Circulating adipokines and mRNA expression in adipose tissue and the placenta in women with gestational diabetes mellitus Effect of Weight Reduction Following Bariatric Surgery on Serum Visfatin and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Subjects The effect of enteral nutrition on adipokines in patients with acute pancreatitis Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy Serum adipokines as biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes: positive association with leptin and resistin and negative association with adiponectin. Nordic walking decreased circulating chemerin and leptin concentrations in middle-aged men with impaired glucose regulation Adipocytokines and the risk of coronary heart disease in healthy middle aged men: the PRIME Study The effect of simvastatin-ezetimibe combination therapy on adipose tissue hormones and systemic inflammation in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia. Beneficial effects of liraglutide on adipocytokines, insulin sensitivity parameters and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. Effects of different hypocaloric diets on protein secretion from adipose tissue of obese women. Circulating levels of adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin after mud-bath therapy in patients with bilateral knee osteoarthritis L-carnitine supplementation and adipokines in patients with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis. Effect of oncological treatment on serum adipocytokine levels in patients with stage II-III breast cancer. Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in combination with vitamin E on adipokines and apoptosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Lifestyle Intervention and Adipokine Levels in Subjects at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Circulating Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk. Influence of quercetin-rich onion peel extracts on adipokine expression in the visceral adipose tissue of rats. Resistin and adiponectin in major depression: the association with free cortisol and effects of antidepressant treatment. Effects of 90-day hypolipidemic treatment on insulin resistance, adipokines and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia and impaired fasting glucose. Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in postoperative insulin resistance. Effects of alternate-day fasting or daily calorie restriction on body composition, fat distribution, and circulating adipokines: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Are adipokines associated with gestational diabetes mellitus?
HighlightsChemerin and leptin are increased , omentin‐1 and visfatin are decreased in at term GDM‐obese women .  Chemerin and omentin‐1 are expressed mainly by the maternal VAT . Leptin is expressed mainly in maternal SAT.Circulating chemerin and leptin in at term pregnancy correlate with BMI and HOMA‐IR.Chemerin and leptin could contribute to insulin resistance and low grade inflammation that characterizes GDM women complicated by obesity . Weight control during pregnancy is necessary to avoid adverse metabolic complications for the mother and the offspring . & NA ; Maternal adipose tissue and the placenta secrete various molecules commonly called adipokines such as chemerin , omentin‐1 , visfatin , adiponectin , and leptin that are important players in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance . Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is defined as a state of glucose intolerance characterized by & bgr;‐cell dysfunction and insulin resistance . To examine whether circulating adipokines and their mRNA expression in the adipose tissue and the placenta are altered in GDM pregnancy , we compared 15 GDM women [ obese ( BMI > 30 ) and non‐obese ( BMI < 30 ) ] to 23 NGT ( normal glucose tolerance ) women [ obese and non‐obese ] , at the time of the Cesarean section .  Circulating chemerin and leptin were higher ( p = 0.009 and p = 0.005 , respectively ) and circulating omentin‐1 , visfatin , as well as the adiponectin/leptin ratio were lower ( p = 0.039 , p = 0.007 and p = 0.011 , respectively ) in GDM‐obese compared to NGT‐non‐obese women . Chemerin and leptin correlated positively with BMI and HOMA‐IR and omentin‐1 correlated negatively with BMI . Serum TNF‐&agr ; was significantly elevated in all obese compared to non‐obese pregnant women and correlated positively with BMI . Adiponectin levels were reduced ‐although not significantly‐ in GDM‐ and NGT‐obese women compared to their non‐obese counterparts . Resistin , RPB4 and IL‐6 levels did not differ significantly between