Success rate of dental implants inserted in autologous bone graft regenerated areas: a systematic review. Surgical protocols for ridge preservation after tooth extraction. A systematic review. Effectiveness of trigger point dry needling for multiple body regions: a systematic review Ridge Preservation for Implant Therapy: a Review of the Literature The implementation of the sentinel node biopsy as a routine procedure for patients with breast cancer. Balancing the strengths of systematic and narrative reviews. Innovative tools for quality assessment: integrated quality criteria for review of multiple study designs (ICROMS). Efficacy of Radiofrequency Procedures for the Treatment of Spinal Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials Is chemical antithrombotic prophylaxis effective in elective thoracolumbar spine surgery? Results of a systematic review Preservation of ridge dimensions following grafting with coral granules of 48 post-traumatic and post-extraction dento-alveolar defects. Conservative antibiotic treatment for acute uncomplicated appendicitis is feasible Applicability of Pulse Pressure Variation during Unstable Hemodynamic Events in the Intensive Care Unit: A Five-Day Prospective Multicenter Study Systematic review protocol: single-dose histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate vs. intermittent crystalloid or blood cardioplegia. Comparative effectiveness of manipulation, mobilisation and the Activator instrument in treatment of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review Research gaps identified during systematic reviews of clinical trials: glass-ionomer cements A systematic review of the role of videolaryngoscopy in successful orotracheal intubation Inclusion and exclusion criteria used in non-specific low back pain trials: a review of randomised controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012 What do review papers conclude about food and dietary patterns? Long-term stability of osseointegrated implants in bone regenerated with the membrane technique. 5-year results of a prospective study with 12 implants. Xenograft versus extraction alone for ridge preservation after tooth removal: a clinical and histomorphometric study. Implant loading protocols for the partially edentulous posterior mandible. Identifying effective behavioural components of Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing cEssation (IC-SMOKE) interventions: a systematic review protocol Dental implants placed in expanded narrow edentulous ridges with the Extension Crest device. A 1-3-year multicenter follow-up study.
BACKGROUND AND AIM To assess the success rate of  implants placed in atrophic ridges , regenerated by means of block bone grafts harvested from iliac crest , calvaria or intraoral donor sites ( m and ibular ramus , chin ) . METHODS AND MATERIAL S A systematic review of all prospect i ve and retrospective studies analyzing the success rate of  implants placed simultaneously or as a second surgery following ridge augmentation by means of onlay graft technique , compared with implants placed in pristine bone , was performed . To be included , studies had to involve at least five consecutively treated patients and to report clearly specified success criteria . It was also necessary a minimum follow-up period of six months , to allow the observation of potential biological complications during function , rather than early implant failures . In order to assess the success rate of implants in terms of health of periimplant tissues , implant stability , osteointegration and bone resorption , studies reporting only the survival rate of implants , were excluded . RESULTS From 323 potentially relevant studies , 65 full-text publications were screened and eight were identified as fulfilling the inclusion criteria . The success rate of  implants  placed in onlay graft regenerated ridges ranged from 72,8 % to 97 % after follow-up periods ranging from 6 months to 10 years , with all the studies but two , reporting a success rate higher than 84 % ( range 84 - 97 % ) . CONCLUSION The obtained data demonstrated that the success rate of implants placed in regenerated areas are very similar to those obtained in case of implants placed in pristine bone , and suggested that onlay graft augmentation is a quite predictable technique to allow the placement of implants in severely atrophic areas . Despite that , the current review revealed that there are not many studies providing data on the success rate of dental implants placed in onlay graft augmented ridges and demonstrated , on average , a poor method ological quality . So r and omized controlled studies adopting st and ardized criteria to define success and failure of implants are required and data from this review must be considered indicative OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence on the efficacy in the surgical protocol s design ed for preserving the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction and to evaluate how these techniques affect the placement of dental implants and the final implant supported restoration . MATERIAL AND METHODS A thorough search in MEDLINE - PubMed , Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of controlled trials ( CENTRAL ) was conducted up to February 2011 . R and omized clinical trials and prospect i ve cohort studies with a follow-up of at least 3 months reporting changes on both the hard and soft tissues ( height and /or width ) of the alveolar process ( mm or % ) after tooth extraction were considered for inclusion . RESULTS The screening of titles and abstract s result ed in 14 publications meeting the eligibility criteria . Data from nine of these 14 studies could be grouped in the meta-analyses . Results from the meta-analyses showed a statistically significant greater ridge reduction in bone height for control groups as compared to test groups ( weighted mean differences , WMD = -1.47 mm ; 95 % CI [ -1.982 , -0.953 ] ; P < 0.001 ; heterogeneity : I(2 ) = 13.1 % ; χ(2 ) P-value = 0.314 ) and a significant greater reduction in bone width for control groups compared to the test groups ( WMD = -1.830 mm ; 95 % CI [ -2.947 , -0.732 ] ; P = 0.001 ; heterogeneity : I(2 ) = 0 % ; χ(2 ) P-value = 0.837 ) . Subgroup analysis