A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study Paleolithic nutrition improves plasma lipid concentrations of hypercholesterolemic adults to a greater extent than traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GIP and glucagon after 2 years of weight loss with a Paleolithic diet: a randomised controlled trial in healthy obese women Subjective satiety and other experiences of a Paleolithic diet compared to a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes Diet-Induced Weight Loss Alters Functional Brain Responses during an Episodic Memory Task A heterogeneous response of liver and skeletal muscle fat to the combination of a Paleolithic diet and exercise in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries: parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology and fertility rate induced by diet. Influence of a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Body Fat Distribution: Results of the PREDIMED–Canarias Intervention Randomized Trial Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic–Hunter–Gatherer-type diets The Effects of a Community-Based, Culturally Tailored Diabetes Prevention Intervention for High-Risk Adults of Mexican Descent Effectiveness of a soy-based compared with a traditional low-calorie diet on weight loss and lipid levels in overweight adults. Carbohydrate nutrition and development of adiposity during adolescence. Strong and persistent effect on liver fat with a Paleolithic diet during a two-year intervention 
The effect of consumption of low-glycemic-index and low-glycemic-load desserts on anthropometric parameters and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Decreased lipogenesis-promoting factors in adipose tissue in postmenopausal women with overweight on a Paleolithic-type diet The effect of low glycemic index diet on body weight status and blood pressure in overweight adolescent girls: a randomized clinical trial Fat mass- and obesity-associated genotype, dietary intakes and anthropometric measures in European adults: the Food4Me study. A reduced-calorie dietary pattern including a daily sweet snack promotes body weight reduction and body composition improvements in premenopausal women who are overweight and obese: a pilot study. Changes in weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk after altering macronutrient distributions during a regular exercise program in obese women Dietary Determinants of Changes in Waist Circumference Adjusted for Body Mass Index – a Proxy Measure of Visceral Adiposity
Background We found marked improvement of glucose tolerance and lower dietary  energy  intake in ischemic heart disease ( IHD ) patients after advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a Mediterranean-like diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meals and data on the satiety hormone leptin and the soluble leptin receptor from the same study . Methods Twenty-nine male IHD patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes type 2 , and waist circumference > 94 cm , were r and omized to ad libitum consumption of a Paleolithic diet ( n = 14 ) based on lean meat , fish , fruit , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs , and nuts , or a Mediterranean-like diet ( n = 15 ) based on whole grains , low-fat dairy products , vegetables , fruit , fish , and oils and margarines during 12 weeks . In parallel with a four day weighed food record the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety Quotients were calculated , as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . Leptin and leptin receptor was measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks . Free leptin index was calculated as the ratio leptin/leptin receptor . Results The Paleolithic group were as satiated as the Mediterranean group but consumed less energy per day ( 5.8 MJ/day vs. 7.6 MJ/day , Paleolithic vs. Mediterranean , p = 0.04 ) . Consequently , the quotients of mean change in satiety during meal and mean consumed energy from food and drink were higher in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.03 ) . Also , there was a strong trend for greater Satiety Quotient for energy in the Paleolithic group ( p = 0.057 ) . Leptin decreased by 31 % in the Paleolithic group and by 18 % in the Mediterranean group with a trend for greater relative decrease of leptin in the Paleolithic group . Relative changes in leptin and changes in weight and waist circumference correlated significantly in the Paleolithic group ( p < 0.001 ) but not in the Mediterranean group . Changes in leptin receptor and free leptin index were not significant . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Our aim was to compare the effects of a Paleolithic ( ' Old Stone Age ' ) diet and a diabetes diet as generally recommended on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes , 3 women and 10 men , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts ; and a Diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods . Outcome variables included changes in weight , waist circumference , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , blood pressure , glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and areas under the curve for plasma glucose and plasma insulin  in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test . Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records . Results Study participants had on average a diabetes duration of 9 years , a mean HbA1c of 6,6 % units by Mono-S st and ard and were usually treated with metformin alone ( 3 subjects ) or metformin in combination with a sulfonylurea ( 3 subjects ) or a thiazolidinedione ( 3 subjects ) . Mean average dose of metformin was 1031 mg per day . Compared to the diabetes diet , the Paleolithic diet result ed in lower mean values of HbA1c ( -0.4 % units , p = 0.01 ) , triacylglycerol ( -0.4 mmol/L , p = 0.003 ) , diastolic blood pressure ( -4 mmHg , p = 0.03 ) , weight ( -3 kg , p = 0.01 ) , BMI ( -1 kg/m2 , p = 0.04 ) and waist circumference ( -4 cm , p = 0.02 ) , and higher mean values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( + 0.08 mmol/L , p = 0.03 ) . The Paleolithic diet was mainly lower in cereals and dairy products , and higher in fruits , vegetables , meat and eggs , as compared with the Diabetes diet . Further , the Paleolithic diet was lower in total energy , energy density , carbohydrate , dietary glycemic load , saturated fatty acids and calcium , and higher in unsaturated fatty acids , dietary cholesterol and several vitamins . Dietary GI was slightly lower in the Paleolithic diet ( GI = 50 ) than in the Diabetic diet ( GI = 55 ) . Conclusion Over a 3-month study period , a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT00435240 Recent research suggests that traditional grain-based heart-healthy diet recommendations , which replace dietary saturated fat with carbohydrate and reduce total fat intake , may result in unfavorable plasma lipid ratios , with reduced high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) and an elevation of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and triacylglycerols ( TG ) . The current study tested the hypothesis that a grain-free Paleolithic diet would induce weight loss and improve plasma total cholesterol , HDL , LDL , and TG concentrations in nondiabetic adults with hyperlipidemia to a greater extent than a grain-based heart-healthy diet , based on the recommendations of the American Heart Association . Twenty volunteers ( 10 male and 10 female ) aged 40 to 62 years were selected based on diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia . Volunteers were not taking any cholesterol-lowering medications and adhered to a traditional heart-healthy diet for 4 months , followed by a Paleolithic diet for 4 months . Regression analysis was used to determine whether change in body weight contributed to observed changes in plasma lipid concentrations . Differences in dietary intakes and plasma lipid measures were assessed using repeated- measures analysis of variance . Four months of Paleolithic nutrition significantly lowered ( P < .001 ) mean total cholesterol , LDL , and TG and increased ( P < .001 ) HDL , independent of changes in body weight , relative to both baseline and the traditional heart-healthy diet . Paleolithic nutrition offers promising potential for nutritional management of hyperlipidemia in adults whose lipid profiles have not improved after following more traditional heart-healthy dietary recommendations Objective To investigate how weight loss by different diets impacts postpr and ial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( GIP ) and glucagon . Methods In this single-centre , parallel group 2-year trial , 70 healthy postmenopausal obese women were r and omised to the Paleolithic diet or a healthy control diet based on Nordic Nutrition Recommendations . Both diets were without calorie restriction . The primary outcome was the change in fat mass . Here , secondary analyses on GLP-1 , GIP and glucagon measured during an OGTT are described . Results In the Paleolithic diet group , mean weight loss compared to baseline was 11 % at 6 months and 10 % at 24 months . In the control diet group , mean weight loss was 6 % after 6 and 24 months ( P = 0.0001 and P = 0.049 for the comparison between groups at 6 and 24 months respectively ) . Compared to baseline , the mean incremental area under the curve ( iAUC ) for GLP-1 increased by 34 and 45 % after 6 and 24 months in the Paleolithic diet group and increased by 59 % after 24 months in the control diet group . The mean iAUC for GIP increased only in the Paleolithic diet group . The area under the curve ( AUC ) for glucagon increased during the first 6 months in both groups . The fasting glucagon increase correlated with the β-hydroxybutyrate increase . Conclusions Weight loss caused an increase in postpr and ial GLP-1 levels and a further rise occurred during weight maintenance . Postpr and ial GIP levels increased only after the Paleolithic diet . Reduced postpr and ial glucagon suppression may be caused by a catabolic state Background We found marked improvement of glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes given advice to follow a Paleolithic diet  , as compared to a diabetes diet . We now report findings on subjective ratings of satiety at meal times and participants ’ other experiences of the two diets from the same study . Methods In a r and omized cross-over study , 13 patients with type 2 diabetes ( 3 women and 10 men ) , were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat , fish , fruits , vegetables , root vegetables , eggs and nuts , and a diabetes diet design ed in accordance with dietary guidelines , during two consecutive 3-month periods . In parallel with a four-day weighed food record , the participants recorded their subjective rating of satiety . Satiety quotients were calculated as the intra-meal quotient of change in satiety during a meal and consumed energy or weight of food and drink for that specific meal . All participants answered the same three open-ended questions in a survey following each diet : “ What thoughts do you have about this diet ? ” , “ Describe your positive and negative experiences with this diet ” and “ How do you think this diet has affected your