Combined training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity independent of age. Effects of exercise training on frailty in community-dwelling older adults: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Impact of Training Modality on Strength and Physical Function in Older Adults Resilience to exercise detraining in healthy older adults. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri-modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community: a randomized, controlled trial. Effects of a targeted multimodal exercise program incorporating high-speed power training on falls and fracture risk factors in older adults: a community-based randomized controlled trial. The effect of a training program combined with augmented afferent feedback from the feet using shoe insoles on gait performance and muscle power in older adults: a randomised controlled trial A cognitive training intervention improves modality-specific attention in a randomized controlled trial of healthy older adults Effects of combined sensory and muscular training on balance in Japanese older adults. Low to moderate intensity endurance training in healthy older adults: physiological responses after four months. Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. Strength training increases maximum working capacity in patients with COPD--randomized clinical trial comparing three training modalities. Effects of whole body vibration training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in older individuals (a 1-year randomised controlled trial). Four-month course of soluble milk proteins interacts with exercise to improve muscle strength and delay fatigue in elderly participants. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. Pilot randomized controlled trial: elastic-resistance-training and lifestyle-activity intervention for sedentary older adults. Effect of high-intensity strength-training on functional measures of balance ability in balance-impaired older adults. Muscle function in aged women in response to a water-based exercises program and progressive resistance training. Influence of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults. Residual effects of muscle strength and muscle power training and detraining on physical function in community-dwelling prefrail older adults: a randomized controlled trial Long-term impact of strength training on muscle strength characteristics in older adults.
CONTEXT Skeletal muscle from sedentary older adults exhibits reduced mitochondrial abundance and oxidative capacity . OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to determine whether 8 weeks of combined training ( CT ) has a more robust effect than endurance training ( ET ) or resistance training ( RT ) on mitochondrial physiology in healthy young ( 18 - 30 years ) and older ( ≥ 65 years ) adults . INTERVENTION Thirty-four young and 31 older adults were r and omly assigned to 8 weeks of ET , RT , and control/CT .  Control subjects completed 8 weeks of no exercise ( control ) followed by 8 weeks of CT  . Body composition , skeletal muscle strength , and peak oxygen uptake were measured before and after the intervention . Vastus lateralis muscle biopsy sample s were obtained before and 48 hours after the intervention . Mitochondrial physiology was evaluated by high-resolution respirometry and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting . RESULTS ET and CT significantly increased oxidative capacity and expression of mitochondrial proteins and transcription factors . All training modalities improved body composition , cardiorespiratory fitness , and skeletal muscle strength . CT induced the most robust improvements in mitochondria-related outcomes and physical characteristics despite lower training volumes for the ET and RT components . Importantly , most of the adaptations to training occurred independent of age . CONCLUSION Collectively , these results demonstrate that both ET and CT increase muscle mitochondrial abundance and capacity although CT induced the most robust improvements in the outcomes measured . In conclusion , CT provides a robust exercise regimen to improve muscle mitochondrial outcomes and physical characteristics independent of age OBJECTIVES Although deficits in skeletal muscle strength , gait , balance , and oxygen uptake are potentially reversible causes of frailty , the efficacy of exercise in reversing frailty in community-dwelling older adults has not been proven . The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intensive exercise training ( ET ) on measures of physical frailty in older community-dwelling men and women . DESIGN R and omized controlled trial . SETTING Medical school research center . PARTICIPANTS One hundred fifteen sedentary men and women ( mean age + /- st and ard deviation = 83 + /- 4 ) with mild to moderate physical frailty , as defined by two of the following three criteria : Modified Physical Performance Test ( modified PPT ) score between 18 and 32 , peak oxygen uptake ( VO2 peak ) between 10 and 18 mL/kg/min , and self-report of difficulty or assistance with one basic activity of daily living ( ADL ) , or two instrumental ADLs . INTERVENTION Participants were r and omly assigned to a control group that performed a 9-month low-intensity home exercise program ( control ) or an exercise-training program ( ET ) . The control intervention primarily consisted of flexibility exercises . ET began with 3 months of flexibility , light-resistance , and balance training . During the next 3 months , resistance training was added , and , during the next 3 months , endurance training was added . MEASUREMENTS Modified PPT score , VO2 peak , performance of ADLs as measured by the Older Americans Re