Influence of the resistance training on heart rate variability, functional capacity and muscle strength in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Endurance training in MS: short-term immune responses and their relation to cardiorespiratory fitness, health-related quality of life, and fatigue Training in MS: influence of two different endurance training protocols (aquatic versus overland) on cytokine and neurotrophin concentrations during three week randomized controlled trial Systematically developed pilot randomized controlled trial of exercise and cognition in persons with multiple sclerosis The efficacy of two task-orientated interventions for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Neuromotor Task Training and Nintendo Wii Fit Training. Treatments for Poststroke Motor Deficits and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review for the 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation Exercise training frequency in early post-infarction cardiac rehabilitation. Influence on aerobic conditioning. Cancer Type Does Not Affect Exercise-Mediated Improvements in Cardiorespiratory Function and Fatigue Eccentric exercise training in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review on different protocols. Effects of hyperoxic training on performance and cardiorespiratory response to exercise. Effects of long-term exercise training on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial Effects of exercise training on gallbladder function in an obese female population. Blood volume expansion and cardiorespiratory function: effects of training modality. Exercise training enhances autonomic function after acute myocardial infarction: a randomized controlled study. Comparison of the effect of upper body-ergometry aerobic training vs treadmill training on central cardiorespiratory improvement and walking distance in patients with claudication. Interval versus continuous aerobic exercise training in breast cancer survivors—a pilot RCT Linear and daily undulating resistance training periodizations have differential beneficial effects in young sedentary women. Improved cognitive performance following aerobic exercise training in people with traumatic brain injury. Benefits and problems of a physical training programme for asthmatic patients. Exercise training improves cutaneous microvascular function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Exercise, Fitness, and Neurocognitive Function in Older Adults: The “Selective Improvement” and “Cardiovascular Fitness” Hypotheses Physiological alterations to detraining following prolonged combined strength and aerobic training in cardiac patients Do generalized visual training programmes for sport really work? An experimental investigation
BACKGROUND The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) is associated with the strength and resistance decreasing in addition to the dysfunction on autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) . The aerobic training isolated or in association with the resistance training showed evidence of beneficial effects on an autonomic modulation of COPD ; however , there are no studies addressing the effect of isolated resistance training . AIMS This study aims at investigating the influence of resistance training on an autonomic modulation through heart rate variability ( HRV ) , functional capacity and muscle strength in individuals with COPD . DESIGN Clinical series study . SETTING Out patients . POPULATION The study involved 13 individuals with COPD . METHODS The experimental protocol was composed by an initial and final evaluation that consisted in autonomic evaluations ( HRV ) , cardiopulmonary functional capacity evaluation ( 6-minute walk test ) and strength evaluation ( dynamometry )  in addition by the resistance training performed by 24 sessions lasted 60 minutes each one and on a frequency of three times a week . The intensity was determined initially with 60 % of one maximum repetition and was progressively increased in each five sessions until 80 % . RESULTS The HRV temporal and spectral indexes analysis demonstrates improvement of autonomic modulation , with significant statistical increases to sympathetic and parasympathetic components of ANS representing by SDNN , LF and HF . In addition , it was observed significant statistical increases to shoulder abduction and knee flexion strength and functional capacity . CONCLUSION The exclusive resistance training performed was able to positively influence the autonomic modulation ; in addition it promoted benefits on cardiorespiratory functional capacity and strength benefits in individuals with COPD . CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT This study could contribute to clinical and professionals research ers that act with COPD , even though the resistance component of pulmonary rehabilitation presents consensual benefits on several healthy indicators parameters . There is no evidence about the effects on HRV before . Moreover , this study showed , on clinical practice , the HRV uses as an ANS activity on sinus node evaluation and highlights further importance on scientific context The influences of exercise on cytokine response , health-related quality of life ( HR-QoL ) , and fatigue are important aspects of MS rehabilitation . Physical exercises performed within these programs are often practice d in water , but the effects of immersion have not been investigated . To investigate the influences of short-term immune responses and cardiorespiratory fitness on HR-QoL and fatigue during 3 weeks endurance training conducted on a cycle-ergometer or an aquatic-bike . R and omized controlled clinical trial in 60 MS patients .  