Milk Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Fails to Alter Blood Lipids or Body Composition in Moderately Overweight, Borderline Hyperlipidemic Individuals Effect of conjugated linoleic acid, vitamin E and their combination on lipid profiles and blood pressure of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis Effect of conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in atherosclerotic patients Effects of the individual isomers cis-9,trans-11 vs. trans-10,cis-12 of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammation parameters in moderately overweight subjects with LDL-phenotype B Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces peripheral blood mononuclear cell interleukin-2 production in healthy middle-aged males. Dietary supplementation with cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid and aortic stiffness in overweight and obese adults. The impact of plasma levels of C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine on the long-term prognosis after successful coronary stenting: The Global Evaluation of New Events and Restenosis After Stent Implantation Study. Supplementation With Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Dependent Oxidative Stress and Elevated C-Reactive Protein: A Potential Link to Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Effect of supplementation with an 80:20 cis9,trans11 conjugated linoleic acid blend on the human platelet proteome. Cis-9, trans- 11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) do not affect the plasma lipoprotein profile in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients. CLA Does Not Impair Endothelial Function and Decreases Body Weight as Compared with Safflower Oil in Overweight and Obese Male Subjects Sheep cheese naturally enriched in α-linolenic, conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids improves the lipid profile and reduces anandamide in the plasma of hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and risk for incident ischemic stroke in middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on emerging plasma markers for cardiovascular disease Increased α-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein, but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine and malondialdehyde levels of type 2 diabetic patients. Relation between the intake of milk fat and the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in human adipose tissue.
Background : Dietary conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) represents a group of positional and geometric isomers of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid . The effects of dietary CLA on blood lipids and body composition in humans remain controversial . Objective : To examine whether consumption of milk enriched naturally or synthetically with cis 9 , trans 11 ( c-9 , t-11 ) and trans 10 , cis 12 ( t-10 , c-12 ) CLA isomers alters blood lipid indices , including concentrations of total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triacyglycerol ; indices of liver function including plasma alanine transaminase and total bilirubin ; C-reactive protein ; tumor necrosis factor-alpha ; and body weight and composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic humans . Design : A r and omized , 3-phase , crossover , single-blind clinical trial was carried out in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals who consumed ( 1 ) milk naturally enriched in CLA ( 4.2 % ) containing c-9 , t-11 only providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; ( 2 ) milk enriched with a 4.2 % synthetic mixture of t-10 , c-12 and c-9 , t-11 CLA isomers providing 1.3 g/d of CLA ; or ( 3 ) untreated milk as a control providing 0.2 g/d CLA . Dietary phases were each 8 weeks in duration and were separated by 4-week washout periods . Plasma lipid levels were measured in blood sample s collected at the beginning and end of each dietary phase . Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at the beginning and end of each dietary phase to assess any changes in regional body fat composition . Results : Compared with the control intervention , consumption of the two CLA-enriched milks failed to alter plasma total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , or triacyglycerol concentrations ; body weight ; or fat composition . CLA consumption did not significantly affect plasma alanine transaminase , total bilirubin , C-reactive protein , or tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations . Conclusion : Results from this study fail to support the role of milk enriched naturally with CLA containing c-9 , t-11 or synthetically with c-9 , t-11 and t-10 , c-12 CLA isomers in modulation of lipid profiles or body composition in moderately overweight , borderline hyperlipidemic individuals The aim of this study was to assess the impact of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) , vitamin E , and combination of these nutrients on serum lipid profiles and blood pressure ( BP ) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 87 patients with active RA were divided into four groups receiving one of the following daily supplements for three months : Group C : CLAs 2.5 g equivalent to 2 g mixture of cis 9-trans 11 and trans 10-cis12 CLAs in a rate of 50/50 ; Group E : vitamin E : 400 mg ; Group CE : CLAs and vitamin E at above doses : Group P : placebo . After supplementation , SBP levels decreased significantly in the group C in comparison with groups E and P and mean arterial pressure reduced significantly in groups C and CE . There were n’t significant differences in the levels of prostagl and in