Validation of the French version of the Bournemouth Questionnaire. Longer response scales improved the acceptability and performance of the Nottingham Health Profile. Testing the measurement equivalence of paper and interactive voice response system versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 Measurement properties and interpretation of three shortened versions of the asthma control questionnaire. Comparative effectiveness of manipulation, mobilisation and the Activator instrument in treatment of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review Are Work Disability Prevention Interventions Effective for the Management of Neck Pain or Upper Extremity Disorders? A Systematic Review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration Reliability and Validity of the Persian Versions of the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in Patients With Neck Pain The Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire: English translation, validation, and subscales. A comparison of an electronic version of the SF-36 General Health Questionnaire to the standard paper version The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. II. Psychometric properties in neck pain patients. Translation and Validation Study of the Iranian Versions of the Neck Disability Index and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale Cervical Spine Outcomes Questionnaire: Its Development and Psychometric Properties The Oswestry Disability Index, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale: Translation and Validation Studies of the Iranian Versions A Comparison of Psychometric Properties Between Internet and Paper Versions of Two Depression Instruments (BDI-II and MADRS-S) Administered to Clinic Patients Measuring Function of the Shoulder. A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Five Questionnaires* Subjective Health Measure Used on Chinese Patients With Neck Pain in Hong Kong Evaluation of a critical appraisal program for clinical nurses: a controlled before-and-after study. Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders, whiplash-associated disorders, or non-specific low back pain? A systematic review of systematic reviews by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration The Starr County Diabetes Education Study: development of the Spanish-language diabetes knowledge questionnaire. Validation of the Spanish Version of the Neck Disability Index Critical appraisal skills of family physicians in Ontario, Canada Further psychometric property development of the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire and development of a modified version, MENQOL-Intervention questionnaire. Assessment of xerostomia and its impact on quality of life in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, and validation of the Taiwanese version of the xerostomia questionnaire.
Self question naires are an important aspect of the management of neck pain patients . The Bournemouth Question naire ( BQ ) , based on the biopsychosocial model , is design ed to evaluate patients with neck pain . The vali date d English version of this question naire ( BQc-English ) has psychometric properties that range from moderate to excellent . The goal of this study is to translate and vali date a French version of the Bournemouth Question naire for neck pain patients ( BQc-f ) . Its translation and adaptation are performed using the translation back-translation method , generating a consensus among the translators . This validation study was performed on 68 subjects ( mean age 41 years old ) who participated in a r and omized controlled trial regarding the efficiency of manual therapy for neck pain patients . This experimental protocol was design ed to generate data in order to evaluate the construct validity , longitudinal validity , test-retest reliability and responsiveness . The BQc-f psychometric properties of construct validity ( r = 0.67 , 0.61 , 0.42 ) for pre treatment , post treatment and longitudinal validity , respectively ) , test-retest reliability ( r = 0.97 ) and responsiveness ( effect size = 0.56 and mean st and ardized response = 0.61 ) are sufficient to suggest it could be used in the management of patients with neck pain OBJECTIVE To test alternative response formats for the Nottingham Health Profile ( NHP ) , in terms of acceptability , score distributions , and measurement properties . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING S R and omized trial of four response formats for the NHP : original " yes/no " format , a 3-point similarity format ( " applies completely/in part/not at all " ) , a 5-point intensity format ( " completely true " to " completely false " ) , and a 5-point frequency format ( " all the time " to " never " ) . Respondents were patients discharged from a hospital . We compared scores distributions , reliability coefficients , correlations with dimension-specific numerical scales , and patient ratings of the instrument . RESULTS Response rates were similar for the four versions . The original response format had the fewest fully completed question naires , and the largest ceiling effects . Internal consistency and test-retest coefficients were acceptable for all versions , but were higher for the two 5-point formats . Correlations reflecting convergent and discriminant validity were higher for the longer response formats than for the original version . The frequency format received the highest ratings from patients , particularly from the