HR-QoL , fatigue , cardiorespiratory fitness , and short-term immune changes ( serum concentrations in response to cardiopulmonary exercise test ) of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , interleukin-6 , and the soluble receptor of IL-6 ( sIL-6R ) were determined at the beginning and end of 3 weeks of training intervention . Subjects performed daily 30 min training at 60 % of their VO2peak . SF-36 total ( p = 0.031 ) , physical ( p = 0.004 ) , and mental health ( p = 0.057 ) scores show time effects within both groups . Between-group effects were shown for FSMC total ( p = 0.040 ) and motor function score ( p = 0.041 ) . MFIS physical fatigue showed time effects ( p = 0.008 ) for both groups . Linear regression models showed relationships between short-term immune responses and cardiorespiratory fitness with HR-QoL and fatigue after the intervention . This study indicates beneficial effects of endurance training independent of the training setting . Short-term immune adaptations and cardiorespiratory fitness have the potential to influence HR-QoL and fatigue in persons with MS . The specific immune responses of immersion to exercise need further clarification Background : The influences of exercising on cytokine response , fatigue and cardiorespiratory values are important aspects of rehabilitation in persons with multiple sclerosis ( PwMS ) .  Exercise performed within these programs is often practised in water but the effects of immersion on PwMS have not been systematic ally investigated . Objective : The objective of this study is to determine differences in cytokine and neurotrophin concentrations , fatigue and cardiorespiratory values in response to 3 week endurance training conducted on a cycle ergometer or an aquatic bike . Methods : A r and omized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 MS patients ( Exp and ed Disability Status Scale range 1.0–6.5 ) .  Resting serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) , nerve growth factor ( NGF ) , Interleukin-6 , soluble receptor of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha , and concentrations in response to cardiopulmonary exercise test ( CPET ) , fatigue and cardiorespiratory values were determined at entry and discharge . Subjects performed daily 30 minute training at 60 % of VO2max . Results : Cytokines and neurotrophins showed no significant differences between groups over the training intervention . Within the water group BDNF resting and post-CPET concentrations ( p<0.05 ) showed a significant increase and NGF tended to increase after the training intervention . Short-term effects on BDNF ( CEPT ) tended to increase at the start and significantly thereafter ( p<0.05 ) . No changes occurred in the l and group . Other cytokines and fatigue scores remained unchanged over the training period . Cardiorespiratory values improved significantly over time within both groups . Conclusion : This study indicates that aquatic training activates BDNF regulation and can be an effective training method during rehabilitation in PwMS ABSTRACT Cognitive impairment is common and debilitating among persons with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) and might be managed with exercise training . The present pilot study adopted a single-blind r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) design and is the first to examine the effect of a systematic ally developed , progressive treadmill walking exercise training intervention on cognition among fully ambulatory persons with MS . Ten fully ambulatory females with MS were r and omly assigned into exercise training intervention or waitlist control conditions . The intervention condition involved 12 weeks of supervised , progressive chronic treadmill walking exercise training . Participants underwent measures of cognition ( i.e. , cognitive processing speed ( CPS ) , executive function ) , walking performance , and cardiorespiratory fitness before and after the 12-week period ; baseline and follow-up assessment s were performed by blinded assessors . Overall , there were large intervention effects on CPS ( d = 0.95 ) , walking performance ( d = 0.76 ) , and cardiorespiratory fitness ( d > 1.08 ) . The change in cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with change in CPS ( r = .60 ) , but not walking performance . This small pilot RCT provides preliminary proof-of-concept data supporting progressive treadmill walking exercise training for potentially improving CPS , walking performance , and cardiorespiratory fitness in fully ambulatory persons with MS , and that improved fitness might be a possible mechanism for improved CPS Neuromotor Task Training ( NTT ) and Nintendo Wii Fit Training ( Wii training ) are both task-based interventions used to improve performance in children with motor coordination problems . The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of these two interventions on the motor performance , isometric strength and cardiorespiratory fitness ( aerobic and anaerobic capacity ) of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder ( DCD ) attending mainstream schools in a low-income setting . A pragmatic , quasi-experimental study design was utilized . Children between the ages of 6 - 10 years , who scored at or below the 16th percentile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 ( MABC-2 ) and whose teacher reported a functional motor problem , were allocated to either NTT  ( n=37 ) or  Wii training ( n=19 ) groups depending on school of attendance . The MABC-2 , a h and -held dynamometer , the Functional Strength