Food allergy in children: results of a standardized protocol for oral desensitization. Oral Specific Desensitization in Food-Allergic Children Maternal dietary folate, folic acid and vitamin D intakes during pregnancy and lactation and the risk of cows' milk allergy in the offspring. Peanut, milk, and wheat intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced allergy and asthma in children. Evaluation of diet and growth in children with and without atopic eczema: follow-up study from birth to 4 years. The effects of dieting on food and nutrient intake of lactating women. Associations between Maternal Antioxidant Intakes in Pregnancy and Infant Allergic Outcomes Sources of energy and nutrients in the diets of infants and toddlers. Dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of toddlers from low-income families in Denver, Colorado. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. "Food allergy in children: an attempt to improve the effects of the elimination diet with an immunomodulating agent (thymomodulin). A double-blind clinical trial". Change in nutrient intakes, number of servings, and contributions of total fat from food groups in 4- to 10-year-old children enrolled in a nutrition education study. Allergy prevention by maternal elimination diet during late pregnancy--a 5-year follow-up of a randomized study. Dairy consumption and related nutrient intake in African-American adults and children in the United States: continuing survey of food intakes by individuals 1994-1996, 1998, and the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 3-year-old children in the south west of England in 1996. Dietary intakes and physical activity among preschool-aged children living in rural American Indian communities before a family-based healthy lifestyle intervention. Dietary adequacy of Inuit in the Canadian Arctic. Effect of a strict vegan diet on energy and nutrient intakes by Finnish rheumatoid patients. What do review papers conclude about food and dietary patterns? Children's food and activity patterns following a six-month child weight management program. Shared weight and dietary changes in parent-child dyads following family-based obesity treatment. A cost-analysis of adopting a healthful diet in a family-based obesity treatment program. Long-term Changes in Food Consumption Trends in Overweight Children in the HIKCUPS Intervention
BACKGROUND / AIMS Food allergy in children is still an unresolved problem that merits investigation , particularly when the food is fundamental for the child 's growth . Reports in the literature that deal with the possibility of a desensitizing treatment are sporadic and often inconsistent , and no st and ardized protocol s are yet available . In this paper we propose a st and ardized oral desensitization program for food allergy in children . METHODOLOGY The treatment was carried out in 14 cases with allergy to food ( milk in 6 cases , egg in 5 , fish in 2 and apple in 1 case ) . The control group consisted of 10 age and sex matched allergic subjects ( 5 to milk , 4 to egg and 1 to fish ) , who underwent a strict elimination diet regimen .  RESULTS Compliance to treatment was satisfactory , since 12 out of the 14 treated cases ( 85.7 % ) completed the program . Treatment was successful in 100 % of the cases that completed the program : all the treated patients are now able to tolerate any food with no untoward effects or need for preventive drugs . CONCLUSIONS The proposed st and ardized oral desensitization treatment may represent a safe and convenient alternative in the management of food-allergic subjects The possibility of obtaining oral desensitization in patients with food allergy is still a matter of debate . We decided to evaluate the safety and efficacy of st and ardized protocol s for oral desensitization with the most common food allergens . Forty-two children ( ages up to 16 years ) diagnosed as affected by food allergy ( on the basis of clinical history , skin prick tests , measurement of specific IgE , and double-blind , placebo-controlled food challenge ) underwent a sublingual-oral desensitizing treatment according to new st and ardized protocol s. The control group consisted of 10 patients who followed an elimination diet .  The treatment was successfully completed by 85.7 % of the patients . Specific IgE showed a significant decrease , while specific IgG4 showed a significant increase , in all treated patients . The immunological modifications observed in our patients lead us to hypothesize that oral tolerance may be mediated by the same mechanisms as those involved in traditional desensitizing treatments for respiratory and insect sting allergy Maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation potentially influences the development of allergic diseases . Cows ' milk allergy ( CMA ) is often the first manifestation of atopic diseases , but the impact of early nutritional influences on CMA has not been explored . The associations between maternal intakes of folate , folic acid and vitamin D during pregnancy and lactation were addressed in a prospect i ve , population -based birth cohort within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study . Mothers of 4921 children during pregnancy and 2940 children during lactation provided information on maternal dietary intake during the 8th month of pregnancy and the 3rd month of lactation using a detailed , vali date d FFQ . Information on diagnosed CMA in the offspring was obtained from a medical registry as well as queried from the parents . The Finnish food composition data base was used to calculate nutrient intake . Logistic regression was applied for statistical analyses .  