sicker and older subgroups . CONCLUSIONS The psychometric performance and patient acceptability of the NHP can be improved by using a 5-point frequency response format instead of the original dichotomous response format Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the measurement equivalence of an interactive voice response system ( IVRS ) version and the original paper-based version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 . Methods The QLQ-C30 is a cancer-specific , health-related quality of life question naire consisting of nine multi-item scales ( physical , role , emotional , cognitive and social functioning , fatigue , nausea/vomiting , pain , and quality of life ) and six single item measures ( dyspnea , insomnia , appetite loss , constipation , diarrhea , and financial problems ) . This study utilized a crossover design with subjects r and omly assigned to one of two assessment orders : ( 1 ) paper then IVRS or ( 2 ) IVRS then paper . Equivalence between the two administration modes was established by comparing the 95 % lower confidence interval ( CI ) of the intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) for each scale , with a critical value of 0.70 . Results The ICCs for the nine multi-item scales were all above 0.79 , ranging from 0.791 to 0.899 ( ICC 95 % lower CI range 0.726–0.865 ) and significantly different from our threshold reliability of 0.70 . The ICCs for the six single items ranged from 0.689 to 0.896 ( ICC 95 % lower CI range 0.611–0.888 ) . Two of the items , insomnia and appetite loss , were not statistically different from 0.70 . When considered together , the per- protocol analysis results support the equivalence of the  paper and IVRS versions of the QLQ-C30  for 13 of the 15 scores . Conclusion This analysis provides evidence that the scores obtained from the IVRS version of the QLQ-C30 are equivalent to those obtained with the original paper version except for the insomnia and appetite loss items The Asthma Control Question naire ( ACQ ) measures the adequacy of asthma treatment as identified by international guidelines . It consists of seven items ( 5 x symptoms , rescue bronchodilator use and FEV1 % of predicted normal ) . A validation study suggested that in clinical studies measurement of FEV1 and bronchodilator use may not be needed but this has never formally been tested in a clinical trial . The aims of this analysis were ( 1 ) to examine the measurement properties of three shortened versions of the ACQ ( symptoms alone , symptoms plus FEV1 and symptoms plus short-acting beta2-agonist )  and ( 2 ) to determine whether using the shortened versions would alter the results of a clinical trial . In the r and omised trial , 552 adults completed the ACQ at baseline and after 13 and 26 weeks of treatment . The analysis showed that the measurement properties of all four versions of the ACQ are very similar . Agreement between the original ACQ and the reduced versions was high ( intraclass correlation coefficients : 0.94 - 0.99 ) . Mean differences between the ACQ and the shortened versions were less than 0.04 ( on the 7-point scale ) . Clinical trial results using the four versions were almost identical with the mean treatment difference ranging from -0.09 ( P=0.17 ) , to -0.13 ( P=0.07 ) . For interpretability , the minimal important difference for all four versions was close to 0.5 . In conclusion , these three shortened versions of the ACQ can be used in large clinical trials without loss of validity or change in interpretation Background Neck pain is a common problem and different forms of manual therapy are used in its treatment . The purpose of this systematic review was to critically appraise the literature that directly compared manipulation , mobilisation and the Activator instrument for non-specific neck pain . Methods Electronic data bases ( MEDLINE , MANTIS and CINAHL ) were search ed from their inception to October 2005 for all English language r and omised clinical trials that directly compared manipulation , mobilisation and the Activator instrument . Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select the studies and these studies were then evaluated using vali date d criteria . Results Five such studies were identified . The method ological quality was mostly poor . Findings from the studies were mixed and no one therapy was shown to be more effective than the others . Conclusion Further high quality research has to be done before a recommendation can be made as to the most effective manual method for non-specific neck pain Abstract Purpose We conducted a systematic review to critically appraise and synthesize literature on the effectiveness of work disability prevention ( WDP ) interventions in workers with neck pain , whiplash-associated disorders ( WAD ) , or upper extremity disorders . Methods We search ed electronic data bases from 1990 to 2012 . R and om pairs of independent review ers critically appraised eligible studies using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria . Scientifically admissible studies were summarized and synthesized following best- evidence synthesis methodology . Results Of the 6,359 articles retrieved , 16 r and omized controlled trials were eligible for critical appraisal and five were admissible . We found that a return-to-work coordination program ( including workplace-based work hardening ) was superior to clinic-based work hardening for persistent rotator cuff tendinitis . Workplace high-intensity strength