was based on the surgical protocol used for the socket preservation ( flapless/flapped , barrier membrane/no membrane , primary intention healing/no primary healing ) and on the measurement method utilized to evaluate morphological changes . Meta-regression analyses demonstrated a statistically significant difference favoring the flapped subgroup in terms of bone width ( meta-regression ; slope = 2.26 ; 95 % IC [ 1.01 ; 3.51 ] ; P = 0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS The potential benefit of socket preservation therapies was demonstrated result ing in significantly less vertical and horizontal contraction of the alveolar bone crest . The scientific evidence does not provide clear guidelines in regards to the type of bio material , or surgical procedure , although a significant positive effect of the flapped surgery was observed . There are no data available to draw conclusions on the consequences of such benefits on the long-term outcomes of implant therapy Background : Trigger point dry needling ( TDN ) is commonly used to treat musculoskeletal pain related to myofascial trigger points ( MTrPs ) . To date , no systematic review of high- quality r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) investigating TDN to multiple body regions exists . Purpose : The aim of this review is to determine the effectiveness of TDN based on high- quality RCTs for all body regions . Methods : To ensure thorough reporting , Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses ( PRISMA ) guidelines were followed as the method ological basis for this systematic review . PubMed , Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) , Cinahl , Cochrane and reference lists were search ed for the years 2000–2014 and the terms ‘ TDN ’ , ‘ dry needling NOT trigger point ’ , ‘ functional dry needling ’ and ‘ intramuscular manual therapy ’ . Inclusion criteria : RCTs with PEDro scores 6–10 investigating TDN . Exclusion criteria : duplicates , non-human participants , non-English language , exclusive focus on acupuncture or medicinal injections . Three investigators search ed data bases , applied criteria , read and assigned PEDro scores to every RCT . Nineteen studies met the criteria . As compared to either baseline or control groups , significant differences were found for pain ( 14 studies ) , range of motion ( ROM ) ( five studies ) and at least one item on function and quality of life measures ( six studies ) . Limitations : This review was limited by inclusion criteria , timeframe , language and data bases search ed . Conclusion : The majority of high- quality studies included in this review show measured benefit from TDN for MTrPs in multiple body areas , suggesting broad applicability of TDN treatment for multiple muscle groups . Further high- quality research is warranted to st and ardise TDN methods to determine clinical applicability Healing of the extraction socket after tooth removal involves retention of the blood clot followed by a sequence of events that lead to changes in the alveolar process in a three dimensional fashion . This normal healing event results in a minimal loss of vertical height ( around 1 mm ) , but a substantial loss of width in the buccal-lingual plane ( 4 - 6 mm ) . During the first three months following extraction that loss has been shown to be significant and may result in both a hard tissue and soft tissue deformity affecting the ability to restore the site with acceptable esthetics . Procedures that reduce the resorptive process have been shown to be predictable and potentially capable of eliminating secondary surgery for site preparation when implant therapy is planned . The key element is prior planning by the dental therapist to act at the time of extraction to prevent the collapse of the ridge due to the loss of the alveolus . Several techniques have been employed as ridge preservation procedures involving the use of bone grafts , barrier membranes and biologics to provide a better restorative outcome . This review will explore the evidence behind each technique and their efficacy in accomplishing site preparation . The literature does not identify a single technique as superior to others ; however , all accepted therapeutic procedures for ridge preservation have been shown to be more effective than blood clot alone in r and omized controlled studies BACKGROUND The sentinel node procedure for breast cancer allows for accurate staging of the axilla while the axillary node dissection can be avoided in patients with no sentinel node metastasis . This study describes those patients in whom an axillary dissection is performed , depending on the outcome of the sentinel node procedure , with particular emphasis on the use of strict criteria for the procedure and its practical limitations . METHODS Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed in 115 consecutive patients . The sentinel nodes were located with the use of a gamma probe and blue dye . Axillary dissection was performed at the same time when the sentinel node procedure was positive by frozen section or not successful by the criteria used . RESULTS The sentinel node procedure was successful in 106 patients , with the sentinel node being both radioactive and blue in 94 % of these patients . The frozen section was positive in 21 of 37 patients with sentinel node metastases . Axillary dissection could be avoided in 69 patients . CONCLUSIONS The triple technique ( with the use of lymphoscintigraphy , the gamma probe , and the blue dye ) gives a high success rate of the sentinel node procedure , even when strict criteria for a successful sentinel node procedure are used . Palpation of the open axilla for metastatic nonsentinel nodes is advocated The m and ate of Human Reproduction Up date involves several roles : ( i ) to provide a synthesis of evidence that can aid scientists and clinicians in their daily work ; ( ii ) to help reproductive specialists underst and concepts from related disciplines ; and ( iii ) to summarize current knowledge generated by basic science as the foundation of future scientific and clinical advancement . Given that review and synthesis are central to good scientific and clinical practice , and that a grasp of the current state of knowledge is a