Fracture resistance of roots prosthetically restored with intra-radicular posts of different lengths. Fracture resistance of compromised endodontically treated teeth restored with bonded post and cores: An in vitro study. Ferric sulfate versus dilute formocresol in pulpotomized primary molars: long-term follow up. Three-year clinical comparison of survival of endodontically treated teeth restored with either full cast coverage or with direct composite restoration. Effect of no ferrule on failure of teeth restored with bonded posts and cores. Clinical Evaluation of Success of Primary Teeth Pulpotomy Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate(®), Laser and Biodentine(TM)- an In Vivo Study. Root canal treatment in a population-based adult sample: status of teeth after endodontic treatment. Effect of tooth type and ferrule on the survival of pulpless teeth restored with fiber posts: a 3-year clinical study. Clinical evaluation of a polyacid-modified resin composite (compomer) in Class II restorations of primary teeth: a two-year follow-up study. Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Shear Bond Strength of Adhesives to Primary Teeth Enamel Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions: A 12-month Clinical Study Pulpotomy in caries-exposed immature permanent molars using calcium-enriched mixture cement or mineral trioxide aggregate: a randomized clinical trial. Treatment outcomes of pulpotomy in primary molars using two endodontic biomaterials. A 2-year randomised clinical trial. A three-year clinical evaluation of two-bottle versus one-bottle dentin adhesives. Clinical survival of indirect, anterior 3-unit surface-retained fibre-reinforced composite fixed dental prosthesis: Up to 7.5-years follow-up. Assessment of apical and coronal root canal seals using contemporary endodontic obturation and restorative materials and techniques. Resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated restored teeth. Placement of fiber prefabricated or custom made posts affects the 3-year survival of endodontically treated premolars. Risk factors for failure of glass fiber-reinforced composite post restorations: a prospective observational clinical study. Repair or replacement of restorations: do we accept built in obsolescence or do we improve the evidence? Clinical evaluation of root filled teeth restored with or without post-and-core systems in a specialist practice setting. Randomized controlled clinical trial of the 24-months survival of composite resin restorations after one-step incomplete and complete excavation on primary teeth. Clinical performance of conical and electroplated telescopic double crown-retained partial dentures: a randomized clinical study.
The purpose of this study was to assess the fracture resistance of roots that were prosthetically restored with intra-radicular posts  of different lengths . Forty-five bovine incisors were sectioned 17 mm from their apices , endodontically treated and r and omly divided into three experimental groups : GI , fibreglass posts luted at a depth of 12 mm ; GII , 8 mm and GIII , 4 mm . All posts were luted with dual resin cement . Resin composite cores were prepared with st and ardized measurements , and all teeth were restored with metal crowns . The sample s were su bmi tted to the fracture resistance test in a universal testing machine , at an angle of 135 degrees and speed of 0.5 mm min(-1 ) , until fracture occurred . The data , in MPa , were su bmi tted to the analysis of variance ( anova ) followed by Tukey 's test ( alpha = 0.01 ) . No statistically significant difference ( P > 0.01 ) was found between GI ( 129.72 + /- 12.14 ) and GII ( 154.3 + /- 12.08 ) , which presented the highest fracture resistance values . Group GIII ( 100.5 + /- 8.07 ) showed lower fracture resistance ( P < 0.01 ) when compared with GI and GII . Within the limitations of this study , it was concluded that the post lengths influenced the fracture resistance of prosthetically restored roots . These results suggest that it is not necessary to perform excessive intra-radicular post-space preparation to improve the fracture resistance of roots STATEMENT OF PROBLEM It is unclear which post and core system performs best when bonded to severely compromised endodontically treated teeth . PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance and mode of failure of severely compromised teeth restored with 3 different adhesively bonded post and core systems . MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty extracted endodontically treated maxillary anterior teeth were r and omly divided into 3 groups , CPC , gold cast post and core ; TPC , titanium prefabricated post/composite resin core ; and FPC , quartz fiber reinforced post/composite resin core . All posts were adhesively cemented . All cores resembled a central incisor preparation with no remaining tooth structure above the finish line . Cast gold crowns were fabricated and cemented adhesively . The specimens were aged with thermocycling and cyclic loading . Two specimens per group were r and omly selected for micro-computed tomographic imaging before and after aging . Failure was induced with a universal testing machine . The mode of failure was characterized by the interface separation . Data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA ( α=.05 ) followed