Evaluation of self-adhesive resin cement bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic (Y-TZP) using four surface treatments. Association of different primers and resin cements for adhesive bonding to zirconia ceramics. Surface Characterization and Short-term Adhesion to Zirconia after Ultra-short Pulsed Laser Irradiation. Retention of zirconia on titanium in two‐piece abutments with self‐adhesive resin cements Silica-based nano-coating on zirconia surfaces using reactive magnetron sputtering: effect on chemical adhesion of resin cements. New zirconia primer improves bond strength of resin-based cements. Influence of surface treatment and simulated aging on bond strengths of luting agents to zirconia. Effects of some chemical surface modifications on resin zirconia adhesion. Thermocycling effect on microshear bond strength to zirconia ceramic using Er:YAG and tribochemical silica coating as surface conditioning Effect of chemical etching solutions versus air abrasion on the adhesion of self-adhesive resin cement  to IPS e.max ZirCAD with and  without aging. Bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic with different surface treatments Effect of various surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia after thermal aging. Adhesion mechanisms at the interface between Y-TZP and veneering ceramic with and without modifier. The Effect of Laser Treatment on Bonding Between Zirconia Ceramic Surface and Resin Cement Effects of multipurpose, universal adhesives on resin bonding to zirconia ceramic. Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic-resin cement microtensile bond strength. Evaluation of a commercial primer for bonding of zirconia to two different resin composite cements. Effect of different surface treatments on adhesion of In-Ceram Zirconia to enamel and dentin substrates. Comparison of resin cement adhesion to Y-TZP ceramic following manufacturers’ instructions of the cements only Resistance to bond degradation between dual-cure resin cements and pre-treated sintered CAD-CAM dental ceramics Evaluation of four surface coating treatments for resin to zirconia bonding. Effect of conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of phosphate monomer-based cement on zirconia ceramic in dry and aged conditions. Can the Application of Multi-Mode Adhesive be a Substitute to Silicatized/Silanized Y-TZP Ceramics?
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of four surface treatments on the bond strength of a self-adhesive resin cement to an yttria-stabilized zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic material ( Lava Frame zirconia ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty plates ( 8 x 6 x 1 mm ) of a Y-TZP ceramic restorative material were r and omly assigned to four groups ( n = 10 ) according to the surface treatments : control , no treatment ; airborne-particle abrasion with 50-μm Al2O3 ; coating with an MDP-based primer ; conditioning with Rocatec System . The ceramic plates treated with each of the four methods were further divided into 2 subgroups according to the resin cement tested : RelyXTM ARC ( ARC , conventional ) and RelyXTM Unicem ( Ucem , self-adhesive ) . The resin cements were put into PVC tubes ( diameter 0.75 mm , 0.5 mm height ) placed on the ceramic plate surfaces . After water storage at 37 ° C for 24 h , the specimens were su bmi tted to a microshear bond strength ( μSBS ) test at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min . RESULTS The surface treatments significantly influenced the μSBS ( p < 0.05 ) . For the four surface treatments , UCem presented significantly higher μSBS than ARC ( p < 0.05 ) . For both resin cements , the best result was produced by the MDP-based primer : ARC 15.9 ± 5.0 MPa and UCem 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa . The highest μSBS values were presented by UCem on ceramic plates treated with the MDP-based primer ( 36.2 ± 2.1 MPa ) and Rocatec system ( 37.4 ± 2.3 MPa ) . CONCLUSION Irrespective of the surface treatment , the self-adhesive resin cement performed better in terms of bond strength to yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic than did conventional resin cement PURPOSE To evaluate the shear bond strength ( SBS ) to zirconia ceramics using different associations of primers and resin cements . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two blocks of LAVA zirconia ( 3Y-TZP ) were r and omly su bmi tted to an application of three different commercially available primers : Alloy Primer ( AP ) , Z-Prime Plus ( ZP ) , and Signum Zirconia Bond ( SZB ) . Nonprimed specimens were considered controls . After treatment , the 80 specimens ( 5 mm × 5 mm × 2 mm ) were r and omly cemented with one of the resin cements : Panavia F , Multilink , seT , and NX3 . For cementation , cylinders of resin cement were built on the ceramic surfaces using the SDI SBS apparatus . The specimens were su bmi tted to the SBS test . Fractured surfaces were observed under stereomicroscopy to determine the failure mode , and mean bond strength values were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Signum Zirconia Bond had the highest SBS compared to all other primers and the control group , regardless of the resin cement used . The highest values were obtained when associating Panavia F with Signum Zirconia Bond . Alloy Primer increased bonding values when associated with seT cement only . When no primer was used , no statistical difference was observed among resin cements . All specimens fractured due to adhesive failure . CONCLUSION Signum Zirconia Bond is capable of increasing bonding values of resin cements to zirconia ceramics . Its association with Panavia F shows enhanced results when considering short-term adhesion to zirconia PURPOSE To evaluate the suitability of an ultra-short pulsed laser ( USPL ) to treat zirconia ceramic surfaces and increase their adhesion to dual-curing resin cement . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty 10 × 10 × 5 mm³ blocks were prepared from a zirconia ceramic ( Y-TZP ) . The specimens were polished and r and omly assigned to four groups ( n = 5 ) which received the following surface treatments : s and blasting ( SB ) with Al₂O₃ particles and silica coating ( SC ) with SiO₂ particles as positive controls ; two groups received USPL irradiation , one with 10 scan repetitions ( L10 ) and the other with 20 ( L20 ) . Laser irradiation was performed at 1030 nm , 2.3 J/cm² , 6 ps pulse duration . The ceramic blocks were duplicated in composite resin and cemented with a dual-curing resin cement . Half of the blocks were then stored in water ( 37 ° C ) for 24 h and the other half for 1 month . At each time , 40 to 60 sticks per group were subjected to microtensile bond strength testing . Data were analyzed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS Laser-treated zirconia presented statistically significantly higher roughness than did SB and SC . After 24 h , the highest bond strength means ( MPa ) were achieved by L10 ( 42.3 ± 10.8 ) and L20 ( 37.9 ± 14.4 ) , and both of them were statistically significantly higher than SB ( 22.0 ± 5.3 ) and SC ( 20.8 ± 7.1 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . After 1 month of storage , L10- and L20-treated zirconia still showed significantly higher bond strengths than did SB- and SC-treated zirconia ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION USPL irradiation significantly increases bond strength of zirconia ceramic to dual-curing resin cement and might be an alternative for improving adhesion to this material Statement of problem . Two‐piece abutments consisting of a prefabricated titanium luting base and a zirconia abutment are used widely in implant restorations . Straightforward and reliable procedures for bonding titanium and zirconia are necessary for ensuring low failure rates in such restorations . Purpose . The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the tensile load of zirconia copings on prefabricated titanium abutments using 4 different self‐adhesive resin cements . Material and methods . A total of 128 industrially manufactured partially yttria‐stabilized zirconia ceramic copings were bonded to titanium abutments with a luting space of about 60 & mgr;m or 100 & mgr;m . The bonding surfaces were airborne‐particle abraded with 50 & mgr;m alumina and cleaned ultrasonically . The zirconia copings were bonded with Panavia SA Cement Automix ( SA ) , RelyX Unicem 2 Automix ( RU ) , MaxCem Elite ( ME ) , or SmartCem 2 ( SC ) . Specimens from each cement group were r and omly assigned to be stored either in distilled water ( 37 ° C ) for 3 days or subjected to 37 500 thermocycles over 150 days . After debonding in tension , failure modes ( adhesive or cohesive ) were analyzed , and basic fuchsin dye penetration tests were performed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy . Three‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used for statistical analysis ( & agr;=.05 ) . Results . Three‐way ANOVA results determined that the luting resin used and the luting space had a significant effect ( P≤.002 ) , while the storage time did not have an overall effect ( P>.05 ) . The interaction between the luting resin used and storage time was significant ( P<.001 ) . After storage for 3 days , the retentive force of SA ( 1002 N ) was highest , followed by that for RU ( 614 N ) , ME ( 550 N ) , and SC ( 346 N ) ( P≤.05 ) ; the forces for RU and ME were not significantly different ( P>.05 ) . However , after thermocycling , RU had the highest retentive force ( 848 N ) , followed by SA ( 646 N ) , ME ( 475 N ) , and SC ( 364 N ) ( P≤.05 ) . Retentive forces for ME and SC were not significantly different ( P>.05 ) . The failure modes of the zirconia abutment surfaces were predominantly adhesive , while those of the titanium surfaces were mainly cohesive . The SA specimens showed the lowest dye penetration , followed by the RU , ME , and SC specimens . Conclusions . The greatest mean retention was found with Panavia SA Cement Automix and RelyX Unicem 2 Automix with a luting space of 60 & mgr;m when bonding zirconia copings to titanium PURPOSE To compare the effect of silica (Si)-based nano-coating deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering ( RMP ) with that of conventional surface conditioning using metal/zirconia primer alone or after air-particle abrasion on the adhesion of resin cements to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two hundred forty zirconia ceramic blocks ( Cercon ) were sintered , finished with 1200- grit SiC paper under water cooling , and cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water for 10 min . The blocks ( 4.5 mm x 3.5 mm x 4.5 mm ) were r and omly divided into 24 groups ( n = 10 ) according to 3 testing parameters : a ) resin cements ( Multilink , Panavia F , RelyX U100 ) , b ) surface conditioning ( no conditioning as control group ; Metal/Zirconia Primer ; air abrasion + Metal/Zirconia Primer ; Si-based nanofilm + Monobond s ) ; c ) aging ( no aging vs thermocycling at 5 ° C to 55 ° C , 6000 cycles ) . The nanofilm was deposited by direct current using argon/oxygen plasma ( 8:1 in flux ) on the zirconia surface . Resin cements were bonded to zirconia surfaces using polyethylene molds . The shear bond strength ( SBS ) test was performed using a universal testing machine ( 1 mm/min ) , and after debonding , the substrate and adherent surfaces were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes to categorize the failure types . The data were statistically evaluated using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test ( 5 % ) . RESULTS Resin cement type ( p < 0.05 ) , surface conditioning method ( p < 0.05 ) , and aging condition ( p < 0.05 ) had a significant effect on the bond strength results . Interactions were also significant ( p < 0.05 ) . In the nonaged condition , while control groups presented the lowest results with all cements ( 0 to 5.2 MPa ) , the airabraded group in combination with RelyX U100 result ed in the highest SBS ( 21.8 ± 6.7 MPa ) . After aging , the SBS results decreased in the air-abraded groups for all cements ( 4.54 to 9.44 MPa ) and showed no statistical significance compared to the Si-based nanocoated groups ( 4.24 to 6.44 MPa ) . After air-abrasion and primer application , only Panavia F and RelyX U100 cements showed exclusively mixed failures , but after nanofilm coating and silanization , all cements showed exclusively mixed failures with and without aging . CONCLUSION Chemical adhesion of the resin cements tested to zirconia was similar after silica-based nanofilm deposition and air abrasion followed by primer application OBJECTIVE Various chemical interactions can be used to develop ceramic-resin bonding and specific approaches are available for zirconia ceramics . This study evaluated the effect of a new experimental primer , a mixture of organophosphate and carboxylic acid monomers , on the  zirconia-to-resin shear bond strength ( SBS ) . METHODS Forty Y-TZP blocks ( 15x4x2 mm ) were embedded in an acrylic resin base , polished , Al(2)O(3)-s and blasted and r and omly divided into eight groups .  Three different resin-based luting agents ( BisCem , Duo-Link , Panavia F ) were used to build 2.4mm-diameter cylinders ( n=15 ) onto the zirconia surface with and without the new experimental zirconia primer . The new primer was also tested with Z100 restorative composite resin cylinders . In addition , Panavia was used with its own primer ( Clearfil Ceramic Primer ) . SBS testing was carried out after 24h of storage in water . Scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) was used to evaluate the zirconia surface topography and failure mode . RESULTS According to ANOVA and Tukey test ( alpha=0.05 ) , the association of the experimental primer with the restorative composite resin Z100 yielded the highest SBS ( 29.35MPa ) followed by DuoLink with the new primer ( 26.68MPa ) . The groups that did not receive the experimental primer presented the lowest SBS values ( from 5.95 to 9.79MPa ) . The failure mode was adhesive for the non-primed specimens and predominantly mixed in the primed groups . SIGNIFICANCE The use of the new zirconia experimental primer based on organophosphate/carboxylic acid monomers increased the bond strength of different resin-based luting agents including Z100 restorative material OBJECTIVE To evaluate short- and long-term shear bond strengths of 4 luting agents to zirconia following different surface treatments . METHOD AND MATERIAL S A total of 320 ceramic specimens fabricated from a commercial zirconium oxide ceramic ( Lava ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups : left untreated ( NOT ) , airborne-particle abraded ( SND ) , Rocatec tribochemical silica/silane coated ( ROC ) , or ground and polished ( GRD ) . Resin composite cylinders were bonded to the zirconia specimens with resin composite luting agent RelyX ARC ( ARC ) , universal adhesive resin composite RelyX Unicem ( UNI ) , adhesive-phosphate-monomer-containing resin composite Panavia F ( PAN ) , or the hybrid glass-ionomer cement RelyX Luting ( LUT ) .  Subgroups of 10 specimens were stored in distilled water ( 37 degrees C ) for 3 days ( ST ) or stored for 180 days and thermocycled for 12,000 cycles ( LT/TC ) before shear bond strength was tested . Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon 2- sample rank sum test ( alpha = .01 ) . RESULTS Short-term shear bond strengths were higher with ROC than with SND , which were both greater than GRD or NOT . UNI revealed higher shear bond strengths than PAN , ARC , and LUT . LT/TC significantly decreased shear bond strength values . GRD and NOT produced the lowest shear bond strengths . SND and ROC significantly increased bond strength . ROC generally yielded the highest long-term shear bond strength , especially with UNI , PAN , or ARC . These were similar to SND and PAN , which revealed the highest long-term shear bond strengths . CONCLUSIONS Surface treatment , luting agent , and storage conditions significantly influence shear bond strengths to zirconia . Artificial aging significantly reduces shear bond strengths . Airborne-particle abrasion combined with a resin composite containing adhesive phosphate monomers or tribochemical silica/silane coating combined with any of the tested resin composite luting agents provides superior long-term shear bond strength values OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of various chemical surface modifications on adhesion between zirconia and resin adhesive . MATERIAL AND METHODS Pre-sintered zirconia discs were sectioned from commercial cylindrical blocks and polished with abrasive papers under running tap water . All the discs were r and omly divided into five study groups according to the methods of surface treatment , including : the  control group ( fully sintered , without any modification ) , group S ( fully sintered and s and blasted with silica coated alumina particles ) , group HN ( fully sintered and etched with a blend of mineral acid solution at 100 ° C for 25 min ) , group HF ( fully sintered and etched with 48 % hydrofluoric acid solution at 100 ° C for 25 min )  , and group Si ( coated with silica particles and then fully sintered ) .  