been hypothesized to contribute to bond durability . The objective of the present study was to determine the extent of nanolayering in resin-dentin interfaces after application of commercialized  10-MDP-containing self-etch and universal adhesives to human dentin . Seven commercialized adhesives were examined :  Adhese Universal ( Ivoclar-Vivadent ) , All-Bond Universal ( Bisco , Inc. ) , Clearfil SE Bond 2 , Clearfil S3 Bond Plus , Clearfil Universal Bond ( all from Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc. ) , G-Premio Bond ( GC Corp. ) , and Scotchbond Universal ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each adhesive was applied in the self-etch mode on midcoronal dentin according to the respective manufacturer ’s instructions . Bonded specimens ( n = 6 ) were covered with flowable resin composite , processed for transmission electron microscopy , and examined at 30 r and om sites without staining . Thin-film glancing angle X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) was used to detect the characteristic peaks exhibited by nanolayering ( n = 4 ) . The control consisted of 15%wt , 10%wt , and 5%wt 10-MDP ( DM Healthcare Products , Inc. ) dissolved in a mixed solvent ( ethanol and water weight ratio 9:8 , with photoinitiators ) . Experimental primers were applied to dentin for 20 s , covered with hydrophobic resin layer , and examined in the same manner . Profuse nanolayering with highly ordered periodicity ( ~3.7 nm wide ) was observed adjacent to partially dissolved apatite crystallites in dentin treated with the 15 % 10-MDP primer . Three peaks in the 2θ range of 2.40 ° ( 3.68 nm ) , 4.78 ° ( 1.85 nm ) , and 7.18 ° ( 1.23 nm ) were identified from thin-film XRD . Reduction in the extent of nanolayering was observed in the 10 % and 5 % 10-MDP experimental primer-dentin interface along with lower intensity XRD peaks . Nanolayering and characteristic XRD peaks were rarely observed in specimens prepared from the commercialized adhesives . The sparsity of nanolayering in resin-dentin interfaces created by commercialized adhesives challenges its clinical effectiveness as a mechanism for improving bond longevity in dentin bonding PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesion of 10-MDP containing self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements to dentin with and without the use of etch- and -rinse technique . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Human third molars ( N=180 ) were r and omly divided into 6 groups ( n=30 per group ) . Conventional ( Panavia F2.0 , Kuraray-PAN ) and self-adhesive resin cements ( Clearfil SA , Kuraray-CSA ) were bonded to dentin surfaces either after application of 3-step etch- and -rinse ( 35 % H3PO4 + ED Primer ) or two-step self-etch adhesive resin ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test using the universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The failure types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and quality of hybrid layer was observed under a scanning electron microscope . The data ( MPa ) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS Overall , PAN adhesive cement showed significantly higher mean bond strength ( 12.5 ± 2.3 - 14.1 ± 2.4 MPa ) than CSA cement ( 9.3 ± 1.4 - 13.9 ± 1.9 MPa ) ( P<.001 ) . Adhesive failures were more frequent in CSA cement groups when used in conjunction with two-step self-adhesive ( 68 % ) or no adhesive at all ( 66 % ) . Hybrid layer quality was inferior in CSA compared to PAN cement in all conditions . CONCLUSION In clinical situations where bonding to dentin substrate is crucial , both conventional and self-adhesive resin cements based on 10-MDP can benefit from etch- and -rinse technique to achieve better quality of adhesion in the early clinical period AIM This in situ study assessed the effects of adhesive systems containing or not fluoride and /or the antibacterial monomer 12-methacryloyloxydodecylpyridinium bromide ( MDPB ) on the microbiological composition of dental biofilm and enamel demineralization . MATERIAL S AND METHODS During two phases of 14 days , ten volunteers wore intraoral palatal appliances containing two slabs of human enamel according to a double-blind , crossover design . The slabs were r and omly restored using a composite resin and one of the following adhesive systems : All-Bond SE(TM ) ( self-etch , fluoride/MDPB free adhesive , AB ) and Clearfl Protect Bond ( self-etch containing fluoride and MDPB adhesive , CB ) . The biofilm formed on the slabs was analyzed with regard to total and mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts . Demineralization represented by integrated area of hardness × lesion depth Delta S ( ΔS ) was determined on enamel by analysis of cross-sectional microhardness , at 20 and 70 μm from the restoration margin . Data were analyzed by ANOVA . RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found either in enamel demineralization or in the microbiological composition of dental biofilm . CONCLUSION All adhesive systems containing or not fluoride and /or MDPB tested were unable to inhibit secondary caries in the in situ model used in the present research UNLABELLED It has been suggested that the hybrid layer ( HL ) does not play any important role in the mechanism of adhesion to dentin . To substantiate this hypothetical in significance of the HL , sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) has been used to remove collagen from etched dentin