Influence of obesity on outcomes in atrial fibrillation: yet another obesity paradox. Risks of cardiovascular events and effects of routine blood pressure lowering among patients with type 2 diabetes and atrial fibrillation: results of the ADVANCE study. Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death. Nut consumption and incidence of seven cardiovascular diseases Atrial fibrillation is independently associated with senile, vascular, and Alzheimer's dementia. Association between cardiovascular vs. non-cardiovascular co-morbidities and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Prevalence, clinical profile, and cardiovascular outcomes of atrial fibrillation patients with atherothrombosis. Atrial Fibrillation Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Targeted Temperature Management—Are We Giving It the Attention it Deserves?* Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Evidence that D-dimer levels predict subsequent thromboembolic and cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation during oral anticoagulant therapy. Morbidity and mortality in 229 elderly patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. A five-year follow-up. Atrial fibrillation and mortality in an elderly population. Early Risks of Death, Stroke/Systemic Embolism, and Major Bleeding in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation: Results From the GARFIELD-AF Registry Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Women hospitalized with atrial fibrillation: gender differences, trends and outcome from a 20-year registry in a Middle Eastern country (1991-2010). Atrial Fibrillation and Isolated Systolic Hypertension: The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program and Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program-Extension Study One-year cardiovascular event rates in Japanese outpatients with myocardial infarction, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. -Results From the Japan Thrombosis Registry for Atrial Fibrillation, Coronary, or Cerebrovascular Events (J-TRACE).-. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. Canadian Trial of Physiologic Pacing Investigators. Effect of Age on Stroke Prevention Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: The Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Validation of the Risk Estimator Decision Aid for Atrial Fibrillation (RED-AF) for predicting 30-day adverse events in emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation. Changes in albuminuria predict mortality and morbidity in patients with vascular disease. Alternate-day dosing of aspirin in atrial fibrillation. LASAF Pilot Study Group.
BACKGROUND Obese patients have favorable outcomes in congestive heart failure , hypertension , peripheral vascular disease , and coronary artery disease . Obesity also has been linked with increased incidence of atrial fibrillation , but its influence on outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients has not been investigated . The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of obesity on outcomes in atrial fibrillation . METHODS The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management ( AFFIRM ) study was one of the largest multicenter trials of atrial fibrillation , with 4060 patients . Subjects were r and omized to rate versus rhythm-control strategy . We performed a post hoc analysis of the National Heart , Lung and Blood Institute limited access data set of atrial fibrillation patients who had body mass index ( BMI ) data available in the AFFIRM study . BMI data were not available on 1542 patients . Patients with BMI > or=18.5 were split into normal ( 18.5 - 25 ) , overweight ( 25 - 30 ) , and obese ( > 30 ) categories as per BMI ( kg/m(2 ) ) . Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used on the eligible 2492 patients . End points were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality . RESULTS Over three fourths of all patients in our cohort were overweight or obese . There were 304 deaths ( 103 among normal weight , 108 among overweight , and 93 among obese ) and 148 cardiovascular deaths ( 54 among normal weight , 41 among overweight , and 53 among obese ) over a mean period of 3 years of patient follow-up . On multivariate analysis , overweight ( hazard ratio [ HR ] 0.64 ; 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] , 0.48 - 0.84 ; P=.001 ) and obese ( HR 0.80 ; 95 % CI , 0.68 - 0.93 ; P=.005 ) categories were associated with lower all-cause mortality as compared with normal weight . Overweight ( HR 0.40 ; 95 % CI , 0.26 - 0.60 ; P < .001 ) and obese patients ( HR 0.77 ; 95 % CI , 0.62 - 0.95 ; P=.01 ) also had lower cardiovascular mortality as compared with the normal weight patients . CONCLUSIONS Although in prior studies , obesity has been associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation , an obesity paradox exists for outcomes in atrial fibrillation . Obese patients with atrial fibrillation appear to have better long-term outcomes than nonobese patients AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate serious clinical outcomes associated with atrial fibrillation ( AF ) and the effects of routine blood pressure lowering on such outcomes in the presence or absence of AF , among individuals with type 2 diabetes . METHODS AND RESULTS About 11 140 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 7.6 % of whom had AF at baseline ) were r and omized to a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide or placebo in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease : preterAx and diamicroN-MR Controlled Evaluation ( ADVANCE ) study . We compared total mortality and cardiovascular disease outcomes and effects of r and omized treatment for 4.3 years on such outcomes between patients with and without AF at baseline . After multiple adjustments , AF was associated with a 61 % ( 95 % confidence interval 31 - 96 , P < 0.0001 ) greater risk of all-cause mortality and comparable higher risks of cardiovascular death , stroke , and heart failure ( all P < 0.001 ) . Routine treatment with a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide produced similar relative , but greater absolute , risk reductions for all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities in patients with AF , compared with those without AF . The number of patients needed to be treated with perindopril-indapamide for 5 years to prevent one cardiovascular death was 42 for patients with AF and 120 for patients without AF at baseline . CONCLUSION Atrial fibrillation is relatively common in type 2 diabetes and is associated with substantially increased risks of death and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes . This arrhythmia identifies individuals who are likely to obtain greater absolute benefits from blood pressure-lowering treatment . Atrial fibrillation in diabetic patients should be regarded as a marker of particularly adverse outcome and prompt aggressive management of all risk factors BACKGROUND The natriuretic peptides are counterregulatory hormones involved in volume homeostasis and cardiovascular remodeling . The prognostic significance of plasma natriuretic peptide levels in apparently asymptomatic persons has not been established . METHODS We prospect ively studied 3346 persons without heart failure . Using proportional-hazards regression , we examined the relations of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide to the risk of death from any cause , a first major cardiovascular event , heart failure , atrial fibrillation , stroke or transient ischemic attack , and coronary heart disease . RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 5.2 years , 119 participants died and 79 had a first cardiovascular event . After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors , each increment of 1 SD in log B-type natriuretic peptide levels was associated with a 27 percent increase in the risk of death ( P=0.009 ) , a 28 percent increase in the risk of a first cardiovascular event ( P=0.03 ) , a 77 percent increase in the risk of heart failure ( P<0.001 ) , a 66 percent increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation ( P<0.001 ) , and a 53 percent increase in the risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack ( P=0.002 ) . Peptide levels were not significantly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease events . B-type natriuretic peptide values above the 80th percentile ( 20.0 pg per milliliter for men and 23.3 pg per milliliter for women ) were associated with multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of 1.62 for death ( P=0.02 ) , 1.76 for a first major cardiovascular event ( P=0.03 ) , 1.91 for atrial fibrillation ( P=0.02 ) , 1.99 for stroke or transient ischemic attack ( P=0.02 ) , and 3.07 for heart failure ( P=0.002 ) . Similar results were obtained for N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide . CONCLUSIONS In this community-based sample , plasma natriuretic peptide levels predicted the risk of death and cardiovascular events after adjustment for traditional risk factors . Excess risk was apparent at natriuretic peptide levels well below current thresholds used to diagnose heart failure Background Nut consumption has been found to be inversely associated with cardiovascular disease mortality , but the association between nut consumption and incidence of specific cardiovascular diseases is unclear . We examined the association between nut consumption and incidence of seven cardiovascular diseases . Methods This prospect i ve study included 61 364 Swedish adults who had completed a Food Frequency Question naire and were followed up for 17 years through linkage with the Swedish National Patient and Death Registers . Results Nut consumption was inversely associated with risk of myocardial infa rct ion , heart failure , atrial fibrillation and abdominal aortic aneurysm in the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted analysis . However , adjustment for multiple risk factors attenuated these associations and only a linear , dose – response , association with atrial fibrillation ( ptrend=0.004 ) and a non-linear association ( pnon-linearity=0.003 ) with heart failure remained . Compared with no consumption of nuts , the multivariable HRs ( 95 % CI ) of atrial fibrillation across categories of nut consumption were 0.97 ( 0.93 to 1.02 ) for 1–3 times/month , 0.88 ( 0.79 to 0.99 ) for 1–2 times/week and 0.82 ( 0.68 to 0.99 ) for ≥3 times/week . For heart failure , the corresponding HRs ( 95 % CI ) were 0.87 ( 0.80 to 0.94 ) , 0.80 ( 0.67 to 0.97 ) and 0.98 ( 0.76 to 1.27 ) . Nut consumption was not associated with risk of aortic valve stenosis , ischaemic stroke or intracerebral haemorrhage . Conclusions These findings suggest that nut consumption or factors associated with this nutritional behaviour may play a role in reducing the risk of atrial fibrillation and possibly heart failure . Trial registration number NCT01127711 and NCT01127698 ; Results BACKGROUND The aging population has result ed in more patients living with cardiovascular disease , such as atrial fibrillation ( AF ) . Recent focus has been placed on underst and ing the long-term consequences of chronic cardiovascular disease , such as a potential increased risk of dementia . OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether there is an association between AF and dementia and whether their coexistence is an independent marker of risk . METHODS A total of 37,025 consecutive patients from the large ongoing prospect i ve Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study data base were evaluated and followed up for a mean of 5 years for the development of AF and dementia . Dementia was sub-typed into vascular ( VD ) , senile ( SD ) , Alzheimer 's ( AD ) , and nonspecified ( ND ) . RESULTS Of the 37,025 patients with a mean age of 60.6 + /- 17.9 years , 10,161 ( 27 % ) developed AF and 1,535 ( 4.1 % ) developed dementia ( 179 VD , 321 SD , 347 AD , 688 ND ) during the 5-year follow-up . Patients with