Effects of solvent evaporation time on immediate adhesive properties of universal adhesives to dentin. Bonding Performance of a Multimode Adhesive to Artificially-induced Caries-affected Primary Dentin. Influence of a hydrophobic resin coating on the immediate and 6-month dentin bonding of three universal adhesives. Performance of a new one-step multi-mode adhesive on etched vs non-etched enamel on bond strength and interfacial morphology. Bond strength of adhesive resin cement with different adhesive systems Microtensile bond strength of a total-etch 3-step, total-etch 2-step, self-etch 2-step, and a self-etch 1-step dentin bonding system through 15-month water storage. Does the method of caries induction influence the bond strength to dentin of primary teeth? Influence of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on the microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system Effect of chlorhexidine on the durability of a new universal adhesive system Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin Influence of chlorhexidine and ethanol on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber posts to root dentin using a total etching adhesive system. Bonding of simplified adhesive systems to caries-affected dentin of primary teeth. In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Chlorhexidine Pretreatment on Immediate and Aged Dentin Bond Strengths. Effect of haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength of contemporary/multi-mode adhesive systems. Influence of chlorhexidine concentration on microtensile bond strength of contemporary adhesive systems. Correlation between microtensile bond strength data and clinical outcome of Class V restorations. Effect of ferric sulfate contamination on the bonding effectiveness of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives to superficial dentin Three different adhesive systems; three different bond strength test methods Bonding characteristics of self-etching adhesives to intact versus prepared enamel. Fiber post placement with core build-up materials or resin cements—An evaluation of different adhesive approaches Bond Strength between Fiber Posts and Root Dentin Treated with Natural Cross-linkers. A new universal simplified adhesive: 18-month clinical evaluation. Randomized clinical trial of four adhesion strategies: 18-month results.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal or multi-mode adhesives , applied with increasing solvent evaporation times . METHODS One-hundred and forty caries-free extracted third molars were divided into 20 groups for bond strength testing , according to three factors : ( 1 ) Adhesive - All-Bond Universal ( ABU , Bisco , Inc. ) , Prime&Bond Elect ( PBE , Dentsply ) , and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ( SBU , 3 M ESPE ) ; ( 2 ) Bonding strategy - self-etch ( SE ) or etch- and -rinse ( ER ) ; and ( 3 ) Adhesive solvent evaporation time - 5s , 15s , and 25s . Two extra groups were prepared with ABU because the respective manufacturer recommends a solvent evaporation time of 10s . After restorations were constructed , specimens were stored in water ( 37 ° C/24h ) . Resin-dentin beams ( 0.8mm(2 ) ) were tested at 0.5mm/min ( μTBS ) . For NL , forty extracted molars were r and omly assigned to each of the 20 groups . Dentin disks were restored , immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate , sectioned and processed for evaluation under a FESEM in backscattered mode . Data from μTBS were analyzed using two-way ANOVA ( adhesive vs. drying time ) for each strategy , and Tukey 's test ( α=0.05 ) . NL data were computed with non-parametric tests ( Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests , α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Increasing solvent evaporation time from 5s to 25s result ed in statistically higher mean μTBS for all adhesives when used in ER mode . Regarding NL , ER result ed in greater NL than SE for each of the evaporation times regardless of the adhesive used . A solvent evaporation time of 25s result ed in the lowest NL for SBU-ER . SIGNIFICANCE Residual water and /or solvent may compromise the performance of universal adhesives , which may be improved with extended evaporation times PURPOSE To investigate the bonding of a new universal adhesive applied using different etching strategies on sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 50 primary molars were r and omly assigned to 10 groups according to substrate ( sound dentin [ SD ] vs caries-affected dentin [ CAD ] pH cycled for 14 days ) and bonding approach ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive : self-etching , vs dry or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse strategies ; Adper Single Bond Plus [ two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ] and Clearfil SE Bond [ two-step self-etching system ] as controls ) . After 24 h of water storage , bonded sticks with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were tested for microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) . Two sticks from each tooth were immersed in silver nitrate solution in order to evaluate nanoleakage ( NL ) with SEM . The μTBS means were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests . For NL , the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS The influence of the etching strategy on the bonding performance of the universal adhesive was substrate dependent . The self-etching approach result ed in lower μTBS values and higher silver nitrate uptake into hybrid layers for Scotchbond Universal Adhesive on SD , while no difference among experimental groups was observed in CAD . CONCLUSION