Epidemiologic Evidence on Serum Adiponectin Level and Lipid Profile Effects of individual and combined dietary weight loss and exercise interventions in postmenopausal women on adiponectin and leptin levels. A low-fat high-carbohydrate diet reduces plasma total adiponectin concentrations compared to a moderate-fat diet with no impact on biomarkers of systemic inflammation in a randomized controlled feeding study Effect of marked weight loss on adiponectin gene expression and plasma concentrations. The influence of very-low-calorie-diet on serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women. Changes in daily leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin profiles following a diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner in obese subjects. Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Effects of different hypocaloric diets on protein secretion from adipose tissue of obese women. Little evidence of systemic and adipose tissue inflammation in overweight individuals† The effects of a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet on adipocytokines in severely obese adults: three-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Improvements in body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin by alternate-day fasting versus calorie restriction. Low‐calorie diet induced weight loss may alter regulatory hormones and contribute to rebound visceral adiposity in obese persons with a family history of type‐2 diabetes Differential effects of endurance training and weight loss on plasma adiponectin multimers and adipose tissue macrophages in younger, moderately overweight men. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women. Addition of Exercise Increases Plasma Adiponectin and Release from Adipose Tissue. Increased Adiponectin Secretion by Highly Purified Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rodent Models of Obesity and Human Obese Subjects A low-glycemic load diet reduces serum C-reactive protein and modestly increases adiponectin in overweight and obese adults. Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. Weight loss due to a very low calorie diet differentially affects insulin sensitivity and interleukin-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human subjects. Obesity treatment by very low-calorie-ketogenic diet at two years: reduction in visceral fat and on the burden of disease Greater weight loss and hormonal changes after 6 months diet with carbohydrates eaten mostly at dinner. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fat distribution and adipocytokines.
The concentration of adiponectin , a hormone which is secreted from adipose tissue , is inversely correlated with body fat mass . This hormone has anti inflammatory and anti atherogenic properties . Its concentration reduces in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases . This study review s the evidence on the relationship between serum  adiponectin concentration and lipid profile .  In this study former clinical trials , cross sectional and prospect i ve studies have been review ed . The PubMed search engine has been used to find related research for the topic by considering dyslipidemia , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high and low density protein ( HDL and LDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , lipid profile ( LP ) and adiponectin as the key words . Finally , 25 articles were recruited to review in the present article . Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with plasma HDL cholestrol concentrations . There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma triglyceride and serum adiponectin . An inverse correlation between very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) and LDL levels and adiponectin was reported from the studies . So , Adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile including HDLc BACKGROUND Excess body weight and a sedentary lifestyle are associated with the development of several diseases , including cardiovascular disease , diabetes and cancer in women . One proposed mechanism linking obesity to chronic diseases is an alteration in adipose-derived adiponectin and leptin levels . We investigated the effects of 12-month reduced calorie , weight loss and exercise interventions on adiponectin and leptin concentrations . METHODS Overweight/obese postmenopausal women ( n = 439 ) were r and omized as follows : ( i ) a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet ( diet ; N = 118 ) , ( ii  ) moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( exercise ; N = 117 ) , ( iii ) a combination of a reduced calorie , weight-loss diet and moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise ( diet + exercise ; N = 117 ) , and ( iv ) control ( N = 87 ) . The reduced calorie diet had a 10 % weight-loss goal . The exercise intervention consisted of 45 min of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity 5 days per week . Adiponectin and leptin levels were measured at baseline and after 12 months of intervention using a radioimmunoassay . RESULTS Adiponectin increased by 9.5 % in the diet group and 6.6 % in the diet + exercise group ( both P ≤ 0.0001 vs. control ) . Compared with controls , leptin decreased with all interventions ( diet + exercise , -40.