sources and Services instrument , and the Functional Status Question naire ( FSQ ) . RESULTS ET result ed in significantly greater improvements than home exercise in three of the four primary outcome measures . Adjusted 95 % confidence bounds on the magnitude of improvement in the ET group compared with the control group were 1.0 to 5.2 points for the modified PPT score , 0.9 to 3.6 mL/kg/min for VO2 peak , and 1.6 to 4.9 points for the FSQ score . CONCLUSIONS Our results show that intensive ET can improve measures of physical function and pre clinical disability in older adults who have impairments in physical performance and oxygen uptake and are not taking hormone replacement therapy better than a low-intensity home exercise program Background : The importance of maintaining strength in older adults is well documented and various training modalities have been recommended ; however , the effectiveness of various interventions with high translation to public health practice has not been completely characterized . Additionally , the interrelations among mode , strength , and lower extremity physical function ( LEPF ) changes in older adults warrant further investigation . Purpose : The primary aims were to examine the effectiveness of cardiovascular endurance training ( CVE ) compared with balance and flexibility training ( FLEX ) and to explore the relationship of muscle strength to LEPF . Methods : Fifty-five adults ( 69.1 ± 5.6 years , 35 female ) were r and omly assigned to 10 months of CVE or FLEX . Knee extension and flexion at 60 and 120 ° ·s–1 were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer  . LEPF was measured using a battery of tasks . The CVE group exercised using treadmills , cycles , and elliptical trainers . The FLEX group participated in a group exercise class that incorporated flexibility and balance activities . Results : The CVE training group significantly improved peak oxygen consumption by 6 % ( p = 0.03 ) , while the FLEX training group showed no change ( p = 0.47 ) . Participants significantly improved peak torque at both speeds and muscle actions by 21–65 % ( p ≤ 0.05 ) , with no group effect ( p > 0.05 ) . Both groups also significantly improved performance on all LEPF tasks included in this study ( 4–7 % , p ≤ 0.05 ) . Significant correlations ( all p = 0.00 ) were found between improvements in strength and improvements in LEPF including timed walk and peak torque extension and flexion at 60 ° ·s–1 ( r = 0.40 and 0.27 , respectively ) , obstacle walk and peak torque extension and flexion at 60 and 120 ° ·s–1 ( r range 0.27–0.40 ) , and stair ascent and peak torque extension at 120 ° ·s–1 ( r = 0.37 ) . Conclusions : Sedentary older adults achieve similar improvements in strength and LEPF  with either CVE or FLEX training with the latter being related to improvements in leg strength OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of stopping and restarting two types of exercise programs in older adults . DESIGN A controlled , longitudinal study that utilized r and om assignment of volunteers . Treatments were exercise programs design ed to improve cardiovascular or neuromuscular fitness . MEASUREMENTS Dependent variables measured before and after implementation of treatments were : maximum oxygen consumption , oxygen pulse , treadmill and cycle training workloads , quadriceps isokinetic peak torque , quadriceps isokinetic total work , and quadriceps training workload . MAIN RESULTS Exercise training was highly effective in improving cardiovascular endurance or muscular strength . Ten weeks of exercise detraining result ed in small losses in newly gained cardiovascular capacity but more noticeable losses in muscular strength . Exercise retraining was accomplished easily using cardiovascular or resistive exercises . The functional benefits of restarting a cardiovascular exercise program appeared additive despite a 10-week intervening period of exercise detraining . In this age group , cardiovascular exercise produced limited improvements in muscular strength , and resistive exercise training positively influenced cardiovascular exercise performance . CONCLUSIONS Older adults are fairly resilient to 10 weeks of cardiovascular detraining and retain newly gained muscular strength for at least 5 weeks , despite an interruption of formal exercise . An occasional missed exercise session or temporary cessation of habitual exercise should not be a cause for distress in exercising older adults . Instead , they should realize the case with which they may restart their exercise program and also appreciate the generalized fitness benefits that can be ascribed to becoming more active Previous studies concerning psychological benefits of exercise among the elderly has focused predominantly on the effects of aerobic exercise . In the present study , psychological and behavioral adaptations in response to 12-weeks of strength training were examined in medically healthy but sedentary 42 older adults ( mean age = 68 years ) . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of high and low intensity resistance training intensity on a ) muscular fitness , b ) psychological affect , and c ) neurocognitive functioning . Subjects were r and omly assigned to high intensity/low volume ( EXH : 2 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions for 75 to 85 % of 1 RM ) , low intensity/high volume ( EXL : 2 sets of 14 to 16 repetitions for 55 to 65 % of 1 RM ) , or no exercise control programs . Prior to and following the 12-week program , subjects underwent comprehensive physiological and psychological evaluations . Physiological assessment included measurements of blood pressure , heart rate , arm and leg muscle strength , body composition , and oxygen consumption ( VO2max ) . Psychological measures included evaluations of mood , anxiety , and physical self-efficacy as well as cognitive functioning . The results of this study indicated that both high and low intensity strength programs were associated with marked improvements in physiological fitness and psychological functioning . Specifically , subjects in the strength training programs increased overall muscle strength by 38.6 % and reduced percent body fat by 3.0 % . Favorable psychological changes in the strength-trained subjects included improvements in positive and negative mood , trait anxiety , and perceived confidence for physical capability . The treatment effects of neurocognitive functioning were not significant . In summary , this study demonstrated that participation in 12-weeks of high or low intensity strength training can improve overall physical fitness , mood , and physical self-efficacy in older adults while cognitive functioning remains constant OBJECTIVES To test the feasibility and efficacy of current guidelines for multimodal exercise programs in older adults . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING Retirement village . PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight subjects ( 14 men and 24 women ) aged 76.6 + /- 6.1 . INTERVENTION A wait list control or 10 weeks of supervised exercise consisting of high-intensity ( 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1RM ) ) progressive resistance training ( PRT ) 3 days per week , moderate-intensity ( rating of perceived exertion 11 to 14/20 ) aerobic training 2 days per week , and progressive balance training 1 day per week . MEASUREMENTS Blinded assessment s of dynamic muscle strength ( 1RM ) , balance , 6-minute walk , gait velocity , chair st and , stair climb , depressive symptoms , self-efficacy , and habitual physical activity level . RESULTS Higher baseline strength and psychological well-being were associated with better functional performance . Strength gains over 10 weeks averaged 39+/-31 % in exercise , versus 21+/-24 % in controls ( P=.10 ) , with greater improvements in hip flexion ( P=.01 ) , hip abduction ( P=.02 ) , and chest press ( P=.04 ) in the exercise group . Strength adaptations were greatest in exercises in which the intended continuous progressive overload was achieved . Stair climb power ( 12.3+/-15 % , P=.002 ) and chair st and time ( -7.1+/-15 % , P=.006 ) improved significantly and similarly in both groups . Reduction in depressive symptoms was significantly related to compliance ( attendance rate r=-0.568 , P=.009 , PRT progression in loading r=-0.587 , P=.02 , and total volume of aerobic training r=-0.541 , P=.01 ) , as well as improvements in muscle strength ( r=-0.498 , P=.002 ) . CONCLUSION Robust physical and psychological adaptations to exercise are linked , although volumes and intensities of multiple exercise modalities sufficient to cause significant adaptation appear difficult to prescribe and adhere to simultaneously in older adults Multimodal exercise programs incorporating traditional progressive resistance training ( PRT ) , weight-bearing impact training and /or balance training are recommended to reduce risk factors for falls and fracture . However , muscle power , or the ability to produce force rapidly , has emerged as a more crucial variable to functional decline than muscle strength or mass . The aim of this 12-month community-based r and omized controlled trial , termed Osteo-cise : Strong Bones for Life , was to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a multimodal exercise program incorporating high-velocity (HV)-PRT , combined with an osteoporosis education and behavioral change program , on bone mineral density ( BMD ) , body composition , muscle strength and functional muscle performance in older adults . Falls incidence was evaluated as a secondary outcome . A total of 162 older adults ( mean ± SD ; 67 ± 6 years ) with risk factors for falls and /or low BMD were r and omized to the Osteo-cise program ( n = 81 ) or a control group ( n = 81 ) . Exercise consisted of fitness center-based HV-PRT , weight-bearing impact and challenging balance/mobility activities performed three times weekly . After 12 months , the Osteo-cise program led to modest but significant net gains in femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD ( 1.0 % to 1.1 % , p < 0.05 ) , muscle strength ( 10 % to 13 % , p < 0.05 ) , functional muscle power ( Timed Stair Climb , 5 % , p < 0.05 ) and dynamic balance ( Four Square Step Test 6 % , p < 0.01 ; Sit-to-St and , 16 % , p < 0.001 ) relative to controls . There was no effect on total body lean mass or mobility ( timed-up- and -go ) , and no difference in falls rate ( incidence rate ratio [ IRR ] , 1.22 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.72 - 2.04 ) . In conclusion , this study demonstrates that the Osteo-cise : Strong Bones for Life community-based , multimodal exercise program represents an effective approach to improve multiple musculoskeletal and functional performance measures in older adults with risk factors for falls and /or low BMD . Although this did not translate into a reduction in the rate of falls , further large-scale trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this multimodal approach on reducing falls and fracture Background . Aged-related loss of afferent feedback of the feet plays an important role in gait performance . Although strength , balance and gait training can significantly improve the muscle power and functional abilities of older individuals , it remains unclear whether training effects can be enhanced by augmenting afferent feedback from the feet adding shoe insoles complementary to conventional