by post hoc tests ( Bonferroni ) . RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found among the 3 groups ( P=.002  ) . CPC was significantly different than TPC ( P=.008 ) or FPC ( P=.003 ) . The primary mode of failure  for CPC and TPC  was root fracture , and for FPC post debonding . CONCLUSIONS Severely compromised endodontically treated teeth restored with bonded gold cast post and cores showed significantly higher fracture resistance The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ferric sulfate ( FS ) to that of dilute formocresol ( DFC ) as pulp dressing agents in pulpotomized primary molars . Ninety-six primary molars in 72 children were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique . Fifty-eight teeth were treated by a FS solution for 15 sec , rinsed , and covered by zinc oxide-eugenol paste ( ZOE ) . In another 38 teeth , a cotton pellet moistened with 20 % DFC was placed for 5 min , removed , and the pulp stumps were covered by ZOE paste . The teeth of both groups were sealed by a second layer of intermediate restorative material ( IRM ) and restored with a stainless steel crown . This is a report of the clinical and radiographic examination of 55 teeth dressed with FS and 37 teeth fixed with DFC , that have been treated 6 to 34 months previously ( mean 20.5 months ) . Four teeth were excluded from the study due to failure of the patient to present for recall . Success rates of 92.7 % for the FS , and of 83.8 % for the DFC were not significantly different . Four teeth ( 7.2 % ) of the FS group and two ( 5.4 % ) of the DFC group presented internal resorption . Inter-radicular radiolucencies were observed in two teeth of the FS group and three teeth of the DFC group . The latter also presented periapical lesions . Success rates of both groups were similar to those of previous studies utilizing the traditional Buckley 's formocresol STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Little information exists regarding the outcome of crown build-ups on endodontically treated teeth restored with metal-ceramic crowns or with only a direct-placed composite . PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical success rate of endodontically treated premolars restored with fiber posts and direct composite restorations and compare that treatment with a similar treatment of full-coverage with metal-ceramic crowns . MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects included in this study had one maxillary or m and ibular premolar for which endodontic treatment and crown build up was indicated and met specific inclusion /exclusion criteria . Only premolars with Class II carious lesions and preserved cusp structure were included . Subjects were r and omly assigned to 1 of the following 2 experimental groups : ( 1 ) teeth endodontically treated and restored with adhesive techniques and composite or ( 2 ) teeth endodontically treated , restored with adhesive techniques and composite , and then restored with full-coverage metal-ceramic crowns .  Sixty teeth were included in the first group and 57 in the second . All restorations were performed by one operator . Causes of failure were categorized as root fracture , post fracture , post decementation , clinical and /or radiographic evidence of marginal gap between tooth and restoration , and clinical and /or radiographic evidence of secondary caries contiguous with restoration margins . Subjects were examined for the listed clinical and radiographic causes of failure by 2 calibrated examiners at intervals of 1 , 2 , and 3 years . Exact 95 % confidence intervals for the difference between the 2 experimental groups were calculated . RESULTS At the 1-year recall , no failures were reported . The only failure modes observed at 2 and 3 years were decementations of posts and clinical and /or radiographic evidence of marginal gap between tooth and restoration . There was no difference in the failure frequencies of the 2 groups ( 95 % confidence interval , -17.5 to 12.6 ) . There was no difference between the number of failures caused by post decementations and the presence of marginal gaps observed in the 2 groups ( 95 % confidence intervals , -9.7 to 16.2 and -17.8 to 9.27 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , the results upheld the research hypothesis that the clinical success rates of endodontically treated premolars restored with fiber posts and direct composite restorations after 3 years of service were equivalent to a similar treatment of full coverage with metal-ceramic crowns This study investigated how the absence of a ferrule affected the failure load of teeth that had been restored with bonded fiber posts and resin cores . There was a significant difference ( p < 0.001 ) between the ferrule and nonferrule groups ' load to failure . For the ferrule group , root fracture was the predominant mode of failure ; in the nonferrule group , debonding failures were predominant INTRODUCTION Pulpotomy technique basically consists of removing the coronal pulp and fixing the radicular pulp with a medicament . It is the most widely accepted clinical procedure for treating primary teeth with coronal pulp inflammation caused by caries with no involvement of the radicular pulp . AIM To evaluate the success and efficacy of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ( MTA ) , Lasers and Biodentine as pulpotomy agents both clinical ly and radiographically . MATERIAL S AND METHODS In the present study , 60 primary molars in children whose pulpal status warranted pulpotomy were selected and r and omly assigned into three groups that included MTA , Laser and Biodentine allocating 20 teeth to each group . The pulpotomy procedure was then performed on all selected teeth followed by restoration with stainless steel crowns . Later the patients were recalled for 3 months and 6 months for clinical and radiographic evaluation . RESULTS Statistical analysis was done using Fisher exact test to determine pair wise comparison of three agents with respect to clinical and radiographic criteria . Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA , Mc Nemars test was applied to evaluate the efficacy of each agent between 3 months and 6 months . The results showed that maximum success rate was found in MTA group . However , the comparison between three groups was statistically not significant ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Pulpotomies performed with either MTA , Laser or Biodentine are equally efficient with similar clinical /radiographic success and hence can be considered as alternatives to Formocresol The purpose of this study was to quantify treatment outcomes of  endodontically treated teeth , in a representative , population -based adult sample . The " Florida Dental Care Study " was a prospect i ve , longitudinal , cohort study of 873 subjects who had at least one tooth at baseline and who were 45 yr or older . An in-person interview and clinical examination were conducted at baseline , 24 months , and 48 months after baseline , with 6-monthly telephone interviews between those times . Dental record information was abstract ed afterward . Seventy-five teeth had conventional root-canal therapy ( RCT ) performed and met the inclusion criteria of 1-yr of follow-up or extraction . The mean duration of follow-up after RCT was 24.8 months . The mean ( SD ) attachment loss ( AL ) on teeth receiving RCT was only 3.3 ( 1.4 ) mm . Permanent restorations were placed in 79 % of teeth a mean of 4.4 months after the RCT . However , 12 % of teeth did not have any restorative treatment after RCT . After RCT had been completed , 81 % of teeth were retained and 19 % were ultimately extracted . Taken as a whole , this community-based study of a representative sample of adults suggests a higher failure rate than reported from studies in highly controlled environments or insured population s. It also suggests that the length of time to initial restoration of RCT -treated teeth is less than optimal . RCT was almost never performed on teeth with advanced periodontal attachment loss PURPOSE To determine , in a 3-year clinical trial , whether tooth type and ferrule significantly affect the survival of pulpless teeth restored with fiber posts . METHODS A sample of 87 teeth in 87 patients ( 32 men and 55 women , age ranged from 23 to 78 ) were restored using Snowpost : 34 incisors , 12 canines , 25 premolars and 16 molars . The posts were cemented with RelyXUnicem and the core was made with a resin composite ( Dentocore Automix ) . Every tooth was covered with a metal-ceramic or all ceramic crown . Two experimental groups , according to the presence or absence of ferrule , were defined : A ) 45 teeth with ferrule ( > 2 mm height ) ; and B ) 42 teeth without ferrule ( < 2 mm height ) . Patients were reevaluated every 6 months . RESULTS 14 of the total restorations failed ( 16.1 % ) . The failure modes were caries ( n=4 ) , post fracture ( n=4 ) , root fracture ( n=2 ) , and marginal gap , post cement failure , crown cement failure , and periapical lesion ( n= 1 respectively ) . In Group A the failure observed was 6.67 % and in Group B it was 26.20 % . The log-rank test showed statistically significant differences between both groups . According to the type of tooth , the incisors were the teeth with the highest failure rate ( 73.52 % ) , but Chi-square test showed no statistically significant differences among the four tooth types , perhaps because of the low number of the sample PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the clinical performance of a compomer restorative material ( Dyract , DeTrey/Dentsply ) for the restoration of Class II cavities , extended into dentin in primary teeth . METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 25 patients with 68 restored cavities . The restorations were evaluated with the modified Ryge criteria at baseline and after 6 , 12 and 24 months . Examination was clinical , radiographic , and observation of cast replicas under scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) . RESULTS After 24 months , 100 % of the restorations were retained , 3 % presented bulk fractures , and 6 % developed secondary caries at cervical margins . After 24 months , there was a significant reduction in marginal integrity while there was only slight change in anatomic form . Proximal contact was defective in 6 % of the restorations and 8 % showed marginal discoloration . SEM evaluation revealed a generalized occlusal and scattered marginal wear with no marginal gaps . CONCLUSION The compomer presented acceptable clinical performance in Class II restorations of primary teeth after 24 months in service Background : CPP-ACP ( Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate ) has an important role in caries prevention in pediatric patients . This study was done , because of the great use of CPP-ACP and the need for restoration for teeth treated with CPP-ACP as well as the importance of shear bond strength of adhesives in the success of restorations . Objectives : This study aim ed to evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate ( CPP-ACP ) on shear bond strength of dental adhesives to enamel of primary teeth molars . Material s and Methods : This in vitro study was conducted on 180 extracted primary molars . They were r and omly divided into 6 groups and each group was divided into 2 subgroups ( treated with CPP-ACP and untreated ) . In subgroups with CPP-ACP , enamel was treated with CPP-ACP paste 1 h/d for 5 days . Types of adhesives that were evaluated in this study were Tetric N-Bond , AdheSE , AdheSE One F , single Bond 2 , SE Bond , and Adper Prompt L-Pop . Shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine and mode of failure was evaluated under stereomicroscope . Data were analyzed by T test , 2-way analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) , Tukey and Fisher exact test using SPSS18 . P < 0.05 was considered as significance level . Results : Shear bond strengths of different adhesive systems to enamel of primary teeth treated and untreated with CPP-ACP showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) . Mode of failure in all groups regardless of CPP-ACP administration was mainly adhesive type . Our results indicated that CPP-ACP did not affect shear bond strength of studied adhesives to primary teeth enamel . Conclusions : To have a successful and durable composite restoration , having a high strength bonding is essential . Considering the wide use of CPP-ACP in preventing tooth decay and the role of adhesive shear bond strength ( SBS ) in success of composite restoration , we conducted the present study to evaluate the effect of CPP-ACP on the SBS of adhesives to primary teeth enamel Background Early childhood caries discloses a distinct clinical pattern , and the teeth most often involved are the maxillary central incisors , lateral incisors , and the maxillary and man-dibular first molars . The maxillary incisors are most severely affected , with deep carious lesions usually involving the pulp . Teeth that have been endodontically treated often have little coronal tooth tissue remaining and as such require a post to retain the core and restoration .This study evaluated and compared the efficacy of EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post with ParaPost Taper Lux in primary maxillary anterior teeth . Aim An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate and compare the longevity and failures of two fiber post systems in primary maxillary anterior teeth . Material s and methods A total of 60 severely mutilated primary maxillary anterior teeth from children aged 3 to 5 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria . These teeth were treated endodontically and were r and omly assigned into two groups with 30 sample s in each group , group I : EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post , group II : ParaPost Taper Lux post . The evaluation of dislodgment of posts , secondary caries , root fracture , and post fracture was carried out clinical ly and radiographically during every follow-up at 3 , 6 , 9 , and 12 months interval . Results Statistical tests ( Chi-square test , Fisher ’s exact probability test ) suggested that dislodgment of the posts was significant between the two groups at 6 , 9 , and 12 months follow-ups . But within the group during subsequent follow-up intervals , dislodgment of posts as a mode of failure was not statistically significant . However , clinical ly failures were seen in both the study groups . Conclusion Fiber post system has proved to be successful clinical ly in both primary and permanent teeth due to the mono-block effect with luting agent , post system , core material , and bonding to dentin . Thus , today the EverStick glass fiber post system provides a novel way of fabricating cost-effective and less time-consuming custom-made post in treating mutilated maxillary anteriors . How to cite this article Sawant A , Chunawalla Y , Morawala A , Kanchan NS , Jain K , Talathi R. Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions : A 12-month Clinical Study . Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):126 - 130 OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomy treatment using calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) in carious-exposed vital immature permanent first molars . DESIGN Fifty-one immature molars with clinical carious exposure with symptomatic/asymptomatic pulpitis met the inclusion criteria and r and omly assigned to one of the treatment groups ( CEM [ 26 teeth ; 59 roots ] , MTA [ 25 teeth ; 59 roots ] ) . After performing pulpotomy and covering the radicular pulps with the bio material s , all teeth were permanently restored . Blinded clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6 and 12 months after operation for signs of success or failure . Radiographs were evaluated for complete/partial apical closure . The data were analysed using chi-square test and generalized estimating equation ( GEE ) model . RESULTS