Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Long-term dentin retention of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement in non-carious cervical lesions. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Six-month bracket survival with a self-etch adhesive. Eighteen-month bracket survival rate: conventional versus self-etch adhesive. Bond strength of adhesive resin cement with different adhesive systems Adhesion of 10-MDP containing resin cements to dentin with and without the etch-and-rinse technique Effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to self-etching primer application on adhesion of resin composite to enamel and dentin. Influence of acid etching and enamel beveling on the 6-month clinical performance of a self-etch dentin adhesive. Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Bond strength of a mild self-etch adhesive with and without prior acid-etching. SEM qualitative evaluation of four self-etching adhesive systems. Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin Influence of chlorhexidine concentration on microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. Effect of chlorhexidine on the durability of a new universal adhesive system Total-etch versus self-etch adhesive: effect on postoperative sensitivity. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Effect of resin cement system and root region on the push-out bond strength of a translucent fiber post. Six-month clinical evaluation of two dentin adhesives applied on dry vs moist dentin. Effect of a plant-based hemostatic agent on microleakage of self-etching adhesives Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. A new universal simplified adhesive: 18-month clinical evaluation.
Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical long-term retention to dentin of seven adhesive systems . METHODS A total of 270 Class V restorations of four etch- and -rinse , one self-etch adhesive system and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement were placed in non-carious cervical lesions without intentional enamel involvement . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , 6 , 12 , 18 , and 24 months and then every year during a 13-year follow-up . Dentin bonding efficiency was determined by the percentage of lost restorations . RESULTS During the 13 years , 215 restorations could be evaluated . The cumulative loss rate at 13 years was 53.0 % , with significant different failures rates for the different systems varying between 35.6 and 86.8 % . Four systems fulfilled the ADA 18-month full acceptance retention criteria . Two systems showed at 18 months and earlier high debonding rates . The annual failure rates for the etch- and -rinse systems were Optibond 3.1 % , Permagen 13.0 % , Scotchbond MP 4.8 % , Syntac classic 2.8 % ; for the self-etch system P&S 4.4 % ; and the resin-modified glass ionomer cement Vitremer 2.7 % . CONCLUSION It can be concluded that all systems showed a continuous degradation of the bond with a wide variation , which was independent of the adhesion strategy . Three bonding systems showed a cumulative failure rate after 13 years between 36 and 41 % with the best retention for the resin-modified glass ionomer cement and a four-step etch- and -rinse system OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To evaluate , over a 6-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive ( Transbond Plus Self-Etching ) compared with a conventional adhesive that uses the etch and rinse approach ( Transbond XT ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS One operator , using the straight-wire technique , placed 567 metallic brackets in 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) such that homologous teeth from the same arch received different material s. The brackets were bonded following the manufacturer 's instruction except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) . The failure modes were visually classified into three modes : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rate of the brackets was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < .05 ) . RESULTS The failure rates of the conventional and self-etch  [ corrected ] adhesives  were 10.6 % and 7.4 % , respectively . The failure rate of the conventional system was 0.43 [ corrected ] times greater than that of the self-etch system . The self-etch adhesive showed a higher survival rate compared with the conventional system ( P < .05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel surface . No difference in the fracture debonding mode was observed for the material s. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the self-etch Transbond Plus Self-Etching can be safely used for orthodontic brackets because it provides higher survival rates than does the conventional Transbond XT The aim of this study was to evaluate , over an 18-month period , the clinical performance of a self-etch adhesive [ Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer ( SEP ) , 3 M Unitek ] compared with a conventional adhesive that employs the etch- and -rinse approach ( Transbond XT , 3 M Unitek ) . One operator , using the straight-wire technique , bonded 567 metallic brackets to the teeth of 30 patients ( age range 12 - 18 years ) in a way that patients acted as self-control . The brackets were bonded following the manufacturers ' instructions except for the fact that the self-etch system was brushed for a longer time than recommended ( 10 - 15 seconds ) since previous investigations have reported that prolonged application times can improve the bonding efficacy of self-etch systems to enamel . The failure modes were visually