Assessment of dental student posture in two seating conditions using RULA methodology – a pilot study A dental stool with chest support reduces lower back muscle activation Passive rotary dynamic sitting at the workplace by office-workers with lumbar pain: a randomized multicenter study. A wheelchair cushion designed to redistribute sites of sitting pressure. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and an ottoman-type seat effectively improve popliteal venous flow in a sitting position. The relationship between pressure ulcer incidence and buttock-seat cushion interface pressure in at-risk elderly wheelchair users. Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomized controlled trial comparing seated exercises, weight-bearing exercises, and social visits. Effects of seated whole-body vibration on postural control of the trunk during unstable seated balance. Use of child booster seats in motor vehicles following a community campaign: a controlled trial. Effects of dynamic office chairs on trunk kinematics, trunk extensor EMG and spinal shrinkage Healing of advanced pressure ulcers by a generic total contact seat: 2 randomized comparisons with low air loss bed treatments. Seated stepping exercise in a dual-task condition improves ambulatory function with a secondary task: a randomized controlled trial. Prenatal Child Safety Education Effects of keyboard tray geometry on upper body posture and comfort. Simplified electrocardiogram sampling maintains high diagnostic capability for atrial fibrillation: implications for opportunistic atrial fibrillation screening in primary care. Breaking up workplace sitting time with intermittent standing bouts improves fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort in overweight/obese office workers Effect of seat height and turning direction on the timed up and go test scores of people after stroke. Dose-related effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on blood pressure Classroom seating for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapy balls versus chairs. Evaluation of an education, restraint distribution, and fitting program to promote correct use of age-appropriate child restraints for children aged 3 to 5 years: a cluster randomized trial. Effects of stimulating hip and trunk muscles on seated stability, posture, and reach after spinal cord injury. A randomized control trial to evaluate pressure-reducing seat cushions for elderly wheelchair users. Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated sprinting
Objectives To assess dental students ' posture on two different seats in order to determine if one seat predisposes to a difference in working posture . Design A between-subject experimental design was selected . Setting The study was undertaken at the University of Birmingham School of Dentistry in 2006 . Subjects ( material s ) and methods Sixty second year dental students at the University of Birmingham who were attending their fi rst classes in the phantom head laboratory were r and omly selected and allocated to two different seats ( 30 Bambach Saddle Seats and 30 conventional seats ) . Students were trained in the use of the seats . After ten weeks , the students were observed , photographs were taken by the research er and these were assessed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment ( RULA ) . Main outcome measures The posture of the students was assessed using the RULA . Each student was given a risk score . A Mann Whitney test was used for statistical analysis . Results The results indicated that the students using the conventional seat recorded signifi cantly higher risk scores ( p < 0.05 ) when compared with the students using Bambach Saddle Seat , suggesting an improvement in posture when using the Bambach Saddle Seat . Conclusion RULA has identifi ed that dental students using a Bambach Saddle Seat were able to maintain an acceptable working posture during simulated dental treatment and this seating may reduce the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders Activation of back musculature during work tasks leads to fatigue and potential injury . This is especially prevalent in dentists who perform much of their work from a seated position . We examined the use of an ergonomic dental stool with mid-sternum chest support for reducing lower back muscle activation . Electromyography of lower back extensors was assessed from 30 dental students for 20 s during three conditions in r and om order : ( a ) sitting upright at 90 ° of hip flexion on a st and ard stool , ( b ) leaning forward at 80 ° of hip flexion on a st and ard stool , and ( c ) leaning forward at 80 ° of hip flexion while sitting on an ergonomic stool . Muscular activity of the back extensors was reduced when using the ergonomic stool compared to the st and ard stool , by 33–50 % ( p < 0.01 ) . This suggests a potential musculoskeletal benefit with use of a dental stool with mid-sternum chest support BACKGROUND CONTEXT It is generally recognized that long periods of sitting can either cause or aggravate lumbar pain . A new , ergonomically design ed chair has a fixed backrest and a motor-driven seat with a horizontal rotary movement in alternating left-right cycles . PURPOSE The objective of this study is to prove superiority of the new technique of passive rotary dynamic sitting for subjects working in a sedentary occupation and suffering from lumbar pain . STUDY DESIGN / SETTING A r and omized , double-blind , multicenter , two-armed study was performed using a parallel group design . PATIENT SAMPLE 280 persons suffering from lumbar pain were matched pairwise and r and omized en bloc . OUTCOME MEASURES The first and second primary endpoints target criteria were the vali date d German version of the Oswestry Disability Index ( ODI ) and the number of days of absence from work ( DA ) attributable to lumbar pain , each based on a blinded 2-year follow-up observation after r and omization of the subjects . METHODS After inclusion in the study anonymization , the prob and s were r and omized to receive either an office chair with a motor-driven seat performing a horizontal rotary movement or a chair of the same design without the rotary seat movement . Before delivery of the chairs , 23 prob and s ( 8.2 % ) withdrew their consent to inclusion in the study without stating reasons . From 12 of the remaining matching partners , 23 new pairs were created at r and om , and the study commenced with 124 pairs . RESULTS A further 27 prob and s ( 9.6 % ) were lost to follow-up during the period up to the final consultation . This made it possible to observe the primary endpoint in 82.5 % of the prob and s. The median ODI in both groups was 53 ( 95 % confidence interval for median difference:-1.5 to 0.5 ; p=.59 ) . Median DA in both groups was 0 ( 95 % confidence interval for median difference:-infinity-+infinity ; p=1.00 ) . CONCLUSIONS Under the test conditions used in this study , passive rotary dynamic sitting was not superior to sitting in a high- quality , ergonomically design ed chair not equipped with a micro-rotation function in patients suffering from lumbar pain OBJECTIVES Despite the diversity of wheelchair cushions currently in clinical use , pressure on bony prominences continues to be a major problem for wheelchair-bound patients , and the incidence of pressure ulcers remains high . No static surface has been reported to reduce resting pressure under the ischial tuberosities to below that of capillary pressure , which may well be the threshold for inducing tissue damage . An entirely new form of seating was design ed to decrease absolute pressure using a prosthetic fitting technique analogous to a below-the-knee prosthesis . DESIGN A repeated measures r and omized design was used to test differences between the experimental ( TCS ) and three other st and ard cushions . SETTING A Veterans Medical Center outpatient service . PATIENTS Wheelchair-bound volunteer subjects , n = 47 , were selected who weighed more than 60 kg . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pressures were measured by a st and ard air pressure pad and also by a computer-linked array of pressure transducers . The grid was st and ardized and used to generate topographic maps for each site over time . These data were used to measure the seating interface pressures . RESULTS There was a significant main effect of cushion over site , F = 131 for left ischial tuberosity . Pressure were lowest while patients sat on the experimental seat and differences were significant at all time points . Using 1psi as presumed capillary pressure , frequency of success at achieving this pressure threshold was greatest for the experimental seat , p < .001 . This difference persisted throughout the 30 minutes of testing . CONCLUSIONS A computerized pressure grid was developed that allowed evaluation of anatomically localized pressures . The prosthetically design ed TCS displays lower seating pressures than any other cushion tested . Consistent and sustained pressures were below the postulated threshold for tissue damage The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the sitting posture on the lower limb venous flow and to explore the beneficial effects of  neuromuscular electrical stimulation ( NMES )  and an ottoman-type seat on the venous flow . Healthy adult volunteers without a history of lower limb surgery or thromboembolism were recruited , and the flow velocity , cross-sectional area , and flow volume of the popliteal vein were measured using Doppler ultrasound . A posture change from the prone position to the sitting position on the ottoman-type seat decreased the flow velocity and increased the cross-sectional