dementia were older and had higher rates of hypertension , coronary artery disease , renal failure , heart failure , and prior strokes . In age-based analysis , AF independently was significantly associated with all dementia types . The highest risk was in the younger group ( < 70 ) . After dementia diagnosis , the presence of AF was associated with a marked increased risk of mortality ( VD : hazard ratio [ HR ] = 1.38 , P = .01 ; SD : HR = 1.41 , P = .001 ; AD : HR = 1.45 ; ND : HR = 1.38 , P < .0001 ) . CONCLUSION AF was independently associated with all forms of dementia . Although dementia is strongly associated with aging , the highest risk of AD was in the younger group , in support of the observed association . The presence of AF also identified dementia patients at high risk of death AIMS The prevalence of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular co-morbidities and their relative importance for outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFPEF ) remain poorly characterized . This study aim ed to investigate this . METHODS AND RESULTS The Karolinska-Rennes ( KaRen ) Study was a multinational prospect i ve observational study design ed to characterize HFPEF . Inclusion required acute HF , defined by the Framingham criteria , LVEF ≥ 45 % , and NT-pro-BNP ≥ 300 ng/L or BNP ≥ 100 ng/L. Detailed clinical data were collected at baseline and patients were followed prospect ively for 18 months . Predictors of the primary ( HF hospitalization or all-cause mortality ) and secondary ( all-cause mortality ) outcomes were assessed with multivariable Cox regression . A total of 539 patients [ 56 % women ; median ( interquartile range ) age 79 ( 72 - 84 ) years ; NT-pro-BNP/BNP 2448 (1290 - 4790)/429 ( 229 - 805 ) ng/L ] were included .  Known history of HF was present in 40 % . Co-morbidities included hypertension ( 78 % ) , atrial fibrillation/flutter ( 65 % ) , anaemia ( 51 % ) , renal dysfunction ( 46 % ) , CAD ( 33 % ) , diabetes ( 30 % ) , lung disease ( 25 % ) , and cancer ( 16 % ) . The primary outcome occurred in 268 patients [ 50 % ; 106 deaths ( 20 % ) and 162 HF hospitalizations ( 30 % ) ] . Important independent predictors of the primary and /or secondary outcomes were age , history of non-cardiovascular syncope , valve disease , anaemia , lower sodium , and higher potassium , but no cardiovascular co-morbidities . Renin-angiotensin system antagonist and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use predicted improved prognosis . CONCLUSION HFPEF was associated with higher age , female gender , hypertension , atrial fibrillation/flutter , and numerous non-cardiovascular co-morbidities . Prognosis was determined by non-cardiovascular co-morbidities , but use of conventional heart failure medications may still be associated with improved outcomes BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is a major risk factor ( RF ) for ischemic stroke . Its prevalence and prognostic impact in patients with atherothrombosis are unclear . METHODS Risk factors , drug usage , and 1-year cardiovascular ( CV ) outcomes ( CV death , myocardial infa rct ion [ MI ] , and stroke ) were compared in  AF and non-AF patients from the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health ( REACH ) Registry , an international , prospect i ve cohort of 68,236 stable out patients with established atherothrombosis or > or=3 atherothrombotic RFs . RESULTS Atrial fibrillation and 1-year follow-up data are available for 63,589 patients . The prevalence of AF was , 12.5 % , 13.7 % , 11.5 % , and 6.2 % among coronary artery disease , CV disease , peripheral artery disease , and RF-only patients , respectively . Of the 6,814 patients with AF , 6.7 % experienced CV death , nonfatal MI , or nonfatal stroke within a year . The annual incidence of nonfatal stroke ( 2.4 % vs 1.6 % , P<.0001 ) and unstable angina ( 6.0 % vs 4.0 % , P<.00001 ) was higher , and CV death was more than double ( 3.2 % vs 1.4 % , P<.0001 ) , in AF versus non-AF patients . In these patients with or at high risk of atherothrombosis , most patients with AF received antiplatelet agents , but only 53.1 % were treated with oral anticoagulants . Even with high CHADS2 ( congestive heart failure , hypertension , aging , diabetes mellitus , and stroke ) scores , anticoagulant use did not exceed ( 59 % ) . The rate of bleeding requiring hospitalization was higher in AF versus non-AF patients ( 1.5 % vs 0.8 % , P<.0001 ) , possibly related to the more frequent use of anticoagulants ( 53.1 % vs 7.1 % ) . CONCLUSIONS Atrial fibrillation is common in patients with atherothrombosis , associated with more frequent fatal and nonfatal CV outcomes , and underuse of oral anticoagulants Objectives : Atrial fibrillation has been associated with increased mortality in the general population and mixed population s of critical ill . Atrial fibrillation can also affect patients during post – cardiac arrest care . We sought to assess the prognostic implication s of atrial fibrillation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest , including relation to the level of targeted temperature management . Design : A post hoc analysis of a prospect i ve r and omized trial . Setting : Thirty-six ICUs . Patients : We included 897 ( 96 % ) of the 939 comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors from the targeted temperature management trial ( year , 2010–2013 ) with data on heart rhythm on day 2 . Interventions : Targeted temperature management at 33 ° C or 36 ° C . Measurements and Main Results : Endpoints included cumulative proportion of atrial fibrillation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and 180-day all-cause mortality and specific death causes stratified by atrial fibrillation . Atrial fibrillation on day 2 was used as primary endpoint analyses to exclude effects of short-term atrial fibrillation related to resuscitation and initial management . The cumulative proportions of atrial fibrillation were 15 % and 11 % on days 1 and 2 , respectively . Forty-three percent of