E2 ( PGE2 ) , triglycerides , cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , LDL/HDL , cholesterol/HDL , fasting blood sugar , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , arylestrase activity , platelet count and body mass index between groups . CRP dropped nonsignificantly in groups P , C , E and CE ( 19 % , 24 % , 55 % , and 39 % , respectively ) . Erythrocytes sedimentation rate levels decreased in groups C , E and CE ( P ≤ 0.05 , P ≤ 0.05 , P ≤ 0.001 , respectively ) . It is concluded that supplementation of CLAs  decreased BP  and vitamin E  decreased CRP . Therefore cosupplementation of CLAs and vitamin E might be profitable for heart disease prevention in RA patients BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity , mortality , and disability in Iranian people . Inflammation and oxidative processes are key components of cardiovascular disease . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acids ( CLA ) and omega-3 fatty acid ( ω-3 fatty acids ) supplementation on inflammation markers and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic patients . METHODS This study was a two-month clinical , r and omized trial . 90 volunteers who referred to Emam Reza Heart Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences ( Shiraz , Iran ) from February to March 2011 and had the inclusion criteria of this study were selected . Participants were classified into 3 groups receiving 3 g/d CLA , 1920 mg/d ω-3 , or placebo for 2 months . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ) were measured before and after supplementation . RESULTS The hs-CRP level decreased significantly in both the omega-3 and CLA group ( P < 0.05 ) . IL-6 reduced significantly in the ω-3 group , but the reduction of IL-6 levels in the CLA group was not significant . GPx increased in the CLA and omega-3 groups ( P < 0.05 ) . MDA level decreased significantly in both omega-3 and CLA groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Comparison between the groups indicates a significant change in CRP levels in the ω-3 group relative to the control group . However , other indices did not cause any significant change in the ω-3 and CLA groups in comparison to the control group . CONCLUSION Diet supplementation with CLA and ω-3 can have a beneficial effect on some indices of inflammatory and oxidative stress Immune-modulating effects of CLA have been reported in animals , but results are inconsistent . In humans , CLA has shown no effects or only minor effects on immune function . The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune-modulating effects of 3 g cis-9,trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) vs. trans-10,cis-12 ( t10,c12 ) CLA isomers in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease characterized by moderate overweight ( body-mass index , 25–32.5 kg/m2 ) in combination with LDL-phenotype B ( ≥35 % small LDL cholesterol , density≥1.040 g/mL ) . After a run-in period of 1 wk , 42 men and women were r and omly allocated to the c9,t11 CLA group , the t10,c12 CLA group , or the placebo group . Effects of 13 wk of consumption of 3 g of CLA isomers on cytokine production by ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) and whole blood , and on plasma C-remononuclear protein ( CRP ) concentrations were evaluated . To generate hypotheses for future studies , protein expression patterns of 42 cytokines , chemokines , and growth factors were evaluated with an antibody array in pooled , nonstimulated , fasting plasma sample s. LPS induced interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , and tumor necrosis factor-α production by P BMC , and whole blood as well as plasma CRP concentrations were not significantly changed by the c9,t11 , and the t10,c12 CLA isomers . The cytokine expression profile in nonstimulated plasma suggested that both CLA isomers induced a specific inflammatory signature , in which the c9,t11 CLA group showed more activity in terms of numbers of proteins regulated . We conclude that daily consumption of 3 g of c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA isomer did not affect LPS-stimulated cytokine production by P BMC or whole blood and plasma CRP levels . Inflammatory signatures in fasting , nonstimulated plasma as determined by an antibody array may indicate enhanced immune function by both CLA isomers Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) refers to geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid . Animal studies have shown that CLA modulates the immune system and suggest that it may have a therapeutic role in inflammatory disorders . This double-blind placebo-controlled intervention trial investigated the effects of CLA supplementation on indices of immunity relating to cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in a cohort of healthy middle-aged male volunteers . Subjects were r and omly assigned to supplement their diet with 2.2 g 50:50 isomeric blend of cis 9 , trans 11 ( c9 , t11)-CLA and trans 10 , cis 12 ( t10 , c12)-CLA or placebo daily for 8 weeks . Interleukin ( IL ) 2 , IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor ( TNF ) alpha were measured in the supernatant of cultured unstimulated and concanavalin A ( Con A)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P BMC ) by ELISA . Serum IL-6 and plasma CRP were measured by ELISA and plasma fibrinogen by automated clotting assay . Gene expression was investigated by real-time RT-PCR . CLA supplementation significantly reduced Con A-stimulated P BMC IL-2 secretion ( 37.1 % ; P=.02 ) . CLA supplementation had no significant effect on transcription of IL-2 .  