area of the popliteal vein , and the flow volume was not altered over 120 min . The flow velocity was further decreased , and the cross-sectional area was further increased by subjects sitting on a regular driving seat when compared with the values obtained with an ottoman-type seat . The popliteal flow velocity in the NMES leg was significantly higher than in the non-NMES leg throughout the 120-min testing in the sitting position , but no difference in the cross-sectional area was found between the NMES and the non-NMES legs . Thus lower limb venous stasis elicited by the sitting posture was improved by the ottoman-type seat and NMES OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between pressure ulcer incidence and buttock-wheelchair seat cushion interface pressure measurements . DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from a r and omized clinical trial . SETTING Skilled nursing facility . PATIENTS Thirty-two elderly patients ( age , > or = 65 yr ) , with Braden score < or = 18 and Braden mobility and activity subscale score < or = 5 , who used wheelchairs > or = 6 hr/d , were free of existing sitting-induced pressure ulcers , and weighed < or = 250 lb . INTERVENTIONS Generic foam seat cushion or pressure-reducing seat cushion . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The incidence of sitting-induced pressure ulcers over a 1- to 12-month period was compared with pressure measured between patients ' buttocks and wheelchair seat cushions . A flexible pad with a 15 x 15 pressure sensor array was used to measure interface pressure . RESULTS Interface pressure measured on wheelchair seat cushions was higher ( p < or = .01 for both peak pressure and average of highest 4 pressures ) for patients who developed sitting-acquired pressure ulcers compared with those patients who did not . CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that higher interface pressure measurements are associated with a higher incidence of sitting-acquired pressure ulcers for high-risk elderly people who use wheelchairs OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of seated exercises and weight-bearing ( WB ) exercises with social visits on fall risk factors  in older people recently discharged from hospital . DESIGN Twelve-week r and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Home-based exercises . PARTICIPANTS Subjects ( N=180 ) aged 65 and older , recently discharged from hospital . INTERVENTIONS Seated exercises ( n=60 ) , WB exercises ( n=60 ) , and social visits ( n=60 ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome factors were Physiological Profile Assessment ( PPA ) fall risk score , and balance while st and ing ( Coordinated Stability and Maximal Balance Range tests ) . Secondary outcomes included the component parts of the PPA and other physical and psychosocial measures . RESULTS Subjects were tested at baseline and at completion of the intervention period . After 12 weeks of interventions , subjects in the WB exercise group had significantly better performance than the social visit group on the following : PPA score ( P=.048 ) , Coordinated Stability ( P<.001 ) , Maximal Balance Range ( P=.019 ) ; body sway on floor with eyes closed ( P=.017 ) ; and finger-press reaction time ( P=.007 ) tests . The seated exercise group performed better than the social visit group in PPA score ( P=.019 ) but for no other outcome factor . The seated exercise group had the highest rate of musculoskeletal soreness . CONCLUSIONS In older people recently discharged from the hospital , both exercise programs reduced fall risk score in older people . The WB exercises led to additional beneficial impacts for controlled leaning , reaction time , and caused less musculoskeletal soreness than the seated exercises BACKGROUND Low back disorders and their prevention is of great importance for companies and their employees . Whole-body vibration is thought to be a risk factor for low back disorders , but the neuromuscular , biomechanical , and /or physiological mechanisms responsible for this increased risk are unclear . The purpose of this study was to measure the acute effect of seated whole-body vibration on the postural control of the trunk during unstable seated balance . METHODS Twenty-one healthy subjects ( age : 23 years ( SD 4 years ) ) were tested on a wobble chair design ed to measure trunk postural control . Measurements of kinematic variance and non-linear stability control were based on seat angle before and after 30 min of seated whole-body vibration ( b and width=2 - 20 Hz , root-mean-squared amplitude=1.15m/s(2 ) ) . FINDINGS All measures of kinematic variance of unstable seated balance increased ( P<0.05 ) after vibration including : ellipse area ( 35.5 % ) , root-mean-squared radial lean angle ( 17.9 % ) , and path length ( 12.2 % ) . Measures of