The effects of Various Endodontic Irrigants on the Push-out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. Push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate in the presence of alkaline pH. Finite element analysis and bond strength of a glass post to intraradicular dentin: comparison between microtensile and push-out tests. Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on Push-out Bond Strength of Four Calcium Silicate-based Endodontic Materials when used for repairing Perforations on Human Dentin: An in vitro Evaluation. Comparison of regional bond strength in root thirds among fiber-reinforced posts luted with different cements. Influence of the exposure of MTA with and without calcium chloride to phosphate-buffered saline on the push-out bond strength to dentine. Push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. Effects of various mixing techniques on push-out bond strengths of white mineral trioxide aggregate. Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin. Effect of retreatment on the push-out bond strength of MTA-based and epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers Push-out bond strength of two root-end filling materials in root-end cavities prepared by Er,Cr:YSGG laser or ultrasonic technique. Effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) on bond strength to dentine of two root canal filling materials. Push-out bond strength of a nano-modified mineral trioxide aggregate. Effects of Different Powder to liquid Ratios on the Push out Bond Strength of CEM Cement on Simulated Perforations in the Furcal Area Fiber post placement with core build-up materials or resin cements—An evaluation of different adhesive approaches The effect of smear layer on the push-out bond strength of root canal calcium silicate cements. The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Push-Out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Micro-computed tomography and bond strength analysis of different root canal filling techniques. Evaluation of Various Pretreatments to Fiber Post on the Push‐out Bond Strength of Root Canal Dentin Evaluation of push-out bond strength of a new MTA-based sealer Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin. The effect of photodynamic therapy and polymer solution containing nano-particles of Ag /ZnO on push-out bond strength of the sealers AH-Plus and MTA Fillapex Evaluation of Effects on the Adhesion of Various Root Canal Sealers after Er:YAG Laser and Irrigants Are Used on the Dentin Surface.
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of various irrigants on the push-out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS AND MATERIAL S A total of 140 dentin disks with a thickness of 1.5±0.2 mm and lumen size of 1.3 mm , were r and omly divided into 12 groups ( n=10 ) and 4 control groups ( n=5 ) . The lumen of disks in groups 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 were filled with CEM and groups 4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 were filled with MTA . Control groups were filled with CEM and MTA . Specimens were incubated at 37 ° C for one day in groups 1 to 6 and seven days in groups 7 to 12 . After incubation the sample s were divided into three subgroups ( n=10 ) that were either immersed for 30 min in 5.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) , 2 % chlorhexidine ( CHX ) or saline solution .  The push-out bond strength values were measured by using a universal testing machine . The nature of the failures were determined by light microscope . Data was analyzed using the three-way ANOVA to evaluate the effect of material type , different irrigants and time intervals . Post hoc Tukey 's test was used for two-by-two comparison of the groups . RESULTS CEM cement significantly showed a higher push-out bond strength in comparison with MTA ( P=0.001 ) . The elapse of time significantly increased the bond strength ( P=0.001 ) . There was no significant difference between the irrigants used in this study ( P=0.441 ) . Bond failure was predominantly of mixed type in MTA and of cohesive type in CEM sample s. CONCLUSION Based on this study , endodontic irrigants did not influence the push-out bond strength of MTA and CEM cement INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a range of alkaline pH values on the push-out strength of white mineral trioxide aggregate ( WMTA ) . METHODS The st and ardized lumens of root slices prepared from extracted single-rooted human teeth were filled with white ProRoot MTA . The specimens were then r and omly divided into 4 groups ( n = 20 ) and wrapped in pieces of gauze soaked in synthetic tissue fluid ( STF ) ( pH , 7.4 ) and STF buffered in potassium hydroxide at pH values of 8.4 , 9.4 , or 10.4 . The sample s were incubated for 3 days at 37 ° C . The push-out bond strengths were then measured by using a universal testing machine . Failure modes after the push-out test were examined under a light microscope at ×40 magnification . The data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests . RESULTS The