It is preferable to use the universal adhesive following either a dry- or wet-bonding etch- and -rinse approach on both sound and caries-affected primary dentin OBJECTIVE To test the influence of a hydrophobic resin coating ( HC ) on the immediate ( 24h ) and 6-month ( 6 m ) microtensile dentin bond strengths ( μTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) of three universal adhesives applied in self-etch ( SE ) or in etch- and -rinse ( ER ) mode . METHODS Sixty caries-free extracted third molars were assigned to 12 experimental groups result ing from the combination of the factors " adhesive system " ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [ SBU ] , 3 M ESPE ; All-Bond Universal [ ABU ] , Bisco Inc. ; and G-Bond Plus [ GBP ] , GC Corporation ) ; " adhesive strategy " ( SE or ER ) ; " hydrophobic resin coating " [ HC ] ( with or without Heliobond , Ivoclar Vivadent ) ; and " storage time " ( 24h or 6 m ) . Specimens were prepared for μTBS testing - ( 24h ) half of the beams were immediately tested under tension ; and ( 6 m ) the other half was stored in distilled water ( 37 ° C ) for 6 m prior to testing . For each tooth , two beams were r and omly selected for NL evaluation for both evaluation times . Data were analyzed for each adhesive system using three-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS μTBS : ( 24h ) : In SE mode , HC result ed in statistically greater mean μTBS for all adhesives . ( 6 m ) : When HC was not used the mean μTBS for SBU/ER , ABU/ER , GBP/ER and SBU/SE decreased significantly . NL : ( 24h ) : SBU/ER , ABU/ER and GBP/SE result ed in a significant reduction in NL when HC was applied . ( 6 m ) : No significant reduction was observed for SBU/ER or for SBU/SE regardless of the use of HC . SIGNIFICANCE The application of a hydrophobic resin coating improved the 24h and the 6 m performances of all three adhesives systems in SE mode PURPOSE To compare microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) and interfacial morphology of a new one-step multimode adhesive with a two-step self-etching adhesive and two etch- and -rinse adhesives systems on enamel . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty human third molars were sectioned to obtain two enamel fragments . For μTBS , 48 enamel surfaces were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and r and omly assigned into 6 groups ( n = 8) : nonetched Scotchbond Universal [ SBU ] ; etched SBU [ SBU-et ] ; non-etched Clearfil SE Bond [ CSE ] ; etched CSE [ CSE-et ] ; Scotchbond Multi- PURPOSE [ SBMP ] ; Excite [ EX ] . The etched specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid for 30 s , each adhesive system was applied according to manufacturers ' instructions , and composite resin blocks ( Filtek Supreme Plus , 3 M ESPE ) were incrementally built up . Specimens were sectioned into beams with a cross-sectional area of 0.8-mm2 and tested under tension ( 1 mm/min ) . The data were analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Fisher 's PLSD ( α = 0.05 ) . For interface analysis , two sample s from each group were embedded in epoxy resin , polished , and then observed using scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) . RESULTS The μTBS values ( in MPa ) and the st and ard deviations were : SBU = 27.4 ( 8.5 ) ; SBU-et = 33.6 ( 9.3 ) ; CSE = 28.5 ( 8.3 ) ; CSE-et = 34.2 ( 9.0 ) ; SBMP = 30.4 ( 11.0 ) ; EX = 23.3 ( 8.2 ) . CSE-et and SBU-et presented the highest bond strength values , followed by SBMP , CSE , and SBU which did not differ significantly from each other . EX showed the statistically significantly lowest bond strength values . SEM images of interfaces from etched sample s showed long adhesive-resin tags penetrating into demineralized enamel . CONCLUSIONS Preliminary etching of enamel significantly increased bond strength for the new one-step multimode adhesive SBU and two-step self-etching adhesive CSE Background To assess the immediate bond strength of a dual-cure adhesive resin cement to the hybridized dentin with different bonding systems . Material and Methods Fifty-six healthy human molars were r and omly divided into 7 groups ( n=8 ) . After 3 longitudinal sections , the central cuts were included in PVC matrix and were su bmi tted to dentin hybridization according to the groups : G1 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Apder ™ Scotchbond ™ Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , G2 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( Optibond ™ FL , Kerr ) , G3 - etch & rinse system with 3-step ( All-Bond 3 ® , Bisco ) , G4 - etch & rinse simplified system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE ) , G5 - self-etching system with one step ( Bond Force , Tokuyama ) , G6 - universal system in moist dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) , G7 - universal system in dry dentin ( Single Bond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) . Then all groups received the cementing of a self-adhesive resin cement cylinder ( Duo-link , Bisco ) made from a polypropylene matrix . In the evaluation of bond strength , the sample s were subjected to the microshear test and evaluated according to the fracture pattern by optical microscopy . Results The Kruskal-Wallis test suggests a statistically significant difference between groups ( p=0,039 ) , and Tukey for multiple comparisons , indicating a statistically significant difference between G3 and G4 ( p<0.05 ) . It was verified high prevalence of adhesive failures , followed by mixed failure and cohesive in dentin . Conclusions The technique and the system used to dentin hybridization are able to affect the immediate bond strength of resin cement dual adhesive . Key words : Adhesion , adhesive resin cement , adhesive systems , microshear PURPOSE To evaluate dentin bond durability using current dentin adhesive resin bonding approaches over a 15-month period of water storage . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty-four extracted human molars were polished with 600-grit SiC papers exposing occlusal dentin , and r and omly distributed into four adhesive groups : total-etch 3-step ( TE3 ) ( Scotchbond Multi- Purpose , 3 M ESPE ) , total-etch 2-step ( TE2 ) ( Single Bond , 3 M ESPE ) , self-etch 2-step ( SE2 ) ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray ) , and a self-etch 1-step ( SE1 ) ( Prompt L-Pop , 3 M ESPE ) . A resin composite crown was incrementally formed and light cured to approximately 6 mm in height . Microtensile specimens were fabricated and stored in distilled water containing 0.5 % chloramine T and tensile tested at 1 mm/min after 1 , 6 , and 15 months . The debond pathway was recorded as either involving the substrate or joint using scanning electron microscopy . SAS software was used to compute Weibull parameters and distributions , Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of survival curves over time for each adhesive system and between adhesive systems . RESULTS The TE2 was significantly weaker than TE3 and SE2 after 1 and 6 months of storage , but all three systems were equivalent after 15 months of storage . The SE1 system could not be tested due to 58 of 65 specimens failing during specimen preparation . Failure modes were observed to be dependent upon adhesive system , with only the total-etch 2-step system demonstrating an increasing involvement in the adhesive joint over time . CONCLUSION Although differences in bond strength were observed across adhesive systems up to 6 months of storage , no differences were noted at 15 months . This may represent common degradative mechanisms PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of chemical and microbiological methods of caries induction on microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of current adhesive systems to primary dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Flat dentin surfaces from 36 primary molars were assigned to 3 groups according to the method of inducing caries-affected dentin : ( 1 )  control ( sound dentin ) ; ( 2 )  pH cycling ; and ( 3 ) microbiological . In both methods , teeth were su bmi tted to caries induction for 14 days , and the sound dentin was stored in distilled water for the same period . Specimens were then r and omly reassigned according to adhesive system : a two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive ( Adper Single Bond 2 ) or a two-step self-etching system ( Clearfil SE Bond ) . Composite buildups were constructed and the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks ( 0.8 mm2 ) to be tested for microtensile bond strength . The μTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . RESULTS Both methods of caries induction result ed in lower μTBS values ( with no significant difference between them ) than those obtained for sound dentin . Adhesive systems showed similar bond strength values . The percentage of premature failure was higher in the microbiological group , regardless of adhesive system . CONCLUSION Microbiological and pH-cycling methods are both suitable for simulating caries-affected dentin for bonding evaluations in primary teeth Chemical substances used during biomechanical preparation of root canals can alter the composition of dentin surface and affect the interaction with restorative material s. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of a self-etching adhesive system to dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( eDTA ) . Material and Methods Thirty human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal surface , polished with 600- to 1200-grit silicon carbide papers , and r and omly divided into 3 groups : G1 ( control ) : no irrigating solution ; G2 : 1 % NaOCl ; and G3 : 1 % NaOCl followed by the application of 17 % eDTA . The specimens received the self-etching adhesive system ( XeNO III - Dentsply ) , restored with microhybrid composite resin ( Z250 - 3 M ESPE ) , sectioned and trimmed to create 4 hourglass-shaped slabs of each tooth . The slabs were tested in microtensile strength in a universal testing machine ( emic DL 2000 ) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture . The results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test . Results Mean µTBS values and st and ard deviations in MPa were : G1 = 11.89 ± 4.22 ; G2 = 19.41 ± 5.32 ; G3 = 11.34 ± 4.73 . 1 % NaOCl  increased the adhesive resistance significantly ( p<0.001/ F=22.5763 ) . The application of 1 % NaOCl/17 % eDTA result ed in statistically similar µTBS to the control group . Conclusions None of the irrigants affected negatively the µTBS of XeNO III to dentin . The use of 1 % NaOCl alone result ed in higher bond strength than the other treatments . The combination of 1 % NaOCl and 17 % eDTA produced similar bond strength to that of untreated dentin Background The effect of chlorhexidine on bond durability of universal adhesives is not clear . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine on 6-month water storage bond strength of adhesive systems . Material and Methods 72 freshly sound human extracted molars were selected . In each tooth both buccal and lingual sides were prepared by bur to reach superficial dentin and r and omly divided into 6 groups and 12 sub-groups and bonded with Scotchbond Universal ( SBU ) or Scotchbond Multi- purpose ( SBMP ) with/without chlorhexidine ( CHX ) usage . Group 1 : SBU , group2 : SBU+CHX , group3 : Etch+SBU , group4 : Etch+CHX+SBU , group5 : Etch+SBMP , group6 : Etch+CHX+SBMP . After composite curing , water storage and thermocycling was done . Each group was divided into two subgroups . One was tested immediately , and the other was thermocycled for 5000 cycles ( 5 - 55 ° C ) ( it was equivalent to 6 months of storage in distilled water ) . Shear bond strength test was done and failure modes were determined by Stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA , Tukey post-hoc test and Paired Two test with P<0.050 as the level of significance . Results Shear bond strength in late SBU ( Self etch ) was significantly lower than late SBU [ Etch and rinse ( ER ) ] , P value= 0.0001 , also shear bond strength in late SBU [ self-etch ( SE ) ] was significantly lower than immediate SBU ( SE ) , P value= 0.01 . There were no significant differences between other sub-groups and conditions . The most failure mode was adhesive in all the groups . Conclusions Long term bonding durability of SBU(ER ) was better than SBU ( SE ) . CHX usage had prevented bond strength decrease in SBU and SBMP in long term . CHX usage did not have any effect on immediate shear bond strength of SBU and SBMP . Immediate and late shear bond strength of SBMP with/without CHX usage was similar to SBU(SE , ER ) . Key words : Dentin Bonding , Shear Bond Strength , chlorhexidine , 6-month storage ABSTRACT Objective Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP ) inhibitor ; however , its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin has never been reported . Thus , the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two MMP inhibitors ( 2 % chlorhexidine and 2 % green tea extract ) , applied after acid etching , on bond durability of an etch- and -rinse adhesive system to caries-affected dentin . Material and Methods Occlusal enamel was removed from third molars to expose the dentin surface , and the molars were su bmi tted to a caries induction protocol for 15 days . After removal of infected dentin , specimens were conditioned with 37 % phosphoric acid ( 15 seconds ) and r and omly divided into three groups , according to the type of dentin pretreatment ( n=10 ) : NT : no treatment ; GT : 2 % green tea extract ; CLX : 2 % chlorhexidine . The etch- and -rinse adhesive system ( Adper ™ Single Bond 2 , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) was applied according to the manufacturer 's instructions , and composite resin restorations were built on the dentin . After 24 hours , at 37 ° C , the resin-tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form of sticks ( 0.8 mm2 of adhesive area ) and r and omly subdivided into two groups according to when they were to be su bmi tted to microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) testing : immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water . Data were reported in MPa and su bmi tted to two-way ANOVA for completely r and omized blocks , followed by Tukey ’s test ( α=0.05 ) . Results After 24 hours , there was no significant difference in the μTBS of the groups . After 6 months , the GT group had significantly higher μTBS values . Conclusion It was concluded that the application of 2 % green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the etch- and -rinse system to dentin . Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non-treatment ( NT - control ) had any effect on bond strength after water storage INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of gel chlorhexidine ( CHX ) and ethanol ( EtOH ) on the bond strength and durability of the adhesion of the fiber post relined with resin composite to the root dentin using a total etch adhesive system . METHODS Forty bovine incisor roots were divided into four groups after phosphoric acid etching : irrigation with physiologic solution ( control ) , 5 minutes with CHX , 1 minute with EtOH , and 5 minutes with chlorhexidine followed by 1 minute with EtOH . Fiber posts relined with resin composite were cemented with either RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) and a total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE ) . Each group was r and omly divided into two subgroups : 24 hours of storage and 12 months of storage . All roots were sectioned transversely , and the push-out test was performed . Failure modes were observed , and the bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test ( α = 0.05 ) . RESULTS CHX irrigation result ed in homogeneous bond strength values at 24 hours and 12 months of storage ( P < .05 ) . A significant bond strength decrease was noticed after 12 months of storage when irrigations were performed with physiologic solution and EtOH application only or associated with CHX ( P < .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The use of CHX pretreatment could preserve the bond strength of the fiber post relined with resin composite to root dentin for 12 months . The use of EtOH and CHX followed by EtOH did not preserve the bond strength of the total etch adhesive system Scotchbond Multi- Purpose PURPOSE To evaluate the bonding of simplified adhesive systems to sound and caries-affected dentin of primary teeth with microtensile ( µTBS ) and nanoleakage ( NL ) tests . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Occlusal cavities were prepared in 36 sound second primary molars . Half of the specimens were su bmi tted to pH cycling to simulate caries-affected dentin . Teeth were r and omly restored with one of three material s : the etch- and -rinse adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 ( SB ) , the two-step self-etching adhesive system Adper SE Plus ( SE ) , and the one-step self-etching adhesive system Adper Easy One ( EASY ) . After storage for 24 h , specimens with cross-sectional areas of 0.8 mm2 were prepared for microtensile testing ( 1 mm/min ) . One stick from each tooth was immersed in silver nitrate solution ( 24 h ) and allowed to develop for 8 h in order to score the nano leakage with SEM . The fracture pattern was evaluated using a stereomicroscope ( 400X ) . The µTBS means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey 's post-hoc test . For NL , the Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used ( α < 0.05 ) . RESULTS SB ( 35.5 ± 3.5 ) showed the highest µTBS value to sound dentin , followed by EASY ( 26.3 ± 1.9 ) and SE ( 18.2 ± 6.5 ) ( p < 0.05 ) . No difference among material s was observed for caries-affected dentin ( SB : 17.8 ± 4.2 ; SE : 13.9 ± 3.2 ; EASY : 14.4 ± 4.2 , p > 0.05 ) . For all groups , adhesive/mixed fracture prevailed . Caries affected dentin promoted silver nitrate uptake into the adhesive interface ; however , with SE , the nano leakage was more pronounced than in the other adhesive systems , even in sound dentin . CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin negatively influences the bond strength and nano leakage of the two-step etch- and -rinse and one-step self-etching adhesive systems tested in primary teeth This study evaluated the effect of 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) pretreatment of dentin on the immediate and aged microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) of different adhesives to dentin in vivo and in vitro . Class I cavities were prepared in 80 caries-free human third molars of 40 patients in a split-mouth fashion . In each tooth pair , one tooth received 2 % CHX pretreatment after which both teeth were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups with respect to the type of adhesive system applied : Adper Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) , Clearfil S(3 ) Bond ( one-step self-etch ) , and Adper Prompt-L-Pop ( all-in-one self-etch ) . The teeth were restored with resin composite and extracted for μTBS testing either immediately or after six months in function . In vitro specimen pairs were prepared as with the clinical protocol in intact , freshly extracted human molars , and thereafter , subjected to testing immediately or after 5000 × thermocycling . Data were analyzed with four-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) . Bonferroni test was utilized for pair-wise comparisons . The immediate bond strength values were significantly higher than " aged " ones for all tested adhesives ( p=0.00 ) . The in vitro immediate bond strength values were statistically higher than in vivo bond strength values ( p<0.05 ) . While the bond strength of in vitro aged , CHX-treated sample s were higher than their in vivo counterparts ( p<0.05 ) , no difference was observed in non-CHX treated groups ( p>0.05 ) . In the absence of CHX pretreatment , all adhesives showed significantly higher immediate bond strength values than CHX-treated groups , while all " aged " , non-pretreated adhesives exhibited significantly lower bond strength values ( both p<0.05 ) . By contrast , chlorhexidine pretreatment result ed in significantly higher aged bond strengths , regardless of the adhesive system and testing condition . Aging-associated decline in dentin bond strength of etch- and rinse and self-etch adhesives can be counteracted by chlorhexidine application OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the effect of blood contamination and haemostatic agent application on the shear bond strength ( SBS ) of different adhesives to dentin . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Seventy-two extracted human molars were used in this study . Teeth were mounted acrylic in moulds . Mesial and distal surfaces were removed to obtain flat dentin surfaces ( n=144 ) and grinded with a 600 grit s and paper . The sample s were r and omly divided into three main groups ( N=48 ) based on the adhesive system and application procedures . GROUP 1 : No contamination ( control ) , GROUP 2 : Blood contamination , GROUP 3 : Blood Contamination+Haemostatic agent application . Each group was further divided into four subgroups : SUBGROUP I : Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) Subgroup II : Clearfil SE Bond ( two-step self-etch ) Subgroup III : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , etch- and -rinse ) subgroup IV : Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( n=12 ) . Resin cylinders ( Filtek Z550 ) were bonded to the dentin surfaces according to the manufacturers ' instructions . A shear load was applied to the specimens using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure . Data were analyzed statistically ( p<0.05 ) . RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed between no contamination ( control ) and blood + haemostatic agent contamination groups for both Single Bond 2 ( etch- and -rinse ) and Single Bond Universal ( multimode , all-in-one self-etch ) ( p<0.05 ) . When the adhesive systems were compared to each other , no statistically significant differences were found in all contamination groups and control group for the mean SBS values ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSION When blood contamination is inevitable two step self- etching adhesive systems may be the choice of adhesive system in terms of shear bond strength The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chlorhexidine ( CHX ) concentration on the microtensile bond strength ( muTBS ) of contemporary adhesive systems . Eighty bovine central incisors were used in this