classified into : adhesive-enamel , adhesive-bracket , and cohesive failure . The survival rates of the brackets were estimated by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test ( P < 0.05 ) . The failure rates of the self-etch and conventional adhesives were 15.6 and 17.6 per cent , respectively . No significant differences in the survival rate were observed between the material s ( P > 0.05 ) . Most of the failures were cohesive and at the adhesive-enamel interface . There was no difference in the fracture debonding mode . These findings indicate that Transbond Plus SEP can be safely used for orthodontic brackets since the survival rates are similar to the conventional Transbond XT Background To assess the immediate bond strength of a dual-cure adhesive resin cement to the hybridized dentin with different bonding systems . Material and Methods Fifty-six healthy human molars were r and omly divided into 7 groups ( n=8 ) . After 3 longitudinal sections , the central cuts were included in PVC matrix and were su bmi tted to dentin hybridization according to the groups : G1 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Apder ™ Scotchbond ™ Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , G2 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Optibond ™ FL , Kerr ) , G3 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( All-Bond 3 ® , Bisco ) , G4 - etch & rinse simplified system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE ) , G5 - self-etching system with one step ( Bond Force , Tokuyama ) , G6 - universal system in moist dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) , G7 - universal system in dry dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) . Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder ( Duo-link , Bisco ) made from a polypropylene matrix . In the evaluation of bond strength , the sample s were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy . Results The Kruskal-Wallis test suggests a statistically significant difference between groups ( p=0,039 ) , and Tukey for multiple comparisons , indicating a statistically significant difference between G3 and G4 ( p<0.05 ) . It was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures , followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin . Conclusions The technique and the system used to dentin hybridization are able to affect the immediate bond strength of resin cement dual adhesive . Key words : Adhesion , adhesive resin cement , adhesive systems , microshear PURPOSE This study evaluated the adhesion of 10-MDP containing self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements to dentin with and without the use of etch- and -rinse technique . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Human third molars ( N=180 ) were r and omly divided into 6 groups ( n=30 per group ) . Conventional ( Panavia F2.0 , Kuraray-PAN ) and self-adhesive resin cements ( Clearfil SA , Kuraray-CSA ) were bonded to dentin surfaces either after application of 3-step etch- and -rinse ( 35 % H3PO4 + ED Primer ) or two-step self-etch adhesive resin ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test using the universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . The failure types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and quality of hybrid layer was observed under a scanning electron microscope . The data ( MPa ) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α=.05 ) . RESULTS Overall , PAN adhesive cement showed significantly higher mean bond strength ( 12.5 ± 2.3 - 14.1 ± 2.4 MPa ) than CSA cement ( 9.3 ± 1.4 - 13.9 ± 1.9 MPa ) ( P<.001 ) . Adhesive failures were more frequent in CSA cement groups when used in conjunction with two-step self-adhesive ( 68 % ) or no adhesive at all ( 66 % ) . Hybrid layer quality was inferior in CSA compared to PAN cement in all conditions . CONCLUSION In clinical situations where bonding to dentin substrate is crucial , both conventional and self-adhesive resin cements based on 10-MDP can benefit from etch- and -rinse technique to achieve better quality of adhesion in the early clinical period PURPOSE To investigate the effect of phosphoric acid etching prior to the application of self-etching primer on the adhesion of resin composite to tooth substrates . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Bovine teeth were r and omly divided in four groups of 20 sample s each . Tooth surface conditions were as follows : Group 1 : enamel ground with 600-grit SiC paper ; Group 2 : ground enamel was etched with 35 % phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds , water-rinsed and completely dried ; Group 3 : ground dentin ; Group 4 : dentin etched using the same method as Group 2 . The sample s in each group were divided in two subgroups of 10 each . UniFil Bond ( UB ) and Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were applied as adhesive systems with self-etching primers , and a layer of resin composite ( AP-X ) was placed and light-cured for 40 seconds . The tensile bond strengths ( TBS ) were measured and the resin-tooth interfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The mean TBS values were 11.2 MPa ( Group 1-UB ) , 14.3 MPa ( Group 1-SE ) , 16.3 MPa ( Group 2-UB ) , 20.5 MPa ( Group 2-SE ) , 13.4 MPa ( Group 3-UB ) , 16.7 MPa ( Group 3-SE ) , 9.3 MPa ( Group 4-UB ) and 12.6 MPa ( Group 4-SE ) . Two-way ANOVA and Scheffe 's F test showed that the enamel etching significantly increased the TBS values but dentin etching significantly decreased the TBS values This study tested the hypothesis that beveling and /or etching enamel does not affect the 6-month clinical performance