CLA supplementation had no direct significant effects on P BMC TNFalpha or IL-10 secretion . Other inflammatory markers associated with CVD , including IL-6 , CRP and fibrinogen , were not affected by CLA supplementation . This study showed that CLA supplementation reduced P BMC IL-2 secretion from Con A-stimulated P BMC but lacked effect on other markers of the human inflammatory response BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that dietary cis-9,trans-11 ( c9,t11 ) conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may inhibit or regress the development of atherosclerosis . The effect of CLA on atherosclerosis has not been assessed in humans . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of c9,t11 CLA supplementation on aortic pulse wave velocity ( a marker of atherosclerosis ) and on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese but otherwise apparently healthy subjects . DESIGN In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , we r and omly assigned 401 subjects , aged 40 - 70 y and with a body mass index ( in kg/m(2 ) ) > or = 25 , to receive either 4 g CLA/d ( 2.5 g c9,t11 CLA/d and 0.6 g trans-10,cis-12 CLA/d ) or placebo supplements for 6 mo . Aortic pulse wave velocity , blood pressure , anthropometric characteristics , and concentrations of fasting lipid , glucose , insulin , and C-reactive protein were measured before and after supplementation . RESULTS During the intervention , mean ( + /-SE ) pulse wave velocity did not change in the c9,t11 CLA group ( Delta0.00 + /- 0.07 ) compared with the placebo group ( Delta0.09 + /- 0.06 ) . There was no effect of c9,t11 CLA supplementation on blood pressure , body composition , insulin resistance , or concentrations of lipid , glucose , and C-reactive protein . CONCLUSION This study does not support an antiatherosclerotic effect or an effect on cardiovascular risk factors of c9,t11 CLA . This trial was registered at www . clinical trials.gov as NCT00706745 OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of high plasma levels of either C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , lipoprotein ( a ) ( Lp[a ] ) or total homocysteine ( tHCY ) with the long-term prognosis after successful coronary stenting ( CS ) . BACKGROUND High plasma levels of either CRP , Lp(a ) or tHCY may have an impact in coronary artery disease . However , long-term prospect i ve data after coronary stenting ( CS ) are limited . METHODS Four-hundred and eighty-three consecutive patients with either stable or unstable coronary syndromes were followed for up to three years after successful CS . The composite of cardiac death , myocardial infa rct ion or rehospitalization for rest unstable angina , whichever occurred first , was the prespecified primary end point . Moreover , the one-year incidence of clinical recurrence of symptoms , in-stent restenosis ( ISR ) and progression of atherosclerosis to a significant lesion ( PTSL ) were additionally evaluated . PTSL was defined as an increase by at least 25 % in the luminal diameter stenosis of a known nonsignificant lesion ( < or=50 % luminal diameter stenosis ) that was located in a nonintervened vessel at re study , result ing in an angiographically significant lesion ( > or=70 % luminal diameter stenosis ) . RESULTS By the end of the follow-up , high plasma levels of either CRP or Lp(a ) but not tHCY were independently associated with the primary end point . In particular , CRP > or=0.68 mg/dl ( p < 0.001 ) or Lp(a ) > or=25 mg/dl ( p = 0.003 ) conferred a significantly increased risk . By 1 year , a CRP > or=0.68 mg/dl conferred a significantly increased risk for clinical recurrence of symptoms ( p < 0.001 ) or PTSL ( p < 0.001 ) . None of the studied biochemical markers was related to ISR . CONCLUSIONS High plasma levels of either CRP or Lp(a ) but not tHCY may be associated with a higher incidence of late adverse events after successful CS . PTSL in vessels not previously intervened upon may play a significant role in the underlying pathophysiology as opposed to ISR Background —Conjugated linoleic acids ( CLAs ) , a group of fatty acids shown to have beneficial effects in animals , are also used as weight loss supplements . Recently , we reported that the t 10 c 12 CLA-isomer caused insulin resistance in abdominally obese men via unknown mechanisms . The aim of the present study was to examine whether CLA has isomer-specific effects on oxidative stress or inflammatory biomarkers and to investigate the relationship between these factors and induced insulin resistance . Methods and Results —In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial , 60 men with metabolic syndrome were r and omized to one of 3 groups receiving t 10 c 12 CLA , a CLA mixture , or placebo for 12 weeks . Insulin sensitivity ( euglycemic clamp ) , serum lipids , in vivo lipid peroxidation ( determined as urinary 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; [ F2-isoprostanes ] ) , 15-ketodihydro PGF2&agr ; , plasma vitamin E , plasma C-reactive protein , tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; , and interleukin-6 were assessed before and after treatment . Supplementation with t 10 c 12 CLA markedly increased 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; ( 578 % ) and C-reactive protein ( 110 % ) compared with placebo ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01 , respectively ) and independent of changes in hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia . The increases in 8-iso-PGF2&agr ; , but not in C-reactive protein , were significantly and independently related to aggravated insulin resistance . Oxidative stress was related to increased