Measure , the Muscle Power Sprint Test and the 20 m Shuttle Run Test were used to assess performance at baseline and after the intervention . The main findings show that the mean motor performance scores of both groups improved over the study period . However , significant differences in improvement were detected between groups , with the NTT group showing greater improvement in motor performance , functional strength and cardiorespiratory fitness . No improvements in isometric strength were seen in either group . The Wii training group showed significant improvement in anaerobic performance . This study provides evidence to support the use of both the Wii Training and NTT for children with DCD . However , in comparison to Wii training , the NTT approach yields superior results across measures of motor proficiency , cardiorespiratory fitness and functional strength . The decision to use either approach may be influenced by re sources and time constraints Background Early rehabilitation after stroke is essential to help reduce disability . Purpose To summarize evidence on the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for motor deficits and mood disorders in adults who have had stroke . Data Sources English- language search es of multiple electronic data bases from April 2009 through July 2018 ; targeted search es to December 2018 for studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors . Study Selection 19 systematic review s and 37 r and omized controlled trials addressing therapies for motor deficits or mood disorders in adults with stroke . Data Extraction One investigator abstract ed the data , and quality and GRADE assessment were checked by a second investigator . Data Synthesis Most interventions ( for example , SSRIs , mental practice , mirror therapy ) did not improve motor function . High- quality evidence did not support use of fluoxetine to improve motor function . Moderate- quality evidence supported use of cardiorespiratory training to improve maximum walking speed and repetitive task training or transcranial direct current stimulation to improve activities of daily living ( ADLs ) . Low- quality evidence supported use of robotic arm training to improve ADLs . Low- quality evidence indicated that antidepressants may reduce depression , whereas the frequency and severity of antidepressant-related adverse effects was unclear . Low- quality evidence suggested that cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise , including mind-body exercise , may reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety . Limitation Studies were of poor quality , interventions and comparators were heterogeneous , and evidence on harms was scarce . Conclusion Cardiorespiratory training , repetitive task training , and transcranial direct current stimulation may improve ADLs in adults with stroke .  Cognitive behavioral therapy , exercise , and SSRIs may reduce symptoms of poststroke depression , but use of SSRIs to prevent depression or improve motor function was not supported . Primary Funding Source U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , Veterans Health Administration PURPOSE The convalescent period after myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) has been associated with a " spontaneous " improvement in functional aerobic capacity that may be because of normal recovery processes unrelated to formal exercise training . The purpose of this study was to determine whether the frequency of formal training sessions is an important variable affecting the magnitude of improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness during phase II cardiac rehabilitation . METHODS The effect of exercise training frequency on cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated during a 5-week early ( phase II ) cardiac rehabilitation program in 50 low-risk , male patients recovering from acute MI . Baseline grade d treadmill tests to fatigue endpoints , with direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) , were administered 4 weeks after MI . The subjects were then r and omly assigned to either a control group ( n = 12 ) and restricted to " very light " physical activity ( requiring < 50 % of VO2max ) at home , or to one of three training groups which , in addition to very light home activity , performed moderately intense ( approximately 70 % of VO2max ) aerobic exercise for 30 to 35 minutes either once per week ( n = 13 ) , twice per week ( n = 13 ) , or three times per week ( n = 12 ) in the hospital-based phase II program . The four groups were similar in age , clinical status , and use of beta- and calcium channel blockers . RESULTS Submaximal and maximal cardiorespiratory responses were initially similar in all four groups . Each of the four groups demonstrated significant ( P < .05 ) increases in maximal treadmill duration at follow-up . However , VO2max increased significantly only in the three training groups . The spontaneous improvement in treadmill duration in the control group , in the absence of formal exercise training , may simply reflect recovery from the acute cardiac event . Those training two and three sessions per week also showed significant , comparable decreases in submaximal exercise heart rate and rate-pressure product and similar increases in maximal treadmill duration and VO2max . CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that two exercise sessions per week is as effective as three per week for cardiorespiratory conditioning in the early weeks of phase II cardiac rehabilitation Purpose . Despite mounting evidence indicating that exercise training has a positive effect on cancer