Social influences in sports activity among adolescents Perceived social and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in older adolescents and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. Obese children playing towards an active lifestyle. Gender differences in leisure-time versus non-leisure-time physical activity among Saudi adolescents. Leisure activities and cognitive function in elderly community-dwelling individuals in Japan: a 5-year prospective cohort study. Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in adults living in rural south-west England: a cross-sectional analysis Leisure-time physical activity of 13-year-old adolescents. Promoting Physical Activity in Low-Active Adolescents via Facebook: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Test Feasibility School Physical Activity Intervention Effect on Adolescents’ Performance in Mathematics How does a lifestyle intervention during pregnancy influence perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity? The Norwegian fit for delivery study, a randomized controlled trial Effects of an intervention based on self-determination theory on self-reported leisure-time physical activity participation Physical, social and productive leisure activities, cognitive decline and interaction with APOE-epsilon 4 genotype in Chinese older adults. Increasing physical activity in postpartum multiethnic women in Hawaii: results from a pilot study The Relationship Between Physical Activity Levels and Pain in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Organized Sport Participation Is Associated with Higher Levels of Overall Health-Related Physical Activity in Children (CHAMPS Study-DK) Physical inactivity is a risk factor for physical activity-related injuries in children Physical activity and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Why older people do not participate in leisure time physical activity: a survey of activity levels, beliefs and deterrents. The iPeer2Peer Program: a pilot randomized controlled trial in adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Harnessing Different Motivational Frames via Mobile Phones to Promote Daily Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Aging Adults Are perceptions of the physical and social environment associated with mothers' walking for leisure and for transport? A longitudinal study. Parent–child associations for changes in diet, screen time, and physical activity across two decades in modernizing China: China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2009 Leisure time and occupational physical activity: risk of death from ischemic heart disease.
Aims : Habits of leisure time sports activity , similar to other health behaviours , are established during late childhood and early adolescence . While regular leisure time sports activity is a natural part of children 's lifestyle , it starts to decrease during adolescence , particularly among girls . Among the factors influencing children 's sports activity , the role of parents , peers , and other members of children 's social networks seem to be crucial . The purpose of this study was to determine the role of social influences in early adolescents ' leisure time sports activity and to examine gender differences . Methods : Data were collected from middle school students using r and omly selected classes from four schools in distinct school districts in Szeged , Hungary , using a self-administered question naire ( n = 548 ) in which a response rate of 91 % was achieved . Respondents were 10—15 years of age ( mean = 12.2 years , SD = 1.2 years ) with 54.9 % of the sample male and 45.1 % female . Results : Results show significant others as an important influence on sport-related behaviours and suggest that during early adolescence girls ' sports participation is particularly influenced by the social influence of peers ( e.g. friends , classmates , boy/girlfriend ) . Conclusions : Our findings suggest that health promotion programmes should build on possible social influences , i.e. the role of peers , parents and significant others in general , in fostering adolescents ' physical activity OBJECTIVE To determine if perceptions of the social and physical environment are associated with active transport and leisure-time sports among Belgian youth and to investigate if this relationship is moderated by self-efficacy . METHODS In February-May 2008 , 1445 adolescents ( 17.4+/-0.6 yrs ) were recruited in 20 r and omly selected Belgian schools .  Physical activity , psychosocial , and environmental factors were assessed using vali date d question naires . Moderated multilevel regression analysis was used to examine the association between physical activity and possible correlates . RESULTS Social environmental variables  ( modeling and social support ) were positively associated with active transportation and leisure-time sports ( p<0.05 ) . Higher l and use mix diversity , higher street connectivity , more attractive environments , better access to recreational facilities , and higher emotional satisfaction with the neighborhood were associated with more active transportation ( p<0.05 ) . Higher perceived safety from traffic , better access to recreational facilities , more physical activity equipment at home , and fewer electronic devices in the bedroom were associated with more leisure-time sports ( p<0.05 ) . Lower perceived safety and poorer access to ( recreational ) facilities were only associated with lower active transport among youth with lower self-efficacy ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Creating more supportive