Evaluation of experimental cleanser solution of Ricinus communis: effect on soft denture liner properties. Comparative effects of two different artificial body fluids on Candida albicans adhesion to soft lining materials. Pulpal reaction to a dental adhesive in deep human cavities. Three-year clinical evaluation of the Clearfil Liner Bond system. Effect of different liner treatments on postoperative sensitivity of amalgam restorations. Surface Roughness Changes in Denture Liners in Denture Stomatitis Patients. Efficacy of denture cleansers on denture liners contaminated with Candida species Clinical Status of Ten Dentin Adhesive Systems The influence of surface modification techniques on the performance of a Y-TZP dental ceramic. The influence of abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and peri-implant mucositis. Comparative evaluation of 2% sodium fluoride iontophoresis and other cavity liners beneath silver amalgam restorations. The influence of titanium abutment surface roughness on plaque accumulation and gingivitis: short-term observations. The effect of a new-generation flowable composite resin on microleakage in Class V composite restorations as an intermediate layer Influence of food properties and body posture on durations of swallowing-related muscle activities. Controversies around Xylitol Indirect pulp treatment: in vivo outcomes of an adhesive resin system vs calcium hydroxide for protection of the dentin-pulp complex. A prospective study on the clinical performance of polysiloxane soft liners: one-year results. Surgical protocols for early implant placement in post-extraction sockets: a systematic review. Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces. Retrospective evaluation of crestal bone changes around implants with reduced abutment diameter placed non-submerged and at subcrestal positions: the effect of bone grafting at implant placement. A practice-based research network on the survival of ceramic inlay/onlay restorations. Effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement. Shear bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia core after different surface treatments.
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated colour stability , hardness and roughness of soft denture liners after immersion in various cleansers . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty specimens ( 14 mm × 4 mm ) of Elite Soft Relining ( ES ) and Mucopren Soft ( MS )  were r and omly immersed in distilled water at 37 ° C , sodium hypochlorite 1 % , and an experimental Ricinus communis solution ( RC ) for 7 , 15 and 183 continuous days . RESULTS anova ( p < 0.05 ) and Tukey 's test indicated that after T7 ( μ = 8.79 ± 7.36 ) ; T15 ( μ = 4.23 ± 2.62 ) and T183 ( μ = 8.78 ± 3.16 ) , MS presented a higher increase in hardness than ES . After T7 , MS underwent an increase in roughness ( μ = 0.09 ± 0.80 ) ; ES underwent a decrease ( μ = -0.08 ± 0.16 ) . RC caused the smallest variation in roughness . After T15 , both material s presented an increase in roughness . After T183 , ES ( μ = -0.30 ± 0.48 ) presented a higher roughness variation than MS ( μ = -0.07 ± 0.32 ) . Hypochlorite caused an increase in roughness ( μ = 0.02 ± 0.19 ) . CONCLUSION After all periods ES presented higher colour alteration than MS ; highest colour alteration was caused by hypochlorite . Both material s were more stable after immersion in RC This study investigated the  C. albicans adhesion to cold- and heat-polymerized soft lining material s that were initially incubated in two different artificial body fluids , namely saliva and nasal secretion , and examined the surface roughness the material s ( cold and heat polymerized soft liner ) tested in vitro . Cold ( Visco Gel ) and heat-polymerized ( Molloplast B ) soft liner specimens ( N=32 , n=8 per group ) ( 10x10x1.5 mm ) were r and omly produced to express the relationship between surface roughness and contamination , and influence of body fluids , and incubated in 1.5 ml contaminated solutions for 2 h. After fixation , all of material s were evaluated under optical microscope ( x400 ) and SEM . Surface roughness measurements were examined with profilometre for each material . Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA , Tukey 's HSD and Dunnett T3 tests ( alpha=0.05 ) . Material type ( p<0.05 ) and contamination media ( p<0.05 ) showed a significant influence on the C. albicans adherence . The surface roughness  of cold polymerized soft liner ( Visco Gel ) was significantly higher than heat-polymerized soft liner ( Molloplast B ) ( p<0.05 ) In the last years several dental adhesives have been developed . They are supposed to chemically adhere to dentin and a liner to protect the pulp is not used . The aim of this study was to compare the short-term pulpal reaction , in an intra-toothpair study , between a dental adhesive , Scotchbond 2 , and a lining system , Tubulitec , in combination with P-50 in surface-sealed cavities . Deep buccal cavities in 16 human pairs of premolars , 32 teeth , were restored in vivo with a light cured composite resin , P-50 . To minimize bacterial contamination all cavities were treated with a cleanser , Tubulicid , and the cavities were surface-sealed with temporary cement , Coltosol . One tooth in each pair , the test , was treated with Scotchprep Dentin Primer and Scotchbond 2 Light Cure Dental Adhesive . In the other tooth in the pair , the control , Tubulitec Primer and Liner were used . The teeth were extracted after 6 - 14 days . The sections were evaluated for degree of inflammation and the presence of bacteria . Irrespective of treatment of dentin the majority of teeth , 23 , including one pulpal exposure , revealed no inflammation or a few inflammatory cells . In four test teeth , including one pulpal exposure , and two controls , growth of bacteria was found on the cavity walls and slight or moderate inflammation was seen in the corresponding pulps . In one test and two control teeth slight inflammation was seen but no bacteria could be detected . In the absence of bacteria Scotchbond 2 did not seem to irritate the pulp . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Modern dental adhesive systems have improved the bond of restorative material s to mineralized tooth structures . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of composite restorations placed in abrasion and erosion lesions using the Clearfil Liner Bond dental adhesive system . Following ADA clinical guidelines for dentin and enamel adhesive material s , 62 facial class 5 smooth surface erosion or abrasion lesions with no undercuts and involving primarily root surfaces were restored in 25 adult male and female patients . The teeth were restored without preparations using Clearfil Liner Bond and Clearfil Photo Anterior composite resin . The clinical performance of the restorations was assessed by two examiners at baseline , 6 months , 1 , 2 , and 3 years using the following evaluative parameters : color match , marginal discoloration , and marginal integrity according to modified Ryge criteria ; the presence or absence of recurrent decay ; pre- and postoperative sensitivity ; and restoration failure due to loss of retention or other causes . At the end of 3 years , four of the 55 restorations remaining in the study failed due to lack of retention ( 92.7 % retention rate ) . The evaluations of the other clinical parameters demonstrated excellent performance by this system OBJECTIVE The purpose of this clinical study was to assess the sensitivity experienced and reported by patients following treatment of primary carious lesions with Class I or Class II amalgam restorations .  METHOD AND MATERIAL S Only previously untreated teeth were selected . The cavity preparations were treated according to one of four regimens : group 1 = no liner ; group 2 = two coats of a copal varnish ; group 3 = a dentin adhesive resin liner ; group 4 = a resin-modified glass-ionomer liner . Patients were contacted on days 2 and 7 postoperatively and question ed regarding the presence or absence of sensitivity . If sensitivity was experienced , they were asked which stimuli created the sensitivity , the length of time it lasted , and its intensity on a subjective scale . If sensitivity was experienced on day 7 , patients were also contacted on days 14 , 30 , and 90 to assess the degree of sensitivity . Nineteen teeth were included in each of the four groups . RESULTS By days 2 and 7 , no significant difference existed among groups ; by day 14 , 22 % of restorations in group 2 and 17 % of those in group 3 were sensitive , while teeth in groups 1 and 4 exhibited no sensitivity reactions . CONCLUSION Use of a resin-modified glass-ionomer liner or no dentin treatment result ed in short-term sensitivity in fewer than one third of the teeth . Almost one third of the teeth restored with a dentin adhesive resin liner or copal varnish exhibited initial sensitivity , which lasted up to 30 days in a few teeth PURPOSE This r and omized clinical trial assessed how surface roughness ( Ra ) in resilient liners was affected by soft tissue health conditions and time-related aspects in patients with complete dentures . METHODS Specimens of acrylic resin ( control ) and denture liners ( silicone-based or acrylic resin-based ) were inserted into the dentures of patients with and without denture stomatitis ( n = 30 ) .  Ra was evaluated before denture insertion and after 7 , 14 , and 21 days of prosthesis wearing . Data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test . RESULTS Patients with stomatitis showed a higher Ra ( P < .001 ) , while all liners presented rougher surfaces after 14 days of clinical service , irrespective of the soft tissue health condition . CONCLUSION Ra of the tested denture liners was increased in patients with denture stomatitis . It is presumed that a longer wearing period will result in rougher surfaces As poor denture hygiene is related to C and ida colonisation , disinfectant solutions have been proposed as an effective method of preventing denture stomatitis . This study assessed the efficacy of denture cleansers on C and ida albicans and C and ida glabrata adherence on denture liners . Another aim was to correlate material s ’ surface roughness ( Ra ) to C and ida adherence . Specimens of three denture liners ( soft and hard polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based and soft silicone-based )  were prepared and had their Ra measured . Specimens were r and omly divided to adherence assays with C. albicans or C. glabrata . After contamination with the fungi , specimens were treated with an enzymatic cleanser solution , a cleanser solution or a 0.5 % NaOCl solution by soaking for 3 , 15 or 10 min , respectively . Control group specimens were soaked in distilled water for 15 min . Number of remaining C and ida cells after treatment was determined by light microscopy ( ×400 ) . Analysis of variance ( α = 0.05 ) showed that Ra of the silicone-based liner was lower than that of the PMMA-based liners ( p < 0.05 ) . The overall results showed high C. glabrata adherence ( p < 0.001 ) , while the lowest levels of remaining C and ida cells were found for the treatment with 0.5 % NaOCl ( p = 0.0019 ) . No difference among denture cleansers and control was found ( p = 0.19 ) . There was no correlation between Ra and C. albicans or C. glabrata adherence in all material s tested . The only treatment able to reduce both C and ida species adherence on all material s tested was 0.5 % NaOCl solution Laboratory testing of dentin adhesive systems still requires corroboration by long-term clinical trials for their ultimate clinical effectiveness to be vali date d. The objective of this clinical investigation was to evaluate , retrospectively , the clinical effectiveness of earlier-investigated dentin adhesive systems ( Scotchbond , Gluma , Clearf il New Bond , Scotchbond 2 , Tenure , and Tripton ) , and to compare their clinical results with those obtained with four modern total-etch adhesive systems ( Bayer exp . 