The 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9). Development and psychometric properties in a primary care sample. Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in Chronic Lower Limb Venous Insufficiency (CIVIQ) Validity and reliability of the Persian versions of WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index Psychometric properties of the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI): Assessment in a UK research volunteer population Validation of the Turkish version of the foot and ankle outcome score Functional Rating Index: A New Valid and Reliable Instrument to Measure the Magnitude of Clinical Change in Spinal Conditions The Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program Health Questionnaire (SCAP-HQ): an instrument to assess outcomes of schizophrenia care. The PEDro scale had acceptably high convergent validity, construct validity, and interrater reliability in evaluating methodological quality of pharmaceutical trials. Italian version of ASES questionnaire for shoulder assessment: cross-cultural adaptation and validation Reliability and validity of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score: a validation study from Iran Validity and reliability of a newly developed quality of life questionnaire for patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases. Further validity testing of the Abu-Saad Paediatric Pain Assessment Tool. Translation and Validation Study of the Iranian Versions of the Neck Disability Index and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale Development of a self-report screening instrument for assessing potential opioid medication misuse in chronic pain patients. An empirical evaluation of the SF-12, SF-6D, EQ-5D and Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the hand The General Function Score: a useful tool for measurement of physical disability. Validity and reliability Reliability and validity of King's Health Questionnaire in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder with urge incontinence in Japan. Validation of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Measuring quality of life in cosmetic surgery patients with a condition-specific instrument: the Derriford Scale. How to assess appearance distress and motivation in plastic surgery candidates: Italian validation of Derriford Appearance Scale 59 (DAS 59). Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale: Initial Validation in Three Clinical Trials Establishing the minimal number of items for a responsive, valid, health-related quality of life instrument. Validation of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score for Hallux Rigidus
OBJECTIVE To develop and psychometrically test a brief patient-report instrument for measuring Shared Decision Making ( SDM ) in clinical encounters . METHODS We revised an existing instrument ( Shared Decision Making Question naire ; SDM-Q ) , including the generation of new items and changing the response format . A 9-item version ( SDM-Q-9 ) was developed and tested in a German primary care sample of 2351 patients via face validity ratings , investigation of acceptance , as well as factor and reliability analysis . Findings were cross-vali date d in a r and omly selected sub sample . RESULTS The SDM-Q-9 showed face validity and high acceptance . Factor analysis revealed a clearly one-dimensional nature of the underlying construct . Both item difficulties and discrimination indices proved to be appropriate . Internal consistency yielded a Cronbach 's alpha of 0.938 in the test sample . CONCLUSION The SDM-Q-9 is a reliable and well accepted instrument . Generalizability of the findings is limited by the elderly sample living in rural areas of Germany . While the current results are promising , further testing of criterion validity and administration in other population s is necessary . PRACTICE IMPLICATION S The SDM-Q-9 can be used in studies investigating the effectiveness of interventions aim ed at the implementation of SDM and as a quality indicator in health services assessment Quality of life may be considerably reduced in patients who are suffering from chronic lower limb venous insufficiency , although existing generic quality of life instruments ( NHP , SF-36 or SIP ) can not completely identify their specific complaints . The Chronic Venous Insufficiency Question naire ( CIVIQ ) has been developed by iterative process . First , a pilot group of 20 patients was used to identify a number of important features of quality of life affected by venous insufficiency , other than physical symptoms of discomfort . A second study involving 2,001 subjects was used to reduce the number of items . Subjects were asked to score both the severity of their problems and the importance they attributed to each problem on a 5-point Likert scale . The importance items found in patients with venous insufficiency were subjected to factorial analyses ( PCA , PAF ) . The final version is a 20-item self-administered question naire which explores four dimensions : psychological , physical and social functioning and pain . Internal consistency of the question naire was vali date d for each dimension ( Cronbach 's alpha > 0.820 for three out of four factors ) . Reproducibility was confirmed in a 60 patient test-retest study . Pearson 's correlation coefficients for both the four dimension subscales and for the global score at 2-week intervals were greater than 0.940 . Finally , the question naire was tested in a r and omized clinical trial of 934 patients in order to assess responsiveness and the convergent validity of the instrument , together with the patient 's own quality of life . This study demonstrated that convergence was valid : Pearson 's correlation coefficients between clinical score differences and quality of life score differences were small ( from 0.199–0.564 ) but were statistically different from 0 ( p<0.001 ) . St and ardized response mean ( SRM ) and effect size ( ES ) were calculated to assess sensitivity to change . SRM and ES both demonstrated considerble responsiveness to change ( > 0.80 ) . Reliability , face , content , construct validity and responsiveness were also determined for this specific quality of life question naire relating to venous insufficiency . Results suggest that this question naire may be used with confidence to assess quality of life in clinical trials on chronic venous insufficiency The WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index have not been translated and vali date d for Iranian patients with osteoarthritis ( OA ) of the knee or hip . The aim of this study was to vali date the Persian form of WOMAC OA Index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index and to assess their test – retest reliability and convergent validity . Forward/backward translations and consensus panels were conducted to obtain the Persian versions of WOMAC OA Index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index .  A non-probability sample of 116 patients with knee/hip osteoarthritis was asked to complete the WOMAC OA Index and Lequesne Algofunctional Index as well as Medical Outcomes Study —20-Item Short Form ( SF-20 ) question naires , a visual analogue scales ( VAS ) of pain and demographic information form . Internal consistency ( using Cronbach ’s alpha ) and convergent validity ( by examining the Pearson ’s correlation coefficients ) were evaluated to determine the psychometric properties of the question naires . In order to evaluate test – retest reliability , 20 r and omly selected patients completed the question naires , on a second occasion , 7–10 days later . Cronbach ’s alpha coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients for the WOMAC OA Index and Algofunctional Index subscales ranged from 0.63 to 0.94 and from 0.53 to 0.96 , respectively . Statistically significant correlations were found between WOMAC OA Index , Algofunctional Index and SF-20 subscales and VAS for pain . The Persian version of WOMAC demonstrated a more acceptable validity , internal consistency and reliability compared with the Lequesne Algofunctional Index . However , both indices are valid and reliable instruments for evaluating the OA severity of knee/hip in Iran Objectives Question naires are essential for measuring tinnitus severity and intervention-related change but there is no st and ard instrument used routinely in research setting s. Most tinnitus question naires are optimised for measuring severity but not change . However , the Tinnitus Functional Index ( TFI ) cl aims to be optimised for both . It has not however been fully vali date d for research purpose s. Here we evaluate the relevant psychometric properties of the TFI , specifically the question naire factor structure , reproducibility , validity and responsiveness guided by quality criteria for the measurement properties of health-related question naires . Methods The study involved a retrospective analysis of data collected for 294 members of the general public who participated in a r and omised controlled trial of a novel tinnitus device ( Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01541969 ) . Participants completed up to eight commonly used assessment question naires including the TFI , Tinnitus H and icap Inventory ( THI ) , Tinnitus H and icap Question naire ( THQ ) , a Visual Analogue Scale of loudness ( VAS-Loudness ) , Percentage Annoyance question , the Beck 's Depression Inventory ( BDI ) , Beck 's Anxiety Inventory ( BAI ) , and the World Health Organisation Quality of Life-Bref ( WHOQOL-BREF ) . A series of analyses assessed the study objectives . Forty four participants completed the TFI at a second visit ( within 7–21 days and before receiving any intervention ) providing data for reproducibility assessment s. Results The 8-factor structure was not fully confirmed for this general ( non- clinical ) population . Whilst it was acceptable st and alone subscale , the ‘ auditory ’ factor showed poor loading with the higher order factor ‘ functional impact of tinnitus ’ . Reproducibility assessment s for the overall TFI indicate high internal consistency ( α = 0.80 ) and extremely high reliability ( ICC : 0.91 ) , whilst agreement was borderline acceptable ( 93 % ) . Construct validity was demonstrated by high correlations between scores on the TFI and THI ( r = 0.82 ) and THQ ( r = 0.82 ) , moderate correlations with VAS-L ( r = 0.46 ) , PR-A ( r = 0.58 ) , BDI ( r = 0.57 ) , BAI ( r = 0.39 ) and WHOQOL ( r = −0.48 ) . Floor effects were observed for more than 50 % of the items . A smallest detectable change score of 22.4 is proposed for the TFI global score . Conclusion Even though the proposed 8-factor structure was not fully confirmed for this population , the TFI appears to cover multiple symptom domains , and to measure the construct of tinnitus with an excellent reliability in distinguishing between patients . While the TFI may discriminate those whose tinnitus is not a problem , floor effects in many items means it is less appropriate as a measure of change in this subgroup . Further investigation is needed to determine whether these effects are relevant in other population The objective is to develop a Turkish version of the foot and ankle outcome score ( FAOS ) and to investigate its validity and reliability . The Turkish version of FAOS was developed after the translation and back-translation . The translated version was pretested on 