environments could have the potential to affect the physical activity levels of Belgian adolescents with both high and low self-efficacy AIM To determine whether five months of guided active play in overweight or obese children and adolescents under multi-disciplinary management for weight reduction leads to increased physical activity levels in leisure time , as well as changes in aerobic fitness and body composition . METHODS Sixty overweight or obese children and adolescents were r and omly assigned to an intervention or control group . All participants received dietary advice and were encouraged to increase physical activity level . The intervention group additionally participated in 60-minute guided active play/physical activity twice a week for 5 months . Physical activity was recorded ; aerobic fitness and body composition were measured at inclusion and after cessation of intervention . RESULTS Physical activity level during weekend days was significantly higher for the intervention group compared with the controls after 5 months intervention ( p=0.04 ) . The mean reduction in percentage of body fat was 1.8 % ( 95%CI : 0.6 , 3.1 ) in the intervention group ( p=0.04 ) and not significant among the controls ( 0.9 [ -0.9 , 2.7 ] ) . There was no change in aerobic fitness . CONCLUSION Five months of guided active play was associated with increased physical activity levels during weekend days and reduced body fat , although weakly , in overweight and obese children and adolescents participating in multi-disciplinary weight reduction programmes OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine the gender differences and predictors of leisure versus non-leisure time physical activities among Saudi adolescents aged 14 - 19 years . MATERIAL S AND METHOD The multistage stratified cluster r and om sampling technique was used . A sample of 1,388 males and 1,500 females enrolled in secondary schools in three major cities in Saudi Arabia was included . Anthropometric measurements were performed and Body Mass Index was calculated . Physical activity , sedentary behaviours and dietary habits were measured using a self-reported vali date d question naire . RESULTS The total time spent in leisure and non-leisure physical activity per week was 90 and 77 minutes , respectively . The males spent more time per week in leisure-time physical activities  than females . Females in private schools spent more time during the week in leisure-time physical activities  , compared to females in Stateschools . There was a significant difference between genders by obesity status interaction in leisure-time physical activity .  Gender , and other factors , predicted total duration spent in  leisure-time and non-leisure-time physical activity .  CONCLUSIONS The study showed that female adolescents are much less active than males , especially in leisure-time physical activities . Programmes to promote physical activity among adolescents are urgently needed , with consideration of gender differences OBJECTIVE This study aim ed to clarify the longitudinal relationship between leisure activities and cognitive decline  among Japanese community-dwelling older adults , using a 5-year prospect i ve cohort study design . METHODS A total of 567 men and women , aged 70years and over , participated in the study . The  Mini-Mental State Examination was used in baseline and follow-up surveys to assess cognitive function . The change in cognitive function from baseline to follow-up was determined , and cognitive decline over 5years was used as the outcome variable .  Leisure activities ( hobby , social activity , and physical activity )  were assessed at baseline and used as independent variables . Age , gender , number of years of education , presence of chronic diseases , instrumental activities of daily living , depressive symptoms , smoking , hearing deficits , and level of cognitive function at baseline were used as covariates . RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis , adjusted for potential confounders , showed that non-participation in a hobby  was significantly and independently associated with cognitive decline ( odds ratio : 1.87 , 95 % confidence interval : 1.16 - 3.02 , p<0.01 ) . There were no significant relationships between social activity , physical activity and cognitive decline . CONCLUSIONS Our study found a longitudinal inverse relationship between hobby participation and cognitive decline among elderly Japanese community-dwelling individuals , suggesting that engaging in a hobby in later life can contribute to preserving cognitive function Background Despite the health risks , physical inactivity is common . Identifying the correlates of physical activity to inform the design of interventions to reduce the disease burden associated with physical inactivity is a public health imperative . Rural adults have a unique set of characteristics influencing their activity behaviour , and are typically understudied , especially in Engl and . The aim of this study was to identify the personal , social , and environmental correlates of physical activity in adults living in rural villages . Methods The study used baseline data from 2415 adults ( response rate : 37.7 % ) participating in the first time period of a stepped-wedge cluster r and omised trial , conducted in 128 rural villages from south-west Engl and . Data collected included demographic characteristics , social factors , perception of the local environment , village level factors ( percentage male , mean age , population density , Index of Multiple Deprivation , and sport market segmentation ) , and