Association of physical activity with body mass index, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in older adults Effects of psyllium vs. placebo on constipation, weight, glycemia, and lipids: A randomized trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic constipation. Telemedicine intervention effects on waist circumference and body mass index in the IDEATel project. Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 Supplementation Reduces the Visceral Fat Accumulation and Waist Circumference in Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Exercise Interventions on Body Composition in HIV+ Adults Dietary Determinants of Changes in Waist Circumference Adjusted for Body Mass Index – a Proxy Measure of Visceral Adiposity Effects of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on adiposity, energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence Affects Future Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Change in body composition during a weight loss trial in obese adolescents. Body fat distribution of children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. Correlation of dyslipidemia with waist to height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index in Iranian adults. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women The "lipid accumulation product" performs better than the body mass index for recognizing cardiovascular risk: a population-based comparison The consumption of low glycemic meals reduces abdominal obesity in subjects with excess body weight. Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 on Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Oral L-Arginine Administration Improves Anthropometric and Biochemical Indices Associated With Cardiovascular Diseases in Obese Patients: A Randomized, Single Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial Soluble fibers from psyllium improve glycemic response and body weight among diabetes type 2 patients (randomized control trial) How do pregnancy-related weight changes and breastfeeding relate to maternal weight and BMI-adjusted waist circumference 7 y after delivery? Results from a path analysis Gastrointestinal side effects of orlistat may be prevented by concomitant prescription of natural fibers (psyllium mucilloid) Comparison of the effects of cows' milk, fortified soy milk, and calcium supplement on weight and fat loss in premenopausal overweight and obese women. Association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with changes in vascular function after a lifestyle modification trial among obese children. Food Composition of the Diet in Relation to Changes in Waist Circumference Adjusted for Body Mass Index
Background There is limited , and inconsistent , data on the prospect i ve association between physical activity and surrogate markers of adiposity in older adults . We aim to determine the prospect i ve association of leisure time physical activity ( LTPA ) with body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference ( WC ) and the incidence of obesity . Methods This prospect i ve analysis included 7144 individuals with a mean age of 67 ± 6.2 years , from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea ( PREDIMED ) study .  BMI and WC were measured and LTPA was recorded using the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Question naire . Exposure and outcome variables were calculated as cumulative average of repeated measurements . Results Total LTPA was inversely associated ( P < 0.001 ) with BMI and WC . The difference in BMI and WC between extreme quintiles of LTPA ( Q1-Q5 ) was 2.1 kg/m2 ( 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) 1.68 ; 2.49 , P < 0.001 ) and 4.8 cm ( CI 2.28 ; 7.25 , P < 0.001 ) , respectively . Low-intensity LTPA was inversely associated with BMI but not with WC , while moderate/vigorous LTPA showed an inverse relationship with BMI and WC . The hazard of general and abdominal obesity incidence decreased across quintiles of total and moderate/vigorous LTPA ( P < 0.001 for both ) , whereas low-intensity LTPA was inversely associated with the incidence of general obesity ( P < 0.001 ) . Conclusion LTPA was inversely associated with BMI , WC and incidence of general and abdominal obesity . The finding that low-intensity LTPA was inversely related to BMI and the incidence of obesity is of particular importance because this level of physical activity could be a feasible option for many older adults OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of baked psyllium supplementation versus those who received a placebo on constipation symptoms , body weight , glycemic and lipids control in patients with type 2 diabetes ( T2D ) and chronic constipation . METHODS In a single-blinded , r and omized controlled trial , 51 patients with T2D and chronic constipation with body mass index ( BMI ) 20 - 47 kg/m2 received either 10 g of psyllium pre-mixed in cookies twice per day or placebo cookies for 12 weeks . Constipation symptoms , body mass index ( BMI ) , fasting plasma glucose ( FPG ) , glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , and lipid profile were determined at the beginning and end of 4 , 8 , and 12-week period . Constipation was evaluated with a stool diary ( ROME III ) . RESULTS The psyllium group showed improvement in constipation symptoms , body weight , glucose and lipid values compared with the baseline and the placebo group . Body weight and FPG decreased from baseline in the psyllium group ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.056 , respectively ) . The differences ( 95 % CI ) of absolute change of body weight ( -2.0 ( -3.0 , -1.0 ) kg ; P < 0.001 ) , FPG ( -13.6 ( -24.3 , -2.9 ) mg/dl ; P = .040 ) , and HbA1c ( -1.7 ( -2.9 , -0.5 ) ) ; P = 0.002 ) between the groups were statistically significant . Cholesterol ( -21.5 ( -25.6 , -14.4 ) ; P < 0.001 ) , triglycerides ( -20.0 ( -32.3 , -7.7 ) ; P = 0.021 ) and constipation symptoms ( 1.5 ( 0.4 , 2.3 ) ; P < 0.001 ) decreased in the psyllium group . The compliance was good and no adverse effects were observed . CONCLUSION In patients with T2D and chronic constipation , psyllium supplementation decreased constipation symptoms , body weight , glycemic , cholesterol , and increased HDLC levels BACKGROUND We examine the changes in waist circumference ( WC ) and body mass index ( BMI ) in older adults enrolled in a diabetes telemedicine program . The subjects were elderly Medicare beneficiaries participating in the rural ( upstate New York ) cohort of Informatics and Diabetes Education and Telemedicine , a r and omized , controlled trial using telemedicine to improve diabetes care in which the primary outcome was glycemic control . METHODS Ninety-two percent of the subjects had BMI > 25 kg/m(2 ) , and 65.8 % had a BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2 ) . Intervention subjects received home televisits with a dietitian or nurse educator every 4 - 6 weeks .  Blood glucose and blood pressure values  were review ed , and lifestyle and medication changes were recommended . Non-intervention subjects received usual care through their primary care physicians . Change in WC , BMI , diet , and exercise behaviors and knowledge were examined at baseline and 12 and 24 months . A mixed-effects path analysis was performed to examine direct and indirect effects . RESULTS The telemedicine participants increased diet and exercise knowledge over time ( P < 0.001 ) . It was estimated that women in the  telemedicine  group reduced their WC over the 2 years by 1.2 cm , whereas women in the usual care group increased their WC by almost 1 cm ( P = 0.02 ) . Path analysis demonstrated that the intervention , through improved diet and exercise knowledge , was related to the decrease in WC ( P = 0.006 ) and BMI ( P = 0.004 ) . CONCLUSIONS Diabetes case management using telemedicine improved self-reported diet and exercise knowledge , practice s , and behaviors , which in turn was associated with reductions in WC and BMI at 2 years Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 is a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk . Animal studies reported that BNR17 inhibited increases in body weight and adipose tissue weights . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiobesity effects of BNR17 in humans . In a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , 90 volunteers aged 20 - 75 years with body mass index ( BMI ) from 25 to 35 kg/m2 were r and omized to receive a placebo , low-dose BNR ( BNR-L , 109 CFU/day ) , or high-dose BNR ( BNR-H , 1010 CFU/day ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , BMI , waist and hip circumferences , waist-to-hip ratio , abdominal adipose tissue areas , body fat mass , lean body mass , and biochemical parameters were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial . Visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) was significantly decreased in the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group ( P = .038 ) . Difference of VAT areas of the BNR-H group compared with the placebo group after 12-week consumption of BNR17 was significant ( -21.6 cm2 , P = .012 ) . Waist circumferences were significantly decreased in both the BNR-L and BNL-H groups ( P = .045 and .012 , respectively ) compared with the baseline values , but not in the placebo group . Biochemical parameters were not significantly different among the groups . These findings suggest that daily consumption of BNR17 may contribute to reduced visceral fat mass in obese adults AIM To determine the relationship between  periodontitis and overweight/obesity among Jordanians . MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic r and om sample of 340 persons aged between 18 and 70 years was selected from those who accompanied patients during their visit to the outpatient clinics in the medical centre of Jordan University of Science and Technology in north of Jordan . All participants underwent periodontal examination  , had anthropometric measurements  , and completed the question naire .  Periodontitis was defined as presence of four or more teeth with one or more sites with probing pocket depth > or=4 mm and clinical attachment loss > or=3 mm . RESULTS Only 14 % of normal weight participants had periodontal disease whereas 29.6 % of overweight and 51.9 % of obese participants had periodontal disease . Periodontitis was more prevalent among subjects with high waist circumference ( WC ) and among subjects with high waist-to-hip ratio . After adjusting for important variables , only body mass index ( BMI ) -defined obesity [ odds ratio (OR)=2.9 , 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) : 1.3 , 6.1 ] , high WC ( OR=2.1 , 95%CI : 1.2 , 3.7 ) , and high fat per cent ( OR=1.8 , 95 % CI : 1.03 , 3.3 ) remained significantly associated with increased odds of periodontitis . CONCLUSION BMI -defined obesity , high WC , and high fat per cent were significantly associated with increased odds of having periodontitis Over the years , physical activity and exercise have been used to positively impact the health and quality of life of persons infected with HIV and , more recently , has been associated with