Protein hydrolysate formula maintains homeostasis of plasma amino acids in preterm infants. Gastric Electrical Activity and Gastric Emptying in Preterm Newborns Fed Standard and Hydrolysate Formulas Symptomatology and growth in infants with cow's milk protein intolerance using two different whey-protein hydrolysate based formulas in a Primary Health Care setting. Higher urinary excretion of essential amino acids in preterm infants fed protein hydrolysates Development of immune response to cow's milk proteins in infants receiving cow's milk or hydrolyzed formula. The diagnostic significance of IgG cow's milk protein antibodies re-evaluated Hydrolysed protein accelerates the gastrointestinal transport of formula in preterm infants Tolerance of a standard intact protein formula versus a partially hydrolyzed formula in healthy, term infants Safety of casein hydrolysate formula in children with cow milk allergy. Extensively and partially hydrolysed preterm formulas in the prevention of allergic diseases in preterm infants: a randomized, double‐blind trial Effects of human milk or formula feeding on the growth, behavior, and protein status of preterm infants discharged from the newborn intensive care unit. Cumulative incidence of atopic disorders in high risk infants fed whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow milk formulas. Use of hypoallergenic formula in the prevention of atopic disease among Asian children. Effect of feeding whey hydrolysate, soy and conventional cow milk formulas on incidence of atopic disease in high risk infants. Evaluation of Infant Feeding in Acute Gastroenteritis Five-year follow-up of high-risk infants with family history of allergy who were exclusively breast-fed or fed partial whey hydrolysate, soy, and conventional cow's milk formulas. Nutritional Value of a Rice-Hydrolysate Formula in Infants with Cows' Milk Protein Allergy: A Randomized Pilot Study Preventive effect of feeding high-risk infants a casein hydrolysate formula or an ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate formula. A prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study. An extensively hydrolysed casein-based formula for infants with cows' milk protein allergy: tolerance/hypo-allergenicity and growth catch-up. Development of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin E antibodies to cow's milk proteins and ovalbumin after a temporary neonatal exposure to hydrolyzed and whole cow's milk proteins. Long-term prevention of allergic diseases by using protein hydrolysate formula in at-risk infants. Optimal Growth and Lower Fat Mass in Preterm Infants Fed a Protein-enriched Postdischarge Formula Breast-feeding and the development of cows' milk protein allergy.
BACKGROUND Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured in preterm infants who were fed either a new hydrolyzed cow 's milk protein formula or a st and ard preterm infant formula .  It was hypothesized that feeding with the hydrolysate results in prepr and ial amino acid concentrations that are significantly different from the concentrations found when feeding with the st and ard formula . METHODS Fifteen preterm infants , median gestational age , 29 weeks ( range , 24 - 32 weeks ) ; birth weight , 1241 g ( range , 660 - 1900 g ) ; and postnatal age , 18 days ( range , 7 - 54 days ) receiving full enteral feedings ( > 150 ml/kg x day ) , were enrolled . The intervention was r and omized allocation to the formula with hydrolyzed or natural cow 's milk protein ( the whey/casein ratio was 60:40 in both formulas ) . In a crossover design , each formula was fed for 5 days , and plasma amino acids were analyzed on day 4 or 5 of each 5-day period . RESULTS In spite of the 12 % higher amino acid intake with hydrolysate formula , the median individual plasma amino acid concentrations were virtually identical with both formulas , and they were within the 10th and the 90th percentile of the reference of levels in the umbilical cord artery after elective cesarean delivery or of breast-fed newborn infants . The median concentrations of lysine and aspartic acid were higher with hydrolyzed formula feeding ( p<0.05 ; two-tailed Mann-Whitney test ) . With both formulas , single amino acid concentrations were out of the reference values . CONCLUSION Virtually identical plasma amino acid concentration patterns were measured with the new hydrolyzed preterm infant formula and the st and ard preterm infant formula , but longitudinal studies are required before the studied protein hydrolysate can be recommended for preterm feeding in general Background Because infant formulas containing hydrolyzed cow milk protein are used to reduce feeding intolerance and to improve gastric emptying , the effect on gastrointestinal motility of a hydrolysate formula was compared with that of a st and ard preterm formula . Methods Thirty-six preterm newborns with a gestational age of 32.2 ± 2.3 weeks were assigned r and omly to st and ard formula or hydrolyzed formula .  