greatest ( 9.46 ± 0.63 MPa ) and lowest ( 5.68 ± 0.83 MPa ) mean push-out bond strengths were observed after exposure to pH values of 8.4 and 10.4 , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P = .001 ) . The bond failure was adhesive for all experimental groups . CONCLUSIONS Push-out bond strength of WMTA could be influenced by different alkaline pH values OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that the stress distribution and bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is influenced by the mechanical testing methodology . METHODS Thirty single rooted endodontically treated teeth were prepared for luting of tapered fiber-glass posts ( Reforpost , Angelus , Londrina , PR , Brazil ) with a conventional adhesive system and resin luting cement ( Adper Scotchbond Multi- purpose , Rely X ARC , 3 M ESPE , St. Paul , MN , USA ) . The teeth were r and omly divided ( n=10 per group ) into micro-push-out ( Mpo ) , hourglass- ( Mh ) and rectangular stick-shaped ( Ms ) microtensile testing groups before sectioning each root into five 1-mm-thick specimens . During specimen preparation for microTBS testing 46/50 stick and 4/50 hourglass specimens prematurely failed ; therefore , the Ms group could not be included in the mechanical testing . The remaining specimens were tested at 0.5 mm/min until bond failure . Stress distribution within each specimen type for the three mechanical test methods was analyzed by finite element analysis ( FEA ) . Qualitative analyses were carried out through Von Mises , XY and Sy criterion . RESULTS Mpo and Mh had a mean microTBS of 11.89+/-6.55 and 14.98+/-12.72 MPa , respectively , which was not significantly different ( p=0.1311 ) . The push-out test demonstrated a more homogenous stress distribution by FEA and less variability in mechanical testing . SIGNIFICANCE Therefore , the recommended testing method for determining the bond strength of glass posts to intraradicular dentin is by Mpo AIM This study aim ed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of NeoMTA Plus ( NMTA ) , EndoSequence root repair material fast set putty ( ERRMF ) , biodentine ( BD ) , and ProRoot white mineral trioxide aggregate ( PMTA ) when used as perforation repair material s after exposure to 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) during the early setting phase . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Horizontal midroot sections were prepared from single-rooted human teeth . Sections ( n = 144 ) were r and omly divided into four groups : PMTA , BD , NMTA , and ERRMF . Material s were condensed and allowed to set for 10 minutes . The groups were further divided into two subgroups . The NaOCl group included specimens that were immersed in 2.5 % NaOCl for 30 minutes , and the control group included specimens on which a wet cotton pellet was placed over the test material . After 48 hours , the highest force applied to the material s at the time of dislodgement was recorded . Slices were then examined under a digital microscope to evaluate the nature of the bond failure . The surfaces of two specimens from each subgroup were observed by scanning electron microscopy . Data were statistically analyzed with two-way and one-way analysis of variances , independent t-tests , and chi-square tests . The statistical significance was set at 0.05 . RESULTS In NaOCl-treated groups , PMTA showed a significantly higher push-out bond strength than the other three material s ( p = 0.00 ) . In the control groups , the bond strength of BD was significantly higher than that of PMTA , ERRMF , and NMTA ( p < 0.05 ) . Compared with the control group , NaOCl treatment significantly increased the push-out bond strength of PMTA ( p = 0.00 ) and ERRMF ( p = 0.00 ) and significantly reduced the bond strength of BD ( p = 0.00 ) and NMTA ( p = 0.03 ) . None of the specimens showed an adhesive type of failure . The majority of the sample s exhibited a cohesive failure type . Morphological observations revealed that the surfaces exhibited cubic crystals . In ERRMF , the crystals were few in number . Sodium hypochlorite enhanced the crystallization of NMTA . CONCLUSION The push-out bond strengths of PMTA and ERRMF were significantly increased after exposure to 2.5 % NaOCl in the early setting phase , and those of BD and NMTA were significantly decreased . CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of the present study suggest that early exposure of NaOCl increase the push-out bond strength of PMTA and ERRMF . PMTA had the highest push-out values . Therefore , it would be a potentially useful perforation repair material for single visit endodontic treatment AIM To compare regional bond strength in different thirds of the root canal , among glass fiber-reinforced ( FRC ) endodontic posts luted with different cements , using the push-out test . MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty extracted human anterior teeth were endodontically treated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer . The crown portion was removed , and a dowel space was