prior to bonding . OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a commercial 10 % NaOCl gel on the dentin shear bond strengths and HL ultra-morphology of two simplified dentin adhesives . The null hypothesis tested was that treatment of etched dentin collagen with NaOCl would not compromise dentin bonding . METHODS The labial surface of eighty bovine incisors was polished to expose middle dentin . The specimens were r and omly assigned to two total-etch adhesive systems ( N = 40 ) : Prime&Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk ) ; and  Single Bond ( 3 M Dental Products Division ) . After rinsing off the etchant , one drop of 10 % NaOCl ( AD Gel , Kuraray Ltd. ) was applied to the etched dentin surface and left for 0 ( control ) , 15 , 30 , or 60 s. The gel was rinsed off with water and the dentin surface kept visibly moist prior to the application of the adhesive as per manufacturer 's instructions . The respective composite resin was subsequently applied and light-cured . After 24 h in water at 37 degrees C , the specimens were thermocycled for 500 cycles in baths kept at 5 and 55 degrees C and the shear bond strengths measured . The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA . For TEM , sixteen dentin disks were taken from middle dentin of extracted human third molars , assigned to the eight treatment sequences , and observed . RESULTS The increase in the  NaOCl application time result ed in a progressive decrease in shear bond strengths for both dentin adhesives . For Single Bond , the application of AD Gel for 60 s result ed in a reduction of bond strengths to 38 % of that obtained for the control . For Prime&Bond NT , the mean bond strength obtained when AD Gel was applied for 60 s was 31 % of that obtained for the control . The application of AD Gel result ed in distinct morphology for each one of the two adhesives tested . For Single Bond , the general morphology of the collagen network was maintained , regardless of the deproteinization time . The interfibrillar space within the collagen network increased with increasing deproteinization times . For Prime&Bond NT , the general appearance of the HL was maintained for deproteinization times of 15 and 30 s. When the NaOCl gel was applied for 60 s , the morphological appearance of the HL lost its fibrillar arrangement . While remnants of the collagen fibers were observed in one of the dentin disks , the other specimen showed an amorphous structure without any discernible HL morphological features . SIGNIFICANCE The integrity of the collagen fibrils left exposed upon acid-etching plays a major role in the mechanism of adhesion of the specific adhesive systems tested in this study . The intermingling of the adhesive monomers with the filigree of collagen fibers or HL should still be considered the paramount dentin bonding mechanism This study evaluated the effect of chairside and laboratory types of surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia ceramic after thermocycling . Disk-shaped ( diameter : 10 mm , thickness : 2 mm ) Y-TZP ceramics ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) were used ( N=40 ) and finished with wet 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper . Specimens were r and omly divided into four experimental groups according to the following surface conditioning methods ( n=10 per group ) : Group 1 - -Chairside airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O2 + Alloy Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 2 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O3 + Cesead II Opaque Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 3 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm A12O3 + Silano-Pen + silane coupling agent ( Bredent ) ; Group 4 - -Laboratory tribochemical silica coating ( 110-microm Al2O3 + 110-microm SiOx ) ( Rocatec ) + silane coupling agent ( ESPE-Sil ) . Adhesive cement , Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) , was bonded incrementally to the ceramic surfaces using polyethylene molds ( diameter : 3.6 mm , height : 5 mm ) . All specimens were thermocycled ( 5 and 55 degrees C , 6,000 cycles ) and subjected to shear bond strength test ( 1 mm/min ) . Data were statistically analyzed ( one-way ANOVA , alpha=0.05 ) , whereby no significant differences were found among the four groups ( 8.43+/-1.3 , 8.98+/-3.6 , 12.02+/-6.7 , and 8.23+/-3.8 MPa ) ( p=0.1357 ) . Therefore , the performance of chairside conditioning methods used for zirconia was on par with the laboratory alternative tested OBJECTIVES Despite representing an important component of current dental adhesives , HEMA has been said to negatively influence the long-term stability of adhesion to dentine and enamel . The aim of this r and omised clinical trial was to evaluate the 3-year clinical performance of two one-step self-etch adhesives . METHODS Thirty patients had 175 non-carious cervical lesions restored with composite ( Gradia Direct Anterior , GC ) using either the HEMA-rich adhesive Clearfil Tri-S Bond ( C3S ; Kuraray ) or the HEMA-free adhesive G-Bond ( GB ; GC ) . The restorations were evaluated by two examiners at baseline , 6 , 12 , 24 and 36 months regarding retention , caries recurrence , marginal integrity and discoloration and post-operative sensitivity . The data were statistically analysed with GEE and McNemar tests ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS The recall rate at 6 and 12 months was 100 % and decreased to 96.7 % at 