health ? ” . Results The participants were equally satiated on both diets . The Paleolithic diet result ed in greater satiety quotients for energy per meal ( p = 0.004 ) , energy density per meal ( p = 0.01 ) and glycemic load per meal ( p = 0.02 ) . The distribution of positive and negative comments from the survey did not differ between the two diets , and the comments were mostly positive . Among comments relating to recurring topics , there was no difference in distribution between the two diets for comments relating to tastelessness , but there was a trend towards more comments on the Paleolithic diet being satiating and improving blood sugar values , and significantly more comments on weight loss and difficulty adhering to the Paleolithic diet . Conclusions A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes . The Paleolithic diet was seen as instrumental in weight loss , albeit it was difficult to adhere to . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov : Objective : It has been suggested that overweight is negatively associated with cognitive functions . The aim of this study was to investigate whether a reduction in body weight by dietary interventions could improve episodic memory performance and alter associated functional brain responses in overweight and obese women . Methods : 20 overweight postmenopausal women were r and omized to either a modified paleolithic diet or a st and ard diet adhering to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations for 6 months . We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain function during an episodic memory task as well as anthropometric and biochemical data before and after the interventions . Results : Episodic memory performance improved significantly ( p = 0.010 ) after the dietary interventions . Concomitantly , brain activity increased in the anterior part of the right hippocampus during memory encoding , without differences between diets . This was associated with decreased levels of plasma free fatty acids ( FFA ) . Brain activity increased in pre-frontal cortex and superior/middle temporal gyri . The magnitude of increase correlated with waist circumference reduction . During episodic retrieval , brain activity decreased in inferior and middle frontal gyri , and increased in middle/superior temporal gyri . Conclusions : Diet-induced weight loss , associated with decreased levels of plasma FFA , improves episodic memory linked to increased hippocampal activity Aims /hypothesisThe aim of the study was to investigate ectopic fat deposition and insulin sensitivity , in a parallel single-blinded r and omised controlled trial , comparing Paleolithic diet alone with the combination of Paleolithic diet and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Methods Thirty-two individuals with type 2 diabetes with BMI 25–40 kg/m2 and 30–70 years of age followed a Paleolithic diet ad libitum for 12 weeks . In addition , study participants were r and omised by computer program to either supervised combined exercise training ( PD-EX group ) or st and ard care exercise recommendations ( PD group ) . Staff performing examinations and assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment . Thirteen participants were analysed in each group :  hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity were measured using the hyperinsulinaemic – euglycaemic clamp technique combined with [6,6 - 2H2]glucose infusion , and liver fat was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; both analyses were secondary endpoints . Intramyocellular lipid ( IMCL ) content was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a secondary analysis . All examinations were performed at Umeå University Hospital , Umeå , Sweden . Results Both study groups showed a median body weight loss of 7 kg . Fat mass decreased by 5.7 kg in the PD group and by 6.5 kg in the PD-EX group . Maximum oxygen uptake increased in the PD-EX group only . Liver fat showed a consistent reduction ( 74 % decrease ) in the PD group , while the response in the PD-EX group was heterogeneous ( p < 0.05 for the difference between groups ) . IMCL content of the soleus muscle decreased by 40 % in the PD group and by 22 % in the PD-EX group ( p < 0.05 for the difference between groups ) . Both groups improved their peripheral and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity , but not their hepatic insulin sensitivity . Plasma fetuin-A decreased by 11 % in the PD group ( p < 0.05 ) and remained unchanged in the PD-EX group . Liver fat changes during the intervention were correlated with changes in fetuin-A ( rS = 0.63 , p < 0.01 ) . Participants did not report any important adverse events caused by the intervention . Conclusions /interpretationA Paleolithic diet reduced liver fat and IMCL content , while there was a tissue-specific heterogeneous response to added exercise training . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT01513798 Funding Swedish Diabetes Research Foundation , County Council of Västerbotten , Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation , King Gustav V and Queen Victoria ’s BACKGROUND This prospect i ve study evaluated the effect of weight reduction on anthropometric indices and ovarian morphology in anovulatory overweight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) . METHODS Thirty-three anovulatory overweight patients with PCOS were enrolled in the study . All had patent Fallopian tubes and chronic anovulation : 27 of them were oligo-amenorrhoeic . The partners were normospermic . Patients were prescribed a 1200 kcal/day diet , and physical exercise was recommended .  