physical activity behaviour . R and om effects ( “ multilevel ” ) logistic regression models were fitted to the binary outcome whether individuals met physical activity guidelines , and r and om effects linear regression models were fitted to the continuous outcome MET-minutes per week leisure time physical activity , using the personal , social , environmental , and village-level factors as predictors . Results The following factors both increased the odds of meeting the recommended activity guidelines and were associated with more leisure-time physical activity : being male ( p = 0.002 ) , in good health ( p < 0.001 ) , greater commitment to being more active ( p = 0.002 ) , favourable activity social norms ( p = 0.004 ) , greater physical activity habit ( p < 0.001 ) , and recent use of recreational facilities ( p = 0.01 ) . In addition , there was evidence ( p < 0.05 ) that younger age , lower body mass index , having a physical occupation , dog ownership , inconvenience of public transport , and using recreational facilities outside the local village were associated with greater reported leisure-time physical activity . None of the village-level factors were associated with physical activity . Conclusions This study adds to the current literature on the correlates of physical activity behaviour by focusing on a population exposed to unique environmental conditions . It highlights potentially important correlates of physical activity that could be the focus of interventions targeting rural population s , and demonstrates the need to examine rural adults separately from their urban counterparts The leisure-time physical activity  of 13-year-old Finnish adolescents was assessed in the prospect i ve STRIP study . A self-administered question naire ( N=565 ) was used . The leisure-time physical activity index ( PAI ; MET h/week ) was calculated on the basis of reported exercise intensity , duration and frequency ( N=558 ; 53 % boys ) . The participants were divided into Sedentary , Moderately Active and Active groups by PAI tertiles . A sub population ( N=197 ) also used a heart rate monitor ( 3 days , > /=8 h/day ) to assess the time spent on different activity intensities . The median male PAI was 31.3 ( inter-quartile range ( IQR ) 44.2 ) MET h/week and female 19.5 ( IQR 26.3 ) MET h/week ( P=0.0002 ) . The cutoff points of the PAI tertiles were similar for the Active girls ( 31.3 MET h/week ) and boys ( 32.6 MET h/week ) , but for the Sedentary boys it was 19.5 MET h/week and only 5.0 MET h/week for the Sedentary girls . High self-reported leisure-time physical activity associated poorly with time spent on moderate or vigorous exercise measured by heart rate monitoring . Active mothers had more often Active daughters or sons . In conclusion , the amount of leisure-time physical activity of one-third of 13-year-old girls is extremely low . Sedentary adolescents , especially girls , should therefore be put into focus for active efforts to increase their leisure-time physical activity . Parental models may be important Background The World Wide Web is an effective method for delivering health behavior programs , yet major limitations remain ( eg , cost of development , time and re source requirements , limited interactivity ) . Social media , however , has the potential to deliver highly customizable and socially interactive behavioral interventions with fewer constraints . Thus , the evaluation of social media as a means to influence health behaviors is warranted . Objective The objective of this trial was to examine and demonstrate the feasibility of using an established social networking platform ( ie , Facebook ) to deliver an 8 week physical activity intervention to a sample of low-active adolescents ( N=21 ; estimated marginal mean age 13.48 years ) . Methods Participants were r and omized to either an experimental ( ie , Behavioral ) or attentional control ( ie , Informational ) condition . Both conditions received access to a restricted-access , study -specific Facebook group where the group ’s administrator made two daily wall posts containing youth-based physical activity information and re sources . Primary outcomes included physical activity as assessed by accelerometry and self-report . Interactions and main effects were examined , as well as mean differences in effect sizes . Results Analyses revealed significant improvements over time on subjectively reported weekly leisure-time physical activity ( F 1,18=8.426 , P=.009 , η2 = .319 ) . However , there was no interaction between time and condition ( F 1,18=0.002 , P=.968 , η2 = .000 ) . There were no significant time or interaction effects among the objective ly measured physical activity variables . Examination of effect sizes revealed moderate-to-large changes in physical activity outcomes . Conclusions Results provide initial support for the feasibility of delivery of a physical activity intervention to low-active adolescents via social media . Whether by employing behavioral interventions via social media can result in statistically meaningful changes in health-related behaviors and outcomes remains to be determined . Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01870323 ; http:// clinical trials.gov/show/NCT01870323 ( Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6SUTmSeZZ ) Purpose The primary aim of this study was to test the effect of a school-based physical activity intervention on  adolescents ’ performance in mathematics . A secondary aim was to explore potential mechanisms that might explain the intervention effect . Methods The Activity and Motivation in Physical EDucation intervention was evaluated using a two-arm cluster r and omized controlled trial in 14 secondary schools located in low socioeconomic areas of Western Sydney , Australia . Study participants ( n = 1173 ) were grade 8 students ( mean age = 12.94 yr , SD = 0.54 ) . The multicomponent intervention was design ed to help teachers maximize students ’ opportunities for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( MVPA ) during physical education ( PE ) and enhance students ’ motivation toward PE . Mathematics performance was assessed as part of national testing in grade 7 , which was the year before the trial began and then again in grade 9 . Potential mediators were : ( i ) proportion of PE lesson time that students spent in MVPA and leisure time MVPA ( % ) , measured using Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers , and ( ii ) students ’ self-reported engagement ( behavioral , emotional , and cognitive ) during mathematics lessons . Mediators were assessed at baseline ( grade 8) and follow-up ( grade 9 , 14–15 months after baseline ) . Results The effect of the intervention on mathematics performance was small-to-medium ( & bgr ; = 0.16 , P < 0.001 ) . An intervention effect was observed for MVPA% in PE ( & bgr ; = 0.59 , P < 0.001 ) , but not for leisure time MVPA or any of the engagement mediators . There were no significant associations between changes in potential mediators and mathematics performance .  Conclusions The Activity and Motivation in Physical EDucation intervention had a significant positive effect on mathematics performance  in adolescents . However , findings should be interpreted with caution as the effect was small and not associated with changes in hypothesized mediators Background To develop effective health promotional and preventive prenatal programs , it is important to underst and perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy , including exercise and sport participation . The aims of the present study was 1 ) to assess the effect of prenatal lifestyle intervention on the perceived barrier to leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy and the first year after delivery and 2 ) identify the most important perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity at multiple time points during and after pregnancy . Methods This secondary analysis was part of the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study , a combined lifestyle intervention evaluated in a blinded , r and omized controlled trial . Healthy , nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy of ≤20 gestational weeks , age ≥ 18 years and body mass index ≥19 kg/m2 were recruited via healthcare clinics in southern Norway , including urban and rural setting s. Participants were r and omized to either twice-weekly supervised exercise sessions and nutritional counselling ( n = 303 ) or st and ard prenatal care ( n = 303 ) . The principal analysis was based on the participants who completed the st and ardized question naire assessing their perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity at inclusion ( gestational week 16 , n = 589 ) and following intervention ( gestational week 36 , n = 509 ) , as well as six months ( n = 470 ) and 12 months ( n = 424 ) postpartum . Results Following intervention ( gestation week 35.4 ± 1.0 ) , a significant between-group difference in perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity was found with respect to time constraints : “ ... I do not have the time ” ( intervention : 22 vs. control : 38 , p = 0.030 ) , mother-child safety concerns : “ ... afraid to harm the baby ” ( intervention : 8 vs. control : 25 , p = 0.002 ) and self-efficacy : “ ... I do not believe/think that I can do it ” ( intervention : 3 vs. control : 10 , p = 0.050 ) . No positive effect was seen at postpartum follow-up . Intrapersonal factors ( lack of time , energy and interest ) were the most frequently perceived barriers , and consistent over time among all participants . Conclusion The intervention had effect on intrapersonal perceived barriers in pregnancy , but not in the postpartum period . Perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity were similar from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : NCT01001689 , registered July 2 , 2009 Based on self-determination theory , the present study developed and evaluated the utility a school-based intervention to change pupils ’ physical activity intentions and self-reported leisure-time physical activity behaviour . The study evaluated utility of the intervention to promote physical activity participation over a 5-week interval of time . A cluster r and omised design targeting 215 pupils from 10 schools with schools as the unit of r and omisation was adopted ( Male = 106 , Female = 109 , Age = 14.84 , SD = 0.48 ) . Results indicated that pupils who were taught  by autonomy-supportive teachers reported stronger intentions to exercise during leisure time and participated more frequently in leisure-time physical activities than pupils in the control condition . Autonomous motivation and intentions mediated the effects of the intervention on self-reported physical activity behaviour . It is concluded that self-determination theory provides a useful framework for the development of school-based interventions that ultimately affect leisure-time physical activity participation BACKGROUND We evaluated the combined and differential effects of physical , social and productive activities on  cognitive decline  and whether they were modified by the presence of the APOE-epsilon 4 allele . METHODS In a prospect i