training and workplace advice had similar outcomes for neck and shoulder pain . Mensendieck/Cesar postural exercises and strength and fitness exercises had similar outcomes for non-specific work-related upper limb complaints . Adding a brief job stress education program to a workplace ergonomic intervention was not beneficial for persistent upper extremity symptoms . Adding computer-prompted work breaks to ergonomic adjustments and workplace education benefited workers ’ recovery from recent work-related neck and upper extremity complaints . Conclusions At present , no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of WDP interventions for managing neck pain , WAD , and upper extremity disorders . Our review suggests a return-to-work coordination program is more effective than clinic-based work hardening . Also , adding computer-prompted breaks to ergonomic and workplace interventions benefits workers ’ recovery . The current quality of evidence does not allow for a definitive evaluation of the effectiveness of ergonomic interventions Study Design . Validation of 2 self-report question naires . Objective . To evaluate the internal consistency , reliability , and construct validity of the Persian versions of the fear avoidance beliefs question naire ( FABQ ) and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia ( TSK ) in patients with acute and chronic neck pain . Summary of Background Data . The FABQ and TSK are 2 important measures to evaluate fear of pain and fear avoidance beliefs in patients with spinal pain . To date , the psychometric properties of these question naires have not been demonstrated in Persian-speaking patients with neck pain in Iran . Methods . One hundred sixty-six patients with acute and chronic neck pain participated in the study . The construct validity of the question naires was evaluated by measuring convergent and known-groups validity . The visual analogue scale measure of pain , neck disability index , hospital anxiety and depression scale , and the physical ( PCS-12 ) and mental ( MCS-12 ) summary scores of the Short Form health survey ( SF-12 ) were used to test construct validity of the Persian FABQ and TSK . In addition , 50 r and omly selected patients with chronic neck pain were asked to complete the question naires 48 hours later for the second time . Results . Cronbach & agr ; coefficient for the FABQ and TSK in patients with acute and chronic pain was in the range from 0.77 to 0.92 and 0.77 to 0.78 , respectively . The Persian FABQ and TSK showed satisfactory test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of more than 0.80 . There were moderate to strong correlations between the Persian FABQ and TSK scores and the neck disability index ( r = 0.44–0.55 ) , Depression subscales of the hospital anxiety and depression scale ( r = 0.42–0.48 ) , and PCS-12 ( r = −0.34 to −0.62 ) . Conclusion . The Persian FABQ and TSK have acceptable reliability and validity for measuring pain related fear and avoidance beliefs among Persian-speaking patients with acute and chronic neck pain . However , considering the study limitations , the findings should be interpreted with caution . Level of Evidence : PURPOSE To establish the English- language version of the  Amblyopia and Strabismus Question naire ( ASQE ) . DESIGN Prospect i ve cohort study . METHODS A structured translation process was followed to generate the ASQE , a 26-item instrument ( originally in Dutch ) containing five subscales for fear of losing the better eye , distance estimation , visual disorientation , double vision , and social contact and appearance . The ASQE was administered to 150 adults in a private practice setting . All had strabismus with or without amblyopia and visual acuity of 20/50 or better in at least one eye . Subjects also completed a brief disability question naire , and they were further characterized by levels of unilateral vision loss , diplopia , and asthenopia . RESULTS ASQE scores were highly correlated with the disability question naire outcomes ( r = -.76 , P < .0001 ) . Internal consistency reliability ( Cronbach alpha ) of the subscales ranged from 0.80 to 0.92 . Strong correlations were found between clinical characteristics and the ASQE ( total score and subscale scores ) . CONCLUSIONS The ASQE showed good psychometric properties that are in line with those of the original instrument . This , combined with strong correlations between ASQE scores and clinical characterization of the participants , establishes the ASQE as a useful tool for use in population s with strabismus and /or amblyopia Because of its sound psychometric properties the SF-36 General Health Question naire is used throughout the world , yet it is difficult to analyse and score . Using a newly developed software package , onto which any question naire can be loaded , we developed an electronic version of the SF-36 General Health Question naire . The purpose of this study is test the effect of the electronic mode of administration on the measurement properties of the SF-36 . In a r and omised cross-over design study 79 healthy individuals and 36 chronic pain patients completed both electronic and paper versions of the SF-36 . Seventy-one percent preferred the electronic SF-36 , 7 % stated no preference , and 22 % preferred the paper version . Completion time for the electronic SF-36 was slightly less , and there were no missing or problematical responses , whereas 44 % of participants had at least one missing or problematical response in