recovery , the influence of cancer type on the response to exercise training remains uncharacterized . Therefore , the adaptations to exercise training were compared between groups composed of 7 different forms of cancer . Methods . A total of 319 cancer survivors completed fatigue inventories and participated in assessment s of cardiorespiratory function , which encompassed aerobic capacity ( VO2peak ) , pulmonary function ( forced vital capacity [ FVC ] and forced expiratory volume in 1 second [ FEV1 ] ) , and resting blood pressure and heart rate . Participants were divided into 7 groups based on cancer type , including breast cancer ( BC , n = 170 ) , prostate cancer and other male urogenital neoplasia ( PC , n = 38 ) , hematological malignancies ( HM , n = 34 ) , colorectal cancer ( CC , n = 25 ) , gynecological cancers ( GC , n = 20 ) , gl and ular and epithelial neoplasms ( GEN , n = 20 ) , and lung cancer ( LC , n = 12 ) . All participants completed an individualized , multimodal exercise intervention consisting of cardiorespiratory , flexibility , balance , and muscular strength training 3 days per week for 3 months . Following the intervention , all subjects were reassessed . Generalized Estimating Equations with exchangeable working correlation structure was used to model each response ; the group by time interaction effect represented the effect of cancer type on exercise-associated improvements . Results . No significant ( P > .05 ) group by time interaction effects were observed between different types of cancer for any parameter . Pre- to postexercise contrasts revealed significant improvements in VO2peak in BC , PC , HM , and GEN at the Bonferroni adjusted significance level ( .00714 ) . Heart rate was significantly lowered in the BC and CC groups . Mean fatigue indices decreased by at least 17 % in all groups , but these changes were only significant in the BC , HM , CC , and GC groups . Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in BC and GC , and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly only in the BC group while pulmonary function remained unchanged in all cancer types . Conclusion . Although trends toward improved cardiorespiratory and fatigue parameters only reached significance in some groups , there were no significant differences between cancer types . This suggests that cardiorespiratory and fatigue improvements following rehabilitative exercise are not dependent on cancer type . Further research investigating alternative physiological parameters are needed to confirm the relationship between cancer type and exercise-mediated rehabilitation Although eccentric exercise training has shown favorable results in chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy , the optimum dosage remains unknown . A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines , in order to describe different exercise protocol s and to determine the most effective training parameters . An extensive search in MEDLINE , EMBASE , CINAHL , and CENTRAL revealed 14 r and omized and clinical controlled trials . Strong evidence was found for the Alfredson exercise protocol . In this 12-week protocol , exercises are performed 3 × 15 repetitions twice daily , both with a straight and bent knee . Exercises are performed at slow speed , and load is increased when exercises are without pain . Strong evidence was also found for gradual onset of exercises during the first week of the Alfredson program , but no uniformity of protocol s exists . Other exercise protocol s did achieve similar results , but many studies had some method ological shortcomings or lacked a detailed description of their training parameters . Because of the heterogeneity of study population s and outcome measures , and lack of reporting of training compliance data , a definitive conclusion regarding the most effective training parameters could not be made . Further research comparing the content of different exercise protocol s is warranted PURPOSE To determine whether training in a hyperoxic environment would result in greater increases in VO2max and performance at 90 % VO2max as compared with training in normoxia . METHODS In a single blind design nine athletes trained for 6 wk on a cycle ergometer  3 d.wk(-1 ) , 1 h.d(-1 ) ( 10 x 4-min intervals , with 2 min of rest between intervals ) at 90 % HR(max ) . Training HR range was maintained by adjusting the power output . Subjects were r and omly assigned to H ( 60 % O2 ) or N ( 21 % O2 ) breathing conditions for training . After 12 wk of detraining , a second 6-wk training protocol was completed with the breathing conditions reversed . VO2max , performance time at 90 % VO2max and cardiorespiratory response to a steady-state exercise at 80 % VO2max were measured pre- and posttraining . All pre- and posttraining tests were conducted under normoxic conditions . RESULTS There were no significant differences between pretraining results for any of the parameters . Power output was 8.1 % higher while training in H compared with N , to maintain training HR . Both H and N training result ed in increased performance time , with H being greater than N. Although there was a trend for a greater increase in VO2max after H versus N training , this difference was not significant . HR(max ) did not change for H or N. HR VE at 80 % VO2max decreased posttraining with no differences between H and N. CONCLUSION The data showed that a higher power output was required to maintain HR during H training . This increased training intensity during H result ed in improved exercise performance whereas cycling at 90 % VO2max in room air and may be due to peripheral factors because cardiorespiratory responses were similar Objective : To investigate whether a structured long-term exercise training programme in patients with coronary artery disease affects baroreflex function and cardiorespiratory efficiency . Patients : Twenty-five elderly male patients with coronary artery disease . Methods : The patients were r and omized into exercise ( group A ) or control group ( group B ) . Group A followed a seven-month supervised exercise programme , consisting of three sessions of aerobic interval training weekly at moderate intensity .  