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; diet , -27.1 % , P < 0.0001 ; exercise , -12.7 % , P = 0.005 ) . The results were not influenced by the baseline body mass index ( BMI ) . The degree of weight loss was inversely associated with concentrations of adiponectin  ( diet , P-trend = 0.0002 ; diet + exercise , P-trend = 0.0005 ) and directly associated with leptin ( diet , P-trend < 0.0001 ; diet + exercise , P-trend < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSION Weight loss through diet or diet + exercise  increased adiponectin concentrations . Leptin concentrations decreased in all of the intervention groups , but the greatest reduction occurred with diet + exercise . Weight loss and exercise exerted some beneficial effects on chronic diseases via effects on adiponectin and leptin Purpose We compared the effects of a eucaloric moderate-fat diet ( 18 % protein , 36 % fat , and 46 % carbohydrate ) , a eucaloric low-fat high-carbohydrate diet ( 18 % protein , 18 % fat , and 64 % carbohydrate ) , and a low-calorie ( 33 % reduced ) low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on biomarkers of systemic inflammation . Methods We r and omly assigned 102 participants ( age 21–76 years and BMI 19.2–35.5 kg/m2 ) to the three different diets for 6 weeks in a parallel design intervention trial . All foods were provided . Ninety-three participants completed all study procedures ; 92 were included in the analyses . Endpoints included plasma C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II ( sTNFRI and II ) , and adiponectin . Results In the unadjusted primary analyses , none of the endpoints were differentially affected by the dietary interventions despite the significantly greater reductions in body weight and fat mass in participants consuming the low-calorie low-fat diet compared to the eucaloric diets ( p < 0.001 ) . When including weight change in the model in secondary analysis , adiponectin tended to be increased with weight loss ( time × weight change interaction , p = 0.051 ) . Adjusted for weight change , adiponectin was reduced in the groups consuming the low-fat diets relative to the moderate-fat diet ( p = 0.008 ) . No effect of the intervention diets or weight loss on CRP , IL-6 , or sTNFRI and II was seen in these secondary analyses . Conclusions In relatively healthy adults , moderate weight loss had minimal effects on systemic inflammation , and raised plasma adiponectin only modestly . A lower dietary fat and higher carbohydrate content had little impact on measures of systemic inflammation , but reduced adiponectin concentrations compared to a moderate-fat diet . The latter may be of concern given the consistent and strong inverse association of plasma adiponectin with many chronic diseases OBJECTIVE Adiponectin is the most abundant protein secreted by adipose tissue and is inversely associated with adiposity and insulin resistance . The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that marked weight loss , induced by gastric bypass surgery ( GBS ) , would increase adiponectin gene expression in both upper and lower subcutaneous body fat and increase plasma adiponectin concentration . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Adiponectin subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissue gene expression , determined by using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction , and adiponectin plasma concentrations , determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , were evaluated in six extremely obese women ( BMI = 57.1 + /- 4.1 kg/m2 ) before and 1 year after GBS . RESULTS After GBS , subjects lost 36 + /- 5 % of their initial body weight and showed increased insulin sensitivity , manifested by a marked decrease in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance from 10.7 + /- 4.1 to 1.4 + /- 0.3 ( p < 0.05 ) . Adiponectin gene expression increased 8- to 15-fold in subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissues ( p < 0.05 ) . Plasma adiponectin concentrations increased from 5.2 + /- 0.9 to 8.4 + /- 1.2 mug/mL ( p < 0.05 ) . DISCUSSION These data show that marked weight loss induced by GBS increases adiponectin gene expression in both upper- and lower-body subcutaneous fat . The increase in adipose tissue adiponectin production result ed in an increase in plasma adiponectin concentrations , which likely contributed to the decrease in insulin resistance observed after weight loss The aim of our study was to determine whether adipocyte-derived hormones leptin , adiponectin and resistin contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity after very-low calorie diet ( VLCD ) . Therefore , serum levels of these hormones were measured in fourteen obese females before and after three weeks VLCD and in seventeen age- and sex-matched healthy controls .  Body mass index , HOMA index , serum insulin and leptin levels in obese women before VLCD were significantly higher than in control group ( BMI 48.01+/-2.02 vs. 21.38+/-0.42 kg/m(2 ) , HOMA 10.72+/-2.03 vs. 4.69+/-0.42 , insulin 38.63+/-5.10 vs. 18.76+/-1.90 microIU/ml , leptin 77.87+/-8.98 vs. 8.82+/-1.52 ng/ml ) . In contrast , serum adiponectin and soluble leptin receptors levels were significantly lower in obese women before VLCD than in the control group . No differences were found in serum glucose and resistin levels between the obese group before VLCD and the control group . VLCD significantly decreased BMI , HOMA index , serum glucose , insulin and leptin levels and increased soluble leptin receptor levels . The changes in serum adiponectin and resistin levels in obese women after VLCD did not reach statistical significance . We conclude that leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels were affected by VLCD while adiponectin and resistin concentrations were not . Therefore , other mechanisms rather than changes in the endocrine function of the adipose tissue are probably involved in the VLCD-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity BACKGROUND AND AIMS Our recently published r and omised clinical trial evaluated the effect of a low-calorie diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner . This dietary pattern led to lower hunger scores , and better anthropometric , biochemical and inflammatory outcomes compared to a st and ard low-calorie diet . In the same study , changes in diurnal secretion patterns of leptin , ghrelin and adiponectin were investigated . METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-eight police officers ( body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 ) were r and omly allocated to experimental ( carbohydrates at dinner ) or control weight loss diets for 6 months . Sixty-three subjects finished the programme . On days 0 , 7 , 90 and 180 blood sample s and hunger scores were collected every 4 h from 8:00 to 20:00 . Hormonal profiles were available for 39 . The dietary manipulation led to changes in daylight hormonal profiles in the experimental group . Leptin 's secretion curve became convex , with a nadir later in the day ( significant difference compared to baseline at morning and evening , p = 0.023 , p = 0.021 , respectively ) . Ghrelin 's secretion curve became concave , peaking only in the evening hours . Adiponectin 's curve was elevated only after the experimental diet ( significant difference compared to baseline at afternoon , p = 0.044 ) . CONCLUSIONS We propose that a low-calorie diet with carbohydrates eaten at dinner can modulate daytime hormonal profiles . Taken together with our earlier results , we believe this diet regime may prevent mid-day hunger , better support weight loss and improve metabolic outcomes compared to conventional weight loss diets . The trial is registered at controlled-trials.com , IS RCT N37829376 , December 2009 OBJECTIVE High fat , low carbohydrate ( HFLC ) diets have become popular tools for weight management . We sought to determine the effects of a HFLC diet compared to a low fat high carbohydrate ( LFHC ) diet on the change in weight loss , cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in subjects with obesity . METHODS Obese subjects ( 29.0 - 44.6 kg/m2 ) recruited from Boston Medical Center were r and omized to a hypocaloric LFHC ( n=26 ) or HFLC ( n=29 ) diet for 12 weeks . RESULTS The age range of subjects was 21 - 62 years . As a percentage of daily calories , the HFLC group consumed 33.5 % protein , 56.0 % fat and 9.6 % carbohydrate and the LFHC group consumed 22.0 % protein , 25.0 % fat and 55.7 % carbohydrate . The change in percent body weight , lean and fat mass , blood pressure , flow mediated dilation , hip : waist ratio , hemoglobin A1C , fasting insulin and glucose , and glucose and insulin response to a 2h oral glucose tolerance test did not differ ( P>0.05 ) between diets after 12 weeks . The HFLC group had greater mean decreases in serum triglyceride ( P=0.07 ) , and hs-CRP ( P=0.03 ) , and greater mean increases in HDL cholesterol ( P=0.004 ) , and total adiponectin ( P=0.045 ) relative to the LFHC . Secreted adipose tissue adiponectin or TNF-α did not differ after weight loss for either diet . CONCLUSIONS Relative to the LFHC group , the HFLC group had greater improvements in blood lipids and systemic inflammation with similar changes in body weight and composition . This small-scale study suggests that HFLC diets may be more beneficial to cardiovascular health and inflammation in free-living obese adults compared to LFHC diets Little is known about common factors ( e.g. , macronutrients and energy supply ) regulating the protein secretory function of adipose tissue . We therefore compared the effects of r and omly assigned 10-week hypoenergetic ( -600 kcal/day ) diets with moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content on circulating levels and production of proteins ( using radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ) from subcutaneous adipose tissue in 40 obese but otherwise healthy women . Similar results were obtained by the two diets .  Body weight decreased by approximately 7.5 % . The secretion rate of leptin decreased by approximately 40 % , as did that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 decreased by 25 - 30 % , whereas the secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI-1 ) and adiponectin did not show any changes . Regarding mRNA expression ( by real-time PCR ) , only that of leptin and IL-6 decreased significantly . Circulating levels of leptin and PAI-1 decreased by 30 and 40 % , respectively , but there were only minor changes in circulating TNF-alpha , IL-6 , or adiponectin . In conclusion , moderate caloric restriction but not macronutrient composition influences the production and secretion of adipose tissue-derived proteins during weight reduction , leptin being the most sensitive and adiponectin and PAI-1 the least sensitive Context : The effect of weight loss by diet alone or diet in conjunction with exercise on low- grade inflammation in non-obese ( overweight ) individuals is not known . Objective : Test the hypothesis that 24 weeks of moderate calorie restriction ( CR ; 25 % ) by diet only or with aerobic exercise would reduce markers of systemic inflammation and attenuate inflammation gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Design : R and omized controlled trial . Setting : Institutional Research Center . Participants : Thirty-five overweight ( body mass index : 27.8 ± 0.7 kg/m2 ) but otherwise healthy participants ( 16M/19F ) completed the study . Intervention : Participants were r and omized to either CR ( 25 % reduction in energy intake , n = 12 ) , caloric restriction + exercise ( CR + EX : 12.5 % reduction in energy intake + 12.5 % increase in exercise energy expenditure , n = 12 ) , or control ( healthy weight-maintenance diet , n = 11 ) for 6 months . Main outcome measures : Fasting serum markers of inflammation [ leptin , highly sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) , interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α ) , adiponectin ] and inflammation-related genes [ CD68 , IL-6 , TNF-α , macrophage migration inhibitory factor ( MIF ) , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , adiponectin , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) ] in subcutaneous adipose tissue . Results : CR and CR + EX lost similar amounts of body weight ( –10 ± 1 % ) , fat mass ( –24 ± 3 % ) , visceral fat ( –27 ± 3 % ) , and had increased insulin sensitivity ( CR : 40 ± 20 % , CR + EX : 66 ± 22 % ) . Leptin was significantly decreased from baseline ( p < 0.001 ) in both groups however TNF-α and IL-6 were not changed . hsCRP was decreased in CR + EX . There was no change in the expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration ( CD68 , MIF MCP-1 , PAI-1 ) or inflammation ( IL-6 , TNF-α , adiponectin ) in either CR or CR + EX . Conclusion : A 10 % weight loss with a 25 % CR diet alone or with exercise did not impact markers of systemic inflammation or the expression of inflammation-related adipose genes in overweight individuals BACKGROUND Adipocytokines are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease and can be modified with weight loss . While we previously demonstrated weight loss and a reduction in leptin in obese adults who followed a low-carbohydrate diet for 6 months , the long-term effects of this diet on adipocytokines are unknown . METHODS 132 obese adults with a body mass index of > or = 35 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive one year of dietary counseling to follow either a low-carbohydrate diet < 30 g/day ( LC ) or a caloric-restricted diet ( reduced by 500 calories/day with < 30 % of calories from fat ) ( LF ) . Weight , leptin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , CRP , and insulin were measured at 0 , 6 , and 36 months ( 24 months post-counseling ) . Follow-up data at was collected for 53 participants who returned at 36 months . RESULTS Mean weight change from baseline was not different between the groups at 36 months . Between 6 and 36 months weight was unchanged for LF , while LC appeared to regain weight [ + 4.84 + /- 35.6 kg ( + 3.0 % ) ] . This difference , however , was not significant ( p = 0.08 ) . Leptin was unchanged in LF at both 6 and 36 months . In LC leptin decreased by 8.49 + /- 6.4 ng/mL or 22.7 % at 6 months ( p < 0.001 ) and increased by 10.68 + /- 25.2 ng/mL or 41.9 % between 6 and 36 months ( p = 0.02 ) . There were no differences in insulin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , or CRP between the groups . CONCLUSIONS Favorable changes in leptin that accompany weight loss are not sustained in individuals who followed a low-carbohydrate diet for one year . A low-carbohydrate diet had no significant effect on insulin , adiponectin , TNF-alpha , or CRP compared to a low-fat diet at 36 months Calorie restriction ( CR ) and alternate-day fasting ( ADF ) beneficially affect several aspects of adipose tissue physiology , but direct comparisons between regimens have yet to be performed . The present study evaluated the effects of ADF versus CR on body fat distribution and circulating adiponectin levels and examined the kinetic mechanisms that underlie changes in fat distribution . Thirty female C57BL/6J mice were r and omized to one of five groups for 4 weeks : ( a ) CR-25 % ( 25 % energy restriction daily ) , ( b ) ADF-75 % ( 75 % restriction on fast day ) , ( c ) ADF-85 % ( 85 % restriction on fast day ) , ( d ) ADF-100 % ( 100 % restriction on fast day ) and ( e ) control ( ad libitum fed ) .  Body weights of the CR mice were lower than that of the ADF and control groups posttreatment . After 4 weeks of diet , the proportion of visceral fat decreased ( P<.001 ) and the proportion of subcutaneous fat increased ( P<.001 ) similarly in ADF and CR animals . Adiponectin increased ( P<.05 ) by 62 - 86 % in the ADF groups and by 69 % in the CR group . Triglyceride ( TG ) synthesis and de novo lipogenesis were augmented ( P<.05 ) in the subcutaneous fat pad of ADF and CR animals , relative to control . No differences in net lipolysis were observed , result ing in greater TG accumulation in the subcutaneous fat pad , with a shift in the ratio of TG between depots . These findings indicate that ADF ( both modified and true ) produces similar beneficial modulations in body fat distribution and adiponectin levels as daily CR Purpose : To examine potential detrimental long‐term effects of acute diet‐induced weight loss on visceral adiposity , insulin resistance , cortisol , and adipokines in obese individuals at risk for type‐2 diabetes . Data sources : Anthropometric measures ( height , weight , waist circumference ) , self‐report instruments , abdominal computed tomography ( CT ) scan , and blood