a spectrum of body composition changes . The aim of this review was to examine the effects of various exercise interventions on body composition in HIV positive adults , using a search strategy of r and omized , controlled trials ( RCTs ) . A systematic review was performed by five independent review ers using a predetermined protocol adapted from previous research for assessing the articles for inclusion , the extracted data , and method ological quality . Eight RCTs involving 430 ( 26 % female ) HIV positive adults performing exercise a minimum of thrice weekly for at least six weeks were finally selected : Four were progressive resistance training ( PRT ) studies , three were aerobic training ( AT ) studies , and one involved yoga . In the PRT studies , there were significant increases in three anthropometric measures , namely , body mass , sum of skinfolds and sum of limb girths . In the AT studies , significant decreases were found in seven anthropometric measures , namely , body mass index , waist-hip ratio , body mass , triceps skinfold , waist circumference and sum of skinfolds . With yoga , the changes were non-significant . Exercise contributes to improved body composition and , when applied safely , appears to be beneficial for adults living with HIV/AIDS . However , these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the relatively few RCTs published to date . Future studies would benefit from increased attention to sample size , female participants , participant follow-up , complete statistical analysis and intention-to-treat analysis Background Given the recognized health effects of visceral fat , the underst and ing of how diet can modulate changes in the phenotype “ waist circumference for a given body mass index ( WC BMI ) ” , a proxy measure of visceral adiposity , is deemed necessary . Hence , the objective of the present study was to assess the association between dietary factors and prospect i ve changes in visceral adiposity as measured by changes in the phenotype WC BMI . Methods and Findings We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study .  Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years . WC BMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on body mass index , and annual change in WC BMI ( ΔWC BMI , cm/y ) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline , divided by follow-up time . The association between energy , energy density ( ED ) , macronutrients , alcohol , glycemic index ( GI ) , glycemic load ( GL ) , fibre and ΔWC BMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression , and r and om-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates . Men and women with higher ED and GI diets showed significant increases in their WC BMI , compared to those with lower ED and GI [ 1 kcal/g greater ED predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.09 cm ( 95 % CI 0.05 to 0.13 ) in men and 0.15 cm ( 95 % CI 0.09 to 0.21 ) in women ; 10 units greater GI predicted a ΔWC BMI of 0.07 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.12 ) in men and 0.06 cm ( 95 % CI 0.03 to 0.10 ) in women ] . Among women , lower fibre intake , higher GL , and higher alcohol consumption also predicted a higher ΔWC BMI . Conclusions Results of this study suggest that a diet with low GI and ED may prevent visceral adiposity , defined as the prospect i ve changes in WC BMI . Additional effects may be obtained among women of low alcohol , low GL , and high fibre intake Background : Obese individuals are more likely to have either lower blood concentrations or lower bioavailability of minerals and /or vitamins . However , there are limited data on the effects of nutritional supplementation on body weight ( BW ) control , energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism in obese subjects . Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of supplementation with multivitamin and multimineral on adiposity , energy expenditure and lipid profiles in obese Chinese women . Design : A total of 96 obese Chinese women ( body mass index ( BMI ) 28 kg m−2 ) aged 18–55 years participated in a 26-week r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled intervention study . Subjects were r and omized into three groups , receiving either one tablet of multivitamin and mineral supplement ( MMS ) , or calcium 162 mg ( Calcium ) or identical placebo daily during the study period . BW , BMI , waist circumference ( WC ) , fat mass ( FM ) , fat-free mass , resting energy expenditure ( REE ) , respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , blood pressure , fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low- and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( LDL-C and HDL-C ) and triglycerides ( TGs ) were measured at baseline and 26 weeks . Results : A total of 87 subjects completed the study . After 26 weeks , compared with the placebo group , the MMS group had significantly lower BW , BMI , FM , TC and LDL-C , significantly higher REE and HDL-C , as well as a borderline significant trend of lower RQ ( P=0.053 ) and WC ( P=0.071 ) . The calcium group also had significantly higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C levels compared with the placebo group . Conclusion : The results suggest that , in obese individuals  , multivitamin and mineral supplementation could reduce BW and fatness and improve serum lipid profiles , possibly through increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation . Supplementation of calcium alone ( 162 mg per day ) only improved lipid profiles Background Although cardiorespiratory