training . Objective . The current study investigated the effect of physical exercise combined with wearing MedReflex ® shoe insoles on the gait performance and muscle power in older adults . Methods . Twenty-eight independent living , older adults aged 65–91 years were r and omly assigned to either an insole group ( IG ; n = 14 ) or a training group ( TG ; n = 14 ) . Further 14 subjects matched to the IG and TG were recruited as a control group ( CG ; n = 14 ) ( no exercise ) . The IG and TG completed the same training program consisting of aerobic exercises , progressive resistance strength training and stretching exercises twice per week for 12 weeks , whereas , the IG wore the insoles during everyday life and during training sessions . Assessment s included the Falls Efficacy Scale – International ( FES-I ) , gait analysis and muscle power measurements of the knee and ankle joint at pre- and post-training . Results . There were significant time × group interactions in walking speed , step length and in several muscle power measurements . The positive effects of gait parameters ranged between 1 % and 12 % and between 1 % and 8 % and the trend to improvements of muscle power ranged between 15–79 % and 20–79 % for the IG and TG , respectively . The IG and TG did not differ significantly in their improvements . The CG showed a trend to deteriorations between 0 % and −5 % for gait parameters and between −4 % and −14 % for muscle power . No significant change in FES-I score occurred in neither groups . Conclusions . The results of this study provide evidence of significant improvements in gait performance and muscle power after a conventional training program in independent living , older adults . However , there is no additional effect of long-term adaptation of gait caused by wearing insoles concurrent to physical training Age-related deficits in cognitive and sensory function can result in increased distraction from background sensory stimuli . This r and omized controlled trial investigated the effects of a cognitive training intervention aim ed at helping healthy older adults suppress irrelevant auditory and visual stimuli . Sixty-six participants received 8 weeks of either the modality-specific attention training program or an educational lecture control program . Participants who completed the intervention program had larger improvements in modality-specific selective attention following training than controls . These improvements also correlated with reductions in bimodal integration during selective attention . Further , the intervention group showed larger improvements than the control group in non-trained domains such as processing speed and dual-task completion , demonstrating the utility of modality-specific attention training for improving cognitive function in healthy older adults BACKGROUND Adequate levels of physical balance and muscular strength are necessary to live independently in old age . The effects of an exercise training program targeting the sensory and muscle systems on balance and strength in a group of older adults were determined in this study . METHODS Static balance ( one-leg balance with eyes closed ) , dynamic balance ( limits of stability [ endpoint excursion [ EPE ] , maximum excursion [ MXE ] ] ) , and strength ( chair st and ) were assessed before and after the intervention . Volunteers were divided r and omly into a  training group ( TR , n = 15 , 76 + /- 4 years ) and a control group ( CN , n = 14 , 76 + /- 7 years ) . TR performed 12-week ( 2 days/week , 60 min/day ) supervised training while st and ing on the floor ( first 4 weeks ) and progressing to st and ing on foam pads of different compliances . Exercises included movements that challenged the sensory and muscle systems . RESULTS After 12 weeks of training , the TR demonstrated significant improvements in static balance ( 82 % ) ; EPE backward ( 72 % ) , right ( 32 % ) , and left ( 33 % ) ; MXE backward ( 74 % ) , right ( 31 % ) , and left ( 18 % ) ; and lower body muscle strength ( 20 % ) with no significant changes in CN . CONCLUSION These results indicate that this training program is very effective in improving balance and lower body strength in older adults OBJECTIVE To determine the physiological adaptations in previously sedentary healthy older men and women ( mean age = 68 ) to a 16-week low-to-moderate-intensity exercise program . DESIGN R and omized , controlled trial . SETTING An exercise facility and testing laboratory in a gerontological research institute . PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred forty-seven community-dwelling older persons free of significant cardiovascular , pulmonary , or uncontrolled metabolic disease , anemia , electrolyte abnormality , resting BP of 165/90 or greater , or chronic disease affecting the ability to exercise on a bicycle . INTERVENTION Subjects were r and omly assigned to either an exercise ( n = 166 ) or attention control group ( n = 81 ) . Exercisers trained thrice weekly for 40 minutes on a cycle ergometer ( 5-minute warm up , 30 minutes at training heart rate ( THR ) , 5-minute cool down ) . THR was set at 70 % of peak heart rate attained on a maximal exercise test ( mean = 115 + /- 15 ) . Control subjects attended weekly group talks . Testing took place before and after the program . RESULTS Peak attained oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) increased 8.5 % in exercisers and decreased slightly in controls ( p less than .001 ) and oxygen uptake at ventilatory threshold ( VeT VO2 ) increased by 3.5 % in exercisers and decreased by 3 % in controls ( p less than .001 ) . This pattern of a greater increase in VO2max than VeT VO2 is different from that seen in young and middle-aged subjects . CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that a large scale training program is feasible for healthy older people , that physiologic improvements can be measured after 16 weeks of low-to-moderate-intensity training , and that mechanisms of adaptation to exercise may be different in elderly subjects from those in younger ones OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of frequency of resistive training on gain in muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in healthy older adults . DESIGN A r and omized controlled trial with subjects assigned either to high-intensity resistance training 1 ( EX1 ) , 2 ( EX2 ) , or 3 ( EX3 ) days per week for 24 weeks or to a control group ( CO ) . SETTING An exercise facility at an academic medical center . SUBJECTS Forty-six community-dwelling healthy men ( n = 29 ) and women ( n = 17 ) aged 65 to 79 years . INTERVENTION Progressive resistance training consisting of three sets of eight exercises targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body , at 80 % of one-repetition maximum ( 1-RM ) for eight repetitions , either 1 , 2 , or 3 days per week . MEASURES Dynamic muscle strength ( 1-RM ) using isotonic equipment every 4 weeks , bone mineral density and body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ( DXA ) , and neuromuscular performance by timed chair rise and 6-meter backward t and em walk . RESULTS For each of the eight exercises , muscle strength increased in the exercise groups relative to CO ( P < .01 ) , with no difference among EX1 , EX2 and EX3 groups at any measurement interval . Percent change averaged 3.9 + /- 2.4 ( CO ) , 37.0 + /- 15.2 ( EX1 ) , 41.9 + /- 18.2 ( EX2 ) , and 39.7 + /- 9.8 ( EX3 ) . The time to rise successfully from the chair 5 times decreased significantly ( P < .01 ) at 24 weeks , whereas improvement in the 6-meter backward t and em walk approached significance ( P = .10 ) in the three exercise groups compared with CO . Changes in chair rise ability were correlated to percent changes in quadriceps strength ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) and lean mass ( r = -0.40 , P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS A program of once or twice weekly resistance exercise achieves muscle strength gains similar to 3 days per week training in older adults and is associated with improved neuromuscular performance . Such improvement could potentially reduce the risk of falls and fracture in older adults BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle dysfunction contributes to exercise limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) .  Strength training increases muscle strength and muscle mass , but there is an ongoing debate on the additional effect concerning the exercise capacity . The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different exercise modalities in patients with COPD including endurance training ( ET ) , progressive strength training ( ST ) and the combination of strength training and endurance training ( CT ) . DESIGN A prospect i ve r and omized trial . METHODS Thirty-six patients with COPD were r and omly allocated either to ET , ST , or CT .  Muscle strength , cardiopulmonary exercise testing , lung function testing and quality of life were assessed before and after a 12-week training period . RESULTS Exercise capacity ( Wmax ) increased significantly in all three training groups with increase of peak oxygen uptake ( VO2peak ) in all three groups , reaching statistical significance in the ET group and the CT group . Muscle strength ( leg press , bench press , bench pull ) improved in all three training groups , with a higher improvement in the ST ( + 39.3 % , + 20.9 % , + 20.3 % ) and the CT group ( + 43.3 % , + 18.1 % , + 21.6 % ) compared to the ET group ( + 20.4 % , + 6.4 % , + 12.1 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Progressive strength training alone increases not only muscle strength and quality of life , but also exercise capacity in patients with COPD , which may have implication s in prescription of training modality . CLINICAL TRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER : NCT01091623 BACKGROUND whole body vibration ( WBV ) training appears to be an efficient alternative for conventional resistance training in older individuals . So far , no data exist about the vibratory effect on cardiorespiratory fitness . OBJECTIVES this r and omised controlled trial assessed the effects of 1-year WBV training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in community-dwelling adults over the age of 60 . METHODS a total of 220 adults ( mean age 67.1 years ) were r and omly assigned to a WBV group , fitness group or control group . The WBV group exercised on a vibration platform , and the fitness group performed cardiovascular , resistance , balance and stretching exercises . The control group did not participate in any training .  Heart rate was measured during a single WBV session . Peak oxygen uptake ( VO(2peak ) ) and time-to-peak exercise ( TPE ) were measured during progressive bicycle ergometry . Muscle strength was assessed by a dynamometer . RESULTS heart rate increased significantly during WBV training . After 1 year , VO(2peak ) , TPE and muscle strength increased significantly in the WBV and fitness groups . Both training groups improved similarly in VO(2peak ) and muscle strength . The fitness group improved significantly more in TPE than the WBV group . CONCLUSION WBV training in community-dwelling elderly appears to be efficient to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength BACKGROUND The benefit of protein supplementation on the adaptive response of muscle to exercise training in older people is controversial . OBJECTIVE To investigate the independent and combined effects of a multicomponent exercise program with and without a milk-based nutritional supplement on muscle strength and mass , lower-extremity fatigue , and metabolic markers . DESIGN A sample of 48 healthy sedentary men aged 60.8 ± 0.4 years were r and omly assigned to a 16-week multicomponent exercise training program with a milk-based supplement containing , besides proteins [ total milk proteins 4 or 10 g/day or soluble milk proteins rich in leucine ( PRO ) 10 g/day ] , carbohydrates and fat .  