non-linear stability control also increased ( P<0.05 ) including Lyapunov exponent ( 8.78 % ) , stability diffusion analysis ( 1.95 % ) , and Hurst rescaled range analysis ( 5.2 % ) . INTERPRETATION Whole-body vibration impaired postural control of the trunk as evidence d by the increase in kinematic variance and non-linear stability control measures during unstable sitting . These findings imply an impairment in spinal stability and a mechanism by which vibration may increase low back injury risk . Future work should investigate the effects of whole-body vibration on the anatomical and neuromuscular components that contribute to spinal stability CONTEXT Once children have outgrown car seats , booster seats protect from injury better than lap and shoulder belts alone . However , the majority of children aged 4 to 8 years use only an adult seat belt . OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted community booster seat campaign in increasing observed booster seat use among child passengers in motor vehicles . DESIGN Prospect i ve , nonr and omized , controlled community intervention trial . SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The campaign was initiated in 4 communities in the greater Seattle , Wash , area between January 2000 and March 2001 . Eight communities in Portl and , Ore , and Spokane , Wash , served as control sites . We observed 3609 booster-eligible children ( those aged 4 - 8 years and weighing 18 - 36 kg [ 40 - 80 lb ] ) . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Observed booster seat use 15 months after the start of the campaign . RESULTS Before the campaign began , 13.3 % of eligible children in the intervention communities and 17.3 % in the control communities were using booster seats , adjusting for child age , driver seat belt use , and sex of driver . Fifteen months after the start of the campaign , adjusted booster seat use had increased to 26.1 % in the intervention communities and 20.2 % in the control communities ( P = .008 for the difference in time trends between intervention and control communities ) . CONCLUSION These data suggest that a multifaceted community education campaign can significantly increase the use of child booster seats Seated work has been shown to constitute a risk factor for  low-back pain .  This is attributed to the prolonged and monotonous low-level mechanical load imposed by a seated posture . To evaluate the potential health effects with respect to the low back of office chairs with a movable seat and back rest , trunk kinematics , erector spinae EMG , spinal shrinkage and local discomfort were assessed in 10 subjects performing simulated office work .  On three separate occasions subjects performed a 3 h task consisting of word processing , computer-aided design and reading . Three chairs were used , one with a fixed seat and back rest and two dynamic chairs , one with a seat and back rest movable in a fixed ratio with respect to each other , and one with a freely movable seat and back rest .  Spinal shrinkage measurements showed a larger stature gain when working on the two dynamic chairs as compared with working on the chair with fixed seat and back rest . Trunk kinematics and erector spinae EMG were strongly affected by the task performed but not by the chair type . The results imply that dynamic office chairs offer a potential advantage over fixed chairs , but the effects of the task on the indicators of trunk load investigated were more pronounced than the effects of the chair DESIGN R and omized prospect i ve cohort study . SETTING Long-term care facilities . PARTICIPANTS Two hundred seven subjects with stage III or IV pressure ulcers . INTERVENTION Two separate r and omized control studies of advanced pressure ulcers that compared wound healing on 3 different support surfaces . Subjects were allocated to low air loss bed , up grade d bed overlay ( only in study 1 ) , or 4h/d sitting on an experimental generic total contact seat . The seat was design ed using prosthetics principles aim ed at distributing pressure off bony prominences onto less pressure-sensitive areas . Subjects were followed for 6 months or until they were totally healed . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of subjects who totally healed , time to total healing , and pressure ulcer status score after 4 weeks of treatment . Interface pressures and functional capacity were also measured at 4 weeks . RESULTS In study 1 , 3 subjects worsened on the bed overlay condition and were withdrawn from the study . None worsened on low air loss or generic total contact seat . At 4 weeks in both studies , pressure ulcer status score was lowest for the generic total contact seat ( P<.0001 ) , compared with the other surfaces . Subject population s were similar , so to analyze total healing , results from both studies were combined . Total healing of pressure ulcers occurred as early as 4 weeks in some subjects using the generic total contact seat . Even at 8 weeks , total healing was primarily seen with use of that seat , on which interface pressures , function , and seating tolerance were best . CONCLUSIONS Faster healing and better function indicate that treatment using the generic total contact seat is superior to low air loss bed therapy , which is st and ard care for advanced pressure ulcers BACKGROUND AND AIMS A close relationship exists between dual-task (DT)-related gait changes and the risk of falling in the elderly . However , the impact of DT training on the incidence of falls in the elderly remains unclear . We aim ed to evaluate the effects of a seated stepping exercise in DT conditions to improve walking ability in community-dwelling elderly . METHODS This was a r and omized controlled trial ( RCT ) in community-dwelling elderly in Japan . Fifty-three participants were r and omly assigned to a DT group ( stepping exercise in DT conditions , n=26 ) and a singletask ( ST ) group ( stepping exercise in ST conditions , n=27 ) . All participants received 50 min group training sessions , once a week for 24 weeks . Outcome measures were based on differences in walking ability in singletask ( ST ) , cognitive-task ( CT ) , and manual-task ( MT ) conditions between DT and ST groups . RESULTS Participants in the DT group showed significantly greater improvement in outcome measures , including 10-m gait speed , walking cadence , and cost during cognitive and manual tasks . The number of enumerated figures during CT , as well as the numbers of steps taken and of enumerated figures during stepping with MT demonstrated significant Group × Time interactions ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS This RCT suggests that the seated stepping exercise is more effective at improving ambulatory function in DT conditions than in ST conditions In a prospect i ve trial at two hospitals , 78 of 136 couples received a special 30-minute curriculum  consisting of a lecture , a motion picture demonstrating the consequences of not using child car safety seats , and a question - and -answer session . Four to six months postpartum all parents were interviewed by telephone . When asked how their child rode during the most recent car trip , 96 % of parents who received the special curriculum said they used a crash-tested child car safety seat , compared with 78 % of those who had not received the curriculum . At hospital B , where parents reported demographic factors often associated with low compliance ( eg , lower income , low use of seat belts , lower educational level ) , compliance rose from 60 % before curriculum to 94 % after curriculum ( P<.01 ) . A car safety curriculum added to prenatal classes will increase parents ' use of child car safety seats . Obstetricians and those managing prenatal care should assume a role in educating expectant parents about child passenger safety . ( Obstet Gynecol 65:312 , 1985 The effects of a downward-tilting ( DT ) keyboard tray on wrist posture , seated posture and self-assessed musculoskeletal discomfort were investigated in a field experiment . Thirty-eight professional office workers were studied . A pretest assessed how they typed using either a conventional keyboard on a desk or on an articulating keyboard tray , and with or without wrist rests . Workers were r and omly allocated to a control ( n = 15 ) or test group ( n = 23 ) that used their existing keyboard in a DT system . A post-test was conducted 3 weeks later . Results showed no significant changes in wrist posture , seated posture or reports of musculoskeletal discomfort for the control group , and approximately 50 % of typing wrist movements put the h and in a neutral zone . There were significant improvements in wrist posture , seated posture and upper body musculoskeletal discomfort for the test group using the DT system . Over 80 % of typing wrist movements put the h and into a neutral zone with the DT arrangement . Reactions to using a conventional keyboard on a DT system were positive AIMS Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is a major cause of morbidity , mortality , and health re source consumption . However , as many patients with chronic AF are asymptomatic , rapid , accurate opportunistic screening is needed in primary care to detect AF . Conventional electrocardiogram ( ECG ) technology is too clumsy and time consuming for mass opportunistic screening , thus technology that allows easy , rapid , yet accurate AF screening is required . To address this requirement a prototype h and -held electrode assembly was developed . We hypothesized that a 6-lead frontal-plane ECG acquired from this apparatus in a seated , clothed patient would be as accurate at detecting AF as conventional 12-lead