fitness ( CRF ) in childhood and adolescence may be linked to future cardiovascular health , there is currently limited evidence for a longitudinal association . Objectives To provide a systematic review on the prospect i ve association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) risk factors at least 2 years later . Methods Using a systematic search of Medline , Embase , and SPORTD iscus , relevant articles were identified by the following criteria : generally healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age with CRF assessed at baseline , and a follow-up period of ≥ 2 years . The outcome measures were CVD risk factors . We appraised quality of the included articles with STROBE and QUIPS checklists . Results After screening 7524 titles and abstract s , we included 38 articles , assessing 44,169 children and adolescents followed up for a median of 6 years . Eleven articles were of high quality . There was considerable heterogeneity in methodology , measurement of CRF , and outcomes , which hampered meta- analysis . In approximately half of the included articles higher CRF in childhood and adolescence was associated with lower body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , body fatness and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later life . No associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future waist-to-hip ratio , blood pressure , lipid profile , and glucose homeostasis were observed . Conclusion Although about half of the included articles reported inverse associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future BMI , body fatness , and metabolic syndrome , evidence for other CVD risk factors was unconvincing . Many articles did not account for important confounding factors such as adiposity . Recommendations for future research include st and ardizing the measurement of CRF , i.e. by reporting VO2max , using st and ardized outcome assessment s , and performing individual patient data meta-analyses UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Adolescence is an important period of physiological growth . Loss of central adiposity with preservation of lean mass during weight loss is optimal . There are discrepancies in the literature concerning changes in lean mass during weight loss in adolescents . What this study adds This study provides information of regional and total body composition change in adolescents during weight loss . This study controls for important factors that impact body composition in growing adolescents such as age , sex , height , baseline weight and race . This study provides correlations of changes in waist circumference and body mass index ( BMI ) with total and trunk fat mass during weight loss in adolescents . SUMMARY Background Changes in body composition during weight loss among obese adolescents are poorly understood . This study characterized the composition of weight loss and its association with changes in waist circumference ( WC ) in obese adolescents . Methods Total ( Tot ) , trunk ( Tr ) and appendicular ( Ap ) fat mass ( FM ) and lean mass ( LM ) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 61 obese adolescents ( 40 girls ) who participated in a r and omized controlled weight loss trial .  Changes in body composition were assessed at 0 , 6 and 12 months using mixed-effects regression models . Correlation analysis of change in WC and total and regional compartments of FM and LM were assessed . Results Weight loss for adolescents was 90.3 % FM and 15.9 % LM at 0 - 6 months , and 98.2 % FM and 7 % LM at 0 - 12 months . At 12 months , girls lost 2.67 kg more TotFM than boys in models adjusted for height , age , race and baseline weight . Boys gained LM in all compartments in all models . At 12 months , girls lost TotLM ( 2.23 ± 0.74 , P < 0.004 ) and ApLM ( 0.69 ± 0.31 , P = 0.03 ) and gained TrLM ( 0.37 ± 0.35 , P = 0.29 ) . The percentage LM , increased for boys and girls in all models . TotFM was correlated with body mass index ( BMI ) change with TotFM ( R = 0.70 - 0.91 , P = 0.001 ) and WC change ( R = 0.53 - 0.55 , P < 0.001 ) . Conclusions Weight loss in obese adolescents during a weight loss trial using lifestyle management and sibutramine was primarily from trunk FM . Although absolute LM increased in boys and decreased in girls , the percentage of weight that is LM increased for both boys and girls . Changes in BMI were more reflective of changes in FM than changes in WC Excessive central fat in children and adolescents is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders . This study aim ed to compare the body fat distribution patterns of children and adolescents in Abeokuta , Nigeria with international reference st and ards . Five hundred seventy children aged 5 to 19 years were selected from seven schools using multistage r and om sampling . Weight , height , triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness ( TSF , SSF ) , and circumference at the waist and hips ( WC , HC ) were measured . Body mass index ( BMI ) , subscapular : triceps skinfold ratio ( STR ) , waist : hip circumference ratio ( WHR ) , and waist : height ratio ( WHtR ) were derived . Females had higher mean BMI , TSF , SSF , WC , HC , WHR , and WHtR , while males had significantly higher STR . The mean BMI , WC , TSF , and SSF values were lower for our subjects than for African-American subjects at all ages . On the other h and , in both sexes , STR was higher among Nigerian than African-American subjects up to 12 years old . Thereafter the values were similar . The mean WC was similar to those reported for