groups . Chemerin mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue ( SAT ) and visceral adipose tissue ( VAT ) was significantly higher compared to placenta in all women ( 6‐to 24‐times , p < 0.05 ) . Chemerin‐VAT mRNA expression in GDM‐obese tended to be significantly higher compared to NGT‐non‐obese women ( 3‐times , p = 0.005 ) . Omentin‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in VAT compared to SAT ( 50‐ to 100‐times , p < 0.01 ) and its expression in placenta was negligible in all women . Although , leptin was expressed significantly higher in SAT compared to VAT and the placenta in all women ( 5‐ to 46‐times , p < 0.05 ) , only its mRNA expression in VAT of obese ( GDM and NGT ) differed significantly when compared to NGT‐non‐obese women ( 3‐times higher , p < 0.02 ) . Visfatin mRNA expression was comparable in all tissues . In conclusion , chemerin and leptin are elevated and omentin‐1 and visfatin levels are decreased in GDM women complicated by obesity . This finding together with the positive association of chemerin and leptin with markers of insulin resistance , suggests that these adipokines and more especially chemerin and leptin accompanied by their adipose tissue expression could contribute to the increased insulin resistance and low grade inflammation that characterizes GDM‐obese women Objective : Adipokines are signaling and mediator proteins secreted from adipose tissue . A novel adipokine , visfatin , was reported as a protein which was mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue . Controversial results have been shown regarding the changes of adipokines following weight reduction . So we investigated the effects of weight reduction on serum concentrations of adiponectin and visfatin in morbidly obese subjects . Methods : 35 severely obese patients ( 26 females and 9 males ) , aged 15 - 58 years , were studied .  Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters  as well as  adiponectin and visfatin were analyzed before and 6 weeks after weight reduction . Results : Anthropometric indices decreased significantly . Blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol , and triglyceride were reduced significantly . The reduction of visfatin and the elevation of adiponectin were significant as well . However , other parameters like fasting glucose and insulin did not change . Moreover , we could not find any significant correlation between the change of serum visfatin and that of adiponectin . Conclusions : 6-week weight reduction after bariatric surgery result ed in decreased serum visfatin and increased adiponectin levels . However , we can not find any significant correlation between changes of adiponectin , visfatin , BMI , waist circumference , and insulin resistance . Further studies with different design are suggested to clarify these associations The mechanism behind the beneficial effects of enteral nutrition ( EN ) for patients with acute pancreatitis ( AP ) is largely unknown . Adipokines , as mediators of metabolism and inflammation , may be a possible mechanism . The study aim ed to investigate the effect of EN on adipokines early in the course of AP . Patients with AP were r and omised to EN or nil-by-mouth ( NBM ) .  Blood sample s were taken on the first 4 d of admission and adipokine concentrations for adiponectin , leptin , omentin , resistin and visfatin were determined by ELISA assays . A linear mixed model analysis was run to determine differences in adipokine concentrations between the two study groups . A total of thirty-two patients were included in the study .  Omentin concentrations were significantly higher in patients who received EN compared with NBM across the first 4 d of admission ( mean difference : 11·6 ( 95 % CI 1·0 , 22·3 ) ng/ml ; P = 0·033 ) . Leptin concentrations were significantly higher in patients who received EN compared with NBM after adjusting for age , sex and BMI ( mean difference : 2·3 ( 95 % CI 0·1 , 4·5 ) ng/ml ; P = 0·037 ) . No significant difference in adiponectin , resistin or visfatin concentrations were observed between the two study groups . EN significantly increases omentin and leptin concentrations in AP . Future research should be directed towards underst and ing whether these adipokines are responsible for the therapeutic benefits of EN Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 circulating adipokines according to body mass index ( BMI ) in Korean men with localized prostate cancer ( PCa ) undergoing radical prostatectomy ( RP ) .  