Cutaneous electrogastrography and ultrasound examination of gastric emptying were performed simultaneously to evaluate gastrointestinal motility before and after the test meal . All recording sessions were performed 1 week after infants had reached full enteral feeding . Results No significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms was noted in the newborns fed the different formulas . In particular , regurgitation and vomiting were observed in 78 % versus 64 % of preterm newborns after st and ard and hydrolyzed formula , respectively ( Fisher exact test , not significant ) . No differences were found in terms of gastric electrical activity and gastric emptying time between the two groups . Conclusions It seems unnecessary to use hydrolysate formulas to improve motility in preterm infants Both growth and the course of allergic symptoms were evaluated in 79 infants with cow 's milk protein intolerance , aged three months or younger , diagnosed by st and ard elimination/provocation and treated with a whey-hydrolysate based infant formula : Nutrilon Pept or Pepti Junior .  The efficacy of both products , in terms of symptomatology and growth , was compared with each other . The products differ in fat source ( Pepti Junior 50 % of its fat as MCT , Nutrilon Pepti normal LCT fat blend ) and the presence of lactose ( Pepti Junior : lactose free ; Nutrilon Pepti : 40 % of its carbohydrate as lactose ) . The study was part of a large project that aim ed at st and ardising the approach towards cow 's milk protein intolerance in Baby Health Clinics . Nearly 50 Baby Health Clinics participated in this project . In this study , growth and symptomatology ( skin , respiratory tract , gastrointestinal tract ) were monitored during an intervention period of at least 10 weeks . Infants in both feeding groups showed normal growth , and in at least 80 % of the infants an improvement of the overall symptomatology could be seen during the intervention period . Most profound were the decreases in prevalence and severity of eczema and infantile colic . No differences in efficacy were found in this study between the two infant formulas . It was concluded that the exclusive use of either whey hydrolysate based infant formula result ed in an improvement of allergic symptoms and in normal growth in infants diagnosed by elimination/provocation for cow 's milk protein intolerance in a Primary Health Care setting Aim : Protein hydrolysates have been introduced in preterm formulae , but it is not clear whether they are needed for the feeding of preterm infants . We design ed a r and omized , controlled trial to test the effects of a preterm formula with hydrolysed cow 's milk proteins on short‐term growth and urinary and plasma amino acids levels . Methods : Infants with a birthweight 1750 g and gestational age 34 wk fed a conventional preterm infant formula ( formula B ) or a hydrolysed formula ( formula A ) .  Weight was measured daily ; length , head circumference , mid‐arm circumference and total skinfold thickness were measured weekly . Blood and urine were analysed for amino acid concentrations at start , 14 and 28 d. Results : Twenty‐one infants met the criteria for r and omization . The daily feeding volumes were : formula A 172.8±5.6 vs formula B 170.1±2.8 ml/kg/d . Infants fed with formula A showed slower weight gain ( 17.4±3.4 vs 20.5±3.3 g/kg/d ; p=0.045 ) and lower mean change in Z‐scores for weight ( −0.18±0.16 vs 0.00±0.09 ; p=0.009 ) and for head circumference ( −0.06±0.13 vs 0.06±0.13 ; p=0.049 ) . After 14 d , infants receiving formula A had statistically significant higher urinary levels of essential amino acids compared to infants receiving formula BACKGROUND Development of humoral and cellular immune responses to orally administered antigens in human beings is poorly understood , although antigen administration has been suggested as a treatment for hypersensitivity disorders and autoimmune diseases . OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to investigate the development of systemic immune response in infants fed with formula containing whole cow 's milk proteins or hydrolyzed formula containing casein peptides .  METHODS In a double-blind trial , 10 infants received cow 's milk-based formula , and 10 infants received a casein hydrolysate formula until the age of 9 months . Blood sample s were taken at the ages of 6 , 9 , and 12 months . Cellular responses were assessed by proliferation assay of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cow 's milk proteins ( beta-lactoglobulin , bovine serum albumin , and alpha-casein ) . Humoral responses to the same proteins were measured by ELISA for IgG antibodies . RESULTS Feeding infants with cow 's milk-based formula induced systemic humoral and cellular responses to cow 's milk proteins . T-cell response later declined , supporting the concept of oral tolerization . Exposure to cow 's milk proteins after the age of 9 months result ed in depressed cellular and humoral responsiveness to these proteins . CONCLUSION Our results support the view that induction of oral tolerance in human beings is an age-dependent phenomenon The effect of different feeding regimens , notably the use of hydrolysed cow 's milk formulas , on the development of allergic reactions and the development of cow 's milk protein-IgG antibodies is still disputed . We prospect ively compared the development of allergic manifestations and cow 's milk protein-IgG antibodies in a total of 702 infants who were divided into six groups:1.exclusively breast milk for at least 4 weeks (n=206).2.Breast milk plus initial partially hydrolysed formula (n=104).3.Breast milk plus extensively hydrolysed formula (n=50).4.Breast milk plus initial conventional cow 's milk formula (n=73).5.Conventional cow 's milk with or without breast milk throughout (n=187).6.Extensively hydrolysed cow 's milk formula for 2 months , followed by conventional cow 's milk (n=82).Cow 's milk protein antibodies were determined by an indirect immuno-fluorescent test . Antibody titres rose slowly in groups 1 , 3 and 6 . Children in group 5 showed two high peaks . There were no significant differences in the frequency and type of allergic manifestations between the groups . Introduction of cow 's milk formula during the first trimenon result ed in elevated antibody titres in all breast fed infants compared with introduction at a later date . Conclusion : In contrast to a previous study from the same laboratory , there is no diagnostic significance of cow 's milk protein-IgG antibodies for allergic manifestations . The occurrence of these antibodies is a physiological phenomenon : the shorter the breast feeding period and the earlier cow 's milk formula is introduced , the higher the antibody levels Vomiting , large gastric residuals and abdominal distension are common in very immature infants on formula feeding . The present trial investigated whether a protein hydrolysate formula reduces the gastrointestinal transit time in preterm infants . Fifteen preterm infants ( median gestational age 29 ( 24–32 ) wk , birthweight 1241 ( 660–1900 ) g , postnatal age 18 ( 5–54 ) d ) on full enteral feeds ( > 150 ml/kg*d ) were enrolled . It was hypothesized that the gastrointestinal transit time is at least 2 h shorter when protein hydrolysate formula is fed compared with st and ard preterm formula . In a r and omized cross‐over design study , each formula was fed for 5 d. On days 4 and 9 the gastrointestinal transit time was estimated using carmine red . The protein hydrolysate formula had a markedly shorter gastrointestinal transit time ( 9.8 h ) than the st and ard formula ( 19 h ) ( p= 0.0022 , two‐sided Mann‐Whitney U test ) Background Parents who perceive common infant behaviors as formula intolerance-related often switch formulas without consulting a health professional . Up to one-half of formula-fed infants experience a formula change during the first six months of life . Methods The objective of this study was to assess discontinuance due to study physician-assessed formula intolerance in healthy , term infants . Infants ( 335 ) were r and omized to receive either a st and ard intact cow milk protein formula ( INTACT ) or a partially hydrolyzed cow milk protein formula ( PH ) in a 60 day non-inferiority trial . Discontinuance due to study physician-assessed formula intolerance was the primary outcome . Secondary outcomes included number of infants who discontinued for any reason , including parent-assessed . Results Formula intolerance between groups ( INTACT , 12.3 % vs. PH , 13.7 % ) was similar for infants who completed the study or discontinued due to study physician-assessed formula intolerance . Overall study discontinuance based on parent- vs. study physician-assessed intolerance for all infants ( 14.4 vs.11.1 % ) was significantly different ( P = 0.001 ) . Conclusion This study demonstrated no difference in infant tolerance of intact vs. partially hydrolyzed cow milk protein formulas for healthy , term infants over a 60-day feeding trial , suggesting nonst and ard partially hydrolyzed formulas are not necessary as a first-choice for healthy infants . Parents frequently perceived infant behavior as formula intolerance , paralleling previous reports of unnecessary formula changes . Trial Registration clinical trials.gov : The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new casein hydrolysate infant formula , Alimentum , could be administered safely to children with cow milk hypersensitivity . The formula was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and with a sensitive enzyme-linked inhibition immunoassay , and it was judged to be safe for clinical trials in children allergic to cow milk . Twenty-five such children underwent double-blind placebo-controlled oral food challenges with 10 gm of powdered cow milk and casein hydrolysate formula .  All children were highly atopic and had positive skin prick reactions to cow milk . No patient reacted to placebo during a double-blind , placebo-controlled food challenge . Two patients lost their allergy to cow milk and did not react during the challenge ; the remaining patients reacted with a variety of cutaneous , respiratory , and gastrointestinal symptoms within 15 to 90 minutes of challenge . All children tolerated the blinded challenge to the casein hydrolysate and were fed the hydrolysate openly without difficulty . We conclude that this casein hydrolysate is generally safe to feed to children with immediate hypersensitivity to cow milk . We recommend that all infant formulas promoted as " hypoallergenic " be tested in milk-allergic patients to assess their allergenic potential , in addition to st and ard nutritional evaluation and animal testing for antigenicity Aim : A r and omized , double‐blind study was conducted to evaluate whether use of protein hydrolysate‐based preterm formulas in infants with an atopic predisposition helps prevent the development of allergic diseases . Methods : Preterm infants ( n= 122 ) with at least one first‐degree relative ( parent or sibling ) with allergic disease were r and omly assigned to receive an extensively or partially hydrolysed preterm formula ( intervention groups ) or a st and ard preterm formula until 4 to 5 mo of age . Infants whose parents preferred that they be breastfed received their mothers ' fortified breast milk . Results : Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed that the overall incidence of allergic diseases did not significantly differ between groups at both 4–5 and 12 mo of age . However , by 12 mo , use of the extensively hydrolysed versus the st and ard preterm formula had significantly reduced the risk of atopic dermatitis . At 4–5 and 12 mo , there was a significantly increased risk of non‐acceptance of the extensively hydrolysed formula compared with the other formulas The growth , behavior , and protein status of 59 healthy preterm ( mean gestational age 30 wk ) infants fed either human milk or one of three infant formulas were studied post-discharge from the hospital . Formula-fed infants received either a st and ard term formula , a st and ard preterm formula , or an experimental preterm formula from discharge to 8 wk of age . From 8 to 16 wk , all formula-fed infants received the st and ard term formula . At 2 , 8 , and 16 wk , anthropometric , dietary intake , blood biochemistry , amino acid , and Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment measurements were evaluated . Weights , lengths , and head circumferences were similar for all feeding groups at discharge . After discharge all formula-fed infants were heavier than human milk-fed infants . Length and head circumference values and plasma urea nitrogen and retinol-binding protein concentrations were not different among dietary groups . Formula-fed infants had higher plasma concentrations of numerous amino acids compared with those of human milk-fed infants during the first 8 wk but not at 16 wk . There were no differences among the feeding groups in the Brazelton assessment . This study found little effect on the growth or behavioral or protein status of preterm infants discharged from the hospital who were fed either human milk or formulas design ed for term or preterm infants A recent increase in the prevalence of atopic disorders and the enormous costs of management of atopic patients have prompted attempts at prevention . We have examined the effect of exclusive breast feeding and of feeding different infant formulas on incidence of atopic disease in a prospect i ve r and omized controlled study . Seventy-two infants were recruited into each of the following groups : cow milk whey hydrolysate formula ( NAN/HA ) conventional cow milk formula ( Similac ) , soy-based formula ( Isomil ) , and exclusive breast feeding for greater than 4 months .  The cumulative incidence of atopic eczema , recurrent wheezing , rhinitis , gastrointestinal symptoms , and colic were noted . Skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests for IgE antibodies to milk and soy were performed . At 12 and 18 months of age , the incidence of atopic eczema as also that of all atopic symptoms was significantly lower and similar in the breast-fed and whey hydrolysate groups , compared with the cow milk and soy formula groups . IgE antibodies were detected more often in the cow milk and soy formula groups , especially the former . Among symptomatic infants , fewer skin positive prick tests were seen in the soy group compared with the cow milk group . Our observations show that among infants at high risk of developing atopic disease because of positive family history , exclusive breast feeding or whey hydrolysate formula is associated with a lower incidence and thus a delay in the occurrence of allergic disorders compared with groups fed conventional cow milk or soy formulas OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a partially hydrolysed formula on genetically predisposed children , with respect to the development of atopic clinical manifestations and in vitro testing of serum IgE levels ( total and milk-specific ) . METHODS One hundred and ten infants were r and omly assigned to receive either partially hydrolysed formula or st and ard infant formula  , and were prospect ively monitored from birth for clinical atopic symptoms and serum IgE levels . RESULTS Eczema occurred less frequently in infants receiving partially hydrolysed formula . This was significant ( P < 0.05 ) at 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 18 and 24 months . However , the significance decreased with time , although it almost reached statistical significance at 30 months by the Kaplan-Meier survival function ( log-rank statistic , 3.46 ; P = 0.063 ) . Although wheezing occurred less frequently in infants receiving partially hydrolysed formula , compared to those receiving st and ard infant formula , the difference did not reach statistical significance ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Exclusive feeding of hypoallergenic milk formula in the first 4 months of life has a protective effect in terms of the development of atopic dermatitis in the first 2 years of life , compared to feeding with cow 's milk formula The effect of feeding different infant formulas on incidence of atopic disease was assessed in a prospect i ve double-blind r and omized controlled trial among " high risk " infants with family history of atopy among first-degree relatives . The incidence of atopic eczema , wheezing , rhinitis , gastrointestinal symptoms , and colic was noted and serum IgE antibodies to milk were estimated . Seventy-two infants were recruited into each of the following groups : cow milk whey hydrolysate formula ( NAN/HA ) , conventional cow milk formula ( Similac ) , soy-based formula ( Isomil ) , and exclusive breast feeding for greater than or equal to 4 months .  The number of infants who exited for reasons other than atopy and were excluded from analysis were 4 , 5 , 4 , and 12 in the four groups , respectively . The incidence of one or more symptoms of possible allergic etiology was five of 68 infants fed NAN/HA , 24 of 67 infants fed Similac , 25 of 68 infants fed Isomil , and 12 of 60 breast-fed infants . Among symptomatic infants , skin prick test to milk proteins was positive in four out of five infants fed NAN/HA , 16 of 24 fed Similac , 2 of 25 fed Isomil , and 7 of 12 breast-fed . IgE antibodies to milk were found in 2 of 68 , 9 of 67 , 0 of 68 , and 6 of 60 infants in the four groups , respectively . It is concluded that exclusive breast feeding for more than 4 months is partially protective against the development of atopic disease among high risk infants . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Sixty-eight bottle-fed babies under 9 months of age with mild acute gastroenteritis were observed to evaluate current feeding regimens following acute gastroenteritis in infancy . All babies were fed for 24 h with a glucose-electrolyte mixture ( GEM ) and then r and omly assigned to either a gradual re introduction to their normal milk , i.e. , slow re grade ; immediate return to full-strength formula ; or a rapid re grade to a hypoallergenic whey hydrolysate formula . All groups were well matched for age , sex , ethnic origin , nutritional state , and degree of hydration . There was no significance difference in stool frequency or reducing substances , vomiting , and duration of hospital stay between the three groups . Many infants ( 6/24 ) refused to take the whey hydrolysate formula , presumably because of unpalatability . Weight gain was more rapid when full-strength milk was given . Clinical relapse developed in 12 ( 17 % ) of patients . An enteric pathogen was detected in eight of this group and cow 's milk protein intolerance in three ( one from each feeding group ) . No infant had clinical ly significant lactose intolerance , in marked contrast to previous experience at Queen Elizabeth Hospital . In this group of previously healthy , well-nourished babies with mild acute gastroenteritis , there was no advantage in regrading slowly to milk or a hypoallergenic formula . An immediate return to normal formula 24 h after GEM feeding was well tolerated and simpler for parents BACKGROUND Allergy is a common cause of illness . The effect of feeding different infant formulas on the incidence of atopic disease and food allergy was assessed in a prospect i ve r and omized double-blind study of high-risk infants with a family history of atopy . METHODS 216 high-risk infants whose mothers had elected not to breast-feed were r and omized to receive exclusively a partial whey hydrolysate formula or a conventional cow 's milk formula or a soy formula until 6 months of age . Seventy-two high risk infants breast-fed for > or = 4 months were also studied . RESULTS Follow-up until 5 years of age showed a significant lowering in the cumulative incidence of atopic disease in the breast-fed ( odds ratio 0.422 [ 0.200 - 0.891 ] ) and the whey hydrolysate ( odds ratio 0.322 [ 0.159 - 0.653 ) groups , compared with the conventional cow 's milk group . Soy formula was not effective ( odds ratio 0.759 [ 0.384 - 1.501 ] ) . The occurrence of both eczema and asthma was lowest in the breast-fed and whey hydrolysate groups and was comparable in the cow 's milk and soy groups . Similar significant differences were noted in the 18 - 60 month period prevalence of eczema and asthma . Eczema was less severe in the whey hydrolysate group compared with the other groups . Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges showed a lower prevalence of food allergy in the whey hydrolysate group compared with the other formula groups . CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breast-feeding or feeding with a partial whey hydrolysate formula is associated with lower incidence of atopic disease and food allergy . This is a cost-effective approach to the prevention of allergic disease in children This study was design ed to assess whether a rice-hydrolysate formula allows normal growth and adequate metabolic balance in infants with cows ' milk protein allergy . Infants ( seven females , nine males ; aged 6–14 months ) were r and omly assigned to receive a rice-hydrolysate formula ( n = 8) or a soy formula ( control group , n = 8) . St and ardized growth indices ( Z scores ) and biochemical parameters were evaluated during a 6-month treatment period . Infants in both groups showed normal growth patterns during the study , and no adverse reactions were seen . Mean plasma biochemical parameters were within the normal ranges , and did not differ between groups . In conclusion , rice-hydrolysate formula may be a nutritionally suitable alternative for infants with cows ' milk protein allergy . Larger studies , with satisfactory power , should be undertaken to confirm these findings In a prospect i ve study of a 1-year birth cohort of 158 high-risk infants the effect of feeding breastmilk , a casein hydrolysate ( Nutramigen ) or a new ultrafiltrated whey hydrolysate ( Profylac ) on the development of cow milk protein allergy/intolerance ( CMPA/CMPI ) was assessed and compared . All the infants had biparental or severe single atopic predisposition , the latter combined with cord blood IgE > or = 0.5 kU/L. At birth all infants were r and omized to Nutramigen or Profylac , which was used when breastfeeding was insufficient or not possible during the first 6 months of life . During the same period this regimen was combined with avoidance of solid foods and cow milk protein . All mothers had unrestricted diets and were encouraged to do breastfeeding only . Moreover , avoidance of daily exposure to tobacco smoking , furred pets and dust-collecting material s in the bedroom was advised . The infants were followed prospect ively from birth to 18 months of age . All possible atopic symptoms were registered and controlled elimination/challenge studies were performed when symptoms suggested CMPA/CMPI . A total of 154 ( 97 % ) were followed up and 141 followed the diet strictly . Eighty-eight ( 62 % ) of the infants were breastfed for at least 6 months , 20 ( 14 % ) were breastfed exclusively , 59 and 62 had varying amounts of Nutramigen or Profylac respectively . CMPA/CMPI was diagnosed in 1/20 , 1/59 and 3/62 in the breastfed , the Nutramigen and Profylac groups respectively , but 1 of the latter also had Nutramigen . None of the infants showed reactions against  Nutramigen or Profylac . In 4 infants symptoms were provoked by breastmilk when the mother ingested cow milk and in 1 only by cow milk . ( ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS Children with cows ' milk protein allergy ( CMPA ) are at risk of insufficient length and weight gain , and the nutritional efficacy of hypo-allergenic formulas should be carefully assessed . In 2008 , a trial assessed the impact of probiotic supplementation of an extensively hydrolysed casein-based formula ( eHCF ) on acquisition of tolerance in 119 infants with CMPA . First analysis of the study results showed that the studied formula allowed improvement of food-related symptoms . The scoring of atopic dermatitis ( SCORAD ) index was assessed at r and omisation and after 6 months of feeding . A post hoc analysis was performed using WHO growth software 's nutritional survey module ( WHO Anthro version 3.2.2 ) . All infants who were fed the study formula tolerated it well . The SCORAD index significantly improved from r and omisation to 6 months of feeding with the study formula . Anthropometric data indicated a significant improvement in the weight-for-age , length-for-age and weight-for-length z scores , as well as in the restoration of normal BMI . The probiotic supplementation did not show any impact on these parameters . The present data showed that this eHCF was clinical ly tolerated and significantly improved the SCORAD index and growth indices The ingestion of food antigens usually results in the induction of oral tolerance , but the clinical and immunologic consequences of brief exposure to cow 's milk proteins during the neonatal period are not well-documented . The aim of this work was to study immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG responses to cow 's milk proteins and ovalbumin after exposure during the first three days of life in infants who were otherwise exclusively breast-fed . A group of 129 infants was r and omly assigned at birth to one of three feeding regimens : human milk ( HM ) , cow 's milk formula ( CMF ) , or a casein hydrolysate formula ( CHF ) , during the first three days of life . They were then all exclusively breast-fed for a varying period of time and followed for two years . Serum IgG and IgE antibodies to cow 's milk proteins and ovalbumin ( OVA ) were analyzed in blood sample s obtained at birth , at 4 days and at 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 and 24 months of age . The levels of IgG antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin ( IgG-BLG ) and bovine serum albumin ( IgG-BSA ) were higher in the CMF and the HM groups than in the CHF group for up to two years . This was particularly obvious for IgG-BLG in infants who started weaning before two months . The levels of IgG antibodies to casein ( IgG-CAS ) were higher in the CMF group , as compared with the CHF group at 8 and 12 months . The levels of IgG antibodies to OVA were similar in all three feeding groups . The levels of IgE antibodies to CAS or OVA were similar in the three feeding groups . Exposure to cow 's milk during the first three days of life stimulated IgG antibody production to cow 's milk proteins and this was still obvious at 2 years of age , while feeding with a casein hydrolysate during the first three days of life was associated with low levels of IgG antibodies to cow 's milk proteins This prospect i ve , long-term study assessed the effects of a protein hydrolysate formula on allergy prevention in infants with a family history of allergy . Infants were r and omly assigned to receive either the  hydrolysate formula ( n = 92 ) or an adapted cow milk formula  ( n = 85 ) alone or with breast-feeding for 4 months . The groups did not differ in family allergy history scores or cord blood IgE levels . After 4 months , total IgE levels and allergic reactions did not differ significantly between groups , although the hydrolysate group had a lower prevalence of eczema . At 12 months of age , neither IgE levels nor allergic reactions were significantly different . At 2 years of age , however , 18 allergic reactions had occurred in the hydrolysate group and 31 had occurred in the control group ; the differences were significant for eczema ( p < 0.001 ) but not for asthma . At 4 years of age , allergic signs were found in 11 children in the hydrolysate group and in 17 children in the control group ; the difference was significant only for eczema ( p < 0.01 ) . These results suggest that early feeding of a protein hydrolysate formula to infants at risk for allergies had a long-term preventive effect on the prevalence of eczema but not of asthma Background and Objectives : Postdischarge formulas with extra energy and protein improve short-term growth but may also influence long-term body composition in an unwanted manner . Energy- and protein-enriched formulas with an increased protein-to-energy ratio improves gain of lean mass . The objective of the study was to investigate whether feeding a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term , usually 3 to 4 weeks after discharge , would influence growth and body composition in infancy . Methods : In this r and omized controlled trial preterm infants were fed fortified human milk or preterm formula until term . At term , 102 infants were r and omized to a nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy or st and ard formula until 6 months corrected age . Twenty-six infants received unfortified human milk after term . At term and 6 months corrected age , anthropometry and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ( DEXA ) scan were performed . Lean and fat mass ( FM ) were corrected for height . Results : There were no differences in growth or body size between the feeding groups . Infants fed the enriched formula gained less FM and had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula . Infants fed human milk had lower lean mass and higher FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than formula-fed infants . Conclusions : Feeding nutrient-enriched formula without extra energy after term does not change quantity of growth but does influence type of weight gain and body composition of preterm infants . Infants fed the nutrient-enriched formula had lower FM corrected for body size at 6 months corrected age than infants fed st and ard formula or human milk Early feeding with cows ' milk ( CM ) may cause cows ' milk allergy ( CMA )  . Breast milk contains many immune factors which compensate for the undeveloped defence mechanisms of the gut of the newborn infant . We studied the effect of supplementary CM feeding at the maternity hospital on the subsequent incidence of CMA , the effects of formula and breast feeding on the subsequent immunologic types of CMA , and the importance of immune factors present in colostrum in the immune responses of infants with CMA . In a cohort of 6209 infants , 824 were exclusively breast-fed and 87 % required supplementary milk while in the maternity hospital : 1789 received CM formula , 1859 pasteurized human milk , and 1737 whey hydrolysate formula . The cumulative incidence of CMA , verified by a CM elimination-challenge test , was 2.4 % in the CM , 1.7 % in the pasteurized human milk and 1.5 % in the whey hydrolysate group . Among these infants , exposure to CM at hospital and a positive atopic heredity increased the risk of CMA . Of the exclusively breast-fed infants , 2.1 % had CMA . Risk factors for the development of IgE-mediated CMA were : exposure to CM at hospital , breast-feeding during the first 8 weeks at home either exclusively or combined with infrequent exposure to small amounts of CM and long breast-feeding . The content of transforming growth factor-beta1 ( TGF-beta1 ) in colostrum from mothers of infants with IgE-mediated CMA was lower than from mothers of infants with non-IgE-mediated CMA . In infants with CMA , TGF-beta1 in colostrum negatively correlated with the result of skin prick test and the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CM , but positively with infants ' IgA and IgG antibodies to CM proteins . Feeding of CM formula at maternity hospital increases the risk of CMA , but exclusive breast-feeding does not eliminate the risk . Prolonged breast-feeding exclusively or combined with infrequent exposure to small amounts of CM during the first 8 weeks induces the development of IgE-mediated CMA . Colostral TGF-beta1 may inhibit IgE- and cell mediated reactions and promote IgG-IgA antibody production to CM in infants prone to developing CMA
The identified trials provide only low quality evidence about the effects of feeding preterm infants  with protein hydrolysate versus st and ard formula .
The existing data did not support conclusions that feeding with protein hydrolysate affects the risk of feed intolerance or necrotising enterocolitis .
BACKGROUND When human milk is not available for feeding preterm infants , protein hydrolysate rather than st and ard cow 's milk formulas ( with intact proteins ) are often used because they are perceived as being tolerated better and less likely to lead to complications .
However , protein hydrolysate formulas are more expensive than st and ard formulas , and concern exists that their use in practice is not supported by high- quality evidence .
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of feeding preterm infants with hydrolysed formula ( versus st and ard cow 's milk formulas )  on the risk of feed intolerance , necrotising enterocolitis , and  other morbidity and mortality in preterm infants .