Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Dietary Fatty Acids and Changes in Blood Lipids during Adolescence: The Role of Substituting Nutrient Intakes Intake of a Diet High in Trans Monounsaturated Fatty Acids or Saturated Fatty Acids: Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats had no impact on vascular function but beneficial effects on lipid biomarkers, E-selectin, and blood pressure: results from the randomized, controlled Dietary Intervention and VAScular function (DIVAS) study. Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids but not Saturated Fatty Acids Preserve the Insulin Signaling Pathway via IRS-1/PI3K in Rat Skeletal Muscle High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Chronic dietary fat intake modifies the postprandial response of hemostatic markers to a single fatty test meal. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins--the Jerusalem Nutrition Study. II. Monounsaturated fatty acids vs carbohydrates. Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acids diet and a Mediterranean diet on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity in adults with mild abdominal obesity. Long-term monounsaturated fatty acid diets reduce platelet aggregation in healthy young subjects. Effect of energy restriction, weight loss, and diet composition on plasma lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity. Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. SFAs do not impair endothelial function and arterial stiffness123 Effects of meals rich in either monounsaturated or saturated fat on lipid concentrations and on insulin secretion and action in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations. Intake of dietary saturated fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort: associations by types, sources of fatty acids and substitution by macronutrients Effects of high-fat and low-fat diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on serum lipids, LDL size and indices of lipid peroxidation in healthy non-obese men and women when consumed under controlled conditions Infancy-Onset Dietary Counseling of Low-Saturated-Fat Diet Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Adolescents 15–20 Years of Age A macadamia nut-rich diet reduces total and LDL-cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. Low fat and high monounsaturated fat diets decrease human low density lipoprotein oxidative susceptibility in vitro. Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: the RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial1234 Consumption of diets with different type of fat influences triacylglycerols-rich lipoproteins particle number and size during the postprandial state.
BACKGROUND The quantity and quality of fats consumed in the diet influence the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) . Although the effect of diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins is well documented , less information exists on the role of fats on blood pressure ( BP ) . OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fat on BP in healthy subjects . DESIGN Healthy subjects ( n = 162 ) were r and omly assigned for 3 mo to follow 1 of 2 isoenergetic diets : 1 rich in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA diet ) and the other rich in saturated fatty acids ( SFA diet ) . Each group was further r and omly assigned to receive supplementation with fish oil ( 3.6 g n-3 fatty acids/d ) or placebo . RESULTS Systolic BP ( SBP ) and diastolic BP ( DBP ) decreased with the MUFA diet [ -2.2 % ( P = 0.009 ) and -3.8 % ( P = 0.0001 ) , respectively ] but did not change with the SFA diet [ -1.0 % ( P = 0.2084 ) and -1.1 % ( P = 0.2116 ) ] . The MUFA diet caused a significantly lower DBP than did the SFA diet ( P = 0.0475 ) . Interestingly , the favorable effects of MUFA on DBP disappeared at a total fat intake above the median ( > 37 % of energy ) . The addition of n-3 fatty acids influenced neither SBP nor DBP . CONCLUSIONS Changing the proportions of dietary fat by decreasing SFAs and increasing MUFAs decreased diastolic BP . Interestingly , the beneficial effect on BP induced by fat quality was negated by the consumption of a high total fat intake . The addition of n-3 fatty acids to the diet had no significant effect on BP The relevance of dietary fatty acids ( FA ) for blood lipids should be assessed in the context of substituting nutrients . Such evidence is lacking for adolescents . This study describes prospect i ve associations of dietary FA with changes in serum lipids during adolescence , and considers the theoretical isocaloric replacements of saturated FA ( SFA ) with other FA or carbohydrates ( CHO ) .  Children from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts , with data on FA intakes ( at age 10 years ) and serum lipids ( at age 10 and 15 years ) , were included ( n = 1398 ) . Associations of SFA , monounsaturated FA ( MUFA ) , n-3 polyunsaturated FA ( n-3 PUFA ) and n-6 PUFA , with changes in low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , triglycerides ( TAG ) , and total cholesterol to HDL ratio ( TOTAL : HDL ) , were assessed by linear regression . Substitution models assessed isocaloric replacements of SFA with MUFA , n-3 PUFA , n-6 PUFA or CHO . Higher SFA intakes were associated with decreasing TAG . No associations were observed for fatty acid intakes with LDL , HDL or TOTAL : HDL . In females , replacing SFA with CHO was associated with increasing LDL , TAG and TOTAL : HDL . Our findings confirm observations in adults , although sex-specific determinants seem relevant in our adolescent population . Overlooking the nutrient context when limiting SFA intakes might have detrimental consequences appreciable as early as adolescence OBJECTIVE High intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) is known to increase the risk of coronary heart disease . We studied the effects of diets enriched in various fatty acids on postpr and ial insulinemia and fasting serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in obese patients with NIDDM . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen obese NIDDM patients were studied in a free-living outpatient regimen . After a run-in period , the patients received three different isocaloric diets for 6 weeks using a r and omized crossover design . The patients were instructed to keep the energy intake from carbohydrate and protein constant at 50 and 20 E% ( percent of energy intake ) , respectively , on all three diets . The fat composition of the diets differed : saturated fat ( SAT ) diet ( 20 E% SFAs , 5 E% polyunsaturated fatty acids [ PUFAs ] , and 5 E% monounsaturated fatty acids [ MUFAs ] ) versus cis monounsaturated fatty acid ( CMUFA ) diet ( 20 E% cis-MUFAs , 5 E% PUFAs , and 5 E% SFAs ) versus trans monounsaturated fatty acid ( TMUFA ) diet ( 20 E% trans-MUFAs , 5 E% PUFAs , and 5 E% SFAs ) . Fasting serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins were measured at baseline and in the fasting state before meal tolerance tests at the end of each study period . Insulin secretion was assessed from incremental serum insulin and C-peptide responses during the meal tests . RESULTS BMI , waist-to-hip ratio , and glycemic control remained stable throughout the study . After meal stimulation , postpr and ial glycemic responses were similar on all diets ; however , serum insulin and C-peptide responses were greater following the TMUFA and SAT diets than following the baseline or CMUFA diets ( P < 0.05 ) . No statistical difference was found in fasting levels of serum lipids ( total cholesterol , triglyceride , phospholipid , and nonesterified fatty acids ) or lipoproteins of HDL cholesterol , VLDL cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and apolipoprotein B between diets . CONCLUSIONS In the presence of unchanged glycemia , both dietary trans fatty acids and SFAs induce an increase in postpr and ial insulinemia in obese patients with NIDDM BACKGROUND Public health strategies to lower cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk involve reducing dietary saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) intake to ≤10 % of total energy ( % TE ) . However , the optimal type of replacement fat is unclear . OBJECTIVE We investigated the substitution of 9.5 - 9.6%TE dietary SFAs with either monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or n-6 ( ω-6 ) polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) on vascular function and other CVD risk factors . DESIGN In a r and omized , controlled , single-blind , parallel-group dietary intervention , 195 men and women aged 21 - 60 y from the United Kingdom with moderate CVD risk ( ≥50 % above the population mean ) followed one of three 16-wk isoenergetic diets ( % TE target compositions , total fat : SFA : MUFA : n-6 PUFA ) that were rich in SFAs ( 36:17:11:4 , n = 65 ) , MUFAs ( 36:9:19:4 , n = 64 ) , or n-6 PUFAs ( 36:9:13:10 , n = 66 ) . The primary outcome measure was flow-mediated dilatation ; secondary outcome measures included fasting serum lipids , microvascular reactivity , arterial stiffness , ambulatory blood pressure , and markers of insulin resistance , inflammation , and endothelial activation . RESULTS Replacing SFAs with MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs did not affect the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation ( primary endpoint ) or other measures of vascular reactivity . Of the secondary outcome measures , substitution of SFAs with MUFAs attenuated the increase in night systolic blood pressure ( -4.9 mm Hg , P = 0.019 ) and reduced E-selectin ( -7.8 % , P = 0.012 ) . Replacement with MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs lowered fasting serum total cholesterol ( -8.4 % and -9.2 % , respectively ) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( -11.3 % and -13.6 % ) , and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio ( -5.6 % and -8.5 % ) ( P ≤ 0.001 ) . These changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equate to an estimated 17 - 20 % reduction in CVD mortality . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of 9.5 - 9.6%TE dietary SFAs with either MUFAs or n-6 PUFAs did not significantly affect the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation or other measures of vascular function . However , the beneficial effects on serum lipid biomarkers , blood pressure , and E-selectin offer a potential public health strategy for CVD risk reduction . This trial was registered at www . clinical trials.gov as NCT01478958 A r and omised crossover study of eight overweight or obese men ( aged 24 - 49 years , BMI 25.5 - 31.3 kg/m(2 ) ) , who followed two diets for 4 weeks each , was performed to determine whether substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat affects body weight and composition . Subjects were provided with all food and beverages as modules ( selected ad libitum ) of constant macronutrient composition , but differing energy content . The % total energy from saturated fat , monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat was 24 , 13 and 3 % respectively on the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet and 11 , 22 and 7 % respectively on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet . MUFA accounted for about 80 % of the unsaturated fats consumed on both diets . Body composition , blood pressure , energy expenditure ( resting and postpr and ial metabolic rates , substrate oxidation rate , physical activity ) , serum lipids , the fatty acid profile of serum cholesteryl esters and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and after each diet period . Significant ( P < or = 0.05 ) differences in total cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters provided evidence of dietary adherence . The men had a lower weight ( -2.1 ( SE 0.4 ) kg , P=0.0015 ) and fat mass ( -2.6 ( SE 0.6 ) kg , P=0.0034 ) at the end of the MUFA-rich diet as compared with values at the end of the SFA-rich diet . No significant differences were detected in energy or fat intake , energy expenditure , substrate oxidation rates or self-reported physical activity . Substituting dietary saturated with unsaturated fat , predominantly MUFA , can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total energy or fat intake Saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) show different effects on the development of insulin resistance . In this study , we compared the effect of dietary SFA and MUFA on the insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of a type 2 diabetic animal model . Twenty-nine-week-old male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty ( OLETF ) rats were r and omly divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets for 3 weeks ; a normal chow diet , an SFA ( lard oil ) enriched or a MUFA ( olive oil ) enriched high-fat diet . The vastus lateralis muscle was used for analyses . Insulin tolerance test showed improved insulin sensitivity in rats fed the MUFA diet , as compared to those fed the SFA diet ( p < 0.001 ) . The SFA diet reduced IRS-1 expression and phosphorylated PI3 K levels in skeletal muscle , as compared with a chow diet ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . On the contrary , muscle IRS-2 expression and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was significantly increased in rats fed the SFA diet ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . Membrane translocation of glucose transporter type 4 decreased in the skeletal muscle of rats fed the SFA diet , as compared to those fed a chow diet ( p < 0.001 ) . These changes in insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle were not observed in rats fed the MUFA diet . In conclusion , the beneficial effect of dietary MUFA on insulin sensitivity is associated with a conserved IRS-1/PI3 K insulin signaling pathway which was altered by dietary SFA BACKGROUND Low-fat diets increase plasma triacylglycerol and decrease HDL-cholesterol concentrations , thereby potentially adversely affecting cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk . High-monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , cholesterol-lowering diets do not raise triacylglycerol or lower HDL cholesterol , but little is known about how peanut products , a rich source of MUFAs , affect CVD risk . OBJECTIVE The present study compared the CVD risk profile of an Average American diet ( AAD ) with those of 4 cholesterol-lowering diets : an American Heart Association/National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet and 3 high-MUFA diets [ olive oil ( OO ) , peanut oil ( PO ) , and peanuts and peanut butter ( PPB ) ] . DESIGN A r and omized , double-blind , 5-period crossover study design ( n = 22 ) was used to examine the effects of the diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins  : AAD [ 34 % fat ; 16 % saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) , 11 % MUFAs ] , Step II ( 25 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 12 % MUFAs ) , OO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 21 % MUFAs ) , PO ( 34 % fat ; 7 % SFAs , 17 % MUFAs ) , and PPB ( 36 % fat ; 8 % SFAs , 18 % MUFAs ) . RESULTS The high-MUFA diets lowered total cholesterol by 10 % and LDL cholesterol by 14 % . This response was comparable with that observed for the Step II diet . Triacylglycerol concentrations were 13 % lower in subjects consuming the high-MUFA diets and were 11 % higher with the Step II diet than with the AAD . The high-MUFA diets did not lower HDL cholesterol whereas the Step II diet lowered it by 4 % compared with the AAD . The OO , PO , and PPB diets decreased CVD risk by an estimated 25 % , 16 % , and 21 % , respectively , whereas the Step II diet lowered CVD risk by 12 % . CONCLUSION A high-MUFA , cholesterol-lowering diet may be preferable to a low-fat diet because of more favorable effects on the CVD risk profile BACKGROUND Hemostasis is the result of a complex equilibrium between coagulation and fibrinolysis , and the influence of different dietary models on this equilibrium is not entirely known . OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the effects of the chronic intake of different dietary models on postpr and ial hemostasis . DESIGN In a r and omized crossover design , 20 healthy men consumed for 28 d each diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) , saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) , and carbohydrates plus n-3 fatty acids ( CHO/N3 ) .  Fasting and postpr and ial hemostatic factors ( factor VII coagulant activity , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , tissue-type plasminogen activator , d-dimer , and thromboxane B(2 ) ) were measured ; meal tests for the postpr and ial measures were based on butter , virgin olive oil , and walnuts for the SFA , MUFA , and CHO/N3 diets , respectively . RESULTS There were no differences in the fasting variables after the dietary periods . After the 3 fatty meals were consumed , we observed an increase in thromboxane B(2 ) and d-dimer and a reduction in tissue plasminogen activator , irrespective of the dietary model . The MUFA or CHO/N3 meals lowered postpr and ial concentrations of factor VII coagulant activity , although the reduction was greater after the MUFA-enriched meal . The concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was greater after the SFA meal than after the other 2 meals . CONCLUSIONS The administration of a fatty meal induces a postpr and ial procoagulant tendency , irrespective of the type of fat consumed . However , the use of a dietary model rich in SFA creates a more procoagulant environment than does a model that includes MUFA or CHO/N3 as the source of fatty acids Seventeen male Yeshiva students were