The mean value of surface roughness was evaluated before further treatment . Resin stubs ( 3.6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height ) were adhered and light cured on each zirconia disc after the application of a silane coupling agent . In each group , all the sample s were further divided into three subgroups with each n=12 , one for the measurement of initial adhesion strength ( shear bond ) value and the other two were tested after thermal cycling for 10,000 and 20,000 cycles , respectively . The results were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Turkey HSD ( p<0.05 ) . XRD technique was utilized in the examination of zirconia surface crystallinity . The morphological appearance of zirconia surface after surface treatment was observed with SEM . RESULTS The control group showed the lowest initial shear bond strength ( SBS ) value ( 16.8 ± 2.4 MPa ) and did not survive the aging treatments . All the investigated surface treatments improved resin zirconia bond strength significantly , the group S displaying the highest initial value of 25.1 ± 2.7 MPa . However , the highest resistance to the aging effects of thermal cycling was found in group Si . It was further shown in the XRD examination that only the grit-blasting caused the crystalline transformation from tetragonal phase to monoclinic phase ( T → M ) . On the other h and , such a phase transformation could not be detected in all the other four groups . SIGNIFICANCE Resin zirconia adhesion could be effectively improved by both HF etching and silica coating on zirconia surface , without leading to a T → M crystalline phase transformation The purpose of this study is to evaluate the thermocycling effect on the microshear bond strength ( μSBS ) of different self-adhesive resin cements to zirconia using tribochemical silica coating Rocatec ™ ( ROC ) and Er : YAG as surface conditioners . Two hundred forty square-like zirconia sample s were polished and r and omly assigned in four groups according surface treatment applied as follows : ( 1 ) no treatment ( NT ) , ( 2 ) silica coating with ROC , 3 ) Er : YAG laser irradiation ( LAS : 2.940 nm , 200 mJ ; 10 Hz ) , and ( 4 ) laser followed by Rocatec ™ ( LAROC ) . Each group was divided into two subgroups according the resin tested as follows : ( A ) BiFix SE ( BIF ) and ( B ) Clearfil SA ( CLE ) . After 24 h , half of the specimens from each subgroup were tested . The other half was stored and thermocycled ( 5–55 ° C/5,000 cycles ) . A μSBS test was performed using a universal testing machine ( cross head speed = 0.5 mm/min ) . Failure modes were recorded and observed by scanning electronic microscopy . Data was analyzed with ANOVA , Student ’s t test , and chi-square tests , and linear regression was performed ( p < 0.05 ) . Before thermocycling , both cements showed higher μSBS results with ROC and LAROC . After aging , ( 1 ) all BIF specimens evidence d severely decreased adhesion with mostly adhesive failures and ( 2 ) CLE maintained the initial results in ROC and LAROC groups , performing better with ROC . Thermocycling did not negatively influence the resin – zirconia μSBS results in the self-adhesive resin cement containing 10-MDP when used on zirconia surface coated with silica , independently of previous Er : YAG surface treatment OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the adhesion of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia after various surface conditioning methods in non-aged and aged conditions . METHODS Zirconia ( IPS e.max ZirCAD , Ivoclar Vivadent ) and resin composite blocks were obtained and r and omly divided into four groups according to one of the following surface conditioning methods : C : No surface treatment ( Control ) ; AS : Air abrasion ( 50 µm Al2O3 ) at low pressure ( 0.2 MPa ) plus silane ( Monobond Plus , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; MC : Methylene chloride for 60 min ; CE : Chemical etching solution at 100 ° C for 60  min . Surface roughness ( Ra ) measurements were performed on the control and conditioned zirconia specimens using a profilometer . Each conditioned zirconia block was bonded to its corresponding resin composite block using self-adhesive resin cement ( RelyX Unicem Aplicap , 3 M ESPE ) under a load of 300 g. Half of the groups were tested without aging ; the other half were tested after x6000 thermocycling . Sticks were obtained from bonded specimens and subjected to microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) testing in a universal testing machine ( 0.5 mm/min ) . Failure types were classified after debonding . Data ( MPa ) were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest mean Ra value was obtained in Group CE ( 0.52 µm ) , and the lowest in Group C ( 0.25 µm ) . Significantly lower MTBS test results were obtained in Group C , both in non-aged ( 17.4 ± 1.1 MPa ) and aged ( 5.11 ± 0.5 MPa ) conditions than in the other groups ( 34.6 ± 1.5 to 51.2 ± 1.1 MPa ; 28.0 ± 0.9 to 49.5 ± 1.0 MPa in non-aged and aged conditions , respectively ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Group CE presented the highest MTBS test results in both non-aged and aged conditions ( 51.2 ± 1.1 MPa and 49.5 ± 1 MPa , respectively ) ( P < 0.05 ) . Failure types were predominantly adhesive in all groups before and after aging . After aging , less adhesive and more mixed and cohesive failures in cement were observed in Groups AS and CE than in the other groups . CONCLUSION Chemical etching of zirconia may have potential use as a substitute for air abrasion as a surface conditioning method for zirconia Zirconia-based ceramics offer strong restorations in dentistry , but the adhesive bond strength of resin cements to such ceramics is not optimal . This study evaluated the influence of surface treatments on the bond strength of resin cement to yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ( Y-TZP ) ceramic . Seventy-five plates of Y-TZP ceramic were r and omly assigned to five groups ( n = 15 ) according to the surface treatments [ airborne particle abrasion , neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd : YAG ) laser irradiation ( Fidelis Plus 3 , Fotona ; 2 W , 200 mJ , 10 Hz , with two different pulse duration s 180 or 320 μs ) , glaze applied , and then 9.5 % hydrofluoric acid gel conditioned , control ] . One specimen from each group was r and omly selected , and specimens were evaluated with x-ray diffraction and SEM analysis . The resin cement ( Clearfil Esthetic Cement , Kuraray ) was adhered onto the zirconia surfaces with its corresponding adhesive components . Shear bond strength of each sample was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Bond strengths were analyzed through one-way ANOVA/Tukey tests . Surface treatments significantly modified the topography of the Y-TZP ceramic . The Nd : YAG laser-irradiated specimens result ed in both increased surface roughness and bond strength of the resin cement . The highest surface roughness and bond strength values were achieved with short pulse duration . Nd : YAG laser irradiation increased both surface roughness of Y-TZP surfaces and bond strength of resin cement to the zirconia surface This study evaluated the effect of chairside and laboratory types of surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia ceramic after thermocycling . Disk-shaped ( diameter : 10 mm , thickness : 2 mm ) Y-TZP ceramics ( Lava , 3 M ESPE ) were used ( N=40 ) and finished with wet 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper . Specimens were r and omly divided into four experimental groups according to the following surface conditioning methods ( n=10 per group ) : Group 1 - -Chairside airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O2 + Alloy Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 2 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O3 + Cesead II Opaque Primer ( Kuraray ) ; Group 3 - -Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm A12O3 + Silano-Pen + silane coupling agent ( Bredent ) ; Group 4 - -Laboratory tribochemical silica coating ( 110-microm Al2O3 + 110-microm SiOx ) ( Rocatec ) + silane coupling agent ( ESPE-Sil ) . Adhesive cement , Panavia F 2.0 ( Kuraray ) , was bonded incrementally to the ceramic surfaces using polyethylene molds ( diameter : 3.6 mm , height : 5 mm ) . All specimens were thermocycled ( 5 and 55 degrees C , 6,000 cycles ) and subjected to shear bond strength test ( 1 mm/min ) . Data were statistically analyzed ( one-way ANOVA , alpha=0.05 ) , whereby no significant differences were found among the four groups ( 8.43+/-1.3 , 8.98+/-3.6 , 12.02+/-6.7 , and 8.23+/-3.8 MPa ) ( p=0.1357 ) . Therefore , the performance of chairside conditioning methods used for zirconia was on par with the laboratory alternative tested OBJECTIVE This study investigated the mechanism of action at the interface between a commercially available Y-TZP  and its veneering ceramic after final firing . Particular attention was paid , from a microstructural point of view , to evaluating the effects of different surface treatments carried out on the zirconia . METHODS In total , 32 specimens of presintered zirconia Y-TZP ( LavaFrame , 3 M ESPE , Germany ) were cut with a low-speed diamond blade . The specimens were divided in two major groups , for testing after fracture or after mirror finishing , and were sintered following the manufacturer 's instructions . Each major group was then r and omly divided into four subgroups , according to using or not using the dedicated framework modifier , with or without a preliminary silica coating ( CoJet , 3 M ESPE ) . A suitable veneering ceramic was used for each group ( Lava Ceram Overlay Porcelain , 3 M ESPE ) . A detailed microstructural study of the interfaces of the zirconia-veneering ceramic was performed using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer to evaluate chemical variation at the interfaces . RESULTS When the framework modifier was not applied on the Y-TZP surface , microdetachments , porosities , and openings in the ceramic layer were observed at the interlayers . A degree of diffusion of different elements through the interfaces from both the zirconia and veneering layers was detected . CONCLUSIONS Application of the framework modifier can increase the wettability of the zirconia surfaces , allowing a continuous contact with the veneering layer . The micro- analysis performed showed the presence of a reaction area at the interface between the different material s. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE the increase of the wettability of the zirconia surface could improve the adhesion at interface with the veneering ceramic and reduce the clinical failure as chipping or delamination Abstract Objective . The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of different surface treatments and laser irradiation on the shear bond strength of resin cement to zirconia-based ceramic . Material and methods . Forty zirconia core specimens ( 10-mm diameter , 2-mm thickness ) were produced and embedded in the centers of autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks . Subsequently , specimens were r and omly divided into four groups , each containing 10 specimens , for different surface treatment methods . The details of the groups are as follows : Group C , no treatment applied ( control ) ; Group SB , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were airborne particle-abraded with 110-μm alumina oxide particles ; Group HF , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were etched with 9.6 % hydrofluoric acid ; and Group L , bonding surfaces of ceramic disks were irradiated by a CO2 laser . A total of 40 composite resin disks were fabricated and cemented with an adhesive resin cement to the specimen surfaces . A universal test machine was used for the shear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min . Results . The highest shear bond strength values were obtained with Group L ( 20.99 ± 3.77 MPa ) and the lowest values with Group C ( 13.39 ± 3.10 MPa ) . Although there was no significant difference between Groups C , HF and SB ( P > 0.05 ) , Group L showed a significant difference from all other groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion . All surface treatment methods improved the bond strength between resin cement and the zirconium oxide ceramic surface . CO2 laser etching may represent an effective method for conditioning zirconia surfaces , enhancing micromechanical retention and improving the bond strength of resin cement on zirconia ceramic This study evaluated the effects of single-bottle , multi purpose , universal adhesives on the bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . Polished zirconia ceramic ( Cercon base ) discs were r and omly divided into four groups ( n=40 ) according to the applied surface-conditioning agent : Single Bond 2 , Single Bond Universal , All-Bond Universal , and Alloy Primer . Cured composite cylinders ( Ø 0.8 mm × 1 mm ) were cemented to the conditioned zirconia specimens with resin cement ( RelyX ARC ) . The bonded specimens were subjected to a microshear bond-strength test after 24 hours of water storage and after 10,000 cycles of thermocycling . The surface-conditioning agent significantly influenced the bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . Single Bond Universal showed the highest initial bond strength ( 37.7 ± 5.1 MPa ) , followed by All-Bond Universal ( 31.3 ± 5.6 MPa ) , Alloy Primer ( 26.9 ± 5.1 MPa ) , and Single Bond 2 ( 8.5 ± 4.6 MPa ) . Artificial aging significantly reduced the bond strengths of all the test groups ( p<0.05 ) . After 10,000 cycles of thermocycling , All-Bond Universal showed the highest bond-strength value ( 26.9 ± 6.4 MPa ) . Regardless of artificial aging , Single Bond Universal and All-Bond Universal showed significantly higher bond strengths than Alloy Primer , a conventional metal primer OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high ) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic ( Cercon ® Zirconia , DENTSPLY ) were r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n=3 ) , based on the surface treatment to be performed : ( 1 ) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al₂O₃ particles ( S ) ; ( 2 ) selective infiltration etching ( SIE ) ; ( 3 ) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min ( ST ) and ( 4 ) no treatment ( C ) . Paradigm MZ100 blocks ( 3 M ESPE ) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness . Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement ( Calibra ® , DENTSPLY ) , in combination with the proprietary adhesive system . After 24h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure . Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn 's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05 ) . Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group . SIGNIFICANCE Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of a commercial zirconia primer ( Choice or RelyX Unicem ) on shear bond strength ( SBS ) of two different resin composite cements - Choice ( a conventional bis-GMA-based resin cement ) and RelyX Unicem ( self-adhesive resin cement ) - to zirconia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Zirconia blocks were manufactured and r and omly divided into 5 main groups ( n = 20 ) that received surface treatments and cements as follows : no surface treatment , Choice and RelyX Unicem ( groups C and U , resp . ) ; tribochemical silica coating followed by silanization , Choice ( group SSC ) ; application of a zirconia primer , Choice and RelyX Unicem ( groups ZC and ZU , resp . ) . Light-curing composite resin cylinders were prepared and bonded on the prepared zirconia blocks using the two different resin cements . Half of the specimens in each group were stored in water for 24 h , and half were aged by 50 days of water storage followed by thermocycling ( 12,000 cycles between 5 ° C and 55 ° C ) . Thereafter , all of them were su bmi tted to the SBS test . Fourier transmission infrared ( FT-IR ) spectrum analysis and gas mass spectrometry ( MS ) analysis were adopted for characterization of the zirconia primer . RESULTS Statistical analysis of the SBS test showed that group C presented the lowest SBS values and group SSC the highest ( p < 0.01 ) . Artificial aging exerted no influence on the SBS of groups U , SSC , ZC , or ZU . FT-IR analysis suggested that benzene rings and carboxylic groups exist in the zirconia primer . MS analysis detected that 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate , triethylamine , ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate , ethanol , and water are contained in the primer . CONCLUSION The zirconia primer and self-adhesive resin cement increased the SBS of zirconia PURPOSE Resin bonding of In-Ceram Zirconia ( ICZ ) ceramics is still a challenge , especially for minimally invasive applications . This study evaluated the adhesion of ICZ to enamel and dentin after different surface treatments of the ceramic . MATERIAL S AND METHODS ICZ ceramic specimens ( diameter : 6 mm ; thickness : 2 mm ) ( N = 100 ) were fabricated following the manufacturer 's instructions and r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 20 ) , according to the surface treatment methods applied . The groups were as follows : group C : no treatment ; group SB : s and blasting ; group SCS-S : CoJet+silane ; group SCS-P : CoJet+Alloy Primer ; group GE-S : glaze+ hydrofluoric acid etching ( 9.6 % ) for 60 s+silane . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups to be bonded to either enamel or dentin ( n = 10 per group ) using MDP-based resin cement ( Panavia F2.0 ) . All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( 5000x , 5 ° C-55 ° C ) . The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine and tensile force was applied to the ceramic/cement interface until failure occurred ( 1 mm/min ) . After evaluating all the debonded specimens under SEM , the failure types were defined as either " adhesive " with no cement left on the ceramic surface ( score 0 ) or " mixed " with less than 1/2 of the cement left adhered to the surface with no cohesive failure of the substrate ( score 1 ) . The data were statistically evaluated using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The highest tensile bond strength for the enamel surfaces was obtained in group GE-S ( 18.1 ± 2 MPa ) and the lowest in group SB ( 7.1 ± 1.4 MPa ) . Regarding dentin , group CSC-P showed the highest ( 12 ± 1.3 MPa ) and SB the lowest tensile bond strength ( 5.7 ± 0.4 MPa ) . Groups SB , CSC-S , CSC-P , and GE-S did not show significant differences between the different surface treatments on either enamel or dentin surfaces ( p < 0.05 , p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Groups CSC-P and GE-S presented similar bond strength for both the enamel and dentin substrates ( p < 0.8 and p < 0.9 ) , respectively . While on enamel substrates , exclusively adhesive failures from ICZ ( score 0 ) were found , on dentin exclusively mixed failures were observed ( score 1 ) . CONCLUSION Adhesion of ICZ to both enamel and dentin can be improved when ceramics are glazed , etched , and silanized , or s and blasted , primed , and cemented with an MDP-based cement The objectives of this study were ( 1 ) to evaluate the bond strength of four resin material s with various chemical compositions following the manufacturers ’ instructions only and ( 2 ) to test their durability in dry and thermal aged conditions when they were bonded to zirconia ceramic . Four types of resin material s namely , Panavia F 2.0 , Multilink , SuperBond and Quadrant Posterior Dense , were attached to the disc-shaped zirconia ceramics ( LAVA , 3 M ESPE ) using polyethylene molds and polymerized accordingly after the ceramics were wet ground finished and ultrasonically cleaned . The specimens were r and omly divided into two groups for ageing conditions . While the dry groups were tested immediately after attachment of the resin cement , the other specimens were subjected to thermocycling ( ×6,000 , 5–55 ° C ) . Bond strength results were significantly affected by the storage condition ( p < 0.001 ) and type of resin ( p < 0.001 ; analysis of variance ) . Panavia F 2.0 showed the highest bond strength results under dry conditions ( 9.6 ± 4.1 MPa ) . When manufacturers ’ instructions of the resin cements were followed , no adhesion ( 0 MPa ) was achieved on the zirconia after 6,000 thermal cyclings including Panavia F 2.0 Objective : To evaluate the bond stability of resin cements when luted to glass-reinforced alumina and zirconia CAD/CAM dental ceramics . Study design : Eighteen glass-infiltrated alumina and eighteen densely sintered zirconia blocks were r and omly conditioned as follows : Group 1 : No treatment ; Group 2 : S and blasting ( 125 µm Al2O3-particles ) ; and Group 3 : Silica-coating ( 50 µm silica-modified Al2O3-particles ) . Composite sample s were r and omly bonded to the pre-treated ceramic surfaces using different resin cements : Subgroup 1 : Clearfil Esthetic Cement ( CEC ) ; Subgroup 2 : RelyX Unicem ( RXU ) ; and Subgroup 3 : Calibra ( CAL ) . After 24 h , bonded specimens were cut into 1 ± 0.1 mm2 sticks . One-half of the beams were tested for microtensile bond strength ( MTBS ) . The remaining one-half was immersed in 10 % NaOCl aqueous solution ( NaOClaq ) for 5 h before testing . The fracture pattern and morphology of the debonded surfaces were assessed with a field emission gun scanning electron microscope ( FEG-SEM ) . A multiple ANOVA was conducted to analyze the contributions of ceramic composition , surface treatment , resin cement type , and chemical challenging to MTBS . The Tukey test was run for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05 ) . Results : After 24 h , CEC luted to pre-treated zirconia achieved the highest MTBS . Using RXU , alumina and zirconia registered comparable MTBS . CAL failed prematurely , except when luted to s and blasted zirconia . After NaOClaq storage , CEC significantly lowered MTBS when luted to zirconia or alumina . RXU decreased MTBS only when bonded to silica-coated alumina . CAL recorded 100 % of pre-testing failures . Micromorphological alterations were evident after NaOClaq immersion . Conclusions : Resin-ceramic interfacial longevity depended on cement selection rather than on surface pre-treatments . The MDP-containing and the self-adhesive resin cements were both suitable for luting CAD/CAM ceramics . Despite both cements being prone to degradation , RXU luted to zirconia or untreated or s and blasted alumina showed the most stable interfaces . CAL experimented spontaneous debonding in all tested groups . Key words : CAD/CAM ceramic , alumina , zirconia , resin cement , surface pre-treatment , s and blasting , silica-coating , chemical aging , bond degradation , microtensile bond strength OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of four surface coating methods on resin to zirconia  shear bond strength . MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty pre-sintered zirconia discs were prepared and r and omly divided into five study groups according to the corresponding methods of surface treatments as follows : group C ( control group , fully sintered without any surface treatment ) , group S ( fully sintered and then s and blasted with silica coated alumina powder ) , group G ( fully sintered and then coated with glazing porcelain followed by acid etching ) , group Si ( pre-coated with silica slurry then fully sintered ) , and group Z ( coated with zirconia particles and then fully sintered ) . The observation of surface morphology and elemental composition analysis were conducted by SEM and EDX . Self-adhesive resin cement stubs ( diameter 3.6 mm and height 3 mm ) were then bonded on the zirconia discs with a cylindrical shape . Both initial and artificial aged ( including 30-day water storage , thermal cycling for 3000 and 6000 cycles ) shear bond strengths were then evaluated . RESULTS All the tested coating methods showed significantly higher shear bond strengths than the control group , in both dry and aged conditions . Group S produced the strongest initial zirconia/resin bonding ( 19.7MPa ) and the control group had the lowest value ( 8.8MPa ) . However , after thermal cycling , group Z exhibited the highest mean value . All the sample s in the control group failed in the thermal cycling . Both different coating methods ( p<0.001 ) and various aging treatments ( p<0.001 ) produced significant influence on resin-zirconia shear bond strength . CONCLUSIONS A reliable and durable resin zirconia bonding is vital for the longevity of dental restorations . Silica coating might be a reliable way in enhancing adhesion between resin and zirconia The objective of this study was to evaluate the durability of bond strength between a resin cement and aluminous ceramic su bmi tted to various surface conditioning methods . Twenty-four blocks ( 5 x 5 x 4 mm(3 ) ) of a glass-infiltrated zirconia-alumina ceramic ( In-Ceram Zirconia Classic ) were r and omly divided into three surface treatment groups : ST1-Air-abrasion with 110-mum Al2O3 particles + silanization ; ST2-Laboratory tribochemical silica coating method ( 110-microm Al2O3 , 110-microm silica ) ( Rocatec ) + silanization ; ST3-Chairside tribochemical silica coating method ( 30-microm SiO(x ) ) ( CoJet ) + silanization . Each treated ceramic block was placed in its silicone mold with the treated surface exposed . The resin cement ( Panavia F ) was prepared and injected into the mold over the treated surface . Specimens were sectioned to achieve nontrimmed bar specimens ( 14 sp/block ) that were r and omly divided into two conditions : ( a ) Dry-microtensile test after sectioning ; ( b ) Thermocycling (TC)-(6,000x , 5 - 55 degrees C ) and water storage ( 150 days ) . Thus , six experimental groups were obtained ( n = 50 ) : Gr1-ST1 + dry ; Gr2-ST1 + TC ( ; ) Gr3-ST2 + dry ; Gr4-ST2 + TC ; Gr5-ST3 + dry ; Gr6-ST3 + TC . After microtensile testing , the failure types were noted . ST2 ( 25.1 + /- 11 ) and ST3 ( 24.1 + /- 7.4 ) presented statistically higher bond strength ( MPa ) than that of ST1 ( 17.5 + /- 8) regardless of aging conditions ( p < 0.0001 ) . While Gr2 revealed the lowest results ( 13.3 + /- 6.4 ) , the other groups ( 21.7 + /- 7.4 - 25 . 9 + /- 9.1 ) showed statistically no significant differences ( two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's test , alpha = 0.05 ) . The majority of the failures were mixed ( 82 % ) followed by adhesive failures ( 18 % ) . Gr2 presented significantly higher incidence of ADHESIVE failures ( 54 % ) than those of other groups ( p = 0.0001 ) . Both laboratory and chairside silica coating plus silanization showed durable bond strength . After aging , air-abrasion with 110-microm Al(2)O(3 ) + silanization showed the largest decrease indicating that aging is fundamental for bond strength testing for acid-resistant zirconia ceramics in order to estimate their long-term performance in the mouth This study evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-mode adhesive ( SBU-Scotch Bond Universal/3 M ) as a substitute for silica coating and silane application on the bonding of zirconia ceramics to resin cement . One-hundred and twenty sintered zirconia ceramic blocks ( 5 x 5 x 5 mm ) were obtained , finished by grounding with silicon carbide paper ( # 600 , # 800 , # 1000 and # 1200 ) and r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) in accordance with the factors " surface treatment " ( ScSi - silicatization + silanization ; ScSBU - silicatization + SBU ; SBU - SBU without photoactivation and SBUp - SBU photoactivated ) and " ceramic " ( Lava / 3 M ESPE , Ceramill Zirconia / Amann Girrbach and Zirkonzahn / Zirkonzahn ) . Dual resin cement cylinders ( RelyX Ultimate/3 M ESPE ) were subsequently produced in the center of each block using a silicon matrix ( Ø=2 mm , h=5 mm ) and photoactivated for 40 s ( 1200 mW/cm2 ) . The sample s were stored for 30 days in distilled water ( 37ºC ) and su bmi tted to shear bond strength test ( 1 mm/min , 100 KgF ) . Data ( MPa ) were analyzed under ANOVA ( 2 levels ) and Tukey test ( 5 % ) . Complementary analyzes were also performed . ANOVA revealed that only the factor " surface treatment " was significant ( p=0.0001 ) . The ScSi treatment ( 14.28A ) promoted statistically higher bond strength values than the other ScSBU ( 9.03B ) , SBU ( 8.47B ) and SBUp ( 7.82B ) , which were similar to each other ( Tukey ) . Failure analysis revealed that 100 % of the failures were mixed . The silica coating followed by the silanization promoted higher bond strength values of resin cement and ceramic , regardless of the zirconia ceramic or SBU
Airborne-particle abrasion and tribochemical silica coating are reference pretreatment methods .
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With a number of  zirconia ceramic material s currently available for clinical use , an overview of the scientific literature on the adhesion methods and their potential influence is indicated .
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to classify and analyze the existing methods and material s proposed to improve adhesion to zirconia surfaces .
Adhesive monomers are necessary for chemical bonding .
Surface contamination and aging have negative effects on adhesion to zirconia .