of the self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond in class V noncarious lesions . With Institutional Review Board approval , 34 patients were enrolled in this study . A total of 120 noncarious cervical lesions were selected and assigned to 4 groups : ( 1 ) Clearfil SE Bond was applied without any cavity preparation ; ( 2 ) After the enamel was beveled , Clearfil SE Bond was applied ; ( 3 ) After the enamel was etched for 15 seconds with 35 % phosphoric acid , Clearfil SE Bond was applied ; ( 4 ) After the enamel was beveled and etched with 35 % phosphoric acid for 15 seconds , Clearfil SE Bond was applied . A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations . Six months after initial placement , 120 restorations ( a 100 % recall rate ) were re-evaluated . Retention rates at 6 months were 100 % for all groups . Sensitivity to air improved from baseline to 6 months , but the overall difference was not statistically significant . The 6-month retention rate of the self etch dentin adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond was not improved by enamel beveling or by enamel etching . For the self-etch material Clearfil SE Bond , instrumentation or etching of enamel may not be critical for its clinical performance at 6 months PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE UNLABELLED The self-etch approach provides dentists with a generation of user-friendly and less technique-sensitive adhesives . Nevertheless , some concern has been raised regarding their bonding effectiveness to enamel , in particular when so-called ' mild ' self-etch adhesives are employed . OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond ( C-SE ; Kuraray , Osaka , Japan ) bonds equally effective to enamel/dentin either with or without prior etching with phosphoric acid . METHODS Bur-cut enamel/dentin surfaces prepared from human molars were partially split in two halves by cutting a shallow groove . One half was first etched with 40 % phosphoric acid ( K-etchant ) , while protecting the other half by holding a razor blade in the groove . Next , C-SE was applied strictly following the manufacturer 's instructions , after which the surface was built up using Z100 ( 3 M Espe ) . After 24-h water storage , micro-specimens were prepared with the interface circularly constricted using a Micro-Specimen Former , prior to micro-tensile bond strength ( MPa ) measurement . In addition , interfaces of C-SE with enamel/dentin prepared with and without beforeh and acid etching were examined by Feg-SEM and TEM . RESULTS Beforeh and etching significantly increased the bonding effectiveness of C-SE to enamel . A clearly more micro-retentive surface was revealed by TEM and Feg-SEM when enamel was etched . Phosphoric-acid etching prior to C-SE application on dentin significantly decreased the muTBS to dentin . TEM provided indications of a low- quality hybrid layer after beforeh and phosphoric-acid etching . CONCLUSION Using C-SE , additional etching with phosphoric acid to improve bonding effectiveness should be limited to enamel AIM Recently , there has been a tendency to simplify bonding procedures . Current self-etching adhesives combine conditioning , priming and bonding functions thus reducing technique-sensitivity as well as the risk of making errors . Another important advantage of this approach is that it allows the resin to etch and infiltrate the substratum simultaneously thus reducing the risk of any discrepancy between these 2 processes . The aim of this study was to evaluate the bonding quality of 4 self-etching adhesives both on dentin and enamel using SEM analysis . METHODS Twenty caries-free molars were used . The a prisma tic enamel layer was removed from the internal and external slopes of the vestibular cusps using a diamond bur . Each molar was then transversally cut just above the pulp chamber using a diamond saw ( composhave 4255 Intensiv ) thus obtaining twenty coronal fragments and 20 radicular fragments . Radicular and coronal fragments were then r and omly divided into 5 groups . Each group consisted of 8 specimens : 4 coronal and 4 radicular ones . A different adhesive system was used for each group following the manufacturer 's directions . Each group underwent the same treatment : a thin layer of flowable composite was applied and then polymerized . Subsequently , a single 2 mm layer of microhybrid composite was added . The coronal and radicular portions were longitudinally cut to show the ground enamel/adhesive , unground enamel/adhesive and dentine/adhesive interfaces . Eighty specimens were obtained and prepared for SEM observation . Forty specimens with an adhesive/enamel interface and 40 with an adhesive/dentine interface . RESULTS The interfacial exam frequently showed gaps between the substratum and the restoration . The final etching was generally satisfactory on ground enamel , while it was poor on unground enamel . Sometimes gaps were evident at the adhesive interface in dentin specimens . The tested adhesive systems produced a suitable hybrid layer and a lot of resin-tags were present . CONCLUSIONS Self-etching adhesives showed an adequate adhesion to dentin . However , while they provided encouraging results on ground enamel they did not show to be dependable on unground enamel ABSTRACT Objective Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) inhibitor ; however , its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin has never been reported . Thus , the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two MMP inhibitors ( 2 % chlorhexidine and 2 % green tea extract ) , applied after acid etching , on bond durability of an etch- and -rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin . Material and Methods Occlusal enamel was removed from third molars to expose the dentin surface , and the molars were su bmi tted to a caries induction protocol for 15 days . After removal of infected dentin , specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid ( 15 seconds ) and r and omly divided into three groups , according to the type of dentin pretreatment ( n=10 ) : NT : no treatment ; GT : 2 % green tea extract ; CLX : 2 % chlorhexidine . The etch- and -rinse adhesive system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's instructions , and composite resin restorations were built on the dentin . After 24 hours , at 37 ° C , the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks ( 0.8 mm2 of adhesive area ) and r and omly subdivided into two groups according to when they were to be su bmi tted to microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) testing : immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water . Data were reported in MPa and su bmi tted to two-way ANOVA for completely r and omized blocks , followed by Tukey ’s test ( α=0.05 ) . Results After 24 hours , there was no significant difference in the μTBS of the groups . After 6 months , the GT group had significantly higher μTBS values . Conclusion It was concluded that the application of 2 % green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the etch- and -rinse system to dentin . Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non-treatment ( NT - control ) had any effect on bond strength after water storage The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) concentration on the microtensile bond strength ( muTBS ) of contemporary adhesive systems . Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study . The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat , mid-coronal dentin surfaces . The tested material s were Scotchbond Multi purpose ( SMP ) , Single-Bond ( SB ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) and Clearfil Tri S Bond ( CTSB ) . All the material s were applied according to manufacturer 's instructions and followed by composite application ( Z250 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups : for the etch- and -rinse adhesives ( SMP and SB ) , 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to or after the acid etching procedure . For the self-etch adhesives ( CSEB and CTSB ) 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to the primer . Control groups for each one of the adhesive systems were also set up . The specimens were immediately su bmi tted to muTBS testing and the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the Tukey post hoc test ( alpha = .01 ) . The failure patterns of the specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy . The effects of 2 % CHX were statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) for the self-etch adhesives but were not significant for the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical difference between the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . CHX-based cavity disinfectants in concentrations higher than 0.12 % should be avoided prior to the self-etch adhesive systems evaluated in this study to diminish the possibilities of reduction in bond strength Background The effect of chlorhexidine on bond durability of universal adhesives is not clear . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine on 6-month water storage bond strength of adhesive systems . Material and Methods 72 freshly sound human extracted molars were selected . In each tooth both buccal and lingual sides were prepared by bur to reach superficial dentin and r and omly divided into 6 groups and 12 sub-groups and bonded with Scotchbond Universal ( SBU ) or Scotchbond Multi- purpose ( SBMP ) with/without chlorhexidine ( CHX ) usage . Group 1 : SBU , group2 : SBU+CHX , group3 : Etch+SBU , group4 : Etch+CHX+SBU , group5 : Etch+SBMP , group6 : Etch+CHX+SBMP . After composite curing , water storage and thermocycling was done . Each group was divided into two subgroups . One was tested immediately , and the other was thermocycled for 5000 cycles ( 5 - 55 ° C ) ( it was equivalent to 6 months of storage in distilled water ) . Shear bond strength test was done and failure modes were determined by Stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA , Tukey post-hoc test and Paired Two test with P<0.050 as the level of significance . Results Shear bond strength in late SBU ( Self etch ) was significantly lower than late SBU [ Etch and rinse ( ER ) ] , P value= 0.0001 , also shear bond strength in late SBU [ self-etch ( SE ) ] was significantly lower than immediate SBU ( SE ) , P value= 0.01 . There were no significant differences between other sub-groups and conditions . The most failure mode was adhesive in all the groups . Conclusions Long term bonding durability of SBU(ER ) was better than SBU ( SE ) . CHX usage had prevented bond strength decrease in SBU and SBMP in long term . CHX usage did not have any effect on immediate shear bond strength of SBU and SBMP . Immediate and late shear bond strength of SBMP with/without CHX usage was similar to SBU(SE , ER ) . Key words : Dentin Bonding , Shear Bond Strength , chlorhexidine , 6-month storage BACKGROUND Self-etching adhesives are believed to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used under posterior resin-based composite restorations . The authors tested a twofold hypothesis : a self-etch , or SE , adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch , or TE , adhesive ; an SE adhesive would result in poorer enamel marginal integrity