sample s ( glucose , insulin , interleukin‐6 , leptin , adiponectin ) were obtained from a convenience sample of 20 participants at baseline , after a 28‐day low‐calorie diet ( 800 kcal/day ) intervention , and again 6 months later . Conclusions : Fifteen of 20 participants completed the 28‐day diet intervention and had a mean weight loss of 15 pounds . Comparison between baseline , postdiet , and 6‐month data , demonstrated that although participants had significant improvements after the diet , they regained fat mass , particularly in the visceral area . Implication s for practice : Clinicians may need to revise recommendations for using low‐calorie diets to achieve weight loss . Diet‐induced weight cycling may contribute to dysregulation of metabolism and have long‐term detrimental consequences for accumulation of visceral adipose tissue . The likelihood of success is low , with high dropout rates , and those patients who achieve weight loss are very likely to regain it . Thus , the perceived short‐term benefits of calorie‐restricted diets in this population likely do not outweigh the potential long‐term detrimental effects Obese individuals are characterized by low circulating adiponectin concentrations and an increased number of macrophages in adipose tissue , which is believed to be causally associated with chronic low- grade inflammation and insulin resistance . Regular physical exercise decreases overall morbidity in obese subjects , which may be due to modulations of inflammatory pathways . In this r and omized clinical trial we investigated the separate effects of endurance training-induced weight loss , diet-induced weight loss , and endurance training per se ( without weight loss ) on plasma adiponectin multimer composition ( Western blotting ) and adipose tissue macrophage content ( immunohistochemistry ) in young , moderately overweight men .  Weight loss and endurance training per se decreased whole body fat percentage in an additive manner . No intervention-induced changes were observed for plasma total adiponectin . Surprisingly , endurance training , irrespectively of any associated weight loss , shifted the adiponectin multimer distribution toward a lower molecular weight ( 21 % decrease in HMW/LMW , P = 0.015 ) , whereas diet-induced weight loss shifted the distribution toward a higher molecular weight ( 42 % increase in HMW/MMW , P < 0.001 ) . Furthermore , endurance training per se increased the number of anti-inflammatory CD163⁺ macrophages [ from 12.7 ± 2.1 ( means ± SE ) to 16.1 ± 3.1 CD163⁺ cells/100 adipocytes , P = 0.013 ] , whereas diet-induced weight loss tended to decrease CD68⁺ macrophages in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue . Thus regular physical exercise influences systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory pathways differently than diet-induced weight loss in younger , moderately overweight men . Our data suggest that some of the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle may occur through modulations of anti- rather than pro-inflammatory pathways in young , overweight men BACKGROUND Although the typical diet of the Mediterranean region has received much recognition over the past several years for its association with substantial health benefits , it remains unknown whether its favorable effects are mediated through changes in adiponectin concentrations . OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher plasma adiponectin concentrations . DESIGN This study was a prospect i ve and cross-sectional evaluation of plasma adiponectin concentrations and dietary data from 987 diabetic women from the Nurses ' Health Study who had no history of cardiovascular disease at the time blood was drawn in 1990 . RESULTS Women who scored highest on a 9-point scale that measures adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern tended to be older , were less likely to be current smokers , had lower body mass indexes and waist circumferences , and had higher total energy intakes , physical activities , and plasma adiponectin concentrations than did women with the lowest scores . Median plasma adiponectin concentrations were 23 % higher in women who most closely followed a Mediterranean-type diet than in low adherers after adjustment for age and energy intake ( P < 0.01 ) . Body composition , lifestyle , and medical history explained some , but not all , of the observed association between diet and adiponectin concentrations because high adherers tended to have greater adiponectin concentrations than did moderate or low adherers , even after adjustment for these variables . CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that , of the several components of the Mediterranean dietary pattern score , alcohol , nuts , and whole grains show the strongest association with adiponectin concentrations . Close adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet is associated with higher adiponectin concentrations INTRODUCTION Adiponectin is an adipose tissue-derived anti-inflammatory protein that is down-regulated in obesity . The effects of caloric restriction and exercise-induced weight loss on adiponectin are not clear . PURPOSE To determine whether addition of aerobic exercise training to caloric restriction has additive effects over caloric restriction alone on circulating adiponectin concentrations and adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue . METHODS Overweight or obese ( body mass index , 25 - 40 kg·m(-2 ) ; waist > 88 cm ) postmenopausal