ECG in the undressed , supine patient ( the ' gold st and ard ' ) . METHODS AND RESULTS Electrocardiograms were obtained from 78 patients with AF and 79 with sinus rhythm ( SR ) . All had a  conventional 12-lead ECG  , a 6-lead ECG from conventionally positioned limb electrodes , a supine 6-lead recording using the prototype recorder placed on the lower thorax/upper abdomen , and a 6-lead prototype recording in the seated patient , the latter with loosened clothing only . Electrocardiograms were r and omly and blindly assessed by two cardiologists for ( i ) diagnosis of AF vs. SR and ( ii ) tracing quality ( subjectively assessed as good , adequate , or bad ) . Compared with conventional 12-lead ECG recordings , all ' new ' recording methods performed satisfactorily with sensitivities ≥90 % ( 90 - 99 % ) , specificities ≥94 % ( 94 - 100 % ) , positive predictive values ≥94 % ( 94 - 100 % ) , negative predictive values ≥90 % ( 90 - 99 % ) , and accuracies ≥93 % ( 93 - 99 % ) . Tracing quality was higher in conventional 12-lead recordings ( 71 and 80 % were assessed as good by the two observers ) compared with conventional 6-lead ( 57 and 59 % ) , supine prototype ( 41 and 31 % ) , and sitting prototype ( 39 and 19 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Despite inferior electrocardiographic quality a 6-lead frontal plane ECG acquired by a simple prototype h and -held electrode assembly allowed reliable differentiation of AF from SR compared with st and ard 12-lead ECG Objectives To examine whether the introduction of intermittent st and ing bouts during the workday using a height-adjustable workstation can improve subjective levels of fatigue , musculoskeletal discomfort and work productivity relative to seated work . Methods Overweight/obese office workers ( n=23 ; age 48.2±7.9 years , body mass index 29.6±4 kg/m2 ) undertook two , 5-day experimental conditions in an equal , r and omised ( 1:1 ) order . In a simulated office environment , participants performed their usual occupational tasks for 8 h/day in a : seated work posture ( SIT condition ) ; or interchanging between a st and ing and seated work posture every 30 min using an electric , height-adjustable workstation ( ST AND -SIT condition ) . Self-administered question naires measuring fatigue , musculoskeletal discomfort and work productivity were performed on day 5 of each experimental condition . Results Participants ’ total fatigue score was significantly higher during the SIT condition ( mean 67.8 ( 95 % CI 58.8 to 76.7 ) ) compared with the ST AND -SIT condition ( 52.7 ( 43.8 to 61.5 ) ; p<0.001 ) . Lower back musculoskeletal discomfort was significantly reduced during the ST AND -SIT condition compared with the SIT condition ( 31.8 % reduction ; p=0.03 ) . Despite concentration/focus being significantly higher during the SIT condition ( p=0.006 ) , there was a trend towards improved overall work productivity in favour of the ST AND -SIT condition ( p=0.053 ) . Conclusions Transitioning from a seated to a st and ing work posture every 30 min across the workday , relative to seated work , led to a significant reduction in fatigue levels and lower back discomfort in overweight/obese office workers , while maintaining work productivity . Future investigations should be directed at underst and ing whether sustained use of height-adjustable workstations promote concentration and productivity at work . Trial Registration Number ACTRN12611000632998 OBJECTIVE To identify the effect of chair seat height and turning direction on the Timed Up and Go scores of patients after stroke . DESIGN A cross-sectional study . SETTING A geriatric day hospital in Hong Kong . SUBJECTS Twenty-five patients with sub-acute stroke . METHODS The time taken to complete the Timed Up and Go test with various chair seat heights ( 65 % , 90 % and 115 % of each subject 's leg length - distance from lateral knee joint line to ground in sitting ) and turning directions ( toward the affected and unaffected side ) was recorded using a stopwatch with r and omized test order . RESULTS There were significant differences in Timed Up and Go scores between the 3 levels of chair seat height ( p < 0.001 ) , with the lowest Timed Up and Go scores recorded when the seat height was 115 % of the subject 's leg length and the highest at a seat height of 65 % of the subject 's leg length . Turning toward the affected side was found to be significantly quicker than turning toward the unaffected side ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Chair seat height and turning direction significantly influence the Timed Up and Go scores of patients after sub-acute stroke . Optimizing chair seat height with reference to subject 's leg length and turning direction is essential when using the Timed Up and Go test as an outcome measure in stroke rehabilitation Consumption