vitamin E levels , suggesting a compensatory mechanism . Conclusions —t 10 c 12 CLA supplementation increases oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in obese men . The oxidative stress seems closely related to induced insulin resistance , suggesting a link between the fatty acid-induced lipid peroxidation seen in the present study and insulin resistance . These unfavorable effects of t 10 c 12 CLA might be of clinical importance with regard to cardiovascular disease , in consideration of the widespread use of dietary supplements containing this fatty acid BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis , a major problem in patients on chronic hemodialysis , has been characterized as an inflammatory disease . C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , the prototypical acute phase protein in humans , is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the general population . We hypothesize that several of the classic , as well as nontraditional , cardiovascular risk factors may respond to acute phase reactions . An activated acute phase response may influence or predict cardiovascular risk . METHODS In 280 stable hemodialysis patients , serum lipids , apolipoproteins ( apo ) A-I and B , lipoprotein(a ) [ Lp(a ) ] , fibrinogen , and serum albumin ( Salb ) were determined in relation to CRP and serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , two sensitive markers of an acute phase response . Mortality was monitored prospect ively over a two year period . RESULTS Serum CRP and SAA were found to be elevated ( more than 8 and more than 10 mg/liter , respectively ) in 46 % and 47 % of the patients in the absence of clinical ly apparent infection . Patients with elevated CRP or SAA had significantly higher serum levels of Lp(a ) , higher plasma fibrinogen , and lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apo A-I , and Salb than patients with normal CRP or SAA . The rise in Lp(a ) concentration was restricted to patients exhibiting high molecular weight apo(a ) isoforms . During follow-up , 72 patients ( 25.7 % ) had died , mostly due to cardiovascular events ( 58 % ) . Overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher in patients with elevated CRP ( 31 % vs. 16 % , P < 0.0001 , and 23 % vs. 5 % , P < 0.0001 , respectively ) or SAA ( 29 % vs. 19 % , P = 0.004 , and 20 vs. 10 % , P = 0.008 , respectively ) and were also higher in patients with Salb of lower than 40 g/liter ( 44 % vs. 14 % , P < 0.0001 , and 34 % vs. 6 % , P < 0.0001 , respectively ) . Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age , diabetes , pre-existing cardiovascular disease , body mass index , CRP , SAA , Salb , fibrinogen , apo A-I , and Lp(a ) were significantly associated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality . During multivariate regression analysis , SAA , fibrinogen , apo A-I , and Lp(a ) lost their predictive values , but age and CRP remained powerful independent predictors of both overall death and cardiovascular death . CONCLUSION These results suggest that a considerable number of hemodialysis patients exhibit an activated acute phase response , which is closely related to high levels of atherogenic vascular risk factors and cardiovascular death . The mechanisms of activated acute phase reaction in patients on chronic hemodialysis remain to be identified . A successful treatment of the inflammatory condition may improve long-term survival in these patients Background —Measuring C-reactive protein ( CRP ) has been recommended to identify patients at high risk for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) with low LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) .  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a proinflammatory enzyme associated primarily with LDL . Methods and Results —In a prospect i ve , case cohort study in 12 819 apparently healthy middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study , the relation between  Lp-PLA2 , CRP , traditional risk factors , and risk for CHD events over a period of ≈6 years was examined in a proportional hazards model , stratified by LDL-C. Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels were higher in the 608 cases than the 740 noncases . Both Lp-PLA2 and CRP were associated with incident CHD after adjustment for age , sex , and race with a hazard ratio of 1.78 for the highest tertile of Lp-PLA2 and 2.53 for the highest category of CRP versus the lowest categories . Lp-PLA2 correlated positively with LDL-C ( r = 0.36 ) and negatively with HDL-C ( r = −0.33 ) but not with CRP ( r = −0.05 ) . In a model adjusted for traditional risk factors including LDL-C , the association of Lp-PLA2 with CHD was attenuated and not statistically significant . For individuals with LDL-C below the median ( 130 mg/dL ) , Lp-PLA2 and CRP were both significantly and independently associated with CHD in fully adjusted models . For individuals with LDL-C < 130 mg/dL , those with both Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels in the highest tertile were at the greatest risk for a CHD event . Conclusions —Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary in identifying individuals at high CHD risk who have low SCOPE The dietary fatty acid cis9,trans11 conjugated linoleic acid ( cis9,trans11 CLA ) has been shown to modify the function of endothelial cells , monocytes , and platelets , all of which are involved in the development of atherosclerosis . Potential mechanisms for the platelet effects have not been assessed previously . In this study , we assessed how supplementation of the diet with an 80:20 cis9,trans11 CLA blend affects the platelet