women were r and omized to 20-wk caloric restriction with and without aerobic exercise ( CR + EX , n = 48 ; and CR , n = 22 ) . Blood sample s were collected for measuring plasma adiponectin concentration , and abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed in a subgroup to determine in vitro adiponectin release , before and after the interventions . RESULTS The interventions elicited similar amounts of weight loss ( CR + EX , -11.3 ± 4.6 kg ; CR,-11.2 ± 3.4 kg ) and fat loss ( CR + EX , -8.0 ± 3.5 kg ; CR , -7.4 ± 2.7 kg ) . The two groups had differential changes in plasma adiponectin concentrations ( for interaction , P = 0.014 ) ; CR + EX increased ( 6.9 ± 3.9 to 8.5 ± 4.9 μg·mL(-1 ) ; P = 0.0001 ) , whereas CR did not alter ( 6.4 ± 4.4 to 6.5 ± 4.5 μg·mL(-1 ) ; P = 0.42 ) plasma adiponectin . Likewise , adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue increased with CR + EX ( P = 0.0076 and P = 0.089 , respectively ) but did not change with CR ( P = 0.13 and P = 0.95 , respectively ) . CONCLUSION Despite similar reductions in body weight and fat mass , the addition of aerobic exercise to caloric restriction increased plasma adiponectin concentrations , which may be partly explained by increased adiponectin release from abdominal and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue Objectives —Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) or n-3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease . Here we investigated the effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) on production of adiponectin , the only established antiatherogenic and antiinflammatory adipocytokine , in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects . Methods and Results —We demonstrated that EPA increases adiponectin secretion in genetically obese ob/ob mice and high-fat diet – induced obese mice . In the in vitro coculture of adipocytes and macrophages , EPA reversed the coculture-induced decrease in adiponectin secretion at least in part through downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; in macrophages . We also showed significant increase in plasma adiponectin concentrations in human obese subjects after a 3-month treatment with EPA ( 1.8 g daily ) . Multivariate regression analysis revealed that EPA treatment is the only independent determinant of plasma adiponectin concentrations . Conclusion —This study demonstrates that EPA increases adiponectin secretion in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects , possibly through the improvement of the inflammatory changes in obese adipose tissue . Because EPA has reduced the risk of major coronary events in a large-scale , prospect i ve , r and omized clinical trial , this study provides important insight into its therapeutic implication in obesity-related metabolic sequelae Low-glycemic load ( GL ) diets improve insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in individuals with diabetes . Less is known about whether low-GL diets , independent of weight loss , improve the health profile for persons without diabetes or other preexisting conditions . We conducted a r and omized , cross-over feeding study testing low- compared to High-GL diets on biomarkers of inflammation and adiposity in healthy adults . Eighty participants ( n = 40 with BMI 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m² ; n = 40 with BMI 28.0 - 40.0 kg/m² ) completed two 28-d feeding periods in r and om order where one period was a high-GL diet ( mean GL/d = 250 ) and the other a low-GL diet ( mean GL/d = 125 ) . Diets were isocaloric with identical macronutrient content ( as percent energy ) . All food was provided and participants maintained weight and usual physical activity . Height , weight , and DXA were measured at study entry and weight assessed again thrice per week . Blood was drawn from fasting participants at the beginning and end of each feeding period and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP , serum amyloid A , IL-6 , leptin , and adiponectin were measured . Linear mixed models tested the intervention effect on the biomarkers ; models were adjusted for baseline biomarker concentrations , diet sequence , feeding period , age , sex , and body fat mass . Among participants with high-body fat mass ( > 32.0 % for males and > 25.0 % for females ) , the low-GL diet reduced CRP ( P = 0.02 ) and marginally increased adiponectin ( P = 0.06 ) . In conclusion , carbohydrate quality , independent of energy , is important . Dietary patterns emphasizing low-GL foods may improve the inflammatory and adipokine profiles of overweight and obese individuals BACKGROUND In a r and omized , controlled , 2 x 2 factorial trial on the effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise , a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass was observed . Alterations in leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were previously reported from this study . OBJECTIVE We examined the separate and combined effects of a 1-y exercise and diet intervention on several adipokines ; adiponectin , interleukin-6 and -8 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , hepatocyte growth factor , nerve growth factor , C-reactive protein , and resistin . DESIGN One hundred eighty-eight men with several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were r and omly allocated to 4 groups : diet , exercise , combined diet and exercise , and control . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin concentrations remained unchanged , whereas body mass index and fat mass decreased after dietary changes and an increase in physical activity . In the control group , adiponectin concentrations were reduced . Analyzed according to the factorial design , only diet intervention had a significant ( P = 0.03 ) positive effect on plasma adiponectin relative to control , and this effect was largely explained by changes in fat mass . After adjustment for change in percentage body fat , there were significant positive effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all 3 intervention groups ( P = 0.01 for the diet group , 0.03 for the exercise group , and 0.05 for the combined diet and exercise group ) . Minor changes were observed for the other adipokines . Neither baseline concentrations of nor changes in adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly correlated to the other adipokines , whereas concentrations of and changes in the other adipokines were significantly correlated . CONCLUSION Diet intervention had a significant positive effect on adiponectin concentrations , which is largely explained by a reduction in fat mass Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes with interleukin (IL)-6 being particularly important . While long term exercise has been shown to be associated with reduction in IL-6 serum levels in several reports , the discussion on the effect of dietary intervention on IL-6 serum levels is controversial . In the present study , we aim ed to investigate the effect of weight loss due to a very low calorie diet ( VLCD ) on insulin sensitivity and IL-6 serum levels in nondiabetic obese human individuals . 10 patients with obesity were examined during 12 weeks of a VLCD ( 800 kcal/d ) . Body composition was measured by impedance analysis . Blood sample s were taken before , during , and after the dietary intervention .  Leptin , adiponectin , and IL-6 serum levels were measured by ELISA . The body weight decreased significantly from 123.9±6.2 - 103.5±5.6 kg with a significant reduction in body fat content ( 43.2±2.3 - 36.1±3.1 % ) . Leptin levels exhibited a significant decrease from 56.8±5.6 - 27.9±5.6 ng/ml while adiponectin levels increased significantly from 7.5±0.9 - 10.6±1.1 μg/ml . Thereby the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio , a novel marker for insulin sensitivity , significantly improved . Mean IL-6 serum concentrations were within the normal range ( 3.2±0.8 pg/ml ) before the study and were not significantly altered by the nutritional therapy . Despite improvement of insulin sensitivity , IL-6 serum levels did not change throughout the study period , suggesting that in nondiabetic obese human subjects IL-6 might have only a minor role in the impairment of insulin sensitivity The long-term effect of therapeutic diets in obesity treatment is a challenge at present . The current study aim ed to evaluate the long-term effect of a very low-calorie-ketogenic ( VLCK ) diet on excess adiposity . Especial focus was set on visceral fat mass , and the impact on the individual burden of disease . A group of obese patients ( n = 45 ) were r and omly allocated in two groups : either the very low-calorie-ketogenic diet group ( n = 22 ) , or a st and ard low-calorie diet group ; ( n = 23 ) . Both groups received external support . Adiposity parameters and the cumulative number of months of successful weight loss ( 5 or 10 % ) over a 24-month period were quantified . The very low-calorie-ketogenic diet induced less than 2 months of mild ketosis and significant effects on body weight at 6 , 12 , and 24 months . At 24 months , a trend to regress to baseline levels was observed ; however , the very low-calorie-ketogenic diet induced a greater reduction in body weight ( −12.5 kg ) , waist circumference ( −11.6 cm ) , and body fat mass ( −8.8 kg ) than the low-calorie diet ( −4.4 kg , −4.1 cm , and −3.8 kg , respectively ; p < 0.001 ) . Interestingly , a selective reduction in visceral fat measured by a specific software of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-scan ( −600 g vs. −202 g ; p < 0.001 ) was observed . Moreover , the very low-calorie-ketogenic diet group experienced a reduction in the individual burden of obesity because reduction in disease duration . Very low-calorie-ketogenic diet patients were 500 months with 5 % weight lost vs. the low-calorie diet group ( 350 months ; p < 0.001 ) . In conclusion , a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet was effective 24 months later , with a decrease in visceral adipose tissue and a reduction in the individual burden of disease This study was design ed to investigate the effect of a low-calorie diet with carbohydrates eaten mostly at dinner on anthropometric , hunger/satiety , biochemical , and inflammatory parameters . Hormonal secretions were also evaluated . Seventy-eight police officers ( BMI > 30 ) were r and omly assigned to experimental ( carbohydrates eaten mostly at dinner ) or control weight loss diets for 6 months . On day 0 , 7 , 90 , and 180 blood sample s and hunger scores were collected every 4 h from 0800 to 2000 hours . Anthropometric measurements were collected throughout the study . Greater weight loss , abdominal circumference , and body fat mass reductions were observed in the experimental diet in comparison to controls . Hunger scores were lower and greater improvements in fasting glucose , average daily insulin concentrations , and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA(IR ) ) , T-cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) levels