Folate intake and folic acid and vitamin D supplement  use were associated with an increased risk of CMA in the offspring , whereas vitamin D intake from foods during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of CMA . Thus , maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation may affect the development of CMA in offspring . Supplementation with folic acid may not be beneficial in terms of CMA development , especially in children of allergic mothers . The association between dietary supplement use and CMA risk can at least partly be explained by increased health-seeking behaviour among more educated mothers who also use more dietary supplements BACKGROUND  Maternal diet during pregnancy may affect childhood allergy and asthma . OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the associations between maternal intake of common childhood food allergens during early pregnancy and childhood allergy and asthma . METHODS We studied 1277 mother-child pairs from a US prebirth cohort unselected for any disease . Using food frequency question naires administered during the first and second trimesters , we assessed maternal intake of common childhood food allergens during pregnancy . In mid-childhood ( mean age , 7.9 years ) , we assessed food allergy , asthma , allergic rhinitis , and atopic dermatitis by question naire and serum-specific IgE levels . We examined the associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and childhood allergy and asthma . We also examined the cross-sectional associations between specific food allergies , asthma , and atopic conditions in mid-childhood . RESULTS Food allergy was common ( 5.6 % ) in mid-childhood , as was sensitization to at least 1 food allergen ( 28.0 % ) . Higher maternal peanut intake ( each additional z score ) during the first trimester was associated with 47 % reduced odds of peanut allergic reaction ( odds ratio [ OR ] , 0.53 ; 95 % CI , 0.30 - 0.94 ) . Higher milk intake during the first trimester was associated with reduced asthma ( OR , 0.83 ; 95 % CI , 0.69 - 0.99 ) and allergic rhinitis ( OR , 0.85 ; 95 % CI , 0.74 - 0.97 ) . Higher maternal wheat intake during the second trimester was associated with reduced atopic dermatitis ( OR , 0.64 ; 95 % CI , 0.46 - 0.90 ) . Peanut , wheat , and soy allergy were each cross-sectionally associated with increased childhood asthma , atopic dermatitis , and allergic rhinitis ( ORs , 3.6 to 8.1 ) . CONCLUSION Higher maternal intake of peanut , milk , and wheat during early pregnancy was associated with reduced odds of mid-childhood allergy and asthma Current research into dietary factors contributing to the development of allergic diseases is directed towards new active approaches instead of passive elimination diets . The present study aim ed to investigate the explanatory role of the diet in a probiotic intervention study on the appearance of atopic eczema ( AE ) in childhood and the safety of perinatal supplementation with probiotics ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG ; ATCC 53 103 ) . A prospect i ve follow-up study from birth to 48 months of children ( n 159 ) with a family history of allergic disease was carried out . Outcome measures included growth , dietary intake assessed with 4 d food diaries and their association with AE by logistic regression models . Increased intakes of retinol , Ca and Zn , with perinatal administration of probiotics , reduced the risk of AE , whilst an increase in intake of ascorbic acid increased the likelihood of AE . Perinatal administration of probiotics was safe , as it did not influence the height ( mean difference 0.04 ( 95 % CI -0.33 , 0.40 ) sd scores , P=0.852 ) or the weight-for-height ( mean difference -3.35 ( 95 % CI -7.07 , 0.37)% , P=0.077 ) of the children at 48 months with and without perinatal administration of probiotics . Up to 48 months , AE did not affect height ( mean difference -0.05 ( 95 % CI -0.42 , 0.33 ) sd scores , P=0.815 ) , but mean weight-for-height in children with AE was -5.1 % ( 95 % CI -8.9 , -1.2 % ) lower compared with children without ( P=0.010 ) . The joint effects of nutrients and probiotics need to be considered in active prevention and management schemes for allergic diseases The purpose of this report was to identify and evaluate dietary changes in women who were participating in a study on the effects of weight loss in overweight lactating women on the growth of their infants . Women were r and omly assigned at 4 weeks postpartum to either restrict energy intake by 500 kcal/day ( diet and exercise group ) or to maintain usual dietary intake ( control group ) for 10 weeks . The diet and exercise group significantly decreased fats , sweetened drinks , sweets and desserts , snack foods , and energy intake . Micronutrient intake decreased in the diet and exercise group ; however , mean intakes were not significantly different from those of the control group except for calcium and vitamin D. Both groups consumed less than 76 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamins E and C at the end of the study . Mean intake of all other nutrients was adequate in both groups . These results suggest that overweight lactating women can restrict their energy intake by 500 kcal per day by decreasing consumption of foods high in fat and simple sugars . However , they must be advised to increase their intakes of foods high in calcium and vitamin D. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables should also be recommended to all lactating women , as well as multivitamin and calcium supplements to those who do not consume adequate amounts of these foods Antioxidant intakes in pregnancy may influence fetal immune programming and the risk of allergic disease . We investigated associations between maternal intakes of β-carotene , vitamin C , vitamin E , copper and zinc , and infant allergic outcomes .  Antioxidant intakes of pregnant women ( n = 420 ) assessed prospect ively by a food frequency question naire , were examined in relation to allergic outcomes at 1 year of age ( n = 300 ) . The main relationships with allergic outcomes were seen with dietary vitamin C and copper . Specifically , higher maternal dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a reduced risk of any diagnosed infant allergic disease and wheeze . After adjustment for potential confounders the relationship with wheeze remained statistically significant . There was also an inverse linear relationship between vitamin C and food allergy . Higher dietary copper intake was associated with reduced risk of eczema , wheeze and any allergic disease . The relationship with wheeze and any allergic disease remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis , and there was also an inverse linear relationship between copper and food allergy . However , these relationships were only seen for nutrients present in food . There were no relationships between β-carotene , vitamin E or zinc and any allergic outcomes . In summary , this study suggests that maternal diet of fresh foods rich in vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of infant wheeze , and that copper intake is associated with reduced risk of several allergic outcomes OBJECTIVE To identify major sources of energy and 24 nutrients and dietary constituents in the diets of US infants and toddlers and to describe shifts in major nutrient sources as children age . DESIGN Data from 24-hour recalls collected in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study were analyzed to determine the percentage contribution of foods and supplements to total intakes of energy , nutrients , and other dietary constituents . A total of 3,586 unique foods and dietary supplements were reported . Reported foods and supplements were classified into 71 groups based on similarities in nutrient content and use . Nine-hundred seventy-nine food mixtures were disaggregated into their ingredients and ingredients were classified into one of the 71 groups using the same decision rules that guided classification of foods analyzed at the whole food level . SUBJECTS/ SETTING A national r and om sample of 3,022 US infants and toddlers 4 to 24 months of age . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED The population proportion formula was used to determine the percentage contribution of each of the 71 groups to total intakes . This was done by summing the weighted amount of a given nutrient provided by a given group for all individuals in the sample and dividing by the total weighted amount of that nutrient consumed by all individuals from all foods and supplements . Groups that provided at least 1 % of the nutrient in question were rank-ordered . Separate tabulations were prepared for three age groups ( 4 - 5 months , 6 - 11 months , and 12 - 24 months ) . RESULTS Infant formula , breast milk , and milk are major contributors of energy and most nutrients in the diets of infants and toddlers . Among toddlers , juices and fruit-flavored drinks are the second and third most important sources of energy . Fortified foods make substantial contributions to intakes of many essential nutrients , and these contributions increase as children age . For example , among toddlers , fortified grain-based foods make substantial contributions to intakes of vitamin A , iron , and folate , relative to foods that are naturally rich in these nutrients . Supplements also make substantial contributions to intakes of vitamins and selected minerals , particularly among toddlers . CONCLUSIONS In assessing dietary intakes of infants and toddlers , dietetics professionals need to carefully consider contributions of fortified foods and supplements . Dietetics professionals should educate caregivers of infants and toddlers about the importance of foods ( rather than just nutrients ) in promoting health and about the importance of early feeding practice s in the development of lifelong eating habits . Caregivers should be encouraged to avoid relying on fortified foods and supplements to meet nutrient needs and educated about the potential risk of excessive intakes .  