Anthropometric indices and ovarian imaging parameters were assessed at baseline and after weight loss of 5 and 10 % . RESULTS Twenty-five patients ( 76 % ) lost at least 5 % of their body weight . Eleven of these patients ( 33 % ) reached a 10 % decrease in weight . Waist circumference at the umbilical level , hip circumference , four skin folds , body mass index and fatty mass ratio were significantly reduced after 5 and 10 % weight loss . Ovarian morphology changed during the diet : we observed a significant reduction in ovarian volume and in the number of microfollicles per ovary . Among the 27 patients with oligo-amenorrhoea , 18 had a resumption of regular cycles and 15 experienced spontaneous ovulation ; 10 spontaneous pregnancies occurred in patients who lost at least 5 % of their weight . CONCLUSIONS Weight loss through a controlled low-calorie diet improves anthropometric indices in obese PCOS patients , reduces ovarian volume and microfollicle number and can restore ovulatory cycles , allowing spontaneous pregnancy Objective : To assess the influence of a Mediterranean dietary pattern ( MeDiet ) on anthropometric and body composition parameters in one of the centers of the PREDIMED r and omized dietary trial . Subjects/ Setting s : 351 Canarian free-living subjects aged 55 to 80 years , with type 2 diabetes or ≥3 cardiovascular risk factors . Intervention : Participants were r and omly assigned to one of 3 different dietary interventions : MeDiet + extra-virgin olive oil ( EVOO ) , MeDiet + nuts ( walnuts , almonds , and hazelnuts ) , or a control low-fat diet . Total energy intake was ad libitum . Outcome measures : Measures included changes in anthropometric measures ( weight , body mass index [ BMI ] and waist circumference [ WC ] ) , body fat distribution , energy , and nutrient intake after 1 year . Body composition ( percentage of total body fat [ % TBF ] , total fat mass [ TFM ] , free fat mass [ FFM ] , percentage of truncal fat [ % TrF ] , truncal fat mass [ TrFM ] ) and total body water ( TBW ) were estimated by octapolar electrical impedance analysis . Statistical analyses : Paired t tests were conducted to assess within-group changes . Analyses of variance ( ANOVAs ) were used to assess the effect of the dietary intervention on the percentage change in anthropometric variables , body composition , and dietary intake profile . All pairwise comparisons that were statistically significant in ANOVA were subsequently adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg test , which penalizes for multiple comparisons . Results : After 1 year of intervention , significant within-group reductions in all anthropometric variables were observed for the MeDiet + EVOO and the control group . The MeDiet + nuts group exhibited a significant reduction in WC and TBW . The control group showed a significant increase in % TBF and a reduction in TBW . The control group showed a significant increase in the percentage of total body fat and a reduction in TBW . However , we did not find any between-group significant difference in anthropometric or body composition changes . Conclusions : Mediterranean diets enriched with EVOO or specific mixed nuts ( walnuts , almonds , hazelnuts ) that contain approximately 40 % total fat can be alternative options to low-fat diets for weight maintenance regimes in older overweight or obese adults Background / objective A Paleolithic diet may improve fatigue and quality of life in progressive multiple sclerosis ( MS ) patients , but past research has evaluated the effects of this dietary intervention in combination with other treatments such as exercise . Thus , the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention ( MPDI ) in the treatment of fatigue and other symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS ( RRMS ) . Methods We measured the effects of a MPDI in 17 individuals with RRMS . Of 34 subjects r and omly assigned to control ( maintain usual diet ) and intervention ( MPDI ) groups , nine subjects ( one man ) completed the control group and eight subjects ( one man ) completed the MPDI .  Results Significant improvements were seen in Fatigue Severity Scale score and also in Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 and time to complete ( dominant h and ) 9-Hole Peg Test from baseline in MPDI subjects compared to controls . Increased vitamin K serum levels were also observed in MPDI subjects post protocol compared to controls . Conclusion A Paleolithic diet may be useful in the treatment and management of MS , by reducing perceived fatigue , increasing mental and physical quality of life , increasing exercise capacity , and improving h and and leg function . By increasing vitamin K serum levels , the MPDI may also reduce inflammation Background / objectives : Formulas developed to estimate diet-dependent net acid excretion ( NAE ) generally agree with measured values for typical Western diets . Whether they can also appropriately predict NAE for ‘ Paleolithic-type ’ ( Paleo ) diets — which contain very high amounts of fruits and vegetables ( F&V ) and concurrent high amounts of protein is unknown . Here , we compare measured NAEs with established NAE estimates in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (T2D).Subjects/ methods : Thirteen subjects with well-controlled T2D were r and omized to either a Paleo or American Diabetes Association ( ADA ) diet for 14 days . Twenty-four hour urine collection s were performed at baseline and end of the diet period , and analyzed for titratable acid , bicarbonate and ammonium to calculate measured NAE . Three formulas for estimating NAE from dietary intake were used ; two ( NAE_diet R or L ) that include dietary mineral intake and sulfate- and organic acid ( OA ) production , and one that is empirically derived ( NAE_diet F ) only considering potassium and protein intake . Results : Measured NAE on the Paleo diet was significantly lower than on the ADA-diet ( + 31±22 vs 112±52 mEq/day , P=0.002 ) . Although all formula estimates showed similar and reasonable correlations ( r=0.52–0.76 ) with measured NAE , each one underestimated measured values . The formula with the best correlation did not contain an estimate of dietary OA production . Conclusions : Paleo-diets are lower in NAE than typical Western diets . However , commonly used formulas clearly underestimate NAE , especially for diets with very high F&V ( as the Paleo diet ) , and in subjects with T2D . This may be due to an inappropriate estimation of proton loads stemming from OAs , underlining the necessity for improved measures of OA-related proton sources Purpose This article reports the results of a community-based , culturally tailored diabetes prevention program for overweight Mexican American adults on weight loss , waist circumference , diet and physical activity self-efficacy , and diet behaviors .  Methods The intervention used content from the Diabetes Prevention Program but culturally tailored the delivery methods into a community-based program for Spanish-speaking adults of Mexican descent . The design was a r and omized controlled trial ( N = 58 ) comparing the effects of a 5-month educational intervention with an attention control group . The primary study outcome was weight loss . Secondary outcomes included change in waist circumference , body mass index , diet self-efficacy , and physical activity self-efficacy . Results There were significant intervention effects for weight , waist circumference , body mass index , and diet self-efficacy , with the intervention group doing better than the control group . These effects did not change over time . Conclusions Findings support the conclusion that a community-based , culturally tailored intervention is effective in reducing diabetes risk factors in a 5-month program OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of a soy-based low-calorie diet on weight control , body composition , and blood lipid profiles compared with a traditional low-calorie diet . METHODS Thirty obese adults ( mean body mass index 29 - 30 kg/m(2 ) ) were r and omized to two groups . The soy-based low-calorie group consumed soy protein as the only protein source , and the traditional low-calorie group consumed two-thirds animal protein and the rest plant protein in a 1200 kcal/d diet for 8 wk . A diet record was kept everyday throughout the study . Food intake was analyzed before and after the study . Anthropometric data were acquired every week , and biochemical data from before and after the 8-wk experiment were compared . RESULTS Body weight , body mass index , body fat percentage , and waist circumference significantly decreased in both groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The decrease in body fat percentage in the soy group ( 2.2 % , 95 % confidence interval 1.6 - 2.8 ) was greater than that in the traditional group ( 1.4 % , 95 % confidence interval -0.1 to 2.8 ) . Serum total cholesterol concentrations , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations , and liver function parameters decreased in the soy-based group and were significantly different from measurements in the traditional group ( P < 0.05 ) . No significant change in serum triacylglycerol levels , serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels , and fasting glucose levels was found in the soy or traditional group . CONCLUSION Soy-based low-calorie diets significantly decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and had a greater effect on reducing body fat percentage than traditional low-calorie diets . Thus , soy-based diets have health benefits in reducing weight and blood lipids OBJECTIVE To examine the prospect i ve association between glycemic index , glycemic load ( GL ) of diets and intakes of carbohydrates , sugars , fiber , and the main carbohydrate containing food groups ( e.g. , soft drinks ) with changes in percent body fat , body mass index ( BMI ) , and waist circumference among adolescents . DESIGN AND METHODS Students aged 12 at baseline ( n = 856 ) were examined both in 2004 - 2005 and 2009 - 2011 . A semiquantitative food frequency question naire was administered . Anthropometric parameters were measured and defined using st and ardized protocol s. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment , in girls , each 1-SD increase in dietary GL was associated with concurrent 0.77 kg/m2 and 1.45 cm increase in BMI and waist circumference , respectively ( both P = 0.01 ) . Conversely , each 1-SD increase in  dietary fiber intake was associated with a concurrent 0.44 kg/m2 decrease in mean BMI in girls ( P = 0.02 ) and 1.45 cm decrease in waist circumference in boys ( P = 0.002 ) . Girls who consumed soft drinks once or more per day versus those who never/rarely consumed soft drinks , had a 4.45 % increase in percent body fat after 5 years ( Ptrend = 0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS High-GL foods might adversely influence development of body composition , particularly in girls , whereas fiber-rich diets could limit excess weight during adolescence Background / Objectives : Our objective was to investigate changes in liver fat and insulin sensitivity during a 2-year diet intervention . An ad libitum Paleolithic diet ( PD ) was compared with a conventional low-fat diet (LFD).Subjects/ Methods : Seventy healthy , obese , postmenopausal women were r and omized to either a PD or a conventional LFD . Diet intakes were ad libitum . Liver fat was measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Insulin sensitivity was evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests and calculated as homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)/liver insulin resistance ( Liver IR ) index for hepatic insulin sensitivity and oral glucose insulin sensitivity (OGIS)/Matsuda for peripheral insulin sensitivity . All measurements were performed at 0 , 6 and 24 months . Forty-one women completed the examinations for liver fat and were included . Results : Liver fat decreased after 6 months by 64 % ( 95 % confidence interval : 54–74 % ) in the PD group and by 43 % ( 27–59 % ) in the LFD group ( P<0.01 for difference between groups ) . After 24 months , liver fat decreased 50 % ( 25–75 % ) in the PD group and 49 % ( 27–71 % ) in the LFD group . Weight reduction between baseline and 6 months was correlated to liver fat improvement in the LFD group ( rs=0.66 , P<0.01 ) but not in the PD group ( rs=0.07 , P=0.75 ) . Hepatic insulin sensitivity improved during the first 6 months in the PD group ( P<0.001 for Liver IR index and HOMA-IR ) , but deteriorated between 6 and 24 months without association with liver fat changes . Conclusions : A PD with ad libitum intake had a significant and persistent effect on liver fat and differed significantly from a conventional LFD at 6 months . This difference may be due to food quality , for example , a higher content of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the PD . Changes in liver fat did not associate with alterations in insulin sensitivity Abstract Purpose The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of consumption of desserts with low glycemic index ( GI ) and low glycemic load ( GL ) , as part of a balanced hypo-caloric diet , on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) . Methods A total of 61 subjects with T2DM were r and omly assigned to the intervention ( n = 30 ) or to the control group ( n = 31 ) . Both groups followed the same hypo-caloric ( −500 kcal ) diet for 12 weeks . Consumption of four portions of low-GI/low-GL desserts/week was included in the diet in the intervention group while one portion of a favorite usual sweet/week was allowed to be consumed in the control group . Results Thirty subjects in the control and 28 subjects in the intervention group completed the trial . Body weight , body mass index , and waist circumference were reduced significantly in both groups . Arterial blood pressure , fasting blood glucose , glycosylated hemoglobin , insulin , and γ-GT were reduced significantly only in the intervention group ; however , there were no significant differences between the two groups at endpoint . C-reactive protein was reduced in the intervention , and HDL cholesterol was also reduced in the control group ; the reductions were significantly different at the end of the trial . No significant changes were observed in the other plasma lipids , uric acid , leptin , adiponectin , and interleukin-6 in either study group . Conclusions Consumption of desserts with low GI/GL in a balanced hypo-caloric diet has a positive impact on anthropometric and metabolic parameters of patients with T2DM A quarter century has passed since the first publication of the evolutionary discordance hypothesis , according to which departures from the nutrition and activity patterns of our hunter-gatherer ancestors have contributed greatly and in specifically definable ways to the endemic chronic diseases of modern civilization . Refinements of the model have changed it in some respects , but anthropological evidence continues to indicate that ancestral human diets prevalent during our evolution were characterized by much lower levels of refined carbohydrates and sodium , much higher levels of fiber and protein , and comparable levels of fat ( primarily unsaturated fat ) and cholesterol . Physical activity levels were also much higher than current levels , result ing in higher energy throughput . We said at the outset that such evidence could only suggest testable hypotheses and that recommendations must ultimately rest on more conventional epidemiological , clinical , and laboratory studies . Such studies have multiplied and have supported many aspects of our model , to the extent that in some respects , official recommendations today have targets closer to those prevalent among hunter-gatherers than did comparable recommendations 25 years ago . Furthermore , doubts have been raised about the necessity for very low levels of protein , fat , and cholesterol intake common in official recommendations . Most impressively , r and omized controlled trials have begun to confirm the value of  hunter-gatherer diets  in some high-risk groups , even as compared with routinely recommended diets . Much more research needs to be done , but the past quarter century has proven the interest and heuristic value , if not yet the ultimate validity , of the model Purpose We studied effects of diet-induced postmenopausal weight loss on gene expression and activity of proteins involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue . Methods Fifty-eight postmenopausal women with overweight ( BMI 32.5 ± 5.5 ) were r and omized to eat an ad libitum Paleolithic-type diet ( PD ) aim ing for a high intake of protein and unsaturated fatty acids or a prudent control diet ( CD ) for 24 months . Anthropometry , plasma adipokines , gene expression of proteins involved in fat metabolism in subcutaneous adipose tissue ( SAT ) and lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) activity and mass in SAT were measured at baseline and after 6 months . LPL mass and activity were also measured after 24 months . Results The PD led to improved insulin sensitivity ( P < 0.01 ) and decreased circulating triglycerides ( P < 0.001 ) , lipogenesis-related factors , including LPL mRNA ( P < 0.05 ) , mass ( P < 0.01 ) , and activity ( P < 0.001 ) ; as well as gene expressions of CD36 ( P < 0.05 ) , fatty acid synthase , FAS ( P < 0.001 ) and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 , DGAT2 ( P < 0.001 ) . The LPL activity ( P < 0.05 ) and gene expression of DGAT2 ( P < 0.05 ) and FAS ( P < 0.05 ) were significantly lowered in the PD group versus the CD group at 6 months and the LPL activity ( P < 0.05 ) remained significantly lowered in the PD group compared to the CD group at 24 months . Conclusions Compared to the CD , the PD led to a more pronounced reduction of lipogenesis-promoting factors in SAT among postmenopausal women with overweight . This could have mediated the favorable metabolic effects of the PD on triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity Although several studies have assessed the influence of the glycemic index on body weight and blood pressure among adults , limited evidence exists for the pediatric age population . In the current study , we compared the effects of low glycemic index ( LGI ) diet to the healthy nutritional recommendation (HNR)-based diet on obesity and blood pressure among adolescent girls in pubertal ages . This 10-week parallel r and omized clinical trial comprised of 50 overweight or obese and sexually mature girls less than 18 years of age years , who were r and omly assigned  to LGI or HNR-based diet . Macronutrient distribution was equivalently prescribed in both groups . Blood pressure , weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline and after intervention . Of the 50 participants , 41 subjects ( include 82 % ) completed the study . The GI of the diet in the LGI group was 42.67 ± 0.067 . A within-group analysis illustrated that in comparison to the baseline values , the body weight and body mass index ( not waist circumference and blood pressure ) decreased significantly after the intervention in both groups ( P = 0.0001 ) . The percent changes of the body weight status , waist circumference and blood pressure were compared between the two groups and the findings did not show any difference between the LGI diet consumers and those in the HNR group . In comparison to the HNR , LGI diet could not change the weight and blood pressure following a 10-week intervention . Further longitudinal studies with a long-term follow up should be conducted in this regard The interplay between the fat mass- and obesity-associated ( FTO ) gene variants and diet has been implicated in the development of obesity . The aim of the present analysis was to investigate associations between FTO genotype , dietary intakes and anthropometrics among European adults . Participants in the Food4Me r and omised controlled trial were genotyped for FTO genotype ( rs9939609 ) and their dietary intakes , and  diet quality scores ( Healthy Eating Index and PREDIMED-based Mediterranean diet score ) were estimated from FFQ . Relationships between FTO genotype , diet and anthropometrics ( weight , waist circumference ( WC ) and BMI ) were evaluated at baseline . European adults with the FTO risk genotype had greater WC ( AA v. TT : + 1·4 cm ; P=0·003 ) and BMI ( + 0·9 kg/m2 ; P=0·001 ) than individuals with no risk alleles . Subjects with the lowest fried food consumption and two copies of the FTO risk variant had on average 1·4 kg/m2 greater BMI ( Ptrend=0·028 ) and 3·1 cm greater WC ( Ptrend=0·045 ) compared with individuals with no copies of the risk allele and with the lowest fried food consumption . However , there was no evidence of interactions between FTO genotype and dietary intakes on BMI and WC , and thus further research is required to confirm or refute these findings Reduced-calorie diets are difficult to follow because they often require elimination of certain foods , leading to poor compliance and limited success . However , a low-calorie , nutrient-dense diet has the potential to accommo date a daily snack without exceeding energy requirements , even during weight loss . This pilot study evaluated the effects of a reduced-calorie diet including either a daily dark chocolate snack or a non-chocolate snack on anthropometric and body composition measurements . In a r and omized clinical trial , 26 overweight and obese ( body mass index ≥25 to ≤43 ) premenopausal women were assigned to a reduced-calorie diet that included either a daily dark chocolate snack or non-chocolate snack ( n=13 per group ) for 18 weeks . At baseline and end of study , body weight and waist and hip circumferences were measured along with fat mass , lean mass , and body fat percentage by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry . Energy and macronutrient intakes were estimated from 4-day food records . Within- and between-group changes from baseline were analyzed using paired t tests and independent t tests , respectively . Women in both snack groups reduced estimated daily energy intake ( P<0.001 ) . Women in both the dark chocolate snack and non-chocolate snack groups , respectively , experienced decreases ( P<0.001 ) in body weight ( -5.1 vs -5.1 kg ) , hip circumference ( -5.8 vs -5.4 cm ) , waist circumference ( -5.7 vs -3.5 cm ) , fat mass ( -3.9 vs -3.6 kg ) , and body fat percentage ( -3.4 % vs -3.1 % ) , with no change in lean mass . Improvements in