r and omly allocated to a crossover study with two 12-wk dietary periods of monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) vs a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet while concentrations of saturated ( SFAs ) and polyunsaturated ( PUFAs ) fatty acids were kept similar . Total plasma cholesterol ( TC ) decreased significantly by approximately 7.7 % and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) by 14.4 % on the MUFA diet , whereas on the CHO diet no significant change in cholesterol concentrations occurred , in contrast to that predicted by the equations of Keys and Hegsted . Concentrations of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) did not change significantly on either diet . On the MUFA diet there was a significantly lower proneness to peroxidation of plasma and LDL lipids and less extensive metabolism of conditioned LDL by peritoneal macrophages . We conclude that dietary MUFAs lower TC and LDL-C concentrations , independently of other dietary fatty acids and in addition may reduce the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative stress BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diets high in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) such as a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by improving insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . Besides being high in MUFA , a Mediterranean diet also contains abundant plant foods , moderate wine and low amounts of meat and dairy products , which may also play a role . We compared the effects of a high MUFA-diet with a diet high in saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) and the additional effect of a Mediterranean diet on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids . METHODS AND RESULTS A r and omized parallel controlled-feeding trial was performed , in 60 non-diabetics ( 40 - 65 y ) with mild abdominal obesity . After a two week run-in diet high in SFA ( 19 energy-% ) , subjects were allocated to a high MUFA-diet ( 20 energy-% ) , a Mediterranean diet ( MUFA 21 energy-% ) , or the high SFA-diet , for eight weeks . The high MUFA and the Mediterranean diet did not affect fasting insulin concentrations . The high MUFA-diet reduced total cholesterol ( -0.41 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.74 , -0.09 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( -0.38 mmol/L , 95 % CI -0.65 , -0.11 ) compared with the high SFA-diet , but not triglyceride concentrations . The Mediterranean diet increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations ( + 0.09 mmol/L , 95 % CI 0.0 , 0.18 ) and reduced the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ( -0.39 , 95 % CI -0.62 , -0.16 ) compared with the high MUFA-diet . CONCLUSION Replacing a high SFA-diet with a high MUFA or a Mediterranean diet did not affect insulin sensitivity , but improved serum lipids . The Mediterranean diet was most effective , it reduced total and LDL-cholesterol , and also increased HDL-cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio The aim of the present study was to compare the response of a range of atherogenic and thrombogenic risk markers to two dietary levels of saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) in students living in a university hall of residence . Although the benefits of such diets have been reported for plasma lipoproteins in high-risk groups , more needs to be known about effects of more modest SFA-MUFA substitutions over the long term and in young healthy adults . In a parallel design over 16 weeks , fifty-one healthy young subjects were r and omised to one of two diets : ( 1 ) a moderate-MUFA diet in which 16 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA ( n 25 ) ; ( 2 ) a high-MUFA diet in which 33 g dietary SFA/100 g total fatty acids were substituted with MUFA ( n 26 ) . All subjects followed an 8-week run-in diet ( reference diet ) , with a fatty acid composition close to the UK average values . There were no differences in plasma lipid responses between the two diets over 16 weeks of the study with similar reductions in total cholesterol ( P<0.001 ) and LDL-cholesterol ( P<0.01 ) in both groups ; a small but significant reduction in HDL-cholesterol was also observed in both groups ( P<0.01 ) . Platelet responses to ADP ( P<0.01 ) and arachidonic acid ( P<0.05 ) differed with time on the two diets ; at 16 weeks , platelet aggregatory response to ADP was significantly lower on the high-MUFA than the moderate-MUFA ( P<0.01 ) diet ; ADP responses were also significantly lower within this group at 8 ( P<0.05 ) and 16 ( P<0.01 ) weeks compared with baseline . There were no differences in fasting factor VII activity ( factors VIIc and VIIag ) , fibrinogen concentration or tissue-type plasminogen activator activity between the diets . There were no differences in postpr and ial factor VIIc responses to a st and ard meal ( area under the curve ) between the diets after 16 weeks , but postpr and ial factor VIIc response was lower than on the high-MUFA diet compared with baseline ( P<0.01 ) . In conclusion , a high-MUFA diet sustains potentially beneficial effects on platelet aggregation and postpr and ial activation of factor VII . Moderate or high substitution of MUFA for SFA achieves similar reductions in fasting blood lipids in young healthy subjects OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal diet for improving glucose and lipid profiles in obese patients with type 2 diabetes during moderate energy restriction . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 35 free-living obese patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned to one of three 1,600 kcal/day diets for 12 weeks . The diets were high carbohydrate ( 10 % fat , 4 % saturated ) , high monounsaturated fat ( MUFA ) ( 32 % fat , 7 % saturated ) , or high saturated fat ( SFA ) ( 32 % fat , 17 % saturated ) . RESULTS Diet composition did not affect the magnitude of weight loss , with subjects losing an average of 6.6 + /- 0.9 kg . Energy restriction and weight loss result ed in reductions in fasting plasma glucose ( -14 % ) , insulin ( -27 % ) , GHb ( -14 % ) , and systolic ( -7 % ) and diastolic blood pressure ( -10 % ) levels and the glucose response area ( -17 % ) independent of diet composition . Diet composition did affect the lipoprotein profile . LDL was 10 % and 17 % lower with the high-carbohydrate and high-MUFA diets , respectively , whereas no change was observed with the high-SFA diet ( P < 0.001 for effect of diet ) . HDL was transiently reduced on the high-carbohydrate diet at weeks 1 , 4 , and 8 , whereas higher fat consumption maintained these levels . The total cholesterol : HDL ratio , although significantly reduced on the high-MUFA diet ( P < 0.01 ) , was not different from the other two diets after adjustment for baseline differences . CONCLUSIONS Energy restriction , independent of diet composition , improves glycemic control ; however , reducing SFA intake by replacing SFA with carbohydrate or MUFA reduces LDL maximally during weight loss and to a greater degree than has been shown in weight-stable studies OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of factor VII coagulant activity ( factor VIIc ) , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and blood lipids on a saturated fat-rich diet with one rich in monounsaturated fat . DESIGN Subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups . The study design was an ABB/BAA extra-period crossover . One group consumed a diet rich in saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) with fat making up 20.8 % of total energy , for 5 weeks and then one rich in monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , with fat making up 20.3 % of total energy for 10 weeks . The other group consumed the MUFA diet for 5 weeks followed by the SFA diet for 10 weeks . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication were recruited to participate . Eighteen subjects were recruited and 15 ( 5 men , 10 women ) completed the community-based study . INTERVENTION Blood was sample d at the beginning and end point of each 5-week diet period for analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors and blood lipids . Subjects kept 3-day food diaries twice during each of the three diet periods and were weighed on each visit for blood collection . Analysis of plasma fatty acids was used to indicate dietary compliance . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in fasting factor VIIc , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , insulin , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , apolipoproteins A-1 and B , and plasma oleic acid levels while receiving the SFA diet vs MUFA diet . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A general linear model allowing for the ABB/BAA extra-period crossover , was used for each of the outcome measures . RESULTS Factor VIIc was lower on the MUFA diet ( P < .05 ) but fibrinogen and insulin concentrations and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity did not differ between diets . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P < .001 ) and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) levels were lower on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet . A significant increase in both plasma phospholipid and neutral lipid oleic acid ( P < .0001 ) occurred on the MUFA diet . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of foods rich in saturated fat with foods rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil and margarine has favorable outcomes on blood lipids and factor VIIc . This oil presents another useful source of MUFA for diets aim ed at prevention of heart disease BACKGROUND It is still unknown whether the fatty acid composition of human skeletal muscle lipids is directly influenced by the fat composition of the diet . OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the fatty acid composition of the diet is reflected in the fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle phospholipids and triacylglycerols . DESIGN Thirty-two healthy adults ( 25 men and 7 women ) included in a larger controlled , multicenter dietary study were r and omly assigned to diets containing a high proportion of either saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) [ total fat , 36 % of energy ; SFAs , 18 % of energy ; monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) , 10 % of energy ] or MUFAs ( total fat , 35 % of energy ; SFAs , 9 % of energy ; MUFAs , 19 % of energy ) for 3 mo . Within each diet group , there was a second r and om assignment to supplementation with fish oil capsules [ containing 3.6 g n-3 fatty acids/d ; 2.4 g eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( 22:6n-3 ) ] or placebo . A muscle biopsy sample was taken from the vastus lateralis muscle after the diet period . Parallel analyses of diet and supplementation effects were performed . RESULTS The proportions of myristic ( 14:0 ) , pentadecanoic ( 15:0 ) , heptadecanoic ( 17:0 ) , and palmitoleic ( 16:1n-7 ) acids in the skeletal muscle phospholipids were higher and the proportion of oleic acid ( 18:1n-9 ) was lower in the SFA group than in the MUFA group . The proportion of total n-3 fatty acids in the muscle phospholipids was approximately 2.5 times higher , with a 5 times higher proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid ( 20:5n-3 ) , in subjects supplemented with n-3 fatty acids than in those given placebo . Similar differences were observed in the skeletal muscle triacylglycerols . CONCLUSION The fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle lipids reflects the fatty acid composition of the diet in healthy men and women Background : It is uncertain whether saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) impair endothelial function and contribute