Material s and Methods Sixty-two of 65 prospect ively enrolled patients with clinical ly localized PCa who underwent RP between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated . Patients were classified into 2 groups according to their BMI : non-obese ( < 25 kg/m2 ) and obese ( ≥25 kg/m2 ) . The adipokines evaluated were interleukin-2 , insulin-like growth factor 1 ( IGF-1 ) , chemerin , C-X-C motif chemokine 10 , adiponectin , leptin , and resistin . Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of advanced tumor stage . Results We found that obese patients with PCa who underwent RP had a higher incidence of tumors with a high Gleason score ( ≥8 ) , pathological T3 ( pT3 ) stage , and positive extraprostatic extension than patients with a normal BMI . Additionally , patients with obesity showed significantly lower serum adiponectin and higher serum leptin levels , but did not show differences in other adipokines . Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGF-1 ( odds ratio [OR]=1.03 ) was identified as a predictor of advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) in the overall population . However , only leptin remained an independent predictive factor for advanced tumor stage ( ≥pT3 ) ( OR=1.15 ) in patients with obesity . Conclusions In conclusion , our results indicate that a higher leptin level in obese men can be considered a risk factor for aggressive PCa . This prospect i ve study provides greater insight into the role of circulating adipokines in Korean patients with PCa undergoing RP , particularly in patients with obesity BACKGROUND We investigated the adipokines adiponectin , leptin and resistin as serum biomarkers of beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes . METHODS One hundred and eighteen patients with type 1 diabetes ( 20.3 ± 7.5 years ) diagnosed < 5 years underwent st and ardized mixed meal test ( MMTT ) for 2 h.  Systemic concentrations of C-peptide , adiponectin , leptin and resistin obtained during MMTT were measured and compared between patient groups by multiple regression analysis . RESULTS Patients were divided by their adipokine levels in subgroups above or below the median level ( ' high versus low ' ) . High adiponectin levels ( > 10.6 µg/mL ) were associated with lower C-peptide compared to the low adiponectin subgroup ( p < 0.03 ) . Increased leptin or resistin concentrations associated positively with beta-cell function even after adjustment for metabolic confounders ( p < 0.04 ) . The described associations between adipokines and C-peptide concentrations persisted in Spearman correlation tests ( p < 0.05 ) . Serum adipokines fell during MMTT ( p < 0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Serum adipokine levels differentially correlate with beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes independent of BMI or metabolic control . Serum adipokines should be investigated as biomarkers of beta-cell function in prospect i ve studies and intervention trials in type 1 diabetes Abstract Background . Dysfunction of adipose tissue is one of the major factors leading to insulin resistance . Altered adipokine concentration is an early sign of adipose tissue dysfunction . The aim of this study was to assess the impact of exercise intervention on adipokine profile , glycemic control , and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome ( MeS ) in men with impaired glucose regulation ( IGR ) . Methods . Overweight and obese men with IGR ( n = 144 ) aged 40–65 years were studied at baseline and at 12 weeks in a r and omized controlled multicenter intervention study .  BMI varied from 25.1 to 34.9 . The subjects were r and omized into one of three groups : 1 ) a control group ( C ; n = 47 ) , 2 ) a Nordic walking group ( NW ; n = 48 ) , or 3 ) a resistance training group ( RT ; n = 49 ) . Results . Leptin concentrations decreased in the NW group compared to both other groups . Both types of exercise intervention significantly decreased serum chemerin concentrations compared to the C group . In the NW group also body fat percentage , fatty liver index ( FLI ) , and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations decreased compared to the RT group . Conclusions . Nordic walking intervention seems to decrease chemerin and leptin levels , and subjects in this intervention group achieved the most beneficial effects on components of Background : Adipokines play an important role in glucose , lipid and lipoprotein metabolisms , as well as in coagulation and inflammatory processes . So far , studies have evaluated the association of individual adipokines with future coronary heart disease ( CHD ) event and provided mixed results . Objectives : We sought to investigate the association of a set of adipocytokines , including total adiponectin , adipsin , resistin , leptin and plasminogen activator inihibitor-1 ( PAI-1 ) , with future CHD events in apparently healthy men . Methods : We built a nested case – control study within the PRIME Study , a multicenter prospect i ve cohort of 9779 healthy European middle-aged men .  