study . The facial enamel surface of the crowns was abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper to expose flat , mid-coronal dentin surfaces . The tested material s were Scotchbond Multi purpose ( SMP ) , Single-Bond ( SB ) , Clearfil SE Bond ( CSEB ) and Clearfil Tri S Bond ( CTSB ) . All the material s were applied according to manufacturer 's instructions and followed by composite application ( Z250 ) . The teeth were r and omly divided into 16 groups : for the etch- and -rinse adhesives ( SMP and SB ) , 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to or after the acid etching procedure . For the self-etch adhesives ( CSEB and CTSB ) 0.12 % or 2 % CHX was applied prior to the primer . Control groups for each one of the adhesive systems were also set up . The specimens were immediately su bmi tted to muTBS testing and the data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and the Tukey post hoc test ( alpha = .01 ) . The failure patterns of the specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy . The effects of 2 % CHX were statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) for the self-etch adhesives but were not significant for the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistical difference between the etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . CHX-based cavity disinfectants in concentrations higher than 0.12 % should be avoided prior to the self-etch adhesive systems evaluated in this study to diminish the possibilities of reduction in bond strength OBJECTIVE To determine if the results of  resin-dentin microtensile bond strength ( μTBS ) is correlated with the outcome parameters of clinical studies on non-retentive Class V restorations . METHODS  Resin-dentin μTBS data were obtained from one test center ; the in vitro tests were all performed by the same operator . The μTBS testing was performed 8 h after bonding and after 6 months of storing the specimens in water . Pre-test failures ( PTFs ) of specimens were included in the analysis , attributing them a value of 1MPa . Prospect i ve clinical studies on cervical restorations ( Class V ) with an observation period of at least 18 months were search ed in the literature . The clinical outcome variables were retention loss , marginal discoloration and marginal integrity . Furthermore , an index was formulated to be better able to compare the laboratory and clinical results . Estimates of adhesive effects in a linear mixed model were used to summarize the clinical performance of each adhesive between 12 and 36 months . Spearman correlations between these clinical performances and the μTBS values were calculated subsequently . RESULTS Thirty-six clinical studies with 15 adhesive/restorative systems for which μTBS data were also available were included in the statistical analysis . In general 3-step and 2-step etch- and -rinse systems showed higher bond strength values than the 2-step/3-step self-etching systems , which , however , produced higher values than the 1-step self-etching and the resin modified glass ionomer systems . Prolonged water storage of specimens result ed in a significant decrease of the mean bond strength values in 5 adhesive systems ( Wilcoxon , p<0.05 ) . There was a significant correlation between μTBS values both after 8 h and 6 months of storage and marginal discoloration ( r=0.54 and r=0.67 , respectively ) . However , the same correlation was not found between μTBS values and the retention rate , clinical index or marginal integrity . SIGNIFICANCE As μTBS data of adhesive systems , especially after water storage for 6 months , showed a good correlation with marginal discoloration in short-term clinical Class V restorations , longitudinal clinical trials should explore whether early marginal staining is predictive for future retention loss in non-carious cervical restorations Aim : This study investigated the effect of one hemostatic agent on the shear bond strength of  self-etch and etch- and -rinse adhesive systems . Material s and Methods : Sixty extracted third molars were selected . After preparing a flat surface of superficial dentin , they were r and omly divided into six groups . Adhesives were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , and AdheSE One F. Before applying adhesives , surfaces were contaminated with ViscoStat for 60 s in three groups and rinsed . Then composite were attached to surfaces and light cured . After thermocycling , the bond strength was calculated and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope . The data were analyzed by t-test and one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05 as the level of significance . Results : ViscoStat had significantly decreased the shear bond strength of AdheSE ( P < 0.0001 ) to dentin . Modes of failures in all groups were mainly adhesive . Conclusion : Contamination had an adverse effect on the shear bond strength of AdheSE and reduced it Abstract Objective . The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the microtensile , microshear and shear bond strength test methods to assess the bond strength of two self-etch adhesives and one etch&rinse adhesive on dentin . Material s and methods : Seventy-five extracted human molars were ground to expose their flat dentin surfaces and r and omly assigned to one of three groups according to the type of test method ( 15 for microtensile , 15 for microshear , 45 for shear ) . Each of these groups was then assigned to three sub-groups according to the bonding systems ( Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray ; G Bond , GC ; Prime&Bond NT , Dentsply ) used . Then , 15 specimens were prepared for each sub-group