the paper version . Data entry and auditing time was 8 hours . There was less than 4 % inter-version difference for any of the SF-36 sub-scales . The electronic SF-36 was well accepted and slightly quicker to complete than the paper version . We conclude that the electronic SF-36 is equivalent in performance and more effective than the paper version OBJECTIVE To modify an existing outcome measure ( Bournemouth Question naire [ BQ ] ) for use in patients with nonspecific neck pain and test its psychometric properties . DESIGN Prospect i ve longitudinal study in which the question naire was administered on 3 occasions ( pretreatment , retest , and posttreatment ) . SETTING Anglo-European College of Chiropractic outpatient clinic and 8 field chiropractic practice s. METHOD Seven core items relating to the biopsychosocial model of pain were included in the original question naire ( back BQ ) . The wording of one of these items ( disability in activities of daily living ) was modified to include activities likely to be affected by neck pain . Testing of the neck BQ was carried out in 102 patients with nonspecific neck pain . RESULTS The instrument demonstrated high internal consistency on 3 administrations ( Cronbach 's alpha = 0.87 , 0.91 , 0.92 ) . All 7 items were retained on the basis that they each significantly contributed to the total score ( item-corrected total score correlations > 0.43 ) and to the instrument 's responsiveness to clinical change ( item change-corrected total change score correlations > 0.42 ) . The instrument was reliable in test-retest administrations in stable subjects ( ICC = 0.65 ) . The instrument demonstrated acceptable construct validity and longitudinal construct validity with established external measures . The treatment effect size of the instrument was found to be high ( 1.67 ) . CONCLUSION The neck BQ covers the salient dimensions of the biopsychosocial model of pain , is quick and easy to complete , and has been shown to be reliable , valid , and responsive to clinical ly significant change in patients with nonspecific neck pain . Its use as an outcome measure in clinical trials and outcomes research is recommended Study Design . Cultural translation and psychometric testing . Objective . To translate and vali date the Iranian versions of the Neck Disability Index ( NDI-IR ) and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale ( NPDS-IR ) . Summary of Background Data . The widely used the NDI and the NPDS scales have not been translated and vali date d for Persian-speaking patients with neck pain . This was to provide a vali date d instrument to measure functional status in patients with neck pain in Iran . Methods . The translation and cultural adaptation of the original question naires were carried out in accordance with the published guidelines . One hundred and eighty-five patients with neck pain were participated in the study . Patients were asked to complete a question naire booklet including the NDI-IR , the NPDS-IR , the Iranian SF-36 , and a visual analog scale ( VAS ) of pain . To carry out the test-retest reliability , 30 r and omly selected patients with neck pain were asked to complete the question naire booklet 48 hours later for the second time . Results . Cronbach & agr ; coefficient for the NDI-IR was 0.88 and for the 4 subscales of the NPDS-IR was found to be satisfactory ( ranging from 0.74 to 0.94 ) . The NDI-IR and the NPDS-IR subscales showed excellent test-retest reliability ( intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 ; P < 0.01 ) . The correlation between the NDI-IR and the NPDS-IR subscales and functional scales of the SF-36 showed desirable results , indicating a good convergent validity ( Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from −0.31 to −0.70 ) . The correlation between the NDI-IR and the VAS was 0.71 and between the NPDS-IR subscales and the VAS ranged from 0.63 to 0.79 ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion . The Iranian versions of the NDI and NPDS are reliable and valid instruments to measure functional status in Persian-speaking patients with neck pain in Iran . They are simple and easy to use and now can be applied in clinical setting s and future outcome studies in Iran and other Persian speaking communities Study Design . A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze a convenience sample of patients seeking treatment for cervical spine conditions . Objective . To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a comprehensive , disease-specific question naire for characterizing complaints of neck pain and evaluating the outcomes of treatments for these complaints . Summary of Background Data . There currently are a number of generic and disease-specific instruments for assessing complaints of neck pain . None comprehensively cover the wide range of factors considered essential in evaluating treatment outcomes . Methods . The authors developed a comprehensive , disease-specific question naire for characterizing complaints of neck pain and evaluating the outcomes of treatments for these complaints . In this study , 216 patients who underwent surgery for cervical spine disorders completed the Cervical Spine Outcomes Question naire before treatment , then at 3 and 6 months after treatment . The data were used to evaluate the reliability , validity , and responsiveness of the question naire . Results . The authors have shown that the Cervical Spine Outcomes Question naire has high test – retest reliability , good construct validity , and responsiveness to change after treatment . Conclusions . The Cervical Spine Outcomes Question naire is a comprehensive , disease-specific instrument for assessing complaints of neck pain and evaluating the outcomes of treatments for these complaints . It provides information on demographics , pain severity , functional disability , psychological distress , physical symptoms , health care utilization , and satisfaction . It appears to be acceptable to patients , easy to administer , highly reliable , valid , and responsive . It should be considered for use in monitoring patients with cervical spine conditions and in studies of cervical spine disorders and their treatments Study Design . Cross-cultural translation and psychometric testing were performed . Objectives . To cross-culturally translate the Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) , Rol and -Morris Disability Question naire ( RDQ ) , and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale ( QDS ) into Persian , and then investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian versions produced . Summary of Background Data . To the authors ’ knowledge , there is no vali date d instrument to measure functional status in Persian-speaking patients with low back pain ( LBP ) in Iran . To our knowledge , the widely used back-specific measures , the ODI , RDQ , and QDS , have not been translated and vali date d for Persian-speaking patients with LBP . Methods . The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original question naires were performed in accordance with published guidelines . A total of 100 patients with chronic LBP were asked to complete a question naire booklet ( the Persian versions of the ODI , RDQ , QDS , Short Form Health Survey ( SF-36 ) , and visual analog scale measure of pain ) . There were 31 r and omly select patients with chronic LBP asked to complete the second question naire booklet 24 hours later . Results . The Cronbach-α for the ODI , RDQ , and QDS was 0.75 , 0.83 , and 0.92 , respectively . The ODI , RDQ , and QDS showed excellent test-retest reliability ( intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91 , 0.86 , and 0.86 , respectively ) ( P < 0.01 ) . The correlation among the ODI , RDQ , QDS and physical functioning scales of the SF-36 was −0.66 , −0.62 , and −0.69 , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . The correlation among the ODI , RDQ , and QDS and visual analog scale was 0.54 , 0.36 , and 0.46 , respectively ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions . The Persian versions of the ODI , RDQ , and QDS are reliable and valid instruments to measure functional status in Persian-speaking patients with LBP.They are simple and fast scales , and the use of them can be recommended in a clinical setting and future outcome studies in Iran Background Self-report measures can guide clinical decisions and are useful when evaluating treatment outcomes . However , many clinicians do not use self-report measures systematic ally in their clinical practice . Internet-based question naires could facilitate administration , but the psychometric properties of the online version of an instrument should be explored before implementation . The recommendation from the International Test Commission is to test the psychometric properties of each question naire separately . Objective Our objective was to compare the psychometric properties of paper- and -pencil versions and Internet versions of two question naires measuring depressive symptoms . Methods The 87 participating patients were recruited from primary care and psychiatric care within the public health care system in Sweden . Participants completed the  Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI-II )  and the  Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale — Self-rated ( MADRS-S )  , both on paper and on the Internet . The order was r and omized to control for order effects . Symptom severity in the sample ranged from mild to severe depressive symptoms . Results Psychometric properties of the two administration formats were mostly equivalent . The internal consistency was similar for the Internet and paper versions , and significant correlations were found between the formats for both MADRS-S ( r = .84 ) and the BDI-II ( r = .89 ) . Differences between paper and Internet total scores were not statistically significant for either question naire nor for the MADRS-S question dealing with suicidality ( item 9 ) when analyzed separately . The score on the BDI-II question about suicidality ( item 9 ) was significantly lower when administered via the Internet compared with the paper score , but the difference was small ( effect size , Cohen ’s [ d ] = 0.14 ) . There were significant main effects for order of administration on both question naires and significant interaction effects between format and order . This should not , however , pose a problem in clinical use as long as the administration format is not changed when repeated measurements are made . Conclusions The MADRS-S can be transferred to online use without affecting the psychometric properties in a clinical ly meaningful way . The full BDI-II also seems to retain its properties when transferred ; however , the item measuring suicidality in the Internet version needs further investigation since it was associated with a lower score in this study . The use of online question naires offers clinicians a more practical way of measuring depressive