Caregivers of toddlers and infants over 4 to 6 months of age who are consuming solid foods should be encouraged to feed a wide variety of fruits , vegetables , and whole grains , as well as foods naturally rich in iron Over a 2-year period , dietary and socioeconomic data were collected from 793 food records of 90 toddlers , aged 1 to 2 years , who were predominantly U.S. Hispanics living in low-income households in Denver , CO . This study was part of a larger investigation design ed to assess the efficacy of vitamin and mineral supplements in young children . The toddlers were r and omly assigned to one of five treatment groups : multivitamin ; multivitamin and iron ; multivitamin , iron , and zinc ; multivitamin and zinc ; or placebo . Three-day food records that were collected from the toddlers at the beginning of the study , at 3 months , and at 6 months were used to assess the dietary and nutrient intakes . Meal patterns were devised on the basis of the frequency of food consumption and common food combinations . Nutrient values were calculated using a diet analyzer program . Nutrient analysis of the toddlers ' diets indicated that iron and magnesium were consumed least frequently , whereas more than adequate amounts of protein ( 193 % of the Recommended Dietary Allowance ) and sodium ( 207 % of minimum requirements for healthy persons ) were consumed . No significant differences in nutrient intakes were observed among the treatment groups , suggesting that the vitamin and mineral supplements had no effect . A difference in energy intake was observed over time with the 6-month and 3-month intakes significantly higher than the initial intakes . There was also a high consumption of carbonated beverages . Despite the low income levels of the families , these toddlers were consuming adequate amounts of food ; however , an educational component aim ed at reducing the toddlers ' high intakes of protein , sodium , and carbonated drinks may help improve the present feeding practice s of the mothers BACKGROUND The double-blind , placebo-controlled food challenge is considered the gold st and ard for diagnosing food allergy . However , in a retrospective analysis of children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis and food allergy , discrete food-specific IgE concentrations were established that could predict clinical reactivity to egg , milk , peanut , and fish with greater than 95 % certainty . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to determine the utility of these 95 % predictive decision points in a prospect i ve evaluation of food allergy . METHODS Sera from 100 consecutive children and adolescents referred for evaluation of food allergy were analyzed for specific IgE antibodies to egg , milk , peanut , soy , wheat , and fish by using the Pharmacia CAP System FEIA . Food-specific IgE values were compared with history and the results of skin prick tests and food challenges to determine the efficacy of previously established 95 % predictive decision points in identifying patients with increased probability of reacting during a specific food challenge . RESULTS One hundred children ( 62 % male ; median age , 3.8 years ; range , 0.4 - 14.3 years ) were evaluated for food allergy . The diagnosis of food allergy was established by means of history or oral food challenge . On the basis of the previously established 95 % predictive decision points for egg , milk , peanut , and fish allergy , greater than 95 % of food allergies diagnosed in this prospect i ve study were correctly identified by quantifying serum food-specific IgE concentrations . CONCLUSION In a prospect i ve study of children and adolescents referred for evaluation of food allergy , previously established 95 % predictive decision points of food-specific IgE antibody concentrations for 4 major food allergens were effective in predicting clinical reactivity . Quantification of food-specific IgE is a useful test for diagnosing symptomatic allergy to egg , milk , peanut , and fish in the pediatric population and could eliminate the need to perform double-blind , placebo-controlled food challenges in a significant number of children During 90 days of elimination diet nineteen children with food allergy manifesting atopic dermatitis were treated with either 120 mg/day of thymomodulin ( 10 subjects ) or placebo ( 9 subjects ) in a double blind design . After this period an improvement in skin lesions was observed in both groups . Subsequently a food challenge was performed for two weeks : in the group treated with thymomodulin  skin lesions did not modify while they worsened in the placebo group and the comparison was statistically significant ( p less than 0.01 ) . Before the beginning of the trial laboratory assessment s evidence d an increase in total and specific IgE serum levels , which decreased by the end of the study only in the group receiving the thymic derivative ( p less than 0.05 ) OBJECTIVE To determine change in nutrient intakes , number of servings , and contributions of total fat from food groups in children who lowered their dietary fat intake . DESIGN A research and demonstration study design ed to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level . There were four study groups : two intervention and two control groups . All children had hypercholesterolemia except for those in one control group . There 24-hour dietary recalls were collected on r and omly assigned days over a 2-week period at baseline and 3 months after the intervention . SUBJECTS Three hundred three 4-to 10-year old children from suburbs north of Philadelphia , Pa. INTERVENTIONS One intervention involved a home-based , parent-child autotutorial program ( PCAT group ) with audiotaped stories and print material s for the children and their families ; the other intervention involved one face-to-face counseling session with a registered dietitian ( counseling group ) . OUTCOME MEASURES Change in mean nutrient intakes compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA ) ; change in number of servings and mean grams of total fat contributed from 10 different food groups . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Analyses of variance and chi 3 analyses . RESULTS Children in every study group had mean intakes of all nutrients ( except vitamin D ) greater than 67 % of the RDA 3 months after the baseline measurement . Several food groups ( ie , meats , dairy products , fats/oils , and desserts ) provided less total fat to the diets of children who reduced their dietary lipid intake after 3 months ( i.e. , PCAT and counseling groups ) . These children also reduced the mean number of servings selected from these food groups . Within these same food groups , some children consumed fewer servings of higher fat foods and more servings of lower fat foods . APPLICATIONS/ CONCLUSIONS Children who lowered their dietary fat intake after intervention reported both quantitative and qualitative changes in food choices from several food groups . These choices did not significantly reduce their nutrient intakes The 209 mothers to be , enrolled in a r and omized , prospect i ve , allergy-prevention study from allergy-prone families , totally abstained from cow 's milk and egg  from gestational week 28 to delivery . This article presents the development of allergic disease at 5 years of age in their children , compared with the development of allergic disease in the children of the control mothers who took normal food throughout pregnancy . The prevalence of allergic disease could be evaluated in 198 children ( 95 % ) .  Allergic disease was monitored with  question naires , skin prick testing , serum-IgE determinations , and physical examination . Eczema , allergic rhinoconjunctivitis , and asthma was equally common in the groups . Persistent food intolerance to egg was significantly more common in children of the mothers receiving the diet . This long-term follow-up confirms our previous findings that maternal elimination diet during late pregnancy does not prevent the development of allergic disease in the genetically predisposed child OBJECTIVE To establish the first baseline of dairy and related nutrient intake in African Americans , an at-risk population of public health concern in the United States . To document dairy consumption in African Americans by age and sex during 1994 - 1998 and 1999 - 2000 and compare it with concomitant dairy , calcium , and related nutrient intakes in non-African-American adults and children . DESIGN Duplicate and single 24-hour recalls were analyzed to determine dietary intake during the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994 - 1996 , 1998 ( CSFII ) , and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 - 2000 ( NHANES ) , respectively . SUBJECTS African Americans and non-African Americans of all ages who participated in CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and in NHANES 1999 - 2000 ; both surveys are a stratified r and om sample of the total civilian , noninstitutionalized US population . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Dairy food and nutrient intake per day were quantified according to age , sex , and ethnicity/race from CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and NHANES 1999 - 2000 . For NHANES , mean intakes from 1-day food records were sample -weighted , and st and ard errors estimated by the Taylor linearization method of SUDAAN ( version 9.0 , 2004 , RTI International , Research Triangle Park , NC ) . Usual daily intakes of calcium , magnesium , and phosphorus were based on 2-day intake data from CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and calculated using Software for Intake Distribution from Iowa State University . The percentage of individuals categorized as not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for magnesium and phosphorus were calculated in the same way . RESULTS CSFII 1994 - 1996 , 1998 , and NHANES 1999 - 2000 data both show that African Americans in all age groups consume fewer mean servings per day of total dairy , milk , cheese , and yogurt than non-African Americans , and have lower mean intakes of calcium , magnesium , and phosphorus . Significant differences were seen for men and women . CONCLUSIONS In this analysis , young African-American women did not meet Dietary Reference Intakes for phosphorus , and all African Americans did not meet Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and magnesium . African Americans in all age groups did not meet dairy recommendations from the 2005 US Dietary Guidelines and the 2004 National Medical Association Consensus Report on the role of dairy and dairy nutrients in the diet of African Americans OBJECTIVE To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children . SUBJECTS Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West Engl and ( 69 % of those invited at this age ) , a r and omly selected sub- sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood ( ALSPAC ) . METHODS Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive food record . Food and nutrient intakes  were compared with intakes at 18 months in the same children , with intakes in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) of pre-school children , and with dietary reference values ( DRVs ) . RESULTS Intakes of energy and most nutrients had increased between 18 and 43 months . The macronutrient content of the diet had also changed , the percentage of energy from starch rose from 21 to 23 % and from non-milk extrinsic ( NME ) sugar from 12 to 16 % , while