Total adiponectin , adipsin , resistin , leptin and PAI-1  were measured in the baseline plasma sample of 617 men who developed a first CHD event ( coronary death , myocardial infa rct ion , stable or unstable angina ) during 10 years of follow-up and in 1215 study -matched controls , by multiplex assays using commercial kits . HRs for CHD were estimated by conditional logistic regression analysis . Results : Median concentrations of total adiponectin , adipsin and resistin were similar in cases and in controls , whereas those of leptin and PAI-1 were higher in cases than in controls , 6.30 vs 5.40 ng ml−1 , and 10.09 vs 8.48 IU ml−1 , respectively . The risk of future CHD event increased with increasing quintiles of baseline leptin and PAI-1 concentrations only in unadjusted analysis ( P-value for trend < 0.003 and < 0.0001 , respectively ) . However , these associations were no longer significant after adjustment for usual CHD risk factors including hypertension , diabetes , smoking , total cholesterol , triglycerides and HDL cholesterol . Conversely , baseline CRP and IL-6 levels remained associated with CHD risk in multivariate analysis . Conclusions : In apparently healthy men  , circulating total adiponectin , adipsin , resistin , leptin and PAI-1 were not independent predictors of future CHD event BACKGROUND Pleiotropic effects of ezetimibe have only been investigated in a few studies . The aim of this article was to compare the effects of simvastatin and the combined treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe on low- grade systemic inflammation and plasma levels of selected adipokines in patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia . METHODS The study included 69 patients with elevated cholesterol levels , who were allocated to one of the three groups treated for 12 weeks , respectively , with simvastatin ( 40 mg daily ) , simvastatin ( 40 mg daily ) plus ezetimibe ( 10 mg daily ) , or placebo .  Plasma levels of lipids , apolipoproteins , glucose homeostasis markers , leptin , adiponectin , visfatin , tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α ) , free fatty acids ( FFA ) , and high-sensitive C-reactive protein ( hsCRP ) were determined on the allocation day and after 12 weeks of therapy . RESULTS Apart from improving lipid profile , simvastatin administered alone or in combination with ezetimibe , decreased plasma levels of hsCRP , FFA , leptin , visfatin , and TNF-α , as well as increased plasma levels of adiponectin . The combination therapy was superior to simvastatin in influencing plasma lipids/lipoproteins , hsCRP , FFA , and the investigated adipokines . The effect of the combination therapy , but not of simvastatin , on systemic inflammation and plasma adipokines was stronger in insulin-resistant than in insulin-sensitive subjects . CONCLUSIONS The obtained results suggest that insulin-resistant patients with hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular risk may benefit the most from the combined treatment with simvastatin and ezetimibe AIMS To evaluate the effects of liraglutide after 14 weeks of treatment on serum adipokines , insulin resistance index and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in overweight or obese T2DM patients unable to achieve glycemic control with metformin alone or in association with a sulfonylurea in daily clinical practice . METHODS Prospect i ve study in 59 consecutive overweight or obese ( BMI ≥25kg/m(2 ) ) T2DM patients unable to achieve glycemic control ( HbA1c>7 % , 53mmol/mol ) with metformin alone or in association with sulfonylurea that require initiation of liraglutide in progressive dose increase up to 1.8mg/day subcutaneously . Weight , body composition , blood pressure , glucose , HbA1c , C-peptide , insulin , plasma lipids , adipokines ( leptin , adiponectin , resistin and visfatin ) as well as cardiovascular biomarkers ( IL-6 and TNF-a ) levels were measured fasting at baseline and 14 weeks after liraglutide initiation . RESULTS 14 weeks of liraglutide treatment significantly reduced HbA1c , BMI and total body fat mass by 0.9 % , 1.4kg/m(2 ) and 0.5 % respectively . Statistically significant lower insulin resistance and higher insulin secretion was found by HOMA-IR 8.4 ( 1.6 ) vs 4.6 (0.9)molmIU/L(2 ) and HOMA-B 48.2 ( 9.0 ) vs 87.6 (16.3)μIU/mmol . Statistically significantly higher levels of visfatin 6.3 ( 2.1 ) vs 6.8 (2.1)ng/ml and resistin 3.6 ( 2.0 ) vs 4.3 (2.3)ng/ml were also observed after treatment . Baseline visfatin was negatively correlated with basal fasting plasma glucose r=-0.360 ( p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide treatment for 14 weeks in daily clinical practice led to reduction of BMI and improvement of glucose control and insulin sensitivity and resistance parameters . Additionally , circulating levels of adipokines and pro-inflammatory factors could play an important role in GLP-1 treatment response BACKGROUND In a r and omized , controlled , 2 x 2 factorial trial on the effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise , a significant reduction in body weight and fat mass was observed . Alterations in leptin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations were previously reported from this study . OBJECTIVE We examined the separate and combined effects of a 1-y exercise and diet intervention on several adipokines ; adiponectin , interleukin-6 and -8 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 , hepatocyte growth factor , nerve growth factor , C-reactive protein , and resistin . DESIGN One hundred eighty-eight men with several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease were r and omly allocated to 4 groups : diet , exercise , combined diet and exercise , and control . RESULTS Plasma adiponectin concentrations remained unchanged , whereas body mass index and fat mass decreased after dietary changes and an increase in physical activity . In the control group , adiponectin concentrations were reduced . Analyzed according to the factorial design , only diet intervention had a significant ( P = 0.03 ) positive effect on plasma adiponectin relative to control , and this effect was largely explained by changes in fat mass . After adjustment for change in percentage body fat , there were significant positive effects on tumor necrosis factor-alpha in all 3 intervention groups ( P = 0.01 for the diet group , 0.03 for the exercise group , and 0.05 for the combined diet and exercise group ) . Minor changes were observed for the other adipokines . Neither baseline concentrations of nor changes in adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly correlated to the other adipokines , whereas concentrations of and changes in the other adipokines were significantly correlated . CONCLUSION Diet intervention had a significant positive effect on adiponectin concentrations , which is largely explained by a reduction in fat mass Little is known about common factors ( e.g. , macronutrients and energy supply ) regulating the protein secretory function of adipose tissue . We therefore compared the effects of r and omly assigned 10-week hypoenergetic ( -600 kcal/day ) diets with moderate-fat/moderate-carbohydrate or low-fat/high-carbohydrate content on circulating levels and production of proteins ( using radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ) from subcutaneous adipose tissue in 40 obese but otherwise healthy women . Similar results were obtained by the two diets .  Body weight decreased by approximately 7.5 % . The secretion rate of leptin decreased by approximately 40 % , as did that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha ) , and interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 decreased by 25 - 30 % , whereas the secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 ( PAI-1 ) and adiponectin did not show any changes . Regarding mRNA expression ( by real-time PCR ) , only that of leptin and IL-6 decreased significantly . Circulating levels of leptin and PAI-1 decreased by 30 and 40 % , respectively , but there were only minor changes in circulating TNF-alpha , IL-6 , or adiponectin . In conclusion , moderate caloric restriction but not macronutrient composition influences the production and secretion of adipose tissue-derived proteins during weight reduction , leptin being the most sensitive and adiponectin and PAI-1 the least sensitive Adipocytokines , including adiponectin , resistin , and visfatin may play an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis ( OA ) .  