African-American males up to 8 years , and females up to 7 years of age ; thereafter , African-American had higher values . The prevalence of central obesity using WC and WHtR measures was 4.4 % and 5.8 % , respectively . There is a need to vali date each index against serum lipid profiles and other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors Overweight and obesity are increasing problems in many countries and are related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors . Although imaging techniques can determine total body fat and its distribution reliably , anthropometric measurements remain important in clinical practice . The purpose of this study was to determine the association between some anthropometric measurements and dyslipidemia as an important cardiovascular risk factor in Iranian population . A total of 750 subjects ( 580 females and 170 males ) were selected by multistage r and om sampling from residents of Arak ( Iran ) and related villages in 2005 . None of them had any significant past medical history .  Body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference(WC ) , and waist to height ratio(W/Ht ) of subjects were measured to identify their relationship with their lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC ) , triglyceride(TG ) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C ) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C ) , and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol(TC/HDL-C ) . Fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) was also measured . WC and W/Ht showed greater correlation with TC , TG , LDL-C , TC/HDL-C level than did BMI . Among lipid profile , TG showed the closest correlation with W/Ht ( r=0.309 , p<0.001 ) and WC ( r=0.308 , p<0.001 ) . HDL-C level did not show any statistical relationship with W/Ht , but it was weakly correlated with WC ( r=-0.088 , p<0.05 ) . None of the indices showed any association with FBS level . It can be concluded that W/Ht and WC can best predict dyslipidemia in an Iranian adult population . We suggest using both W/Ht and WC as inexpensive and easy methods in clinical and epidemiological fields Background Vitamin D concentrations are linked to body composition indices , particularly body fat mass . Relationships between hypovitaminosis D and obesity , described by both BMI and waist circumference , have been mentioned . We have investigated the effect of a 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation on anthropometric indices in healthy overweight and obese women . Methods In a double-blind , r and omized , placebo-controlled , parallel-group trial , seventy-seven participants ( age 38±8.1 years , BMI 29.8±4.1 kg/m2 ) were r and omly allocated into two groups : vitamin D ( 25 μg per day as cholecalciferol ) and placebo ( 25 μg per day as lactose ) for 12 weeks . Body weight , height , waist , hip , fat mass , 25(OH ) D , iPTH , and dietary intakes were measured before and after the intervention . Results Serum 25(OH)D significantly increased in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( 38.2±32.7 nmol/L vs. 4.6±14.8 nmol/L ; P<0.001 ) and serum iPTH concentrations were decreased by vitamin D3 supplementation ( -0.26±0.57 pmol/L vs. 0.27±0.56 pmol/L ; P<0.001 ) . Supplementation with vitamin D3 caused a statistically significant decrease in body fat mass in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group ( -2.7±2.1 kg vs. -0.47±2.1 kg ; P<0.001 ) . However , body weight and waist circumference did not change significantly in both groups . A significant reverse correlation between changes in serum 25(OH ) D concentrations and body fat mass was observed ( r = -0.319 , P = 0.005 ) . Conclusion Among healthy overweight and obese women , increasing 25(OH ) D concentrations by vitamin D3 supplementation led to body fat mass reduction . This trial is registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01344161 Background Body mass index ( BMI , kg/m2 ) may not be the best marker for estimating the risk of obesity-related disease . Consistent with physiologic observations , an alternative index uses waist circumference ( WC ) and fasting triglycerides ( TG ) concentration to describe lipid overaccumulation . Methods The WC ( estimated population minimum 65 cm for men and 58 cm for women ) and TG concentration from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( N = 9,180 , statistically weighted to represent 100.05 million US adults ) were used to compute a " lipid  accumulation product " [ LAP = ( WC-65 ) × TG for men and ( WC-58 ) × TG for women ] and to describe the population distribution of LAP . LAP and BMI were compared as categorical variables and as log-transformed continuous variables for their ability to identify adverse levels of 11 cardiovascular risk factors . Results Nearly half of the represented population was discordant for their quartile assignments to LAP and BMI . When 23.54 million with ordinal LAP quartile > BMI quartile were compared with 25.36 million with ordinal BMI quartile > LAP quartile ( regression models adjusted for race-ethnicity and sex ) the former had more adverse risk levels than the latter ( p < 0.002 ) for seven lipid variables , uric acid concentration , heart rate , systolic and diastolic blood pressure . Further adjustment for age did not material ly alter these comparisons except for blood pressures ( p > 0.1 ) . As continuous variables , LAP provided a consistently more adverse beta coefficient ( slope ) than BMI for nine cardiovascular risk variables ( p < 0.01 ) , but not for blood pressures ( p > 0.2 ) . Conclusion LAP ( describing lipid overaccumulation ) performed better than BMI ( describing weight overaccumulation ) for identifying US adults at cardiovascular risk . Compared to BMI , LAP might better predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease , but this hypothesis needs prospect i ve testing OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of the glycemic index ( GI ) on food intake , anthropometric measurements and body composition in subjects with excess body weight . METHODS Crossover study , in which 17 subjects participated in two study sessions ( high GI or low GI ) .  Two daily meals were consumed in laboratory for 30 consecutive days in each session . Subjects also consumed under free living conditions 3 daily isocaloric servings of fruits , presenting the same GI as the session in which they were participating . At each 15 days , subjects were su bmi tted to body composition ( lean mass and fatty mass ) and anthropometric indexes ( weight , height , body mass index , waist circumference ( WC ) , hip circumference , hip-waist relation ( WHC ) ) assessment . Habitual food intake was assessed before and at the end of each session . Subjects were instructed to maintain the same level of physical activity during the study . RESULTS There was a significant reduction on WC and WHC after the low GI session . The other parameters did not differ between the treatments applied in this study . CONCLUSION These results suggest that the consumption of low GI foods may favor the prevention and control abdominal obesity and the associated metabolic diseases Background Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 is a type of probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk . A study was reported regarding the fact that BNR17 was an inhibitor of obesity and diabetic activities in the human body through previous animal experiments . This study was furthered to investigate the effect of BNR17 , a probiotic strain isolated from human breast milk , on obese and overweight adults . Methods Sixty-two obese volunteers aged 19 to 60 with body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2 and fasting blood sugar ≥ 100 mg/dL participated in a placebo controlled , r and omized , and double-blind trial . For 12 weeks , 57 participants were given either placebo or BNR17 and were tested by measuring body fat , body weight , various biochemical parameters , vital signs , and computed tomography at the start of the study and at weeks 4 , 8 , and 12 . The subjects assumed usual daily activities without having to make behavioral or dietary modifications during the course of the study . Results At the 12th week , a slight reduction in body weight was noted in the BNR17 group , but there were no significant weight changes between groups . Decrease of waist and hip circumferences in the BNR17 group was more pronounced than those in the placebo group . The two groups had no special or severe adverse reactions . Conclusion Despite there being no change in behavior or diet , administration of only the supplement of BNR17  reduced weight and waist and hip circumference . However , there were no significant differences between the two groups . These findings warrant a subsequent longer-term prospect i ve clinical investigation with a large population Background : Recently , the potential of L-arginine supplementation as a novel and effective strategy for weight loss and improving biochemical parameters in obese patients has been under consideration . Objectives : To evaluate the influence of 8-week oral L-arginine supplementation on body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference ( WC ) , triceps skinfold ( TS ) , subscapular skinfold ( SS ) , systolic blood pressure ( SBP ) , diastolic blood pressure ( DBP ) , plasma fasting blood sugar ( FBS ) , glycated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , total cholesterol ( TC ) , low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) , high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) , and malondialdehyde ( MDA ) in patients with BMI values > 29.9 or visceral obesity ( WC > 102 cm in men or > 88 cm in women ) . Patients and Methods : Ninety obese patients were included in a single-blind r and omized controlled trial . Patients were r and omized to receive either L-arginine ( 3 or 6 g thrice daily ) or placebo for 8 weeks . Anthropometric and biochemical indices , dietary intake , and blood pressure values were measured at the baseline and after the 8-week intervention . Results : Significant decreases in anthropometric parameters , blood pressure ( SBP , DBP ) , FBS , HbA1c , LDL , MDA ( P < 0.001 ) , TG ( P = 0.02 ) , and TC ( P = 0.002 ) and a significant increase in HDL ( P < 0.001 ) were observed in the intervention group , compared to the control group . In the control group , no significant differences were found between the baseline and end-of-intervention measurements . Conclusions : In conclusion , oral L-Arginine supplementation appears to improve anthropometric parameters , blood pressure values , and some blood biochemical indices associated with cardiovascular disease prevention Background Water-soluble dietary fibers intake may help control blood glucose and body weight . Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether soluble fiber supplementation from psyllium improves glycemic control indicators and body weight in type 2 diabetic patients . Method Forty type 2 diabetes patients , non-smoker , aged > 35 years were stratified to different strata according to sex , age , body mass index ( BMI ) and fasting blood sugar level ( FBS ) and r and omly assigned into two groups ; The intervention group which consists of 20 participants was on soluble fiber ( 10.5 g daily ) , and the control group which consist of 20 participants continued on their regular diet for eight weeks duration . Results After 8 weeks of intervention , soluble fiber supplementation showed significant reduction in the intervention group in BMI ( p < 0.001 ) when compared with the control group . Moreover , water soluble fiber supplementation proven to improve FBS ( 163 to 119 mg/dl ) , HbA1c ( 8.5 to 7.5 % ) , insulin level ( 27.9 to 19.7 μIU/mL ) , C-peptide ( 5.8 to 3.8 ng/ml ) , HOMA.IR ( 11.3 to 5.8 ) and HOMA-β % ( 103 to 141 % ) . Conclusion The reduction in glycemic response was enhanced by combining soluble fiber to the normal diet . Consumption of foods containing moderate amounts of these fibers may improve glucose metabolism and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes patients .Trial registration Current Controlled Trials PHRC/HC/28/15 ABSTRACT Background : Reproduction has been related to long-term maternal weight gain , and changes in fat mass , with gestational weight gain , have been identified as an important contributor . However , the influence of weight changes during the whole reproductive cycle and the modifying effect of breastfeeding are unknown . Objective : The objective was to examine how prepregnancy weight , gestational weight gain , postpartum weight changes , and breastfeeding influence maternal weight and body mass index – adjusted waist circumference ( WC BMI ) 7 y after delivery . Design : This was a prospect i ve cohort study of 23,701 women participating in the Danish National Birth Cohort with singleton births and no births during follow-up . Path analysis was used to assess the total , direct , and indirect effects ; the latter was mediated through weight changes on the pathways . Results : Postpartum weight retention at 6 mo and weight gain from 6 to 18 mo postpartum were highly positively associated with both outcomes . A 1-kg increase in weight retention at 6 mo postpartum corresponded to an average increase of 0.5 kg at 7 y. Gestational weight gain was not associated with WC BMI but was positively associated with weight at 7 y ; 87 % of this effect was mediated through later weight changes . For both outcomes , a small inverse association was observed for breastfeeding duration . This was strongest for WC BMI , for which 97 % of the effect was direct , ie , not mediated through postpartum weight . Conclusions : These findings show that postpartum weight retention at 6 mo and weight gain from 6 to 18 mo postpartum contribute equally to adverse maternal anthropometric measures 7 y after delivery . Breastfeeding duration may have a beneficial effect OBJECTIVES : This placebo-controlled open study was design ed to test the hypothesis that most of the gastrointestinal ( GI ) side events induced by treatment of obese patients with orlistat ( a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor ) could be prevented or ameliorated by concomitant use of natural fibers ( psyllium mucilloid ) . DESIGN : Two groups of obese women ( BMI > 27 kg/m2 ) were treated with orlistat 120 mg three times a day . One group ( A , n=30 ) was r and omized to receive orlistat and , approximately 6.0 g of orange-flavored psyllium mucilloid dissolved in water and the other group ( B , n=30 ) received orlistat and orange-flavored placebo . At the end of 30 days and 2 weeks of washout , group A switched to placebo and group B received psyllium while continuing orlistat three times a day . SUBJECTS : Sixty professional women , more than 21-y-old with a body mass index ( BMI ) between 27.3 and 48.0 kg/m2 , who were not receiving any other medication . MEASUREMENTS : Assessment s included weekly visits to attending physician , filling a form in which GI events were recorded , monthly measurements of body weight , blood pressure and serum lipids . The frequency and severity of GI events were evaluated by a score system , based on information provided by the patients . RESULTS : Both groups A and B significantly lost ( P<0.01 ) weight after 60 days of orlistat ( A=96.8 to 94.9 kg and B=98.7 to 96.5 kg ) . Similarly , BMI values declined significantly in both groups . While in the psyllium plus orlistat group ( group A ) the mean ±s.e.m . of the scores reflecting GI events was 13.0±1.8 , the placebo plus orlistat group ( B ) had a value of 35.9±2.7 ( P<0.01 ) . When the reverse situation was instituted the placebo and orlistat group presented a mean score of 36.1±3.6 and the psyllium plus orlistat a mean score of 8.9±1.5 ( P<0.01 ) . CONCLUSIONS : Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid concomitantly prescribed to obese patients receiving 120 mg of orlistat three times a day is an effective and safe adjunct therapy that is helpful in controlling the GI side effects of this pancreatic lipase inhibitor BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that calcium metabolism and perhaps other components of dairy products may contribute to shifting the energy balance and thus play a role in weight regulation . We compared the effects of cows ' milk , calcium fortified soy milk and calcium supplement on weight and body fat reduction in premenopausal overweight and obese women . METHODS AND RESULTS In this clinical trial , 100 healthy overweight or obese premenopausal women were r and omized to one of the following dietary regimens for 8 weeks : ( 1 ) a control diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit , with 500 - 600mg/day dietary calcium ; ( 2 ) a calcium-supplemented diet identical to the control diet with 800mg/day of calcium as calcium carbonate ; ( 3 ) a milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of low-fat milk ; ( 4 ) a soy milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of calcium fortified soy milk . At baseline and after 8 weeks , weight , waist circumference , and hip circumference were measured . Three 24-h dietary records and physical activity records were also taken . Comparing the mean differences in weight , waist circumference , body mass index ( BMI ) and waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) using repeated measure of variance analysis showed that changes in waist circumference and WHR were significant among the four groups ( p=0.029 and p=0.015 , respectively ) . After adjustment for baseline values , changes in weight and BMI were also significant ( p=0.017 and p=0.019 , respectively ) . Weight reductions  in high milk , soy milk , calcium supplement and control groups were 4.43±1.93(kg ) , 3.46±1.28(kg ) , 3.89±2.40(kg ) and 2.87±1.55(kg ) , respectively . The greatest changes were seen in the high dairy group in all variables . CONCLUSION Increasing low fat milk consumption significantly reduces the general and central obesity beyond a low calorie diet BACKGROUND The association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with vascular function after diet and exercise intervention among obese children has not been previously explored . METHODS In this 6-week diet and exercise intervention study in 35 obese children , age 12 to 18 years , we evaluated the relationship between changes in anthropometric indices , measures of insulin resistance , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , oxidized LDL ( ox-LDL ) , and oxidative stress markers with changes in carotid intima-media thickness ( C-IMT ) and flow mediated dilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery . RESULTS At the end of the study , body mass index ( BMI ) , waist circumference , and percentage body fat were decreased ( P < 0.05 ) , but participants remained overweight ( BMI > or = 95th percentile ) . Although FMD improved ( P < 0.05 ) , the improvement in C-IMT did not reach statistical significance . The changes in BMI , waist circumference , fat mass , ox-LDL , malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , CRP , insulin , and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) had an inverse correlation with the changes in mean FMD after adjustment for age and sex , with the highest correlations documented for ox-LDL , CRP , and WC . The age- and sex-adjusted changes in ox-LDL , waist circumference , CRP , MDA , and body fat mass had the highest correlations with changes in C-IMT . CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a common inflammatory stress condition associated with childhood obesity , notably with abdominal fat deposition , may play a role in the development of the earliest stages of proatherosclerotic inflammatory processes and subsequent vascular dysfunction . These changes might be partially reversible by short-term diet and exercise intervention , even if patients do not reach ideal body weight Background Dietary factors such as low energy density and low glycemic index were associated with a lower gain in abdominal adiposity . A better underst and ing of which food groups/items contribute to these associations is necessary . Objective To ascertain the association of food groups/items consumption on prospect i ve annual changes in “ waist circumference for a given BMI ” ( WC BMI ) , a proxy for abdominal adiposity . Design We analyzed data from 48,631 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospect i ve Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study .  Anthropometric measurements were obtained at baseline and after a median follow-up time of 5.5 years . WC BMI was defined as the residuals of waist circumference regressed on BMI , and annual change in WC BMI ( ΔWC BMI , cm/y ) was defined as the difference between residuals at follow-up and baseline , divided by follow-up time . The association between food groups/items and ΔWC BMI was modelled using centre-specific adjusted linear regression , and r and om-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates . Results Higher fruit and dairy products consumption was associated with a lower gain in WC BMI whereas the consumption of white bread , processed meat , margarine , and soft drinks was positively associated with ΔWC BMI . When these six food groups/items were analyzed in combination using a summary score , those in the highest quartile of the score – indicating a more favourable dietary pattern –showed a ΔWC BMI of −0.11 ( 95 % CI −0.09 to −0.14 ) cm/y compared to those in the lowest quartile . Conclusion A dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread , processed meat , margarine , and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation
Moreover , there was nonlinear association between duration of psyllium consumption , BMI and WC .
Conclusion : Psyllium supplementation does not reduce body weight , BMI , and WC significantly
Abstract Background : Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the effects of psyllium supplementation on  obesity measures .
This systematic review and meta- analysis was performed to summarize data from available r and omized clinical trials ( RCTs ) on the effect of psyllium supplementation on  body weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , and waist circumference ( WC ) in adults .