the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio increased from 0.26 to 0.33 . When compared with the NDNS , intakes of energy and all nutrients were higher with the exception of NME sugar . Energy intakes were below the estimated average requirements . Mean intakes of iron and vitamin D  were below the Reference Nutrient Intake . Fewer children were eating beef at 43 months than at 18 months . Total daily meat consumption was lower than in the NDNS . The proportion of children consuming any vegetables dropped between 18 and 43 months , although fruit eating remained constant . CONCLUSIONS The diets of 3-year-olds in this study were adequate in most nutrients . Our results suggest that energy requirements of pre-school children in the 1990s are less than the DRV . Nutrient and food intakes changed between 18 and 43 months . Children were eating less meat than their counterparts in the NDNS OBJECTIVE To report dietary intake and physical activity among preschool-aged children living in rural American Indian communities before participation in a family-based healthy lifestyle intervention  and to compare data to current age-specific recommendations . SUBJECTS/ DESIGN One hundred thirty-five preschool-aged children , living in rural American Indian communities , provided diet and physical activity data before participating in a 2-year r and omized healthy lifestyle intervention .  Three 24-hour dietary recalls assessed nutrient and food and added sugar intake , which were compared to the National Academy of Science 's Dietary Reference Intakes , the US Department of Agriculture 's MyPyramid , and American Heart Association recommendations . Time watching television and moderate plus vigorous activity was compared to MyPyramid and American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Nutrient , food group , added sugar intake , and time watching television and in moderate or vigorous activity  were compared to recommendations by computing the percent of recommendations met . Nonparametric tests identified differences in diet and physical activity among age groups and normal and overweight children ( body mass index < 85th and > or = 85th percentile ) . RESULTS Average nutrient intakes met recommendations whereas food group intakes did not . Mean fruit and vegetable intakes for 2- to 3-year-olds were 0.36 c/day fruit and 0.45 c/day vegetables and , for 4- to 5-year-olds , 0.33 c/day fruit and 0.48 c/day vegetables . Both age groups reported consuming more than 50 g added sugar , exceeding the recommendation of 16 g. Overweight vs normal weight children reported significantly more sweetened beverage intake ( 8.0+/-0.10 vs 5.28+/-0.08 oz/day , P<0.01 ) . On average , all children reported watching television 2.0 hours/day and significant differences were observed for total television viewing and nonviewing time between overweight and normal weight children ( 8.52+/-0.6 vs 6.54+/-0.6 hours/day , P<0.01 ) . All children engaged in < 20 minutes/day of moderate or vigorous activity . CONCLUSIONS Overall , children in this sample did not meet MyPyramid recommendations for fruits or vegetables and exceed added sugar intake recommendations . Television viewing time and time when the television was on in the home was highly prevalent along with low levels of moderate or vigorous activity . The Healthy Children Strong Families intervention we studied has potential for improving nutrition and physical activity among preschool-aged children living in rural American Indian communities BACKGROUND Food intake amongst Canadian Inuit is currently in transition with a concurrent increase in diet-related chronic disease . There is a lack of current data on nutrient intake and dietary adequacy in this population . The present study aim ed to assess dietary intake and adequacy amongst Inuit adults in a community in Nunavut , Canada . METHODS R and om sampling of 130 households in a remote Inuit community in the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut , Canada , was used for this cross-sectional study . Up to three 24-h dietary recalls were collected on nonconsecutive days , capturing weekday and weekend consumption . Data were analysed to estimate energy and nutrient intake , to determine dietary adequacy , and to summarise the most commonly reported foods and the top food contributors to selected nutrients . RESULTS The response rate was 69 % , with 75 Inuit adults participating ( mean ( st and ard deviation ( SD ) ) age 44 ( SD=17 ) years ) .  Mean ( SD ) daily energy intake was 9.3 ( 4.4 ) MJ and 8.7 ( 3.5 ) MJ for men and women , respectively . Intakes of dietary fibre , calcium , total folate and vitamins A , D and E were below the Dietary Reference Intakes ( Estimated Average Requirements where available ) for 60 - 100 % of all men and women . Traditional foods contributed substantially to protein and iron intake , whilst shop-bought foods were primary contributors to total fat , carbohydrate and sugar intake . CONCLUSIONS The present study reports an in-depth assessment of total dietary quality amongst Inuit adults in Nunavut , Canada . The results obtained indicate inadequate intakes of several essential nutrients , as well as a reliance on a nontraditional diet . A nutrition intervention is needed to prevent a continued rise in diet-related chronic disease incidence Dietary intake data of 43 Finnish rheumatoid arthritis patients were collected using 7-day food records . The subjects were r and omized into a control and a vegan diet groups , consisting of 22 and 21 subjects , respectively . The subjects in the vegan diet group received an uncooked vegan diet ( ' living food ' ) for 3 months , and they were tutored daily by a living-food expert . The subjects in the control group continued their usual diets and received no tutoring . Adherence to the strict vegan diet was assessed on the basis of urinary sodium excretion and by the information on consumption of specific food items ( wheatgrass juice and the rejuvelac drink ) . The use of these drinks was variable , and some boiled vegetables were consumed occasionally . However , only one of the subjects in the vegan diet group lacked a clear decrease in urinary sodium excretion .  