Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Prostate cancer and adiponectin. Relationship between serum adiponectin and prostate cancer grade. Effect of a 12-Week Low vs. High Intensity Aerobic Exercise Training on Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Exercise Intervention Study. High-Protein Breakfast Promotes Weight Loss by Suppressing Subsequent Food Intake and Regulating Appetite Hormones in Obese Chinese Adolescents Effect of low-GDP bicarbonate-lactate-buffered peritoneal dialysis solutions on plasma levels of adipokines and gut appetite-regulatory peptides. A randomized crossover study. EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE-REGULATING HORMONES IN OVERWEIGHT WOMEN Effects of exercise program on appetite-regulating hormones, inflammatory mediators, lipid profiles, and body composition in healthy men. Effects of exercise on energy-regulating hormones and appetite in men and women. Fasting gut hormone levels change with modest weight loss in obese adolescents. Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer risk and mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Leptin increases prostate cancer aggressiveness A study of caloric restriction versus standard diet in overweight men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. Serum retinol-binding protein 4 is reduced after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite Intense androgen-deprivation therapy with abiraterone acetate plus leuprolide acetate in patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer: results of a randomized phase II neoadjuvant study. Influence of Acupuncture on Leptin, Ghrelin, Insulin and Cholecystokinin in Obese Women: A Randomised, Sham-Controlled Preliminary Trial Consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink increased leptin and ghrelin levels but reduced leptin to ghrelin ratio in type 2 diabetes patients: a single blind randomized controlled trial Hyperresistinemia is associated with postmenopausal breast cancer Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene (FTO) Is Linked to Higher Plasma Levels of the Hunger Hormone Ghrelin and Lower Serum Levels of the Satiety Hormone Leptin in Older Adults Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children: Nutritional Status and Associations with Serum Leptin, Ghrelin, and IGF-1 Levels.
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 circulating adipokines according to body mass index ( BMI ) in Korean men with localized prostate cancer ( PCa ) undergoing radical prostatectomy ( RP ) .  Material s and Methods Sixty-two of 65 prospect ively enrolled patients with clinical ly localized PCa who underwent RP between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated . Patients were classified into 2 groups according to their BMI : non-obese ( < 25 kg/m2 ) and obese ( ≥25 kg/m2 ) . The adipokines evaluated were interleukin-2 , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) , chemerin , C-X-C motif chemokine 10 , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin . Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of advanced tumor stage . Results We found that obese patients with PCa who underwent RP had a higher incidence of tumors with a high Gleason score ( ≥8 ) , pathological T3 ( pT3 ) stage , and positive extraprostatic extension than patients with a normal BMI . Additionally , patients with obesity showed significantly lower serum adiponectin and higher serum leptin levels , but did not show differences in other adipokines . Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGF-1 ( odds ratio [OR]=1.03 ) was identified as a predictor of advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) in the overall population . However , only leptin remained an independent predictive factor for advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) ( OR=1.15 ) in patients with obesity . Conclusions In conclusion , our results indicate that a higher leptin level in obese men can be considered a risk factor for aggressive PCa . This prospect i ve study provides greater insight into the role of circulating adipokines in Korean patients with PCa undergoing RP , particularly in patients with obesity OBJECTIVES To search for any relation between plasma adiponectin levels and the cellular differentiation or progression of prostate cancer ( PCa ) . PCa is becoming an increasingly important public health problem , particularly for those countries with a trend toward an aging population . Because insulin resistance in the setting of obesity is associated with the development of PCa , we hypothesized that decreased adiponectin levels might underlie the association between PCa and obesity/insulin resistance . METHODS In this study , we investigated plasma adiponectin levels in 30 patients with PCa , 41 subjects with benign prostatic obstruction , and 36 healthy individuals . The body mass index and age of the groups were similar . Patients with PCa were stratified into two groups according to the spread of the disease as organ-confined and advanced disease and into three groups according to grade ( low , intermediate , and high grade determined by a Gleason sum of less than 5 , between 5 and 7 , and more than 7 , respectively ) . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the PCa group than in the benign prostatic obstruction group or controls ( P < 0.001 for both ) . Additionally , the plasma adiponectin levels were significantly lower in the advanced disease group than in the organ-confined PCa group ( P = 0.012 ) . Significant negative associations were found between plasma adiponectin levels and prostate-specific antigen levels or biopsy Gleason scores in the PCa group . The plasma adiponectin levels of those with high- grade PCa were also significantly lower than those for both the low- grade and intermediate- grade groups ( P < 0.001 for both ) . CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study imply that plasma adiponectin levels are not only lower in patients with PCa but are also negatively associated with the histologic grade and disease stage . Future prospect i ve studies are recommended to establish any causal relation between PCa and plasma adiponectin levels BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with prostate cancer ( PCA ) grade , but the mechanism behind this relationship is not understood . Adiponectin is an adipokine that has been linked with the development of hormonally sensitive carcinomas , including prostate cancer . We evaluated the relationship between serum  adiponectin and Gleason score ( GS ) in a prospect i ve series of patients seen in a single institution . METHODS Localized PCA patients evaluated at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute between 2001 and 2005 who enrolled in a prospect i ve serum banking protocol were eligible for this study . Patients with prior hormonal therapy and /or metastatic disease were excluded . High- grade disease was defined as biopsy or radical prostatectomy ( RP ) GS of 7 or higher . Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between high- grade disease and adiponectin levels while adjusting for other potential prognostic variables . RESULTS There were 539 patients included in this study , of whom 199 had undergone RP . Median age was 60 years . Median PSA was 5.1 ng/dl .  Biopsy GS of 7 or higher was seen in 46.9 % of patients . For biopsy GS , higher PSA , older age , and higher BMI were significantly associated with increased odds of GS 7 or higher , but adiponectin was not . In men undergoing RP , there was a significant inverse relationship between pathologic GS and adiponectin dichotomized at the median , due to a significantly higher rate of upgrading in patients with lower adiponectin ( P = 0.014 ) . CONCLUSIONS Although there was no association between biopsy GS and adiponectin , in patients who had undergone RP , lower adiponectin was independently associated with high- grade prostate cancer Little is known about how the intensity of aerobic training influences appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Our goal was to assess the effect of low and high intensity aerobic trainings on food intake and appetite-regulating hormones in obese adolescents . Forty three obese adolescents ( age : 13 - 18y , BMI : 34.48 ± 3.94 kg/m2 ) were r and omized into high intensity training ( HIT ; n = 20 ) or low intensity training ( LIT ; n = 23 ) groups for 12 weeks . All participants also received the same nutritional , psychological and clinical counseling . Pre- and postintervention energy intake ( EI ) and circulating levels of insulin , leptin , peptide YY3 - 36 ( PYY3 - 36 ) and ghrelin were measured . Adolescents in the HIT showed a reduction in total EI and an increase in PYY3 - 36 ( p < .05 ) . Aerobic exercise training performed at ventilatory threshold 1 intensity , reduced EI and augmented PYY3 - 36 in obese adolescents , compared with LIT . The data suggest that HIT and LIT have differential effects in the regulation of appetite signals and subsequent EI in obese adolescents Objective : A high-protein diet may decrease food intake through regulating satiety and appetite hormones and can be an effective strategy for weight loss . Few studies exist on obese Chinese adolescents . Methods and Material s : 156 obese Chinese adolescents were enrolled and r and omly assigned to one of two isoenergetic breakfasts , either with egg or steamed bread . Subsequent lunchtime food intake was recorded 4 h later . Appetite was assessed with a visual analog scale . Anorexigenic hormones peptide YY ( PYY ) , glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1 ) and orexigenic hormone ghrelin were determined with radioimmunoassay at 0 , 30 , and 180 min . Body weight was recorded . The tests were repeated 3 months later . Analysis was performed between two tests and then two groups . Pearson 's correlation was used for association analysis . Results : Subsequent lunchtime food intake and body weight were decreased while satiety was increased in subjects on an egg breakfast , which is associated with an increase of serum PYY and GLP-1 ( p < 0.001 , respectively ) . There were strong correlations between weight loss , appetite , subsequent food intake and changes of appetite hormones . Conclusion : A high-protein breakfast promotes weight loss in obese Chinese adolescents , possibly through its regulation of satiety , subsequent food intake and appetite hormones BACKGROUND Malnutrition is common in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) .  Previous studies have disclosed disturbances in the hormonal axes regulating appetite in these patients . The effect of newer biocompatible PD solutions on these disorders is undetermined . METHODS Using a crossover r and omized design , 21 patients stable on PD underwent 5 weeks of therapy with each of classic glucose degradation product (GDP)-rich lactate-buffered PD solutions ( L ) and newer low-GDP bicarbonate-lactate-buffered PD solutions ( BL ) . At the end of each phase , we scrutinized patients for adequacy markers , peritoneal transport ( peritoneal equilibration test with 3.86 % glucose-based solutions ) , general biochemical markers and , more specifically , cytokines , adipokines ( leptin and adiponectin ) and selected gastrointestinal peptides which regulate appetite in the short term [ ghrelin , peptide YY , cholecystokinin , glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP1 ) ] . For plasma GLP1 levels , we analysed a group of healthy , sex- , age- and body mass index-matched controls . RESULTS Use of BL solutions was associated with higher plasma levels of acylated ( but not total ) ghrelin ( median 243 BL versus 141 pg/mL L , P = 0.05 ) , adiponectin ( median 20.2 BL versus 17.6 mcg/mL L , P = 0.008 ) and growth hormone ( median 1.8 BL versus 1.0 ng/mL L , P = 0.013 ) , without significant differences for the other cytokines , leptin or gut peptides scrutinized . We did not observe significant differences between L and BL solutions concerning estimations of adequacy , peritoneal transport or general biochemical markers . CONCLUSIONS Use of GDP-free , neutral-pH , bicarbonate-lactate-buffered PD solutions is associated with higher plasma levels of acylated ghrelin and adiponectin than classic solutions . These findings may contribute to explaining improved appetite scores and overall survival rates reported with the use of so-called biocompatible PD solutions Over the past decade , our knowledge of how homeostatic systems regulate food intake and body weight has increased with the discovery of circulating peptides such as leptin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin . These hormones regulate the appetite and food intake by sending signals to the brain regarding the body 's nutritional status . The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise .  Nine overweight women undertook two 2 h trials in a r and omized crossover design . In the exercise trial , subjects ran for 60 min at 50 % of maximal oxygen uptake followed by a 60 min rest period . In the control trial , subjects rested for 2 h.  