patients with initial atrial fibrillation the first day were reported with sinus rhythm on day 2 . No difference was found between the groups treated with targeted temperature management at 33 ° C and 36 ° C . Patients affected by atrial fibrillation had significantly higher 180-day mortality ( atrial fibrillation : 66 % vs no-atrial fibrillation : 43 % ; plogrank < 0.0001 and unadjusted hazard ratio , 1.75 [ 1.35–2.30 ] ; p < 0.0001 ) . The association between atrial fibrillation and higher mortality remained significant ( adjusted hazard ratio , 1.34 [ 1.01–1.79 ] ; p < 0.05 ) adjusted for potential confounders . Atrial fibrillation was independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death and multiple-organ failure ( adjusted hazard ratio , 2.07 [ 1.39–3.09 ] ; p < 0.001 ) , whereas no association with higher risk of death from cerebral causes was found . Conclusions : Atrial fibrillation was independently associated with higher mortality , primarily driven by cardiovascular causes and multiple-organ failure , and may thus identify a vulnerable sub population . Whether treatment to prevent atrial fibrillation is associated with an improved prognosis remains to be established Atrial  fibrillation ( AF ) is a common arrhythmia in elderly persons and a common cause of embolic stroke . Most studies of the prevalence and correlates of AF have used selected , hospital-based population s. The Cardiovascular Health Study is a population -based , longitudinal study of risk factors for coronary artery disease and stroke in 5,201 men and women aged > or = 65 years .  AF  was diagnosed in 4.8 % of women and in 6.2 % of men at the baseline examination , and prevalence was strongly associated with advanced age in women . Prevalence of AF  was 9.1 % in men and women with clinical cardiovascular disease , 4.6 % in patients with evidence of sub clinical but no clinical cardiovascular disease , and only 1.6 % in subjects with neither clinical nor sub clinical cardiovascular disease . A history of congestive heart failure , valvular heart disease and stroke , echocardiographic evidence of enlarged left atrial dimension , abnormal mitral or aortic valve function , treated systemic hypertension , and advanced age were independently associated with the prevalence of AF .  The low prevalence of AF in the absence of clinical and sub clinical cardiovascular disease calls into question the existence and clinical usefulness of the concept of so-called " lone atrial fibrillation " in the elderly OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether elevated D-dimer levels can predict subsequent thromboembolic and cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation during oral anticoagulant therapy .  BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation is associated with hemostatic abnormalities even during oral anticoagulant therapy . D-dimer levels reflect a pro-thrombogenic state and thus might serve as a marker of thromboembolic and cardiovascular events . METHODS This was a single-center , prospect i ve , observational study . Patients with atrial fibrillation ( 269 patients , age 74 + /- 9 years , 160 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation ) treated with warfarin ( target prothrombin time-international normalized ratio : 1.5 to 3.0 ) were included .  D-dimer levels were measured to assess the relationship of this parameter with subsequent thromboembolic and cardiovascular events . End points were thromboembolic events and combined cardiovascular events ( thromboembolic events , cerebral hemorrhage , myocardial infa rct ion , cardiovascular death ) . RESULTS D-dimer levels were elevated ( > or = 0.5 microg/ml ) in 63 ( 23 % ) patients . During an average follow-up period of 756 + /- 221 days , 10 ( 1.8%/year ) thromboembolic events ( 8 ischemic strokes , 1 transient ischemic attack , and 1 peripheral embolism ) and 27 ( 4.8%/year ) combined cardiovascular events ( 10 thromboembolisms , 9 deaths from heart failure , 3 sudden deaths , 2 myocardial infa rct ions , and 3 cerebral hemorrhages ) occurred . Patients with elevated D-dimer levels experienced higher thromboembolic and combined cardiovascular events . Cox proportional hazard model revealed that elevated D-dimer levels were associated with both thromboembolic ( p < 0.01 , hazard ratio : 15.8 ; 95 % confidence interval : 3.33 to 75.5 ) and combined cardiovascular ( p < 0.01 , hazard ratio : 7.64 ; 95 % confidence interval : 3.42 to 17.1 ) events . CONCLUSIONS D-dimer might be a useful marker of both thromboembolic and cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation during oral anticoagulant therapy BACKGROUND In the elderly the impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality and morbidity is substantial . Oral anticoagulant therapy reduces the risk of stroke by 70 % ; nevertheless , it remains largely underused . We evaluated , in a community prospect i ve study , the factors associated with embolic events and death and the feasibility of oral anticoagulant therapy managed by general practitioners . METHODS We enrolled at the Trieste Cardiovascular Center 229 patients aged > or = 65 years with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation . At baseline , each patient underwent a transesophageal echocardiography and received instructions about oral anticoagulation . Patients were regularly followed by their general practitioner and finally evaluated at the Center . RESULTS At baseline , the mean age was 73 years , 14 % of patients were free of heart disease , 27 % had had a previous embolic event , and 33 % had an atrial thrombus . After a 5-year follow-up , 85 % of the patients had been admitted to hospital , 17 % had suffered an embolic event , and 35 % were dead . Diabetes and the presence of a low flow in the left atrial appendage were predictive of embolic events . Heart failure , spontaneous echocontrast and aortic plaques were predictive of death . Anticoagulant therapy increased from 14 to 34 % but the incidence of major bleeding did not