1 and 2 , Clearfil Liner Bond System , and Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ) . In total , 1177 Class V cervical lesions in the teeth of 346 patients were restored following two cavity design s : In Group A , enamel was neither beveled nor intentionally etched , as per ADA guidelines ; in Group B , adjacent enamel was beveled and conditioned . Clinical retention rates definitely indicated the improved clinical efficacy of the newest dentin adhesives over the earlier systems . With regard to adhesion strategy , adhesive systems that removed the smear layer and concurrently demineralized the dentin surface layer performed clinical ly better than systems that modified the disorderly layer of smear debris without complete removal . Hybridization by resin interdiffusion into the exposed dentinal collagen layer , combined with attachment of resin tags into the opened dentin tubules , appeared to be essential for reliable dentin bonding but might be insufficient by itself . The additional formation of an elastic bonding area as a polymerization shrinkage absorber and the use of a microfine restorative composite apparently guaranteed an efficient clinical result . The perfect one-year retention recorded for Clearfil Liner Bond System and Scotchbond Multi- Purpose must be confirmed at later recalls OBJECTIVES The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of the pre-cementation surface modification techniques , namely alumina abrasion and surface grinding , routinely employed by dental practitioners prior to cementation and placement of crown and bridge restorations on the performance of a Y-TZP dental ceramic . METHODS Twelve sets of 30 Lava ceramic discs ( 13 mm diameter , 1.5 mm thickness ) supplied by the manufacturer were r and omly selected . Six groups were  abraded utilising 25 , 50 and 110 microm alumina and stored dry or in a water bath at 37+/-1 degrees C for 24 h. Four groups were ground utilising a fine or a coarse grit diamond bur , specimens were ground dry or while using water as a coolant . The mean bi-axial flexure strengths , st and ard deviations and associated Weibull moduli ( m ) were determined . The surface roughness , hardness and phase composition were assessed utilising profilometry , the Vicker 's hardness indentation and X-ray diffraction , respectively . RESULTS No significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) was identified in the bi-axial flexure strength of the 25 , 50 and 110 microm alumina-abraded and the control specimens stored dry and wet for 24h . However , a significant increase in m was identified for the alumina-abraded specimens stored dry ( 10.7+/-1.9 , 10.6+/-1.9 and 10.6+/-1.9 ) compared with the control ( 7.5+/-1.3 ) and the specimens stored in a water bath . In addition , the alumina abrasion regimes reduced the surface roughness compared with the controls . The coarse grinding regime significantly reduced both the bi-axial flexure strength and the associated m compared with the control whilst no significant difference was identified for the fine grinding regimes . The surface modification techniques initiated a phase transformation mechanism and result ed in the formation of a layer of compressive stresses on the surface of the disc-shaped specimens . CONCLUSIONS The combination of the reduced surface roughness and the formation of a surface layer of compressive stress as a result of the alumina abrasion regimes investigated increased the reliability of the bi-axial flexure strength . The presence of water in the current study did not detrimentally influence the performance of the Y-TZP ceramic under investigation . Coarse grinding significantly reduced the bi-axial flexure strength and m due to the increased surface roughness . The Y-TZP specimens in the current investigation underwent a toughening mechanism as a result of a phase transformation mechanism which generated a transformation compressive stress that opposes the externally applied , crack-propagating tensile stress Bacterial adhesion to intra-oral , hard surfaces is firmly influenced by the surface roughness to these structures . Previous studies showed a remarkable higher subgingival bacterial load on rough surfaces when compared to smooth sites . More recently , the additional effect of a further smoothening of intra-oral hard surfaces on clinical and microbiological parameters was examined in a short-term experiment . The results indicated that a reduction in surface roughness below R(a ) = 0.2 microns , the so-called " thresholds R(a ) " , had no further effect on the quantitative/qualitative microbiological adhesion or colonisation , neither supra- nor subgingivally . This study aims to examine the long-term effects of smoothening intra-oral hard transgingival surfaces . In 6 patients expecting an overdenture in the lower jaw , supported by endosseus titanium implants , 2 different abutments ( transmucosal part of the implant ) : a st and ard machined titanium ( R(a ) = 0.2 microns ) and one highly polished and made of a ceramic material ( R(a ) = 0.06 microns ) were r and omly installed . After 3 months of intra-oral exposure , supra- and subgingival plaque sample s from both abutments were compared with each other by means of differential phase-contrast microscopy ( DPCM ) . Clinical periodontal parameters ( probing depth , gingival recession , bleeding upon probing and Periotest-value ) were recorded around each abutment . After 12 months , the supra- and subgingival sample s were additionally cultured in aerobic , CO2-enriched and anaerobic conditions . The same clinical parameters as at the 3-month interval were recorded after 12 months . At 3 months , spirochetes and motile organisms were only detected subgingivally around the titanium abutments . After 12 months , however , both abutment-types harboured equal proportions of spirochetes and motile organisms , both supra- and subgingivally . The microbial culturing ( month 12 ) failed to detect large inter-abutment differences . The differences in number of colony- forming units ( aerobic and anaerobic ) were within one division of a logarithmic scale . The aerobic culture data showed a higher proportion of Gram-negative organisms in the subgingival flora of the rougher abutments . From the group of potentially " pathogenic " bacteria , only Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected for anaerobic culturing and again the inter-abutment differences were negligible . Clinical ly , the smoothest abutment showed a slightly higher increase in probing depth between months 3 and 12 , and more bleeding on probing . The present results confirm the findings of our previous short-term study , indicating that a further reduction of the surface roughness , below a certain " threshold R(a ) " ( 0.2 microns ) , has no major impact on the supra- and subgingival microbial composition BACKGROUND This study was design ed to compare 2 % sodium fluoride ( NaF ) iontophoresis with other cavity liners . MATERIAL S AND METHODS This study was carried out in 30 patients in the age group 10 - 14 years with bilateral carious permanent first molars . The study evaluated the use of 2 % NaF iontophoresis as a cavity liner and also compared its desensitizing effect with varnish and an adhesive bonded liner . Sensitivity gradings were done on a subjective verbal rating scale . RESULTS All the liner treatments decreased the sensitivity following liner application . However , decrease of sensitivity in the case of 2 % NaF iontophoresis was more compared with that of varnish and adhesive bonded liner . The results were statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS It was found that 2 % NaF iontophoresis was more effective in reducing the postoperative sensitivity compared with that of varnish and scotchbond multi purpose The roughness of intraoral hard surfaces plays an important role in bacterial adhesion and colonization . Earlier studies have shown that rough surfaces accumulate up to 25 times more subgingival plaque than do smooth sites . In the present study , the influence of surface smoothing was studied . In six partially edentulous patients waiting for a fixed prosthesis supported by endosseous titanium implants , four titanium abutments with different surface roughness were r and omly placed . After 1 month of intraoral exposure , subgingival plaque sample s from each abutment were compared within each patient by means of differential phase-contrast microscopy . After 3 months , supragingival and subgingival plaque sample s were taken from all abutments for differential phase-contrast microscopy and culturing . Probing depth , recession , and bleeding upon probing were scored at the same visit . Differential phase-contrast microscopy showed that subgingivally , only the two roughest abutments harbored spirochetes after 1 month . After 3 months , subgingivally , the composition of the flora showed little variation on the different abutment types , although spirochetes were only noticed around the roughest abutments . Anaerobic culturing result ed in comparable amounts of colony-forming units for all abutment types , both supragingivally and subgingivally . Subgingivally , the microbiologic composition did not show major interabutment differences . Clinical ly , small differences in probing depth were observed . The roughest abutment showed some attachment gain ( 0.2 mm ) during 3 months , whereas all other abutments had an attachment loss ranging from 0.8 to greater than 1 mm . The results indicate that a reduction in surface roughness ( less than a roughness of 0.2 micron ) had no major effect on the microbiologic composition , supragingivally or subgingivally . These observations indicate the existence of a threshold roughness below which no further impact on the bacterial adhesion and /or colonization should be expected . However , clinical evaluation seems to indicate that a certain surface roughness is necessary for increased resistance to clinical probing Aim : To evaluate the effect of application a new-generation bulk-fill flowable composite resin as an intermediate material between composite resin and dental substrates on micro-leakage in Class V composite restorations . Material s and Methods : A total of 144 Class V cavities were prepared in 72 human molars . Specimens were then r and omly distributed among three groups according to adhesive system applied ( Group 1 : Clearfil SE Bond ; Group 2 : Adper Easy One ; Group 3 : Adhesive 200 T ) , and each group was divided into three subgroups according to liner material used ( Group A : No liner-control group ; Group B : Aelite Flo LV , low viscosity microhybrid composite ; Group C : Smart dentin replacement ) . All cavities were restored using resin composite ( Aelite LS , low shrinkage posterior composite ) . Specimens were stained with 0.5 % basic fuchsin and evaluated dye penetration . Results : There was no significant difference in dye penetration was found between the control and the experimental groups . Conclusions : Micro-leakage is not affected by the application of either conventional or new-generation flowable composite resin as an intermediate material between composite resin and dental substrates The purpose of this study was to determine ( i ) whether or not textural properties of foods and body positions affect the duration s of anterior tongue and suprahyoid muscle activities during swallowing , and ( ii ) if such changes occur , is the ' pre-peak ' or the ' post-peak ' duration of integrated muscle activity responsible . We used two test foods with different properties of hardness and adhesiveness . We recorded  electromyograms ( EMGs )  from the anterior tongue and suprahyoid muscles as well as the laryngeal movement associated with swallowing in normal subjects ( six men and three women ; 21 - 30-years old ) . The subjects swallowed the test foods in four r and omly set postures : upright , two inclined ( 60 degrees and 30 degrees to horizontal ) , and supine . None of the measured