Obestatin , acyl ghrelin , des-acyl ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured at baseline and at 20 , 40 , 60 , 90 and 120 min after baseline . A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant ( P < 0.05 ) interaction effect for leptin and acyl ghrelin . However , changes in obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin concentration were statistically insignificant ( P > 0.05 ) . The data indicated that although acute treadmill exercise result ed in a significant change in acyl ghrelin and leptin levels , it had no effect on plasma obestatin and des-acyl ghrelin levels AIM Exercise can improve appetite , inflammatory mediators , lipid profiles , and body composition in overweight or obese patients . However , it has not yet been clearly eluci date d how exercise affects healthy people in relation to these variables . Thus , we investigated the effects of an exercise program on appetite-regulating hormones , inflammatory mediators , lipid profiles , and body composition in healthy men . METHODS Thirty sedentary men were recruited and r and omly assigned to two groups ( exercise group , EG , N.=15 and control group , CG , N.=15 ) . Total plasma ghrelin , leptin , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , and interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) were determined by radioimmunoassay and immunoassay . Total cholesterol ( TC ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C and LDL-C ) were determined by enzymatic assay . Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis . RESULTS After 8 weeks , the ghrelin and leptin levels of CG showed a tendency to increase , whereas those of EG were significantly decreased . Although TNF-α and CRP , except for IL-6 , showed a tendency to increase in CG , all three tended to decrease in EG after 8 weeks . TG and LDL-C were significantly increased in CG . The TC , TG , and LDL-C levels of EG were remarkably decreased , whereas HDL-C was significantly increased . In EG , body weight , fat mass , percent fat , and waist/hip ratio were significantly decreased , whereas muscle mass was significantly increased after 8 weeks . CONCLUSION The present study results have demonstrated the beneficial effects of an exercise program by altering appetite-regulating hormones , decreasing inflammatory factors , and improving lipid profiles and body composition in healthy young men When previously sedentary men and women follow exercise training programs with ad libitum feeding , men lose body fat , but women do not . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this observation could be related to sex differences in the way energy-regulating hormones and appetite perception respond to exercise . Eighteen ( 9 men , 9 women ) overweight/obese individuals completed four bouts of exercise with energy added to the baseline diet to maintain energy balance ( BAL ) , and four bouts without energy added to induce energy deficit ( DEF ) . Concentrations of acylated ghrelin , insulin , and leptin , as well as appetite ratings were measured in response to a meal after a no-exercise baseline and both exercise conditions . In men , acylated ghrelin area under the curve ( AUC ) was not different between conditions . In women , acylated ghrelin AUC was higher after DEF ( + 32 % ) and BAL ( + 25 % ) , and the change from baseline was higher than men ( P < 0.05 ) . In men , insulin AUC was reduced ( -17 % ) after DEF ( P < 0.05 ) , but not BAL . In women , insulin AUC was lower ( P < 0.05 ) after DEF ( -28 % ) and BAL ( -15 % ) . Leptin concentrations were not different across conditions in either sex . In men , but not in women , appetite was inhibited after BAL relative to DEF . The results indicate that , in women , exercise altered energy-regulating hormones in a direction expected to stimulate energy intake , regardless of energy status . In men , the response to exercise was abolished when energy balance was maintained . The data are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women BACKGROUND Gut hormones change with weight loss in adults but are not well studied in obese youth . OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to evaluate how gut hormones and subjective appetite measure change with dietary weight loss in obese adolescents . METHODS Participants were a subset of those taking part in the ' Eat Smart Study ' . They were aged 10 - 17 years with body mass index ( BMI ) > 90th centile and were r and omized to one of three groups :  wait-listed control , structured reduced carbohydrate or structured low-fat dietary intervention for 12 weeks . Outcomes were fasting glucose , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , total amylin , acylated ghrelin , active glucagon-like peptide-1 , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) , pancreatic polypeptide ( PP ) and total peptide tyrosine-tyrosine . Pre- and postpr and ial subjective sensations of appetite were assessed using visual analogue scales . RESULTS Of 87 ' Eat Smart ' participants , 74 participated in this sub- study . The mean ( st and ard deviation ) BMI z-score was 2.1 ( 0.4 ) in the intervention groups at week 12 compared with 2.2 ( 0.4 ) in the control group . Fasting insulin ( P = 0.05 ) and leptin ( P = 0.03 ) levels decreased , while adiponectin levels increased ( P = 0.05 ) in the intervention groups compared with control . The intervention groups were not significantly different from each other . A decrease in BMI z-score at week 12 was associated with decreased fasting insulin ( P < 0.001 ) , homeostatic model of assessment -insulin resistance ( P < 0.001 ) , leptin ( P < 0.001 ) , total amylin ( P = 0.03 ) , GIP ( P = 0.01 ) , PP ( P = 0.02 ) and increased adiponectin ( P < 0.001 ) . There was no significant difference in appetite sensations . CONCLUSIONS Modest weight loss in obese adolescents leads to changes in some adipokines and gut hormones that may favour weight regain BACKGROUND Prostate cancer ( PCa ) mortality rates are lower in the Mediterranean countries compared with northern Europe . Although specific components of the Mediterranean diet ( Med-Diet ) may influence PCa risk , few studies have assessed the traditional Med-Diet pattern with the risk of incident advanced or lethal PCa or with disease progression among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa . OBJECTIVE To determine whether the traditional Med-Diet pattern is associated with risk of incident advanced or lethal PCa and with PCa-specific and overall mortality among men with PCa . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS We prospect ively followed 47 867 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study followed from 1986 to 2010 . The case-only analysis included 4538 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic PCa , followed from diagnosis to lethal outcome or to January 2010 . OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine traditional and alternative Med-Diet scores in relation to PCa incidence outcomes ( advanced and lethal disease ) . In a case-only survival analysis , we examined postdiagnostic Med-Diet and risk of lethal ( metastases or PCa death ) and fatal PCa as well as overall mortality among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic disease . RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Between 1986 and 2010 , 6220 PCa cases were confirmed . The Med-Diet was not associated with risk of advanced or lethal PCa . In the case-only analysis , there was no association between the Med-Diet after diagnosis and risk of lethal or fatal PCa . However , there was a 22 % lower risk of overall mortality ( hazard ratio : 0.78 ; 95 % confidence interval , 0.67 - 0.90 ; p(trend)=0.0007 ) among men with greater adherence to the Med-Diet after PCa diagnosis . We found similar associations for the alternative score . CONCLUSIONS A higher Med-Diet score was not associated with risk of advanced PCa or disease progression . Greater adherence to the Med-Diet after diagnosis of nonmetastatic PCa was associated with lower overall mortality Recent studies indicate that adipose tissue and adipocytokines might affect the development of prostate cancer ( PCa ) . Leptin would have a stimulating effect on prostate cancer cells by inducing promotion and progression , whereas adiponectin would have a protective effect . The aim of this study was to determine the relation between body composition , leptin , and adiponectin levels with the prevalence and aggressiveness of PCa in men of Mendoza , Argentina . Seventy volunteers between 50 and 80 years ( 35 healthy men as control group and 35 with PCa ) were selected . The PCa group was subclassified according to the Gleason Score ( GS ) . Digital rectal examination , transrectal ultrasound , and prostatic biopsy were performed ; PSA , testosterone , leptin , and adiponectin levels  were determined ; and a nutritional interview including anthropometric measurements and a food frequency question naire was carried out . Statistical analysis was performed by Student t test , ANOVA I , and Bonferroni ( p < 0.05 ) . Body mass index and percentage of body fat mass were not statistically different between PCa and control groups . However , body fat mass was higher in subjects with more aggressive tumors ( p = 0.032 ) . No differences were observed regarding leptin levels between the groups . Nevertheless , leptin levels were higher in subjects with high GS ( p < 0.001 ) . Adiponectin levels showed no statistical differences regarding the presence and aggressiveness of the tumor ( p = 0.131 ) . Finally , consumption and nutrient intake did not differ in the studied groups . In conclusion , body composition and leptin are related to the PCa aggressiveness but not with its prevalence INTRODUCTION Obese men have an increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa)-specific mortality . Potential mechanisms include insulin and related proteins . We investigate whether a short-term caloric restriction diet in overweight/obese men with newly diagnosed PCa can lead to measurable changes in patient anthropometrics and insulin-related proteins . METHODS Overweight and obese PCa patients choosing active surveillance or radical prostatectomy were r and omized to a 6-week , caloric-restricted diet or to continue their current diet . Changes from baseline to end of study in anthropometrics , dietary constituents and serum proteins ( insulin , c-peptide , IGF-1 , adiponectin , IGF-BP3 ) were compared between the intervention and control groups using a Generalized Estimating Equation model . RESULTS Nineteen patients were r and omized to the intervention ( N = 10 ) or control ( N = 9 ) group . Men in the intervention group had a 1.7 % ( 3.7 lbs ) mean decline in weight versus 1.0 % ( 2.0 lbs ) in controls ( P < 0.05 ) , and a reduced intake of calories , total and saturated fat , protein and starch ( all P < 0.1 compared to controls ) . There was a significant difference ( P = 0.002 ) in mean serum IGFBP-3 between the intervention ( + 2.8 % ) and control group ( -6.9 % ) . Other biomarkers changed with the diet intervention to a degree similar to previous weight loss studies but were not statistically significant compared with controls . CONCLUSION In this small pilot study , a 6-week caloric restricted diet in men with newly diagnosed PCa produced changes in weight , diet and serum proteins possibly related to prognosis . These results support larger-scale trials testing longer-term weight loss effects on potential PCa progression biomarkers BACKGROUND After weight loss , changes in the circulating levels of several peripheral hormones involved in the homeostatic regulation of body weight occur . Whether these changes are transient or persist over time may be important for an underst and ing of the reasons behind the high rate of weight regain after diet-induced weight loss . METHODS We enrolled 50 overweight or obese patients without diabetes in a 10-week weight-loss program  for which a very-low-energy diet was prescribed . At baseline ( before weight loss ) , at 10 weeks ( after program completion ) , and at 62 weeks , we examined circulating levels of leptin , ghrelin , peptide YY , gastric inhibitory polypeptide , glucagon-like peptide 1 , amylin , pancreatic polypeptide , cholecystokinin , and insulin and subjective ratings of appetite . RESULTS Weight loss ( mean [ ±SE ] , 13.5±0.5 kg ) led to significant reductions in levels of leptin , peptide YY , cholecystokinin , insulin ( P<0.001 for all comparisons ) , and amylin ( P=0.002 ) and to increases in levels of ghrelin ( P<0.001 ) , gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( P=0.004 ) , and pancreatic polypeptide ( P=0.008 ) . There was also a significant increase in subjective appetite ( P<0.001 ) . One year after the initial weight loss , there were still significant differences from baseline in the mean levels of leptin ( P<0.001 ) , peptide YY ( P<0.001 ) , cholecystokinin ( P=0.04 ) , insulin ( P=0.01 ) , ghrelin ( P<0.001 ) , gastric inhibitory polypeptide ( P<0.001 ) , and pancreatic polypeptide ( P=0.002 ) , as well as