change . The patients on anticoagulant therapy at follow-up constituted the group with the worst cardiovascular profile and embolic rate , but had a lower death rate ( 19 % ) compared with those on antiplatelet therapy ( 32 % ) and with those without antithrombotic therapy ( 67 % ) . The hospitalization rates were respectively 78 , 83 and 100 % . CONCLUSIONS In a group of elderly patients followed by their general practitioner with the support of a specialized cardiologic unit , oral anticoagulant therapy was well tolerated and associated with a significant decrease in mortality and hospitalization Prospect i ve data from Busselton , Western Australia , collected during triennial surveys from 1966 - 81 with follow-up of subjects to 1983 , showed that atrial fibrillation ( AF ) was frequent in elderly people and associated with increased mortality . Of 1770 people aged over 60 years , 40 were in atrial fibrillation when first seen and a further 47 developed it during follow-up . Atrial fibrillation was positively associated with angina , history of a myocardial infa rct ion and left bundle branch block . Relative mortality in those with atrial fibrillation compared with those without it , was 1.92 for all causes , 1.82 for death from cardiovascular causes ( excluding stroke ) and 3.78 for deaths from stroke , after adjustment by proportional hazards regression for confounding effects of age , sex , history of a myocardial infa rct ion , an abnormal electrocardiogram , angina , cholesterol level systolic blood pressure and Quetelet 's Index ( weight/height2 ) . The excess relative mortality declined with increasing age for both women and men . This raised relative mortality remained constant with time from the first detection of AF for all causes and cardiovascular causes but appeared to increase with time from detection for stroke death . The risk of death from stroke was greatest in the younger women . The observed risk of death from stroke in patients with AF suggests that anticoagulant use should be considered in selected patients Background : Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risks of death , stroke/systemic embolism , and bleeding ( incurred by antithrombotic therapy ) , which may occur early after diagnosis . Methods : We assessed the risk of early events ( death , stroke/systemic embolism , and major bleeding ) over 12 months and their relation to the time after diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in 52 014 patients prospect ively enrolled in the GARFIELD-AF registry ( Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD – Atrial Fibrillation ) between March 2010 and August 2016 . Results : Over 12 months , 2140 patients died ( mortality rate , 4.3 ; 95 % CI , 4.2–4.5 per 100 person-years ) , of whom 288 ( 13.5 % ) died in the first month ( 6.8 ; 95 % CI , 6.1–7.6 ) . Over 12 months , 657 patients had a stroke/systemic embolism ( 1.3 ; 95 % CI , 1.2–1.4 ) and 411 had a major bleeding ( 0.8 ; 95 % CI , 0.8–0.9 ) . During the first month , the rates ( per 100 person-years ) of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleed were 2.3 ( 95 % CI , 1.9–2.8 ) and 1.5 ( 95 % CI , 1.2–1.9 ) , respectively . The elevated 1-month mortality rate was mostly attributable to cardiovascular mortality ( 3.5 ; 95 % CI , 3.0–4.1 ) , in particular , heart failure , sudden death , and acute coronary syndromes ( 1.0 [ 95 % CI , 0.8–1.4 ] , 0.6 [ 95 % CI , 0.4–0.8 ] , and 0.5 [ 95 % CI , 0.3–0.8 ] , respectively ) . Age , heart failure , prior stroke , history of cirrhosis , vascular disease , moderate-to-severe kidney disease , diabetes mellitus , and living in North or Latin America were independent predictors of a higher risk of early death , whereas anticoagulation and living in Europe or Asia were independent predictors of a lower risk of early death . A predictive model developed for the 1-month risk of death had a C-statistic of 0.81 ( 95 % CI , 0.78–0.83 ) . Conclusions : The increased hazard of early events , in particular , cardiovascular mortality , in newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation points to the importance of comprehensive care for such patients and should alert clinicians to detect warning signs of possible early mortality . Clinical Trial Registration : URL : https://www . clinical trials.gov . Unique identifier : NCT01090362 BACKGROUND Comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) is associated with poor outcomes among patients with cardiovascular disease . The risks of stroke and mortality associated with COPD among patients with atrial fibrillation are not well understood . METHODS We analyzed patients from ARISTOTLE , a r and omized trial of 18,201 patients with atrial fibrillation comparing the effects of apixaban versus warfarin on the risk of stroke or systemic embolism . Using Cox proportional hazards models , we assessed the associations between comorbid COPD and risk of stroke or systemic embolism and of mortality , adjusting for treatment allocation , smoking history and other risk factors . RESULTS COPD was present in 1950 ( 10.8 % ) of 18,134 patients with data on pulmonary disease history . After multivariable adjustment , COPD was not associated with risk of stroke or systemic embolism ( adjusted HR 0.85 [ 95 % CI 0.60 , 1.21 ] , p=0.356 ) . However , COPD was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality ( adjusted HR 1.60 [ 95 % CI 1.36 , 1.88 ] , p<0.001 ) and both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality . The benefit of apixaban over warfarin on stroke or systemic embolism was consistent among patients with and without COPD ( HR 0.92 [ 95 % CI 0.52 , 1.63 ] versus 0.78 [ 95 % CI 0.65 , 0.95 ] , interaction p=0.617 ) . CONCLUSIONS COPD was independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation , but was not associated with risk of stroke or systemic embolism . The effect of apixaban on stroke or systemic embolism in COPD patients was consistent with its effect in the overall trial population BACKGROUND Most of the published