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis . Then , the Turkish FAOS was administered to 55 patients having foot and ankle problems . They were also evaluated by using the four subscales of the Turkish version of AIMS 2 , and the Turkish version of SF-36 question naire to test validity . Fifty patients filled out the FAOS for second time to determine test – retest reliability . Construct validity was investigated with use of Spearman ’s rank correlation coefficient . Test – retest reliability was assessed with use of the intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and Cronbach ’s alpha score . The psychometric properties of the Turkish FAOS were generally similar to the original FAOS . The r and om ICC for the five subscales ranged from 0.70 to 0.96 . The Cronbach ’s alpha coefficient ranged from 0.79 to 0.97 . Construct validity of the FAOS was good . The Turkish FAOS correlated with the SF-36 and AIMS 2 scales . The Turkish version of FAOS was valid and reliable instrument to assess the foot and ankle related problems . However , to assess its responsiveness further studies are needed Study Design . A prospect i ve cohort design was used to evaluate the Functional Rating Index in a multicentered setting with 139 participants . The Functional Rating Index is a self-reporting instrument consisting of 10 items , each with 5 possible responses that express graduating degrees of disability . Objectives . The goal of this study was to evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Functional Rating Index . Summary of Background Data . The Functional Rating Index combines the concepts of the Oswestry Low Back Disability Question naire and the Neck Disability Index and seeks to improve on clinical utility ( time required for administration ) . Methods . One hundred thirty-nine subjects with spinal complaints participated in four different cohorts to study reliability , validity , responsiveness , and clinical utility . Results . Reliability : Test-retest : Intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent ( ICC3,k = 0.99 ) ; interitem correlation : Item efficiency was good , ranging between 0.54 and 0.82 , with a moderate correlation among all items ; Cronbach ’s alpha was excellent ( 0.92 ) . Validity : construct : The Functional Rating Index correlated with the Disability Rating Index ( 0.76 ) , the Short Form-12 Physical Component Score ( 0.76 ) , and the Short Form-12 Mental Component Score ( 0.36 ) . Responsiveness : Overall , the size effect was 1.24 , which is commendable . Clinical utility : Time required by the patient and staff averaged 78 seconds per administration , which is noteworthy . Effect of Sociodemographics : Total scores were not affected by education , gender , nor age , suggesting minimal external validity bias . Conclusions . The Functional Rating Index appears to be psychometrically sound with regard to reliability , validity , and responsiveness and is clearly superior to other instruments with regard to clinical utility . The Functional Rating Index is a promising useful instrument in the assessment of spinal conditions Advances in treatment technologies and development of evidence -based st and ards of care dem and better methods for routine assessment of outcomes for schizophrenia in systems of care . This article describes the development and psychometrics of a new instrument to assess outcomes of routine care for persons with schizophrenia in service systems . C and i date items for the Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program Health Question naire ( SCAP-HQ ) were drawn from existing measures . Domains covered include disease outcomes ( symptoms , subjective medication effects , substance abuse ) , functional status , health status , quality of life , and public safety . A sample of 1,584 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were recruited into a large prospect i ve , naturalistic study on the course of treatment for schizophrenia completed the SCAP-HQ at baseline and 1 year later ( n = 434 ) , providing data for factor analysis , assessment of internal consistency , convergent validity , and responsiveness to change . A sub sample of 121 patients completed a test-retest protocol . Fifteen scales were derived by factor analysis from 55 outcome items on the SCAP-HQ . These factors covered psychiatric symptoms , life satisfaction , instrumental activities of daily living , health-related disability , subjective medication side effects , vitality , legal problems , social relations , mental health-related disability , suicidality , drug and alcohol use , daily activities , victimization , violence , and employment . For most scales , st and ard psychometric parameters , including internal consistency and test-retest reliability , convergent validity , and responsiveness to change , were acceptable for application to large sample evaluations of care systems . This new measure represents an advance in the development of outcome measures for schizophrenia for use in large-scale studies of routine care BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The Physiotherapy Evidence Data base ( PEDro ) scale has been widely used to investigate method ological quality in physiotherapy r and omized controlled trials ; however , its validity has not been tested for pharmaceutical trials . The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and interrater reliability of the PEDro scale for pharmaceutical trials . The reliability was also examined for the Cochrane Back and Neck ( CBN ) Group risk of bias tool . METHODS This is a secondary analysis of data from a previous study . We considered r and omized placebo controlled trials evaluating any pain medication for chronic spinal pain or osteoarthritis .  