anthropometric and body composition measurements among overweight and obese premenopausal women can be achieved with a reduced-calorie diet including either a daily dark chocolate snack or non-chocolate snack Background This study 's purpose investigated the impact of different macronutrient distributions and varying caloric intakes along with regular exercise for metabolic and physiological changes related to weight loss . Methods One hundred forty-one sedentary , obese women ( 38.7 ± 8.0 yrs , 163.3 ± 6.9 cm , 93.2 ± 16.5 kg , 35.0 ± 6.2 kg•m-2 , 44.8 ± 4.2 % fat ) were r and omized to either no diet + no exercise control group ( CON ) a no diet + exercise control ( ND ) , or one of four diet + exercise groups ( high-energy diet [ HED ] , very low carbohydrate , high protein diet [ VLCHP ] , low carbohydrate , moderate protein diet [ LCMP ] and high carbohydrate , low protein [ HCLP ] ) in addition to beginning a 3x•week-1 supervised resistance training program . After 0 , 1 , 10 and 14 weeks , all participants completed testing sessions which included anthropometric , body composition , energy expenditure , fasting blood sample s , aerobic and muscular fitness assessment s. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05 with LSD post-hoc analysis when appropriate . Results All dieting groups exhibited adequate compliance to their prescribed diet regimen as energy and macronutrient amounts and distributions were close to prescribed amounts . Those groups that followed a diet and exercise program reported significantly greater anthropometric ( waist circumference and body mass ) and body composition via DXA ( fat mass and % fat ) changes . Caloric restriction initially reduced energy expenditure , but successfully returned to baseline values after 10 weeks of dieting and exercising . Significant fitness improvements ( aerobic capacity and maximal strength ) occurred in all exercising groups . No significant changes occurred in lipid panel constituents , but serum insulin and HOMA-IR values decreased in the VLCHP group . Significant reductions in serum leptin occurred in all caloric restriction + exercise groups after 14 weeks , which were unchanged in other non-diet/non-exercise groups . Conclusions Overall and over the entire test period , all diet groups which restricted their caloric intake and exercised experienced similar responses to each other . Regular exercise and modest caloric restriction successfully promoted anthropometric and body composition improvements along with various markers of muscular fitness . Significant increases in relative energy expenditure and reductions in circulating leptin were found in response to all exercise and diet groups . Macronutrient distribution may impact circulating levels of insulin and overall ability to improve strength levels in obese women who follow regular exercise Background Given the recognized health effects of visceral fat , the underst and ing of how diet can modulate changes in the phenotype “ waist circumference for a given body mass index ( WC BMI ) ” , a proxy measure of visceral adiposity , is deemed necessary . Hence , the objective of the present study was to assess the association between dietary factors and prospect i ve changes in visceral adiposity as measured by changes in the phenotype WC BMI . Methods and Findings We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study .  Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years . WC BMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on body mass index , and annual change in WC BMI ( ΔWC BMI , cm/y ) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline , divided by follow-up time . The association between energy , energy density ( ED ) , macronutrients , alcohol , glycemic index ( GI ) , glycemic load ( GL ) , fibre and ΔWC BMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression , and r and om-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates . Men and women with higher ED and GI diets showed significant increases in their WC BMI , compared to those with lower ED and GI [ 1 kcal/g greater ED predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.09 cm ( 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.13 ) in men and 0.15 cm ( 95 % CI 0.09 to 0.21 ) in women ; 10 units greater GI predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.07 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.12 ) in men and 0.06 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.10 ) in women ] . Among women , lower fibre intake , higher GL , and higher alcohol consumption also predicted a higher ΔWC BMI . Conclusions Results of this study suggest that a diet with low GI and ED may prevent visceral adiposity , defined as the prospect i ve changes in WC BMI . Additional effects may be obtained among women of low alcohol , low GL , and high fibre intake
The analysis showed a positive association of adopting the Paleolithic diet in relation to weight loss .
Conclusion The Paleolithic diet may assist in controlling weight and waist circumference and in the management of chronic diseases .
Background The Paleolithic diet has been studied in the scope of prevention and control of chronic noncommunicable diseases ( CNCD ) .
The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the Paleolithic diet on the prevention and control of CNCD in humans , specifically on anthropometric markers , through a systematic review with meta- analysis .
Methods What is the effect of the Paleolithic diet on anthropometric parameters ( weight , body mass index and waist circumference ) compared to other control diets based on recommendations in adults ?