according to the test method employed ( n = 15 ) . After being stored in distilled water at 37 ° C for 24 h , the specimens were placed in a universal testing machine for three test methods and stressed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min . Mean bond strengths were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests at a significance level of p < 0.05 . Results . The microtensile test had the highest bond strength ( p = 0.046 ) . Clearfil SE Bond and Prime&Bond NT produced significantly higher values than the G Bond in the microtensile bond test ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas no significant differences were found among the adhesives in the microshear bond test ( p > 0.05 ) . For the shear test , Clearfil SE Bond showed higher bond strength than Prime&Bond NT and G Bond ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion : Bond strength to dentin depends on the material and the test method used PURPOSE This study tested the null hypothesis that the preparation of the enamel surface would not affect the enamel microtensile bond strengths of self-etching adhesive material s. MATERIAL S AND METHODS Ten bovine incisors were trimmed with a diamond saw to obtain a squared enamel surface with an area of 8 x 8 mm . The specimens were r and omly assigned to five adhesives : ( 1 ) ABF ( Kuraray ) , an experimental two-bottle self-etching adhesive ; ( 2 ) Clearfil SE Bond ( Kuraray ) , a two-bottle self-etching adhesive ; ( 3 ) One-Up Bond F ( Tokuyama ) , an all-in-one adhesive ; ( 4 ) Prompt L-Pop ( 3 M ESPE ) , an all-in-one adhesive ; and ( 5 ) Single Bond ( 3 M ESPE ) , a two-bottle total-etch adhesive used as positive control . For each specimen , one half was roughened with a diamond bur for 5 seconds under water spray , whereas the other half was left unprepared . The adhesives were applied as per manufacturers ' directions . A universal hybrid composite resin ( Filtek Z250 , 3 M ESPE ) was inserted in three layers of 1.5 mm each and light-cured . Specimens were sectioned in X and Y directions to obtain bonded sticks with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 + /- 0.2 mm2 . Sticks were tested in tension in an Instron at a cross-speed of 1 mm per minute . Statistical analysis was carried out with two-way analysis of variance and Duncan 's test at p < .05 . Ten extra specimens were processed for observation under a field-emission scanning electron microscope . RESULTS Single Bond , the total-etch adhesive , result ed in statistically higher microtensile bond strength than any of the other adhesives regardless of the enamel preparation ( unprepared = 31.5 MPa ; prepared = 34.9 MPa , not statistically different at p < .05 ) . All the self-etching adhesives result ed in higher microtensile bond strength when enamel was roughened than when enamel was left unprepared . However , for ABF and for Clearfil SE Bond this difference was not statistically significant at p > .05 . When applied to ground enamel , mean bond strengths of Prompt L-Pop were not statistically different from those of Clearfil SE Bond and ABF . One-Up Bond F did not bond to unprepared enamel . Commercial self-etching adhesives performed better on prepared enamel than on unprepared enamel . The field-emission scanning electron microscope revealed a deep inter prisma tic etching pattern for the total-etch adhesive , whereas the self-etching systems result ed in an etching pattern ranging from absent to moderate Abstract Objective . To compare push-out bond strength of fiber-posts luted with different adhesive approaches to root canal dentin . Material s and methods . Forty maxillary first incisors were decoronated and endodontically treated . Specimens were r and omly distributed into five groups ( n = 8) and fiber-posts ( DentinPost coated , Komet ) were inserted using five different luting material s : etch- and -rinse adhesive systems and corresponding core- and -post material in groups 1 ( DentinBond/DentinBuild , Komet ) and 2 ( XP Bond + SCA/Core-X flow , Densply ) , self-adhesive resin cements in groups 3 ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M Espe ) and 4 ( SmartCem 2 , Dentsply ) and a self-etch adhesive/resin cement in group 5 ( ED-Primer II/Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . The roots were sectioned into eight 1 mm thick serial slices and within 48 h push-out bond strength was investigated . Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for differences between experimental groups at p < 0.05 . The failure modes were analyzed using Chi square test . Results . The bond strength [ MPa ] ( mean/min – max ) for groups 3 ( 12.35/3.60–32.44 ) , 4 ( 13.52/4.48–30.69 ) and 2 ( 11.15/5.23–35.58 ) were significantly higher ( p < 0.001 ) compared to groups 1 ( 6.66/2.34–24.89 ) and 5 ( 7.41/0.28–34.18 ) . Adhesive failure between dentin and luting agent was the most frequent failure mode . Conclusions . Bond strength of fiber-posts adhesively luted to root canal dentin was significantly higher when self-adhesive resin cements were used . One ( group 2 ) of the tested core- and -post material s/etch- and -rinse adhesive achieved comparable bond strength values INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract ( grape seed extract [ GSE ] ) on the bond strength and stability of the adhesion of fiber posts to the root dentine using 2 adhesive systems : a total-etch and a self-etch adhesive system . METHODS Single-rooted human teeth were r and omly divided into 6 groups : G1 ( control ) , untreated + total-etch adhesive Adper Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN ) ; G2 , 6.5 % GSE for 5 minutes + SB ; G3 , 10 % GSE for 5 minutes + SB ; and G4 to G6 groups were similar to previous ones ; however , the self-etch adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond ( Kuraray , Kurashiki , Japan ) was used . Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX ARC ( 3 M ESPE ) , and the specimens were immediately tested for push out or stored for 12 months . The bond strength means were analyzed by analysis of variance and Games-Howell post hoc tests ( α = 0.05 ) . Additionally , matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by 0.65 % , 0.065 % , and 0.0065 % GSE was examined with gelatin zymography . RESULTS The use of GSE did not affect immediate bond strength to dentin and contributed to preserve the bond strength after 12 months ( P < .05 ) for both adhesives . The bond strength of SB was significantly higher than Clearfil SE Bond ( P < .05 ) . Gelatin zymography showed reduced matrix metalloproteinase activity when recombinant enzymes were incubated with both 0.65 % and 0.065 % GSE , with complete inhibition at the highest concentration . CONCLUSIONS The pretreatment with GSE can be used as a natural alternative to improve bond strength stability of dentin-adhesive interfaces in root canals PURPOSE To evaluate the 18-month clinical performance of a multimode adhesive ( Scotchbond Universal Adhesive , SU , 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN , USA ) in noncarious cervical lesions ( NCCLs ) using two evaluation criteria . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients participated in this study . Two-hundred restorations were assigned to four groups : ERm , etch- and -rinse + moist dentin ; ERd , etch- and -rinse + dry dentin ; Set , selective enamel etching ; and SE , self-etch . The composite resin , Filtek Supreme Ultra ( 3 M ESPE ) , was placed incrementally . The restorations were evaluated at baseline , and at 18 months , using both the World Dental Federation ( FDI ) and the United States Public Health Service ( USPHS ) criteria . Statistical analyses were performed using Friedman repeated- measures analysis of variance by rank and McNemar test for significance in each pair ( α=0.05 ) . RESULTS Five restorations ( SE : 3 ; Set : 1 ; and ERm : 1 ) were lost after 18 months ( p>0.05 for either criteria ) . Marginal staining occurred in four and 10 % of the restorations evaluated ( p>0.05 ) , respectively , for USPHS and FDI criteria . Nine restorations were scored as bravo for marginal adaptation using the USPHS criteria and 38 % , 40 % , 36 % , and 44 % for groups ERm , ERd , Set , and SE , respectively , when the FDI criteria were applied ( p>0.05 ) . However , when semiquantitative scores ( or SQUACE ) for marginal adaptation were used , SE result ed in a significantly greater number of restorations , with more than 30 % of the total length of the interface showing marginal discrepancy ( 28 % ) in comparison with the other groups ( 8 % , 6 % , and 8 % , respectively , for ERm , ERd , and Set ) . CONCLUSIONS The clinical retention of the multimode adhesive at 18 months does not depend on the bonding strategy . The only differences between strategies were found for the parameter marginal adaptation , for which the FDI criteria were more sensitive than the USPHS criteria STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM With Institutional Review Board approval , 39 patients who needed restoration of noncarious cervical lesions ( NCCLs ) were enrolled in this study . A total of 125 NCCLs were selected and r and omly assigned to four groups : 1 ) a three-step etch- and -rinse adhesive , Adper Scotchbond Multi- Purpose ( MP , 3 M ESPE , St Paul , MN , USA ) ; 2 ) a two-step etch- and -rinse adhesive , Adper Single Bond Plus ( SB , 3 M ESPE ) ; 3 ) a two-step self-etch adhesive , Adper Scotchbond SE ( SE , 3 M ESPE ) ; and 4 ) a one-step self-etch adhesive , Adper Easy Bond ( EB , 3 M ESPE ) . A nanofilled composite resin was used for all restorations . Restorations were evaluated at six months and 18 months using modified U.S. Public Health Service ( USPHS ) parameters . RESULTS At six months after initial placement , 107 restorations ( 85.6 % recall rate ) were evaluated . At 18 months , 94 restorations ( 75.2 % recall rate ) were available for evaluation . The 6 mo/18 mo overall retention rates ( % ) were 100/90.9 for MP ; 100/91.7 for SB ; 100/90.9 for SE ; and 96.4/92.3 for EB with no statistical difference between any pair of groups at each recall . Sensitivity to air decreased significantly for all adhesives from the preoperative to the postoperative stage and was stable thereafter . Interfacial staining did not change statistically from baseline to six months ; however , interfacial staining at the enamel margins was statistically worse at 18 months than at baseline for the two self-etch adhesives EB and SE . Marginal adaptation was statistically worse at 18 months compared with baseline only for EB . This tendency was already significant at the six-month recall . CONCLUSION Although 18-month retention was similar for the different adhesion strategies , enamel marginal deficiencies were more prevalent for the self-etch adhesives
Conclusions Multi-mode ' universal ' adhesives can achieve substantial bonding to dentin , regardless of the used modes ( either etch- and -rinse or self-etch )
Objectives The aims of this study were to conduct a systematic review of the microtensile bond strength ( µTBS ) of  multi-mode adhesives to dentin and to perform a meta- analysis to assess the significance of differences in the µTBS of one of the most commonly used universal adhesives ( Scotchbond Universal , 3 M ESPE ) depending on whether the etch- and -rinse or self-etch mode was used .