prerequisite to design ing new studies , it is pertinent to ask which review s are most likely to fulfil the needs of readers . A related question concerns whether systematic review s meet the needs of all review topics and all readers . Summarizing evidence or knowledge is a difficult problem in reproductive medicine , as in other branches of science and medical care ( Eddy et al. , 1992 ) . For each question there may be multiple studies that use different design s and inclusion criteria . For clinical questions , the interventions , outcomes and measures of effect may vary : the effect measures in treatment studies include odds ratios , relative risks and absolute differences . For scientific questions , the experimental species , models and design s may differ . Moreover , it is always uncertain whether all of the relevant evidence has been evaluated . Even when the search has been exhaustive , there are no simple guides on how to interpret conflicting results and whether to accept apparently outlying studies . The choices that the review er makes to address the variable conditions and uncertainties may be conservative , strict and exclusive , or liberal , open and inclusive . The decisions made by the review er may not be consistent throughout and these choices may or may not satisfy the reader who seeks out the review to address a clinical or research question . Faced with uncertainty and doubt , readers nonetheless must form an impression of the evidence and synthesize the state of knowledge in order to address the clinical or research question that stimulated their interest in the review . We argue that the reader is better served when the choices made in the review , regardless of whether they are strict or open , should be explicit , transparent , clearly stated and reproducible by interested readers . This list of objectives for review s is more easily satisfied by systematic review s , which use explicit methods to method ically search , critically appraise and synthesize the available literature on a specific issue . The question or issue need not be clinical : indeed , the concept evolved primarily in psychology studies ( Light and Pillemer , 1984 ) . The systematic review attempts to reduce review er bias through the use of objective , reproducible criteria to select relevant individual publications and assess their validity . A systematic review may include a meta- analysis or statistical summary of the individual study results : the aggregate of effects from several studies yields an average treatment effect that is more precise than the individual study results ( Schlesselman and Collins , 2003 ) . Thus , the systematic review involves explicit , transparent methods which are clearly stated , and reproducible by others . Whether a systematic review of r and omized controlled trials adheres to the guidelines can easily be evaluated by means of a widely used checklist ( the QUORUM statement ) ( Moher et al. , 1999 ) . The strengths of the systematic review include the narrow focus of the question , the comprehensive search for evidence , the criterion-based selection of relevant evidence , the rigorous appraisal of validity , the objective or quantitative summary , and the evidence -based inferences ( Cook et al. , 1997 ) . For some review topics , however , the strengths of the systematic review may turn into weaknesses . The primary problem is that the narrow focus and prescribed methods of the systematic review do not allow for comprehensive coverage . For example , the historical review is an irreplaceable means of tracing the development of a scientific principle or clinical concept , but the narrative thread could be lost in the strict rules of systematic review . As other examples , it would be burdensome to apply systematic methods to a survey on  aneuploidy and fertility in the aging female or to an assessment of mouse knockout models and polycystic ovarian phenotype . Such topics would require the wider scope of a traditional narrative review , in Human Reproduction Up date , Vol.11 , No.2 pp . 103–104 , 2005 doi:10.1093/humupd/dmh058 Advance Access publication December 23 , OBJECTIVES With the aim to facilitate a more comprehensive review process in public health including patient safety , we established a tool that we have termed ICROMS ( Integrated quality Criteria for the Review Of Multiple Study design s ) , which unifies , integrates and refines current quality criteria for a large range of study design s including qualitative research . STUDY DESIGN Review , pilot testing and expert consensus . METHODS The tool is the result of an iterative four phase process over two years : 1 ) gathering of established criteria for assessing controlled , non-controlled and qualitative study design s ; 2 ) pilot testing of a first version in two systematic review s on behavioural change in infection prevention and control and in antibiotic prescribing ; 3 ) further refinement and adding of additional study design s in the context of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control funded project ' Systematic review and evidence -based guidance on organisation of hospital infection control programmes ' ( SIGHT ) ; 4 ) scrutiny by the pan-European expert panel of the SIGHT project , which had the objective of ensuring robustness of the systematic review . RESULTS ICROMS includes established quality criteria for r and omised studies , controlled before- and -after studies and interrupted time series , and incorporates criteria for non-controlled before- and -after studies , cohort studies and qualitative studies . The tool consists of two parts : 1 ) a list of quality criteria specific for each study design , as well as criteria applicable across all study design s by using a scoring system ; 2 ) a ' decision matrix ' , which specifies the robustness of the study by identifying minimum requirements according to the study type and the relevance of the study to the review question . The decision matrix directly determines inclusion or exclusion of a study in the review . ICROMS was applied to a series of systematic review s to test its feasibility and usefulness in the appraisal of multiple study design s. The tool was applicable across a wide range of study design s