Convergent validity was evaluated by correlating the PEDro score with the summary score of the CBN risk of bias tool . The construct validity was tested using a linear regression analysis to determine the degree to which the total PEDro score is associated with treatment effect sizes , journal impact factor , and the summary score for the CBN risk of bias tool . The interrater reliability was estimated using the Prevalence and Bias Adjusted Kappa coefficient and 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) for the PEDro scale and CBN risk of bias tool . RESULTS Fifty-three trials were included , with 91 treatment effect sizes included in the analyses . The correlation between PEDro scale and CBN risk of bias tool was 0.83 ( 95 % CI 0.76 - 0.88 ) after adjusting for reliability , indicating strong convergence . The PEDro score was inversely associated with effect sizes , significantly associated with the summary score for the CBN risk of bias tool , and not associated with the journal impact factor . The interrater reliability for each item of the PEDro scale and CBN risk of bias tool was at least substantial for most items ( > 0.60 ) . The intraclass correlation coefficient for the PEDro score was 0.80 ( 95 % CI 0.68 - 0.88 ) , and for the CBN , risk of bias tool was 0.81 ( 95 % CI 0.69 - 0.88 ) . CONCLUSION There was evidence for the convergent and construct validity for the PEDro scale when used to evaluate method ological quality of pharmacological trials . Both risk of bias tools have acceptably high interrater reliability The patient-oriented measures , represented by self-administered question naire , have become an important aspect of clinical outcome assessment . To be used with different language groups and in different countries , question naires must be translated and adapted to new cultural characteristics and then vali date d by a widely accepted process to evaluate reliability and validity , fundamental characteristic for each measure . The aim of the study is to perform the cross-cultural adaptation and to assess the Italian version instrument reliability and validity . The study design is a cross-cultural adaptation and cross-sectional study of a sample of patients affected by shoulder disorder with a sub sample followed prospect ively for retest reliability . The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons St and ardized Shoulder Assessment Form was culturally adapted for Italian-speaking people , following the simplified Guillemin criteria . Reliability and validity were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 50 consecutive patients affected by shoulder disorder . A sub- sample of 20 patients was followed prospect ively for retest reliability . The results were compared with other vali date d patient-oriented measures . The ASES scales showed a high correlation with other patient-oriented measures , as hypothesized , and it also showed good values with regard to reproducibility , consistency and validity , to the original versions published in English . These findings suggest that the evaluation capacities of the Italian version of ASES are equivalent to those of English language version The aims of this study were to culturally adapt and vali date the Persian version of Foot and Ankle Outcome Score ( FAOS ) and present data on its psychometric properties for patients with different foot and ankle problems . The Persian version of FAOS was developed after a st and ard forward – backward translation and cultural adaptation process . The sample included 93 patients with foot and ankle disorders who were asked to complete two question naires : FAOS and Short-Form 36 Health Survey ( SF-36 ) . To determine test – retest reliability , 60 r and omly chosen patients completed the FAOS again 2 to 6 days after the first administration . Test – retest reliability and internal consistency were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and Cronbach ’s alpha , respectively . To evaluate convergent and divergent validity of FAOS compared to similar and dissimilar concepts of SF-36 , the Spearman ’s rank correlation was used . Dimensionality was determined by assessing item – subscale correlation corrected for overlap . The results of test – retest reliability show that all the FAOS subscales have a very high ICC , ranging from 0.92 to 0.96 . The minimum Cronbach ’s alpha level of 0.70 was exceeded by most subscales . The Spearman ’s correlation coefficient for convergent construct validity fell within 0.32 to 0.58 for the main hypotheses presented a priori between FAOS and SF-36 subscales . For dimensionality , the minimum Spearman ’s correlation coefficient of 0.40 was exceeded by most items . In conclusion , the results of our study show that the Persian version of FAOS seems to be suitable for Iranian patients with various foot and ankle problems especially lateral ankle sprain . Future studies are needed to establish stronger psychometric properties for patients with different foot and ankle problems INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to test the validity and reliability of a newly developed discipline-specific question naire , the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Question naire ( COMDQ ) , to measure quality of life in patients with chronic oral mucosal conditions . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Two patient sample s were recruited for the purpose s of this study . First , a r and om sample of 160 patients attending the Oral Medicine Unit of Cork University Dental School and Hospital with the following chronic oral mucosal conditions , recurrent aphthous stomatitis , oral lichen planus , the more common vesiculobullous conditions ( mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris ) and orofacial granulomatosis . Second , the COMDQ was r and omly distributed to a sample of 100 patients without a chronic oral mucosal condition .  