24 and 36 months . At 3 years , the retention rate was 93.8 % for C3S and 98.8 % for GB ( p=0.14 ) . A pairwise comparison showed no significant differences between the two adhesives for all the parameters evaluated , irrespective of the recall ( p>0.05 ) . After 3 years , both adhesives presented an increase in the percentage of clinical ly acceptable marginal discoloration ( C3S : 32.9 % and GB : 26.8 % ) normally associated to clinical ly acceptable marginal defects ( C3S : 35.8 % and GB : 26.5 % ) . Only 1 dentine margin of a GB restoration presented a severe marginal defect ( 1.2 % ) and 1 C3S restoration presented caries recurrence . The overall 3-year clinical success rate was 92.6 % for C3S and 97.6 % for GB ( p=0.16 ) . CONCLUSION Both one-step self-etch adhesives presented an equally favourable clinical effectiveness at 3 years . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE HEMA is a monomer frequently present in dental adhesives in order to increase their wettability and hydrophilicity . However , this monomer negatively influences hydrolytic stability and durability of the adhesive interface complex . In this 3-year clinical trial no significant difference in bonding effectiveness was noticed between a HEMA-rich and HEMA-free one-step adhesive PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of four surface treatments on the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to an yttria-stabilized zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic material ( Lava Frame zirconia ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty plates ( 8 x 6 x 1 mm ) of a Y-TZP ceramic restorative material were r and omly assigned to four groups ( n = 10 ) according to the surface treatments : control , no treatment ; airborne-particle abrasion with 50-μm Al2O3 ; coating with an MDP-based primer ; conditioning with Rocatec System . The ceramic plates treated with each of the four methods were further divided into 2 subgroups according to the resin cement tested : RelyXTM ARC ( ARC , conventional ) and RelyXTM Unicem ( Ucem , self-adhesive ) . The resin cements were put into PVC tubes ( diameter 0.75 mm , 0.5 mm height ) placed on the ceramic plate surfaces . After water storage at 37 ° C for 24 h , the specimens were su bmi tted to a microshear bond strength ( μSBS ) test at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min . RESULTS The surface treatments significantly influenced the μSBS ( p < 0.05 ) . For the four surface treatments , UCem presented significantly higher μSBS than ARC ( p < 0.05 ) . For both resin cements , the best result was produced by the MDP-based primer : ARC 15.9 ± 5.0 MPa and UCem 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa . The highest μSBS values were presented by UCem on ceramic plates treated with the MDP-based primer ( 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa ) and Rocatec system ( 37.4 ± 2.3 MPa ) . CONCLUSION Irrespective of the surface treatment , the self-adhesive resin cement performed better in terms of bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic than did conventional resin cement This study examined the effect of phosphoric acid ( PA ) etching on the bond strength and acid-base resistant zone ( ABRZ ) formation of a two-step self-etching adhesive ( SEA ) system to enamel . An etch- and -rinse adhesive ( EAR ) system Single Bond ( SB ) and a two-step SEA system Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were used . Human teeth were r and omly divided into four groups according to different adhesive treatments : 1 ) SB ; 2 ) SE ; 3 ) 35 % PA etching→SE primer→SE adhesive ( PA/SEp+a ) ; ( 4 ) 35 % PA etching→SE adhesive ( PA/SEa )  . Microshear bond strength to enamel was measured and then statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test . The failure mode was recorded and analyzed by χ ( 2 ) test . The etching pattern of the enamel surface was observed with scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . The bonded interface was exposed to a demineralizing solution ( pH=4.5 ) for 4.5 hours and then 5 % sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonication for 30 minutes . After argon-ion etching , the interfacial ultrastructure was observed using SEM . The microshear bond strength to enamel of the SE group was significantly lower ( p<0.05 ) than that of the three PA-etched groups , although the latter three were not significantly different from one another . The ABRZ was detected in all the groups . In morphological observation , the ABRZ in the three PA-etched groups were obviously thicker compared with the SE group with an irregular wave-shaped edge INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of a self-etching adhesive system containing an antibacterial monomer on  periodontal health and subgingival microbiologic composition in orthodontic patients and to compare it with a conventional adhesive system . METHODS A split-mouth design was chosen , and 15 patients were included in the study . Brackets in contralateral quadrants were bonded with either a conventional adhesive system ( control ) or a self-etching adhesive system that contained an antibacterial monomer . Clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index , gingival index , probing depths , and bleeding on probing were determined . Subgingival plaque sample s were collected before bracket placement ( T0 ) and at the 6-month follow-up ( T1 ) . The real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine the subgingival counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythensis , Prevotella intermedia , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Fusobacterium nucleatum , and Campylobacter rectus . For clinical periodontal parameters , analysis of covariance ( ANCOVA ) and , for bacterial counts , Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical comparisons at the P < 0.05 level . RESULTS Clinical periodontal parameters were not changed , and they were not different between the groups from T0 to T1 . T forsythensis and F nucleatum increased during the treatment period in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The majority of the bacteria were T nucleatum at T0 and T1 in both groups . Changes in bacterial load from T0 to T1 were not different between groups except for T forsythensis and F nucleatum ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of an antibacterial monomer did not have an additional positive effect on clinical periodontal parameters . When used in bonding orthodontic brackets , the antibacterial monomer failed to reduce periodontopathogenic bacteria when compared with the conventional adhesive system during a 6-month treatment period This study evaluated the effect of collagen removal on the shear bond strength for two single-bottle adhesive systems . The ultrastructure of the dentin after treatments and the dentin-resin interface were examined under SEM . The buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted human third molars were ground to expose dentin . Teeth were r and omly assigned to four groups and received the following treatments : Group 1(P&B 2.1 ) , Prime & Bond 2.1 adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer 's directions and Restorative Z100 composite resin was bonded to the dentin surface ; Group 2 ( P&B 2.1/NaOCl ) , the same procedures were followed as for Group 1 except that the surfaces were treated with 10 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) for one minute after acid conditioning ; Group 3 ( SB ) , Single Bond ( 3 M ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's recommendations ; Group 4 ( SB/NaOCl ) , the same procedure was followed for Group 2 , using Single Bond . The specimens were stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and tested in a shear mode at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute . The Kruskal-Wallis test and Multiple Comparisons were used for statistical analysis of the data . A one-minute exposure of dentin to 10 % NaOCl following acid conditioning result ed in a significant increase of the dentin shear bond strength for Prime & Bond 2.1 . The same treatment for Single Bond result ed in a significant reduction in bond strength . Groups 1 and 3 were not statistically different from each other . The presence of a collagen layer result ed in the formation of a hybrid layer and similar values of adhesion for both adhesive systems . The results may suggest that collagen removal improves the bond strength for this acetone-based adhesive system but several such systems would need to be investigated PURPOSE Resin bonding of In-Ceram Zirconia ( ICZ ) ceramics is still a challenge , especially for minimally invasive applications . This study evaluated the adhesion of ICZ to enamel and dentin after different surface treatments of the ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS ICZ ceramic specimens ( diameter : 6 mm ; thickness : 2 mm ) ( N = 100 ) were fabricated following the manufacturer 's instructions and r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 20 ) , according to the surface treatment methods applied . The groups were as follows : group C : no treatment ; group SB : s and blasting ; group SCS-S : CoJet+silane ; group SCS-P : CoJet+Alloy Primer ; group GE-S : glaze+ hydrofluoric acid etching ( 9.6 % ) for 60 s+silane . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups to be bonded to either enamel or dentin ( n = 10 per group ) using MDP-based resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) . All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C-55 ° C ) . The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine and tensile force was applied to the ceramic/cement interface until failure occurred ( 1 mm/min ) . After evaluating all the debonded specimens under SEM , the failure types were defined as either " adhesive " with no cement left on the ceramic surface ( score 0 ) or " mixed " with less than 1/2 of the cement left adhered to the surface with no cohesive failure of the substrate ( score 1 ) . The data were statistically evaluated using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest tensile bond strength for the enamel surfaces was obtained in group GE-S ( 18.1 ± 2 MPa ) and the lowest in group SB ( 7.1 ± 1.4 MPa ) . Regarding dentin , group CSC-P showed the highest ( 12 ± 1.3 MPa ) and SB the lowest tensile bond strength ( 5.7 ± 0.4 MPa ) . Groups SB , CSC-S , CSC-P , and GE-S did not show significant differences between the different surface treatments on either enamel or dentin surfaces ( p < 0.05 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Groups CSC-P and GE-S presented similar bond strength for both the enamel and dentin substrates ( p < 0.8 and p < 0.9 ) , respectively . While on enamel substrates , exclusively adhesive failures from ICZ ( score 0 ) were found , on dentin exclusively mixed failures were observed ( score 1 ) . CONCLUSION Adhesion of ICZ to both enamel and dentin can be improved when ceramics are glazed , etched , and silanized , or s and blasted , primed , and cemented with an MDP-based cement PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new bonding-luting system in resin tag , adhesive lateral branch , and hybrid layer formation when used in combination with an experimental fiber post . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty anterior teeth extracted for periodontal reasons were selected for this study . They were endodontically treated and r and omly divided into three groups of 10 sample s each : group 1 = Excite light-cured bonding agent in combination with Variolink II resin cement ; group 2 = Excite dual-cured bonding agent self-activated by an experimental microbrush in combination with MultiLink resin cement ; and group 3 = one-step bonding system in combination with Dual Link resin cement . In groups 1 and 3 , the primer-adhesive solution was light cured before placing the resin cement and the post , whereas in group 2 the adhesive/luting material s were not light cured . Twenty FRC Postec translucent posts ( groups 1 and 2 ) and 10 EndoAesthetic translucent fiber posts ( group 3 ) were used . One week later , the root sample s were processed for scanning electron microscopic ( SEM ) observations . RESULTS Microscopic examinations of restored interfaces from group 2 revealed a resin-dentin interdiffusion zone higher than that seen in sample s from groups 1 and 3 ( P < .05 ) . At the apical and middle thirds , the sample s from group 2 showed significantly more resin tags than the other two groups . CONCLUSION The dual-cure self-activating system showed a more uniform resin tag and resin-dentin interdiffusion zone formation along root canal walls than light-curing systems UNLABELLED Type I collagen is a major component of the hybrid layer , and improvement of its mechanical properties may be advantageous during bonding procedures . OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of three different cross-linking agents ( Glutaraldehyde [ GD ] , Grape seed extract [ GSE ] , and Genipin [ GE ] ) on the tensile bond strength ( TBS ) of resin-dentin bonds . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixty-four sound human molars were collected and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat to expose dentin . Dentin surfaces were etched using a phosphoric acid and then teeth were r and omly divided according to the dentin treatment : Control group ( no treatment ) , 5 % GD , 6.5 % GSE , or 0.5 % GE . Teeth were restored either with One Step Plus or Adper Single Bond Plus adhesive systems and resin composite . After 24 h , teeth were sectioned to produce a cross-sectional surface area of 1.0 mm(2 ) and tested for tensile bond strength . Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD tests ( p < 0.05 ) . There was a statistically significant interaction between factors ( treatment and adhesive p < 0.001 ) . Treatment affected TBS ( p < 0.0001 ) , while no differences were observed between the adhesive systems ( p = 0.6961 ) . CONCLUSION Chemical modification to the dentin matrix promoted by GD and GSE , but not GE , result ed in increased bond strength . The application of selective collagen cross-linkers during adhesive restorative procedures may be a new approach to improve dentin bond strength properties PURPOSE To evaluate in situ the anticariogenic effect of fluoride and MDPB containing adhesive systems at the restoration interface , by microhardness tests . METHODS 120 fragments containing preparations for resin composite restorations performed at the cemento-enamel junction were r and omly distributed among the adhesive systems to be tested . The adhesive systems were applied in accordance with the manufacturers ' instructions : Optibond FL , Adper Single Bond 2 , Prime & Bond 2.1 , Optibond Solo Plus , Adper Prompt , Clearfil Protect Bond and restored with the nanoparticulate resin composite Z350 .  Twenty volunteers used a palatal appliance containing fragments restored with each adhesive system for 21 days , and applied 20 % sucrose on them eight times a day to simulate a high cariogenic challenge . Microhardness tests were performed at different depths ( 20 microm , 40 microm and 60 microm from the occlusal margin of the restoration ) and at different distances ( 100 microm , 200 microm and 300 microm from the adhesive interface ) . RESULTS ANOVA showed that for enamel , there was significant difference between the adhesive systems ( P=0.0106 ) ; the interaction adhesive system*distance was a significant ( P=0.0006 ) , and the one-step self-etching adhesive system containing fluoride ( Adper Prompt ) presented a higher anticariogenic effect . However , for dentin , the adhesive system used did not interfere in decreasing the severity of caries formation The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of silica coating and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based primer applications upon the bonding durability of a MDP-based resin cement to a yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Ninety-six Y-TZP tabs were embedded in an acrylic resin ( free surface for adhesion : 5 × 5 mm(2 ) ) , ground finished and r and omly divided into four groups ( N = 24 ) according to the ceramic surface conditioning : ( 1 ) cleaning with isopropanol ( ALC ) ; ( 2 ) ALC + phosphoric acid etching + MDP-based primer application ( MDP-primer ) ; ( 3 ) silica coating + 