research on atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is limited to studies in the developed world and included mainly Caucasian patients . Data about women with AF among other ethnicities is very limited . OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics , treatment and outcome of women to men hospitalized with AF in a middle-eastern country . METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospect i ve registry of all patients hospitalized with AF in Qatar from 1991 through 2010 was made . Clinical characteristics , management , and outcomes of AF patients were compared according to gender . RESULTS During the 20-years period ; 1417 women and 2432 men were hospitalized for AF . Women were 5 years older and more likely to have diabetes mellitus , hypertension , and chronic renal impairment and were also less likely to be current smokers and to have ischemic heart disease and impaired left ventricular function when compared to men . There was no gender preference in the use of anticoagulation . The prevalence of concomitant ischemic heart disease and hypertension increased , while the prevalence of valvular heart disease and heart failure decreased among patients hospitalized with AF over the study period . In-hospital mortality and stroke rates were comparable between the two groups . CONCLUSIONS Women hospitalized with atrial fibrillation were older in age and had higher prevalence of co-morbid cardiovascular risk factors compared to men whereas , mortality and stroke rates were comparable We performed a post hoc analysis of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program data base to assess the incidence of atrial fibrillation in the elderly hypertensive population , its influence on cardiovascular events , and whether antihypertensive treatment can prevent its onset . The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program was a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 4736 subjects with isolated systolic hypertension aged ≥60 years . Atrial fibrillation was an exclusion criterion from the trial . Participants were r and omly assigned to stepped care treatment with chlorthalidone and atenolol ( n=2365 ) or placebo ( n=2371 ) . The occurrence of atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events over 4.7 years as well as the determination of cause of death at 4.7 and 14.3 years were followed . Ninety-eight subjects ( 2.06 % ) developed atrial fibrillation over 4.7 years mean follow-up , without significant difference between treated and placebo groups . Atrial fibrillation increased the risk for : total cardiovascular events ( RR 1.69 ; 95 % CI 1.21 to 2.36 ) , rapid death ( RR 3.29 ; 95 % CI 1.08 to 10.00 ) , total ( RR 5.10 ; 95 % CI 3.12 to 8.37 ) and nonfatal left ventricular failure ( RR 5.31 ; 95 % CI 3.09 to 9.13 ) . All-cause and total cardiovascular death were significantly increased in the atrial fibrillation group at 4.7 years ( HR 3.44 ; 95 % CI 2.18 to 5.42 ; HR 2.39 ; 95 % CI 1.05 to 5.43 ) and 14.3 years follow-up ( HR 2.33 ; 95 % CI 1.83 to 2.98 ; HR 2.21 ; 95 % CI 1.54 to 3.17 ) . Atrial fibrillation increased the risk for total cardiovascular events , rapid death , and left ventricular failure . All-cause mortality and total cardiovascular mortality were significantly increased in hypertensives with atrial fibrillation at 4.7 and 14.3 years follow-up BACKGROUND There remains uncertainty about the risk of cardiovascular events in stable out patients with a history of myocardial infa rct ion ( MI ) , stroke , and atrial fibrillation in Japan . METHODS AND RESULTS In the Japan Thrombosis Registry for Atrial Fibrillation , Coronary , or Cerebrovascular Events ( J-TRACE ) , a nationwide prospect i ve cohort of stable out patients with a history of MI ( n=2,291 ) , stroke ( n=3,554 ) , and /or atrial fibrillation ( n=2,242 ) , 1-year follow-up data were available for 7,513 of 8,087 patients ( follow-up rate : 92.9 % ) . The primary endpoint ( death/MI/stroke ) was reported in 3.53 events per 100 person-years ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] : 3.11 - 3.99 ) within 1 year . The rates of all-cause death , death from stroke , and death from MI within 1 year were 1.35 ( 95%CI : 1.10 - 1.65 ) , 0.15 ( 95%CI : 0.08 - 0.27 ) , and 0.06 ( 95%CI : 0.02 - 0.14 ) per 100 person-years , respectively . The rate of non-fatal stroke was 1.85 ( 95%CI : 1.55 - 2.19 ) , while that of non-fatal MI was 0.33 ( 95%CI : 0.21 - 0.49 ) . The rate of non-fatal stroke was highest among stroke patients ( 2.95 ; 95%CI : 2.39 - 3.60 per 100 person-years ) , while that of non-fatal MI was similar across all disease categories . Investigator-decided serious non-fatal bleeding events occurred in 0.21 events ( 95%CI : 0.12 - 0.34 ) per 100 person-years . CONCLUSIONS In this large , nationwide Japanese registry , the highest stroke event rate was seen in patients with a history of stroke BACKGROUND It is common practice to restore and maintain sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure . This approach is based in part on data indicating that atrial fibrillation is a predictor of death in patients with heart failure and suggesting that the suppression of atrial fibrillation may favorably affect the outcome . However , the benefits and risks of this approach have not been adequately studied . METHODS We conducted a multicenter , r and omized trial comparing the maintenance of sinus rhythm ( rhythm control ) with control of the ventricular rate ( rate control ) in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35 % or less , symptoms of congestive heart failure , and a history of atrial fibrillation . The primary outcome was the time to death from cardiovascular causes . RESULTS A total of 1376 patients were enrolled ( 682 in the rhythm-control group and 694 in the rate-control group ) and were followed for a mean of 37 months . Of these patients , 182 ( 27 % ) in the rhythm-control group died from cardiovascular causes , as compared with 175 ( 25 % ) in the rate-control group ( hazard