Rheumatoid patients had lower than recommended intakes of iron , zinc and niacin , and their energy intake was low compared to mean daily energy intake of the healthy Finnish females of the same age . Shifting to the uncooked vegan diet significantly increased the intakes of energy and many nutrients . In spite of the increased energy intake , the group on the vegan diet lost 9 % of their body weight during the intervention period , indicating a low availability of energy from the vegan diet Nutrients and other bioactive constituents of foods may interact with each other and the surrounding food matrix in complex ways . Therefore , associations between single nutrients and chronic disease may be difficult to identify and interpret , but when dietary patterns ( DPs ) are examined the combination of many food factors will be considered . An explorative literature search of published review articles was conducted to obtain a fuller underst and ing of current DPs in epidemiological research , to discuss pros and cons of DPs in nutrition research , and to identify results of studies linking DPs to chronic disease risk in adults . R and omized feeding trials providing the experimental diets to study participants have repeatedly demonstrated that diets based on current dietary recommendations are associated with important health benefits . Systematic review s of feeding trials and prospect i ve population studies of DPs and chronic disease risk reach similar conclusions regardless of the methodology used to construct DPs . However , to date only a few review articles of DP studies have followed a systematic process using independent review ers with strict inclusion , exclusion , and study quality criteria . Diets with plenty of plants foods , fish , and seafood that preferably include vegetable oils and low-fat dairy products are associated with a lower risk of most chronic diseases . In contrast , Western-type DPs with food products low in essential nutrients and high in energy , like sugar-sweetened beverages , sweets , refined cereals and solid fats ( e.g. butter ) , and high in red and processed meats , are associated with adverse health effects . An emphasis on high- quality original research , and systematic review s following a structured process to objective ly select and judge studies , is needed in order to enforce a strong future knowledge base regarding DPs and chronic disease OBJECTIVE To describe the impact of a parent-led , family-focused child weight management program on the food intake and activity patterns of pre-pubertal children . METHODS An assessor-blinded , r and omized controlled trial involving 111 ( 64 % female ) overweight , pre-pubertal children 6 - 9 years of age r and omly assigned to parenting-skills training plus intensive diet and activity education ( P + DA ) , parenting-skills training alone ( P ) , or a 12-month wait-listed control ( WLC ) . Study outcomes were assessed at baseline , 6 months , and 12 months . This paper presents data on food intake assessed via a vali date d 54-item parent-completed dietary question naire and activity behaviours assessed via a parent-report 20-item activity question naire . RESULTS Intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods was lower in both intervention groups at 6 months ( mean difference , P + DA - 1.5 serves [ CI - 2.0 ; -1.0 ] ; P - 1.0 serves [ -2.0 ; -0.5 ] ) and 12 months ( mean difference P + DA - 1.0 serves [ CI - 2.0 ; -0.5 ] ; P - 1.0 serves [ - 1.5 ; 0.0 ] ) compared to baseline . Intake of vegetables , fruit , breads and cereals , meat and alternatives and dairy foods remained unchanged . Regardless of study group there were significant reductions over time in the reported time spent engaged in small screen activities and an increase in the time reported spent in active play . CONCLUSION A child weight management intervention that promotes food intake in line with national dietary guidelines achieves a reduction in children 's intake of energy-dense , nutrient-poor foods . This was achieved without compromising intake of nutrient-rich food and changes were maintained even once the intervention ceased OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to determine whether children and their participating parents undergoing family-based behavioral treatment ( FBT ) for obesity show similar dietary changes following treatment , and if so , whether these shared dietary changes explain the similarity in weight change within the parent-child dyad . METHOD Data come from a r and omized controlled trial of 148 parent-child dyads who completed FBT and were followed over a 2-year maintenance phase .  