prepared . Prepared teeth were r and omly assigned to one of six groups ( n = 10 ) for luting glass FRC Postec posts , with one of the six cement systems ( Ketac Cem Aplicap , Relyx Unicem Aplicap , Variolink II/Excite DCS , Panavia F/ED Primer , C&B cement/All-Bond 2 , and Multilink/Multilink Primer A/B ) , using an alignment technique . Specimens were embedded in resin , and each root was sectioned into six 1-mm thick serial slices . A push-out test was performed to measure regional bond strengths and to identify the type of failure . RESULTS The highest bond strength values were found in the cervical third and the lowest in the apical third . Highest values were obtained using Variolink II , Panavia F , and Multilink resin cements followed by C&B resin cement and Relyx Unicem ionomer resin cement ; Ketac-cem ionomer cement showed the lowest value . CONCLUSION Highest bond strength values were obtained in the cervical third and with resin cements AIM To analyse the influence of exposure of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) with and without calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) to phosphate-buffered saline ( PBS ) on the push-out bond strength , over different experimental periods . METHODOLOGY One hundred and twenty dentine discs with st and ardized cavities were filled with MTA with and without 10 % CaCl2 . The specimens were r and omly divided as follows ( n = 30 ) : ( G1 ) MTA in contact with a moistened cotton pellet , ( G2 ) MTA immersed in PBS , ( G3 ) MTA + CaCl2 in contact with a moistened cotton pellet and ( G4 ) MTA + CaCl2 immersed in PBS . The sample s were stored for 3 , 28 and 60 days . The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine . Data were analysed using the three-way anova and Tukey test ( P < 0.05 ) . RESULTS In general , the sample s of MTA with and without CaCl2 , exposed to PBS , had higher bond strength values in all study periods ( P < 0.05 ) . Analysis of the influence of addition of CaCl2  to MTA ( G1 × G3 ) evidence d significant differences in bond strength in the different periods ( P < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS The exposure of MTA to PBS positively influenced the push-out bond strength , whereas the addition of CaCl2 had a negative influence AIM To assess the push-out bond strength of two new calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers in the root canals of extracted teeth . METHODOLOGY Thirty extracted single-rooted central incisors of similar sizes were selected r and omly and distributed to three groups ( n = 10 ) . All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve tapered canal walls . Irrigation was performed using 5 mL 2.5 % NaOCl between each instrument , and the smear layer was removed using 5 mL 17 % EDTA . The canals were filled with three different sealers using a cold lateral compaction technique : group 1 : AH Plus + gutta-percha , group 2 : I Root SP + gutta-percha and group 3 : MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha . Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ± 0.1 in the apical , middle and coronal parts of each root . The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine ( Instron , Canton , MA , USA ) that carried 1-mm , 0.5-mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal , middle and apical specimens , respectively . The loading speed was 1 mm min(-1 ) . The push-out data were analysed by two-way analysis of variance ( anova ) and the post hoc Holm-Sidak test , with significance set at P < 0.05 . RESULTS In the coronal specimens , there was no significant difference between the sealers . In the middle and apical segments , there was no significant difference between I Root SP and AH Plus groups . However , the I Root SP and AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength values than the MTA Fillapex ( P < 0.05 ) . In terms of root segments , the bond strengths in the middle specimens and the apical specimens were higher compared with the bond strengths in the coronal specimens ( P < 0.05 ) . There were no significant differences between the bond strengths in the middle and apical specimens . CONCLUSION MTA Fillapex had the lowest push-out bond values to root dentine compared with other sealers INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 different mixing methods on push-out bond strength of white tooth-colored mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth and filled with MTA . The sample s were r and omly divided into 3 groups ( n = 20 ) of MTA mixed by ultrasonic , trituration , or conventional methods and then allowed to set for 72 hours in a synthetic tissue fluid environment . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under a stereomicroscope at × 4 to determine the nature of the bond failure . RESULTS The means of push-out bond strength values of white MTA in the ultrasonic , conventional , and trituration groups were 105.67 ± 12.79 , 118.95 ± 12.76 , and 99.60 ± 14.27 MPa , respectively . The differences between the 3 groups were not statistically significant . CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the results of this study , it can be concluded that different mixing methods have no significant effect on push-out bond strength of white MTA The present study evaluated the influence of 2 % chlorhexidine and 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite on the resin sealer/dentin interface bond strength of AH Plus/gutta-percha and Epiphany/Resilon .  Seventy-two extracted bovine incisors were r and omly distributed into 6 groups according to irrigant and sealers : G(S+AH)=physiologic saline solution+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(S+Ep)=physiologic saline solution+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(H+AH)=2.5 % sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; G(H+Ep)=2.5 % NaOCl+Epiphany/Resilon ; G(C+AH)=2 % chlorhexidine (CHX)+AH Plus/gutta-percha ; and G(C+Ep)=2 % CHX+Epiphany/Resilon . After 7 days at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity , the roots were cut transversally on the long axis of the tooth in 0.8 mm (±0.09)-thick slices ; these slices were then subjected to the push-out test . Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at 5 % significance . The AH Plus/gutta-percha groups showed significantly higher bond strength than the Epiphany/Resilon groups , regardless of the irrigant used ( p<0.001 ) . Sodium hypochlorite adversely affected bond strength in the AH Plus group , whereas chlorhexidine did not influence the push-out bond strength of either sealer ( p<0.05 ) . Two percent chlorhexidine did not adversely affect the bond strength of the sealers , whereas 2.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution damaged AH Plus/gutta-percha bond strength Background . Further studies on the adhesion properties of MTA-based material s seem necessary due to their growing use in endodontic treatment . This research aim ed to assess the effect of retreatment on the bond strength of MTA-based ( MTA Fillapex ) and epoxy resin-based ( AH Plus ) sealers . Methods . ProTaper rotary files were applied to prepare the root canals of 80 human m and ibular premolars . Then , the roots were r and omly divided intotwo groups of A ( n=40 ) and B ( n=40 ) , which were obturated with gutta-percha and MTA Filla-pex and AH Plus sealer , respectively . In both groups , the teeth were r and omly subdivided into 2 subgroups . No retreatment was carried out in subgroups A1 and B1 , while subgroups A2 and B2 were retreated with rotary files and a solvent . Then , a push-out test was performed on four 2-mm slices of each tooth at a distance of 2 mm from the coronal surface after two weeks of incubation . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results . Regardless of the procedure followed ( P<0.001 ) , significant differences were detected in the mean bond strength values between the two sealers . Irrespective of the sealer type ( P=0.3 ) , no significant differences were revealed by comparing the mean bond strength values of the study subgroups . Furthermore , no statistically significant interaction ( P=0.5 ) was found between the treatment and sealer types . Conclusion . AH Plus sealer exhibited a higher bond strength compared to MTA Fillapex . Retreatment using rotary files and chloroform had no statistically significant effect on the bond strength of sealers evaluated in this study This study compared the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) and a new endodontic cement ( NEC ) as root-end filling material s in root-end cavities prepared by ultrasonic technique ( US ) or Er , Cr : YSGG laser ( L ) .  Eighty single-rooted extracted human teeth were endodontically treated , apicectomised and r and omly divided into four following groups ( n = 20 ) : US/MTA , US/NEC , L/MTA and L/NEC . In US/MTA and US/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared with ultrasonic retrotip and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . In L/MTA and L/NEC groups , root-end cavities were prepared using Er , Cr : YSGG laser and filled with MTA and NEC , respectively . Each root was cut apically to create a 2 mm-thick root slice for measurement of bond strength using a universal testing machine . Then , all slices were examined to determine the mode of bond failure . Data were analysed using two-way anova . Root-end filling material s showed significantly higher bond strength in root-end cavities prepared using ultrasonic technique ( US/MTA and US/NEC ) ( P < 0.001 ) . The bond strengths of MTA and NEC did not differ significantly . The failure modes were mainly adhesive for MTA , but cohesive for NEC . In conclusion , bond strengths of MTA and NEC to root-end cavities were comparable and higher in ultrasonically prepared cavities OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming ( PIPS ) technique in combination with EDTA on bond strength of gutta-percha/AH Plus and Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal fillings to root dentine . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Forty freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth with intact straight roots , were instrumented endodontically with rotating ProTaper instruments and r and omly divided into two experimental groups . In group 1 ( n = 20 ) , root canals were rinsed for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . In group 2 ( n = 20 ) , Er : YAG laser , with a 14 mm long 400 μ diameter tapered PIPS tip , was used for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17 % EDTA . The laser parameters used were : 20 mJ per pulse , 15 Hz , 50 microsecond . In each experimental group , half of the root canals ( n = 10 ) were obturated with gutta-percha/AH Plus and other half ( n = 10 ) with Resilon/RealSeal SE . A micropush-out test was performed on sectiond specimens of the filled roots using a universal testing machine and resistance to failure plus failure modes were determined . RESULTS Both gutta-percha/AH Plus groups had higher bond strength to root dentin than the Resilon/RealSeal SE groups ( P < 0.05 ) . The smear layer removal protocol , with EDTA only or combining PIPS technique with EDTA , had no influence on bond strength of either gutta-percha/AH Plus , or Resilon/RealSeal SE ( P > 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study , it was found that the application of the PIPS technique did not have an affect on the push-out bond strength of Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal filling to dentin nor on the gutta-percha/AH Plus . A significant difference in bond strength was noted between the two root canal filling material s. Lasers Surg . Med . 48:951 - 954 , 2016 . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals , INTRODUCTION To analyze the push-out bond strength of Angelus WMTA ( Angelus Dental Products ) , a nano-modification of WMTA ( Kamal Asgar Research Center ) and Bioaggregate ( Innovative Bioceramix ) . METHODS Sixty 2-mm-thick root sections were prepared from 60 single-rooted human teeth . The dentin disks were r and omly divided into three groups ( n = 20 ) and filled with Angelus WMTA , Nano-WMTA , or Bioaggregate , respectively . Push-out bond strength values of the specimens were measured by a universal testing machine and examined under scanning electron microscope at × 40 magnification to determine the nature of the bond failure . The data were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test . RESULTS The greatest mean for push-out bond strength ( 138.48 ± 11.43 MPa ) was observed for the nano-modification of WMTA . The values decreased to 110.73 ± 11.19 and 25.64 ± 5.27 MPa for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate , respectively . There were significant differences between the groups ( P < 0.001 ) . Inspection of the sample s revealed the bond failure to be predominantly adhesive type except for the nano-modification group , as some sample s also exhibited cohesive failures . CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the force needed for the displacement of the nano-modification of WMTA ( NWMTA ) was significantly higher than for Angelus WMTA and Bioaggregate Background Proper bond strength to dentin is one of the properties of bio material s used for therapeutic purpose s such as repair of furcal perforations . The aim of the present study to evaluate the effects of different powder to liquid ratios of Calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) on the push-out bond strengths in simulated perforations in the furcal area and compare it with Mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) . Material and Methods Furcal perforations , measuring 1.3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height , were prepared in 120 m and ibular first molars . Then the sample s were r and omly assigned to two groups ( n=60 ) .  MTA and CEM cement were used for the repair of perforations in groups 1 and 2 , respectively . Each group was divided into 3 subgroups based on the powder to liquid rations as follows : subgroup 1 ( W/P ) , 1:2 ; subgroup 2 , 1:3 ; and subgroup 3 , 1:4 . After mixing and placing the material s in the perforation area , the sample s were placed in closed containers at 37 ° C and 100 % relative humidity for one week . A universal testing machine was used to determine the bond strength values . After recording the st and ard deviations , data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA . Statistical significance was set at P<0.05 . Results In the MTA and CEM groups the highest push-out bond strength values were recorded in the third ( W/P : 1:4 ) and first ( W/P : 1:2 ) subgroups , respectively . There were significant differences in both groups between the ratios mentioned above and the other ratios ( P<0.05 ) . Conclusions Under the limitations of the present study , an increase in the powder-to-liquid ratio in CEM cement result ed in a decrease in bond strength , contrary to MTA . Key words : CEM , Perforation , Powder-to-liquid ratio , push-out bond strength , MTA Abstract Objective . To compare push-out bond strength of fiber-posts luted with different adhesive approaches to root canal dentin . Material s and methods . Forty maxillary first incisors were decoronated and endodontically treated . Specimens were r and omly distributed into five groups ( n = 8) and fiber-posts ( DentinPost coated , Komet ) were inserted using five different luting material s : etch- and -rinse adhesive systems and corresponding core- and -post material in groups 1 ( DentinBond/DentinBuild , Komet ) and 2 ( XP Bond + SCA/Core-X flow , Densply ) , self-adhesive resin cements in groups 3 ( RelyX Unicem , 3 M Espe ) and 4 ( SmartCem 2 , Dentsply ) and a self-etch adhesive/resin cement in group 5 ( ED-Primer II/Panavia F 2.0 , Kuraray ) . The roots were sectioned into eight 1 mm thick serial slices and within 48 h push-out bond strength was investigated . Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametrical Kruskal-Wallis H-test and Mann-Whitney U-test for differences between experimental groups at p < 0.05 . The failure modes were analyzed using Chi square test . Results . The bond strength [ MPa ] ( mean/min – max ) for groups 3 ( 12.35/3.60–32.44 ) , 4 ( 13.52/4.48–30.69 ) and 2 ( 11.15/5.23–35.58 ) were significantly higher ( p < 0.001 ) compared to groups 1 ( 6.66/2.34–24.89 ) and 5 ( 7.41/0.28–34.18 ) . Adhesive failure between dentin and luting agent was the most frequent failure mode . Conclusions . Bond strength of fiber-posts adhesively luted to root canal dentin was significantly higher when self-adhesive resin cements were used . One ( group 2 ) of the tested core- and -post material s/etch- and -rinse adhesive achieved comparable bond strength values INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer removal on the push-out bond strength between radicular dentin and three calcium silicate cements ( CSC ) in comparison with gutta percha and sealer . METHODS Eighty human anterior extracted teeth were decoronated , cleaned and shaped to size 50/0.05 apically and r and omly divided into 2 major groups : ( A ) smear layer preserved , and ( B ) smear layer removed using irrigation with 17 % EDTA . Roots within each major group were further divided into 4 subgroups according to the obturation material used : ( 1 ) ProRoot MTA , ( 2 ) Biodentine , ( 3 ) Harvard MTA , ( 4 ) Gutta percha and AH-plus sealer . Obturated roots were stored in synthetic tissue fluid for 7 days to allow maximum setting of the root filling material s. Three 2-mm-thick slices were obtained from each root at different section levels ( coronal , middle , apical ) . The canal diameters and slice thickness were measured , and the adhesion surface area for each slice was calculated . Push-out bond strength test was carried out using a universal testing machine . The bond failure mode was assessed under an optical microscope at 40 × . RESULTS The mean push-out bond strength in groups 1A , 2A and 3A were 7.54 ( ±1.11 ) , 7.64 ( ±1.08 ) and 8.79 (±1.55)MPa respectively , while those for groups 1B , 2B and 3B were 6.58 ( ±1.13 ) , 6.47 ( ±1.08 ) , 7.71 (±1.81)MPa , respectively . In the gutta percha and sealer groups the push-out bond strength means were : 1.98 ( ±0.48 ) and 2.09 (±0.51)MPa in the preserved and removed smear layer groups respectively . The push-out strength values were significantly reduced when the smear layer was removed in the CSC groups ( P<0.05 ) while no significant difference was detected in the gutta percha and sealer groups . CONCLUSIONS Based on the conditions of this ex vivo study , it can be concluded that smear layer removal is detrimental to the bond strength between calcium silicate cements and dentin Introduction : This in vitro study investigated the effect of adding 10 % calcium chloride ( CaCl2 ) on push out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture ( CEM ) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA ) to root canal dentin . Methods and Material s : A total of 120 root dentin slices with 2 mm thickness were prepared from sixty single-rooted human teeth . Dentinal discs were enlarged to achieve 1.3 mm diameter . The specimens were r and omly allocated into eight groups ( n=15 ) . Dentin discs were filled with either CEM cement or MTA with or without CaCl2 and the push out test was performed after 3 and 21 days . Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA test . The level of significance was set at 0.05 . Results : There was an interaction effect amongst all groups ( P=0.028 ) . After 3 days , CEM cement showed a significantly lower bond strength than other groups ( P<0.05 ) while MTA demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than CEM cement with or without CaCl2 ( P=0.001 ) . After 21 days , CEM cement with or without CaCl2 had no significant difference with other groups ( P>0.05 ) . However , the bond strength of MTA decreased when CaCl2 was added ( P=0.011 ) . Conclusion : The addition of 10 % CaCl2 increased the push out bond strength of CEM cement and improved it over time ; while , this substance aggravated this property for MTA INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and bond strength of three root filling techniques ( lateral compaction , continuous wave of condensation and Tagger 's Hybrid technique [ THT ] ) using micro-computed tomography ( CT ) images and push-out tests , respectively . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Thirty m and ibular incisors were prepared using the same protocol and r and omly divided into three groups ( n=10 ) : Lateral condensation technique ( LCT ) , continuous wave of condensation technique ( CWCT ) , and THT . All specimens were filled with Gutta-percha ( GP ) cones and AH Plus sealer . Five specimens of each group were r and omly chosen for micro-CT analysis and all of them were sectioned into 1 mm slices and subjected to push-out tests . RESULTS Micro-CT analysis revealed less empty spaces when GP was heated within the root canals in CWCT and THT when compared to LCT . Push-out tests showed that LCT and THT had a significantly higher displacement resistance ( P<0.05 ) when compared to the CWCT .  Bond strength was lower in apical and middle thirds than in the coronal thirds . CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that LCT and THT were associated with higher bond strengths to intraradicular dentine than CWCT . However , LCT was associated with more empty voids than the other techniques Introduction : The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of different pretreatments ( fiber post ) with the laser‐activated irrigation ( LAI ) technique ( for removal of the smear layer ) on root canal dentin in terms of push‐out bond strength ( PBS ) in a fiber post . Methods : Fifty freshly extracted m and ibular single‐rooted premolars were prepared , and LAI was applied to all roots ( 17 % EDTA was 5 mL for 120 seconds with an erbium , chromium : yttrium‐sc and ium‐gallium‐garnet laser [ 0.50 W , 20 Hz , 25 mJ ] ) . In addition , 50 quartz fiber posts were r and omly assigned to 5 groups ( n = 10 ) according to the surface treatments as follows : group S ( s and blasting ) , group N1 and group N2 ( neodymium : yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser irradiation [ 2 W , 200 mJ , 10 Hz , with pulse duration s of 180 or 320 microseconds ) , group HF ( 9.7 % hydrofluoric acid etched ) , and group C ( control with no treatment ) . Dual‐cure resin cement was adhered onto the fiber posts after they were covered with a silane agent , and then the posts were placed into the canal space using a Lentulo spiral . The PBS test was performed after all specimens were transversally sectioned ( root slices of 1‐mm thickness ) . Data were analyzed with 1‐way analysis of variance/Tukey post hoc test ( & agr ; = 0.05 ) . Results : The highest PBS value was observed in group S ( middle part ) , and the lowest value was observed in group C ( apical part ) . There were no statistical differences among the groups regardless of the part . Furthermore , when the PBS values of the different parts of dentin were compared within treated groups , significant differences were observed in all groups except group N2 ( P < .05 ) . Conclusions : Within the limitations of this study , it can be concluded that the LAI technique when used with 17 % EDTA had a significant effect on the amount of smear layer removed from the root canal dentin , which was also detected in the fracture pattern ( adhesive failure [ resin‐post interface ] ) . However , the various treatments of the fiber post did not improve the PBS of the root dentin . HighlightsIt is crucial to maximize the bond strength between the root dentin and resin and between the resin and fiber post for the success of post‐core restorations . EDTA + laser‐activated irrigation significantly reduces debris or smear layers from the root dentin wall . The mechanical treatments on the fiber post surfaces can not affect the push‐out bond strength ( PBS ) ; however , other additional parameters must be evaluated . Studies on the effects of different surface treatments on the fiber post and root dentin walls together with PBS could enrich the literature Aim To evaluate the push-out bond strength of  MTA Fillapex ( Angelus ) and compare it with ProRoot MTA ( Dentsply ) and AH Plus ( Dentsply ) . Design Thirty extracted single-rooted teeth were selected and prepared using a rotary system . The sample s were divided r and omly into three groups ( n = 10 ) and obturated , respectively , with : ( 1 ) AH Plus + gutta-percha ( DiaDent ) ; ( 2 ) MTA Fillapex + gutta-percha ; ( 3 ) ProRoot MTA . Each root was sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices and 30 sample s for each group were obtained . The sample s were subjected to push-out test . Failure modes were examined under 30 × magnification . The results were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey ’s test . Results Mean push-out bond strength values were ranked as follows : ProRoot MTA > AH Plus > MTA Fillapex . Statistically significant differences were found among all groups ( p < 0.05 ) . Conclusion ProRoot MTA had the highest bond strength , whilst MTA Fillapex displayed the lowest values among the groups This study aim ed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( EGCG ) from green tea extract on the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin . Seventy single root canal premolars were decoronated and instrumented . The roots were r and omly irrigated with different final irrigation protocol s ( n=16 ) : 17%EDTA ( EDTA ) , 17%EDTA followed by 2.5%NaOCl ( EDTA+NaOCl ) , 17%EDTA followed by 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EDTA+EGCG ) and 1 mg/mL EGCG ( EGCG ) . Other six root canals were received only 2.5%NaOCl as a control group . One root from each group ( n=1 ) was excluded and prepared for SEM investigation . All root canals were then obturated and horizontally sectioned to perform the push out test . EDTA+EGCG group had the highest bond strength ( p<0.05 ) . EGCG group showed higher bond strength than EDTA group ( p<0.05 ) . The use of EGCG as a final irrigant significantly increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin Background The aim of this in vitro study was to examine and compare the effect of photodynamic therapy and solution containing nano particles Ag/ZnO on adhesion of endodontic sealers to dentinal walls of human root canal . Material and Methods Ninty single-rooted human teeth were selected and their clinical crown was cut from the cemento-enamel junction zone . Canals were prepared by RaCe rotary system and the smear layer was removed using 17 % EDTA and 5.25 % NaOCl . Sample s were r and omly divided into two groups of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex based on the sealer type and each group based on antimicrobial method was divided into two sub-groups of photodynamic therapy and polymer containing nano particles of Ag / ZnO and a control sub-group ( N = 15 ) . After obturation of canals with gutta-percha and sealers mentioned , the sample s were incubated for a week at a humidity of 95 % and 37 ° C and then 2 mm thick discs were prepared from the middle region of roots for Push-out test . The maximum failure force was recorded in newton and converted to MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens of each subgroup were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy . Statistical analysis was performed by Two way ANOVA and ( P<0.05 ) was considered significant . Results The highest ( 4.84 ± 1.63 ) and lowest ( 0.16 ± 0.075 ) push-out bond strength values were obtained in ( AH Plus-PDT ) and ( MTA Fillapex-Ag/ZnO ) respectively . Independent of antimicrobial method , AH Plus bond strength was significantly higher than the MTA Fillapex ( p<0.001 ) . For both sealers , PDT  increased the bond strength significantly ( p<0.001 ) . Conclusions Photodynamic therapy has a positive effect on the bond strength of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex sealers . Key words : AH Plus , MTA Fillapex , Nano particles , Photodynamic therapy , Push-out INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of various root canal sealers after various irrigation solutions and Er : YAG laser irradiation were used on root canal dentin . METHODS One hundred fifty freshly extracted human maxillary single-rooted teeth were used in this study . Teeth were sectioned transversally 4 mm below the cementoenamel junction . The root canal of each specimen was prepared using a tapered bur . Teeth were divided into 3 main groups by sealer ( AH Plus Jet [ Dentsply DeTrey , Konstanz , Germany ] , EndoSequence BC Sealer [ Brasseler , Savannah , GA ] , and Real Seal [ SybronEndo , Orange , CA ] ) and then divided into 5 subgroups by dentin treatment ( distilled water , calcium hydroxide , sodium hypochlorite , EDTA , and Er : YAG laser ) . The specimens were placed immediately at 37 ° C and 100 % humidity for 1 week . Then , the push-out test was applied . The maximum failure load was recorded in newtons and was used to calculate the push-out bond strength in MPa . Then , 3 r and om specimens from each group were examined under scanning electron microscopy . RESULTS The resin root canal sealers had higher push-out bond strength than the bioceramic sealer , and the differences were statistically significant ( P < .05 ) except in the sodium hypochlorite groups . The EDTA and Er : YAG laser applications removed the smear layer and increased the bond strength . The highest adhesion was observed in EDTA groups when each sealer was evaluated in itself . CONCLUSIONS The bonding strength of root canal sealers is influenced by their properties and various dentin surface treatments . The scanning electron microscopic study showed that although the dentinal tubules were open , at the profile examination the sealers did not penetrate into the dentin canals in all specimens
HIGHLIGHTSPOBT in endodontic research predicts the clinical behavior of endodontic material s .
Introduction : There is limited literature on the impact of testing variables on the push‐out bond test ( POBT ) .
This review identified design s of the POBT used in the endodontic literature and aim ed to determine which experimental variables may influence the push‐out bond strength ( POBS ) .