3-methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS)-based coupling agent application ( SiO2 + MPS-Sil ) ; and ( 4 ) SiO2 + MDP-primer . The MDP-based resin cement was applied on the treated surface using a cylindrical mold ( diameter= 3 mm ) . Half of the specimens from each surface conditioning were stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C , 24 h ) before testing . Another half of the specimens were stored ( 90 days ) and thermo-cycled ( 12,000 x ) during this period ( 90 d/TC ) before testing . A shear bond strength ( SBS ) test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . Two factors composed the experimental design : ceramic conditioning strategy ( in four levels ) and storage condition ( in two levels ) , totaling eight groups . After 90 d/TC ( Tukey ; p < 0.05 ) , SiO2 + MDP-primer ( 24.40 MPa ) promoted the highest SBS . The ALC and MDP-primer groups debonded spontaneously during 90 d/TC . Bonding values were higher and more stable in the SiO2 groups . The use of MDP-primer after silica coating increased the bond strength Dentin bonding using the total-etch method has been cl aim ed to be technique-sensitive . The aim of this study is to examine the effect of acid-etch variations on the dentin demineralization and interfacial structure of the adhesive-dentin bond using a differential staining technique . Single Bond adhesive with 35 % phosphoric acid gel was used . The occlusal one-third of the crown was removed from 60 extracted , unerupted human third molars . Smear layers were created by abrading the dentin with 600 grit SiC under water for 30 s. The prepared teeth were r and omly assigned to four groups according to etching time ( Group 1 , 10 s ; Group 2 , 15 s ; Group 3 , 30 s ; Group 4 , 60 s ) . In each group , the etching gel was : ( i ) applied and spread to the dentin surface and left to st and undisturbed ; ( ii ) applied and gently agitated during etching ; ( iii ) applied without using dispensing tips for the syringe and left for the same period as above . After rinsing , the etched dentin was then treated with the adhesive per manufacturers ' instructions . 3 - 5 micro m thin sections of the adhesive/dentin ( a/d ) interface were cut with a microtome and stained with Goldner 's trichrome . Stained , thin sections from each prepared tooth were imaged with light microscopy . The depth and extent of dentin demineralization , and the a/d interdiffusion zone were clearly visible by this differential staining microtechnique . The thickness of the interdiffusion zone increased as a function of etching time . However , the etchant gel application methods have a significant influence on dentin demineralization . Although agitating acid gel facilitates the penetration and etching into dentin , it should not be recommended , especially for longer etching time . These results indicated that the etching technique has a large effect on the profile of both dentin demineralization and interfacial structure OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of proanthocyanidin ( PA ) incorporation into experimental dental adhesives on resin-dentine bond strength . METHODS Four experimental hydrophilic adhesives containing  different PA concentrations were prepared by combining 50wt% resin comonomer mixtures with 50wt% ethanol . Proanthocyanidin was added to the ethanol-solvated resin to yield three adhesives with PA concentrations of 1.0 , 2.0 and 3.0wt% , respectively . A PA-free adhesive served as the control . Flat dentine surfaces from 40 extracted third molars were etched with 32 % phosphoric acid . The specimens were r and omly assigned to one of the four adhesive groups . Two layers of one of the four experimental adhesives were applied to the etched dentine and light-cured for 20s . Composite build-ups were performed using Filtek Z250 ( 3 M ESPE ) . After storage in distilled water at 37 ° C for 24h , twenty-four bonded teeth were sectioned into 0.9 mm × 0.9 mm beams and stressed to failure under tension for bond strength testing . Bond strength data were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . Interfacial nanoleakage was examined in the remaining teeth using a field-emission scanning electron microscope and analysed using the Chi-square test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS No significant difference in bond strength was found amongst PA-free , 1 % and 2 % PA adhesives . However , incorporation of 3 % PA into the adhesive significantly lowered bond strength as demonstrated by a greater number of adhesive failures and more extensive nanoleakage along the bonded interface . CONCLUSION Incorporation of 2 % proanthocyanidin into dental adhesives has no adverse effect on dentine bond strength . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The addition of proanthocyanidin to an experimental adhesive has no adverse effect on the immediate resin-dentine bond strength when the concentration of proanthocyanidin in the adhesive is less than or equal to 2 % AIM Recently , there has been a tendency to simplify bonding procedures . Current self-etching adhesives combine conditioning , priming and bonding functions thus reducing technique-sensitivity as well as the risk of making errors . Another important advantage of this approach is that it allows the resin to etch and infiltrate the substratum simultaneously thus reducing the risk of any discrepancy between these 2 processes . The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding quality of 4 self-etching adhesives both on dentin and enamel using SEM analysis . METHODS Twenty caries-free molars were used . The a prisma tic enamel layer was removed from the internal and external slopes of the vestibular cusps using a diamond bur . Each molar was then transversally cut just above the pulp chamber using a diamond saw ( composhave 4255 Intensiv ) thus obtaining twenty coronal fragments and 20 radicular fragments . Radicular and coronal fragments were then r and omly divided into 5 groups . Each group consisted of 8 specimens : 4 coronal and 4 radicular ones . A different adhesive system was used for each group following the manufacturer 's directions . Each group underwent the same treatment : a thin layer of flowable composite was applied and then polymerized . Subsequently , a single 2 mm layer of microhybrid composite was added . The coronal and radicular portions were longitudinally cut to show the ground enamel/adhesive , unground enamel/adhesive and dentine/adhesive interfaces . Eighty specimens were obtained and prepared for SEM observation . Forty specimens with an adhesive/enamel interface and 40 with an adhesive/dentine interface . RESULTS The interfacial exam frequently showed gaps between the substratum and the restoration . The final etching was generally satisfactory on ground enamel , while it was poor on unground enamel . Sometimes gaps were evident at the adhesive interface in dentin specimens . The tested adhesive systems produced a suitable hybrid layer and a lot of resin-tags were present . CONCLUSIONS Self-etching adhesives showed an adequate adhesion to dentin . However , while they provided encouraging results on ground enamel they did not show to be dependable on unground enamel OBJECTIVES To evaluate the push-out bond strength and the sealing ability of five adhesive cements routinely used for fiber-post bonding . METHODS Fifty extracted single-rooted teeth were r and omly divided in five groups and restored using Parapost FiberLux and the following luting agents : Panavia 21 ( PAN ) , Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CLF ) , Variolink II ( VAR ) , RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) and experimental GC self-adhesive cement ( EGC ) . After 1 week of water storage at 37 degrees C , three sections ( coronal , middle and apical ) of 2 mm thickness were prepared from each specimen . Sealing ability was quantified with a fluid-filtration system ( Flodec ) during 10 min , after which the push-out bond strength was immediately measured . Data were analyzed with ANOVA ( push-out ) and Kruskal-Wallis ( sealing ability ) . RESULTS The push-out bond strength and sealing ability were not significantly different among the coronal , middle and apical sections for each luting agent . The highest push-out bond strength was measured for CLF ( 14.60+/-3.63 MPa ) , which was not significantly different from PAN ( 12.57+/-2.45 MPa ) , but significantly higher than VAR ( 11.09+/-4.09 MPa ) , UNI ( 11.29+/-4.31 MPa ) and EGC ( 7.65+/-4.79 MPa ) . When evaluating the sealing ability , significant differences were not found among PAN , CLF and VAR , and between UNI and EGC . The latter luting agents scored significantly lower than the former ones . The push-out bond strength was correlated to the sealing ability ( p<0.001 ) . SIGNIFICANCE The self-etching MDP-based cements presented the highest push-out bond strength . Although the bonding effectiveness of self-adhesive cements appears promising , their interaction with root dentin might be too weak to minimize microleakage at the post-cement-dentin interface PURPOSE To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile ( µTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) tests . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars . Half of the specimens were su bmi tted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin . Teeth were r and omly restored with one of three material s : the etch- and -rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 ( SB ) , the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus ( SE ) , and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One ( EASY ) . After storage for 24 h , specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing ( 1 mm/min ) . One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution ( 24 h ) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nano leakage with SEM . The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . The µTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . For NL , the Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α < 0.05 ) . RESULTS SB ( 35.5 ± 3.5 ) showed the highest µTBS value to sound dentin , followed by EASY ( 26.3 ± 1.9 ) and SE ( 18.2 ± 6.5 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . No difference among material s was observed for caries-affected dentin ( SB : 17.8 ± 4.2 ; SE : 13.9 ± 3.2 ; EASY : 14.4 ± 4.2 , p > 0.05 ) . For all groups , adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed . Caries affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface ; however , with SE , the nano leakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems , even in sound dentin . CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nano leakage of the two-step etch- and -rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The penetration of oral fluids and bacteria at the interface between the cavity walls and amalgam restorations , which is known as marginal