Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Circulating adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese Epidemiologic Evidence on Serum Adiponectin Level and Lipid Profile Effects of pravastatin on serum adiponectin levels in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mechanisms of early insulin-sensitizing effects of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in combination with vitamin E on adipokines and apoptosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on circulating adiponectin and leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The effect of simvastatin-ezetimibe combination therapy on adipose tissue hormones and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia. Additive beneficial effects of fenofibrate combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia. Effect of high doses of vitamin D on arterial properties, adiponectin, leptin and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients. Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial. Resistin and adiponectin in major depression: the association with free cortisol and effects of antidepressant treatment. Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes: the MÉDITA randomized controlled trial Impact of Weight Loss on Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin in Overweight-to-Obese Post Menopausal Breast Cancer Survivors Efficacy of glimepiride on insulin resistance, adipocytokines, and atherosclerosis. Extended-release niacin raises adiponectin and leptin. Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Reduction in saturated fat intake improves cardiovascular risks in obese adolescents during interdisciplinary therapy. Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in serum adiponectin levels. The evolving relationship between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in hepatitis C patients during viral clearance Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Effect of Weight Reduction Following Bariatric Surgery on Serum Visfatin and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Subjects Effect of Therapeutic Dose of Vitamin D on Serum Adiponectin and Glycemia in Vitamin D-Insufficient or Deficient Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Adiponectin is an adipose-specific plasma protein whose plasma concentrations are decreased in obese subjects and type 2 diabetic patients . This protein possesses putative antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties . In the current study , we have analyzed the relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance in rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ) , which spontaneously develop obesity and which subsequently frequently progress to overt type 2 diabetes . The plasma levels of adiponectin were decreased in obese and diabetic monkeys as in humans . Prospect i ve longitudinal studies revealed that the plasma levels of adiponectin declined at an early phase of obesity and remained decreased after the development of type 2 diabetes . Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that the obese monkeys with lower plasma adiponectin showed significantly lower insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose uptake ( M rate ) . The plasma levels of adiponectin were significantly correlated to M rate ( r = 0.66 , P < 0.001 ) . Longitudinally , the plasma adiponectin decreased in parallel to the progression of insulin resistance . No clear association was found between the plasma levels of adiponectin and its mRNA levels in adipose tissue . These results suggest that reduction in circulating adiponectin may be related to the development of insulin resistance Background : Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties . Prospect i ve studies have consistently shown a lower risk of type 2 diabetes among those with higher circulating adiponectin levels . Objective : We examined prospect ively the association between serum adiponectin levels and type 2 diabetes risk among Japanese workers , taking visceral fat mass into account . Subjects and methods : Subjects were 4591 Japanese employees who attended a comprehensive health screening in 2008 ; had biochemical data including serum adiponectin ; were free of diabetes at baseline ; and received health screening in 2011 .  Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between adiponectin and incidence of diabetes among overall subjects , as well as subgroups . Stratified analyses were carried out according to variables including visceral fat area ( VFA ) . Results : During 3 years of follow-up , 217 diabetic cases were newly identified . Of these , 87 % had a prediabetes at baseline . Serum adiponectin level was significantly , inversely associated with incidence of diabetes , with odds ratios ( 95 % confidence interval ) adjusted for age , sex , family history , smoking , alcohol drinking , physical activity and body mass index ( BMI ) for the lowest through highest quartile of adiponectin of 1 ( reference ) , 0.79 ( 0.55–1.12 ) , 0.60 ( 0.41–0.88 ) and 0.40 ( 0.25–0.64 ) , respectively ( P-value for trend < 0.01 ) . This association was material ly unchanged with adjustment for VFA instead of BMI . After further adjustment for both homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and hemoglobin A1c , however , the association became statistically nonsignificant ( P-value for trend=0.18 ) . Risk reduction associated with higher adiponectin levels was observed in both participants with and without obesity or insulin resistance at baseline . Conclusions : Results suggest that higher levels of circulating adiponectin are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes , independently of overall and intra-abdominal fat deposition , and that adiponectin may confer a benefit in both persons with and without insulin resistance The concentration of adiponectin , a hormone which is secreted from adipose tissue , is inversely correlated with body fat mass . This hormone has anti inflammatory and anti atherogenic properties . Its concentration reduces in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases . This study review s the evidence on the relationship between serum  adiponectin concentration and lipid profile .  In this study former clinical trials , cross sectional and prospect i ve studies have been review ed . The PubMed search engine has been used to find related research for the topic by considering dyslipidemia , total cholesterol ( TC ) , high and low density protein ( HDL and LDL ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , lipid profile ( LP ) and adiponectin as the key words . Finally , 25 articles were recruited to review in the present article . Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with plasma HDL cholestrol concentrations . There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma triglyceride and serum adiponectin . An inverse correlation between very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) and LDL levels and adiponectin was reported from the studies . So , Adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile including HDLc OBJECTIVE Pravastatin has been reported to elevate circulating adiponectin levels in patients with various insulin resistant state , hypertension , coronary artery disease , and hypercholesterolemia . This study aim ed to evaluate whether pravastatin increase serum total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels and improve insulin sensitivity in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia . PATIENTS AND DESIGN This study was design ed as a multicenter , double-blind , placebo-controlled , factorial r and omized trial ( placebo and pravastatin at 20 or 40 mg per day ) . A total of 73 female patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were enrolled . Changes in total and high molecular weight ( HMW ) serum adiponectin levels , the ratio of HMW adiponectin to total adiponectin , insulin sensitivity measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) and lipid profiles were evaluated after 16 weeks in each group . RESULTS Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterol levels were significantly reduced after 16 weeks in the pravastatin 20 mg and 40 mg treatment groups compared with the placebo group ( P = 0.008 and P = 0.004 , respectively ) . However , there were no significant differences between the 20 mg and 40 mg pravastatin treatment groups in terms of total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin serum levels , as well as insulin sensitivity ( P = 0.348 and P = 0.991 ) . CONCLUSIONS In female patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia , 16 weeks pravastatin therapy did not affect on serum total adiponectin or HMW adiponectin levels Whereas thiazolidinediones ( TZDs ) are known to rapidly improve insulin action in animals , short duration s of TZD therapy have never been studied in humans . Among the many known actions of TZDs , increased circulating levels of the high molecular weight ( HMW ) multimer of adiponectin may be an important insulin-sensitizing mechanism . We examined the effects of only 21 days of 45 mg of pioglitazone ( P+ ) versus placebo ( P- ) in nine subjects with type 2 diabetes ( HbA(1c ) , 10.9 + /- 0.6 % ; BMI , 31.9 + /- 1.5 kg/m(2 ) ) .  Total adiponectin levels increased by approximately twofold in P+ in association with increased adipose tissue gene expression . However , plasma free fatty acid and glucose levels were unchanged , and there were only minimal changes in other " adipokines . " Glucose fluxes ( [3-(3)H]glucose infusion ) were measured during 6-h euglycemic ( 5 mmol/l ) " pancreatic clamp " studies ( somatostatin/glucagon/growth hormone ) with stepped insulin levels . Pioglitazone induced marked decreases in endogenous glucose production ( P+ = 0.9 + /- 0.1 vs. P- = 1.7 + /- 0.3 mg . kg(-1 ) . min(-1 ) ; P < 0.05 ) at physiologic hyperinsulinemia ( approximately 50 microU/ml ) , which was highly correlated with an increased ratio of HMW adiponectin/total levels ( r(2 ) = 0.90 ) . Maximal insulin stimulation ( approximately 400 microU/ml ) revealed pioglitazone-associated increases in glucose uptake ( P+ = 10.5 + /- 0.9 vs. P- = 8.9 + /- 0.8 mg . kg(-1 ) . min(-1 ) ; P < 0.05 ) , which did not correlate with HMW or total adiponectin levels . Thus , only 21 days of pioglitazone therapy improved insulin action in humans with type 2 diabetes . Increased abundance of the HMW adiponectin multimer may contribute to the hepatic insulin-sensitizing effects of these agents BACKGROUND / AIMS Adipokines and hepatocellular apoptosis participate in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) . In a r and omized trial ursodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA ) with vitamin E ( VitE ) improved serum aminotransferases and hepatic histology . The present work evaluates the effect of this combination on adipokines and hepatocellular apoptosis . METHODS Circulating levels of adiponectin , resistin , leptin , interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , retinol binding protein-4 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassays at the beginning and after 2 years of treatment with either UDCA+VitE , UDCA+placebo ( P ) or P+P.  Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 and circulating levels of apoptosis-associated cytokeratin 18 fragments ( M30 ) . RESULTS Levels of adiponectin increased in patients treated with UDCA+VitE , whereas they decreased in the two other groups ( P<0.04 ) and correlated with the improvement of liver steatosis ( P<0.04 ) . M30 levels worsened in the P/P group and improved in the other two groups . They correlated with hepatocellular apoptosis ( P<0.02 ) and steatosis ( P<0.02 ) as well as negatively with adiponectin levels ( P<0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS UDCA+VitE improves not only aminotransferase levels and liver histology of patients with NASH , but also decreases hepatocellular apoptosis and restores circulating levels of adiponectin . These results suggest that the UDCA+VitE combination has metabolic effects in addition to its beneficial cytoprotective properties Recent evidence suggests that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [ n-3 PUFAs : eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA ) and docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) ] , improve insulin sensitivity in humans . In a double-blind , placebo-controlled , r and omized , crossover study , we investigated the effects of EPA/DHA on paraoxonase-1 activity as well as fasting and postpr and ial levels of circulating adiponectin and leptin in 34 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received daily for 6 weeks either 2 g purified EPA/DHA or olive oil ( placebo ) , separated by a 6 weeks washout . At the end of each treatment , measurements were performed in fasting state and 2 , 4 , and 6 h following a st and ardized high-fat meal ( 600 kcal ) . No significant differences in fasting and postpr and ial circulating adiponectin , leptin , and paraoxonase-1 activity were seen between n-3 PUFAs and placebo . Our data do not support an insulin sensitizing effect of n-3 PUFAs by means of influencing circulating adipocytokines in this population . Clinical Trial Register Number : NCT00328536 BACKGROUND Pleiotropic effects of ezetimibe have only been investigated in a few studies . The aim of this article was to compare the effects of simvastatin and the combined treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe on low- grade systemic inflammation and plasma levels of selected adipokines in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia . METHODS The study included 69 patients with elevated cholesterol levels , who were allocated to one of the three groups treated for 12 weeks , respectively , with simvastatin ( 40 mg daily ) , simvastatin ( 40 mg daily ) plus ezetimibe ( 10 mg daily ) , or placebo .  Plasma levels of lipids , apolipoproteins , glucose homeostasis markers , leptin , adiponectin , visfatin , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , free fatty acids ( FFA ) , and high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) were determined on the allocation day and after 12 weeks of therapy . RESULTS Apart from improving lipid profile , simvastatin administered alone or in combination with ezetimibe , decreased plasma levels of hsCRP , FFA , leptin , visfatin , and TNF-α , as well as increased plasma levels of adiponectin . The combination therapy was superior to simvastatin in influencing plasma lipids/lipoproteins , hsCRP , FFA , and the investigated adipokines . The effect of the combination therapy , but not of simvastatin , on systemic inflammation and plasma adipokines was stronger in insulin-resistant than in insulin-sensitive subjects . CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest that insulin-resistant patients with hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular risk may benefit the most from the combined treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe OBJECTIVES We compared vascular and metabolic responses ( and adverse responses ) to statin and fibrate therapies alone or in combination in patients with combined hyperlipidemia . BACKGROUND The mechanisms of action for statins and fibrates are distinct . METHODS Fifty-six patients were given atorvastatin 10 mg and placebo , atorvastatin 10 mg and fenofibrate 200 mg , or fenofibrate 200 mg and placebo daily during each two-month treatment period of a r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled crossover trial with two washout periods of two months ' each . RESULTS Lipoproteins were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with atorvastatin or fenofibrate alone . Flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia and plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with atorvastatin or fenofibrate alone ( p < 0.001 , p = 0.182 , and p = 0.015 by analysis of variance [ ANOVA ] , respectively ) . The effects of combined therapy or fenofibrate alone on plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity ( determined by the Quantitative Insulin-Sensitivity Check Index [ QUICKI ] ) were significantly greater than those of atorvastatin alone ( p = 0.022 for adiponectin and p = 0.049 for QUICKI by ANOVA ) . No patients were withdrawn from the study as the result of serious adverse effects . CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy is safe and has beneficial additive effects on endothelial function in patients with combined hyperlipidemia BACKGROUND & AIMS Vitamin D supplementation has the potential to alleviate the cardiovascular damage in diabetic patients . The present study was design ed to evaluate long term impact of high doses of vitamin D on arterial properties , glucose homeostasis , adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . METHODS AND RESULTS In r and omized , placebo-controlled study 47 diabetic patients were assigned into two groups : Group 1 received oral daily supplementation with vitamin D at a dose of 1000 U/day for 12 months . Group 2 received matching placebo capsules . Blood sampling for metabolic parameters , including fasting glucose , lipid profile , HbA1C , insulin , hs-CRP , 25 OH Vit D , adiponectin and leptin was performed at baseline and at the end of the study . Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) . Central aortic augmentation index ( AI ) was evaluated using SphygmoCor . RESULTS The two groups were similar at baseline in terms of hemodynamic parameters . After 12 months , AI decreased significantly during the treatment period in patients received vitamin D ( p < 0.0001 ) and did not change in placebo group . Glucose homeostasis parameters , leptin as well as leptin adiponectin ratio did not change in both groups . 25 OH Vit D level significantly increased ( p = 0.022 ) and circulating adiponectin marginally increased ( p = 0.065 ) during 12 month treatment period in active treatment and did not change in placebo group . CONCLUSIONS High doses of  vitamin D supplementation in diabetic patients was associated with significant decrease in AI during one year treatment . This beneficial vascular effect was not associated with improvement in glucose homeostasis parameters OBJECTIVE Previous experimental studies have suggested curcumin as a safe phytochemical that can improve insulin resistance through effects on adiponectin and leptin . This study aim ed to investigate the effect of curcumin on circulating adiponectin and leptin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome . METHODS In this pilot , r and omized , double-blind , placebo-controlled trial , subjects who met the criteria of metabolic syndrome according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were r and omly assigned to curcumin ( n = 59 ; 1000 mg/d ) or a placebo ( n = 58 ) for 8 wk . Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were determined before and after intervention . The pooled effect size for the impact of curcumin supplementation on serum adiponectin and leptin levels was also estimated using r and om-effects meta analysis . RESULTS Eight-week supplementation with curcumin was associated with a significant increase in serum adiponectin levels ( P < 0.001 ) and a reduction in serum leptin concentrations ( P < 0.001 ) . Serum leptin : adiponectin ratio was also improved by curcumin ( P < 0.001 ) . These beneficial effects of curcumin remained significant after adjustment for changes in serum lipids and glucose concentrations and baseline differences in body mass index and serum levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin as potential confounders of treatment response . Meta analysis suggested that curcumin supplementation can increase adiponectin levels by 76.78 % ( 95 % CI : 6.14 - 147.42 ; P = 0.0330 ) , and reduce leptin by 26.49 % ( 95 % CI : -70.44 to 17.46 ) , however this latter effect size did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.238 ) . CONCLUSIONS Curcumin can improve serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in patients with metabolic syndrome . This trial was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ ) under Trial No. UMIN000018339 Major depression is associated with an increased risk for myocardial infa rct ion . Adipokines have been shown to link obesity with metabolic disturbances . Based on this finding the present study was design ed to investigate the effect of antidepressive treatment with either amitriptyline or paroxetine on circulating concentrations of resistin and adiponectin in depressed patients , and to establish , whether these adipokines are associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-system . Thirty-seven depressed in- patients were treated in a double-blind , r and omized protocol with either amitriptyline or paroxetine over a period of five weeks . After six drug free days blood was drawn on day 1 and again 36 days after antidepressive treatment for the measurement of resistin and adiponectin , fasting glucose and insulin concentrations . For quantification of free cortisol levels saliva was obtained daily at 0800 hours during weeks 1 and 5 . While resistin concentrations decreased in patients remitting under amitriptyline and paroxetine ( p<0.03 ) , no changes were observed in non-remitters . At baseline , though not during treatment , circulating resistin concentrations correlated positively with free cortisol levels and with BMI ( p<0.01 ) . Adiponectin levels , however , did not change during treatment and were not associated with free cortisol concentrations but were instead positively related to QUICKI ( p<0.03 ) . In conclusion , the present data revealed resistin but not adiponectin to be related to free cortisol concentrations and to decline in remitters to antidepressive treatment Mediterranean-style diets provide cardiovascular benefits and increase insulin sensitivity . There is little evidence that adherence to Mediterranean diet may influence the levels of the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes . The aim of this study was to assess whether Mediterranean diet influences both C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and adiponectin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes , and whether adherence to Mediterranean diet affects their circulating levels . In a two-arm , single-center trial , 215 men and women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were r and omized to a Mediterranean diet ( n = 108 , 54 males and 54 females ) or a low-fat diet ( n = 107 , 52 males and 55 females ) , with a total follow-up of 8.1 years . At baseline visit and at 1 year , body weight , HOMA index , CRP , and adiponectin and its fractions were assessed . Adherence to the diets was assessed by calculating the Mediterranean-diet score . At 1 year , CPR fell by 37 % and adiponectin rose by 43 % in the Mediterranean diet group , while remaining unchanged in the low-fat diet group . The pattern of adiponectin fractions ( high and non-high molecular weight ) showed a response similar to that of total adiponectin . Diabetic patients with the highest scores ( 6–9 points ) of adherence to Mediterranean diet had lower circulating CRP level and higher circulating total adiponectin levels than the diabetic patients who scored <3 points on the scale ( P = 0.001 ) . The results of this r and omized controlled trial demonstrate that Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu of type 2 diabetes Women who are obese at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have higher overall mortality than normal weight women and some evidence implicates adiponectin and leptin as contributing to prognostic disadvantage . While intentional weight loss is thought to improve prognosis , its impact on these adipokines is unclear . This study compared the pattern of change in plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight-to-obese post-menopausal breast cancer survivors during  weight loss .  Given the controversies about what dietary pattern is most appropriate for breast cancer control and regulation of adipokine metabolism , the effect of a low fat versus a low carbohydrate pattern was evaluated using a non-r and omized , controlled study design .  