Convergent and discriminative validity and internal consistency of the newly developed question naire were assessed . RESULTS This study has demonstrated that the newly developed question naire has good convergent validity with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.819 with Oral Health Impact Profile-14 and 0.883 with Visual Analogue Scale for pain scores . The discriminative validity was also good with statistically significant differences between patients with chronic oral mucosal conditions and without chronic oral mucosal conditions . The new instrument has also demonstrated excellent reliability with Cronbach 's alpha of 0.929 . CONCLUSIONS In conclusion , this study has demonstrated that the COMDQ is a valid and reliable measure to assess quality of life in patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases and therefore will be a valuable instrument in the management of these conditions This paper reports on the results of two studies conducted to further vali date the Abu-Saad Paediatric Pain Assessment Tool , a Dutch- language question naire developed to assess pain in school-age children . Children of 5 to 15 years of age reported in the first study their post-operative pain before and after the administration of analgesic medication using word descriptors of pain , the 10-cm scale , the Oucher , and a  visual analogue scale ( VAS ) . Lower mean pain scores at 4-hourly intervals post-analgesia supported the construct validity of the tool . Convergent validity was supported in both studies when scores on all concurrently administered measures positively correlated with the pain tool . In the second study , the correlations between pain and fear , a concurrently used measure with the pain instruments , were low , substantiating the discriminant validity of the pain tool . The significance of the results in relation to instrument development and multidimensional pain assessment in children are further discussed and elaborated Study Design . Cultural translation and psychometric testing . Objective . To translate and vali date the Iranian versions of the Neck Disability Index ( NDI-IR ) and the Neck Pain and Disability Scale ( NPDS-IR ) . Summary of Background Data . The widely used the NDI and the NPDS scales have not been translated and vali date d for Persian-speaking patients with neck pain . This was to provide a vali date d instrument to measure functional status in patients with neck pain in Iran . Methods . The translation and cultural adaptation of the original question naires were carried out in accordance with the published guidelines . One hundred and eighty-five patients with neck pain were participated in the study . Patients were asked to complete a question naire booklet including the NDI-IR , the NPDS-IR , the Iranian SF-36 , and a visual analog scale ( VAS ) of pain . To carry out the test-retest reliability , 30 r and omly selected patients with neck pain were asked to complete the question naire booklet 48 hours later for the second time . Results . Cronbach & agr ; coefficient for the NDI-IR was 0.88 and for the 4 subscales of the NPDS-IR was found to be satisfactory ( ranging from 0.74 to 0.94 ) . The NDI-IR and the NPDS-IR subscales showed excellent test-retest reliability ( intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 ; P < 0.01 ) . The correlation between the NDI-IR and the NPDS-IR subscales and functional scales of the SF-36 showed desirable results , indicating a good convergent validity ( Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from −0.31 to −0.70 ) . The correlation between the NDI-IR and the VAS was 0.71 and between the NPDS-IR subscales and the VAS ranged from 0.63 to 0.79 ( P < 0.01 ) . Conclusion . The Iranian versions of the NDI and NPDS are reliable and valid instruments to measure functional status in Persian-speaking patients with neck pain in Iran . They are simple and easy to use and now can be applied in clinical setting s and future outcome studies in Iran and other Persian speaking communities This study constituted the first step in the psychometric development of a self-report screening instrument for risk of opioid medication misuse among chronic pain patients . A 26-item instrument , the Pain Medication Question naire ( PMQ ) , was constructed based on suspected behavioral correlates of opioid medication misuse , which heretofore have received limited empirical investigation . The PMQ  was administered to 184 patients at an interdisciplinary pain treatment center .  Reliability coefficients for the PMQ were found to be of moderate but acceptable strength . Construct and concurrent validity were examined through correlation of PMQ scores to measures of substance abuse , physical and psychological functioning , and physicians ' risk assessment s. To explore high and low cutoff points for misuse risk , subgroups were formed according to the upper and lower thirds of PMQ scores and compared on validity measures . Higher PMQ scores were associated with history of substance abuse , higher levels of psychosocial distress , and poorer functioning . Future psychometric analyses will consider predictive validity and examine shortened versions of the instrument Background The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties , namely acceptability , validity , reliability , interpretability and responsiveness of the EuroQol EQ-5D ( EQ-5D visual analogue ( VAS ) and EQ-5D ( utility ) ) , Short Form 12 Dimensions ( SF-12 ) , SF-6D and Michigan H and Outcome Question naire ( MHQ ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) of the h and . Methods The empirical investigation was based upon data from a r and omised controlled trial of 488 adults with rheumatoid arthritis who had pain and dysfunction of the h and s and /or wrists . Participants completed the EQ-5D , SF-12 and MHQ at baseline and at 4 and 12 months follow up . Acceptability was measured using completion rates over time ; construct validity using the “ known groups ” approach , based on pain troublesomeness ; convergent validity using spearman ’s rho correlation ( ρ ) ; reliability using internal consistency ( Cronbach ’s alpha ) ; interpretability using minimal important differences ( MID ) ; and responsiveness using effect sizes and st and ardised response means ( SRM ) stratified by level of self-rated improvement in h and and wrist function or level of self-rated benefit and satisfaction from trial treatments . Results At baseline , the study population had a mean age of 62.4 years , a mean MHQ score of 52.1 and included 76 % women . The EQ-5D ( utility ) had the highest completion rates across time points . All instruments discriminated between pre-specified groups based on pain troublesomeness . Convergent validity analysis indicated that the MHQ score correlated strongly with the EQ-5D ( ρ = 0.65 ) and SF-6D ( ρ = 0.63 ) utility scores . The MHQ was most responsive at detecting change in indicators of RA pain severity between baseline and 4 months , whilst minimal important differences varied considerably across PROMs . Conclusions The instruments evaluated in this study displayed varying psychometric properties in the context of RA of the h and . The selection of a preferred instrument in evaluative studies should ultimately depend on the relative importance placed on individual psychometric properties and the importance placed on generation of health utilities for economic evaluation purpose Abstract The General Function Score ( GFS ) is a disease-specific instrument consisting of nine items focusing on strict physical activities of daily living . It is intended as an alternative to the more complex scores of disability ( such as the Oswestry Disability Index ) , serving as a complement to the quality of life instruments in the study of low back pain ( LBP ) . It was developed from an original 17-item question naire , of which 11 of the items were tested for criterion validity in an observer-supervised performance test . Two items were excluded from further analysis because of too low a validity . The remaining nine-item GFS was tested for construct validity , reliability , feasibility and responsiveness in six different cohorts : 297 patients with chronic low back pain ( cohort 1 ) , an age- and sex-matched control group of 287 r and omly allocated Swedish citizens ( cohort 2 ) , three separate groups of patients admitted for surgery due to low back disorders ( cohorts 3–5 ) and out patients with spinal disorders ( cohort 6 ) . Correlations were tested with the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient , differences between groups with the Mann-Whitney test and the internal consistency with the Cronbach 's coefficient α . The GFS total scores showed correlations of 0.78 , 0.81 and 0.88 in the three aspects of the performance test . The response rate was 98.3–100 % . The mean time to complete the question naire was 1.2 min . The internal consistency was 0.69 and 0.86 in cohorts 1 and 2 respectively . The test-retest correlation was 0.88 . The GFS showed a high responsiveness to difference and change . The effect size was 0.82–0.96 in surgically treated disc herniation and 0.55–0.85 in spondylolisthesis . The GFS is a highly valid and reliable instrument with good responsiveness and feasibility , useful for evaluation of physical disability AIMS The purpose of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the King 's Health Question naire ( KHQ ) in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder ( OAB ) with urge incontinence . METHODS Data from a 12-week , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing tolterodine with oxybutynin in patients with symptoms of OAB in Japan were analyzed . Cronbach 's alpha coefficient was calculated as a reliability index . Inter-domain correlation was calculated for convergent and discriminant validity assessment . A factor analysis was conducted to explore the underlying factor structure of the KHQ . Sensitivity to clinical change was also evaluated . RESULTS The psychometric properties and clinical validity of the KHQ Japanese version were confirmed in this study population , and were similar between males and females . The KHQ 's good reliability was evidence d by Cronbach 's alpha coefficients of > 0.60 , indicating reasonable consistency except for the personal relationship domain in males ( 0.47 ) and severity ( coping ) measure domain in females ( 0.59 ) . Discriminant , convergent , and construct validity of the KHQ were also good , with the factor analysis identifying those factors which the KHQ was intended to measure . Finally , KHQ domains were generally responsive to clinical efficacy variables ; the KHQ also showed statistically significant sensitivity to change in patients ' perception of bladder condition in all domains , except General Health Perception . CONCLUSIONS Our analyses confirm psychometric properties and clinical validity of the KHQ Japanese version , which appears to offer a valid and reliable HRQoL instrument for use in clinical trials of antimuscarinics in Japan Introduction : The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ( AOFAS ) Ankle-Hindfoot Score has been under recent scrutiny . The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score ( FAOS ) is an alternative subjective survey , assessing outcomes in 5 subscales . It is vali date d for lateral ankle instability and hallux valgus patients . The aim of our study was to vali date the FAOS for assessing outcomes in flexible adult acquired flatfoot deformity ( AAFD ) . Methods : Patients from the authors ’ institution diagnosed with flexible AAFD from 2006 to 2011 were eligible for the study . In all , 126 patients who completed the FAOS and the Short-Form 12 ( SF-12 ) on the same visit were included in the construct validity component . Correlation was deemed moderate if the Spearman ’s correlation coefficient was .4 to .7 . Content validity was assessed in 63 patients by a question naire that asked patients to rate the relevance of each FAOS question , with a score of 2 or greater considered acceptable . Reliability was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICCs ) in 41 patients who completed a second FAOS survey . In 49 patients , preoperative and postoperative FAOS scores were compared to determine responsiveness . Results : All of the FAOS subscales demonstrated moderate correlation with 2 physical health related SF-12 domains . Mental health related domains showed poor correlation . Content validity was high for the Quality of Life ( QoL ; mean 2.26 ) and Sports/Recreation subscales ( mean 2.12 ) . All subscales exhibited very good test – retest reliability , with ICCs of .7 and above . Symptoms , QoL , pain , and daily activities ( ADLs ) were responsive to change in postoperative patients ( P < .05 ) . Conclusion : This study has vali date d the FAOS for AAFD with acceptable construct and content validity , reliability , and responsiveness . Given its previous validation for patients with ankle instability and hallux valgus , the additional findings in this study support its use as an alternative to less reliable outcome surveys . Level of Evidence : Level II , prospect i ve comparative study OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability , validity and sensitivity to change of the Derriford Scale , a quality of life instrument design ed to assess the distress and dysfunction experienced by people who are self-conscious about their physical appearance . SUBJECTS AND DESIGN Postal question naire survey of 656 cosmetic surgery patients recruited from new referral letters and plastic surgery waiting list reports . A total of 443 subjects completed and returned the question naire .  Of these respondents , 203 were sent a second question  naire to assess reproducibility , of whom 155 subjects responded . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency and reproducibility . Face , content and construct validity were also investigated . RESULTS The analyses led to mixed results . There was some evidence of internal consistency , but a number of items had low endorsement levels and there may be scope for reducing the overall size of the instrument . When assessed for reproducibility , the level of agreement between scores of individuals completing the question naire on two occasions was high , but an important systematic shift in responses was also detected . Correlations between the other health status measures and the Derriford Scale provided some evidence of construct validity . CONCLUSION In its present form the Derriford Scale has good descriptive value , but there are some measurement problems identified in this report that need to be addressed before the scale is taken up into general use OBJECTIVE The Derriford Appearance Scale ( DAS ) 59 was specifically design ed to measure psychosocial adjustment in patients with appearance problems . Previous studies using the DAS59 have proven it to be a reliable method of assessing the appearance-related quality of life after plastic surgery procedures . The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable Italian version of the DAS59 . PATIENTS AND METHODS The first Italian translation of this question naire was conducted according to the DAS59 protocol that was design ed by the original authors of the question naire . Eight hundred patients participated in this study and filled out three question naires ( DAS59 , General Health Question naire (GHQ)12 and Beck 's Depression Inventory (BDI)-II ) . There were 400 adult patients with a history of previous plastic surgeries and 400 adult patients without any personal history of previous plastic surgery procedures . A total of 50 patients were selected r and omly for test-retest analysis . RESULTS The overall internal consistency was excellent ( α = 0.95 ) and equal to that of the original article that first described the scale . There was a good correlation between all the items . Domains demonstrated good internal consistency ( Cronbach 's alpha ) and correlation within themselves . The construct validity of the Italian DAS59 was assessed under convergent validity that confirmed the correlation with scales related to other psychological conditions . GHQ12 showed relevant correlation with DAS59 , while BDI-II did not . CONCLUSIONS A valid and reliable Italian DAS59 version was developed that can be used for research and clinical assessment of patients with appearance problems and concerns , especially before and after plastic surgery procedures Objective We examine the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Question naire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS)—which combines the nine-item Patient Health Question naire depression scale and seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale — as a composite measure of depression and anxiety . Methods Baseline data from 896 patients enrolled in two primary -care based trials of chronic pain and one oncology- practice –based trial of depression and pain were analyzed . The internal reliability , st and ard error of measurement , and convergent , construct , and factor structure validity , as well as sensitivity to change of the PHQ-ADS were examined . Results The PHQ-ADS demonstrated high internal reliability ( Cronbach & agr ; values of .8 to .9 ) in all three trials . PHQ-ADS scores can range from 0 to 48 ( with higher scores indicating more severe depression/anxiety ) , and the estimated st and ard error of measurement was approximately 3 to 4 points . The PHQ-ADS showed strong convergent ( most correlations , 0.7–0.8 range ) and construct ( most correlations , 0.4–0.6 range ) validity when examining its association with other mental health , quality of life , and disability measures . PHQ-ADS cutpoints of 10 , 20 , and 30 indicated mild , moderate , and severe levels of depression/anxiety , respectively . Bifactor analysis showed sufficient unidimensionality of the PHQ-ADS score . PHQ-ADS change scores at 3 months differentiated ( p < .0001 ) between individuals classified as worse , stable , or improved by a reference measure , providing preliminary evidence for sensitivity to change . Conclusions The PHQ-ADS may be a reliable and valid composite measure of depression and anxiety which , if vali date d in other population s , could be useful as a single measure for jointly assessing two of the most common psychological conditions in clinical practice and research . Trial Registration : Clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT00926588 ( SCOPE ) ; NCT00386243 ( ESCAPE ) ; NCT00313573 ( INCPAD ) Reducing the number of items in a health-related quality of life instrument will enhance efficiency . However , it is important to maintain measurement properties . We determined the effect of reducing items from each domain ( dyspnea , fatigue , emotion and mastery ) of the 20-item Chronic Respiratory Question naire ( CRQ ) .  Three r and omized trials of respiratory rehabilitation provided data . We removed items one at a time from each domain in three orders : by item impact , item responsiveness , and at r and om . Responsiveness , test-retest reliability and construct validity were evaluated at each step . Responsiveness and reliability , evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients ( ICC ) , were reduced marginally as the number of items was reduced to two items per domain . The deterioration was greatest when reducing from two items to one . To detect a particular effect , sample size would increase by about 10 % when reducing the number of items in a domain to 2 . Construct validity showed a more marked deterioration . Reducing to two items per domain would maintain responsiveness and reliability of the CRQ at an acceptable level , with a trade-off of reduced construct validity and increase in sample size requirements Background There is a clear call for improved patient-centered outcomes . The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score ( FAOS ) is a region-specific patient-reported measure that has been vali date d for a number of foot and ankle diagnoses , but not hallux rigidus . Questions / Purpose sThe aim of this study was to vali date the FAOS in patients with hallux rigidus . Methods From 2007 to 2013 , 211 patients with hallux rigidus ( HR ) were included in the study . For the construct validity portion of the study , 125 patients completed a Short-Form 12 ( SF-12 ) and FAOS survey . Forty additional HR patients were prospect ively given question naires to assess the relevance of each FAOS question as it pertained to their HR . Reliability was assessed in 36 HR patients via administration of a second FAOS an average 1 month following the first . In 55 patients , preoperative and postoperative FAOS scores were compared to determine responsiveness . Results All FAOS subscales demonstrated moderate correlation coefficients with the physical functioning , role physical , bodily pain , and physical health component scores of the SF-12 , with all subscales demonstrating poor correlation with the SF-12 mental health-related domains . Content validity was high for all FAOS scores , with the exception of the daily activities subscale . All subscales achieved acceptable test – retest reliability with correlation coefficients of ≥0.72 . Furthermore , all subscales were rated as responsive to change in postoperative patients ( p < 0.001 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrates the acceptable construct and content validity , reliability , and responsiveness of the FAOS for hallux rigidus . Due to its broad applicability and proven validation across multiple foot and ankle pathologies , the FAOS represents a patient-centered outcome measure that can be reliably used for the assessment of patients with hallux rigidus
No difference was found in the strength of correlation between validation against the most similar construct versus validation against the least similar construct .
It is concluded that the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale ( AIMS ) is the most suitable instrument for the assessment of disabilities in personal care
OBJECTIVES The first aim was to make an inventory of available instruments and question naires for the assessment of  disabilities  in personal care in patients with rheumatic disorders .
The second aim was to investigate which of these instruments have acceptable , method ological quality with regard to reliability , validity and responsiveness .
The third aim was to investigate the assumption that convergent validity results in stronger correlations when vali date d against a more similar construct .