Body composition , muscle mass and strength , and time to task failure , an index of muscle fatigue , were measured . Blood lipid , fibrinogen , creatine phosphokinase , glucose , insulin , C-reactive protein , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α soluble receptors , and endothelial markers were assessed . RESULTS Body fat mass was reduced after the 4-month training program in groups receiving 10 g/day of protein supplementation ( P < .01 ) . The training program sustained with the daily 10 g/day PRO was associated with a significant increase in dominant fat free mass ( + 5.4 % , P < .01 ) and in appendicular muscle mass ( + 4.5 % , P < .01 ) . Blood cholesterol was decreased in the trained group receiving 10 g/day PRO . The index of insulin resistance ( homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ) and blood creatine phosphokinase were reduced in the groups receiving 10 g/day PRO , irrespective of exercise . The inflammatory and endothelial markers were not different between the groups . Training caused a significant improvement ( + 10.6 % to 19.4 % , P < .01 ) in the maximal oxygen uptake . Increased maximum voluntary contraction force was seen in the trained groups receiving 10 g/day of proteins ( about 3 % , P < .05 ) . Time to task failure was improved in the trained participants receiving a 10 g/day supplementation with PRO ( P < .01 ) . CONCLUSIONS Soluble milk proteins rich in leucine improved time to muscle failure and increase in skeletal muscle mass and strength after prolonged multicomponent exercise training in healthy older men We sought to determine whether creatine monohydrate ( CrM ) supplementation would enhance the increases in strength and fat-free mass that develop during resistance exercise training in older adults . Twenty-eight healthy men and women over the age of 65 years participated in a whole-body resistance exercise program 3 days per week for 14 weeks . The study participants were r and omly allocated , in a double-blind fashion , to receive either CrM ( 5 g/d + 2 g of dextrose ; n = 14 ) or placebo ( 7 g of dextrose ; n = 14 ) . The primary outcome measurements included the following : total body mass , fat-free mass , one-repetition maximum strength for each body part , isometric knee extension , h and grip , and dorsiflexion strength , chair st and performance , 30-m walk test , 14-stair climb performance , muscle fiber type and area , and intramuscular total creatine . Fourteen weeks of resistance exercise training result ed in significant increases in all measurements of strength and functional tasks and muscle fiber area for both groups ( p < .05 ) . CrM supplementation result ed in significantly greater increases in fat-free mass and total body mass , as compared with placebo ( p < .05 ) . The CrM group also showed a greater increase in isometric knee extension strength in men and women , as compared with placebo ( p < .05 ) , and also greater gains in isometric dorsiflexion strength ( p < .05 ) , but in men only . There was a significant increase in intramuscular total creatine in the CrM group ( p < .05 ) . Finally , there were no significant side effects of treatment or exercise training . This study confirms that supervised heavy resistance exercise training can safely increase muscle strength and functional capacity in older adults . The addition of CrM supplementation to the exercise stimulus enhanced the increase in total and fat-free mass , and gains in several indices of isometric muscle strength BACKGROUND Loss of muscle power due to normal aging has greater functional impact than loss of strength alone . The present study compared two resistance training programs , one aim ed at enhancing muscle power and one at increasing muscle strength , on muscle function and functional performance in older adults . METHODS Sixty-seven healthy , independent older adults ( 65 - 84 years ) were r and omized to a high-velocity varied resistance ( HV ) , constant resistance ( ST ) , or nontraining control ( CO ) group . Participants trained twice weekly for 24 weeks using six exercises .  Dynamic and isometric muscle strength , muscle power , movement velocity , muscle endurance , and a battery of functional performance tasks were assessed . Secondary outcomes included body composition , quality of life , and balance confidence . RESULTS Muscle strength increased significantly ( p < .001 ) and similarly in the training groups compared to controls ( HV , 51.0 + /- 9.0 % ; ST , 48.3 + /- 6.8 % ; CO , 1.2 + /- 5.1 % ) . Peak muscle power also increased with training ( p < .05 ) , with no difference between training groups . The change in peak power was 50.5 + /- 4.1 % , 33.8 + /- 3.8 % , and -2.5 + /- 3.9 % in the HV , ST , and CO groups , respectively . Training also improved selected functional performance tasks in the HV and ST groups compared to controls ( p < .05 ) , and the HV group reported improved quality of life ( p = .018 ) . CONCLUSION Muscle power and muscle strength improved similarly using either resistance training protocol , and these changes were accompanied by improvements in several functional performance tasks . However , improvements in the HV