Anthropometric data and fasted plasma were obtained monthly during the six-month weight loss intervention . While leptin was associated with fat mass , adiponectin was not , and the lack of correlation between leptin and adiponectin concentrations throughout weight loss implies independent mechanisms of regulation . The temporal pattern of change in leptin but not adiponectin was affected by magnitude of weight loss . Dietary pattern was without effect on either adipokine . Mechanisms not directly related to dietary pattern , weight loss , or fat mass appear to play dominant roles in the regulation of circulating levels of these adipokines BACKGROUND Plasma adiponectin levels increase after the administration of glimepiride . This unique effects would also be expected to improve other adipocytokines and have anti-atherosclerotic action in patients with metabolic syndrome . METHODS Thirty-four patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were administrated glibenclamide  were r and omly divided into two groups . In 20 patients glibenclamide was changed to glimepiride ( GP group ) , and the administration of glibenclamide ( GB group ) was continued in 14 patients . Twelve patients receiving insulin therapy ( INS group ) were enrolled for comparison . The levels of plasma adiponectin , high sensitive-CRP , TNF-alpha , interleukin-6 , homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) , brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity ( baPWV ) and augmentation index ( AI ) were measured before and 28 weeks after the therapy . RESULTS HOMA-IR in the GP group was significantly decreased compared to the GB group . Plasma adiponectin levels were significantly increased in the GP group but not in the other groups . TNF-alpha , interleukin-6 and high sensitive-CRP levels were significantly decreased in the GP group , but not in the other groups . The baPWV and AI levels did not change in either the GB or the INS group , but were significantly decreased in the GP group . CONCLUSIONS Glimepiride appears to improve insulin resistance and atherosclerotic disorders BACKGROUND The lipid-lowering drug niacin has attracted renewed interest because it raises HDL-cholesterol and because it has recently been found to slow down the progression of intima media thickness in patients with coronary heart disease . Since niacin acts on adipocytes , we investigated its impact on adipokines and on some functions attributed to adipokines . METHODS AND RESULTS In a r and omized , placebo-controlled , double-blind study 30 men with the metabolic syndrome were treated for 6 weeks with 1500 mg extended-release niacin ( n=20 ) or a placebo ( n=10 ) . Adiponectin increased by 56 % ( p<0.001 ) and leptin by 26.8 % ( p<0.012 ) . Resistin , TNF-alpha , IL-6 , and high sensitive CRP remained unchanged . In spite of the increase in adiponectin there was no improvement in endothelial function . The HOMA index actually deteriorated by 42 % ( p<0.014 ) . CONCLUSION Short-term treatment with extended-release niacin causes a pronounced increase in adiponectin but fails to improve atheroprotective functions attributed to adiponectin , such as insulin sensitivity , anti-inflammation and endothelial function OBJECTIVE —We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin , adiponectin , and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht , 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to either a combined diet- and -exercise intervention or a control program . At baseline and after 1 year , an oral glucose tolerance test , an exercise test , and anthropometric measurements were performed . After 1 year , complete data of 103 subjects ( 50 intervention and 53 control subjects ) were obtained . RESULTS —Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations ( −14.2 % ) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin ( −0.3 % ) or resistin ( −6.5 % ) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance . CONCLUSIONS —Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition BACKGROUND / OBJECTIVES Obesity is related to inflammation and cardiovascular disease . The increase in saturated fatty acid intake ( SFA ) can potentiate cardiovascular risks . The aim of this study was to assess the influence of change in SFA on carotid intima-media thickness ( cIMT ) , metabolic profile and anti/pro-inflammatory adipokines in obese adolescents . METHODS Sixty obese adolescents were subjected to 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention ( nutrition , psychology , physical exercise and clinical therapy ) .  Blood glucose , insulin , lipid profile , leptin and adiponectin were analysed . Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA-IR and HOMA-AD . cIMT was measured by ultrasonography . Dietetic intake was calculated by 3-day dietary record . Volunteers were analysed according to tertiles of change ( Δ ) in SFA intake : Low-SFA reduction<3.68 g ; Moderate-SFA reduction 3.68 - 13.67 g ; and High-SFA reduction>13.67 g. RESULTS Moderate and High-SFA tertiles presented reduction in insulin , leptin/adiponectin ratio , cIMT and increase in adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio . Adiponectin/leptin ratio was predictor of cIMT . HOMA-IR , total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol reduced only in High-SFA tertile , and was associated with SFA independent of visceral fat . Negative correlations between Δ of SFA and adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were observed . CONCLUSION Obese adolescents with moderate and high reduction in SFA presented improvements on pro/anti-inflammatory biomarkers and cIMT , leading to reduction in cardiovascular risks Increased circulating adiponectin and insulin sensitivity are usually observed after body fat loss induced by a weight-loss diet . Progressive resistance training ( PRT ) without a concomitant weight-loss diet significantly decreases visceral fat , thus improving insulin sensitivity . Therefore , the purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of combined 16-week PRT and weight-loss diet on circulating adiponectin and insulin sensitivity index .  Thirty-four obese ( BMI : 30 - 40 kg/m(2 ) ) women , aged 40 - 60 year , were r and omized to three groups : a control group ( C ; n = 9 ) ; a diet group ( WL ; n = 12 ) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal/d ; and a diet plus resistance training group ( WL+RT ; n = 13 ) with the same caloric restriction as group WL and a 16-week supervised whole body PRT of two sessions/week . Both WL and WL+RT groups showed similar decreases in body mass ( -6.3 % and -7.7 % ) and visceral fat ( -19.9 % and -20.5 % ) . WL result ed in an expected increase in circulating levels of adiponectin ( P = 0.07 ) and insulin sensitivity . However , circulating total adiponectin decreased ( P < 0.05 ) in WL+RT group , whereas an improvement in different cardiovascular risk factors ( insulin sensitivity , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C ) , etc . ) was observed . In conclusion , in obese women a 16-week combined PRT and weight-loss diet is accompanied by significant improvements in different cardiovascular risk factors in spite of a significant decrease of circulating adiponectin ABSTRACT Background : The evolution of the relationship between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) patients during viral clearance is unclear and warrants investigation . Methods : A prospect i ve study including 747 consecutive chronic hepatitis C ( CHC ) patients , of whom 546 had completed a course of anti-HCV therapy and underwent pre- , peri- and post-therapy surveys for anthropomorphic , viral , metabolic and hepatic profiles and adiponectin levels , was conducted in a tertiary care center . Results : Multivariate analyses indicated associations of sex , triglyceride levels and hepatic steatosis with adiponectin levels and of triglyceride levels and interferon λ3 ( IFNL3 ) genotype with homeostasis model assessment -estimated insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) levels before anti-HCV therapy . In patients with a sustained virological response ( SVR ; n = 455 ) , at 24 weeks post-therapy , sex , BMI , aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index ( APRI ) , HOMA-IR and steatosis were associated with adiponectin levels , and IFNL3 genotype was associated with HOMA-IR levels . GEE analysis demonstrated that SVR affected longitudinal trends in adiponectin levels . Compared with pre-therapy levels , adiponectin and APRI levels decreased 24 weeks post-therapy in SVR patients , regardless of baseline insulin resistance ( IR ) . However , HOMA-IR levels decreased in SVR patients with baseline IR but increased in those without baseline IR . Compared with controls , immunohistochemical studies showed that pre-therapy CHC patients had higher hepatic adiponectin expression associated with hepatic fibrosis . Conclusions : During HCV infection , adiponectin may affect insulin sensitivity through triglycerides . After viral clearance , adiponectin levels were directly associated with insulin sensitivity and decreased upon improved hepatic fibrosis ; with a link to the IFNL3 genotype , insulin sensitivity improved only in patients with baseline IR OBJECTIVE Offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes ( OPDs ) exhibits endothelial dysfunction ( ED ) associated with a chronic inflammatory state . N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( n-3 PUFA ) may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic health . Therefore , in the present study , we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in n-3 PUFA may improve ED in otherwise healthy OPDs . METHODS AND DESIGN A double-blind , placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 50 OPDs . Participants were r and omized to treatment with either placebo or n-3 PUFA ( 2g/day ) for 12 weeks . Before and after treatment we evaluated endothelial function ( using flow-mediated dilation ( FMD ) of the brachial artery ) , circulating inflammatory markers ( adiponectin , TNF-alpha , and high sensitivity-CRP ) , and insulin resistance ( QUICKI ) . RESULTS No significant changes were observed in study outcomes in subjects treated with placebo . By contrast , when compared with baseline values , subjects treated with n-3 PUFA had significant improvement in FMD ( 9.1+/-5.8 % vs. 11.7+/-4.4 % , p=0.02 ) that was accompanied by decreased plasma triglycerides ( 117+/-73mg/dl vs. 86+/-44mg/dl , p=0.001 ) and TNF-alpha levels ( 8.9+/-2.3pg/ml vs. 6.8+/-2.7pg/ml , p=0.001 ) , and a trend towards increased plasma adiponectin levels ( 7.8+/-4.5microg/ml vs. 9.5+/-5.1microg/ml , p=0.09 ) . When data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis , decreased TNF-alpha after treatment with n-3 PUFA predicted increased FMD . CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA significantly improved endothelial function and reduced pro-inflammatory markers in OPDs . Thus , fish oil consumption may have beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic health effects in otherwise healthy subjects predisposed to diabetes and its vascular complications Objective : Adipokines are signaling and mediator proteins secreted from adipose tissue . A novel adipokine , visfatin , was reported as a protein which was mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue . Controversial results have been shown regarding the changes of adipokines following weight reduction . So we investigated the effects of weight reduction on serum concentrations of adiponectin and visfatin in morbidly obese subjects . Methods : 35 severely obese patients ( 26 females and 9 males ) , aged 15 - 58 years , were studied .  Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters  as well as  adiponectin and visfatin were analyzed before and 6 weeks after weight reduction . Results : Anthropometric indices decreased significantly . Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride were reduced significantly . The reduction of visfatin and the elevation of adiponectin were significant as well . However , other parameters like fasting glucose and insulin did not change . Moreover , we could not find any significant correlation between the change of serum visfatin and that of adiponectin . Conclusions : 6-week weight reduction after bariatric surgery result ed in decreased serum visfatin and increased adiponectin levels . However , we can not find any significant correlation between changes of adiponectin , visfatin , BMI , waist circumference , and insulin resistance . Further studies with different design are suggested to clarify these associations Background : Lower vitamin D status has been reported in diabetic patients . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adiponectin were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance . Vitamin D may involve in regulation of the adiponectin levels , which is directly related to insulin sensitivity . Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic dose of vitamin D on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance in vitamin D-insufficient or deficient type 2 diabetic patients . Material s and Methods : This double-blind , r and omized , clinical trial was conducted on 81 type 2 diabetic patients with vitamin D level of 10 - 30 ng/mL. Intervention was 50000 IU vitamin D or placebo once a week for 8 weeks . At the beginning and end of the study , blood sample s were collected after 12 hours of fasting and serum glucose , insulin , 25-hydroxyvitamin D , and adiponectin were measured . Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment ( HOMA-IR ) . Results : After 8-week intervention , serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased and reached the normal levels in patients receiving vitamin D ( P < 0.001 ) and the levels of fasting serum glucose , insulin , and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased ( P = 0.04 , 0.02 and 0.007 , respectively ) . No significant changes were observed in these levels in the placebo group . Significant differences were observed in mean changes in the above-mentioned variables between the two groups ( P = 0.01 , 0.04 and 0.006 , respectively ) . No significant changes were found in serum adiponectin in the vitamin D and placebo groups ( P = 0.83 ) . Conclusions : Therapeutic dose of vitamin D can improve vitamin D status and glycemic indicators . But it seems that an 8-week intervention period was not sufficient to reveal the possible effects of vitamin D on serum adiponectin levels
The observed effect was robust in sensitivity analyses and independent of fibrate dose .
The present meta- analysis suggests that fibrate therapy increases circulating levels of adiponectin .
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence have indicated the insulin-sensitizing , anti-diabetic and anti-atherosclerotic properties of adiponectin , as well as the inverse association between circulating levels of this adipokine and development of cardiovascular outcomes .
Improvement of adiponectin status has been reported as a pleiotropic effect of fibrate therapy , but the findings have not been conclusive .
OBJECTIVE To systematic ally review and meta-analyze available evidence from r and omized placebo-controlled trials ( RCTs ) on the impact of fibrate therapy on circulating levels of adiponectin .