proteome . METHODS AND RESULTS In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , 40 overweight but apparently healthy adults received either 4 g per day of cis9,trans11 CLA-enriched oil or placebo oil , consisting of palm oil and soybean oil , for 3 months . Total platelet proteins were extracted from washed platelets , separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and differentially regulated protein spots were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS . Supplementation with the CLA blend , compared with placebo , result ed in significant alterations in levels of 46 spots ( p < 0.05 ) , of which 40 were identified . Network analysis revealed that the majority of these proteins participate in regulation of the cytoskeleton and platelet structure , as well as receptor action , signaling , and focal adhesion . CONCLUSION The platelet proteomics approach revealed novel insights into regulation of cellular biomarkers of atherogenic and thrombotic pathways by an 80:20 cis9,trans11 CLA blend BACKGROUND Results of a pilot study suggested that cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) improved LDL phenotype in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. OBJECTIVE Initiated by the results of this pilot study , we have specifically design ed a study to test the hypothesis that cis-9 , trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid improves LDL phenotype in moderately overweight subjects with LDL phenotype B. Effects on the serum lipid profile , on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations , and on clinical parameters were also examined . DESIGN Volunteers with LDL phenotype B were divided into three groups consuming daily a drinkable dairy product not enriched with CLA ( placebo , n = 34 ) , the same dairy product enriched with 3 g c9 , t11 CLA ( n = 34 ) , or the dairy product enriched with 3 g t10 , c12 CLA ( n = 19 ) for 13 weeks . RESULTS Median changes in the proportions of plasma small dense LDL were -2.0 % in the control group and -0.1 % in the c9 , t11 CLA and t10 , c12 CLA groups ( p = 0.981 for the differences between the groups ) . c9 , t11 CLA or t10 , c12 CLA did also not affect serum concentrations of LDL and HDL cholesterol , and of triacylglycerol , and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin . CONCLUSIONS In humans with LDL phenotype B , c9 , t11 CLA and t10 , c12 CLA do not beneficially change risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes BACKGROUND Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease . We examined whether dietary supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA , 18:3n-3 ) affects the levels of inflammatory markers in dyslipidaemic patients . METHODS We recruited 76 male dyslipidaemic patients ( mean age=51+/-8 years ) following a typical Greek diet . They were r and omly assigned either to 15 ml of linseed oil ( rich in ALA ) per day ( n=50 ) or to 15 ml of safflower oil ( rich in linoleic acid ( LA , 18:2n-6 ) ) per day ( n=26 ) . The ratio of n-6:n-3 in linseed oil supplemented group was 1.3:1 and in safflower oil supplemented group 13.2:1 . Dietary intervention lasted for 3 months . Blood lipids and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , serum amyloid A ( SAA ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) levels were determined prior and after intervention . CRP and SAA were measured by nephelometry and IL-6 by immunoassay . RESULTS Dietary supplementation with ALA decreased significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels . The median decrease of CRP was 38 % ( 1.24 vs. 0.93 mg/l , P=0.0008 ) , of SAA 23.1 % ( 3.24 vs. 2.39 mg/l , P=0.0001 ) and of IL-6 10.5 % ( 2.18 vs. 1.7 pg/ml , P=0.01 ) . The decrease of inflammatory markers was independent of lipid changes . Dietary supplementation with LA did not affect significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 concentrations but decreased cholesterol levels . CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with ALA for 3 months decreases significantly CRP , SAA and IL-6 levels  in dyslipidaemic patients . This anti-inflammatory effect may provide a possible additional mechanism for the beneficial effect of plant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease Objective : Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) showed a wide range of beneficial biological effects with relevance for cardiovascular health in animal models and humans . Most human studies used olive oil as a reference . This study assessed the effect of CLA as compared with safflower oil on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular risk in overweight and obese men .  Heated safflower oil and olive oil were given for additional descriptive control . Methods : Eighty-five overweight men ( aged 45–68 years , body mass index 25–35 kg/m2 ) were r and omized to receive 4.5 g/d of the CLA isomeric mixture , safflower oil , heated safflower oil , or olive oil in a 4-week double-blind study .  Endothelial function was assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry ( PAT ) index determination in the fasting and postpr and ial state ( i.e. , 4 hours after consumption of a fat- and sucrose-rich meal ) . Results : CLA as compared with safflower oil consumption did not impair fasting or postpr and ial PAT index but decreased body weight .  