group occurred with less total work performed per training session The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and feasibility of a resistance-training ( RT ) and lifestyle-activity program for sedentary older adults . Eligible participants ( N = 44 ) were r and omized to an 8-wk intervention or a control group . The primary outcome was lower body muscle strength , and participants completed a range of secondary outcomes . There was a significant group-by-time interaction for lower body muscle strength ( difference = 3.9 repetitions [ reps ] , 95 % CI = 2.0 - 5.8 reps ; p < .001 ; d = 1.0 ) . Changes in secondary outcomes were generally small and not statistically significant . Attendance and program satisfaction were both high . A combined elastic-tubing RT and lifestyle-activity program delivered in the community setting is an efficacious and feasible approach to improve health in sedentary older adults OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 10-week , high-intensity strength-training program targeting key lower extremity muscles for the purpose of improving postural control in balance-impaired older adults . METHODS A quasi-experimental , delayed entry controlled design was used to evaluate balance ability in balance-impaired older adults after participation in 10 weeks of high-intensity strength training focused on the quadriceps , hamstrings , tibialis anterior , and gastrocnemius muscles . Participants were evaluated using vali date d clinical measures of functional balance ability : the Berg Balance Scale , the Timed Up and Go , and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale . RESULTS After strength training , the exercisers were significantly stronger than the control subjects . They improved significantly on the Berg Balance Scale ( P = .030 ) from a mean score of 48.8 + /- 2.4 of 56 before training to 51.2 + /- 4.3 of 56 after training . The Timed Up and Go ( P = .045 ) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale ( P = .038 ) also improved significantly in the experimental group . These changes are associated with a decrease in fall risk . CONCLUSIONS High-intensity strength training can safely and effectively strengthen lower extremity muscles in balance-impaired older adults , result ing in significant improvements in functional balance ability and decreased fall risk AIM The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a water-based exercise program on muscle function compared with regular high-intensity resistance training . METHODS Older women ( n = 87 ) were recruited from the local community . The inclusion criteria were , to be aged 60 years or older , able to walk and able to carry out daily living activities independently . Participants were r and omly assigned to one of the following groups : water-based exercises ( WBG ) , resistance training ( RTG ) or control ( CG ) . The experimental groups carried out 12 weeks of an excise program performed on water or on l and . The dynamic strength , the isometric peak , and rate of torque development for the lower limbs were assessed before and after interventions . RESULTS The water-based program provided a similar improvement in dynamic strength in comparison with resistance training . The isometric peak torque increased around the hip and ankle joints in the water-based group , and around the knee joint in the resistance-training group ( P < 0.05 ) . The rate of torque development increased only in the water-based group around the hip extensors muscles ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Water-based programs constitute an attractive alternative to promote relevant strength gains using moderate loads and fast speed movements , which were also effective to improve the capacity to generate fast torques Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase ( COX ) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older adults . This study examined the influence of acetaminophen or ibuprofen consumption on muscle mass and strength during 12 wk of knee extensor progressive resistance exercise training in older adults . Thirty-six individuals were r and omly assigned to one of three groups and consumed the COX-inhibiting drugs in double-blind placebo-controlled fashion : placebo ( 67 ± 2 yr ; n = 12 ) , acetaminophen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 11 ; 4 g/day ) , and ibuprofen ( 64 ± 1 yr ; n = 13 ; 1.2 g/day ) . Compliance with the resistance training program ( 100 % ) and drug consumption ( via digital video observation , 94 % ) , and resistance training intensity were similar ( P > 0.05 ) for all three groups . Drug consumption unexpectedly increased muscle volume  ( acetaminophen : 109 ± 14 cm(3 ) , 12.5 % ; ibuprofen : 84 ± 10 cm(3 ) , 10.9 % ) and muscle strength  ( acetaminophen : 19 ± 2 kg ; ibuprofen : 19 ± 2 kg ) to a greater extent ( P < 0.05 ) than placebo ( muscle volume : 69 ± 12 cm(3 ) , 8.6 % ; muscle strength : 15 ± 2 kg ) , when controlling for initial muscle size and strength . Follow-up analysis of muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after training showed muscle protein content , muscle water content , and myosin heavy chain distribution were not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption . Similarly , muscle content of the two known enzymes potentially targeted by the drugs , COX-1 and -2 , was not influenced ( P > 0.05 ) by drug consumption , although resistance training did result in a drug-independent increase in COX-1 ( 32 ± 8 % ; P < 0.05 ) . Drug consumption did not influence the size of the nonresistance-trained hamstring muscles ( P > 0.05 ) . Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen , when consumed in combination with resistance training , do not inhibit and appear to enhance muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in older adults . The present findings coupled with previous short-term exercise studies provide convincing evidence that the COX pathway(s ) are involved in the regulation of muscle protein turnover and muscle mass in humans Background Although resistance exercise interventions have been shown to be beneficial in prefrail or frail older adults it remains unclear whether there are residual effects when the training is followed by a period of detraining . The aim of this study was to establish the sustainability of a muscle power or muscle strength training effect in prefrail older adults following training and detraining . Methods 69 prefrail community-dwelling older adults , aged 65–94 years were r and omly assigned into three groups : muscle strength training ( ST ) , muscle power training ( PT ) or controls . The exercise interventions were performed for 60 minutes , twice a week over 12 weeks . Physical function ( Short Physical Performance Battery = SPPB ) , muscle power ( sit-to-st and transfer = STS ) , self-reported function ( SF-LLFDI ) and appendicular lean mass ( aLM ) were measured at baseline and at 12 , 24 and 36 weeks after the start of the intervention . Results For the SPPB , significant intervention effects were found at 12 weeks in both exercise groups ( ST : p = 0.0047 ; PT : p = 0.0043 ) . There were no statistically significant effects at 24 and 36 weeks . In the ST group , the SPPB declined continuously after stop of exercising whereas the PT group and controls remained unchanged . No effects were found for muscle power , SF-LLFDI and aLM . Conclusions The results showed that both intervention types are equally effective at 12 weeks but did not result in statistically significant residual effects when the training is followed by a period of detraining . The unchanged SPPB score at 24 and 36 weeks in the PT group indicates that muscle power training might be more beneficial than muscle strength training . However , more research is needed on the residual effects of both interventions . Taken the drop-out rates ( PT : 33 % , ST : 21 % ) into account , muscle power training should also be used more carefully in prefrail older adults . Trial registration This trial has been registered with clinical trials.gov ( NCT00783159 OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term preventive impact of strength training on muscle performance in older adults . DESIGN A 7-year follow-up on a 1-year r and omized controlled trial comparing the effects of combined resistance training and aerobic training and whole-body vibration training on muscle performance . SETTING University training center . PARTICIPANTS Men and women ( N=83 ; control [ CON ] group , n=27 ; strength-training intervention [ INT ] group , n=56 ) between 60 and 80 years of age . INTERVENTIONS The INT group exercised 3 times weekly during 1 year , performing a combined resistance training and aerobic training program or a whole-body vibration training program . The former training program was design ed according to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines . The whole-body vibration training program included unloaded static and dynamic leg exercises on a vibration platform . The CON group did not participate in any training program . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Static strength ( STAT ) , dynamic strength at 60 ° /s ( DYN60 ) and at 240 ° /s ( DYN240 ) , speed of movement at 20 % ( S20 ) . RESULTS From baseline to postintervention , muscle performance did not change in the CON group , except for S20 ( + 6.55%±2.88 % , P<.001 ) . One year of strength training increased ( P≤.001 ) STAT ( + 11.46%±1.86 % ) , DYN60 ( + 6.96%±1.65 % ) , DYN240 ( + 9.25%±1.68 % ) , and S20 ( + 7.73%±2.19 % ) in the INT group . Between baseline and follow-up , muscle performance decreased ( P<.001 ) in both groups . However , STAT and DYN60 showed a significantly lower loss in the INT group ( -8.65%±2.35 % and -7.10%±2.38 % , respectively ) compared with the CON group ( -16.47%±2.69 % and -15.08%±2.27 % , respectively ) . This positive impact might be due to the preservation of the training-induced gains , given the similar annual decline rates in both groups from postintervention to follow-up . Additionally , in trained participants , aging seems to impact velocity-dependent strength and power more compared with basic strength , as the total losses in DYN240 ( CON , -15.93%±2.64 % ; INT , -11.39%±1.95 % ) and S20 ( CON , -14.39%±2.10 % ; INT , -13.16%±1.72 % ) did not differ significantly between the groups . CONCLUSIONS A 1-year strength-training intervention results in an improved muscle performance in older adults 7 years after their enrollment in the intervention . However , an extensive exercise program can not attenuate the age-related decline once the intervention stops
After a long-term resistance training , healthy older adults showed enhanced muscle oxygen extraction capacity , regulation of vessels and vascular endothelium function ; endurance training is reported to improve microvascular blood flow and matching of oxygen delivery to oxygen utilization , muscle oxidative capacity and muscle saturation , and walking sessions results in better muscle oxygen availability and muscle oxygen extraction capacity in older adults with peripheral arterial disease .
This review supports the fact that depending on the clinical status of the participants and the modality , exercise training improves different aspects of the muscle oxygenation in older adults
AIM To determine the effects of different modality of exercise training programs on muscle oxygenation in older adults .