ve cohort study of 1635 community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 55 or older participating in the ongoing Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study , physical , social and productive leisure activities were assessed at baseline , and cognitive decline ( at least one point drop ) in MMSE scores between baseline and follow-up after one year . RESULTS Cognitive decline was observed in 30 % of the respondents . Controlling for age , gender , education and other risk factors , odds ratios ( ORs ) were significantly reduced in those with medium ( OR : 0.60 , 95 % CI : 0.45 - 0.79 ) and high activity levels ( OR : 0.62 , 95 % CI : 0.46 - 0.84 ) . A stronger association was shown for productive activity ( OR = 0.36 ) , than for physical ( OR = 0.78 ) and social activities ( OR = 0.85 ) . These associations showed statistically significant interactions with APOE genotype , being more pronounced in those with the APOE-epsilon 4 allele . CONCLUSION Increased leisure activity  , especially productive activities  more than  physical or social activities  , was associated with a lowered risk of cognitive decline . APOE-epsilon 4 genotype individuals appeared to be more vulnerable to the effects of low and high levels of leisure activities Background Mothers of an infant are much less likely to exercise regularly compared to other women . This study tested the efficacy of a brief tailored intervention to increase physical activity ( PA )  in women 3–12 months after childbirth . The study used a pretest-posttest design . Sedentary women ( n = 20 ) were recruited from a parenting organization . Half the participants were ethnic minorities , mean age was 33 ± 3.8 , infants ' mean age was 6.9 ± 2.4 months , 50 % were primiparas , and mean body mass index was 23.6 ± 4.2 . Methods The two-month intervention included telephone counseling , pedometers , referral to community PA re sources , social support , email advice on PA/pedometer goals , and newsletters . The primary outcome of the study was minutes per week of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity measured by the Godin physical activity instrument . Results All women ( 100 % ) returned for post-test measures ; thus , paired t-tests were used for pre-post increase in minutes of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity and comparisons of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity increases among ethnic groups . At baseline participants ' reported a mean of 3 ± 13.4 minutes per week moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity . At post-test this significantly increased to 85.5 ± 76.4 minutes per week of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity ( p < .001 , Cohen 's d = 2.2 ; effect size r = 0.7 ) . There were no differences in pre to post increases in minutes of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity among races . Conclusion A telephone/email intervention tailored to meet the needs of postpartum women  was effective in increasing physical activity levels . However , r and omized trials comparing tailored telephone and email interventions to st and ard care and including long-term follow-up to determine maintenance of physical activity are warranted Objective . Pain and reduced physical activity levels are common in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( JIA ) . Currently , there is no consensus about the role of physical activity in managing pain in JIA . The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between physical activity level and pain in children ages 11 to 18 years with JIA . Methods . A r and om sample of 50 patients with JIA were approached by mailed question naires . Physical activity was determined using the Physical Activity Question naire ( PAQ ) .  Pain measures included the Numerical Rating Scale ( pain severity ) , SUPER-KIDZ body diagram ( number of painful areas ) , and the Child Activities Limitations Inventory-21 ( pain interference ) . Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and pain , as well as the roles of sex and age . Results . The response rate was 84 % . Thirty-four respondents completed the question naire package . The median age was 15 years . The mean PAQ score was 2.16/5 . Physical activity declines with increasing age in youth with JIA ( r = 0.53 , p = 0.0014 ) . Lower physical activity is associated with greater pain interference ( r = 0.39 , p = 0.0217 ) and more severe pain ( r = 0.35 , p = 0.0422 ) . Conclusion . Children with JIA report significantly less activity than healthy children based on PAQ scores , with physical activity declining throughout adolescence . Physical activity is inversely related to pain interference and severity in children with JIA . Our findings suggest that physical activity interventions may play an important role in the management of pain in JIA Introduction Many children fail to meet international guideline recommendations for health-related activity ( ≥60 minutes/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [ MVPA ] ) , and intervention studies to date have reported negligible effects . Objective Explore the associations of organized leisure-time sport participation with overall physical activity levels and health-related physical activity guideline concordance . Methods This prospect i ve cohort study was nested in the Childhood Health , Activity , and Motor Performance School Study Denmark . Study participants were a representative sample of 1124 primary school students .  