to arterial stiffening . Objective : We tested the effects of replacing SFAs with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or carbohydrates on endothelial function and arterial stiffness . Design : With the use of a parallel- design ed r and omized controlled trial in 121 insulin-resistant men and women , we measured vascular function after 1 mo of consumption of a high-SFA ( HS ) diet and after 24 wk after r and om assignment to the HS diet or diets that contained < 10 % SFAs and were high in either MUFAs or carbohydrates . The primary outcome was a change in flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) , and secondary outcomes were changes in carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity ( PWV ) and plasma 8-isoprostane F2α-III concentrations . Results : For 112 participants with data available for analysis on the specified outcomes , no significant differences were shown . FMD with the HS reference diet was 6.7 ± 2.2 % , and changes ( 95 % CIs ) after 6 mo of intervention were + 0.3 ( −0.4 , 1.1 ) , −0.2 ( −0.8 , 0.5 ) , and −0.1 ( −0.6 , 0.7 ) with HS , high-MUFA ( HM ) , and high-carbohydrate ( HC ) diets , respectively . After consumption of the HS reference diet , the geometric mean ( ±SD ) PWV was 7.67 ± 1.62 m/s , and mean percentages of changes ( 95 % CIs ) were −1.0 ( −6.2 , 4.3 ) with the HS diet , 2.7 ( −1.4 , 6.9 ) with the HM diet , and −1.0 ( −5.5 , 3.4 ) with the HC diet . With the HS reference diet , the geometric mean ( ±SD ) plasma 8-isoprostane F2α-III concentration was 176 ± 85 pmol/L , and mean percentage of changes ( 95 % CIs ) were 1 ( −12 , 14 ) with the HS diet , 6 ( −5 , 16 ) with the HM diet , and 4 ( −7 , 16 ) with the HC diet . Conclusion : The replacement of SFAs with MUFAs or carbohydrates in healthy subjects does not affect vascular function . This trial was registered at Current Controlled Trials ( http://www.controlled-trials.com/IS RCT N ) as IS RCT N 29111298 BACKGROUND The nature of dietary fats and fasting concentrations of triglycerides affect postpr and ial hypertriglyceridemia and glucose homeostasis . OBJECTIVES The objectives were to examine the effects of meals enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) on postpr and ial lipid , glucose , and insulin concentrations and to examine the extent of β cell function and insulin sensitivity in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations . DESIGN Fourteen men with fasting hypertriglyceridemia and normal glucose tolerance were given meals ( ≈10 kcal/kg body weight ) containing MUFAs , SFAs , or no fat . Blood sample s were collected at baseline and hourly over 8 h for analysis . RESULTS The high-fat meals significantly increased postpr and ial concentrations of triglycerides , nonesterified fatty acids , and insulin and postpr and ial indexes of β cell function . However , postpr and ial indexes of insulin sensitivity decreased significantly . These effects were significantly attenuated with MUFAs relative to SFAs . CONCLUSIONS MUFAs postpr and ially buffered β cell hyperactivity and insulin intolerance relative to SFAs in subjects with high fasting triglyceride concentrations . These data suggest that , in contrast with SFAs , MUFA-based strategies may provide cardiovascular benefits to persons at risk by limiting lipid and insulin excursions and may contribute to optimal glycemic control after meal challenges Purpose The association between dietary saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) intake and  type 2 diabetes ( T2D )  remains unclear . This study aim ed at investigating the association between SFA intake and T2D risk based on ( 1 ) individual SFA ( differing in carbon chain length ) , ( 2 ) food sources of SFA and ( 3 ) the substituting macronutrients . Methods 37,421 participants from the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherl and s ( EPIC-NL ) cohort were included in this study . Baseline dietary intake was assessed by a vali date d food frequency question naire . T2D risks were estimated by Cox regression models adjusted for non-dietary and dietary covariates . Results 893 incident T2D cases were documented during 10.1-year follow-up . We observed no association between total SFA and T2D risk . Marginally inverse associations were found for lauric acid ( HR per 1 SD of energy% , 95 % CI 0.92 , 0.85–0.99 ) , myristic acid ( 0.89 , 0.79–0.99 ) , margaric acid ( 0.84 , 0.73–0.97 ) , odd-chain SFA ( pentadecylic plus margaric acids ; 0.88 , 0.79–0.99 ) , and cheese derived SFA ( 0.90 , 0.83–0.98 ) . Soft and liquid fats derived SFA was found related to higher T2D risk ( 1.08 , 1.01–1.17 ) . When substituting SFA by proteins , carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids , significantly higher risks of T2D were observed ( HRs per 1 energy% ranging from 1.05 to 1.15 ) . Conclusion In this Dutch population , total SFA does not relate to T2D risk . Rather , the association may depend on the types and food sources of SFA . Cheese-derived SFA and individual SFA that are commonly found in cheese , were significantly related to lower T2D risks . We can not exclude the higher T2D risks found for soft and liquid fats derived SFA and for substituting SFA with other macronutrients are influenced by residual confounding by trans fatty acids or limited intake variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetable protein Objective To study the effects of the dietary fat content on cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans when the fatty acid composition and types of carbohydrates are kept constant . Methods A controlled dietary study in healthy volunteers with 2 dietary groups and a parallel design consisting of 2 dietary periods was conducted . First , participants received a 2-week wash-in diet rich in saturated fatty acids ( SFA ; 47 % of total fatty acids ) and were then r and omly assigned to either a high-fat ( 40 % of energy ) or a low-fat diet ( 29 % of energy ) for 4 weeks . Both diets were isocaloric , rich in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ; 51 % of total fatty acids ) and had similar fatty acid and carbohydrate compositions . Results Compared to the wash-in diet , the high-fat and low-fat diets significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol ( −0.34 and −0.41 mmol/l , respectively ; P < 0.001 for time effect in RM-ANOVA ) , and HDL-cholesterol ( −0.13 and −0.18 mmol/l , respectively ; P < 0.001 for time ) , without any differences between the high-fat and low-fat diets ( P = 0.112 and P = 0.085 for time × group interaction in RM-ANOVA , respectively ) . The size of the major LDL fraction , the LDL susceptibility to oxidation and the plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL ( ox-LDL ) were significantly reduced by both the high-fat and low-fat diet , again without significant differences between the diets . The ratio of ox-LDL/LDL-cholesterol , serum triacylglycerols and urinary F2-isoprostanes were not significantly affected by the diets . Conclusion A high-fat and a low-fat diet , both rich in MUFA , had similar effects on lipid-related cardiovascular disease risk factors in metabolically healthy men and women OBJECTIVE We reported previously that low-saturated-fat dietary counseling started in infancy improves insulin sensitivity in healthy children 9 years of age . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lifelong dietary counseling on insulin sensitivity in healthy adolescents between 15 and 20 years of age . In addition , we examined dietary fiber intake and the polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) + monounsaturated (MUFA)-to-saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) ratio in the intervention and control adolescents and the association of these dietary factors with homeostasis model of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study comprised adolescents participating in the r and omized , controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project ( STRIP ) study , which aims to guide the study participants toward a diet beneficial for cardiovascular health . HOMA-IR was assessed annually between 15 and 20 years of age ( n = 518 ; intervention , n = 245 ; control , n = 273 ) , along with diet , BMI , pubertal status , serum cotinine concentrations , and physical activity .  Dietary counseling was given biannually during the follow-up . RESULTS HOMA-IR was lower ( 7.5 % on average ) in the intervention group than in the control group between 15 and 20 years of age ( P = 0.0051 ) . The intervention effect was similar in girls and boys . The PUFA+MUFA-to-SFA ratio was higher ( P < 0.0001 ) and the dietary fiber ( g/MJ ) intake was higher ( P = 0.0058 ) in the intervention group compared with the control group . There was no association between the PUFA+MUFA-to-/SFA ratio and HOMA-IR , whereas dietary fiber intake ( g/MJ ) was associated with HOMA-IR in girls ( P < 0.0001 ) . CONCLUSIONS Dietary counseling initiated in infancy and maintained until 20 years of age was associated with improved insulin sensitivity in adolescents Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that the unique fatty acid profile of nuts beneficially affects serum lipids/lipoproteins , reducing cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk .  Nuts are low in SFA and high in PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) . Macadamia nuts are a rich source of MUFA . A r and omized , crossover , controlled feeding study ( 5-wk diet periods ) compared a Macadamia nut-rich diet [ 42.5 g ( 1.5 ounces)/8.79 MJ ( 2100 kcal ) ] [ MAC ; 33 % total fat ( 7 % SFA , 18 % MUFA , 5 % PUFA ) ] vs. an average American diet [ AAD ; 33 % total fat ( 13 % SFA , 11 % MUFA , 5 % PUFA ) ] on the lipid/lipoprotein profile of mildly hypercholesterolemic ( n = 25 ; 15 female , 10 male ) subjects .  Serum concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) and LDL cholesterol ( LDL-C ) following the MAC ( 4.94 + /- 0.17 mmol/L , 3.14 + /- 0.14 mmol/L ) were lower than the AAD ( 5.45 + /- 0.17 mmol/L , 3.44 + /- 0.14 mmol/L ; P < 0.05 ) . The serum non-HDL cholesterol ( HDL-C ) concentration and the ratios of TC : HDL-C and LDL-C : HDL-C were reduced following consumption of the MAC diet ( 3.83 + /- 0.17 , 4.60 + /- 0.24 , and 2.91 + /- 0.17 , respectively ) compared with the AAD ( 4.26 + /- 0.17 , 4.89 + /- 0.24 , and 3.09 + /- 0.18 , respectively ; P < 0.05 ) . There was no change in serum triglyceride concentration . Thus , macadamia nuts can be included in a heart-healthy dietary pattern that reduces lipid/lipoprotein CVD risk factors . Nuts as an isocaloric substitute for high SFA foods increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and decrease SFA , thereby lowering CVD risk Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) is thought to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis . Some studies have found that LDL enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFA ) are less susceptible to oxidation than LDL enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) . A high MUFA diet is an alternative to a lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diet . Less is known about the effects of high MUFA versus lower-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets on LDL oxidative susceptibility . The present study was design ed to evaluate the effects of men and women consuming diets high in MUFA ( peanuts plus peanut butter , peanut oil and olive oil ) on LDL oxidative susceptibility  , and to compare these effects with those of a Step II blood cholesterol-lowering diet . A r and omized , double-blind , five-period crossover design ( n = 20 ) was used to study the effects of the following diets on LDL-oxidation : average American [ 35 % fat , 15 % saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) ] , Step II ( 25 % fat , 7 % SFA ) , olive oil ( 35 % fat , 7 % SFA ) , peanut oil ( 35 % fat , 7 % SFA ) and peanuts plus peanut butter ( 35 % fat , 8 % SFA ) . The average American diet result ed in the shortest lag time ( 57 + /- 6 min ) for LDL oxidized ex vivo , whereas the Step II , olive oil and peanuts plus peanut butter diets result ed in a lag time of 66 + /- 6 min ( P < or = 0.1 ) . The slower rate of oxidation [ nmol dienes/(min x mg LDL protein ) ] observed when subjects consumed the olive oil diet ( 24 + /- 2 ) versus the average American ( 28 + /- 2 ) , peanut oil ( 28 + /- 2 ) and peanuts plus peanut butter diets ( 29 + /- 2 ; P < or = 0.05 ) was associated with a lower LDL PUFA content . The results of this study suggest that lower-fat and higher-fat blood cholesterol-lowering diets high in MUFA have similar effects on LDL oxidative resistance . In addition , our results suggest that different high MUFA sources varying in the ratio of MUFA to PUFA can be incorporated into a high MUFA diet without increasing the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation BACKGROUND Insulin sensitivity ( Si ) is improved by weight loss and exercise , but the effects of the replacement of saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) or carbohydrates of high glycemic index ( HGI ) or low glycemic index ( LGI ) are uncertain . OBJECTIVE We conducted a dietary intervention trial to study these effects in participants at risk of developing metabolic syndrome . DESIGN We conducted a 5-center , parallel design , r and omized controlled trial [ RISCK ( Reading , Imperial , Surrey , Cambridge , and Kings ) ] . The primary and secondary outcomes were changes in Si ( measured by using an intravenous glucose tolerance test ) and cardiovascular risk factors . Measurements were made after 4 wk of a high-SFA and HGI ( HS/HGI ) diet and after a 24-wk intervention with HS/HGI ( reference ) , high-MUFA and HGI ( HM/HGI ) , HM and LGI ( HM/LGI ) , low-fat and HGI ( LF/HGI ) , and LF and LGI ( LF/LGI ) diets . RESULTS We analyzed data for 548 of 720 participants who were r and omly assigned to treatment .  The median Si was 2.7 × 10(-4 ) mL · μU(-1 ) · min(-1 ) ( interquartile range : 2.0 , 4.2 × 10(-4 ) mL · μU(-1 ) · min(-1 ) ) , and unadjusted mean percentage changes ( 95 % CIs ) after 24 wk treatment ( P = 0.13 ) were as follows : for the HS/HGI group , -4 % ( -12.7 % , 5.3 % ) ; for the HM/HGI group , 2.1 % ( -5.8 % , 10.7 % ) ; for the HM/LGI group , -3.5 % ( -10.6 % , 4.3 % ) ; for the LF/HGI group , -8.6 % ( -15.4 % , -1.1 % ) ; and for the LF/LGI group , 9.9 % ( 2.4 % , 18.0 % ) . Total cholesterol ( TC ) , LDL cholesterol , and apolipoprotein B concentrations decreased with SFA reduction . Decreases in TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were greater with LGI . Fat reduction lowered HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 and B concentrations . CONCLUSIONS This study did not support the hypothesis that isoenergetic replacement of SFAs with MUFAs or carbohydrates has a favorable effect on Si . Lowering GI enhanced reductions in TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in subjects , with tentative evidence of improvements in Si in the LF-treatment group . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as IS RCT N29111298 BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous evidence suggests that dietary fat could influence the composition and size of triacylglycerols-rich lipoproteins ( TRL ) . In a controlled intervention study on healthy subjects , we evaluated the influence of 3 dietary interventions , with different types of fat on postpr and ial TRL particle size and number . METHODS AND RESULTS Volunteers followed three different diets for four weeks each , according to a r and omized crossover design . Western diet : 15 % protein , 47 % carbohydrates ( CHO ) , 38 % fat ( 22 % saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) ) ; Mediterranean diet : 15 % protein , 47 % CHO , 38 % fat ( 24 % monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) ) ; high CHO enriched with ALNA diet : 15 % protein , 55 % CHO , < 30 % fat ( 8 % polyunsaturated fatty acid ( PUFA ) ) . After a 12-h fast , volunteers consumed a breakfast with 1 g fat and 7 mg cholesterol per kg body weight and a fat composition similar to that consumed in each of the diets : Butter meal : 35 % SFA ; Olive oil meal : 36 % MUFA ; Walnut meal : 16 % PUFA , 4 % α-linolenic acid . Tryglicerides ( TG ) in TRL ( large and small TRL ) were determined by ultracentrifugation and size and number of lipoprotein particles were measured with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at different time points . The olive oil meal reduced the number of total TRL postpr and ial particles compared with the other meals ( P=0.002 ) . Moreover , the olive oil meal also increased the TRL particle size compared with the walnut meal ( P=0.001 ) . CONCLUSION Our data showed that short-term intake of the Mediterranean diet and the acute intake of an olive oil meal lead to the formation of a reduced number and higher-size TRL particle compared with other fat sources . These novel findings have implication s for underst and ing the postpr and ial lipoprotein mechanisms , and could favour the lower cardiovascular risk in Mediterranean countries
Conclusions In the context of low SFAs , high-MUFA diets in isocaloric substitution for high-CHO diets did not affect blood pressure in individuals with and without hypertension .
Context Current dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease risk management recommend restricting intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) .
However , the optimal macronutrient profile , in the context of a low-SFA diet , remains controversial .
The blood-pressure effect of replacing SFAs in diets with monounsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) compared with carbohydrate has not been quantified to date .