than a TE adhesive . METHODS Patients were selected on the basis of requiring Class I and II restorations in molars and premolars . The authors placed 30 restorations with the SE material ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray America , New York ) and 36 restorations with Prime & Bond NT ( Dentsply Caulk , Milford , Del. ) , which uses 34 percent phosphoric acid to etch enamel and dentin simultaneously . Preparations were of st and ard design , with all margins in enamel without beveling . Upon rubber dam isolation , the authors conditioned the enamel and dentin walls with the self-etching primer ( for Clearfil SE Bond ) or etched with the proprietary 34 percent phosphoric acid ( for Prime & Bond NT ) , followed by application of the corresponding dentin adhesive . Teeth were restored with the proprietary hybrid resin-based composite indicated for posterior restorations : Clearfil AP-X for Clearfil SE Bond or Esthet-X Micro Matrix Restorative for Prime & Bond NT . The restored teeth were evaluated preoperatively and at two weeks , eight weeks and six months postoperatively for sensitivity to cold ( ice ) , air and masticatory forces , as well as for marginal discoloration . RESULTS Analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in postoperative sensitivity between the SE and TE material s at any recall time . Marginal discoloration was rated as " absent " for all restorations at six months . Only one tooth displayed sensitivity to occlusal forces at six months . CONCLUSION The SE adhesive did not differ from the TE adhesive in regard to sensitivity and marginal discoloration . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S Postoperative sensitivity may depend on the restorative technique rather than on the type of dentin adhesive used This study examined the effect of phosphoric acid ( PA ) etching on the bond strength and acid-base resistant zone ( ABRZ ) formation of a two-step self-etching adhesive ( SEA ) system to enamel . An etch- and -rinse adhesive ( EAR ) system Single Bond ( SB ) and a two-step SEA system Clearfil SE Bond ( SE ) were used . Human teeth were r and omly divided into four groups according to different adhesive treatments : 1 ) SB ; 2 ) SE ; 3 ) 35 % PA etching→SE primer→SE adhesive ( PA/SEp+a ) ; ( 4 ) 35 % PA etching→SE adhesive ( PA/SEa )  . Microshear bond strength to enamel was measured and then statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey honestly significant difference test . The failure mode was recorded and analyzed by χ ( 2 ) test . The etching pattern of the enamel surface was observed with scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . The bonded interface was exposed to a demineralizing solution ( pH=4.5 ) for 4.5 hours and then 5 % sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonication for 30 minutes . After argon-ion etching , the interfacial ultrastructure was observed using SEM . The microshear bond strength to enamel of the SE group was significantly lower ( p<0.05 ) than that of the three PA-etched groups , although the latter three were not significantly different from one another . The ABRZ was detected in all the groups . In morphological observation , the ABRZ in the three PA-etched groups were obviously thicker compared with the SE group with an irregular wave-shaped edge OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the bond strength of luting systems for bonding glass fiber posts to root canal dentin . The hypothesis tested was that there are no differences in bond strength of glass fiber posts luted with different cement systems . METHODS Forty bovine incisors were r and omly assigned to five different resin cement groups ( n=8 ) . After endodontic treatment and crown removal , translucent glass fiber posts were bonded into the root canal using five different luting protocol s ( self-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and etch- and -rinse adhesive system ; self-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; dual-cured cement and self-etch adhesive system ; and dual-cured self-adhesive cement ) . Push-out bond strength was evaluated at three different radicular levels : cervical , middle , and apical . The interface between resinous cement and the post was observed using a stereoscopic microscope . RESULTS Analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference among the cements ( p<0.05 ) and the root canal thirds ( p<0.05 ) . The self-adhesive resinous cement had lower values of retention . CONCLUSIONS The resin cements used with etch- and -rinse and self-etch adhesive systems seem to be adequate for glass fiber post cementation PURPOSE Acid-etched dentin has been described to easily collapse when it is dried with air after being rinsed with water under laboratorial " ideal " conditions . Manufacturers of modern dentin adhesives recommend leaving dentin moist , regardless of the solvent used in their proprietary dentin adhesives . Nevertheless , many clinicians still dry the cavity preparation after rinsing off the etching gel to check for the enamel frosted aspect . The null hypothesis to be tested in this clinical study was that drying dentin with air upon rinsing off the acid would not result in lower short-term retention rates than when the cavity was left visibly moist . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Upon Internal Review Board approval , thirty-five patients were enrolled in this study . A total of 128 restorations divided into four groups were inserted and evaluated at baseline : ( A ) Prime & Bond NT , an acetone-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( B ) Prime & Bond NT applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s ; ( C ) Single Bond , an ethanol- and water-based adhesive , applied on moist dentin ; ( D ) Single Bond applied on dentin dried with air for 3 to 4 s. A microfilled composite resin was used for all restorations . RESULTS At 6 months after initial placement , 119 restorations ( a 93 % recall rate ) were re-evaluated . Retention rates at 6 months were 97 % ( one failure ) for Single Bond/moist dentin and 100 % for the remaining three groups ; however , they were not significantly different ( retention rate vs dentin adhesive ; retention rate vs moisture ) . CONCLUSION Dentin substrate in noncarious lesions may be less sensitive to variations in dentin moisture than the " ideal " dentin substrate used under laboratory conditions Objective : This in vitro study evaluated the effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper ( ABS ) contamination on the microleakage of one-step and two-step self-etching adhesives . Study design : Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 freshly extracted human molars . Teeth were r and omly assigned into three groups according to contamination material applied ( Group I , no contamination ; Group II , blood contamination ; Group III , ABS contamination ) . In contaminated groups , one drop of blood and ABS solution was applied directly to the dentin surface and air-dried . Each group was further divided into two subgroups according to bonding agent used [ Group A , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etching adhesive ) ; Group B , Adper Easy One ( one-step self-etching adhesive ) ] . Adhesive material s were applied according to the manufacturers ’ recommendations . The specimens were restored using a universal microhybrid composite ( Arabesk ) . After thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C – 55 ° C ) and immersion in a 0.5 % basic fuchsin , dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope . Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at p < 0.05 . Results : Significantly higher microleakage scores were observed when one-step self-etching adhesive was applied to blood- and ABS-contaminated dentin . However , when a two-step self etching adhesive was used , microleakage was observed only following blood contamination , not following ABS contamination . Conclusions : Although , blood contamination before adhesive application result ed in increased microleakage with both one-step and two-step self-etching adhesive systems , ABS contamination did not affect microleakage when a two-step self-ething adhesive system was used . Key words : Ankaferd Blood Stopper , blood , microleakage , self-etching adhesive OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times PURPOSE To evaluate the 18-month clinical performance of a multimode adhesive ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive , SU , 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN , USA ) in noncarious cervical lesions ( NCCLs ) using two evaluation criteria . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients participated in this study . Two-hundred restorations were assigned to four groups : ERm , etch- and -rinse + moist dentin ; ERd , etch- and -rinse + dry dentin ; Set , selective enamel etching ; and SE , self-etch . The composite resin , Filtek Supreme Ultra ( 3 M ESPE ) , was placed incrementally . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , and at 18 months , using both the World Dental Federation ( FDI ) and the United States Public Health Service ( USPHS ) criteria . Statistical analyses were performed using Friedman repeated- measures analysis of variance by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Five restorations ( SE : 3 ; Set : 1 ; and ERm : 1 ) were lost after 18 months ( p>0.05 for either criteria ) . Marginal staining occurred in four and 10 % of the restorations evaluated ( p>0.05 ) , respectively , for USPHS and FDI criteria . Nine restorations were scored as bravo for marginal adaptation using the USPHS criteria and 38 % , 40 % , 36 % , and 44 % for groups ERm , ERd , Set , and SE , respectively , when the FDI criteria were applied ( p>0.05 ) . However , when semiquantitative scores ( or SQUACE ) for marginal adaptation were used , SE result ed in a significantly greater number of restorations , with more than 30 % of the total length of the interface showing marginal discrepancy ( 28 % ) in comparison with the other groups ( 8 % , 6 % , and 8 % , respectively , for ERm , ERd , and Set ) . CONCLUSIONS The clinical retention of the multimode adhesive at 18 months does not depend on the bonding strategy . The only differences between strategies were found for the parameter marginal adaptation , for which the FDI criteria were more sensitive than the USPHS criteria
However , for the ultra-mild All-Bond Universal adhesive , the etch- and -rinse strategy was significantly different than the self-etch mode in terms of dentin micro-tensile bond strength , as well as in the global analysis of enamel micro-tensile and micro-shear bond strength ( p≤0.05 ) .
The enamel bond strength of universal adhesives is improved with prior phosphoric acid etching .
However , this effect was not evident for dentin with the use of mild universal adhesives with the etch- and -rinse strategy .
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Selective enamel etching prior to the application of a mild universal adhesive is an advisable strategy for optimizing bonding
OBJECTIVES A systematic review was conducted to determine whether the etch- and -rinse or self-etching mode is the best protocol for dentin and enamel adhesion by universal adhesives .