hunger ( P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS One year after initial weight reduction , levels of the circulating mediators of appetite that encourage weight regain after diet-induced weight loss do not revert to the levels recorded before weight loss . Long-term strategies to counteract this change may be needed to prevent obesity relapse . ( Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and others ; Clinical Trials.gov number , NCT00870259 . ) BACKGROUND The gut hormone fragment peptide YY3 - 36 ( PYY ) reduces appetite and food intake when infused into subjects of normal weight . In common with the adipocyte hormone leptin , PYY reduces food intake by modulating appetite circuits in the hypothalamus . However , in obesity there is a marked resistance to the action of leptin , which greatly limits its therapeutic effectiveness . We investigated whether obese subjects were also resistant to the anorectic effects of PYY . METHODS We compared the effects of PYY infusion on appetite and food intake in 12 obese and 12 lean subjects in a double-blind , placebo-controlled , crossover study . The plasma levels of PYY , ghrelin , leptin , and insulin were also determined . RESULTS Caloric intake during a buffet lunch offered two hours after the infusion of PYY was decreased by 30 percent in the obese subjects ( P<0.001 ) and 31 percent in the lean subjects ( P<0.001 ) . PYY infusion also caused a significant decrease in the cumulative 24-hour caloric intake in both obese and lean subjects . PYY infusion reduced plasma levels of the appetite-stimulatory hormone ghrelin . Endogenous fasting and postpr and ial levels of PYY  were significantly lower in obese subjects ( the mean [ + /-SE ] fasting PYY levels were 10.2+/-0.7 pmol per liter in the obese group and 16.9+/-0.8 pmol per liter in the lean group , P<0.001 ) . Furthermore , the fasting PYY levels correlated negatively with the body-mass index ( r = -0.84 , P<0.001 ) . CONCLUSIONS We found that obese subjects were not resistant to the anorectic effects of PYY . Endogenous PYY levels were low in the obese subjects , suggesting that PYY deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity CONTEXT Administration of retinol-binding protein 4 ( RBP-4 ) impairs insulin sensitivity in animals , and elevated serum concentrations have been associated with insulin resistance in humans . OBJECTIVE We have studied whether weight loss influences RBP-4 . PATIENTS AND METHODS Fasting serum concentrations of RBP-4  were measured before and 6 months after gastric b and ing surgery in 33 morbidly obese patients aged 40 + /- 11 yr with a body mass index ( BMI ) of 46 + /- 5 kg/m(2 ) . Fourteen healthy subjects aged 29 + /- 5 yr with a BMI less than 25 kg/m(2 ) served as controls . To characterize the association of weight loss with central and peripheral appetite regulation , the signaling protein agouti-related protein ( AGRP ) , the orexigenic hormone ghrelin , and its recently identified antagonist obestatin were determined . RESULTS At baseline , RBP-4 levels were markedly higher in obese than in lean subjects ( 2.7 + /- 0.5 vs. 0.9 + /- 0.5 microg/ml ; P < 0.001 ) . In contrast , AGRP and obestatin were lower in obese subjects compared with lean controls ( all P < 0.001 ) . Six months after gastric b and ing , BMI was reduced to 40 + /- 5 kg/m(2 ) , RBP-4 was reduced to 2.0 + /- 0.7 microg/ml , AGRP increased from 1.8 + /- 1.1 to 3.4 + /- 1.1 ng/ml , ghrelin increased from 93 + /- 58 to 131 + /- 70 pg/ml , and obestatin increased from 131 + /- 52 to 173 + /- 35 pg/ml ( all P < 0.05 ) . Individual changes of RBP-4 were associated with changes of BMI ( r = 0.72 ) , the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance-index ( r = 0.53 ) , and total cholesterol ( r = 0.42 , for all P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Reductions in circulating RBP-4 may contribute to improved insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects after weight loss . This is accompanied by favorable changes in appetite-regulating hormones , which might support the sustained weight loss after obesity surgery Context Studies in animals and humans suggest that sleep duration is an important regulator of metabolism . Contribution In this study , 12 young , healthy , normal-weight men exhibited reductions in the satiety hormone leptin , increases in the hunger hormone ghrelin , and increases in hunger after 2 nights of only 4 hours of sleep compared with after 2 nights of 10 hours of sleep . Implication s Inadequate sleep seems to influence the hormones that regulate satiety and hunger in a way that could promote excess eating . The Editors Sleep plays an important role in energy balance . In rodents , food shortage or starvation results in decreased sleep ( 1 ) , and , conversely , total sleep deprivation leads to marked hyperphagia ( 2 ) . Leptin and ghrelin are peripheral signals that contribute to the central regulation of food intake . Leptin , a hormone released by the adipocytes , provides information about energy status to hypothalamic regulatory centers ( 3 ) . In humans , circulating leptin levels rapidly decrease or increase in response to acute caloric shortage or surplus , respectively ( 4 ) . These changes in leptin levels have been associated with reciprocal changes in hunger ( 4 ) . Ghrelin , a peptide produced predominantly by the stomach , is also involved in energy balance regulation , but , in contrast to the anorexigenic effects of leptin , ghrelin stimulates appetite ( 5 ) . It has been proposed that leptin and ghrelin represent the yinyang of one regulatory system that has developed to inform the brain about the current energy balance state ( 6 ) . Over the past 40 years ,  sleep duration in the U.S. population has decreased by 1 to 2 hours ( 7 - 10 ) . The proportion of young  adults sleeping fewer than 7 hours per night has more than doubled between 1960 and 20012002 ( from 15.6 % to 37.1 % ) ( 7 - 10 ) . The effect of sleep curtailment on the control of appetite and food intake is not known . Because of the well-documented associations between sleep and food intake ( 1 , 2 ) , we sought to determine whether sleep duration influences the daytime profiles of leptin and ghrelin . Methods Participants Twelve healthy men(mean age [ SD ] , 22 2 years ] ; mean body mass index [ SD ] , 23.6 2.0 kg/m2 ) who did not smoke or take any medications participated in the study . All of the men were within 10 % of ideal body weight and had regular nocturnal time in bed of 7 to 9 hours . We excluded persons who had traveled across time zones less than 4 weeks before the study . Experimental Protocol The Institutional Review Board of the University of Chicago approved the protocol , and we obtained written informed consent from all participants . During the week preceding each study , we asked participants not to deviate from a fixed time in bed ( 11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. ) by more than 30 minutes . Naps were not allowed . The men participated in 2 studies that were conducted in a r and omized order , were spaced at least 6 weeks apart , and were performed in the Clinical Research Center at the University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois . Six of the 12 men first performed the study with  restricted time in bed , and the remaining 6 men first performed the study  with extended time in bed .  