were observed in comparison to controls . The experimental diet modified daily leptin and adiponectin concentrations compared to those observed at baseline and to a control diet . A simple dietary manipulation of carbohydrate distribution appears to have additional benefits when compared to a conventional weight loss diet in individuals suffering from obesity . It might also be beneficial for individuals suffering from insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome . Further research is required to confirm and clarify the mechanisms by which this relatively simple diet approach enhances satiety , leads to better anthropometric outcomes , and achieves improved metabolic response , compared to a more conventional dietary approach CONTEXT Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease , which may be mediated by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue . OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a program of changes in lifestyle design ed to obtain a sustained reduction of body weight on markers of systemic vascular inflammation and insulin resistance . DESIGN AND SETTING R and omized single-blind trial conducted from February 1999 to February 2002 at a university hospital in Italy . PATIENTS One hundred twenty premenopausal obese women ( body mass index > or = 30 ) aged 20 to 46 years without diabetes , hypertension , or hyperlipidemia . INTERVENTIONS The 60 women r and omly assigned to the intervention group received detailed advice about how to achieve a reduction of weight of 10 % or more through a low-energy Mediterranean-style diet and increased physical activity . The control group ( n = 60 ) was given general information about healthy food choices and exercise . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lipid and glucose intake ; blood pressure ; homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity ; and circulating levels of interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ) , interleukin 18 ( IL-18 ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , and adiponectin . RESULTS After 2 years , women in the intervention group consumed more foods rich in complex carbohydrates ( 9 % corrected difference ; P<.001 ) , monounsaturated fat ( 2 % ; P = .009 ) , and fiber ( 7 g/d ; P<.001 ) ; had a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids ( -5 ; P<.001 ) ; and had lower energy ( -310 kcal/d ; P<.001 ) , saturated fat ( -3.5 % ; P = .007 ) , and cholesterol intake ( -92 mg/d ; P<.001 ) than controls . Body mass index decreased more in the intervention group than in controls ( -4.2 ; P<.001 ) , as did serum concentrations of IL-6 ( -1.1 pg/mL ; P = .009 ) , IL-18 ( -57 pg/mL ; P = .02 ) , and CRP ( -1.6 mg/L ; P = .008 ) , while adiponectin levels increased significantly ( 2.2 microg/mL ; P = .01 ) . In multivariate analyses , changes in free fatty acids ( P = .008 ) , IL-6 ( P = .02 ) , and adiponectin ( P = .007 ) levels were independently associated with changes in insulin sensitivity . CONCLUSION In this study , a multidisciplinary program aim ed to reduce body weight in obese women through lifestyle changes was associated with a reduction in markers of vascular inflammation and insulin resistance OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fat distribution , adipose tissue secreted proteins ( adiponectin and resistin ) , and insulin sensitivity in healthy middle-aged men with abdominal obesity . RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty-four healthy men between 35 and 70 years old , with increased waist circumference ( > or = 94 cm ) , participated in a r and omized , controlled cross-over design trial . They drank 450 mL of red wine ( 40 grams of alcohol ) or 450 mL of de-alcoholized red wine daily during 4 weeks . At the end of each treatment period , fat distribution , adipose tissue proteins , and insulin sensitivity index ( ISI ) were measured . RESULTS Subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents and body weight did not change after 4 weeks of moderate alcohol consumption . Liver fat ( quip index ) was slightly higher after consumption of red wine ( 6.8 + /- 0.1 ) as compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 6.5 + /- 0.1 ) but not significantly different ( p = 0.09 ) . Plasma adiponectin concentration increased ( p < 0.01 ) to 6.0 + /- 0.1 microg/mL after 28 days of moderate alcohol consumption compared with de-alcoholized red wine ( 5.5 + /- 0.1 microg/mL ) . Serum resistin concentrations and ISI were not affected by alcohol consumption . Percentage changes in serum resistin correlated significantly with changes in ISI ( r = -0.69 , p < 0.01 ) , whereas this correlation was not present between changes in plasma adiponectin and ISI ( r = 0.31 , p = 0.22 ) . DISCUSSION Moderate alcohol consumption for 4 weeks is not associated with differences in subcutaneous and abdominal fat contents or body weight . Thus , the 10 % increase in adiponectin was not associated with a change in fat distribution or body weight change
Weight loss diet beneficially affects blood adiponectin concentrations .
Adiponectin secreted from adipose tissue is proposed to be inversely related to the body fat mass .
However , the magnitude of the effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentrations remains unknown .
The present study was aim ed to conduct a systematic review and meta- analysis on clinical trials that access the effect of low calorie diet on adiponectin concentration .