CLA as compared with safflower oil did not change total , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , or high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol ; triglycerides ; insulin sensitivity indices ; C-reactive protein ; soluble adhesion molecules ; oxidized LDL ; lipoprotein a ( Lp[a ] ) ; paraoxonase ; or platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase ( PAF-AH ) activity , but significantly reduced arylesterase activity and increased concentrations of the F2-isoprostane 8-iso-prostagl and in F (PGF)2α . Conclusion : CLA did not impair endothelial function . Other parameters associated with metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress were not changed or were slightly improved . Results suggest that CLA does not increase cardiovascular risk . Increased F2-isoprostane concentrations in this context may not indicate increased oxidative stress Intake of dairy fat has long been considered as a risk factor for CVD . Pasture and dietary lipid supplementation have been reported to be reliable strategies in ruminant nutrition , in order to increase the content of α-linolenic acid ( ALA ) , conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and vaccenic acid ( VA ) , and decrease SFA in milk fat . In the present study , we aim ed at verifying whether consumption of a sheep cheese , naturally enriched in ALA , CLA and VA , would modify the plasma lipid and endocannabinoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects . A total of forty-two adult volunteers ( nineteen males and twenty-three females ) with diagnosed mildly hypercholesterolaemia ( total cholesterol 5·68 - 7·49 mmol/l ) were r and omly assigned to eat 90 g/d of a control or enriched cheese for 3 weeks , with a cross-over after 3 weeks of  washout . Plasma lipids , endocannabinoids , adipokines and inflammatory markers were measured . The intake of enriched cheese significantly increased the plasma concentrations of CLA , VA , the n-3 fatty acids ALA and EPA , and more remarkably decreased that of the endocannabinoid an and amide . LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly ( 7 % ) . No changes were detected in the levels of inflammatory markers ; however , a significant correlation was found between the plasma levels of an and amide and leptin . The control cheese modified none of the parameters measured . The results obtained do not support the view that intake of dairy fat is detrimental to hypercholesterolaemic subjects . Indeed , they show that a naturally enriched cheese possesses beneficial properties , since it ameliorates the plasma lipid profile , and more remarkably reduces endocannabinoid bio synthesis Inflammation , oxidative stress , and high concentration of serum lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp ( a ) ] are common complications in hemodialysis patients . The present study was design ed to investigate the effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , Lp ( a ) , and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp ( a ) hyperlipoproteinemia [ hyper Lp ( a ) ] . This was an unblinded , r and omized clinical trial . Thirty-six hyper Lp ( a ) hemodialysis patients ( 23 men and 13 women ) were r and omly assigned to either a carnitine or control group . Patients in the carnitine group received 1000 mg/d oral L-carnitine for 12 weeks , whereas patients in the control group did not receive any L-carnitine supplement . At baseline and the end of week 12 , 5 mL of blood were collected after a 12- to 14-hours fast and serum free carnitine , CRP , interleukin-1β , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein were measured . Serum free carnitine concentration increased significantly by 86 % in the carnitine group at the end of week 12 compared with baseline ( P<0.001 ) , while serum CRP and IL-6 showed a significant decrease of 29 % ( P<0.05 ) and 61 % ( P<0.001 ) , respectively . No significant changes were observed in serum free carnitine , CRP , and IL-6 in the control group . There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean changes of serum interleukin-1β , tumor necrosis factor-α , Lp ( a ) , and oxidized low-density lipoprotein concentrations . L-carnitine supplement  reduces inflammation in hemodialysis patients , but has no effect on hyper Lp ( a ) and oxidative stress Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is shown to have chemoprotective properties in various experimental cancer models . CLA is easily oxidised and it has been suggested that an increased lipid oxidation may contribute to the antitumorigenic effects . This report investigates the urinary levels of 8‐iso‐PGF2α , a major isoprostane and 15‐keto‐dihydro‐PGF2α , a major metabolite of PGF2α , as indicators of non‐enzymatic and enzymatic lipid peroxidation after dietary supplementation of CLA in healthy human subjects for 3 months . A significant increase of both 8‐iso‐PGF2α and 15‐keto‐dihydro‐PGF2α in urine was observed after 3 months of daily CLA intake ( 4.2 g/day ) as compared to the control group ( P<0.0001 ) . Conjugated linoleic acid had no effect on the serum α‐tocopherol levels . However , γ‐tocopherol levels in the serum increased significantly ( P=0.015 ) in the CLA‐treated group . Thus , CLA may induce both non‐enzymatic and enzymatic lipid peroxidation in vivo . Further studies of the mechanism behind , and the possible consequences of , the increased lipid peroxidation after CLA supplementation are urgently needed Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) has been suggested by some animal studies to possess antiatherogenic properties . To determine , in humans , the effect of dietary CLA on blood lipids , lipoproteins , and tissue fatty acid composition , we conducted a 93-d study with 17 healthy female volunteers at the Metabolic Research Unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center . Throughout the study , subjects were fed a low-fat diet [ 30 energy percent ( en% ) fat , 19 en% protein , and 51 en% carbohydrate ] that consisted of natural foods with the recommended dietary allowances for all known nutrients . After a 30-d stabilization period , subjects were r and omly assigned to either an intervention group ( n=10 ) supplemented daily with capsules containing 3.9 g of CLA or a control group ( n=7 ) that received an equivalent amount of sunflower oil . The CIA capsules ( CLA 65 % ) contained four major cis/trans geometric isomers ( 11.4 % 9 cis-,11 trans-18∶2 ; 10.8 % 8 trans-,10 cis-18∶2 ; 15.3 % 11 cis-,13 trans-18∶2 ; and 14.7 % 10 trans- , 12 cis-18∶2 ) and their corresponding cis/cis ( 6.74 % total ) and trans/trans ( 5.99 % total ) varieties in smaller amounts . Fasting blood was drawn on study days 30 ( end of the stabilization period ) , 60 ( midpoint of the intervention period ) , and 93 ( end of the intervention period ) . Adipose tissue sample s were taken on days 30 and 93 . CLA supplementation for 63 d did not change the levels of plasma cholesterol , low density lipoprotein cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglycerides . The weight percentage of CLA in plasma increased from 0.28±0.06 to 1.09±0.31 ( n=10 , P<0.05 ) after the supplementation . The 9 cis-,11 trans-isomer was the most prominent variety followed by the 11 cis-,13 trans- and 10 trans-,12 cis-isomers in lesser amounts . CLA in adipose tissue was not influenced by the supplementation ( 0.79±0.18 to 0.83±0.19 wt% ) ( n=10 ) and the 9 cis-,11 trans-variety was the only isomer present . Thus , contrary to findings from some animal studies , CLA does not seem to offer health benefits , in the short term , regarding the prevention of atherosclerosis in humans .  CLA supplementation for 2 mon did not alter the blood cholesterol or lipoprotein levels of healthy , normolipidemic subjects . The supplementation did increase CLA in the plasma but only 4.23 % of the ingested CLA was present in the plasma at any given time . No adverse effect of CLA supplementation was detected in this study BACKGROUND Measurement of inflammatory markers has been reported to identify individuals at increased risk for ischemic stroke .  Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is a proinflammatory enzyme secreted by macrophages . We assessed Lp-PLA2 and C-reactive protein ( CRP ) levels along with traditional risk factors to examine their relation to ischemic stroke . METHODS A proportional hazards model was used in a prospect i ve case-cohort study of 12,762 apparently healthy middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) study who were observed for about 6 years . RESULTS Mean Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels adjusted for sex , race , and age were higher in the 194 stroke cases than the 766 noncases , whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) level was not significantly different . Both Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels were associated with ischemic stroke after adjustment for age , sex , and race : hazard ratios were 2.23 for the highest vs the lowest tertile of Lp-PLA2 and 2.70 for CRP level higher than 3 vs lower than 1 mg/L. In a model that included smoking , systolic hypertension , lipid levels , and diabetes , Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels in the highest category were associated with hazard ratios of 1.91 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.15 - 3.18 ; P = .01 ) and 1.87 ( 95 % confidence interval , 1.13 - 3.10 ; P = .02 ) , respectively . Individuals with high levels of both CRP and Lp-PLA2 were at the highest risk after adjusting for traditional risk factors compared with individuals with low levels of both , whereas others were at intermediate risk . CONCLUSION Levels of Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary beyond traditional risk factors in identifying middle-aged individuals at increased risk for ischemic stroke Background Increasing evidence supports carbohydrate restricted diets ( CRD ) for weight loss and improvement in traditional markers for cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) ; less is known regarding emerging CVD risk factors . We previously reported that a weight loss intervention based on a CRD ( % carbohydrate : fat : protein = 13:60:27 ) led to a mean weight loss of 7.5 kg and a 20 % reduction of abdominal fat in 29 overweight men . This group showed reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and elevations in HDL-cholesterol as well as reductions in large and medium VLDL particles and increases in LDL particle size . In this study we report on the effect of this intervention with and without fiber supplementation on plasma homocysteine , lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , and tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α ) . Methods Twenty nine overweight men [ body mass index ( BMI ) 25–35 kg/m2 ] aged 20–69 years consumed an ad libitum CRD ( % carbohydrate : fat : protein = 13:60:27 ) including a st and ard multivitamin every other day for 12 wk . Subjects were matched by age and BMI and r and omly assigned to consume 3 g/d of either a soluble fiber supplement ( n = 14 ) or placebo ( n = 15 ) . Results There were no group or interaction ( fiber × time ) main effects , but significant time effects were observed for several variables . Energy intake was spontaneously reduced ( -30.5 % ) . This was accompanied by an increase in protein intake ( 96.2 ± 29.8 g/d to 107.3 ± 29.7 g/d ) and methionine intake ( 2.25 ± 0.7 g/d , to 2.71 ± 0.78 g/d ; P < 0.001 ) . Trans fatty acid intake was significantly reduced ( -38.6 % ) while dietary folate was unchanged , as was plasma homocysteine . Bodyweight ( -7.5 ± 2.5 kg ) was reduced as was plasma Lp(a ) ( -11.3 % ) . Changes in plasma Lp(a ) correlated with reductions in LDL-cholesterol ( r = .436 , P < 0.05 ) and fat loss ( r = .385 , P < 0,05 ) . At wk 12 , both CRP ( -8.1 % ) and TNF-α ( -9.3 % ) were reduced ( P < 0.05 ) independently of weight loss . IL-6 concentrations were unchanged . Conclusion A diet based on restricting carbohydrates leads to spontaneous caloric reduction and subsequent improvement in emerging markers of CVD in overweight/obese men who are otherwise healthy Objective : To investigate the effects of increased alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)-intake on intima – media thickness ( IMT ) , oxidized low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) antibodies , soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( sICAM-1 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and interleukins 6 and 10 . Design : R and omized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Subjects : Moderately hypercholesterolaemic men and women ( 55±10 y ) with two other cardiovascular risk factors (n=103).Intervention : Participants were assigned to a margarine enriched with ALA ( fatty acid composition 46 % LA , 15 % ALA ) or linoleic acid ( LA ) ( 58 % LA , 0.3 % ALA ) for 2 y. Results : Dietary ALA intake was 2.3 en% among ALA users , and 0.4 en% among LA users . The 2-y progression rate of the mean carotid IMT  ( ALA and LA : + 0.05 mm ) and femoral IMT ( ALA:+0.05 mm ; LA:+0.04 mm ) was similar , when adjusted for confounding variables . After 1 and 2 y , ALA users had a lower CRP level than LA users ( net differences −0.53 and −0.56 mg/l , respectively , P<0.05 ) . No significant effects were observed in oxidized LDL antibodies , and levels of sICAM-1 , interleukins 6 and 10 . Conclusions : A six-fold increased ALA intake lowers CRP , when compared to a control diet high in LA . The present study found no effects on markers for atherosclerosis . Sponsorship : The Dutch ‘ Praeventiefonds ’ BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of mortality among diabetic patients . The concentration of malondialdehyde ( MDA ) and homocysteine is believed to play a role in cardiovascular diseases . Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could be effective in some diabetes complications and in the control of the glycemic index . However , it may increase lipid peroxidation . The objective of this study was to determine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the concentration of homocysteine and MDA in diabetic patients . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 81 patients with type 2 diabetes . The patients were r and omly assigned to either the treatment or control groups . Each subject received three capsules of omega-3 fatty acids or a placebo every day for a period of 2months . The two groups were similar in terms of body mass index and food intake . At the beginning of the study and after 2months of supplementation their levels of HbA(1)c , homocysteine , MDA , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , total cholesterol , LDL-cholesterol and fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) were determined . Due to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation , homocysteine was changed significantly in both treatment and control groups up to -3.10mumol/L and 0.10mumol/L respectively , and HbA(1)c decreased by 0.75 % in the treatment group and increased by 0.26 % in the control group . However , the changes in fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were not significant . CONCLUSION The consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements ( 3g/day ) for 2months decreases the levels of homocysteine in diabetic patients with no change in FBS , MDA and CRP levels BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is a group of naturally occurring fatty acids mainly present in fats from ruminants . CLA has been shown to be a potential anticarcinogen . OBJECTIVE In this study , the relation between bovine milk fat intake and the occurrence of CLA in human adipose tissue was investigated . DESIGN One hundred twenty-three men weighed and recorded the foods they consumed for 1 wk . Afterward , recall interviews were conducted by telephone monthly for 7 consecutive months to inquire about food consumption during the previous 24 h. The entire dietary recording procedure was repeated once . The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and serum was analyzed . RESULTS The average amount of one isomer of CLA--9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (9c,11t-18:2)--as a percentage of total fatty acids was found to be 0.50 % in adipose tissue and 0.25 % in serum . The amount of 9c,11t-18:2 in adipose tissue was significantly correlated with milk fat intake ( r = 0.42 ) . The percentage of 9c,11t-18:2 in both adipose tissue and in serum was strongly correlated with myristoleic acid ( 14:1 ) . CONCLUSION The amount of 9c,11t-18:2 in human adipose tissue was significantly related to milk fat intake
Conclusion The current systematic review and meta- analysis showed that the long-term consumption of CLA increases the levels of CRP and Lp(a )
Background C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and lipoprotein ( a ) ( Lp[a ] ) play essential roles in cardiovascular disease incidence .
This study aim ed to review the association between the intake of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) in the form of dietary supplement or enriched food with different treatment duration s and the levels of Lp(a ) and CRP in human studies .