duration s for the anterior tongue and suprahyoid EMGs were different among the four positions during swallowing of either food . The ' total ' duration , from the start to the end of the integrated EMG , of anterior tongue activity was significantly ( P<0.001 , anova ) longer during the swallowing of the tougher and more adhesive food than during swallowing of the other food , but the ' total ' duration of suprahyoid activity was unchanged . The ' post-peak ' duration of anterior tongue activity , which stretched from the peak to the end of the integrated EMG , was also significantly longer ( P<0.001 , anova ) during swallowing of the tougher and more adhesive food . The results indicate that tougher and more adhesive foods prolong the duration , especially the ' post-peak ' duration , of anterior tongue activity during swallowing in the upright , inclined and supine positions Xylitol research has been conducted since the early 70 ’s ; at the beginning of 2009 there were almost 500 PubMed - indexed papers on “ xylitol and dental ” . Xylitol research was initiated in Finl and , but nowadays the majority of papers are published by non-Finnish authors . Xylitol studies have been criticized mainly by European research ers . This criticism is reflected for example in the most recent textbook of cariology , Dental Caries – The Disease and its Clinical Management ( 2008 ) , used by students in all Nordic countries . It shows a figure with reduction in caries occurrence in the Turku Sugar Studies as an example , not of the effect of total substitution of dietary sugars with xylitol , but rather “ indicating the importance of removal of sugar from the diet , rather than starch , in caries control “ . Moreover , a frequently cited review in Caries Research in 2004 came to the conclusion that “ there is no evidence for a caries-therapeutic effect of xylitol”.1 Xylitol studies are easy to criticize especially by authors who have never been involved in field trials . For example , to avoid exchange of test products between children of the same class r and omisation has to be done by schools or school classes . This is rarely recognized by the critics of xylitol studies . In addition , it is hard to find volunteers to comply with 2–3 years chewing of a hard and tasteless gum base , which is the control often suggested for chewing gum trials . Polyols like maltitol and sorbitol are by no means inert and are thus not valid controls for xylitol . Fortunately , US dental experts have critically , but positively , conducted research and review ed the literature on xylitol.2–5 One consequence of practical problems associated with field trials is that in systematic review s of methods for caries control and prevention the strict exclusion criteria leave only few xylitol studies for evaluation . For example , the inclusion criteria for a Swedish systematic review on methods of caries prevention ( SBU ; www.sbu.se ) were so strict that hardly any recommendations concerning caries prevention could be made . This also applied to xylitol : according to the report , the evidence on the clinical efficacy for xylitol was inconclusive . In a critical evaluation of the SBU report , the following question was asked “ where does this leave the confused dental practitioner , who has to offer chairside advice to patients , but can not wait of further ( good- quality ) research to be conducted and published , providing a more solid evidence -base ? ” ( Stillman-Lowe , 2005 ) . On the other h and , xylitol has been recommended for use in caries control and prevention by several dental associations . Also the European Food Safety Authority evaluated the literature on xylitol in 2008 and came to the conclusion that “ xylitol chewing gum reduces the risk of caries in children ” . The cl aim had to be reformulated since chewing gum is not a medicine and can thus not be cl aim ed to reduce the risk of a disease , caries . In Europe , there is a strong interest not to give xylitol a better status than for other polyol sweeteners . Xylitol differs from other polyols as is obvious to all experts familiar with microbiology . Xylitol has beneficial effects on the oral flora not shared by other polyols . The evidence so far supports specific xylitol-effects on oral bacteria , but not on saliva .  Xylitol can not be metabolized by plaque bacteria , contrary to sorbitol and other 6-carbon polyols , and may thus favour mineralization . The accumulated evidence suggests that 1 ) mutans streptococci are the target organisms of xylitol in vivo , 2 ) mutans streptococci are reduced and stay on a lower level even during long-term xylitol consumption as long as the consumption lasts , 3 ) xylitol consumption reduces the accumulation of plaque , 4 ) xylitol consumed by mothers reduces the mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci and consequently , caries occurrence in their children,6,7 and 5 ) xylitol consumption reduces the risk of caries in children.4 In clinical trials on xylitol mostly chewing gum with high xylitol concentrations has been used . Studies with low daily doses of xylitol are known as a rule to fail to show any caries-preventive effects . To obtain beneficial xylitol-effects on mutans streptococci , on plaque and caries occurrence xylitol must be consumed three times or more per day , with a daily dose of 5–6 grams.4,7 When using chewing gums or pastilles , saliva stimulation always occurs due to chewing or sucking . Some authors have cl aim ed that the beneficial effects of xylitol are solely based on saliva stimulation and that all sugar-free gums are similar in this respect . In fact , in conditions where caries occurrence is high , even sorbitol gum can prevent caries.8 A recent study elegantly shows caries prevention with xylitol without any saliva stimulation . In this study fifteen-month-old children were given xylitol or sorbitol syrup with a syringe for 12 months.9 The xylitol syrup prevented  early childhood caries  effectively , while sorbitol had no effect . In