and outcome measures . CONCLUSION ICROMS is a comprehensive yet feasible appraisal of a large range of study design s to be included in systematic review s addressing behaviour change studies in patient safety and public health . The tool is sufficiently flexible to be applied to a variety of other domains in health-related research . Beyond its application to systematic review s , we envisage that ICROMS can have a positive effect on research ers to be more rigorous in their study design and more diligent in their reporting Background and Objectives The use of radiofrequency ( RF ) procedures in the peripheral nervous system to treat  chronic spinal pain  has been the subject of controversy . Publications concerned only uncontrolled studies , and irreversible nervous tissue damage was believed to be responsible for the effect , if any . In recent years , r and omized , controlled studies have appeared , which have attested to an increasing use of these techniques . This is a systematic review of r and omized controlled trials on RF procedures for spinal pain . Methods We performed a st and ardized literature search for r and omized , controlled trials . Three adjudicators independently registered trial methodology and outcome using vali date d and subject-related instruments . Interadjudicator disagreement was resolved by discussion . It was found necessary to devise additional parameters of study assessment . Results Six trials met the inclusion criteria . This small number , along with clinical and technical heterogeneity precluded statistical analysis . All studies , whether high or low quality , reported positive outcomes . Conclusions We conclude that there is moderate evidence that RF lumbar facet denervation is more effective for chronic low back pain  than placebo . Limited evidence exists for efficacy of RF neurotomy in chronic cervical zygapophyseal joint pain after flexion-extension injury . There is limited evidence that RF heating of the dorsal root ganglion is more effective than placebo in chronic cervicobrachialgia .  We recommend the systematic application of our additional parameter assessment s for future evaluations of RF studies . These additional parameters should also be used in the preparation of future trial protocol s of RF procedures for the treatment of chronic pain Study design : Systematic review Study rationale and context : There is controversy regarding the efficacy and safety of chemical prophylaxis to prevent deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) and pulmonary embolism ( PE ) in elective spinal procedures .Commonly performed elective spine surgeries done through a posterior approach have a very low associated risk of DVT/PE . The lack of consensus is due in part to a limited amount of quality evidence based literature dealing with this issue . Objective : To compare chemical prophylaxis with no chemical prophylaxis in preventing venous thromboembolism in elective thoracolumbar spine surgery . Methods : We undertook a systematic review of the literature to assess the efficacy and safety of chemical prophylaxis in preventing venous thromboembolism in elective thoracolumbar spine surgery . Pubmed , EMBASE , Cochrane , National Guideline Clearinghouse Data bases as well as bibliographies of key articles were search ed . Articles were review ed by two independently working review ers . Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set and each article was subject to a predefined quality rating scheme . Results : We identified only two articles meeting our inclusion criteria . Neither study demonstrated a significant difference between chemical prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis in preventing thromboembolic events . There was an increased incidence of perioperative bleeding with low dose Coumadin in one of the studies . Conclusion : The incidence of DVT and PE in commonly performed elective posterior spinal procedures is very low . While there is a limited amount of r and omized literature looking at this issue , the current literature does not support the routine use of chemical prophylaxis for low risk patients undergoing these procedures This prospect i ve clinical analysis reports on the use of coral granules in alveolar ridge preservation procedures in a population of young , growing patients . The sample consisted of 21 patients , 12 females and 9 males , with a mean age of 13.6 years . These 21 patients had 48 dento-alveolar defects suitable for augmentation with coral granules  , and were followed clinical ly and radiographically for 3 - 7 years after augmentation . There were two areas of augmentation : 17 defects in the anterior maxilla result ed from traumatic tooth loss , and 31 defects in the posterior maxilla and m and ible result ed from the extraction of ankylosed retained primary molars with no permanent succedaneous teeth . Between 1 - 2 ml of coral granules were implanted into the alveolar bone defects left by the extraction of teeth in both the areas . This was in order to preserve the remaining edentulous ridge from further alveolar ridge resorption . The goal of the procedure was to preserve the alveolus so that in the future , a dental implant could be placed to replace the missing tooth , after jaw growth had stopped , without the need for a bone graft . The coral granules appeared to be totally replaced by the host bone on follow-up clinical and radiographic examinations . The two areas of the jaws behaved quite differently . In the anterior maxilla , where tooth loss was secondary to trauma , the coral granules  restored the alveolar ridges temporarily . However , over the years of follow-up in this study , the coral granules failed to provide sufficient bone to support the placement of a dental implant without using a bone graft in 14 of the 17 defects or 82.4 % of sites . In the posterior maxilla and m and ible , where tooth loss was due to the elective removal of ankylosed primary molars , 29 of the 31 defects or 93.5 % of sites were successful as they were able to support the placement of an osseo-integrated dental implant without the use of a bone graft . The alveolar sparing technique was more successful in maintaining an alveolar ridge sufficient for the placement of a dental