There was no significant difference at the baseline between the two experimental groups . All available cases ( 49 teeth ) showed pulp survival and signs of continuous root development after 12 months . Overall , complete apical closure ( apexogenesis ) occurred in 76.8 % and 73.8 % of radiographically interpreted roots in CEM cement and MTA groups , respectively . There was no statistical difference in terms of radiographic outcomes between two groups . CONCLUSIONS Calcium-enriched mixture cement and MTA showed similar performance in pulpotomy of immature caries-exposed permanent molars AIM To compare the treatment outcomes of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) as pulp dressing bio material s in vital pulpotomy of carious primary molars . STUDY DESIGN split-mouth r and omised clinical trial . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty children aged 4 - 8 years with 2 carious teeth requiring pulpotomy were selected and r and omly assigned to MTA ( n = 40 ) or CEM ( n = 40 ) groups . After coronal pulp removal , the remaining radicular pulp was covered with an appropriate bio material ; the teeth were then permanently restored . Clinical /radiographic success/failures were blindly evaluated at 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups . STATISTICS the recorded data were analyzed with McNemar test and GEE . RESULTS A total of 36 , 33 and 35 patients were available for 6- , 12- and 24-month follow-ups , respectively . At the 12-month follow-up only one and three teeth in the CEM and MTA groups had pathologic external root resorption , respectively . The resorbed teeth were then missed due to extraction /exfoliation at the 24-month follow-up ; all other treated teeth were sign/symptom-free . Overall , clinical and radiographic outcomes in both MTA/CEM groups were comparable at the three follow-ups without significant differences . Time had no significant effect on the success . CONCLUSION MTA and CEM demonstrated favourable treatment outcomes for pulpotomy of carious primary molars ; CEM may be an effective pulp dressing bio material BACKGROUND The authors conducted an in vivo investigation to compare the clinical performance of two commercial one-bottle adhesives and a two-bottle adhesive for restoration of noncarious cervical lesions ( NCCLs ) . METHOD The patient pool consisted of 57 patients and 171 teeth ( three teeth per patient ) , with one NCCL per tooth . Each patient received three resin-based composite restorations , each with a different adhesive : one tooth with a two-bottle , water-based adhesive as the control ; another tooth with a one-bottle , ethanol-based adhesive ; and a third tooth with a one-bottle , solvent-free adhesive . The authors assessed restorations in terms of retention , marginal integrity , margin discoloration and air sensitivity at baseline , six months , one year , two years and three years after initial placement . RESULTS The retention rates at 36 months were 88 percent for the first adhesive , 81 percent for the second adhesive and 90 percent for the third adhesive . No statistically significant differences in retention rates could be shown , with 86 percent of restorations retained overall . Measures of marginal integrity , marginal discoloration and sensitivity also had no statistically significant differences between the three adhesives ( P > .05 ) . CONCLUSIONS All three adhesives performed with acceptable outcomes after a 36-month period , with small differences between the one- and two-bottle systems and between the various solvents . Retention rate was moderately high and air sensitivity was markedly reduced ; however , superficial marginal discoloration and marginal degradation was notable . Certain lesion , tooth and patient characteristics may predispose restorations to retention failure . CLINICAL IMPLICATION S The type of solvent may not be a major factor in retention of Class V restorations in NCCLs . Both single-bottle adhesives and conventional two-bottle adhesives performed acceptably OBJECTIVES This prospect i ve clinical study evaluated the performance of indirect , anterior , surface-retained , fibre-reinforced-composite restorations ( ISFRCR ) . METHODS Between June-2003 and January-2011 , a total of 134 patients ( 83 females , 51 males , 16 - 68 years old ) received 175 ISFRCRs ( local ethical registration number : 14/9/4 ) . All restorations were made indirectly on a plaster model using unidirectional E-glass fibres ( everStick C&B , StickTech ) in combination with a laboratory resin composite ( Dialogue , Schütz Dental ) and cemented according to the instructions of 4 resin cements [ ( RelyX ARC , 3M-ESPE , n=61 ) , Bifix DC , VOCO , n=45 ) , Variolink II ( Ivoclar Vivadent , n=32 ) and Multilink ( Ivoclar Vivadent , n=37 ) ] . After baseline recordings , patients were followed at 6 months and thereafter annually up to 7.5 years . The evaluation protocol involved technical ( chipping , debonding or fracture of tooth/restoration ) and biological failures ( caries ) . RESULTS Mean observation period was 58 months . Altogether , 13 failures were observed [ survival rate : 97.7 % ] ( Kaplan-Meier ) . One catastrophic fracture [ ( cement : RelyX ARC ) , eight partial debonding ( cement : Bifix DC ( 5 ) , Multilink ( 1 ) , RelyX ARC ( 1 ) , Variolink II ( 1 ) ] and four delaminations of veneering composite [ ( cement : Bifix DC ( 2 ) , RelyX ARC ( 1 ) , Multilink ( 1 ) ] were observed . Except one replacement , all defective restorations were repaired or recemented . Annual failure rate of ISFRCRs was 1.73 % . The survival rates with the four resin cements did not show significant differences ( RelyX ARC : 98.3 % ; Bifix DC : 93.5 % ; Variolink 2 : 100 % ; Multilink : 100 % ) ( p=0.114 ) . Secondary caries did not occur in any of the teeth . CONCLUSION The 3-unit anterior indirect surface-retained resin-bonded FRC FDPs showed similar clinical survival rate when cemented with the resin cements tested . Experienced failures in general were due to debonding of the restoration or delamination of the veneering composite . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 3-unit surface retained resin-bonded FRC FDPs could be considered minimal invasive and cost-effective alternatives to conventional tooth- or implant-borne FDPs .  Failures were mainly repairable in the form of chipping or debonding depending on the resin cement type AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of two contemporary  endodontic obturation and restorative techniques and material s. METHODOLOGY Seventy-nine extracted human single-rooted teeth were distributed r and omly in two experimental groups of 36 and 37 specimens ( groups 1 and 2 , respectively ) , one group of three positive controls and one of three negative controls . The teeth were radiographed preoperatively , accessed , and instrumented . After smear layer removal , the teeth in group 1 were obturated using the System B and Obtura and were restored coronally with Core Paste using Tenure as a bonding agent . The teeth in group 2 were obturated using the Microseal technique and were restored coronally with amalgam using Panavia 21 as a bonding agent . All teeth in groups 1 and 2 were coated with three layers of nail varnish on all of their surfaces apart from the apical 4.0 mm and the coronal area above the cemento-enamel junction . The positive control teeth were obturated , restored coronally and completely coated with varnish , whereas the negative control teeth were not obturated , restored coronally , nor coated with varnish . The teeth were radiographed postoperatively and retained in saline solution for 10 days . For the next 10 days they were submerged in India ink . Subsequently all teeth were demineralized , dehydrated and rendered transparent . Dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope . RESULTS All material s and techniques provided minimal to zero dye penetration , apart from one specimen in the Core Paste group that showed 4.0 mm of dye penetration . The Wilcoxon rank sum test and t-test showed no statistically significant differences and all material s and techniques tested presented with a high degree of acceptability . CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that these contemporary techniques and material s provide equally good results , but long-term studies are needed for outright inferences to be drawn relative to their clinical performance PURPOSE To compare by confocal and scanning electron microscopy the post-resin-dentin interfaces of endodontically-treated teeth which had been restored with dentin-bonding systems and composite and needed to be extracted after 6 months to 6 years of clinical service . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Sixteen single rooted teeth showing proximal lesions penetrating the pulp chamber were included in the investigation and divided into two groups . Group 1 teeth were endodontically-treated , restored with carbon fiber posts and resin-based composite . Group 2 teeth were treated in the same way and covered with porcelain fused-to-metal crowns . RESULTS Two thirds of the observed interfaces showed resin penetration of the root dentin in the middle and coronal third of the post space preparation , while only one third of the interface showed resin infiltration in the apical third of the post space preparation . Debonding of the adhesive from the resin infiltrated dentin area and debonding of the composite cement from the adhesive were the most frequently observed failure modes and were observed in one third of the observed interfaces . There was no difference between the post-resin-dentin interfaces of teeth covered and teeth not covered with porcelain-fused to metal crowns . Teeth extracted after longer periods of clinical service showed more abundant areas of debonding of the adhesive from the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone . The presence of bacteria in resin infiltrated dentin tubules was observed in two specimens PURPOSE To assess whether the amount of residual coronal dentin and the placement of a prefabricated ( DT Light Post ) ( LP ) or a customized fiber post ( Ever Stick Post ) ( ES ) have a significant influence on the 3-year survival of endodontically treated premolars . METHODS A sample of 345 patients provided six groups of 60 premolars in need of endodontic treatment . Groups were defined based on the amount of dentin left at the coronal level after endodontic treatment and before abutment build-up . Within each group teeth were r and omly divided into three subgroups ( n = 20 ) . In Subgroup A , no root canal retention was provided for the coronal restoration . In Subgroups B and C , LP and ES , respectively , were placed inside the root canal . All the teeth were finally restored with a single unit metal-ceramic crown . RESULTS Data were not affected by any loss to follow-up . The overall 36-month survival rate of crowned endodontically treated premolars was 76.7 % . The lowest survival rate was recorded for teeth restored without any root canal retention ( 62.5 % ) . Teeth restored with LP had a survival rate higher ( 90.9 % ) than those restored with ES ( 76.7 % ) . The Cox regression analysis showed that the presence of root canal retention was a significant factor for survival ( P < 0.05 ) . The decrease in failure risk was higher in teeth restored with LP ( HR = 0.1 ; 95 % CI for HR = 0.09 to 0.34 ; P < 0.001 ) than when using ES ( HR = 0.5 ; 95 % CI for HR = 0.3 to 0.7 ; P = 0.003 ) . Teeth retaining one ( HR = 0.3 ; 95 % CI for HR = 0.2 to 0.7 ; P = 0.003 ) , two ( HR = 0.2 ; 95 % CI for HR = 0.1 to 0.5 ; P < 0.001 ) , or three coronal walls ( HR = 0.1 ; 95 % CI for HR = 0.05 to 0.3 ; P < 0.001 ) had a significantly lower failure risk than teeth deprived even of the ferrule effect . Similar failure risks existed for teeth missing all the coronal walls regardless of the presence or absence of a ferrule effect ( P > 0.05 ) . Interaction terms were not significant ( P > 0.05 ) . Post placement and the amount of residual coronal dentin affected the 3-year survival of endodontically treated premolars Glass fiber-reinforced endodontic posts are considered to have favorable mechanical properties for the reconstruction of endodontically treated teeth . The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the survival of two tapered and one parallel-sided glass fiber-reinforced endodontic post systems in teeth with different stages of hard tissue loss and to identify risk factors for restoration failure . One-hundred and forty-nine glass fiber-reinforced endodontic posts in 122 patients were followed-up for 5 - 56 months [ mean + /- st and ard deviation ( SD ) : 39 + /- 11 months ] . Glass fiber-reinforced endodontic posts were adhesively luted and the core was built with a composite resin .  Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association of clinical variables and failure rate . Higher failure rates were found for restorations of anterior teeth compared with posterior teeth [ Hazard-Ratios ( HR ) : 3.1 ; 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.3 - 7.4 ] , for restorations in teeth with no proximal contacts compared with at least one proximal contact ( HR : 3.0 ; 95 % CI : 1.0 - 9.0 ) , and for teeth restored with single crowns compared with fixed bridges ( HR : 4.3 ; 95 % CI : 1.1 - 16.2 ) . Tooth type , type of final restoration and the presence of adjacent teeth were found to be significant predictors of failure rates in endodontically treated teeth restored with glass fiber-reinforced endodontic posts Introduction Controversy surrounds decisions on whether to repair or replace defective dental restorations . The concept of built-in obsolescence , ie periodic replacement of dental restorations , is largely accepted as the modus oper and i if not the default mode in restorative care . In this article we examine the current best available evidence underpinning the effectiveness of replacement versus repair of direct amalgam and resin composite restorations .  Method This article builds on two recent Cochrane systematic review s which have reported on the evidence base supporting the effectiveness of replacement versus repair of amalgam and direct resin composites  and translates the results of their research conclusions into recommendations for the dental clinician . Results As no relevant r and omised controlled trials ( RCTs ) were identified in either of these systematic review s , the evidence regarding the effectiveness of repair versus replacement of amalgam and composite restorations  is weak and incomplete . The evidence as it currently st and s seems to favour repair over replacement , but this is insufficient to make firm recommendations . Conclusion In view of the absence of high level evidence there is a need for further well design ed RCTs . To add value to the evidence base these trials should be conducted in a general practice setting which will strengthen the generalisability and applicability of the research conclusions and enable dentists and patients to make informed decisions AIM To assess survival rates and complications of  root-filled teeth restored with or without post- and -core systems  over a mean observation period of > or=4 years . METHODOLOGY A total of 325 single- and multirooted teeth in 183 subjects treated in a private practice were root filled and restored with either a cast post- and -core or with a prefabricated titanium post and composite core . Root-filled teeth without post-retained restorations served as controls . The restored teeth served as abutments for single unit metal-ceramic or composite crowns or fixed bridges . Teeth supporting cantilever bridges , overdentures or telescopic crowns were excluded . RESULTS Seventeen teeth in 17 subjects were lost to follow-up ( 17/325 : 5.2 % ) . The mean observation period was 5.2 + /- 1.8 ( SD ) years for restorations with titanium posts , 6.2 + /- 2.0 ( SD ) years for cast post- and -cores and 4.4 + /- 1.7 ( SD ) years for teeth without posts . Overall , 54 % of build-ups included the incorporation of a titanium post and 26.5 % the cementation of a cast post- and -core . The remaining 19.5 % of the teeth were restored without intraradicular retention . The adjusted 5-year tooth survival rate amounted to 92.5 % for teeth restored with titanium posts , to 97.1 % for teeth restored with cast post- and -cores and to 94.3 % for teeth without post restorations , respectively . The most frequent complications included root fracture ( 6.2 % ) , recurrent caries ( 1.9 % ) , post-treatment periradicular disease ( 1.6 % ) and loss of retention ( 1.3 % ) . CONCLUSION Provided that high- quality root canal treatment and restorative protocol s are implemented , high survival and low complication rates of single- and multirooted root-filled teeth used as abutments for fixed restorations can be expected after a mean observation period of > or=4 years OBJECTIVE This r and omized clinical trial aim ed to compare the 24-months survival of  composite restorations in primary molars after partial caries removal ( PCR ) and total caries removal ( TCR ) . METHODS Forty-eight children aged 3 - 8 years with at least one molar with a deep carious lesion were included ( PCR ; n=66 ; TCR ; n=54 ) . For PCR , excavation was stopped when dentine with a leathery consistency was achieved ; in the TCR group , total absence of carious tissue was confirmed using a blunt-tipped probe . Pulpotomy was performed in cases of pulp exposure . Success was assessed by modified USPHS criteria with Alpha and Bravo scores recorded as success . RESULTS Pulp exposure occurred in 1 and 15 of the teeth treated with PCR and TCR respectively ( p<0.01 ) . The restorations survival rate after 24 months was 66 % ( PCR ) and 86 % ( TCR ) ( p=0.03 ) . When teeth that received pulpotomy were analyzed separately , the survival rate was 92 % ( p=0.09 ) . PCR performed in occlusoproximal restorations demonstrated the lowest success rate ( p=0.002 ) . PCR increases 2.90 times the probability of having a restorative failure compared to TCR ( p=0.03 ) , after adjusting for cavity type . When pulp exposure and restoration failure were considered as the outcome , there was no significant difference between the two groups ( p=0.10 ) with success rates of 64 % ( PCR ) and 61 % ( TCR ) . CONCLUSION Collectively , deciduous teeth su bmi tted to PCR prevented pulp exposure and , consequently , more invasive treatments ; otherwise , PCR yielded lower longevity for composite restoration compared to TCR , suggesting that PCR restorations need to be followed over time , especially when multi-surface restorations are involved . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Composite restorations on carious remaining tissue require monitoring over time , especially those performed in more than one surface . Even if the restorations present shortcomings over the time , the majority of them are subject to repair , allowing more conservative approaches for teeth with deep caries lesions PURPOSE The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the clinical performance of cast conical double crown-retained removable partial dentures ( C-RPDs )  and electroplated double crown-retained removable partial dentures ( EP-RPDs ) . MATERIAL S AND METHODS A total of 60 RPDs were placed in 54 patients . Participants were r and omly assigned to two study groups ( C-RPD and EP-RPD ) . Altogether , 217 abutment teeth were provided with double crowns .  Patients were reexamined after 6 , 12 , 24 , and 36 months . The main endpoints were the survival times of RPDs and abutment teeth ; secondary endpoints included failure of the facing , loss of cementation of primary crowns , and postprosthetic endodontic treatment . Chi-square tests were used to evaluate group differences regarding characteristics of patients and RPDs . Survival differences were investigated using the log-rank test and Cox regression ; secondary endpoints were assessed using logistic regression . RESULTS After 36 months , survival was 100 % for C-RPDs and 93.3 % for EP-RPDs .  Cumulative survival for abutment teeth was 97.3 % ( C-RPDs ) and 96.2 % ( EP-RPDs ) . Survival differences between the two study groups did not reach statistical significance . The survival of abutments depended on tooth vitality and position ; for example , the hazard of tooth loss was 676 % higher for nonvital teeth . No differences were found between study groups regarding facing failure , decementation of primary crowns , or postprosthetic endodontic treatment . CONCLUSIONS Vitality and position are important to the survival of teeth supporting partial dentures . Longer follow-up and larger patient collectives are needed to evaluate possible differences between cast conical and electroplated telescopic double crown-retained partial dentures
Failures of fiber posts were mainly due to post loss of retention , while metal post failures were mostly related to root fracture , post fracture and crown and /or post loss of retention .
In conclusion , metal and fiber posts present similar clinical behavior at short to medium term follow-up .
Remaining dental structure and ferrule increase the survival of restored pulpless teeth .
The aim of this systematic review was to compare the clinical performance and failure modes of teeth restored with intra-radicular retainers .