leakage , is one of the problems facing restorative dentistry today . This may cause secondary caries and the irritation of the pulp . PURPOSE This in vitro study tested and compared the sealing ability of a cavity varnish and a dental adhesive for decreasing the marginal leakage of  high copper amalgam fillings  by chemical diffusion technique . MATERIAL AND METHODS The sample s were r and omly divided into three groups . The cavities in the first group were filled with high copper amalgam . In the second and third groups , the cavities were treated with Copalite and Panavia EX adhesives , respectively , before the amalgam fillings were performed . After the periods of 2 hours , 48 hours , 1 week , and 1.5 and 6 months , the amount of calcium diffused through the interface area into the deionized water was measured with inductively coupled plasma . RESULTS Six-month results revealed that using a dental adhesive as an interfacial sealer had significant advantages to reduce microleakage when compared with a conventional copal varnish OBJECTIVE The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of a dentin adhesive system on carious and noncarious primary dentin in vivo . METHOD AND MATERIAL S Forty-eight primary molars with carious lesions were r and omly assigned to 2 different treatments : group 1 ( control , n = 24)--All identifiable , irreversibly infected dentin was removed prior to the application of the bonding agent and restorative material ; group 2 ( experimental , n = 24)--Irreversibly infected dentin was partially removed prior to the application of the bonding agent and restorative material . The control and experimental teeth were clinical ly monitored every 3 months and evaluated 12 months after restoration . The teeth were extracted around the time of exfoliation and processed for scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS Retention rate , marginal integrity , and pulpal symptoms were identical in both groups . Radiographically , the radiolucent area associated with the experimental restorations did not increase with time in 75 % of the cases . For the control group , the adhesive system formed a hybrid layer . In the experimental group , there was morphologic evidence of the formation of an acid-resistant " altered hybrid layer . " An acid-resistant tissue , result ing from the interdiffusion of adhesive resin within the area of carious dentin , was observed adjacent to and under the altered hybrid layer . CONCLUSION Application of an adhesive restorative system to irreversibly infected dentin did not affect the clinical performance of the restoration OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the particle size of s and blasting and the composition of the resin cement on the microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) to zirconia . METHODS Forty zirconia blocks ( Cercon , Dentsply ) were polished and r and omly treated as follows : Group 1 ( NT ) : no treatment ; Group 2 ( APA-I ) : airborne particle abrasion ( Cobra , Renfert ) using 25-μm aluminium-oxide ( Al(2)O(3))-particles ; Group 3 ( APA-II ) : APA with 50-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles ; and Group 4 ( APA-III ) : APA using 110-μm Al(2)O(3)-particles . Ceramic blocks were duplicated in composite resin . Sample s of each pretreatment group were r and omly divided into two subgroups depending on the resin cement used for bonding the composite disks to the treated zirconia surfaces . Subgroup 1 ( PAN ) , which was a 10-MDP-containing luting system , used Clearfil Ceramic Primer plus Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) and Subgroup 2 ( BIF ) used Bifix SE ( VOCO ) self-adhesive cement . After 24h , bonded specimens were cut into 1±0.1mm(2 ) sticks . MTBS values were obtained using a universal testing machine ( cross-head speed=0.5mm/min ) . Failure modes were recorded and the interfacial morphology of the debonded microbars was SEM-assessed . Two-way ANOVA , Student-Newman-Keuls tests , and the step-wise linear regression analysis were performed with the MTBS being the dependent variable ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Despite the s and blasting granulometry , PAN bonded to air-abraded surfaces attained the highest MTBS and frequently showed mixed fractures . BIF recorded no significant differences in MTBS depending on the conditioning method , and registered the highest rates of premature and adhesive failures . CONCLUSIONS The 10-MDP-containing luting system seems to be the most suitable to bond zirconium-oxide ceramic , mainly after s and blasting
The 10-MDP monomer has the capacity to produce an acid-base resistant zone on the adhesive interface , which increases the response to acid-base challenges .
The adhesion established by these systems is stable over time .
The incorporation of functional monomers in dental adhesive systems promotes chemical interaction with dental substrates , result ing in higher adhesion forces when compared to micromechanical adhesion only .
The 10-MDP monomer , whose chemical structure allows for a polar behavior which is favorable to adhesion , also promotes the protection of collagen fibers through the formation of MDP-calcium salts .
This systematic review aim ed to characterize the interface created by 10-MDP containing adhesive systems through an evaluation of the following parameters : Formation of nano-layered structures , capacity to produce an acid-base resistant zone , and adhesion stability .