Average weight did not change over the time period separating the 2 study conditions ( 75.2 kg in the sleep restriction condition vs. 75.4 kg in the sleep extension condition ; P > 0.2 ) . We obtained blood sample s at 20-minute intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. after 2 consecutive nights of 10 hours in bed ( 10:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. ; sleep extension ) and after 2 consecutive nights of 4 hours in bed ( 1:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. ; sleep restriction ) . Sleep was recorded every night . For both extension and restriction conditions , each overnight stay began at 7:00 p.m. with a st and ard hospital dinner , and the first overnight stay ended after breakfast , which was served at 8:00 a.m. We instructed the participants not to deviate from their usual eating habits between breakfast and dinner , but caloric intake was not otherwise monitored . Participants were readmitted in the early evening and , after receiving a st and ard hospital dinner at 7:00 p.m. , remained at bed rest . At 8:00 a.m. after the second night , the participants ' caloric intake was kept constant to avoid meal-related fluctuations of hunger and satiety and consisted of an intravenous glucose infusion at a constant rate of 5 g/kg of body weight every 24 hours . There was no other source of calories . Every hour from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. , the men completed vali date d visual analogue scales ( 0 to 10 cm ) for hunger ( 11 ) and appetite for various food categories ( 12 ) . To assess hunger , we asked participants to mark their response to the question How hungry do you feel right now ? on a 10-cm scale ( with not at all hungry on the left and extremely hungry on the right ) . To assess appetite , we asked participants to mark their response to how much they would enjoy eating foods from 7 different food categories on a 10-cm scale ( with not at all on the left and very much on the right ) . They were asked to provide a score based only on their appetite at the moment , without concern for calories , fat , or a healthy diet . The food categories were sweets ( such as cake , c and y , cookies , ice cream , and pastry ) ; salty foods ( such as chips , salted nuts , pickles , and olives ) ; starchy foods ( such as bread , pasta , cereal , and potatoes ) ; fruits and fruit juices ; vegetables ; meat , poultry , fish , and eggs ; and dairy products ( such as milk , cheese , and yogurt ) . Assays We measured serum leptin levels in all sample s by using a human leptin radioimmunoassay kit ( Linco Research , St. Charles , Missouri ) with a sensitivity of 0.5 ng/mL and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 8.3 % . In 9 of the 12 participants , we also measured total ghrelin levels at hourly intervals by radioimmunoassay ( Linco Research ) with a sensitivity of 0.5 ng/mL and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 7.9 % . Statistical Analysis We performed paired comparisons by using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test . We calculated correlations by using the Spearman coefficient . The mean relative changes in leptin , ghrelin , hunger , and appetite between extended sleep ( the reference category ) and restricted sleep were calculated by using the ratios of the corresponding individual data and then deriving the mean across all individuals . Role of the Funding Sources This work was partially supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health , the European Sleep Research Society , the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique Mdicale , the University of Chicago Diabetes Research and Training Grant , and The University of Chicago General Clinical Research Center . The funding sources had no role in the design , conduct , and reporting of the study or in the decision to su bmi t the manuscript for publication . Results Leptin levels were stable across the daytime period under both sleep conditions , which was consistent with the fact that calories were exclusively delivered in the form of a constant glucose infusion . Average total sleep time was 9 hours and 8 minutes when the men spent 10 hours in bed and 3 hours and 53 minutes when the men spent 4 hours in bed ( P < 0.01 ) . When spending 4 hours in bed , the participants had mean leptin levels that were 18 % lower ( 2.1 ng/mL vs. 2.6 ng/mL ; P= 0.04 ) ( Figure 1 , part A ) and mean ghrelin levels that were 28 % higher ( 3.3 ng/mL vs. 2.6 ng/mL ; P= 0.04 ) ( Figure 1 , part B ) than when the participants spent 10 hours in bed . The ratio of the concentrations of orexigenic ghrelin to anorexigenic leptin increased by 71 % ( CI , 7 % to 135 % ) with 4 hours in bed compared with 10 hours in bed . Sleep restriction relative to sleep extension was associated with a 24 % increase in hunger ratings on the 10-cm visual analogue scale ( P < 0.01 ) and a 23 % increase in appetite ratings for all food categories combined ( P= 0.01 ) ( Figure 1 , parts C and D , and Table 1 ) . The increase in appetite tended to be greatest for calorie-dense foods with high carbohydrate content ( sweets , salty foods , and starchy foods : increase , 33 % to 45 % ; P= 0.06 ) ( Table 1 ) . The increase in appetite for fruits and vegetables was less consistent and of lesser magnitude ( increase , 17 % to 21 % ) ( Table 1 ) . Appetite for protein-rich nutrients ( meat , poultry , fish , eggs , and dairy foods ) was not significantly affected by sleep duration ( Table 1 ) . When we considered the changes in ghrelin and leptin in an integrated fashion by calculating the ghrelin-to-leptin ratio , the increase in hunger was proportional to the increase in ghrelin-to-leptin ratio ( r= 0.87 ) ( Figure 2 ) . Almost 70 % of the variance in increased hunger could be accounted for by the increase in the ghrelin-to-leptin ratio . Figure 1 . Effect of sleep duration on daytime leptin levels , ghrelin levels , hunger , and appetite . A. B. C D C D Table . Average Ratings of Appetite after 2 Days of Sleep Restriction or Sleep Extension Figure 2 . Association between the change in hunger ratings and the change in ghrelin-to-leptin ratio during the 12:00 noon to 9:00 p.m. time period when sleep is restricted as compared with extended . P Discussion We observed that sleep duration may affect the circulating levels of neuroendocrine factors that regulate hunger and appetite . Two days with 4 hours of time in bed each night were associated with an 18 % decrease in the levels of the anorexigenic hormone leptin . By comparison , 3 days of underfeeding by approximately 900 calories per day in healthy lean volunteers has been reported to result in a decrease of leptin levels averaging 22 % ( 4 ) . Sleep curtailment was also associated with an almost 28 % increase in daytime levels of the orexigenic factor ghrelin . The reciprocal changes in leptin and ghrelin that we observed in response to sleep restriction were associated with a 24 % increase in hunger and a 23 % increase in appetite . Appetite for calorie-dense nutrients with high carbohydrate content , including sweets , salty snacks , and starchy foods , increased by 33 % to 45 % . In contrast , PURPOSE Cure rates for localized high-risk prostate cancers ( PCa ) and some intermediate-risk PCa are frequently suboptimal with local therapy . Outcomes are improved by concomitant and rogen-deprivation therapy ( ADT ) with radiation therapy , but not by concomitant ADT with surgery . Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist ( LHRHa ; leuprolide acetate ) does not reduce serum and rogens as effectively as abiraterone acetate ( AA ) , a prodrug of abiraterone , a CYP17 inhibitor that lowers serum testosterone ( < 1 ng/dL ) and improves survival in metastatic PCa . The possibility that greater and rogen suppression in patients with localized high-risk PCa will result in improved clinical outcomes makes paramount the re assessment of neoadjuvant ADT with more robust and rogen suppression . PATIENTS AND METHODS A neoadjuvant r and omized phase II trial of LHRHa with AA was conducted in patients with localized high-risk PCa ( N = 58 ) . For the first 12 weeks , patients were r and omly assigned to LHRHa versus LHRHa plus AA . After a research prostate biopsy , all patients received 12 additional weeks of LHRHa plus AA followed by prostatectomy .  RESULTS The levels of intraprostatic and rogens from 12-week prostate biopsies , including the primary end point ( dihydrotestosterone/testosterone ) , were significantly lower ( dehydroepi and rosterone , Δ(4)- and rostene-3,17-dione , dihydrotestosterone , all P < .001 ; testosterone , P < .05 ) with LHRHa plus AA compared with LHRHa alone . Prostatectomy pathologic staging demonstrated a low incidence of complete responses and minimal residual disease , with residual T3- or lymph node-positive disease in the majority . CONCLUSION LHRHa plus AA treatment suppresses tissue and rogens more effectively than LHRHa alone . Intensive intratumoral and rogen suppression with LHRHa plus AA before prostatectomy for localized high-risk PCa may reduce tumor burden Background Obesity is an energy balance problem caused by overeating . Obesity treatment includes diet , exercise , behaviour treatment , pharmacotherapy and surgery ; in addition , acupuncture is also an option . Objective To investigate the effect of acupuncture on weight loss and whether a brief acupuncture treatment of 5 weeks can change circulating levels of leptin , ghrelin , insulin and cholecystokinin ( CCK ) in obese women . Methods 40 women with a body mass index ( BMI ) > 30 kg/m2 were equally r and omised to either an  acupuncture group or a sham ( non-penetrating ) acupuncture group  and received treatment at LI4 , HT7 , ST36 , ST44 and SP6 bilaterally . Both groups had two sessions of 20 min/week for a total of 10 sessions . Serum insulin , leptin , plasma ghrelin and CCK levels were measured by ELISA . Results Acupuncture treatment decreased insulin and leptin levels and induced weight loss , together with a decrease in BMI compared with sham acupuncture . Furthermore , between-group analyses demonstrated increases in plasma ghrelin and CCK levels in subjects who received acupuncture treatment . Conclusion These findings suggest that acupuncture may help to regulate weight owing to its beneficial effects on hormones such as insulin , leptin , ghrelin and CCK in obese subjects even after a few weeks of treatment Purpose This study aim ed to evaluate the effect of daily consumption of vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink ( doogh ) in comparison with plain doogh on appetite-regulating hormones including leptin and ghrelin in type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) patients . Methods In a single blind r and omized clinical trial , subjects with T2D were r and omly allocated to one of the two groups and received either vitamin D3-fortified doogh ( FD ; containing 170 mg calcium and 500 IU/250 mL , n2 = 50 ) or plain doogh ( PD ; containing 170 mg calcium and no vitamin D/250 mL , n1 = 50 ) twice a day for 12 weeks . Leptin and ghrelin were evaluated at the beginning and after 12 weeks of intervention . Results The intervention result ed in a significant improvement of circulating 25(OH)D , fasting glucose , Quantitative Insulin Check Index ( QUICKI ) , hs-CRP , in FD compared with PD group . A significant rise in both serum leptin ( + 1.3 ± 7.2 mg/L ; p = 0.013 ) and ghrelin ( 10.1 ± 26.1 ng/L ; p = 0.012 ) was observed in FD group . A between-group difference for ghrelin changes ( p = 0.029 ) remained significant after adjusting for changes QUICKI ( p = 0.039 ) , body mass index ( p = 0.034 ) and hs-CRP ( p = 0.022 ) . Despite an increase in both leptin and ghrelin , leptin to ghrelin ( L/G ) ratio actually decreased in FD . Changes of L/G ratio showed a significant between-group difference ( p = 0.036 ) , which remained significant even after adjusting for changes of hs-CRP ( p = 0.028 ) and fat mass ( p = 0.047 ) but disappeared after adjusting for changes of QUICKI ( p = 0.42 ) . Conclusions Daily intake of vitamin D-fortified doogh may increase circulating leptin and ghrelin but L/G ratio may actually decrease . Our results suggest that improving vitamin D may result in an improvement in insulin sensitivity which may finally regulate beneficially appetite hormones . Further studies with adequate power are needed to confirm the results Objective The constellation of obesity , insulin resistance , and serum adipocytokine levels is associated with the risk and prognosis of postmenopausal breast cancer ( PBC ) . Altered secretion of resistin may underlie the association between overweight/obesity and PBC . We thus explored the association of serum resistin with PBC , taking into account established risk factors , including adipokines and anthropometric , metabolic , and inflammatory markers . Methods In a case-control study , we studied 102 postmenopausal women with pathologically confirmed , incident invasive breast cancer and 102 control participants matched on age and time of diagnosis between 2003 and 2010 at the Veterans ’ Administration General Hospital of Athens ( NIMTS Hospital ) .  