symptoms and has the potential to save re sources Measures of both generic and disease-specific health status are being developed and used with increasing frequency for the appraisal of musculoskeletal conditions . The purpose of this study was to compare prospect ively the validity of five question naires in the assessment of function of the shoulder . Ninety subjects who had various problems related to the shoulder agreed to enter the study . All of the subjects completed a question naire package that included the  Shoulder Pain and Disability Index , the Simple Shoulder Test , the Subjective Shoulder Rating Scale , the Modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Patient Self-Evaluation Form , and the Shoulder Severity Index as well as a measure of generic health status ( the acute version of the Short Form 36 [ SF-36 ] ) and two questions that asked the patient to rate the severity of the problem and his or her over-all health . Frequency distributions were created and compared among question naires . Spearman rank correlations were calculated to compare the question naires with each other and with other assessment s. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the ability of the question naires to discriminate between self-rated severity of the problem and over-all health . The frequency distributions were similar among the five shoulder question naires , but those of the five shoulder question naires differed from that of the SF-36 . The correlations were good ( 0.73 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.80 ) among all of the five shoulder question naires except the Subjective Shoulder Rating Scale ; they were lower with the Subjective Shoulder Rating Scale and the physical function dimension of the SF-36 ( 0.12 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.60 ) . The shoulder question naires discriminated between levels of severity ( p < 0.0001 ) but not between levels of over-all health ( 0.10 ⩽ p ⩽ 0.86 ) . In this concurrent comparison of measures of shoulder-specific outcome in the same subjects , the shoulder question naires performed similarly , both in describing function of the shoulder and in discriminating between levels of severity . The shoulder question naires performed differently than the SF-36 , which confirms the need to use both disease-specific and generic health-status measures to evaluate patients who have a problem related to the shoulder Study Design . A prospect i ve observational study was conducted on the use of the Chinese version of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire . Objective . To examine the reliability , validity , and responsiveness of the Chinese version of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire in Chinese patients with neck pain in Hong Kong . Summary of Background Data . There is increasing recognition that patient perspectives are essential both in making medical decisions and in judging the treatment outcomes . A valid Chinese version of a neck disability index question naire is urgently needed for effective and reliable evaluation of the treatment outcomes for patients with neck pain . Methods . Two sample s with 532 consecutive adult patients with neck pain from seven physiotherapy outpatient departments in Hong Kong who completed the Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire  were observed and measured at different intervals : at the beginning of physiotherapy , at 7 days , at 3 weeks , and 6 weeks after physiotherapy . Results . The question naire had good content validity , very good test – retest reliability , and internal consistency ( intraclass correlation coefficient , 0.95 ; Cronbach ’s alpha , 0.87 ) . It also had good validity ( Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.59 when the score was correlated with that of a generic 42-item Chinese health question naire ) and good responsiveness ( effect size of 1.11 at week 6 after treatment began ) . Conclusions . The Chinese version of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire has been shown to demonstrate very good content validity , a high degree of test – retest reliability , and internal consistency . It also exhibited good construct validity and high sensitivity to changes in severity over time BACKGROUND Evidence -based practice is important to . clinical health care professionals . Clinical nurses can make informed decisions by applying the best evidence to their care . However , st and ardized curricula on evidence -based medicine are lacking in nursing education programs . This study evaluated a critical appraisal education program and assessed its value in increasing nurses ' knowledge of critical appraisal and confidence in their critical appraisal skills . METHODS A controlled before- and -after study design was used . The education program integrated lectures , practice , and group discussion . A question naire was used to evaluate participants ' knowledge and confidence in critical appraisal pre- and postintervention . RESULTS  Participants ' knowledge and confidence in critical appraisal improved significantly postintervention(both p < .001 ) . CONCLUSION A 1-day , small group discussion education program can effectively improve  nurses ' knowledge and confidence in critical appraisal . Educators and administrators may replicate this education program to improve the quality of nursing Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) for the management of neck pain and associated disorders ( NAD ) , whiplash-associated disorders , and non-specific low back pain ( LBP ) with or without radiculopathy . Methods We systematic ally search ed six data bases from 2000 to 2014 . R and om pairs of independent review ers critically appraised eligible systematic review s using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria . We included systematic review s with a low risk of bias in our best evidence synthesis . Results We screened 706 citations and 14 systematic review s were eligible for critical appraisal . Eight systematic review s had a low risk of bias . For recent-onset NAD , evidence suggests that intramuscular NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes as combined manipulation and soft tissue therapy . For NAD ( duration not specified ) , oral NSAIDs may be more effective than placebo . For recent-onset LBP , evidence suggests that : ( 1 ) oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes to placebo or a muscle relaxant ; and ( 2 ) oral NSAIDs with bed rest lead to similar outcomes as placebo with bed rest . For persistent LBP , evidence suggests that : ( 1 ) oral NSAIDs are more effective than placebo ; and ( 2 ) oral NSAIDs may be more effective than acetaminophen . For recent-onset LBP with radiculopathy , there is inconsistent evidence on the effectiveness of oral NSAIDs versus placebo . Finally , different oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes for neck and LBP with or without radiculopathy . Conclusions For NAD , oral NSAIDs may be more effective than placebo . Oral NSAIDs are more effective than placebo for persistent LBP , but not for recent-onset LBP . Different oral NSAIDs lead to similar outcomes for neck pain and LBP OBJECTIVE This study reports the psychometric properties of the 24-item version of the Diabetes Knowledge Question naire ( DKQ ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The original 60-item DKQ was administered to 502 adult Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes who are part of the Starr County Diabetes Education Study . The sample was composed of 252 participants and 250 support partners . The subjects were r and omly assigned to the educational and social support intervention ( n = 250 ) or to the wait-listed control group ( n = 252 ) . A shortened 24-item version of the DKQ was derived from the original instrument after data collection was completed . Reliability was assessed by means of Cronbach 's coefficient alpha . To determine validity , differentiation between the experimental and control groups was conducted at baseline and after the educational portion of the intervention . RESULTS The 24-item version of the DKQ ( DKQ-24 ) attained a reliability coefficient of 0.78 , indicating internal consistency , and showed sensitivity to the intervention , suggesting construct validation . CONCLUSIONS The DKQ-24 is a reliable and valid measure of diabetes-related knowledge that is relatively easy to administer to either English or Spanish speakers Study Design . Observational prospect i ve study . Objective . Vali date the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index ( NDI ) . Summary of Background Data . The NDI is the most widely used neck pain scale in the largest number of population s and has been vali date d most often against multiple measurements of function , pain , and clinical signs and symptoms . Methods . The Spanish version of the NDI was administered 2 or 3 times to 175 individuals with neck pain ( including those requesting or not requesting specific healthcare at a given time and those with acute and subacute/chronic nonspecific or post-traumatic neck pain ) . After establishing the factorial structure by extracting the main components , the internal consistency was assessed with the Cronbach alpha method , the test-retest reliability was assessed with the Bl and -Altman plot and the intraclass correlation coefficient methods , and the validity was established by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient with pain visual analogue scale values and with Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire ( Spanish version ) values . Sensitivity to change was estimated while comparing the mean difference between the first application of the NDI score and the one after the treatment in the patients who improved , felt the same , or worsened . Results . A single factor explained 51.6 % of the variance , the Cronbach alpha score was 0.89 , the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 , the Pearson correlation coefficient with pain visual analogue scale was r = 0.65 and with Northwick Park Neck Pain Question naire was r = 0.89 . In the subgroup of 147 subjects in whom the sensitivity to change was studied , those who reported an improvement in neck pain showed a decrease in the NDI score of 8.20 , those who felt the same showed a decrease of 0.23 , and those who felt worse showed an increase of 5.55 . Conclusion . This first Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index is reliable , valid , and sensitive to change Background Our primary objective in this study was to measure family physicians ' knowledge of the key elements that go into assessing the validity and interpreting the results in three different types of studies : i ) a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) ; ii ) a study evaluating a diagnostic test ; and iii ) a systematic review ( SR ) . Our secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between the above skills and age , gender , and