Energy-dense , nutrient-poor foods ( " RED " foods ) and fruit and vegetable intake were assessed across time . RESULTS Maintenance of lower RED food intake following FBT predicted weight maintenance in children and in parents ( ps < .01 ) , and dietary and weight changes were correlated within parent-child dyads ( ps < .01 ) . Most interesting , the similarity in long-term weight maintenance between children and their parents was predicted by the similarity in long-term changes in RED food intake between children and their parents ( p < .001 ) . CONCLUSIONS These findings point to the important role of maintaining low energy-dense , nutrient-poor food intake for long-term weight maintenance in children and parents . Furthermore , these results suggest that the correlation between parent and child weight maintenance can be explained in part by similar long-term changes in energy-dense , nutrient-poor food intake OBJECTIVE To assess dietary costs during a  family-based pediatric obesity intervention . DESIGN Families were r and omized to one of two groups . Dietary and cost data were collected from a parent or child using three 24-hour recalls : at baseline , 6 months , and 12 months . SUBJECTS Thirty-one families with an obese 8- to 12-year-old child entered treatment , with complete dietary data provided from 20 families . INTERVENTION The 20-week behavior modification intervention emphasized increasing diet nutrient-density . Families attended group and individual sessions or group sessions . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Energy intake ; percent of energy from protein , fat , and carbohydrate ; servings and percent servings from food groups classified by nutrient density ; and daily food costs . STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Mixed analyses of variance , with group as the between-subject factor , and time as the within-subject factor . RESULTS No significant effect of group was found in any analyses . Significant decreases in percent overweight were observed at 6 and 12 months for children ( -10.0+/-8.7 and -8.0+/-10.3 , respectively ) ( mean+/-st and ard deviation ) and parents ( -6.7+/-10.3 and -5.3+/-14.1 ) . Energy intake for parents and children combined significantly decreased from baseline ( 1,881+/-462 ) to 6 months ( 1,412+/-284 ) , and 1 year ( 1,338+/-444 ) . Servings from low-nutrient-dense foods significantly decreased from baseline ( 34.7+/-16.2 ) to 6 months ( 16.0+/-8.6 ) and 1 year ( 18.6+/-9.2 ) , causing a significant increase in diet nutrient density . Dietary cost did not change at 6 months , but significantly decreased from baseline to 1 year ( $ 6.77+/-2.41 to $ 5.04+/-1.80 ) . Cost per 1,000 kcal did not significantly change . APPLICATIONS/ CONCLUSIONS Adopting a lower-energy , nutrient-dense diet did not increase dietary costs over time . Consequently , cost should not be a barrier in the adoption of a healthful diet Background and Aim : Energy intake is a major contributor to energy imbalance and is a key modifiable factor for successful treatment of obesity . Long-term changes in dietary intake from pediatric obesity treatment programs are rarely reported . The aim of this study was to describe the changes in food intake of children from all intervention groups from baseline to 2-year follow-up after a 6-month obesity intervention . Subjects and Methods : Overweight children ( n = 160 , 5–9 years ) , 58 % girls and body mass index z score ( mean ± SD ) 2.89 ± 0.79 , were recruited to the Hunter Illawarra Kids Challenge using the Parent Support r and omized controlled trial . Dietary intake  was reported by parents for children at baseline and 2-year follow-up ( n = 87 ) using a food frequency question naire . Linear mixed models were used to determine differences by time . Results : Parents reported decreases in total energy ( total kcal , kcal/kg ) , child percentage of total energy from energy-dense , nutrient-poor foods ( sweetened drinks , potato crisps , sweets , and carry-out foods ) from 42 % ± 1.0 % at baseline to 34.8 % ± 1.0 % at 2 years ( P < 0.001 ) , with an increase in percentage of energy from nutrient-dense foods ( fruits , vegetables , dairy , breads , and cereals ) from 57 % ± 0.9 % at baseline to 65 % ± 1.0 % at 2 years ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions : This is the only one of a few studies that report dietary data of overweight children who participated in a treatment program with long-term follow-up . It provides evidence that improvements in food intake can be sustained up to 2 years through decreased consumption of energy-dense , nutrient-poor foods , particularly sweetened drinks , and increased consumption of core foods following an intervention
One study found that children with food allergies who did not receive nutrition counseling were more likely to have inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.  CONCLUSION Children with multiple food allergies have a higher risk of impaired growth and may have a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake than children without food allergies .
BACKGROUND Food allergies affect up to 8 % of American children .
The current recommended treatment for food allergies is strict elimination of the allergens from the diet .
Dietary elimination of nutrient-dense foods may result in inadequate nutrient intake and impaired growth .
The purpose of this review was to critically analyze available research on the effect of an elimination diet on nutrient intake and growth in children with multiple food allergies .