Serum resistin , adiponectin , leptin , metabolic ( homeostasis model assessment score of insulin resistance ) and inflammatory ( tumor necrosis factor-&agr ; , interleukin-6 , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ) parameters , and tumor markers ( carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 15 - 3 ) were determined . Results The mean serum resistin level was significantly higher in case participants than in control participants ( P < 0.001 ) in both univariate and multivariable analyses , adjusting for age , date of diagnosis , education , family history of cancer , use of exogenous hormones , alcohol consumption , smoking status , physical activity , reproductive markers , metabolic markers , anthropometric ( body mass index and weight circumference ) markers , inflammatory markers , and adipokines ( odds ratio , 1.17 ; 95 % CI , 1.03 - 1.34 ; P = 0.02 ) . In case participants , resistin level correlated significantly with tumor markers and inflammatory parameters , but not with metabolic and anthropometric variables . Conclusions Further prospect i ve , longitudinal , and mechanistic studies are needed to determine whether hyperresistinemia is involved in the development of PBC or reflects changes during PBC progression and therefore could be used as a biomarker for PBC . Targeting resistin inhibition could be an effective therapeutic strategy in breast cancer by down-regulating the inflammatory microenvironment in breast tissue The mechanisms through which common polymorphisms in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene ( FTO ) drive the development of obesity in humans are poorly understood . Using cross-sectional data from 985 older people ( 50 % females ) who participated at age 70 years in the Prospect i ve Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors ( PIVUS ) , circulating levels of ghrelin and leptin were measured after an overnight fast . In addition , subjects were genotyped for FTO rs17817449 ( AA , n = 345 [ 35 % ] ; AC/CA , n = 481 [ 48.8 % ] ; CC , n = 159 [ 16.1 % ] ) . Linear regression analyses controlling for sex , self-reported physical activity level , fasting plasma glucose , and BMI were used . A positive relationship between the number of FTO C risk alleles and plasma ghrelin levels was found ( P = 0.005 ; relative plasma ghrelin difference between CC and AA carriers = ∼9 % ) . In contrast , serum levels of the satiety-enhancing hormone leptin were inversely linked to the number of FTO C risk alleles ( P = 0.001 ; relative serum leptin difference between CC and AA carriers = ∼11 % ) . These associations were also found when controlling for waist circumference . The present findings suggest that FTO may facilitate weight gain in humans by shifting the endocrine balance from the satiety hormone leptin toward the hunger-promoting hormone ghrelin BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis , peptic ulcers , malignancy and lymphoma , and extra-gastrointestinal conditions . H. pylori infection is negatively associated with children 's growth . Chronic inflammation of the stomach that results in the loss of appetite and , dysregulation of neuroendocrine hormones such as leptin , and ghrelin are the probable reasons of this negative association . The objective of this study is to determine the serum levels of leptin , ghrelin , and IGF-1 in H. pylori-infected children and their relations with growth . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A hundred and sixty-one school children aged between 6 and 14 years were selected r and omly from five primary schools representing a cross section of population . Demographic and sociocultural characteristics , and anthropometric measurements were recorded . Serum H. pylori IgG , insulin-like growth factor-1 , leptin , and ghrelin levels were measured in all children . The children were grouped according to the nutritional status and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity . Nutritional indices were compared among groups in association with serum leptin , ghrelin , and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels . RESULTS H. pylori IgG positivity was found in 34.2 % , and 14.9 % of children were malnourished . H. pylori seropositivity was significantly higher in older ages ( 10.32 ± 2.26 vs 9.53 ± 2.36 years , p = .036 ) , and body weight and height Z scores were significantly lower in H. pylori-seropositive children ( -0.33 ± 1.08 vs 0.04 ± 1.26 , p = .044 and 0.13 ± 0.92 vs 0.23 ± 0.91 , p = .018 respectively ) . H. pylori seropositivity was found to be an independent risk factor for shorter body height ( p = .01 ) . Serum leptin , ghrelin , and IGF-1 levels were not associated with H. pylori IgG seropositivity ( 0.35 vs 0.55 ng/mL , p = .3 ; 3267.4 ± 753.0 vs 2808.3 ± 911.4 pg/mL , p = .06 ; 470 ± 176 vs 521 ± 179 ng/mL , p = .32 , respectively ) . CONCLUSIONS Children infected with H. pylori are prone to short stature . This effect seems to be independent of neuroendocrine hormones
Conclusions The current evidence does not suggest an association between leptin and PCa outcome .
However , there may be an inverse association between adiponectin and the incidence of advanced PCa that should be investigated by further studies .
Background Obesity has been proposed as a risk factor for prostate cancer ( PCa ) .
In obesity , serum levels of the appetite-regulating hormones — leptin , adiponectin , and ghrelin — become deregulated .
Objective To explore whether serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones associate with the incidence of PCa , the incidence of advanced disease , or PCa-specific mortality .