Organized leisure-time sport participation was reported via text messaging and physical activity was objective ly measured over seven days with accelerometry . Associations between sport participation and physical activity level were explored with multilevel mixed-effects regression models and reported with beta coefficients ( b ) and adjusted odds ratios ( aOR ) . Results Participants were 53 % female , with mean(SD ) age = 8.4(1.4 ) years . Boys were more active than girls ( p<0.001 ) , and physical activity levels and guideline concordance decreased with age ( p<0.001 ) . Soccer participation at any frequency was associated with greater overall MVPA ( b[95 % CI ] = 0.66[0.20,1.13 ] to 2.44[1.44,3.44 ] ) . Depending on participation frequency , this equates to 5–20 minutes more MVPA on the average day and 3 to 15 fold increased odds of achieving recommended levels of health-related physical activity ( aOR[95%CI ] = 3.04[1.49,6.19 ] to 14.49[1.97,106.56 ] ) . Similar associations were identified among children playing h and ball at least twice per week . Relationships with other sports ( gymnastics , basketball , volleyball ) were inconsistent . Conclusions Many children , particularly girls and those in higher grade levels do not adhere to health-related physical activity recommendations . Organized leisure-time sport participation may be a viable strategy to increase overall health-related physical activity levels and international guideline concordance in children Objectives To describe the risk factors associated with injuries result ing from physical education ( PE ) , leisure time physical activity ( leisure time PA ) and sports in 9–12-year-old children . Design Prospect i ve cohort study . Setting Primary schools . Participants Nine hundred and ninety-five children aged 9–12 years . Main outcome measures Injuries occurring during either PE class  , leisure time PA or sports , and caused the child to at least stop the current activity were recorded prospect ively . Individual weekly exposure was estimated from baseline and follow-up question naires . Potential risk factors were gender , age , socioeconomic status , ethnicity , habitual level of PA , body mass index and a motor fitness . A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was developed , accounting for clustering within schools . Results Gender , age and level of PA were independent significant risk factors for injury . Different modalities of PA had different injury risk factors . Most importantly , the low levels of habitual PA  significantly increased injury risk . Conclusions The children at highest injury risk are the target audience of the contemporary PA promotion efforts . PA promotion should also focus on injury prevention The evidence concerning the possible association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer is inconsistent and additional data are needed . We examined the association between risk of prostate cancer and physical activity at work and in leisure time in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) cohort . In our study , including 127,923 men aged 20 - 97 years from 8 European countries , 2,458 cases of prostate cancer were identified during 8.5 years of followup . Using the Cox proportional hazards model , we investigated the associations between prostate cancer incidence rate and  occupational activity and leisure time activity  in terms of  participation in sports , cycling , walking and gardening ; a metabolic equivalent ( MET ) score based on weekly time spent on the 4 activities ; and a physical activity index . MET hours per week of leisure time activity , higher score in the physical activity index , participation in any of the 4 leisure time activities  , and the number of leisure time activities in which the participants were active were not associated with prostate cancer incidence . However , higher level of occupational physical activity  was associated with lower risk of advanced stage prostate cancer ( p(trend ) = 0.024 ) . In conclusion , our data support the hypothesis of an inverse association between advanced prostate cancer risk and  occupational physical activity  , but we found no support for an association between prostate cancer risk and leisure time physical activity BACKGROUND Regular physical activity has been shown to have many health benefits . However , many older people are physically inactive . OBJECTIVE To investigate why older people are reluctant to participate in leisure time physical activity and to identify strategies to encourage increased activity . DESIGN Cross-sectional survey . SETTING 16 general practice s in Dundee , Scotl and . METHODS 409 r and omly selected older people ( 65 - 84 years ) who lived independently were interviewed at home . Forty-six percent of those invited to take part were recruited into the study . RESULTS Levels of knowledge about the specific health benefits of physical activity were high . Almost all participants ( 95 % ) believed that physical activity was beneficial and 79 % believed that they did enough to keep healthy . However , 36 % did no leisure time physical activity and a further 17 % did less than 2 hours per week . Regression modelling identified 11 factors that exerted significant independent effects on levels of leisure time physical activity .  The most powerful deterrent was lack of interest ( OR = 7.8 ) . Other factors included lack of daily access to a car , shortness of breath , joint pain , dislike of going out alone or in the evening , perceived lack of fitness , lack of energy , doubting that exercise can lengthen life , not belonging to a group and doubting that meeting new people is beneficial . CONCLUSIONS Increasing leisure time physical activities poses major challenges . Beliefs about desirable levels of activity in older people would need to be changed . Action would be needed to relieve physical symptoms and address fears about perceived ability to undertake physical activity . Finally , easily accessible facilities would be needed to encourage participation in physical activity Background Adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ( JIA ) are at risk for physical , emotional , social and role challenges that negatively impact quality of life .  Peer mentoring has been shown to improve positive health behaviours in adolescents with chronic disease while simultaneously providing social support . The objectives of this paper are to examine the feasibility and acceptability of an online peer mentoring program ( iPeer2Peer Program ) for adolescents with JIA . Methods The iPeer2Peer program was examined using a waitlist pilot r and omized control trial ( RCT ) . Participants were r and omly allocated to the intervention or wait-list control group via a secure , web-based r and omization service . Health care providers and investigators were blinded to participant group allocation . Trained peer mentors ( 16–25 years ; successfully managing their JIA ) were matched to participants ( 12–18 years ; diagnosed with JIA ) r and omized to the intervention group to provide peer support and education for effective self-management of JIA . Participant-mentor pairings connected ten times over 8 weeks using Skype video calls . Primary outcomes focused on implementation ( i.e. measures of feasibility and acceptability ) . Secondary outcomes focused on effectiveness ( i.e. measures of self-management , self-efficacy , pain , social support and quality of life ) . Results Thirty adolescents ( mean age 14.3 ± 1.7 years , 97 % female ) completed the RCT ( intervention n = 16 , control n = 14 ) . Primary outcomes : One third ( 32 % ) of adolescents approached agreed to participate , completed baseline measures and were r and omized . Half of pairings completed ten calls within 8 weeks . Average call length was twice the required amount with call lengths of 44.72 ± 15.76 min . Participants reported satisfaction with the program and all reported that they would recommend it to their peers . Participants ’ mean engagement level with the program was 8.53/10 ( range = 7–10 ) . Secondary outcomes : Participants who completed the iPeer2Peer Program demonstrated improvements in their perceived ability to manage JIA ( p < 0.04 ) , compared to controls . No adverse events were reported . Conclusion The iPeer2Peer Program is a promising intervention that improves acceptability of self-management and peer support treatments for adolescents with JIA . By using the Internet to connect mentors to adolescents with JIA it may also improve accessibility to these re sources . Findings will be used to adapt the program and refine the methodology for a full-scale RCT .Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier : NCT01986400 . Registered November 11 , 2013 Mobile devices are a promising channel for delivering just-in-time guidance and support for improving key daily health behaviors . Despite an explosion of mobile phone applications aim ed at physical activity and other health behaviors , few have been based on theoretically derived constructs and empirical evidence . Eighty adults ages 45 years and older who were insufficiently physically active , engaged in prolonged daily sitting , and were new to smartphone technology , participated in iterative design development and feasibility testing of three daily activity smartphone applications based on motivational frames drawn from behavioral science theory and evidence . An “ analytically ” framed custom application focused on personalized goal setting , self-monitoring , and active problem solving around barriers to behavior change . A “ socially ” framed custom application focused on social comparisons , norms , and support . An “ affectively ” framed custom application focused on operant conditioning principles of reinforcement scheduling and emotional transference to an avatar , whose movements and behaviors reflected the physical activity and sedentary levels of the user . To explore the applications ' initial efficacy in changing regular physical activity and leisure-time sitting , behavioral changes were assessed across eight weeks in 68 participants using the CHAMPS physical activity question naire and the Australian sedentary behavior question naire . User acceptability of and satisfaction with the applications was explored via a post-intervention user survey . The results indicated that the three applications were sufficiently robust to significantly improve regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and decrease leisure-time sitting during the 8-week behavioral adoption period . Acceptability of the applications was confirmed in the post-intervention surveys for this sample of midlife and older adults new to smartphone technology . Preliminary data exploring sustained use of the applications across a longer time period yielded promising results . The results support further systematic investigation of the efficacy of the applications for changing these key health-promoting behaviors OBJECTIVE The role local neighbourhood environments play in influencing purpose -specific walking behaviors has not been well-explored in prospect i ve studies . This study aim ed to cross-sectionally and prospect ively examine whether local physical and social environments were associated with mothers ' walking for leisure and for transport . METHODS In 2004 , 357 mothers from Melbourne , Australia , provided information on their local physical and social neighbourhood environments , and in 2004 and 2006 reported weekly time spent walking for leisure and for transport .  Environmental predictors of high levels of walking and increases in walking were examined using log binomial regression . RESULTS Public transport accessibility and trusting many people in the neighbourhood were predictive of increases in walking for leisure , while connectivity , pedestrian crossings , a local traffic speed were predictive of increases in transport-related walking . Satisfaction with local facilities was associated with increasing both types of walking , and the social environment was important for maintaining high levels of both leisure- and transport-related walking . CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence of a longitudinal relationship between physical and social environments and walking behaviors amongst mothers . Enhancing satisfaction with local facilities and giving consideration to '  walkability ' , safety and public transport accessibility during environment planning processes may help mothers to increase walking Background While the household context is important for lifestyle behavior interventions , few studies have examined parent – child associations for  diet and physical activity ( PA ) changes over time in a rapidly urbanizing country . We aim ed to investigate changes in  diet , screen time , and PA behaviors  over time in children and their parents living in the same household , and examine the parent – child association for these behaviors . Methods We studied  dietary , screen time , and PA behaviors  in 5,201 parent – child pairs ( children aged 7 - 17y ) using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey ( 1991 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , and 2009 ) . We collected three-day 24-h recall diet data to generate percentages of energy from animal- source foods , away-from-home eating , and snacking from 1991–2009 , which are known urbanization-related behaviors . We used a seven-day PA recall to collect screen time ( hours/week ) and leisure-time sports participation ( yes/no ) since 2004 . We examined the changes in children ’s and parents ’ behaviors over time using r and om-effects negative binomial regression for  diet and screen time  , and r and om-effects logistic regression for leisure-time sports . We then regressed each of the behaviors of offspring on each of their parents ’ same behaviors to examine the parent – child association , using the same set of models . Results We observed increases in energy from animal- source foods , eating away-from-home , and snacking , as well as screen time and leisure-time sports in parents and children over time , with different rates of change between children and their parents for some behaviors . We found positive parent – child associations for diet , screen time , and PA . When parental intakes increased by 10 % energy from each dietary behavior , children ’s increase in intakes ranged from 0.44 to 1.59 % total energy for animal- source foods , 0.17 % to 0.45 % for away-from-home eating , and 2.13 % to 7.21 % for snacking . Children were also more likely to participate in leisure-time sports if their parents participated in leisure-time sports . Conclusion Our findings support household-based health behavior interventions targeting both children and their parents . However , generation-specific intervention strategies may be needed for children and adults , especially for dietary behaviors , which changed differentially in children versus parents in this rapidly modernizing population The relation of leisure time and occupational physical activity to the risk of death from ischemic heart disease was investigated in a cohort of 15,088 persons aged 30 - 59 years who had no history of cardiovascular disease or other condition which hindered physical activity . Two population sample s were r and omly chosen from eastern Finl and . During a six-year follow-up , persons who were sedentary in leisure time ( relative risk = 1.3 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.1 - 1.6 ) or at work ( relative risk = 1.3 , 95 % CI = 1.1 - 1.6 ) had an excess risk of ischemic heart disease death when adjusted for age , health status , family history , and body mass index in multivariate logistic models . Adjustment for years of education , social network participation , cigarette consumption , serum cholesterol level , and blood pressure level weakened the residual association of low leisure time physical activity  with the risk of ischemic heart disease death ( relative risk = 1.2 , 95 % CI = 1.0 - 1.5 ) , whereas the association for low occupational physical activity remained unchanged . The lack of leisure time physical activity and a sedentary occupation are associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease death , and the excess risk due to lack of leisure time physical activity is , in part , accounted for by other ischemic heart disease risk factors
Results suggest that youth with JIA participated less in both  social and physical leisure activities  as compared to healthy peers , and those with JIA did not meet national recommendations for physical activity .
Characterization of leisure activity remains limited and mostly focused on physical activity in JIA .
UNLABELLED The aim of this systematic review is to describe participation in social and physical leisure activities among children and adolescents with JIA , as well as identify potential determinants of leisure participation .