Twenty patients completed the study ( group A : 10 patients and group B : 10 patients ) . At the beginning and end of the study , all subjects underwent a tilt test for the baroreflex sensitivity assessment and a grade d exercise treadmill test with spiroergometry for the evaluation of their cardiorespiratory efficiency . Results : There were no differences between the two groups for any baseline variable . After training in group A , peak oxygen consumption , maximal treadmill tolerance time and anaerobic threshold were significantly increased by 21.9 % ( P < 0.001 ) , 19.8 % ( P < 0.001 ) and 18.6 % ( P < 0.05 ) , respectively . There were also significant increases in baroreflex sensitivity by 21.2 % ( P < 0.01 ) , in baroreflex effectiveness index by 23.9 % ( P < 0.01 ) , in event count by 45.1 % ( P < 0.01 ) and in ramp count by 13.2 % ( P < 0.05 ) . Moreover , significant correlations were observed between the autonomic and cardiorespiratory parameters in group A at the end . Conclusion : The results suggest that long-term exercise training leads to beneficial effects on baroreflex activity and cardiorespiratory performance in coronary patients , and thus could constitute an efficient nonpharmacological intervention in this population PURPOSE Aerobic exercise may influence gallstone disease pathogenesis through its effect on gallbladder motility . The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of exercise training on gallbladder emptying in obese women . METHODS Twenty-seven obese subjects were r and omized into one of two groups : exercise ( E ) ( five 45-min brisk walking sessions per week at 75.2 + /- 0.5 % of maximum heart rate ) and controls ( C ) . Gallbladder function via cholescintigraphy , cardiorespiratory fitness , and body composition were measured in all subjects before and after a 12-wk intervention period . In each cholescintigraphy trial subjects ingested an 8-oz liquid meal 45 min after injection of 99mTc disofenin to promote gallbladder emptying . Gallbladder areas were then scanned for 60 s and then every 5 min for 60 min . RESULTS VO2max increased significantly by 9 % for E when compared with that for C ( P < 0.001 ) . Within E postpr and ial gallbladder ejection fraction ( EF ) increased significantly after training ( 39.5 + /- 4.9 % to 54.7 + /- 6.5 % , P < 0.05 ) ; however , this 15.2 % increase in EF was not significantly greater than the change reported in the controls . CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that 12 wk of moderate exercise training does improve cardiorespiratory fitness but does not significantly effect gallbladder emptying in obese women PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of different modalities of aerobic ( i.e. , interval ( INT ) and continuous ( CONT ) ) training on cardiorespiratory function and the importance of training-induced blood volume ( BV ) expansion on aerobic power and LV function . We hypothesized that if modality-mediated differences in cardiorespiratory function exist after INT and CONT , they would be related directly to differences in training-induced hypervolemia . METHODS We examined the effects of 12 wk of CONT and INT on BV , volume-regulatory hormones ( angiotensin II , aldosterone , atrial natriuretic peptide ) , and cardiorespiratory function in 20 untrained males ( mean age 30 + /- 4 ( SD ) ) . Participants were stratified ( mass and VO2max ) and r and omly assigned to control , CONT , or INT . RESULTS There were no significant changes in cardiorespiratory function or BV in the control group . Twelve weeks of continuous and interval training , respectively , result ed in significant changes in VO2max ( 23 + /- 18 vs 21 + /- 10 % ) , peak stroke volume ( 20 + /- 18 vs 11 + /- 18 % ) , and BV ( 12 + /- 9 vs 10 + /- 6 % ) . Changes in VO2max were directly related to changes in BV ( r = 0.47 ) . Angiotensin II significantly increased after 1 wk of CONT and INT and thereafter returned to baseline values . There was no significant difference between the CONT and INT groups with regard to changes in vascular volumes , volume-regulatory hormones , and /or cardiorespiratory function . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that : 1 ) 12 wk of CONT and INT result in similar improvements in VO2max , and LV function and 2 ) training-induced hypervolemia accounts for approximately 47 % of the changes in VO2max after CONT and INT INTRODUCTION Heart rate recovery , defined as the fall in heart rate during the first minute after exercise , is an indicator of autonomic function , and has been found to be an independent predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infa rct ion . Exercise training has several well-known benefits in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness , modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis after acute coronary events . However , there are no r and omized controlled studies in the literature evaluating the effects of exercise training per se , controlling for changes in medication and diet , on heart rate recovery . Thus , this study aims to