spite of the abundant literature still more studies are needed on the action of xylitol . Biofilm models could be very useful in xylitol research . There is a clear need for properly design ed , r and omized , controlled , clinical trials to demonstrate 1 ) the feasibility of  xylitol prevention in different population s with different dietary and oral hygiene habits , 2 ) suitable vehicles to deliver xylitol , 3 ) the extent to which xylitol can be “ diluted ” with other polyols without losing the caries preventive effects , and 4 ) the minimum daily xylitol dose and frequency of xylitol are needed to obtain the expected xylitol-effects on mutans streptococci , plaque and most importantly , on caries occurrence . Clinical trials often aim to improve treatment methods . When several clinical trials give similar results , clinicians can be given treatment guidelines based on findings verified by research . In this way research serves the clinicians in treating patients according to evidence -based solid information . Systematic review s are currently required to up date guidelines for caries prevention . As such , critical evaluation of the existing literature is a positive goal , but if it leads to a situation where no treatment guidelines can be given , something is wrong . This also applies to xylitol studies . Though strict inclusion criteria prevent conclusions based on systematic review s of the literature , evidence -based treatment guidelines can still be given for the use of xylitol . Xylitol is a useful adjunct to traditional methods for caries control and prevention . Caries prevention with xylitol has been cl aim ed to be expensive , but if true primary prevention is obtained , as demonstrated in the mother-child study , 6,7 it may be worth it PURPOSE The purpose of this prospect i ve and r and omized in vivo study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of an adhesive resin system vs a calcium hydroxide liner for protection of the dentin-pulp complex of primary molars treated with indirect pulp treatment . METHODS Forty-eight primary molars with deep occlusal caries , but without preoperative signs and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis , received indirect pulp treatment and were restored with a composite resin ( Z100 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 2 groups according to the material used for protection of the dentin-pulp complex : ( 1 ) adhesive resin system ( Scotchbond Multi Purpose ) ; and ( 2 ) calcium hydroxide liner ( Dycal ) . These teeth were evaluated clinical ly and radiographicaly for 2 years . RESULTS After 2 years , 83 % ( 19/23 ) of the teeth treated with calcium hydroxide and 96 % ( 24/25 ) of teeth treated with only the adhesive resin system presented a successful outcome , as determined by clinical and radiographic examination . Interradicular and /or periapical lesions were the most predominant signs of treatment failure , since 3 out of 23 teeth treated with calcium hydroxide and 1 out of 25 teeth treated with only adhesive resin presented this outcome . One tooth treated with the calcium hydroxide liner was diagnosed with internal root resorption at the 18-month examination . Of the 5 teeth diagnosed from radiographs as a failure of the indirect pulp treatment , none presented clinical signs/symptoms of pulpitis or necrosis such as the presence of fistula , enhanced tooth mobility , or pain . CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that protection of the dentin-pulp complex of primary molars with an adhesive resin system results in similar clinical and radiographic 2-year outcomes as compared to calcium hydroxide when indirect pulp treatment is performed in Class I composite restorations OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical performance of four denture soft liners up to 12 months . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-three edentulous patients who experienced difficulties when using hard denture bases because of changes in denture-supporting tissues were accepted for the study and r and omly received Molloplast B , GC Reline Soft , Silagum Comfort , or Mollosil Plus relines . Performance of the material s was evaluated using nine criteria at 3 , 6 , and 12 months : physical integrity , surface detail , adhesion , color , odor , plaque accumulation , resilience , hygiene , and mucosal condition . A four-point categorized scale ( 1=poor , 2=fair , 3=good , 4=excellent ) was used . Unscheduled maintenance events and the presence of fungal colonization were also recorded . RESULTS The percentage of patients available at 3 , 6 , and 12 months were 91 % , 91 % , and 66 % . Main reasons for dropouts and discontinuation were fractured dentures and patient dissatisfaction . At 6 months , 96 % of the performance scores were good or excellent and the largest changes were observed for physical integrity , surface detail , color , and fungal colonization . Fungal colonization was the most commonly observed problem and was the only reason of failure at 12 months . CONCLUSIONS The clinical performance of all soft liners was slightly impaired over the 12-month observation . Except for cases showing extensive fungal colonization , the observed changes in clinical performance did not necessitate remaking of the dentures . Mollosil Plus showed a performance comparable to that of Molloplast B , and the other material s had slightly lower performance especially in terms of fungal colonization OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the best timing for placing implants  after tooth extraction , by comparing early vs. delayed implant placement and evaluating the hard and /or soft tissue ridge dimensional changes and the outcomes related with implant survival and prosthesis success . MATERIAL AND METHODS An online search of the main data bases including The National Library of Medicine ( MEDLINE via Pubmed ) , Embase and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted up to February 2011 . R and omized controlled clinical trials ( RCTs ) , prospect i ve cohort studies and case-control retrospective studies , with a follow-up of at least 1 month after loading of dental implants  , comparing : ( i ) early vs. delayed implant placement , ( ii ) augmentation vs. no augmentation at implant placement in early placed implants and /or ( iii ) the comparison of various augmentation procedures at early implant placement , were conducted . A h and search of relevant journals was also performed . Screening of eligible studies , assessment of their method ological quality and data extraction were conducted in duplicate by two independent review ers . Authors of studies were contacted for clarification or missing information . RESULTS Eight studies were included , although meta- analysis could only be performed with the data from two studies comparing early vs. delayed implant . The percentage of bone height and bone width reduction favoured the early placement , with pooled mean difference between groups of 13.11 % ( 95 % CI : from 3.83 to 22.4 ; P = 0.057 ) and 19.85 % ( 95 % CI : from 13.85 to 25.81 ) respectively . Implant survival demonstrated a non-significant higher implant survival rate for the early group ( RR = 1.02 , 95 % CI : 0.96 - 1.1).With regard to patient satisfaction , statistically significant differences between the groups in favour of the early group for overall satisfaction and appearance with the restoration were demonstrated at 2 years , although these differences were lost at 5 years . CONCLUSIONS Placement of dental implants at an early timing after tooth extraction may offer advantages in terms of soft and hard tissue preservation , when compared with a delayed protocol . Nevertheless , well- design ed , high quality , r and omized clinical trials , are needed , because the available evidence is today limited in terms of available studies and quality OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding of four commercially available adhesive systems to ground and intact enamel surfaces . METHODS Extracted human teeth were used to measure the microtensile bond strength to enamel and a field-emission scanning electron microscopy ( FE-SEM ) was used to observe the bonded interface and the effect of the surface conditioning of each material . Intact buccal enamel surfaces were cleansed with tooth paste using a rotary dental brush , and the ground enamel surfaces were prepared by reducing approximately 0.5 mm from the buccal enamel surfaces using a high-speed diamond bur . One-Step ( OS , Bisco ) , Single Bond ( SB , 3 M ) , Clearfil Liner Bond II ( LBII , Kuraray ) , and Tokuso Mac Bond II ( MBII , Tokuso ) were evaluated for their ability to bond to enamel . RESULTS There was no significant difference in bond strengths between the material s when they were applied to ground enamel surfaces ( p > 0.05 ) . However , the bond strengths of the self-etching systems , LBII and MBII , had significantly lower bond strengths to intact enamel than the bonding systems OS and SB using phosphoric acid etching ( p < 0.05 ) . FE-SEM revealed that the etching pattern of self-etching primers was not deep enough to obtain good penetration of bonding resin when applied to intact enamel surfaces . CONCLUSIONS Phosphoric acid etching produced good resin adhesion to ground and intact enamel . The self-etching/self-priming systems also produced good adhesion to ground enamel , but had lower bond strengths to intact enamel BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding the effect of grafting of the osteotomy after subcrestal implant placement . The primary aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the effect of bone grafting of the defect between the bone crest and the coronal aspect of implants with reduced abutment diameter placed non-submerged and at subcrestal positions . METHODS Records of 50 consecutive patients treated with subcrestally placed dental implants grafted with a xenograft ( Group A ) and 50 consecutive patients with subcrestally placed dental implants without any grafting material ( Group B ) were review ed . For each implant , the radiographs after placement were compared to images from the last follow-up visit and evaluated regarding the following : 1 ) degree of subcrestal positioning of the implant , 2 ) changes of marginal hard-tissue height over time , and 3 ) whether marginal hard-tissue could be detected on the implant platform at the follow-up visit . RESULTS The mean marginal loss of hard tissues was 0.11 ± 0.30 mm for Group A and 0.08 ± 0.22 mm for Group B. Sixty-nine percent of the implants in Group A and 77 % of the implants in Group B demonstrated hard tissue on the implant platform . There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding marginal peri-implant hard-tissue loss . CONCLUSION The present study fails to demonstrate that grafting of the remaining osseous wound defect between the bone crest and the coronal aspect of the implant has a positive effect on marginal peri-implant hard-tissue changes OBJECTIVE To evaluate prospect ively the longevity of  ceramic inlay/onlay restorations  placed in a web-based practice -based research network and to investigate risk factors associated with restoration failures . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Data were collected by a practice -based research network called Ceramic Success Analysis ( CSA ) . 5791 inlay/onlay ceramic restorations were placed in 5523 patients by 167 dentists between 1994 and 2014 in their dental practice s. For each restoration specific information related to the tooth , procedures and material s used were recorded . Annual failure rates ( AFRs ) were calculated and variables associated with failure were assessed by a multivariate Cox-regression analysis with shared frailty . RESULTS The mean observation time was 3 years ( maximum 15 years ) of clinical service , and AFRs at 3 and 10 years follow up were calculated as 1.0 % and 1.6 % . Restorations with cervical outline in dentin showed a 78 % higher risk for failure compared to restorations with margins in enamel . The presence of a liner or base of glass-ionomer cement result ed in a risk for failure twice as large as that of restorations without liner or base material . Restorations performed with simplified adhesive systems ( 2-step etch- and -rinse and 1-step self-etch ) presented a risk of failure 142 % higher than restorations performed with adhesives with bonding resin as a separate step ( 3-step etch- and -rinse and 2-step self-etch ) . 