type of practice . Methods We obtained a r and om sample of 1000 family physicians in Ontario from the College of Family Physicians of Canada data base . These physicians were sent a question naire in the mail with follow-up mailings to non-responders at 3 and 8 weeks . The question naire was design ed to measure knowledge and underst and ing of the basic concepts of critical appraisal skills . Based on the responses to the questions an Evidence Based Medicine ( EBM ) Knowledge Score was determined for each physician . Results A response rate of 30.2 % was achieved . The respondents were younger and more likely to be recent graduates than the population of Ontario Family Physicians as a whole . This was an expected outcome . Just over 50 % of respondents were able to answer questions concerning the critical appraisal of methods and the interpretation of results of research articles satisfactorily . The average score on the 12-point EBM Knowledge Scale was 6.4 . The younger physicians scored higher than the older physicians , and academic physicians scored higher than community-based physicians . Scores of male and female physicians did not differ . Conclusions We have shown that in a population of physicians which is younger than the general population of physicians , about 50 % have reasonable knowledge regarding the critical appraisal of the methods and the interpretation of results of a research article . In general , younger physicians were more knowledgeable than were older physicians . EBM principles were felt to be important to the practice of medicine by 95 % of respondents OBJECTIVES To develop the 1996 MENQOL question naire further with advice regarding summary score computation , missing- data management , readability , recall period and assessment of the vasomotor domain reliability and construct validity . To develop a modified version , the MENQOL-Intervention question naire , for use where certain treatment side effects could negatively impact the quality of life . METHODS MENQOL-Intervention modifications involved the addition of three items to the physical domain . For both question naires , psychometric property assessment was embedded in two r and omized controlled trials of menopause interventions . Test-retest reliability and Cronbach 's alpha were computed for all domains as was construct validity of the vasomotor domain for both question naires . RESULTS The vasomotor intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the MENQOL-Intervention over 1 week and 0.78 for the MENQOL over 1 month . The altered physical domain of the MENQOL-Intervention question naire continued to show strong test-retest reliability and Cronbach 's alpha consistent with the MENQOL . The MENQOL-Intervention demonstrated excellent face validity with high construct validity for the vasomotor domain of 0.78 - 0.80 . For both instruments , comparisons of the vasomotor domains to hot flash scores , although statistically significant , were only moderate at 0.56 and 0.49 . CONCLUSIONS Both the MENQOL and the MENQOL-Intervention question naires show strong psychometric properties . We recommend using the MENQOL-Intervention question naire where intervention side effects might negatively impact a woman 's quality of life . For both question naires , a summary score can be calculated The purpose s of this study were to ( a ) explore the impact of xerostomia and saliva flow on quality of life and ( b ) vali date the Taiwanese version of the Xerostomia Question naire ( XQ ) for patients undergoing radiotherapy ( RT ) for head and neck cancer in Taiwan . This was a prospect i ve longitudinal study . Instruments consisted of the Xerostomia Question naire-Taiwan version ( XQ-T ) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Taiwan Version .  Salivary output was measured by collecting unstimulated whole saliva . The question naires and measurements of salivary output were completed before RT was initiated and at two , four , six , and eight weeks after RT had started . Changes in xerostomia scores , quality of life , saliva flow , and predictors of quality of life over time were examined by using general estimating equations . The XQ-T is the first xerostomia measurement instrument developed for use with Taiwanese cancer patients and demonstrated excellent reliability and validity . Saliva flow was significantly correlated with  XQ-T scores at two , four , six , and eight weeks after RT had started , but not before RT had begun . Saliva flow and quality -of-life scores significantly diminished and xerostomia scores significantly increased over the eight-week period . Saliva flow and XQ-T scores significantly predicted quality of life , after adjusting for the maturation effect . The results of this study show that the XQ-T is the first xerostomia measurement instrument to be developed for Taiwanese cancer patients and demonstrates excellent reliability and validity
The Neck Disability Index is the most frequently evaluated question naire and shows positive results for internal consistency , content validity , structural validity , hypothesis testing , and responsiveness , but a negative result for reliability .
The other question naires show positive results , but the evidence for each measurement property is mostly limited , and at least 50 % of the information on measurement properties per question naire is lacking .
Purpose To critically appraise and compare the measurement properties of the original versions of  neck-specific question naires .