of flavanol-containing cocoa products has been shown to lower blood pressure ( BP ) , but the minimum dose required to reduce BP is not known . This study aim ed to examine the effect of three different doses of cocoa flavanols ( CF ) on 24-h mean arterial BP . Twenty four hour ambulatory BP ( 24-ABP ) monitoring was performed in 32 men and 20 postmenopausal women with untreated mild hypertension ( seated clinic BP > 130/85 and < 160/100 mm Hg ) . Participants were r and omized and instructed to consume daily a reconstituted cocoa beverage containing 33 , 372 , 712 or 1052 mg day−1 of CF for 6 weeks in a double-blind , parallel comparison . Seated clinic BP and 24-h ABP were measured at 0 , 3 and 6 weeks . Seated clinic BP did not change during the study period . There were significant reductions in 24-h systolic ( 5.3±5.1 mm Hg ; P=0.001 ) , diastolic ( 3±3.2 mm Hg ; P=0.002 ) and mean arterial BP ( 3.8±3.2 mm Hg ; P=0.0004 ) at the 1052 mg day−1 CF only . No reduction in BP was seen at any other dose . No evidence of dose – response was seen in this experiment . The highest dose of 1052 mg CF per day was found to significantly lower BP . These results support previous evidence for CF to lower BP , however more research is needed to establish the most effective dose and food matrix OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of therapy balls as seating on in-seat behavior and legible word productivity of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) . Additionally , social validity was assessed to evaluate teacher and student opinions regarding the intervention . METHOD A single subject , A-B-A-B interrupted time series design was employed across 3 students ( 2 males , 1 female ) with ADHD . The study was conducted in a 4th grade inclusive classroom during daily language arts . During phases 1 and 3 , the 3 participants and all other class members sat on chairs ( in-seat on chair ) ; during phases 2 and 4 , everyone sat on therapy balls ( in-seat on ball ) . Dependent variables were in-seat behavior and legible word productivity . Data were graphed and visually analyzed for differences between phases . RESULTS Results demonstrated increases in in-seat behavior and legible word productivity for the students with ADHD when seated on therapy balls . Social validity findings indicated that generally the teacher and students preferred therapy balls . CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that use of therapy balls for students with ADHD may facilitate in-seat behavior and legible word productivity OBJECTIVES We evaluated an education , distribution , and fitting program for increasing age-appropriate and correct child restraint use . METHODS We performed a cluster r and omized trial involving 28 early childhood education centers in low socioeconomic status areas in Sydney , Australia . The main outcome was optimal restraint use defined as age-appropriate restraints , installed into the vehicle correctly and used correctly . RESULTS One service withdrew after r and omization , so data are presented for 689 child passengers , aged 3 to 5 years , from 27 centers . More children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained ( 43 % vs 31 % ; P = .01 ; allowing for clustering ) . More 3-year-olds were using forward-facing seats rather than booster seats , more 4- to 5-year-olds were using booster seats instead of seat belts alone , and there were fewer errors in use at intervention centers . Among non-English-speaking families , more children attending intervention centers were optimally restrained ( 43 % vs 17 % ; P = .002 ; allowing for clustering ) . CONCLUSIONS The program increased use of age-appropriate restraints and correct use of restraints , which translates to improved crash injury protection . Multifaceted education , seat distribution , and fitting enhanced legislation effects , and the effect size was larger in non-English-speaking families OBJECTIVE To determine the stimulated strength of the paralyzed gluteal and paraspinal muscles and their effects on the seated function of individuals with paralysis . DESIGN Case series with subjects acting as their own concurrent controls . SETTING Hospital-based clinical biomechanics laboratory . PARTICIPANTS Users ( N=8 ) of implanted neuroprostheses for lower extremity function with low-cervical or thoracic level injuries . INTERVENTIONS Dynamometry and digital motion capture both with and without stimulation to the hip and trunk muscles . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Isometric trunk extension moment at 0 ° , 15 ° , and 30 ° of flexion ; seated stability in terms of simulated isokinetic rowing ; pelvic tilt , shoulder height , loaded and unloaded bimanual reaching to different heights , and subjective ratings of difficulty during unsupported sitting . RESULTS Stimulation produced significant increases in mean trunk extension moment ( 9.2±9.5Nm , P<.001 ) and rowing force ( 27.4±23.1N , P<.012 ) over baseline volitional values . Similarly , stimulation induced positive changes in average pelvic tilt ( 16.7±15.7 ° ) and shoulder height ( 2.2±2.5 cm ) during quiet sitting and bimanual reaching , and increased mean reach distance ( 5.5±6.6 cm ) over all subjects , target heights , and loading conditions . Subjects consistently rated tasks with stimulation easier than voluntary effort alone . CONCLUSIONS In spite of considerable intersubject variability , stabilizing the paralyzed trunk with electrical stimulation can positively impact seated posture , extend forward reach , and allow exertion of larger forces on objects in the environment OBJECTIVE To determine if the use of pressure-reducing wheelchair cushions for elderly nursing home resident wheelchair users who are at high risk for developing sitting-acquired pressure ulcers would result in a lower incidence rate of pressure ulcers , a greater number of days until ulceration , and lower peak interface pressures compared with the use of convoluted foam cushions over a 12-month period . To determine the feasibility of conducting a subsequent full-scale definitive trial to evaluate the use of pressure-reducing seat cushions for elderly nursing home resident wheelchair users . DESIGN R and omized control trial SETTING 2200-bed skilled nursing facilities ( 1 suburban and 1 urban academic medical center ) PATIENTS 32 male and female at-risk nursing home residents who were wheelchair users > or = 65 years of age . Participants had Braden Scale scores < or = 18 , Braden Activity and Mobilitysubscale scores < or = 5 , no sitting surface pressure ulcers , and a daily wheelchair sitting tolerance of more than 6 hours . All met criteria for using the ETAC Twin wheelchair . INTERVENTIONS Seating evaluation with pressure-mapping and subsequent seating prescription . Subjects were assigned to either a foam ( n=17 ) or pressure-reducing cushion ( n=15 ) group and weekly assessment s of skin and pressure ulcer risk were made . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of pressure ulcers , days to ulceration , and peak interface pressure . MAIN RESULTS At a 95 % confidence interval , a 2-tailed analysis showed no differences between the FOAM and pressure-reducing cushion groups for pressure ulcer incidence , total days to pressure ulcer , or initial peak interface pressure .  Pressure-reducing cushions were more effective in preventing sitting-acquired ( ischial ) pressure ulcers ( P<.005 ) . Higher interface pressures were associated with a higher incidence of pressure ulcers ( P<.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS A definitive r and omized control multicenter cushion trial is feasible with a sample size of 50 to 100 per study group . In the definitive trial , the definition of sitting-acquired pressure ulcers should be limited to lesions occurring over the ischial tuberosities Abstract This study investigated the effects of two different hydrostatic pressures ( seated or st and ing ) during cold water immersion at attenuating the deleterious effects of strenuous exercise on indices of damage and recovery . Twenty four male well-trained games players ( age 23 ± 3 years ; body mass 81.4 ± 8.7 kg : O2max 57.5 ± 4.9 ml∙kg−1∙min−1 ) completed the  Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test ( LIST ) and were r and omly assigned to either a control , seated cold water immersion or a st and ing cold water immersion ( 14 min at 14 ° C ) . Maximal isometric voluntary contraction , counter-movement jump , creatine kinase , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 and delayed onset muscle soreness ( DOMS ) were measured before and up to 72 h following the LIST . All dependent variables showed main effects for time ( P < 0.05 ) following the LIST , indicating physiological stress and muscle damage following the exercise . There were no significant group differences between control and either of the cold water immersion interventions . Seated cold water immersion was associated with lower DOMS than st and ing cold water immersion ( effect size = 1.86 ; P = 0.001 ) . These data suggest that increasing hydrostatic pressure by st and ing in cold water does not provide an additional recovery benefit over seated cold water immersion , and that both seated and st and ing immersions have no benefit in promoting recovery following intermittent sprint exercise
The two eligible studies for this review provide moderate evidence that saddle seats provided lower ergonomic risk than conventional seats in the examined population of dental students
OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to verify whether the saddle seat provides lower ergonomic risk than conventional seats in dentistry .