implant without bone grafting in the posterior maxilla and m and ible , where tooth loss was secondary to the elective removal of ankylosed deciduous molars than in the anterior maxilla , where tooth loss was secondary to trauma . Coral granules seem to be more suitable in the posterior maxilla and m and ible where there were ankylosed deciduous teeth and congenitally absent permanent teeth than in the traumatized anterior maxilla . In successful sites , coral granules can spare the alveolus from residual ridge atrophy or resorption , obviating the need for a bone graft . This reduces patient morbidity , as a second surgical donor site is avoided because bone graft harvesting is made unnecessary Purpose Appendectomy versus conservative antibiotic treatment ( CAT ) for children with acute uncomplicated appendicitis ( AUA ) remains unresolved , with concerns regarding the practicality of CAT . We analyzed our center ’s experience with CAT for AUA , using a protocol with strict inclusion , exclusion and treatment criteria . Methods Non-r and omized , prospect i ve cohort study included all children admitted betwee 2014 and 2016 , with clinical and laboratory tests suspicious for AUA . Data collected included clinical signs and symptoms ; laboratory , ultrasound and pathology results . Follow-up was conducted through clinic visits , telephone conversations and national registry analysis . Results Included in CAT : 362 children , 19 underwent appendectomy within 1–2 days . Overall , 75 were readmitted for recurrent acute appendicitis during 22 months ( 6–43 ) follow-up . Thirty were treated successfully with antibiotics a second time . The remaining 45 had appendectomy . Overall , 86.8 % underwent CAT with no surgery . Histology of all recurrent AUA revealed no perforations . Conclusion We confirm the feasibility of conservative management of AUA in children . A rigorous diagnostic plan with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria will lead to high success rate of CAT with a strong safety profile . CAT does not compete with surgery or render appendectomy unnecessary . It is a safe alternative to surgery in selected cases Pulse pressure variation can predict fluid responsiveness in strict applicability conditions . The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical applicability of pulse pressure variation during episodes of patient hemodynamic instability in the intensive care unit . We conducted a five-day , seven-center prospect i ve study that included patients presenting with an unstable hemodynamic event . The six predefined inclusion criteria for pulse pressure variation applicability were as follows : mechanical ventilation , tidal volume > 7 mL/kg , sinus rhythm , no spontaneous breath , heart rate/respiratory rate ratio > 3.6 , absence of right ventricular dysfunction , or severe valvulopathy . Seventy-three patients presented at least one unstable hemodynamic event , with a total of 163 unstable hemodynamic events . The six predefined criteria for the applicability of pulse pressure variation were completely present in only 7 % of these . This data indicates that PPV should only be used alongside a strong underst and ing of the relevant physiology and applicability criteria . Although these exclusion criteria appear to be profound , they likely represent an absolute contraindication of use for only a minority of critical care patients Studies that compare the use of HTK vs. blood or crystalloid cardioplegia for myocardial protection in cardiac surgery , r and omized or non-r and omized , will be selected . Large case series of adult cardiac surgery with the use of HTK for myocardial protection but without a comparator , including more than 100 patients will be included in a separate analysis . Electronic search es will be performed of Medline , the Cochrane Data base of Systematic Review s , Pubmed and EMBASE . Manual search es of reference lists will be used to identify any studies not found in the initial search . Only studies in English will be included . Abstract s , letters , and review articles will be excluded . Differences of opinion between review ers will be discussed with a senior investigator . An in/out form will be prepared to assess studies for inclusion or exclusion using predetermined inclusion criteria . The inclusion of studies will be assessed by two independent review ers , with differences of opinion resolved by discussion with a senior investigator . A PRISMA flow-diagram will summarize inclusion /exclusion of studies . Level of evidence for each study will be reported to assess the quality of the evidence Background Neck pain is a common problem and different forms of manual therapy are used in its treatment . The purpose of this systematic review was to critically appraise the literature that directly compared manipulation , mobilisation and the Activator instrument for non-specific neck pain . Methods Electronic data bases ( MEDLINE , MANTIS and CINAHL ) were search ed from their inception to October 2005 for all English language r and omised clinical trials that directly compared manipulation , mobilisation and the Activator instrument . Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select the studies and these studies were then evaluated using vali date d criteria . Results Five such studies were identified . The method ological quality was mostly poor . Findings from the studies were mixed and no one therapy was shown to be more effective than the others . Conclusion Further high quality research has to be done before a recommendation can be made as to the most effective manual method for non-specific neck pain Background To report the results of an audit concerning research gaps in clinical trials that were accepted for appraisal in authored and published systematic review s regarding the application of glass-ionomer cements ( GIC ) in dental practice Methods Information concerning research gaps in trial precision was extracted , following a framework that included classification of the research gap reasons : ‘ imprecision of information ( results ) ’ , ‘ biased information ’ , ‘ inconsistency or unknown consistency ’ and ‘ not the right information ’ , as well as research gap characterization using PICOS elements : population ( P ) , intervention ( I ) , comparison ( C ) , outcomes ( O ) and setting ( S ) . Internal trial validity assessment was based on the underst and ing that successful control for systematic error can not be assured on the basis of inclusion of adequate methods alone , but also requires empirical evidence about whether such attempt was successful . Results A comprehensive and interconnected coverage of GIC-related clinical topics was established . The most common reasons found for gaps in trial precision were lack of sufficient trials and lack of sufficient large sample size . Only a few research gaps were ascribed to ‘ Lack of information ’ caused by focus on mainly surrogate trial outcomes . According to the chosen assessment criteria , a lack of adequate r and omisation , allocation concealment and blinding/masking in trials covering all review ed GIC topics was noted ( selection - and detection/performance bias risk ) . Trial results appear to be less affected by loss-to-follow-up ( attrition bias risk ) . Conclusion This audit represents an adjunct of the systematic review articles it has covered . Its results do not change the systematic review ’s conclusions but highlight existing research gaps concerning the precision and internal validity of review ed trials in detail . These gaps should be addressed in future GIC-related clinical research Background The purpose of our study was to organize the literature regarding the efficacy of modern videolaryngoscopes in oral endotracheal intubation , then perform a quality assessment according to recommended external criteria and make recommendations for use . Methods Inclusion criteria included devices with recent studies of human subjects . A total of 980 articles were returned in the initial search and 65 additional items were identified using cited references . After exclusion of articles failing to meet study criteria , 77 articles remained . Data were extracted according to the rate of successful intubation and improvement of glottic view compared with direct laryngoscopy . Studies were classified according to whether they primarily examined subjects with normal airways , possessing risk factors for difficult direct laryngoscopy , or following difficult or failed direct laryngoscopy . Results The evidence of efficacy for videolaryngoscopy in the difficult airway is limited . What evidence exists is both r and omized prospect i ve and observational in nature , requiring a scheme that evaluates both forms and allows recommendations to be made . Conclusions In patients at higher risk of difficult laryngoscopy we recommend the use of the Airtraq , CTrach , GlideScope , Pentax AWS and V-MAC to achieve successful intubation . In difficult direct laryngoscopy ( C&L > /= 3 ) we cautiously recommend the use of the Airtraq , Bonfils , Bullard , CTrach , GlideScope , and Pentax AWS , by an operator with reasonable prior experience , to achieve successful intubation when used in accordance with the ASA practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway . There is additional evidence to support the use of the Airtraq , Bonfils , CTrach , GlideScope , McGrath , and Pentax AWS following failed intubation via direct laryngoscopy to achieve successful intubation . Future investigation would benefit from precise qualification of the subjects under study , and an improvement in overall methodology to include r and omization and blinding Background Low back pain is a common health complaint result ing in substantial economic burden . Each year , upwards of 20 r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) evaluating interventions for non-specific low back pain are published . Use of the term non-specific low back pain has been criticised on the grounds of encouraging heterogeneity and hampering interpretation of findings due to possible heterogeneous causes , challenging meta-analyses . We explored selection criteria used in trials of treatments for nsLBP . Methods A systematic review of English- language reports of RCTs in nsLBP population sample s , published between 2006 and 2012 , identified from MEDLINE , EMBASE , and the Cochrane Library data bases , using a mixed- methods approach to analysis . Study inclusion and exclusion criteria were extracted , thematically categorised , and then descriptive statistics were used to summarise the prevalence by emerging category . Results We included 168 studies . Two inclusion themes ( anatomical area , and symptoms and signs ) were identified . Anatomical area was most reported as between costal margins and gluteal folds ( n = 8 , 5 % ) , while low back pain ( n = 150 , 89 % ) with or without referred leg pain ( n = 27 , 16 % ) was the most reported symptom . Exclusion criteria comprised 21 themes . Previous or scheduled surgery ( n = 84 , 50 % ) , pregnancy ( n = 81 , 48 % ) , malignancy ( n = 78 , 46 % ) , trauma ( n = 63 , 37 % ) and psychological conditions ( n = 58 , 34 % ) were the most common . Sub-themes of exclusion criteria mostly related to neurological signs and symptoms : nerve root compromise ( n = 44 , 26 % ) , neurological signs ( n = 34 , 20 % ) or disc herniation ( n = 30 , 18 % ) . Specific conditions that were most often exclusion criteria were spondylolisthesis ( n = 35 , 21 % ) , spinal stenosis ( n = 31 , 18 % ) or osteoporosis ( n = 27 , 16 % ) . Conclusion RCTs of interventions for non-specific low back pain have incorporated diverse inclusion and exclusion criteria . Guidance on st and ardisation of inclusion and exclusion criteria for nsLBP trials will increase clinical homogeneity , facilitating greater interpretation of between-trial comparisons and meta-analyses . We propose a template for reporting inclusion and exclusion criteria Nutrients and other bioactive constituents of foods may interact with each other and the surrounding food matrix in complex ways . Therefore , associations between single nutrients and chronic disease may be difficult to identify and interpret , but when dietary patterns ( DPs ) are examined the combination of many food factors will be considered . An explorative literature search of published review articles was conducted to obtain a fuller underst and ing of current DPs in epidemiological research , to discuss pros and cons of DPs in nutrition research , and to identify results of studies linking DPs to chronic disease risk in adults . R and omized feeding trials providing the experimental diets to study participants have repeatedly demonstrated that diets based on current dietary recommendations are associated with important health benefits . Systematic review s of feeding trials and prospect i ve population studies of DPs and chronic disease risk reach similar conclusions regardless of the methodology used to construct DPs . However , to date only a few review articles of DP studies have followed a systematic process using independent review ers with strict inclusion , exclusion , and study quality criteria . Diets with plenty of plants foods , fish , and seafood that preferably include vegetable oils and low-fat dairy products are associated with a lower risk of most chronic diseases . In contrast , Western-type DPs with food products low in essential nutrients and high in energy , like sugar-sweetened beverages , sweets , refined cereals and solid fats ( e.g. butter ) , and high in red and processed meats , are associated with adverse health effects . An emphasis on high- quality original research , and systematic review s following a structured process to objective ly select and judge studies , is needed in order to enforce a strong future knowledge base regarding DPs and chronic disease The purpose of the present clinical study was to evaluate the 5-year results of the first 12 implants inserted at the University of Berne in regenerated bone following successful ridge augmentation with the membrane technique . The patients were recalled and examined with clinical and radiographic parameters routinely utilized in prospect i ve studies with st and ard implants in non-regenerated bone . Based on clinical and radiographic findings , all 12 implants were considered successfully integrated according to strict criteria of success . The detailed analysis of clinical parameters revealed no differences to results of prospect i ve studies on st and ard implants in non-regenerated bone . All implants demonstrated ankylotic stability which was confirmed by a mean Periotest value of -2.08 . The radiographic analysis showed stable bone crest levels with a mean bone loss between the 1- and 5-year examination of 0.30 mm . However , 2 implants exhibited a bone loss of more than 1 mm between the 1- and 5-year examination . Therefore , the prognosis of these 2 implants seems question able at the present time . It can be concluded that bone regenerated with the membrane technique reacts to implant placement like non-regenerated bone , since all 12 implants achieved successful tissue integration with functional ankylosis . Furthermore , this bone is also load-bearing , since all 12 implants maintained osseointegration over a 5-year period BACKGROUND The preservation of bone volume immediately after tooth removal might be necessary to optimize the success of implant placement in terms of esthetics and function . The objectives of this r and omized clinical trial were two-fold : 1 ) to compare the bone dimensional changes following tooth extraction with extraction plus ridge preservation using corticocancellous porcine bone and a collagen membrane ; and 2 ) to analyze and compare histologic and histomorphometric aspects of the extraction -alone sites to the grafted sites . METHODS Forty subjects who required tooth extraction and implant placement were enrolled in this study . Using a computer-generated r and omization list , the subjects were r and omly assigned to the control group ( EXT ; extraction alone ) or to the test group ( RP ; ridge-preservation procedure with corticocancellous porcine bone and collagen membrane ) . The following parameters were assessed immediately after extraction and 7 months prior to implant placement : plaque index , gingival index , bleeding on probing , horizontal ridge width , and vertical ridge changes . A bone biopsy was taken from the control and test sites 7 months after the surgical treatment . Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were also performed . RESULTS A significantly greater horizontal reabsorption was observed at EXT sites ( 4.3+/-0.8 mm ) compared to RP sites ( 2.5+/-1.2 mm ) . The ridge height reduction at the buccal side was 3.6+/-1.5 mm for the extraction -alone group , whereas it was 0.7+/-1.4 mm for the ridge-preservation group . Moreover , the vertical change at the lingual sites was 0.4 mm in the ridge-preservation group and 3 mm in the extraction -alone group . Forty biopsies were harvested from the experimental sites ( test and control sites ) . The biopsies harvested from the grafted sites revealed the presence of trabecular bone , which was highly mineralized and well structured . Particles of the grafted material could be identified in all sample s. The bone formed in the control sites was also well structured with a minor percentage of mineralized bone . The amount of connective tissue was significantly higher in the extraction -alone group than in the ridge-preservation group . CONCLUSIONS The ridge-preservation approach using porcine bone in combination with collagen membrane significantly limited the resorption of hard tissue ridge after tooth extraction compared to extraction alone . Furthermore , the histologic analysis showed a significantly higher percentage of trabecular bone and total mineralized tissue in ridge-preservation sites compared to extraction -alone sites 7 months after tooth removal PURPOSE To evaluate the predictability of early and immediate loading protocol s of  implants in the posterior m and ible and to investigate whether there is a difference in success rates , survival rates , and peri-implant parameters , including marginal bone level changes , between loading protocol s. MATERIAL S AND METHODS A comprehensive systematic review of the literature was conducted . The selection of publications reporting on human clinical studies was based on predetermined inclusion criteria and was agreed upon by two review ers . RESULTS A total of 19 papers were selected : 8 on early loading , 9 addressing immediate loading , and 2 comparing immediate and early loading . Of the 19 studies , 5 were r and omized clinical trials and 14 were prospect i ve studies . CONCLUSIONS Existing literature supports the early loading of  microroughened dental implants in the partially edentulous posterior m and ible at 6 to 8 weeks in the absence of modifying factors . Therefore , loading within this time frame can be considered routine for the majority of clinical situations in the posterior m and ible , either with single crowns or fixed dental prostheses . Immediate loading of microroughened dental implants in the partially edentulous posterior m and ible proved to be a viable treatment alternative . Caution is necessary when interpreting published outcomes for immediate loading , as the inclusion exclusion criteria are inconsistent and many subjective confounding factors are evident . Additional studies with longer follow-ups , specifically r and omized clinical trials , are needed to consoli date the data for immediate loading . Priority should be given to trials testing immediate loading Background Systematic review s of behaviour change interventions for  smoking cessation  vary in scope , quality , and applicability . The current review aims to generate more accurate and useful findings by ( 1 ) a detailed analysis of intervention elements that change behaviour ( i.e. behaviour change techniques ( BCTs ) ) and potential moderators of behaviour change ( i.e. other intervention and sample characteristics ) and ( 2 ) assessing and controlling for variability in support provided to comparison groups in smoking cessation trials . Methods A systematic review will be conducted of r and omized controlled trials of behaviour change interventions for smoking cessation in adults ( with or without pharmacological support ) , with a minimum follow-up of 6 months , published after 1995 . Eligible articles will be identified through the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register . Study authors will be asked for detailed descriptions of smoking cessation support provided to intervention and comparison groups . All data will be independently coded by two research ers . The BCT taxonomy v1 ( tailored to smoking cessation interventions ) and template for intervention description and replication criteria will be used to code intervention characteristics . Data collection will further include sample and trial characteristics and outcome data ( smoking cessation rates ) . Multilevel mixed-effects meta-regression models will be used to examine which BCTs and /or BCT clusters delivered to intervention and comparison groups explain smoking cessation rates in treatment arms ( and effect sizes ) and what key moderators of behaviour change are . Predicted effect sizes of each intervention will be computed assuming all interventions are compared against comparison groups receiving the same levels of behavioural support ( i.e. low , medium , and high levels ) . Multi-disciplinary advisory board members ( policymakers , health care providers , and (ex-)smokers ) will provide strategic input throughout the project to ensure the review ’s applicability to policy and practice . Discussion By capturing BCTs in intervention and comparison groups , this systematic review will provide more accurate estimates of the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions , the most promising BCTs and /or BCT clusters associated with smoking cessation rates in intervention and comparison arms , and important moderators of behaviour change . The results could set new st and ards for conducting meta-analyses of behaviour change interventions and improve research , service delivery , and training in the area of smoking cessation . Systematic review registration PROSPERO OBJECTIVE This study has been design ed to evaluate the capability of a new surgical device ( Extension Crest ) to widen narrow edentulous alveolar ridges and to allow a correct placement of endosseous implants in horizontally atrophied sites . MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five patients , 20 males and 25 females , aged 20 - 66 years , affected by edentulism associated to horizontal resorption of the ridges , were treated by means of a sagittal osteotomy and expansion of the ridge with a new surgical device ( Extension Crest ) to obtain a wider bony base for ideal implant placement . In the same procedure in 33 patients , and 1 week afterwards in 12 patients , 110 endosseous titanium implants ( ITI TE ) were placed . Three to four months later , the patients were rehabilitated with implant-supported prostheses . RESULTS The success rate of the expansion technique was 97.8 % . A total of 110 implants were inserted in the exp and ed ridges . The mean follow-up after the start of prosthetic loading was 20.4 months . Three implants were removed before the start of prosthetic loading , because of non-integration , while no other implants failed after the completion of the prosthetic rehabilitation . Three implants , although integrated and in function , did not fulfill success criteria : cumulative success and survival rates at the end of the observation period were 95.4 % and 97.3 % , respectively . CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study , this technique appeared to be reliable and simple , with reduction of morbidity and times of dental rehabilitation as compared with other techniques such as autogenous bone grafts and guided bone regeneration . Survival and success rates of implants placed in the treated areas are consistent with those placed in native bone
The use of DBB/CF reduced the magnitude of vertical bone resorption , yet the study showed high risk of bias .
Implication s of Key Findings Within the limitations of this systematic review , L-PRF reduced the magnitude of vertical and horizontal bone resorption , which places L-PRF as a potential material of choice for ridge preservation procedures .
Conclusions Within the limitations and weaknesses of both studies , the use of DBB/CF prevented the vertical crestal bone resorption while the L-PRF prevented both the horizontal and vertical crestal bone resorption .
Background The purpose of this systematic review was to accurately assess the procedural success of  ridge preservation technique  through the application of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria .