A randomized study of coconut oil versus sunflower oil on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with stable coronary heart disease Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. The Impact of Virgin Coconut Oil and High-Oleic Safflower Oil on Body Composition, Lipids, and Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women. Low linolenate and commercial soybean oils diminish serum HDL cholesterol in young free-living adult females. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein response of humans to beef fat, coconut oil and safflower oil. Corn Oil Lowers Plasma Cholesterol Compared with Coconut Oil in Adults with Above-Desirable Levels of Cholesterol in a Randomized Crossover Trial Virgin olive oil, palm olein and coconut oil diets do not raise cell adhesion molecules and thrombogenicity indices in healthy Malaysian adults The effect of supplemental dietary fat on plasma cholesterol levels in lovastatin-treated hypercholesterolemic patients. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Independence of the effects of cholesterol and degree of saturation of the fat in the diet on serum cholesterol in man. Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation. Effect of Red Yeast Rice and Coconut, Rice Bran or Sunflower Oil Combination in Rats on Hypercholesterolemic Diet. Effect of supplementation with dietary seal oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors and hemostatic variables in healthy male subjects. Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with unsaturated fats. Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Substitution of vegetable oil for a partially-hydrogenated fat favorably alters cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Replacement of dietary fat with palm oil: effect on human serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising saturated fatty acid in humans. Does vegetable oil attenuate the beneficial effects of fish oil in reducing risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Background and rationale Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) and its pathological atherosclerotic process are closely related to lipids . Lipids levels are in turn influenced by dietary oils and fats . Saturated fatty acids increase the risk for atherosclerosis by increasing the cholesterol level . This study was conducted to investigate the impact of cooking oil media ( coconut oil and sunflower oil ) on lipid profile , antioxidant mechanism , and endothelial function in patients with established CAD . Design and methods In a single center r and omized study in India , patients with stable CAD on st and ard medical care were assigned to receive coconut oil ( Group I ) or sunflower oil ( Group II ) as cooking media for 2 years . Anthropometric measurements , serum , lipids , Lipoprotein a , apo B/A-1 ratio , antioxidants , flow-mediated vasodilation , and cardiovascular events were assessed at 3 months , 6 months , 1 year , and 2 years . Results Hundred patients in each arm completed 2 years with 98 % follow-up . There was no statistically significant difference in the anthropometric , biochemical , vascular function , and in cardiovascular events after 2 years . Conclusion Coconut oil even though rich in saturated fatty acids in comparison to sunflower oil when used as cooking oil media over a period of 2 years did not change the lipid-related cardiovascular risk factors and events in those receiving st and ard medical care Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may decrease adiposity and improve blood lipid profiles under some conditions . The goal of this study was to determine the effects of CLA supplementation on blood lipid profiles and adiposity of rats fed a diet containing a primarily saturated fat versus a diet containing a primarily unsaturated fat . Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly assigned to one of four diets containing coconut oil , coconut oil with CLA , corn oil or corn oil with CLA . After 28 days , blood was collected and serum concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and triacylglycerols ( TG ) were assessed . Food intake , body weights , and epididymal fat pads were measured . No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were noted among groups for amount of food consumed , weight gained , food efficiency ratio or serum TG concentrations . TC concentrations were lower ( p<0.05 ) in the CLA-supplemented rats that were fed coconut oil but not those consuming corn oil . Serum HDL-C was lower ( p<0.05 ) in rats consuming corn oil but was not significantly different ( p>0.05 ) for CLA supplemented groups . Epididymal fat pads weighed significantly more ( p<0.05 ) in the coconut oil fed group compared to the corn oil fed group , but there was no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) between the corn oil and coconut oil + CLA group . Overall , this study suggests that CLA is more beneficial for control of blood lipids and adiposity when supplemented to a diet rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat This r and omized crossover study compared the impact of virgin coconut oil ( VCO ) to safflower oil ( SO ) on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors . Twelve postmenopausal women ( 58.8 ± 3.7 year ) consumed 30 mL VCO or SO for 28 days , with a 28-day washout . Anthropometrics included body weight and hip and waist circumference . Fat percent for total body , and roid and gynoid , fat mass , and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry . Women maintained their typical diet recording 28 days of food records during the study . Results were analyzed with SPSS v24 with significance at P ≤ .05 . Comparisons are reported as paired t-test since no intervention sequence effect was observed . VCO  significantly raised total cholesterol , TC ( + 18.2 ± 22.8 mg/dL ) , low-density lipoprotein ( + 13.5 ± 16.0 mg/dL ) , and high-density lipoprotein , HDL ( + 6.6 ± 7.5 mg/dL ) . SO did not significantly change lipid values . TC and HDL were significantly different between test oils . The TC/HDL ratio change showed a neutral effect of both VCO and SO . One person had adverse reactions to VCO and increased inflammation .  VCO  decreased IL-1β for each person who had a detected sample . The impact of VCO and SO on other cytokines varied on an individual basis . This was the first study evaluating the impact of VCO on body composition in Caucasian postmenopausal women living in the United States . Results are suggestive that individuals wishing to use coconut oil in their diets can do so safely , but more studies need to be conducted with larger sample sizes , diverse population s , and more specific clinical markers such as particle size OBJECTIVE A mutant soybean line ( A16 ) low in linolenic acid content ( 2 % of oil by weight ) was developed to increase oil oxidative stability . It was unknown whether serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in humans would be affected should A16 soybean oil ( A16 oil ) replace commercial soybean oil in diets . This study was conducted to examine the hypothesis that in free-living normolipidemic women , the consumption of A16 oil at approximately 10 % of energy intake ( en% ) would not affect serum lipids and lipoproteins differently than would the consumption of the same amount of a commercial soybean oil with 7 % of linolenic acid content . DESIGN Fifteen free-living female college students consumed the soybean oil daily with regular meals for 9 weeks in different orders , with each test oil being eaten for 3 weeks . During the study , 13 en% was provided by each test oil and a total of 35 en% was from dietary fat . Serum concentrations of total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL cholesterol ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL cholesterol ) and triacylglycerides ( TAG ) were measured . Serum total fatty acid patterns were analyzed as well . RESULTS Each of the three test oils decreased serum total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol and TAG concentrations from the baseline values . The feeding of A16 and commercial soybean oils decreased serum HDL cholesterol significantly compared with coconut oil ( p < 0.05 ) . Dietary inclusion of coconut oil increased serum myristic acid significantly more than did either soybean oil ( p < 0.01 ) . Serum arachidonic acid concentrations were significantly greater with A16 consumption than with commercial soybean oil consumption ( p < 0.001 ) . CONCLUSION A16 and commercial soybean oils both diminished serum HDL cholesterol . Although the fatty acid composition differed between the two soybean oils , A16 oil and commercial oil had similar effects on serum concentrations of lipoproteins and lipids . With increased oxidative stability , A16 oil is a good alternative to commercial soybean oil This study 's purpose was to evaluate the fasting human plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary beef fat ( BF ) by comparison with coconut oil ( CO ) and safflower oil ( SO ) , fats customarily classified as saturated and polyunsaturated .  Nineteen free-living normolipidemic men aged 25.6 + /- 3.5 yr consumed central ly-prepared lunches and dinners of common foods having 35 % fat calories , 60 % of which was the test fat . The test fats were isocalorically substituted , and each fed for five weeks in r and om sequences with intervening five weeks of habitual diets .  Plasma total cholesterol ( TC ) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) concentrations among individuals follows the same relative rank regardless of diet . Triglycerides ( TG ) concentrations among individuals also maintain their relative rank regardless of diet but in a different order from that of the cholesterols . Plasma TC , HDL-C , and LDL-C responses to BF were significantly lower and TG higher than to CO . As compared to SO , BF produced equivalent levels of TG , HDL-C , and LDL-C and marginally higher TC . Thus , the customary consideration of BF as " saturated " and grouping it with CO appears unwarranted ABSTRACT Background Few trials have examined the effects of coconut oil consumption in comparison with polyunsaturated fatty acid – rich oils such as corn oil . Objective This trial assessed the effects of consuming foods made with corn oil compared with coconut oil on lipids , glucose homeostasis , and inflammation . Methods This was a preliminary r and omized crossover study of men ( n = 12 ) and women ( n = 13 ) with a mean age of 45.2 y , mean body mass index ( in kg/m2 ) of 27.7 , fasting LDL cholesterol ≥115 mg/dL and < 190 mg/dL , and triglycerides ( TGs ) ≤375 mg/dL. Subjects consumed muffins and rolls providing 4 tablespoons ( ∼54 g ) per day of corn oil or coconut oil as part of their habitual diets for 4 wk , with a 3-wk washout between conditions . Fasting plasma lipids and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hs-CRP ) and glucose metabolism were assessed via an intravenous glucose tolerance test at baseline and 15 and 29 d of treatment . Responses were compared between treatments by ANCOVA . Results Median baseline concentrations of LDL cholesterol , non-HDL cholesterol , total cholesterol ( total-C ) , HDL cholesterol , total-C : HDL cholesterol , and TGs were 123 , 144 , 188 , 46.0 , 4.21 , and 92.5 mg/dL , respectively . Changes from baseline for corn oil and coconut oil conditions , respectively , were : LDL cholesterol ( primary outcome ; −2.7 % compared with + 4.6 % ) , non-HDL cholesterol ( −3.0 % compared with + 5.8 % ) , total-C ( −0.5 % compared with + 7.1 % ) , HDL cholesterol ( + 5.4 % compared with + 6.5 % ) , total-C : HDL cholesterol ( −4.3 % compared with −3.3 % ) , and TGs ( −2.1 % compared with + 6.0 % ) . Non-HDL cholesterol responses were significantly different between corn and coconut oil conditions ( P = 0.034 ) ; differences between conditions in total-C and LDL cholesterol approached significance ( both P = 0.06 ) . Responses for hs-CRP and carbohydrate homeostasis parameters did not differ significantly between diet conditions . Conclusions When incorporated into the habitual diet , consumption of foods providing ∼54 g of corn oil/d produced a more favorable plasma lipid profile than did coconut oil in adults with elevated cholesterol . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT03202654 Background / objectives : Effects of high-protein diets that are rich in saturated fats on cell adhesion molecules , thrombogenicity and other nonlipid markers of atherosclerosis in humans have not been firmly established . We aim to investigate the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared separately with virgin olive oil ( OO ) , palm olein ( PO ) and coconut oil ( CO ) on cell adhesion molecules , lipid inflammatory mediators and thromobogenicity indices in healthy adults . Methods : A r and omized cross-over intervention with three dietary sequences , using virgin OO , PO and CO as test fats , was carried out for 5 weeks on each group consisting of 45 men and women . These test fats were incorporated separately at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . Results : For fasting and nonfasting blood sample s , no significant differences were observed on the effects of the three test-fat diets on thrombaxane B2 ( TXB2 ) , TXB2/PGF1α ratios and soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules . The OO diet induced significantly lower ( P<0.05 ) plasma leukotriene B4 ( LTB4 ) compared with the other two test diets , whereas PGF1α concentrations were significantly higher ( P<0.05 ) at the end of the PO diet compared with the OO diet . Conclusion : Diets rich in saturated fatty acids from either PO or CO and high in monounsaturated oleic acid from virgin OO do not alter the thrombogenicity indices — cellular adhesion molecules , thromboxane B2 ( TXB2 ) and TXB2/prostacyclin ( PGF1α ) ratios . However , the OO diet lowered plasma proinflammatory LTB4 , whereas the PO diet raised the antiaggregatory plasma PGF1α in healthy Malaysian adults . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT 00941837 STUDY OBJECTIVE A validation study was conducted first to test assumptions about the effect of saturated and unsaturated dietary fat supplements . The second study was conducted to determine the effect on blood cholesterol levels of saturated and unsaturated fat supplements in patients who followed a low-fat diet and were administered lovastatin . DESIGN R and omized , crossover design , with three periods in the first study and four in the second study , each lasting 6 weeks . SETTING Cholesterol Research Center . PATIENTS The first study evaluated adults with total cholesterol levels between 200 and 280 mg/dl ( 5.172 and 7.241 mmol/L ) . The second study included adults with low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels above 160 mg/dl ( 4.138 mmol/L ) . INTERVENTIONS Fat supplements with either coconut or canola oil were delivered to patients in oatmeal-raisin cookies . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the validation study , patients ' mean prer and omization total cholesterol level of 222 mg/dl was reduced to 213 mg/dl with canola oil and increased to 233 mg/dl with coconut oil cookies ( p = 0.0038 ) . In the second study the mean prer and omization total cholesterol level of 214 mg/dl was decreased to 199 mg/dl with canola oil and to 208 mg/dl with coconut oil cookies ( p = 0.2342 ) . The LDL cholesterol levels changed in a similar fashion in both studies . CONCLUSIONS Changes in total and LDL cholesterol levels in the validation study were expected based on established effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids , but changes in these levels in lovastatin-cookie study were not expected . They could have occurred because lovastatin reversed the effect of saturated fats and enhanced the effect of unsaturated fats . Alternatively , they may have been due to enhanced bioavailability of lovastatin when administered with a high-fat diet . These findings must be confirmed UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood The effect on the fasting serum lipid levels of adding daily 291 mg of cholesterol to diets containing 3 mg of cholesterol and equal fat content , but different fatty acid composition , was tested on 12 young men . The saturated diet provided 97 g/day of a staurated oil made up of 2 parts of palm oil and 1 part of coconut oil . The polyunsatured diet provided 97 g/day of safflower oil . The cholesterol was dissolved in 40 g of either oil incorporated into a spread . A similar spread , devoid of cholesterol , was fed during the cholesterol free periods . Duration of dietary periods was 14 days . Addition of cholesterol produced a mean elevation of serum cholesterol of 9 mg/dl ( SE + /- 2.1 ) in the presence of the saturated diet , and of 8 mg/dl ( SE + /- 1.6 ) in the presence of the polyunsaturated diet . Both cholesterol elevations were significant ( P less than 0.01 ) but not significantly different from each other . Substitution of the saturated diet for the polyunsatured diet caused a significant elevation of serum cholesterol which was the same when the substitution was made in the presence or in the absence of added dietary cholesterol A small-scale preliminary cross-over study was conducted to investigate the effects of supercritical CO(2)-extracted sea buckthorn berry oil ( SBO ) on some  risk factors  of  cardiovascular disease .  Special features of the oil are high proportions of palmitic ( 16:0 ) , oleic ( 18:1n-9 ) , palmitoleic ( 16:1n-7 ) , linoleic ( 18:2n-6 ) , and alpha-linolenic ( 18:3n-3 ) acids as well as vitamin E , carotenoids , and sterols . Twelve healthy normolipidemic men were recruited and each volunteer consumed SBO and fractionated coconut oil ( control ) 5 g per day for a period of 4 weeks in a r and om order ( wash-out 4 - 8 weeks ) . Phospholipid fatty acids , plasma lipids , and glucose were unaffected by SBO supplementation . Instead , a clear decrease in the rate of adenosine-5'-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and maximum aggregation were found . This suggested the beneficial effects of SBO on blood clotting , but further studies on the dose-response effects are needed to assess the practical use of SBO supplements INTRODUCTION Dietary supplements provide a novel population based health approach for treating hyperlipidemias . Red yeast rice is known to have lipid lowering effects . Combination of red yeast rice with various oils is taken by different population around the world . AIM In this present work , we aim ed to compare the effects of red yeast rice with different oil ( coconut , rice bran and sunflower oil ) supplementations on lipid levels and oxidative stress in rats fed on hypercholesterolemic diet . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A R and omized controlled study was conducted on 28 male Sprague Dawley rats . It included 4 arms-Control arm ( hypercholesterolemic diet ) , Test arm A ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Rice bran oil ) , arm B ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Coconut oil ) and arm C ( hypercholesterolemic diet + Red yeast rice + Sunflower oil ) . At the end of one month , serum cholesterol , triglycerides , MDA and paraoxonase was measured . The mean values of analytes between the different groups were compared using student ' t- ' test . RESULTS The rats fed with red yeast rice and rice bran oil combination showed significantly lower levels of serum cholesterol , triglycerides and MDA when compared to the controls . The serum paraoxonase levels were significantly higher in this group when compared to the controls . The rats fed with red yeast rice and coconut oil combination showed significantly lower serum cholesterol and MDA levels when compared to the controls . The mean triglyceride and paraoxonase levels did not show any statistically significant difference from the controls . The rats on red yeast rice and sunflower oil combination did not show any statistically significant difference in the lipid levels and oxidative stress parameters . CONCLUSION The food combination which had best outcome in preventing the development of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats fed with hypercholesterolemic diet was red yeast rice and rice bran oil . Combining red yeast rice with coconut oil and sunflower oil gave suboptimal benefits The average daily consumption of seal oil by the Inuit people is approximately 8 - 9 g , yet there is very little information on the effect of seal oil consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors . In this study , 19 healthy , normocholesterolemic subjects consumed 20 g of encapsulated seal oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ; 20:5n-3 ) , docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ; 22:6n-3 ) , and docosapentaenoic acid ( DPA ; 22:5n-3 ) or 20 g of vegetable oil ( control ) per day for 42 days . Levels of selected cardiovascular and thrombotic risk factors as well as fatty acid profiles of serum phospholipid and nonesterified fatty acid ( NEFA ) were determined . EPA levels in serum phospholipid and NEFA increased by 4.3- and 2.7-fold , respectively , in the seal oil supplemented group . DHA levels rose 1.5- and 2.1-fold , respectively , and DPA levels rose 0.5- and 0.7-fold , respectively . Arachidonic acid ( AA ) levels dropped by 26 % in both serum phospholipid and serum NEFA . There was a significant decrease in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in serum phospholipid from 7.2 to 2.1 and a significant increase in the ratio of EPA/AA in NEFA . Ingestion of seal oil raised the coagulant inhibitor , protein C , values by 7 % and decreased plasma fibrinogen by 18 % . No alterations in other hemostatic variables , including plasma activity of Factors VII , VIII , IX , and X and antithrombin , or in the concentrations of von Willebr and Factor , total cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglyceride , glucose , Apo A-1 , or lipoprotein(a ) were observed in either group . Other risk factors for cardiovascular disease , including hematocrit , white blood cell count , plasma viscosity , systolic and diastolic blood pressures , heart rate , and platelet aggregation after stimulation with ADP or collagen did not change . Our results indicate that seal oil supplementation in healthy , normocholesterolemic subjects decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio and increased EPA , DHA , and DPA and the ratio of EPA/AA and DHA/AA in the serum phospholipid and NEFA , while exhibiting a modest beneficial effect on fibrinogen and protein C levels Epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that nut consumption is associated with favorable plasma lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk . These effects may result from their high monounsaturated fat ( MUFA ) content but nuts contain constituents other than fatty acids that might be cardioprotective . We conducted a study to compare the effects of whole-almond vs. almond oil consumption on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women . Using a r and omized crossover trial design , 22 normolipemic men and women replaced half of their habitual fat ( approximately 14 % of approximately 29 % energy ) with either whole almonds ( WA ) or almond oil ( AO ) for 6-wk periods . Compliance was ascertained by monitoring dietary intake via biweekly 5-d food records , return of empty almond product packages and weekly meetings with a registered dietitian . Fat replacement with either WA and AO result ed in a 54 % increase in percentage of energy as MUFA with declines in both saturated fat and cholesterol intake and no significant changes in total energy , total or polyunsaturated fat intake . The effects of  WA  and  AO  on plasma lipids did not differ compared with baseline ; plasma triglyceride , total and LDL cholesterol significantly decreased , 14 , 4 and 6 % respectively , whereas HDL cholesterol increased 6 % . Neither treatment affected in vitro LDL oxidizability . We conclude that WA and AO do not differ in their beneficial effects on the plasma lipid variables measured and that this suggests that the favorable effect of almonds is mediated by components in the oil fraction of these nuts The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of reducing saturated fat in the diet , or partly replacing it with unsaturated fat , on the serum lipoprotein profile of human subjects . The study had two intervention periods , 8 weeks ( phase 1 ) and 52 weeks ( phase 2 ) . In phase 1 , total fat was reduced from 31 to 25 % energy ( polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA):saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.4 ) by reducing the quantity of coconut fat ( CF ) in the diet from 17.8 to 9.3 % energy intake . In phase 2 , subjects were r and omised to groups A and B. In group A total fat was reduced from 25 to 20 % energy ( PUFA : SFA ratio increased from 0.4 to 0.7 ) by reducing the quantity of CF in the diet from 9.3 to 4.7 % total energy intake . In group B , the saturated fat content in the diet was similar to group A. In addition a test fat ( a mixture of soyabean oil and sesame oil , PUFA : monosaturated fatty acids ratio 2 ) contributed 3.3 % total energy intake and total fat contributed 24 % energy intake ( PUFA : SFA ratio increased from 0.7 to 1.1 ) . At the end of phase 1 , there was a 7.7 % reduction in cholesterol ( 95 % CI -3.6 , -12.2 ) and 10.8 % reduction in LDL ( 95 % CI -4.9 , -16.5 ) and no significant change in HDL and triacylglycerol . At the end of phase 2 , the reduction in cholesterol in both groups was only about 4 % ( 95 % CI -12 , 3.2 ) partly due the concomitant rise in HDL . The reduction in LDL at 52 weeks was significantly higher in group B ( group A mean reduction 11 % , 95 % CI -20.1 , -2.0 and group B mean reduction 16.2 % 95 % CI -23.5 , -8.9 ) . In phase 2 , triacylglycerol levels showed a mean reduction of 6.5 % in group 2A and a mean increase of 8.2 % in group 2B . The reduction of saturated fat in the diet is associated with a lipoprotein profile that would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk . The reduction of dietary saturated fat with partial replacement of unsaturated fat brings about changes in total cholesterol , HDL- and LDL-cholesterol that are associated with a lower cardiovascular risk Background Linseed oil has been investigated as a rich source of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids , which mainly produce a non-atherogenic lipid profile . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil supplementation associated with nutritional guidelines on the lipid profiles of older adults , according to the intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) . Methods We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 110 older adults r and omized in two groups : placebo and linseed oil .  The linseed oil group received supplementation with 3 g of linseed oil . Both groups received nutritional guidance and were supplemented for 90 days with monthly blood collection for biochemical analysis . The dietary intake of saturated fat was subdivided into low ( < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) and high consumption groups ( > 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) . Results Low SFA ( < 7 % SFA/day of total energy value ) consumption was associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations . However , we observed that the linseed oil group , including older adults who consumed > 7 % SFA/day , had a greater reduction in total cholesterol than the placebo group ( P=0.020 ) . The same was observed for low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( P<0.050 ) , suggesting an additive effect of linseed oil and diet . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were increased significantly in only the linseed group , suggesting that the nutritional intervention alone did not improve HDL cholesterol . Conclusion The results suggest that the nutritional intervention was effective , but linseed oil showed notable effects by increasing the HDL cholesterol concentration . In addition , consumption of < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value increased the effect of linseed oil , demonstrating the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fat BACKGROUND Dietary fat type is known to modulate the plasma lipid profile , but its effects on plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers are unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared with palm olein , coconut oil ( CO ) , or virgin olive oil on plasma homocysteine and selected markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) in healthy adults . DESIGN A r and omized-crossover intervention with 3 dietary sequences of 5 wk each was conducted in 45 healthy subjects . The 3 test fats , namely palmitic acid (16:0)-rich palm olein ( PO ) , lauric and myristic acid ( 12:0 + 14:0)-rich CO , and oleic acid (18:1)-rich virgin olive oil ( OO ) , were incorporated at two-thirds of 30 % fat calories into high-protein Malaysian diets . RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the effects of the 3 diets on plasma total homocysteine ( tHcy ) and the inflammatory markers TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , and IL-8 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein , and interferon-γ . Diets prepared with PO and OO had comparable nonhypercholesterolemic effects ; the postpr and ial total cholesterol for both diets and all fasting lipid indexes for the OO diet were significantly lower ( P < 0.05 ) than for the CO diet . Unlike the PO and OO diets , the CO diet was shown to decrease postpr and ial lipoprotein(a ) . CONCLUSION Diets that were rich in saturated fatty acids prepared with either PO or CO , and an OO diet that was high in oleic acid , did not alter postpr and ial or fasting plasma concentrations of tHcy and selected inflammatory markers . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT00941837 OBJECTIVE Compared to vegetable oils in their unmodified state , partially-hydrogenated fat is associated with less favorable effects on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors . Acceptable alternatives must be adjudicated . Our objective was to assess the effect of a recent commercial fat substitution , corn oil for partially-hydrogenated soybean oil . METHODS Using a double-blind cross-over design , 30 postmenopausal women > or=50 years with LDL-cholesterol concentrations > or=120 mg/dL were r and omly assigned to each of two 35-day phases ; all food and beverage was provided to maintain body weight . Corn or partially-hydrogenated soybean oil was incorporated throughout the diet and contributed two-thirds of fat . Primary outcomes included fasting and non-fasting lipid , lipoprotein , apolipoprotein , and fasting high sensitivity C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) concentrations ; secondary outcomes included fasting small dense LDL (sdLDL)-cholesterol , remnant lipoprotein cholesterol ( RemLC ) , glycated albumin , adiponectin and immunoreactive insulin concentrations , and endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) and lecithin : cholesterol acyl transferase ( LCAT ) activities . RESULTS Relative to the partially-hydrogenated soybean oil enriched diet , the corn oil enriched diet result ed in lower fasting total cholesterol ( 7 % ; P<0.0001 ) , LDL-cholesterol ( 10 % ; P<0.0001 ) , VLDL-cholesterol ( 7 % ; P=0.052 ) , apo B ( 9 % ; P<0.0001 ) , lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp(a ) ] ( 5 % ; P=0.024 ) , sdLDL-cholesterol ( 17 % ; P=0.001 ) , and RemLC ( 20 % ; P=0.007 ) concentrations , and no significant effect on the other outcomes . Changes in postpr and ial ( 4-h post-meal ) lipid , lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations were similar to the fasting state . CONCLUSION The replacement of partially-hydrogenated soybean oil with corn oil favorably affects a range of CVD risk factors and is an appropriate option to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals Thirty-eight male volunteers participated in a double-blind cross-over trial evaluating the effect of replacing the usual sources of saturated fat in the Dutch diet ( animal fats and hydrogenated oils ) by palm oil , which is virtually free of cholesterol and trans-fatty acids , on serum lipids , lipoproteins and apolipoproteins . Maximum ( about 70 % ) replacement had no significant effect on serum total cholesterol or most lipoprotein fractions , but result ed in an 11 % increase in serum high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)2-cholesterol relative to the control ( P2 = 0.01 ) . The palm-oil diet also caused an 8 % decrease in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL):HDL2 + HDL3-cholesterol ratio ( P2 = 0.02 ) as well as a 9 % decrease in triacylglycerols in the low-density-lipoprotein fractions ( P2 = 0.01 ) . Palm oil consumption result ed in a 4 % increase in serum apolipoprotein AI ( P2 = 0.008 ) and a 4 % decrease in apolipoprotein B ( P2 = 0.01 ) relative to the control diet ; the B : AI apolipoprotein ratio was decreased by 8 % ( P2 < 0.0001 ) . These results were not significantly affected by the different lipoprotein E phenotypes of the volunteers . Although the observed differences were relatively modest , the present study , nonetheless , indicates that dietary palm oil , when replacing a major part of the normal fat content in a Dutch diet , may slightly reduce the lipoprotein- and apolipoprotein-associated cardiovascular risk profiles BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population BACKGROUND Dietary behenic acid ( 22:0 ) is poorly absorbed . Because of its low bioavailability compared with other fatty acids and because of its very long chain length , the effect of dietary behenic acid ( behenate ) on serum lipid concentrations in humans is assumed to be neutral . OBJECTIVE The objective was to establish the cholesterol-raising potential of behenic acid by comparing the effects on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of a specially formulated fat enriched with behenic acid with those of palm oil ( rich in palmitic acid ; 16:0 ) and high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( rich in cis oleic acid ; 18:1 ) . DESIGN In a r and omized , crossover , metabolic-ward study , 7 mildly hypercholesterolemic men were fed 3 natural-food diets supplemented with behenate oil , palm oil , or high-oleic acid sunflower oil .  Mean serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and plasma triacylglycerol fatty acid composition were determined from fasting blood drawn during the final 4 d of each 3-wk diet period . RESULTS Behenate oil produced mean concentrations of total cholesterol ( 5.87+/-0.8 mmol/L ) and LDL cholesterol ( 4.40+/-0.8 mmol/L ) not significantly different from those produced by palm oil ( 5.84+/-0.7 and 4.42+/-0.7 mmol/L , respectively ) but significantly higher than those produced by high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 5.12+/-0.5 and 3.70+/-0.6 mmol/L , respectively ) . There were no significant differences in triacylglycerol or HDL-cholesterol concentrations . CONCLUSIONS Despite its low bioavailability compared with oleic acid , behenic acid is a cholesterol-raising fatty acid in humans and is therefore not a suitable substitute for palmitic acid in manufactured triacylglycerols Contradictory reports on the protective effect of fish consumption on cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk could be due to variations in the intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) . Metabolic competition between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs suggests that n-6 PUFAs in vegetable oils could attenuate the efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in fish oil to favorably alter endpoints relevant to CVD risk . We determined the effects of varying dietary amounts of fish oil on lipid and thrombotic endpoints relevant to risk factors for CVD and whether these effects were attenuated by vegetable oils . Two r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled , parallel studies were conducted in human subjects fed varying amounts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs ; n-3 PUFA intake was varied by using fish or placebo oil capsules , and n-6 PUFA intake was modified by incorporating varying amounts of safflower oil into the diet . Endpoints included changes in membrane fatty acid composition , blood lipids , and thrombotic profile . The results indicated that absolute amounts of fish oil , and not the relative amounts of fish and vegetable oil ( ratios of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs ) , determined the magnitude of the reduction of arachidonic acid and increase in eicosapentaenoic acid in phospholipids of plasma and platelets . The suppression of plasma triacylglycerols by fish oil was not affected by varying amounts of dietary n-6 PUFAs . Fibrinogen concentrations decreased with 15 g but not with 9 g fish oil/d fed at the same ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs . The efficacy of fish oil in favorably modifying certain risk factors for CVD was not attenuated by vegetable oil
Coconut oil consumption did not significantly affect markers of glycemia , inflammation , and adiposity as compared with nontropical vegetable oils .
Conclusions : Coconut oil consumption results in significantly higher LDL-cholesterol than nontropical vegetable oils .
Background : Coconut oil is high in saturated fat and may , therefore , raise serum cholesterol concentrations , but beneficial effects on other cardiovascular risk factors have also been suggested .
Therefore , we conducted a systematic review of the effect of coconut oil consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors compared with other cooking oils using data from clinical trials .