220 failures were recorded and the most predominant reason for failure was fracture of the restoration or tooth ( 44.5 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Ceramic inlay/onlay restorations made from several glass ceramic material s and applied by a large number of dentists showed a good survival . Deep cervical cavity outline , presence of a glass ionomer lining cement , and use of simplified adhesive systems were risk factors for survival OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to investigate whether or not an erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser could improve the bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . BACKGROUND DATA Surface treatments can improve the bonding properties of dental ceramics . However , little is known about the effect of Er : YAG laser irradiated on zirconia ceramics . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Specimens of zirconia ceramic pieces were made , and r and omly divided into 11 groups according to surface treatments , including one  control group ( no treatment )  ,  one air abrasion group  , and  nine Er : YAG laser groups .  The laser groups were subdivided by applying different energy intensities ( 100 , 200 , or 300 mJ ) and irradiation times ( 5 , 10 , or 15 sec ) . After surface treatments , ceramic pieces had their surface morphology observed , and their surface roughness was measured . All specimens were bonded to resin cement . Shear bond strength was measured after the bonded specimens were stored in water for 24 h , and additionally aged by thermocycling . Statistical analyses were performed using one way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) and Tukey 's test for shear bond strength , and Dunnett 's t test for surface roughness , with α=0.05 . RESULTS Er : YAG laser irradiation changed the morphological characteristics of zirconia ceramics . Higher energy intensities ( 200 , 300 mJ ) could roughen the ceramics , but also caused surface cracks . There were no significant differences in the bond strength between the control group and the laser groups treated with different energy intensities or irradiation times . Air abrasion with alumina particles induced highest surface roughness and shear bond strength .  CONCLUSIONS Er : YAG laser irradiation can not improve the bonding property of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . Enhancing irradiation intensities and extending irradiation time have no benefit on the bond of the ceramics , and might cause material defect OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments : s and blasting , liners , and different laser irradiations on shear bond strength ( SBS ) of pre-sintered zirconia to veneer ceramic . BACKGROUND DATA The SBS between veneering porcelain and zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 ) substructure was weak . Various surface treatment methods have been suggested for zirconia to obtain high bond strength to veneering porcelain . There is no study that evaluated the bond strength between veneering porcelain and the different surface treatments on pre-sintered ZrO2 substructure . METHODS Two hundred specimens with 7 mm diameter and 3 mm height pre-sintered zirconia blocks were fabricated . Specimens were r and omly divided into 10 groups ( n=20 ) according to surface treatments applied . Group C , untreated ( Control ) ; Group E , erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Er : YAG ) laser irradiated ; Group N , neodymium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser irradiated ; Group SB , s and blasted ; Group L , liner applied ; Group NL , Nd : YAG laser irradiated+liner applied ; Group EL , Er : YAG laser irradiated+liner applied ; Group SN , s and blasted+Nd : YAG laser irradiated ; Group SE , s and blasted+Er : YAG laser irradiated ; and Group SL , s and blasted+liner applied . The disks were then veneered with veneering porcelain . Before the experiment , specimens were steeped in 37 ° C distilled water for 24 h. All specimens were thermocycled for 5000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C with a 30 sec dwell time . Shear bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . The fractured specimens were examined under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the fracture pattern . RESULTS Surface treatments significantly changing the topography of the yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic according to scanning electron microscopic ( SEM ) images . The highest mean bond strength value was obtained in Group SE , and the lowest bond strength value was observed in NL group . Bond strength values of the other groups were similar to each other . CONCLUSIONS This study shows that s and blasting+Er : YAG , s and blasting , Er : YAG+liner , s and blasting+Nd : YAG , and Er : YAG laser treatment on pre-sintered ZrO2 substructure increased the bond strength to veneering porcelain , compared with other surface treatments . After different surface treatments , there was no difference in surface roughness of pre-sintered zirconia to compare after sintering ; sintering enhanced the bond strength within the limitations of present study
Conclusion Adhesion to the prosthesis base is improved with surface treatments .
Rough surfaces and changes in hardness compromise the material 's serviceability
Purpose The objective of this systematic review is to compare results concerning the properties of adhesion , roughness , and hardness of dental liners obtained in the last ten years .