assess the effects of exercise training on autonomic function in coronary artery disease patients recovering from acute myocardial infa rct ion . METHODS Thirty-eight patients following a first acute myocardial infa rct ion participated in this prospect i ve r and omized clinical trial . Patients were r and omized into two groups : exercise training or control . The exercise group participated in an 8-week aerobic exercise program , while the control received st and ard medical care and follow-up . Changes in hemodynamics at rest and at peak exercise ( heart rate , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , and rate pressure product ) , dietary intake , cardiorespiratory fitness , and heart rate recovery were assessed . RESULTS Medication and diet remained unchanged in both groups during the study period . The exercise-training group improved resting hemodynamics , particularly resting heart rate ( from 68.0 ± 9.2 to 62.6 ± 8.7 bpm , p=0.030 ) and systolic blood pressure ( from 135 ± 7.1 to 125.6 ± 11.3 mm Hg , p=0.012 ) , cardiorespiratory fitness ( from 30.8 ± 7.8 to 33.9 ± 8.3 ml/min/kg , p=0.016 ) , and heart rate recovery ( from 20 ± 6 to 24 ± 5 bpm , p=0.007 ) . No significant changes were observed in the control group . CONCLUSIONS Exercise training improved autonomic function , assessed by heart rate recovery , resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure , in the absence of changes in diet or medication BACKGROUND Supervised treadmill-walking exercise programs have been proven to be a highly effective in improving walking distance in peripheral arterial disease ( PAD ) patients with lifestyle-limiting claudication . Limited information is available on the contributions of central cardiorespiratory functions for improving these patients ' walking capacity with exercise training . METHODS This study r and omized 28 participants ( 21 men ; age , 65.6 years ; 92.7 % smoking history , 36.6 % with diabetes ) with lifestyle-limiting PAD-related claudication to 3 hours/week of supervised exercise training for 12 weeks  , using arm-ergometry ( n = 10 ) or treadmill-walking ( n = 10 ) vs a usual-care control group ( n = 8) . Cardiorespiratory function measurements were assessed before and after training at a submaximal workload and at the onset of claudication ( pain-free walking distance [ PFWD ] ) and at maximal walking distance [ ( MWD ] ) . Changes in these functions from baseline were analyzed among the groups with analysis of covariance . Associations between variables were determined by Pearson 's partial correlations . RESULTS The mean baseline demographic , medical , and exercise variables were similar among the groups . There were similar significant differences in the submaximal double product ( heart rate × systolic blood pressure ) and at MWD , ventilatory threshold , ventilatory oxygen uptake ( VO(2 ) ) at onset of claudication , and VO(2 ) peak in response to training in both exercise groups vs the control group . Statistically significant , moderate correlations ( r = 0.60 - 0.68 ) were found between changes in all cardiorespiratory variables and changes in PFWD or MWD . CONCLUSION Improvements in cardiorespiratory function after arm-ergometry or treadmill-training were significantly associated with improvements in both PFWD and MWD , providing supporting evidence of systemic contributions to exercise training-related improvements in walking capacity seen in patients with claudication Background Exercise therapy is being explored in a variety of cancer population s to counteract treatment-related deconditioning . Higher intensity interval protocol s are being prescribed to improve physical function and attenuate surrogates of comorbidity in non-cancer population s. The purpose of this study is to explore the safety of higher intensity exercise stimuli on cardiorespiratory fitness ( VO2peak ) in breast cancer survivors . Methods Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors were r and omized into three groups : supervised aerobic interval training ( AIT ) , supervised continuous moderate exercise training ( CMT ) , and an unsupervised control group ( CON ) . For 6 weeks , AIT exercised between 70 and 100 % VO2peak , while CMT exercised between 60 and 70 % VO2peak . Both groups followed a matched-work design . Results Thirty-three participants completed the study ( age , 57.2 ( 9 ) years ; weight , 67.6 ( 12 ) kg ) with no adverse advents . Between-group baseline values were non-significant . VO2peak at baseline ( 25.3 ( 5.4 ) mL·kg−1·min−1 ) was below population norms . Compared to CON , cardiorespiratory fitness improved in AIT and CMT by 12 % ( P < 0.001 ) with no significant difference between exercise groups . AIT had a greater influence on lower extremity strength ( P = 0.026 ) and body weight ( P = 0.031 ) . Conclusion This pilot study provides evidence that similar to CMT , AIT can safely increase VO2peak in a small group of breast cancer survivors . Further exploration of the benefits of implementing higher intensity training protocol s is warranted The aim of this r and omized controlled study was to verify the impact of a 12-weeks muscular endurance ( ME ) training of high repetitions ( i. e. , 15 - 30 ) with 2 different periodization models on body composition , maximal strength , muscular endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness .  Twenty eight sedentary women aged 20 - 35 years were r and omly assigned to : control ( CON ) ( n=8 ) , linear periodization ( LP ) ( n=10 ) and daily undulating periodization ( DUP ) ( n=10 ) . LP and DUP models significantly improved body composition , maximal strength and ME . However , no significant changes were detected for cardiorespiratory fitness . LP showed a higher body fat loss ( - 12.73 % ) compared to DUP ( - 9.93 % ) ( p=0.049 ) , and systematic ally higher effect sizes ( ES ) when compared with DUP for maximal strength and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters ( e. g. ES=0.53 for ventilatory threshold ) . In contrast , DUP exhibited a significantly ( p=0.002 ) greater ME gain ( 129.43 % ) compared to LP ( 70.72 % ) in bench press , and greater ES in all exercises . It may be suggested that LP performed with a high number of repetitions may be considered an appropriate periodization model for untrained young women that would likely lead to the improvement of body composition and maximum strength performance , whereas DUP is more effective for the development of ME OBJECTIVE To examine cognitive function in individuals with traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) prior to and after participation in an aerobic exercise training program .  DESIGN Pre-post intervention study . SETTING Medical research center . PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of individuals ( N=7 ) ( age , 33.3±7.9y ) with chronic nonpenetrating TBI ( injury severity : 3=mild , 4=moderate ; time since most current injury : 4.0±5.5y ) who were ambulatory . INTERVENTION Twelve weeks of supervised vigorous aerobic exercise training performed 3 times a week for 30 minutes on a treadmill . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive function was assessed using the Trail Making Test Part A ( TMT-A ) , Trail Making Test Part B ( TMT-B ) , and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status ( RBANS ) . Sleep quality and depression were measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI ) and Beck Depression Inventory , version 2 ( BDI-II ) . Indices of cardiorespiratory fitness were used to examine the relation between improvements in cognitive function and cardiorespiratory fitness . RESULTS After training , improvements in cognitive function were observed with greater scores on the TMT-A ( 10.3±6.8 ; P=.007 ) , TMT-B ( 9.6±7.0 ; P=.011 ) , and RBANS total scale ( 13.3±9.3 ; P=.009 ) . No changes were observed in measures of the PSQI and BDI-II . The magnitude of cognitive improvements was also strongly related to the gains in cardiorespiratory fitness . CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that vigorous aerobic exercise training may improve specific aspects of cognitive function in individuals with TBI and cardiorespiratory fitness gains may be a determinant of these improvements The clinical and physiological effects of a medically supervised , indoor physical training programme were investigated in 36 asthmatic subjects aged 16 - 40 years . After clinical evaluation , lung function assessment , and progressive incremental exercise testing subjects were r and omly allocated to control and training groups . The measurements were repeated after a six week run in period and after a further three months in which those in the training group underwent an indoor training programme . The measurements made at three months were compared with those at the end of the run in period . There was no significant change in anthropometric characteristics , blood lipid profiles , or the provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20 % fall in FEV1 ( histamine PC20 ) in the group who underwent training . After training there were significant increases in mean maximal oxygen uptake ( ml kg-1 min-1 ) from 23 ( 5 ) to 28 ( 6 ) , oxygen pulse ( ml/beat ) from 8.8 ( 2.3 ) to 10.8 ( 2.4 ) , and anaerobic threshold ( 1/min ) from 1.11 ( 0.27 ) to 1.38 ( 0.33 ) . These changes were significantly greater in the group undergoing training than in the control group . There was also a significant fall in breathlessness scores ( Borg ratings ) , blood lactate , carbon dioxide output , and minute ventilation during submaximal exercise in the training group , with no change in the control group . The subject 's motivation , the initial level of fitness , and the symptom score at the time of training were the most important factors influencing improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness . Thus submaximal physical exercise of controlled intensity , sustained for three months , produced significant improvements in fitness and cardiorespiratory performance that should be advantageous to the exercising asthmatic patient . The availability of medical supervision throughout the exercise programme appears to have contributed to the successful outcome The leading causes of mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) relate to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . The contribution of nitric oxide ( NO ) to endothelial function , a surrogate of CVD risk , is currently unknown in NAFLD . We hypothesize that NO-mediated cutaneous microvessel function would be impaired in NAFLD compared with controls and that exercise would enhance microvessel function compared with conventional care . Thirteen NAFLD patients ( aged 50 ± 3 yr , BMI 31 ± 1 kg/m² ) and seven controls ( 48 ± 4 yr , 30 ± 2 kg/m² ) were studied . NAFLD patients were r and omized to either 16 wk of exercise or conventional care . Cutaneous microvessel function was examined using laser Doppler flowmetry combined with intradermal microdialysis of N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine to assay the NO dilator response to local forearm heating . Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy quantified abdominal and liver fat , respectively , and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed . Differences in NO contribution to cutaneous blood flow between NAFLD and control individuals and between interventions were analyzed using general linear modeling . NO contribution to cutaneous blood flow was similar between NAFLD and controls ( P = 0.47 ) . Cardiorespiratory fitness was greater following exercise training compared with conventional care . NO contribution to cutaneous blood flow in response to heating at 42 ° C was 20.4 % CVCmax ( 95 % CI = 4.4 , 36.4 ) greater following exercise training compared with conventional care ( P = 0.02 ) . Exercise training  improves cutaneous microvascular NO function in NAFLD patients . The benefit of exercise training compared with conventional care strongly supports a role for exercise in the prevention of CVD in NAFLD Background Although basic research has uncovered biological mechanisms by which exercise could maintain and enhance adult brain health , experimental human studies with older adults have produced equivocal results . Purpose This r and omized clinical trial aim ed to investigate the hypotheses that ( a ) the effects of exercise training on the performance of neurocognitive tasks in older adults is selective , influencing mainly tasks with a substantial executive control component and ( b ) performance in neurocognitive tasks is related to cardiorespiratory fitness . Methods Fifty-seven older adults ( 65–79 years ) participated in aerobic or strength- and -flexibility exercise training for 10 months . Neurocognitive tasks were selected to reflect a range from little ( e.g. , simple reaction time ) to substantial ( i.e. , Stroop Word – Color conflict ) executive control . Results Performance in tasks requiring little executive control was unaffected by participating in aerobic exercise .  Improvements in Stroop Word – Color task performance were found only for the aerobic exercise group . Changes in aerobic fitness were unrelated to changes in neurocognitive function . Conclusions Aerobic exercise in older adults can have a beneficial effect on the performance of speeded tasks that rely heavily on executive control . Improvements in aerobic fitness do not appear to be a prerequisite for this beneficial effect Background The purpose of the present study was to assess the training and detraining effects on physiological parameters result ing from a combined strength and aerobic exercise programme in patients with coronary artery disease . Design and methods Thirty male coronary artery disease patients were r and omly assigned to an exercise ( n = 16 ) and control group ( n = 14 ) . Patients in the exercise group participated in a supervised exercise programme for 8 months and were followed for 3 months after training cessation . The programme consisted of two sessions of circuit weight training and two sessions of aerobic training .  Cardiopulmonary testing and muscular strength were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 months of training as well as after 3 months of detraining . Results The exercise training programme result ed in significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness ( V O2peak 15.4 % and exercise time 14 % ) after 8 months . Muscular strength also increased significantly in all exercises by an average of 28 % ( upper body 25.5 % and lower body 35.4 % ) . Three months of detraining , however , result ed in a 10 % regression in V O2peak , 6.7 % in exercise time , 12 % in upper body strength and 15.7 % in lower body strength . Conclusions The above results indicate that a significant part of the favourable adaptations obtained after prolonged training is practically lost within 3 months of detraining . Therefore , patients with coronary artery disease should follow a systematic exercise programme throughout life in order to improve cardiovascular function , muscular strength and ameliorate their health status . Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 13:375–380 © 2006 The European Society of We assessed the effectiveness of two generalized visual training programmes in enhancing visual and motor performance for racquet sports . Forty young participants were assigned equally to groups undertaking visual training using Revien and Gabor ’s Sports Vision programme ( Group 1 ) , visual training using Revien ’s Eyerobics ( Group 2 ) , a placebo condition involving reading ( Group 3 ) and a control condition involving physical practice only ( Group 4 ) . Measures of basic visual function and of sport-specific motor performance were obtained from all participants before and immediately after a 4-week training period . Significant pre- to post-training differences were evident on some of the measures ; however , these were not group-dependent . Contrary to the cl aims made by proponents of generalized visual training , we found no evidence that the visual training programmes led to improvements in either vision or motor performance above and beyond those result ing simply from test familiarity
According to the GRADE system , there is very low quality evidence that functional training is better than other interventions to improve cardiovascular parameters .
BACKGROUND Functional training is a new training vision that was prepared from the gesture imitation of daily activities .
Although your use has become popular in clinical practice , the influence of the several cardiorespiratory adjustments performed during the functional training in different population s and conditions is unknown .
So , the aim of this systematic review was to gather information in the literature regarding the influence of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters .