Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. Effects of varying dietary fat, fish, and fish oils on blood lipids in a randomized controlled trial in men at risk of heart disease. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women Stearic acid-rich interesterified fat and trans-rich fat raise the LDL/HDL ratio and plasma glucose relative to palm olein in humans A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and factor VII coagulant activity. Fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions and blood lipids in normolipidaemic volunteers fed two types of cheese having different fat compositions: a pilot study A good response to oil with medium- and long-chain fatty acids in body fat and blood lipid profiles of male hypertriglyceridemic subjects. [Changes in of plasma lipoproteins after the use of palm oil in the diet of a group healthy adults]. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Effects of palm olein and olive oil on serum lipids in a Chinese population: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. The influence of a formula supplemented with dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in healthy full-term infants: a double-blind randomized controlled trial Dietary fat modulates serum paraoxonase 1 activity in rats. High Fat Diet with a High Monounsaturated Fatty Acid and Polyunsaturated/Saturated Fatty Acid Ratio Suppresses Body Fat Accumulation and Weight Gain in Obese Hamsters Monounsaturated fat decreases hepatic lipid content in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Comparison of the effects of diets enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults Dietary supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight loss in obese adults. Fat high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in comparison with fats high in palmitic acid or high in myristic and lauric acids. Butter differs from olive oil and sunflower oil in its effects on postprandial lipemia and triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins after single mixed meals in healthy young men. The effect of red palm olein and refined palm olein on lipids and haemostatic factors in hyperfibrinogenaemic subjects. Fish Oil (SMOFlipid) and Olive Oil Lipid (Clinoleic) in Very Preterm Neonates The Type of Fat Ingested at Breakfast Influences the Plasma Lipid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Impacts of dietary fat changes on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study.
Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) may decrease adiposity and improve blood lipid profiles under some conditions . The goal of this study was to determine the effects of CLA supplementation on blood lipid profiles and adiposity of rats fed a diet containing a primarily saturated fat versus a diet containing a primarily unsaturated fat . Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly assigned to one of four diets containing coconut oil , coconut oil with CLA , corn oil or corn oil with CLA . After 28 days , blood was collected and serum concentrations of total cholesterol ( TC ) , HDL-cholesterol ( HDL-C ) , and triacylglycerols ( TG ) were assessed . Food intake , body weights , and epididymal fat pads were measured . No significant differences ( p>0.05 ) were noted among groups for amount of food consumed , weight gained , food efficiency ratio or serum TG concentrations . TC concentrations were lower ( p<0.05 ) in the CLA-supplemented rats that were fed coconut oil but not those consuming corn oil . Serum HDL-C was lower ( p<0.05 ) in rats consuming corn oil but was not significantly different ( p>0.05 ) for CLA supplemented groups . Epididymal fat pads weighed significantly more ( p<0.05 ) in the coconut oil fed group compared to the corn oil fed group , but there was no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) between the corn oil and coconut oil + CLA group . Overall , this study suggests that CLA is more beneficial for control of blood lipids and adiposity when supplemented to a diet rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat This study aim ed to determine the effects of incorporating fish with 40%- or 30%-fat diets and the differences in response to fish or fish oil omega 3 fats .  Men with high-normal blood pressure and elevated serum cholesterol were r and omly allocated to one of seven diets for 12 wk . Fish or fish oil with a 40%-fat diet increased total cholesterol , HDL cholesterol , HDL2 cholesterol , and LDL cholesterol , and reduced triglycerides . The 30%-fat diet alone reduced cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and HDL cholesterol , with triglycerides unchanged . Fish with the 30%-fat diet reduced cholesterol , LDL cholesterol , and triglycerides and increased HDL2 cholesterol . This study has shown that plasma lipids are affected similarly by fish or fish oil in men consuming a 40%-fat diet . Adverse effects of omega 3 fats on total and LDL cholesterol are reversed by a 30%-fat diet , whereas one daily fish meal substantially lowers triglycerides and reverses the fall in HDL cholesterol that is usual with a low-fat diet Introduction High dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , an established risk factor for coronary heart disease . However , there is increasing interest in whether various dietary oils or fats with different fatty acid profiles such as extra virgin coconut oil may have different metabolic effects but trials have reported inconsistent results . We aim ed to compare changes in blood lipid profile , weight , fat distribution and metabolic markers after four weeks consumption of 50 g daily of one of three different dietary fats , extra virgin coconut oil , butter or extra virgin olive oil , in healthy men and women in the general population . Design R and omised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017 . Setting General community in Cambridgeshire , UK . Participants Volunteer adults were recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation through their websites . Eligibility criteria were men and women aged 50–75 years , with no known history of cancer , cardiovascular disease or diabetes , not on lipid lowering medication , no contraindications to a high-fat diet and willingness to be r and omised to consume one of the three dietary fats for 4 weeks . Of 160 individuals initially expressing an interest and assessed for eligibility , 96 were r and omised to one of three interventions ; 2 individuals subsequently withdrew and 94 men and women attended a baseline assessment . Their mean age was 60 years , 67 % were women and 98 % were European Caucasian . Of these , 91 men and women attended a follow-up assessment 4 weeks later . Intervention Participants were r and omised to extra virgin coconut oil , extra virgin olive oil or unsalted butter and asked to consume 50 g daily of one of these fats for 4 weeks , which they could incorporate into their usual diet or consume as a supplement . Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was change in serum LDL-C ; secondary outcomes were change in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( TC and HDL-C ) , TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C ; change in weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , per cent body fat , systolic and diastolic blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and C reactive protein . Results LDL-C concentrations were significantly increased on butter compared with coconut oil ( + 0.42 , 95 % CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) and with olive oil ( + 0.38 , 95 % CI 0.16 to 0.60 mmol/L , P<0.0001 ) , with no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil ( −0.04 , 95 % CI −0.27 to 0.19 mmol/L , P=0.74 ) . Coconut oil significantly increased HDL-C compared with butter ( + 0.18 , 95 % CI 0.06 to 0.30 mmol/L ) or olive oil ( + 0.16 , 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.28 mmol/L ) . Butter significantly increased TC/HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C compared with coconut oil but coconut oil did not significantly differ from olive oil  for TC/HDL-C and non-HDL-C. There were no significant differences in changes in weight , BMI , central adiposity , fasting blood glucose , systolic or diastolic blood pressure among any of the three intervention groups . Conclusions and relevance Two different dietary fats ( butter and coconut oil ) which are predominantly saturated fats , appear to have different effects on blood lipids compared with olive oil , a predominantly monounsaturated fat with coconut oil more comparable to olive oil with respect to LDL-C. The effects of different dietary fats on lipid profiles , metabolic markers and health outcomes may vary not just according to the general classification of their main component fatty acids as saturated or unsaturated but possibly according to different profiles in individual fatty acids , processing methods as well as the foods in which they are consumed or dietary patterns . These findings do not alter current dietary recommendations to reduce saturated fat intake in general but highlight the need for further elucidation of the more nuanced relationships between different dietary fats and health . Trial registration number NCT03105947 ; Results Background Dietary trans-rich and interesterified fats were compared to an unmodified saturated fat for their relative impact on blood lipids and plasma glucose . Each fat had melting characteristics , plasticity and solids fat content suitable for use as hardstock in margarine and other solid fat formulations . Methods Thirty human volunteers were fed complete , whole food diets during 4 wk periods , where total fat ( ~31 % daily energy , > 70 % from the test fats ) and fatty acid composition were tightly controlled . A crossover design was used with 3 r and omly-assigned diet rotations and repeated- measures analysis . One test fat rotation was based on palm olein ( POL ) and provided 12.0 percent of energy ( % en ) as palmitic acid ( 16:0 ) ; a second contained trans-rich partially hydrogenated soybean oil ( PHSO ) and provided 3.2 % en as trans fatty acids plus 6.5 % en as 16:0 , while the third used an interesterified fat ( IE ) and provided 12.5 % en as stearic acid ( 18:0 ) . After 4 wk the plasma lipoproteins , fatty acid profile , as well as fasting glucose and insulin were assessed . In addition , after 2 wk into each period an 8 h postpr and ial challenge was initiated in a subset of 19 subjects who consumed a meal containing 53 g of test fat . Results After 4 wk , both PHSO and IE fats significantly elevated both the LDL/HDL ratio and fasting blood glucose , the latter almost 20 % in the IE group relative to POL . Fasting 4 wk insulin was 10 % lower after PHSO ( p > 0.05 ) and 22 % lower after IE ( p < 0.001 ) compared to POL . For the postpr and ial study the glucose incremental area under the curve ( IAUC ) following the IE meal was 40 % greater than after either other meal ( p < 0.001 ) , and was linked to relatively depressed insulin and C-peptide ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion Both PHSO and IE fats altered the metabolism of lipoproteins and glucose relative to an unmodified saturated fat when fed to humans under identical circumstances OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of factor VII coagulant activity ( factor VIIc ) , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and blood lipids on a saturated fat-rich diet with one rich in monounsaturated fat . DESIGN Subjects were r and omly allocated to two groups . The study design was an ABB/BAA extra-period crossover . One group consumed a diet rich in saturated fatty acid ( SFA ) with fat making up 20.8 % of total energy , for 5 weeks and then one rich in monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ) , with fat making up 20.3 % of total energy for 10 weeks . The other group consumed the MUFA diet for 5 weeks followed by the SFA diet for 10 weeks . SUBJECTS/ SETTING Men and women aged 35 to 69 years who were nonsmokers with no chronic illness and not on any medication were recruited to participate . Eighteen subjects were recruited and 15 ( 5 men , 10 women ) completed the community-based study . INTERVENTION Blood was sample d at the beginning and end point of each 5-week diet period for analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors and blood lipids . Subjects kept 3-day food diaries twice during each of the three diet periods and were weighed on each visit for blood collection . Analysis of plasma fatty acids was used to indicate dietary compliance . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in fasting factor VIIc , fibrinogen , plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , insulin , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triglycerides , apolipoproteins A-1 and B , and plasma oleic acid levels while receiving the SFA diet vs MUFA diet . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS A general linear model allowing for the ABB/BAA extra-period crossover , was used for each of the outcome measures . RESULTS Factor VIIc was lower on the MUFA diet ( P < .05 ) but fibrinogen and insulin concentrations and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity did not differ between diets . Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( P < .001 ) and triglyceride ( P < .01 ) levels were lower on the MUFA diet compared with the SFA diet . A significant increase in both plasma phospholipid and neutral lipid oleic acid ( P < .0001 ) occurred on the MUFA diet . CONCLUSIONS Substitution of foods rich in saturated fat with foods rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil and margarine has favorable outcomes on blood lipids and factor VIIc . This oil presents another useful source of MUFA for diets aim ed at prevention of heart disease The aim of this r and omised , double-blind , crossover study in normolipidaemic volunteers was to investigate the effect of consumption of an experimental cheese ( from cows fed a grass and maize silage-based diet with 5 % of linseed oil added ) or a control cheese ( without linseed oil ) on both plasma lipids and fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . A lower content of medium-chain saturated fatty acids as well as a higher content of stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the experimental cheese ; its consumption was successful in limiting the enhanced blood concentration of atherogenic fatty acids , without affecting fatty acid content of serum lipid fractions . These results indicate that dairy products could be considered as key foods for fat modifications with the objective of optimizing their nutritional quality A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride ( MLCT ) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects . One-hundred- and -twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups ; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride ( LCT ) oil for 8 weeks . All subjects were requested to consume 25 - 30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise . Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed . The  LCT group consisted of 50 subjects ( 34 men and 16 women ) , while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects ( 33 men and 18 women ) who completed the study . Larger decreases in body weight , body mass index , waist circumference , body fat , total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , apolipoprotein B , C2 , C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group . However , no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed . Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium- and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects UNLABELLED Although saturated fat acids have long known to have harmful effects on cholesterol and triacylglycerides levels in blood , new concepts have emerged form recent research on this matter . The purpose of this study was to know the effect of the consumption of palm olein on triacylglycerides and cholesterol levels as well as lipoprotein fractions in the blood plasma of healthy individuals from both sexes . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Different types of fats were administered for 12 weeks to 60 subjects , 45 male , 15 female , between 19 and 45 years of age , who were divided into three groups : the mix group ( MG ) was administered oil , margarine , and mayonnaise prepared with 50 % olein ; the olein group ( OG ) consumed fats prepared with 100 % olein ; and the control group ( CG ) consumed regular fats of customary use by the population . The diets provided 25 to 30 % of calories . Blood sample s were obtained for lipid analysis at the beginning and the end of the study . Plasma triacylglycerides and cholesterol concentrations were determined by means of enzyme and lipoprotein methods ( VLDL , LDL ; and HDL ) by ultracentrifugation . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION By comparing the groups ' means no significant differences were found ( p > 0.05 ) in blood lipids . Individual differences show a slight increase in VLDL-C in OG compared to MG and CG . No differences were found in LDL concentration . CONCLUSIONS These results contribute evidence to differentiate between the effects of saturated vegetables oils , such as coconut oil , and of palm olein . The authors recommend not extrapolate the effects of type of oil to another in connection with TC increase in blood BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic effects of dietary fat quality in people with type 2 diabetes are not well-understood . The study objective was to evaluate effects of conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) and safflower ( SAF ) oils on glycemia , blood lipids , and inflammation . The hypothesis we tested is that dietary oils improve glycemia , lipids , and inflammatory markers in a time-dependent way that follows accumulation of linoleic acid and CLA isomers in serum of subjects supplemented with dietary oils . METHODS Fifty-five post-menopausal , obese women with type 2 diabetes enrolled , and 35 completed this r and omized , double-masked crossover study . Treatments were 8 g daily of CLA and SAF for 16 weeks each . We used a multiple testing procedure with pre-determined steps analysis to determine the earliest time that a significant effect was detected . RESULTS CLA did not alter measured metabolic parameters . SAF decreased HbA1c ( -0.64 ± 0.18 % , p = 0.0007 ) and C-reactive protein ( -13.6 ± 8.2 mg/L , p = 0.0472 ) , increased QUICKI ( 0.0077 ± 0.0035 , p = 0.0146 ) with a minimum time to effect observed 16 weeks after treatment . SAF increased HDL cholesterol ( 0.12 ± 0.05 mmol/L , p = 0.0228 ) with the minimum time to detect an effect of SAF at 12 weeks . The minimum time to detect an increase of c9t11-CLA , t10c12-CLA , and linoleic acid in serum of women supplemented CLA or SAF , respectively , was four weeks . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 8 g of SAF daily improved glycemia , inflammation , and blood lipids , indicating that small changes in dietary fat quality may augment diabetes treatments to improve risk factors for diabetes-related complications BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the most widely produced edible vegetable oil , palm oil is known as to contain a high level of saturated fatty acid , which was thought to adversely affect serum lipid profiles . However , recent studies have shown no influence or benefits of palm oil on serum lipids . The potential nutritional value of palm oil is attributed to the high mono-unsaturation at the crucial sn2-position of the oil 's triacylglycerols , as with the so-called ' healthy ' olive oil ( OO ) . The aim of this study was to further test this hypothesis and evaluate the effects of consuming palm olein versus olive oil on serum lipid profiles in a Chinese population . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN In total , 120 participants were recruited from a spinnery in Yixing city and r and omly divided into two groups ( palm olein or olive oil ) to conduct a 2 × 2 crossover trial for 2 months ' intervention with 2-week washout periods . Each participant was provided 48 g of test oil per day . At the end of each period , anthropometry , and blood lipid indices were measured to determine the effects of palm olein and olive oil . RESULTS Palm olein and olive oil consumption had no significantly different effect on BMI , on serum total cholesterol , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , triacylglycerol ( TG ) , Apo B , fasting glucose , or insulin concentrations ( all p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS In a dietary crossover trial , palm olein and olive oil had no recognisably different effects on body fatness or blood lipids in a healthy Chinese population Background Human milk is the optimal nutrition for infants . When breastfeeding is not possible , supplementation of infant formula with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids appears to promote neurodevelopmental outcome and visual function .  Plant oils , that are the only source of fat in most of infant formulas , do not contain specific fatty acids that are present in human and cow milk and do not encounter milk fat triglyceride structure . Experimental data suggest that a mix of dairy lipids and plant oils can potentiate endogenous synthesis of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids . This trial aims to determine the effect of an infant formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils on the erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile in full-term infants ( primary outcome ) . Erythrocyte membrane long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acids content , the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level , the gastrointestinal tolerance , the changes throughout the study in blood fatty acids content , in growth and body composition are evaluated as secondary outcomes . Methods / Design In a double-blind controlled r and omized trial , 75 healthy full-term infants are r and omly allocated to receive for four months a formula supplemented with a mixture of dairy lipids and plant oils or a formula containing only plant oils or a formula containing plant oils supplemented with arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid .  Twenty-five breast-fed infants constitute the reference group .  Erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid profile , long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the other fatty acids content , the plasma lipid profile and the insulin-growth factor 1 level are measured after four months of intervention . Gastrointestinal tolerance , the changes in blood fatty acids content , in growth and body composition , assessed by means of an air displacement plethysmography system , are also evaluated throughout the study . Discussion The achievement of an appropriate long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids status represents an important goal in neonatal nutrition . Gaining further insight in the effects of the supplementation of a formula with dairy lipids and plant oils in healthy full-term infants could help to produce a formula whose fat content , composition and structure is more similar to human milk . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier We examined the effects of dietary fats with specific fatty acid compositions , on serum paraoxonase ( PON1 ) activity in rats . Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided r and omly into four dietary groups . One group received the control diet [ AIN 93 M with soybean oil ( 5 g/100 g diet ) ] , whereas the remaining three groups received the modified control diet supplemented with ( 15 g/100 g diet ) triolein , tripalmitin or fish oil , respectively . After 20 d , blood was obtained after overnight food deprivation and PON1 activity was determined . Serum lipids and lipid components of lipoproteins were also determined . Serum PON1 activity [ micromol/(L.min ) ] was significantly ( P : < 0.05 ) higher in triolein ( 98 + /- 6 ) and lower in fish oil ( 41 + /- 4 ) , compared with tripalmitin-fed rats ( 63 + /- 11 ) . Serum PON1 activity in tripalmitin-fed rats was comparable to that of controls ( 67 + /- 9 ) . Serum PON1 activity correlated significantly with serum lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase ( LCAT ) activity ( r = 0.77 , P : < 0.001 ) and was transported in blood principally in association with the denser subfraction of HDL , very high density lipoprotein ( VHDL ; d > 1.15 kg/L ) . Serum PON1 activity correlated strongly with serum lipids as well as lipids of VLDL , HDL and its subfractions . Multiple linear regression analysis , however , showed a significant relationship of serum PON1 activity , principally with the phospholipids of VHDL ( r = 0.47 , P : < 0.002 ) . These data suggest that the modulation of serum PON1 activity by dietary fat may be mediated via the effect of the specific fatty acids on the synthesis and secretion of VHDL , the subfraction of HDL that transports the majority of PON1 in the blood The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high fat diet with experimental oil consisting of 60 % MUFAs ( monounsaturated fatty acids ) with a P/S ratio of 5 on fat deposition and lipid metabolism in obese hamsters . Hamsters were r and omly assigned to a control group and a diet-induced obesity group for nine weeks . Then an additional eight-week experimental period began , during which obese hamsters were r and omly divided into three groups and fed different amounts of the experimental oil mixture in their diets as follows : 5 % , 15 % , and 20 % w/w ( OB-M5 , OB-M15 , and OB-M20 groups , respectively ) . The results showed that the OB-M15 and OB-M20 groups had significantly lower blood cholesterol and higher insulin levels . Compared to the control group , the three obese groups exhibited higher hepatic fatty acid synthase activity ; however , the acyl-CoA oxidase activities were also enhanced . Although dietary fat content differed , there were no differences in energy intake , final body weights , and epididymal fat weights among the four groups . These results suggest that regardless of whether the specimens had a high fat intake or not , dietary fat containing high MUFAs with a high P/S ratio had beneficial effects on maintaining blood lipid profiles and may not result in body fat accumulation in obese hamsters , possibly by promoting lipolytic enzyme activities AIM To evaluate the effects of different types of dietary fats on the hepatic lipid content and oxidative stress parameters in rat liver with experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . METHODS A total of 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were r and omly divided into five groups . The rats in the control group ( n = 8) were on chow diet ( Group 1 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on methionine choline-deficient diet ( MCDD ) ( Group 2 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD enriched with olive oil ( Group 3 ) , rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD with fish oil ( Group 4 ) and rats ( n = 6 ) on MCDD with butter fat ( Group 5 ) . After 2 mo , blood and liver sections were examined for lipids composition and oxidative stress parameters . RESULTS The liver weight/rat weight ratio increased in all treatment groups as compared with the control group . Severe fatty liver was seen in MCDD + fish oil and in MCDD + butter fat groups , but not in MCDD and MCDD + olive oil groups . The increase in hepatic triglycerides ( TG ) levels was blunted by 30 % in MCDD + olive oil group ( 0.59 + /- 0.09 ) compared with MCDD group ( 0.85 + /- 0.04 , P < 0.004 ) , by 37 % compared with MCDD + fish oil group ( 0.95 + /- 0.07 , P < 0.001 ) , and by 33 % compared with MCDD + butter group ( 0.09 + /- 0.1 , P < 0.01 ) . The increase in serum TG was lowered by 10 % in MCDD + olive oil group ( 0.9 + /- 0.07 ) compared with MCDD group ( 1.05 + /- 0.06 ) . Hepatic cholesterol increased by 15-fold in MCDD group [ ( 0.08 + /- 0.02 , this increment was blunted by 21 % in MCDD + fish oil group ( 0.09 + /- 0.02 ) ] . In comparison with the control group , ratio of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-6/omega-3 increased in MCDD + olive oil , MCDD + fish oil and MCDD + butter fat groups by 345- , 30- and 397-fold , respectively . In comparison to MCDD group ( 1.58 + /- 0.08 ) , hepatic MDA contents in MCDD + olive oil ( 3.3 + /- 0.6 ) , MCDD + fish oil ( 3.0 + /- 0.4 ) , and MCDD + butter group ( 2.9 + /- 0.36 ) were increased by 108 % , 91 % and 87 % , respectively ( P < 0.004 ) . Hepatic paraoxonase activity decreased significantly in all treatment groups , mostly with MCDD + olive oil group ( -68 % ) . CONCLUSION Olive oil decreases the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver of rats with NAFLD , but does not provide the greatest antioxidant activity The degree to which different saturated fatty acids exert their cholesterol-raising effects is still unknown . Therefore , we studied the effect on serum lipids and lipoproteins of diets rich in lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids .  Eighteen women and 14 men consumed in r and om order three experimental diets , each for 6 wk . The diets consisted of solid foods and contained 40 % of energy as fat , of which 28 % was supplied by the experimental fats . The fat high in lauric acid was a mixture of palm kernel oil ( 75 % ) and a high-oleic acid sunflower oil ( 25 % ) ; the fat high in palmitic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 55 % ) , palmstearin ( 36 % ) , and sunflower oil ( 9 % ) ; and the fat high in oleic acid consisted of dairy fat ( 37 % ) and sunflower oil ( 63 % ) . The calculated nutrient composition was the same in each diet except for approximately equal to 8.5 % of energy , which was provided by lauric , palmitic , or oleic acids . With the lauric acid diet the subjects ' serum total cholesterol concentration increased by 0.22 mmol/L ( P = 0.0121 ; 95 % CI : 0.02 , 0.41 mmol/L ) as compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.48 mmol/L ( P < 0.0001 ; 95 % CI : 0.29 , 0.67 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  Total cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid diet were 0.26 mmol/L ( P = 0.0012 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.46 mmol/L ) higher than with the oleic acid diet .  High-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentrations increased by 0.12 mmol/L ( P = 0.006 ; 95 % CI : 0.04 , 0.20 mmol/L ) with the lauric acid compared with the palmitic acid diet and by 0.14 mmol/L ( P < 0.001 ; 95 % CI : 0.07 , 0.22 mmol/L ) compared with the oleic acid diet .  HDL-cholesterol concentrations with the palmitic acid and the oleic acid diet were the same . No effects were seen in serum triacylglycerol and lipoprotein(a ) concentrations . We conclude that both lauric and palmitic acids are hypercholesterolemic compared with oleic acid . Lauric acid raises total cholesterol concentrations more than palmitic acid , which is partly due to a stronger rise in HDL cholesterol Background Linseed oil has been investigated as a rich source of n-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids , which mainly produce a non-atherogenic lipid profile . The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of linseed oil supplementation associated with nutritional guidelines on the lipid profiles of older adults , according to the intake of saturated fatty acids ( SFA ) . Methods We conducted a double-blind , placebo-controlled clinical trial with 110 older adults r and omized in two groups : placebo and linseed oil .  The linseed oil group received supplementation with 3 g of linseed oil . Both groups received nutritional guidance and were supplemented for 90 days with monthly blood collection for biochemical analysis . The dietary intake of saturated fat was subdivided into low ( < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) and high consumption groups ( > 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value ) . Results Low SFA ( < 7 % SFA/day of total energy value ) consumption was associated with lower total cholesterol concentrations . However , we observed that the linseed oil group , including older adults who consumed > 7 % SFA/day , had a greater reduction in total cholesterol than the placebo group ( P=0.020 ) . The same was observed for low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol ( P<0.050 ) , suggesting an additive effect of linseed oil and diet . High-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) cholesterol concentrations were increased significantly in only the linseed group , suggesting that the nutritional intervention alone did not improve HDL cholesterol . Conclusion The results suggest that the nutritional intervention was effective , but linseed oil showed notable effects by increasing the HDL cholesterol concentration . In addition , consumption of < 7 % SFA/day of the total energy value increased the effect of linseed oil , demonstrating the importance of reducing the consumption of saturated fat BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with elevated levels of inflammation and metabolic abnormalities , with increased risk of developing insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , stroke and CVD . Nutrients that can assist in weight loss may also reduce the risk of obesity related co-morbidities . AIM The aim of this study was to investigate whether LCn-3PUFA , combined with a reduced energy diet , facilitated weight loss and improvements in blood lipids and inflammatory mediators . DESIGN A double blind r and omised controlled trial with two parallel groups . Both groups followed a low energy diet for 12 weeks , one group consumed 6 × 1 g capsules/d monounsaturated oil ( Placebo ) ( n = 18 ) , the other 6 × 1 g capsules/d LCn-3PUFA ( fish oil ) ( n = 17 ) . Fasting blood sample s , anthropometric measurements and 3-day food diaries were collected at baseline and post intervention . RESULTS There was a two-fold increase in plasma levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil group ( p < 0.001 ) . There were no significant difference within and between the placebo and the fish oil groups for weight reduction ( 3.37 % and 4.35 % respectively ) , fat mass reduction ( 8.95 % and 9.76 % respectively ) , or changes in inflammatory biomarkers and blood lipids apart from triglycerides , reduced by 27 % in fish oil group ( p < 0.05 ) . For fish oil group there were significant correlations between leptin and weight loss ( p = 0.01 ) and leptin and EPA and DHA ( p < 0.05 for both ) . CONCLUSION Dietary LCn-3PUFA supplementation during a weight loss program does not appear to assist weight loss . Poor dietary compliance may be a contributing factor in accurate assessment of the role of these fatty acids in weight loss The effect of fats high in individual , prevalent saturated dietary fatty acids on lipoproteins and hemostatic variables in young healthy subjects was evaluated in a r and omized strictly controlled metabolic feeding study . Three experimental diets : shea butter ( S ; 42 % stearic acid ) , palm oil ( P ; 43 % palmitic palmitic acid ) , and palm-kernel oil with high-oleic sunflower oil ( ML ; 10 % myristic acid , 30 % lauric acid ) were served to 15 men for 3 wk each , separated by washout periods . Diet S compared with diet P result ed in significant reduction in plasma cholesterol ( 22 % ) LDL cholesterol ( 26 % ) , apolipoprotein B ( 18 % ) , HDL cholesterol ( 12 % ) , apolipoprotein A-I ( 13 % ) , and a 13 % lower factor VII coagulant activity ( P = 0.001 ) . Similar differences were observed between diets S and ML . In conclusion , intake of shea butter high in stearic acid favorably affects blood lipids and factor VII coagulant activity in young men , compared with fats high in saturated fatty acids with 12 - 16 carbons Accumulation of postpr and ial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins is generated by assimilation of ingested dietary fat and has been increasingly related to atherogenic risk . Nevertheless , the influence of different kinds of dietary fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid metabolism is not well established , except for ( n-3 ) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids . Our goal was to evaluate the effects of test meals containing a common edible fat source of saturated ( butter ) , monounsaturated ( olive oil ) or ( n-6 ) polyunsaturated ( sunflower oil ) fatty acids on postpr and ial lipid and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein responses . After a 12-h fast , 10 healthy young men ingested mixed meals containing 0 g ( control ) or 40 g fat , provided as butter , olive oil or sunflower oil in a r and om order .  Fasting and postmeal blood sample s were collected for 7 h. The no-fat test meal did not elicit any change over baseline except for plasma phospholipids , insulin and nonesterified fatty acids . Conversely , the three fat-containing meals elicited bell-shaped postpr and ial changes ( P < 0.05 ) in serum triacylglycerols , free and esterified cholesterol , and nonesterified fatty acids . The butter meal induced a lower postpr and ial rise of triacylglycerols in serum and chylomicrons ( incremental AUC , mmol.h/L : 0.72 ) than the two unsaturated oils ( olive oil : 1.6 , sunflower oil : 1.8 ) , which did not differ . Circulating chylomicrons were smaller after the butter meal than after the two vegetable oil meals . The in vitro susceptibility of circulating chylomicrons to hydrolysis by postheparin plasma was higher after sunflower oil than after butter or olive oil . We conclude that butter results in lower postpr and ial lipemia and chylomicron accumulation in the circulation of young men than olive or sunflower oils after consumption of a single mixed meal Little is known about the physiological effects of red palm olein ( RPO ) . The effects of red palm olein and palm olein ( POL ) compared to sunflower oil ( SFO ) , on lipids , haemostatic factors and fibrin network characteristics in hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers were investigated . Fifty-nine free-living , hyperfibrinogenaemic volunteers participated in this r and omized , controlled , single blind parallel study . After a 4-week run-in , during which subjects received sunflower oil products , they were paired and r and omly assigned to one of three intervention groups receiving products containing 25 g/day ( approximately 12 % of total energy intake ) of either red palm olein , palm olein or sunflower oil for another 4 weeks . Anthropometric measurements , blood sample s and dietary intakes were measured before run-in , and before and after intervention . The differences in changes in total serum cholesterol response between palm olein and red palm olein ( + 0.59 vs. + 0.18 mmol/l ; p=0.053 ) , and between palm olein and sunflower oil ( + 0.59 vs. -0.003 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) were significant . The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLC ) response in the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups also differed significantly ( + 0.42 vs. -0.11 mmol/l ; p < or = 0.01 ) . Tissue plasminogen activator antigen ( tPA(ag ) ) decreased significantly in the red palm olein group compared to the palm olein- and sunflower oil-groups . No effects were found in other haemostatic variables .  Palm olein and red palm olein had no independent effect on fibrin network characteristics . In conclusion , compared to palm olein , red palm olein had less detrimental effects on the lipid profile and decreased tissue plasminogen activator antigen . Studies in larger groups are advised for confirmation of results , elucidation of mechanisms and effects of nonglyceride constituents of red palm oil ( PO ) Objectives : Fat emulsions used in Australia for parenteral nutrition in preterm neonates have been based on either soybean oil or olive oil ( OO ) . OO lipid Clinoleic has a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ( 9:1 ) ; this may not be ideal for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supply . Newly available SMOFlipid has an appropriate ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids ( 2.5:1 ) . SMOFlipid also contains OO ( 25 % ) , coconut oil ( 30 % ) , and soybean oil ( 30 % ) . The aims of the study were to evaluate the safety of the SMOFlipid and to test the hypothesis that SMOFlipid would lead to increased omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and reduced oxidative stress as compared with Clinoleic in preterm neonates ( < 30 weeks ) . Methods : Preterm neonates ( 23–30 weeks ) were r and omised to receive Clinoleic or SMOFlipid emulsion for 7 days . Investigators and outcome assessors were masked to allocation . Plasma F2-isoprostanes ( lipid peroxidation marker ) , red blood cell fatty acids , and vitamin E were measured before and after the study . Blood culture positive sepsis and growth were monitored for safety . Results : Thirty of 34 participants completed the study . Both emulsions were well tolerated without any adverse events . F2-isoprostane levels were reduced in the SMOFlipid group as compared with baseline . Eicosapentanoic acid and vitamin E levels were significantly increased in the SMOFlipid group . Oleic acid and linoleic acid levels were increased in both groups . No significant differences were noted in post study docosahexaenoic acid levels in both groups despite higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid in SMOFlipid . Conclusions : SMOFlipid was safe , well tolerated , and showed beneficial effect in terms of reduction of oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation levels in high-risk preterm neonates To assess whether the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify the plasma lipid profile and other cardiovascular risk variables in postmenopausal women at risk of cardiovascular disease , a longitudinal , r and omized , and crossover study was carried out with postmenopausal women at risk of CVD . They were r and omly assigned to eat each type of breakfast during one month : 6 study periods ( breakfast with the same composition plus butter/margarine/virgin olive oil ) separated by two washout periods . On the first and last days of each study period , weight , arterial blood pressure , heart rate , and body mass index were recorded in fasting conditions and a blood sample was collected to measure plasma lipid profile . When comparing final values to baseline values , we only found out statistically significant differences on plasma lipid profiles .  Butter-based breakfast increased total cholesterol and HDL , while margarine-based breakfast decreased total cholesterol and LDL and increased HDL . After the olive oil-based breakfast intake , a tendency towards a decrease of total cholesterol and LDL levels and an increase of HDL levels was observed . No statistically significant differences were observed in triglycerides levels , BMI , and arterial pressure in any breakfast type . The margarine-based breakfast was the only one which significantly increased the percentage of volunteers with optimal lipid profiles . The polyunsaturated fat at breakfast has improved the plasma lipid profile in the analyzed sample population , suggesting that PUFA-based breakfast can be advisable in women at risk of CVD OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the impact of increasing polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on blood glucose , lipid metabolism , and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus . METHODS Under constant total energy and protein intake , 84 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus were r and omly divided into the experimental and control groups , which were given oil-rich and conventional low-oil meals , respectively . RESULTS After the dietary intervention , the intake and energy supply of fat and the three fatty acids were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group ( p<0.001 ) . The intake and energy supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids  increased significantly post-intervention in the experimental group but did not change in the control group . In both the intervention and the control group , fasting blood glucose , 2 h postpr and ial plasma glucose , and the insulin resistance index decreased significantly post-intervention ( p<0.05 ) ; the lipid changes were consistent between groups . Pregnancy outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups ( p>0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS An appropriate increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid intake benefits pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus as well as fetuses , as long as the diet therapy follows basic recommendations and total energy intake is strictly controlled
Despite limitations in these data , our NMA findings are in line with existing evidence on the metabolic effects of fat and support current recommendations to replace high saturated-fat food with unsaturated oils
The aim of this network meta- analysis ( NMA ) is to compare the effects of different oils/solid fats on blood lipids .