ratio in the rhythm-control group , 1.06 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.86 to 1.30 ; P=0.59 by the log-rank test ) . Secondary outcomes were similar in the two groups , including death from any cause ( 32 % in the rhythm-control group and 33 % in the rate-control group ) , stroke ( 3 % and 4 % , respectively ) , worsening heart failure ( 28 % and 31 % ) , and the composite of death from cardiovascular causes , stroke , or worsening heart failure ( 43 % and 46 % ) . There were also no significant differences favoring either strategy in any predefined subgroup . CONCLUSIONS In patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure , a routine strategy of rhythm control does not reduce the rate of death from cardiovascular causes , as compared with a rate-control strategy . ( Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00597077 . BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that physiologic pacing ( dual-chamber or atrial ) may be superior to single-chamber ( ventricular ) pacing because it is associated with lower risks of atrial fibrillation , stroke , and death . These benefits have not been evaluated in a large , r and omized , controlled trial . METHODS At 32 Canadian centers , patients without chronic atrial fibrillation who were scheduled for a first implantation of a pacemaker to treat symptomatic bradycardia were eligible for enrollment . We r and omly assigned patients to receive either a ventricular pacemaker or a physiologic pacemaker and followed them for an average of three years . The primary outcome was stroke or death due to cardiovascular causes . Secondary outcomes were death from any cause , atrial fibrillation , and hospitalization for heart failure . RESULTS A total of 1474 patients were r and omly assigned to receive a ventricular pacemaker and 1094 to receive a physiologic pacemaker .  The annual rate of stroke or death due to cardiovascular causes was 5.5 percent with ventricular pacing , as compared with 4.9 percent with physiologic pacing ( reduction in relative risk , 9.4 percent ; 95 percent confidence interval , -10.5 to 25.7 percent [ the negative value indicates an increase in risk ] ; P=0.33 ) . The annual rate of atrial fibrillation was significantly lower among the patients in the physiologic-pacing group ( 5.3 percent ) than among those in the ventricular-pacing group ( 6.6 percent ) , for a reduction in relative risk of 18.0 percent ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0.3 to 32.6 percent ; P=0.05 ) . The effect on the rate of atrial fibrillation was not apparent until two years after implantation . The observed annual rates of death from all causes and of hospitalization for heart failure were lower among the patients with a physiologic pacemaker than among those with a ventricular pacemaker , but not significantly so ( annual rates of death , 6.6 percent with ventricular pacing and 6.3 percent with physiologic pacing ; annual rates of hospitalization for heart failure , 3.5 percent and 3.1 percent , respectively ) . There were significantly more perioperative complications with physiologic pacing than with ventricular pacing ( 9.0 percent vs. 3.8 percent , P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Physiologic pacing provides little benefit over ventricular pacing for the prevention of stroke or death due to cardiovascular causes Background and Purpose — Stroke risk increases with age in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation . It is uncertain whether the efficacy of stroke prevention therapies in atrial fibrillation changes as patients age . The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age on the relative efficacy of oral anticoagulants ( OAC ) and antiplatelet ( AP ) therapy ( including acetylsalicylic acid and triflusal ) on ischemic stroke , serious bleeding , and vascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation . Methods — This is an analysis of the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators data base , which contains patient level- data from r and omized trials of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation . We used Cox regression models with age as a continuous variable that controlled for sex , year of r and omization , and history of cerebrovascular disease , diabetes , hypertension , and congestive heart failure . Outcomes included ischemic stroke , serious bleeding ( intracranial hemorrhage or systemic bleeding requiring hospitalization , transfusion , or surgery ) , and cardiovascular events ( ischemic stroke , myocardial infa rct ion , systemic embolism , or vascular death ) . Results — The analysis included 8932 patients and 17 685 years of observation from 12 trials . Patient age increased risk of ischemic stroke ( adjusted hazard ratio per decade increase 1.45 ; 95 % CI , 1.26 to 1.66 ) , serious bleeding ( 1.61 ; 1.47 to 1.77 ) , and cardiovascular events ( 1.43 ; 1.33 to 1.53 ) . Compared with placebo , OAC and AP significantly reduced the risk of ischemic stroke ( OAC , 0.36 ; 0.29 to 0.45 ; AP , 0.81 ; 0.72 to 0.90 ) and cardiovascular outcomes ( OAC , 0.59 ; 0.52 to 0.66 ; AP , 0.81 ; 0.75 to 0.88 ) , whereas OAC increased risk of serious bleeding ( 1.56 ; 1.03 to 2.37 ) . The relative benefit of OAC versus placebo or AP did not vary by patient age for any outcome . Compared with placebo , the relative benefit of AP  for preventing ischemic stroke decreased significantly as patients aged ( P=0.01 ) . Conclusions — As patients with atrial fibrillation age , the relative efficacy of AP to prevent ischemic stroke appears to decrease , whereas it does not change for OAC . Because stroke risk increases with age , the absolute benefit of OAC increases as patients get older STUDY OBJECTIVE In the United States , nearly 70 % of emergency department ( ED ) visits for atrial fibrillation result in hospitalization . The incidence of serious 30-day adverse events after an ED evaluation for atrial fibrillation remains low . This study 's goal was to prospect ively vali date our previously reported Risk Estimator Decision Aid for Atrial Fibrillation ( RED-AF ) model for estimating a patient 's risk of experiencing a 30-day adverse event . METHODS This was a prospect i ve cohort study , which enrolled a convenience sample of ED patients presenting with atrial fibrillation .  RED-AF , previously derived from a retrospective cohort of 832 patients , assigns points according to age , sex , coexisting disease ( eg , heart failure , hypertension , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ) , smoking , home medications ( eg , β-blocker , diuretic ) , physical examination findings ( eg , dyspnea , palpitations , peripheral edema ) , and adequacy of ED ventricular rate control . Primary outcome was occurrence of greater than or equal to 1 atrial fibrillation-related adverse outcome ( ED visits , rehospitalization , cardiovascular complications , death ) within 30 days . We identified a clinical ly relevant threshold and measured RED-AF 's performance in this prospect i ve cohort , assessing its calibration , discrimination , and diagnostic accuracy . RESULTS The study enrolled 497 patients between June 2010 and February 2013 . Of these , 120 ( 24 % ) had greater than or equal to 1 adverse event within 30 days . A RED-AF score of 87 was identified as an optimal threshold , result ing in sensitivity and specificity of 96 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] 91 % to 98 % ) and 19 % ( 95 % CI 15 % to 23 % ) , respectively . Positive and negative predictive values were 27 % ( 95 % CI 23 % to 32 % ) and 93 % ( 95 % CI 85 % to 97 % ) , respectively . The c statistic for RED-AF was 0.65 ( 95 % CI 0.59 to 0.71 ) . CONCLUSION In this separate validation cohort , RED-AF performed moderately well and similar to the original derivation cohort for identifying the risk of short-term atrial fibrillation-related adverse events in ED patients receiving a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation The degree of albuminuria predicts cardiovascular and renal outcomes , but it is not known whether changes in albuminuria also predict similar outcomes . In two multicenter , multinational , prospect i ve observational studies , a central laboratory measured albuminuria in 23,480 patients with vascular disease or high-risk diabetes . We quantified the association between a greater than or equal to twofold change in albuminuria in spot urine from baseline to 2 years and the incidence of cardiovascular and renal outcomes and all-cause mortality during the subsequent 32 months . A greater than or equal to twofold increase in albuminuria from baseline to 2 years , observed in 28 % , associated with nearly 50 % higher mortality ( HR 1.48 ; 95 % CI 1.32 to 1.66 ) , and a greater than or equal to twofold decrease in albuminuria , observed in 21 % , associated with 15 % lower mortality ( HR 0.85 ; 95 % CI 0.74 to 0.98 ) compared with those with lesser changes in albuminuria , after adjustment for baseline albuminuria , BP , and other potential confounders . Increases in albuminuria also significantly associated with cardiovascular death , composite cardiovascular outcomes ( cardiovascular death , myocardial infa rct ion , stroke , and hospitalization for heart failure ) , and renal outcomes including dialysis or doubling of serum creatinine ( adjusted HR 1.40 ; 95 % CI 1.11 to 1.78 ) . In conclusion , in patients with vascular disease , changes in albuminuria predict mortality and cardiovascular and renal outcomes , independent of baseline albuminuria . This suggests that monitoring albuminuria is a useful strategy to help predict cardiovascular risk BACKGROUND In inhibiting platelet function , aspirin seems to reduce the risk of cerebrovascular accidents , death , and acute coronary events in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation .  Aspirin given on alternate days might have the advantage of not hindering prostacyclin synthesis . Thus a study was performed to evaluate whether aspirin used in this way might improve the results reported with daily treatment . METHODS To test this hypothesis 285 patients ( age range 40 to 82 years ) with primary atrial fibrillation were r and omly allocated in an open multicenter trial to 3 groups : ( 1 ) group A1 , treated with 125 mg aspirin daily ( n = 104 ) ; ( 2 ) group A2 , treated with 125 mg aspirin on alternate days ( n = 90 ) , ( 3 ) group C ( controls ) , who were not treated with anticoagulants or platelet inhibitors ( n = 91 ) . RESULTS Inclusion took place from January 1990 to July 1994 , and follow-up ended in May 1996 ( range 1 to 62 months ) . Sudden cardiac death in association with heart failure or angina was the most common final event : 4.8 % , 1.1 % , and 6.6 % in groups A1 , A2 , and C , respectively . Both cardiovascular mortality rate and the incidence of main events were reduced , in relative terms , by 80 % ( 1 . 1 % in group A2 vs 6.6 % in group C ) . The differences were smaller between group A1 and C but did not reach statistical significance . The reduction of main cardiovascular events between groups A1 and A2 was statistically significant ( 7.7 % vs 2.2 % = 5.5 % ; 95 % confidence limits 1 % , 11 % ; P < .05 ) . The difference did not reach statistical significance when other end points were analyzed . CONCLUSION In this trial low-dose aspirin given on alternate days seemed to be an efficient intervention in preventing major cardiovascular events . Regarding strokes , however , aspirin was less efficient . Mortality rate in the 3 groups as a whole was associated with heart failure and the development of ischemic heart disease
Among the outcomes examined , the highest absolute risk increase was for heart failure .
Associations between atrial fibrillation and included outcomes were broadly consistent across subgroups and in sensitivity analyses .
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease .
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between  atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular disease , renal disease , and death .