Spa therapy is one of the most commonly used non-pharmacological approaches for OA , but its mechanisms of action are not completely known . The aim of the present study was to assess whether a cycle of mud-bath therapy ( MBT ) influences the serum levels of adiponectin , resistin , and visfatin in patients with knee OA . As part of a prospect i ve r and omized , single blind-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of MBT in knee OA , we included in this study 95 out patients . One group ( n = 49 ) received a cycle of MBT at the spa center of Chianciano Terme ( Italy ) in addition to the usual treatment , and one group ( control group ; n = 46 )  continued their regular care routine alone . Patients were assessed at basal time and at the end of the study ( 15 days ) for clinical and biochemical parameters . Clinical assessment s included spontaneous pain on a visual analog scale ( VAS ) score and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities index ( WOMAC ) subscores for knee OA evaluated as total pain score ( W-TPS ) , total stiffness score ( W-TSS ) , and total physical function score ( W-TPFS ) . Adiponectin , resistin and visfatin serum levels were assessed by enzyme immunoassay methods . At the end of the mud-bath therapy , serum adiponectin levels showed a significant decrease ( p < 0.001 ) , while no significant modifications were found in the control group at day 15 . Serum resistin showed a significant decrease ( p < 0.0001 ) in the MBT group at the end of the study and a significant increase in the control patients ( p < 0.001 ) . No significant modifications of visfatin were found in MBT . Furthermore , we tested the relationships between demographic and clinical parameters and adipocytokine concentrations measured in the MBT group at basal and at the end of the study . In conclusion , the present study shows that a cycle of MBT can modify serum levels of adiponectin and resistin but not the circulating levels of visfatin . In view of the recent evidence s about the involvement of adiponectin and resistin in the pathogenesis and progression of OA , the decrease of these adipokines after mud-bath therapy may play a protective role in the course of the disease . However , it remains to be clarified which of the mechanisms of action of MBT may have determined the changes in serum levels of adiponectin and resistin that we observed Chronic hemodialysis ( HD ) patients frequently encounter carnitine depletion , elevated adipose tissue-derived hormones/cytokines , that may contribute to accelerated arteriosclerosis . 10 non-diabetic HD patients were studied over 28 weeks . In the 12 weeks treatment period 1 g L-carnitine was given iv after each HD session . Measurements of plasma free- and acylcarnitines , insulin , leptin , adiponectin , resistin and ghrelin were performed at baseline , at weeks 2 , 4 , 8 , 12 ( treatment period ) and at weeks 24 - 28 ( post-treatment period ) . L-carnitine supplementation result ed in progressive increase of free- and acylcarnitine levels . Plasma levels of insulin , resistin , leptin and ghrelin remained at the already elevated baseline values . L-carnitine therapy induced a significant increase in plasma adiponectin from 20.2 ± 12.7 μg/ml ( baseline ) to 32.7 ± 20.2 μg/ml in week 2 ( p<0.05 ) and 35.4 ± 19.6 μg/ml in week 12 ( p < 0.03 ) , which remained unchanged in the post-carnitine period . Plasma insulin levels correlated positively with leptin ( r = 0.525 , p<0.0001 ) and resistin ( r = 0.284 , p<0.005 ) ; adiponectin levels correlated inversely with leptin ( r = -0.255 , p<0.02 ) and resistin ( r = -0.213 , p<0.04 ) irrespective of carnitine status . Plasma levels of adipokines and related hormones are greatly elevated in patients on regular HD  . L-carnitine administration further augmented the plasma levels of protective adiponectin , therefore it may have a role in preventing cardiovascular complications of uremia Adipose tissue-derived hormones ( adipocytokines ) , such as adiponectin , leptin , resistin and visfatin , and the pancreatic hormone insulin , have been suggested to play a role in carcinogenesis . we therefore hypothesized that the oncological treatment of breast cancer may alter the serum levels of these adipocytokines and insulin . In this study , we aim ed to compare the serum levels of adipocytokines and insulin between the pre- and post-treatment period in patients with breast cancer . In this prospect i ve study , 20 consecutive patients with stage II and III breast cancer underwent breast-conserving surgery or total mastectomy and /or axillary dissection .  The patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy , if necessary . Blood sample s were obtained during the preoperative period and postoperatively after completion of the adjuvant therapy . There was no statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-treatment levels of visfatin , adiponectin and leptin . However , the serum insulin and resistin levels and insulin resistance were found to be statistically significantly increased following treatment ( P<0.05 ) . Post-treatment resistin levels were positively correlated with insulin resistance ( r=0.45 , P<0.05 ) . Therefore , oncological treatment of stage II and III breast cancer did not affect visfatin , adiponectin and leptin levels , but statistically significantly increased resistin levels and insulin resistance . In addition , the post-treatment resistin levels were positively correlated with insulin resistance , suggesting that resistin may be involved in the development of insulin resistance in breast cancer patients following treatment BACKGROUND / AIMS Adipokines and hepatocellular apoptosis participate in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( NASH ) . In a r and omized trial ursodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA ) with vitamin E ( VitE ) improved serum aminotransferases and hepatic histology . The present work evaluates the effect of this combination on adipokines and hepatocellular apoptosis . METHODS Circulating levels of adiponectin , resistin , leptin , interleukin (IL)-6 , IL-8 , retinol binding protein-4 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassays at the beginning and after 2 years of treatment with either UDCA+VitE , UDCA+placebo ( P ) or P+P.  Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for activated caspase-3 and circulating levels of apoptosis-associated cytokeratin 18 fragments ( M30 ) . RESULTS Levels of adiponectin increased in patients treated with UDCA+VitE , whereas they decreased in the two other groups ( P<0.04 ) and correlated with the improvement of liver steatosis ( P<0.04 ) . M30 levels worsened in the P/P group and improved in the other two groups . They correlated with hepatocellular apoptosis ( P<0.02 ) and steatosis ( P<0.02 ) as well as negatively with adiponectin levels ( P<0.04 ) . CONCLUSIONS UDCA+VitE improves not only aminotransferase levels and liver histology of patients with NASH , but also decreases hepatocellular apoptosis and restores circulating levels of adiponectin . These results suggest that the UDCA+VitE combination has metabolic effects in addition to its beneficial cytoprotective properties OBJECTIVE —We investigated whether circulating adipokine concentrations can be altered by lifestyle intervention according to general recommendations in subjects at risk for diabetes as well as the potential of leptin , adiponectin , and resistin as biomarkers for lifestyle-induced improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin resistance . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In the Study on Lifestyle intervention and Impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht , 147 men and women with impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) were r and omized to either a combined diet- and -exercise intervention or a control program . At baseline and after 1 year , an oral glucose tolerance test , an exercise test , and anthropometric measurements were performed . After 1 year , complete data of 103 subjects ( 50 intervention and 53 control subjects ) were obtained . RESULTS —Lifestyle intervention reduced plasma leptin concentrations ( −14.2 % ) in IGT subjects but did not alter plasma adiponectin ( −0.3 % ) or resistin ( −6.5 % ) concentrations despite marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance . CONCLUSIONS —Changes in leptin concentration were related to improvements in insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body composition BACKGROUND Adipokines and inflammation may provide a mechanistic link between obesity and postmenopausal breast cancer , yet epidemiologic data on their associations with breast cancer risk are limited . METHODS In a case-cohort analysis nested within the Women 's Health Initiative Observational Study , a prospect i ve cohort of postmenopausal women , baseline plasma sample s from 875 incident breast cancer case patients and 839 subcohort participants were tested for levels of seven adipokines , namely leptin , adiponectin , resistin , interleukin-6 , tumor necrosis factor-α , hepatocyte growth factor , and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 , and for C-reactive protein ( CRP ) , an inflammatory marker . Data were analyzed by multivariable Cox modeling that included established breast cancer risk factors and previously measured estradiol and insulin levels . All statistical tests were two-sided . RESULTS The association between plasma CRP levels and breast cancer risk was dependent on hormone therapy ( HT ) use at baseline ( P interaction = .003 ) . In a model that controlled for multiple breast cancer risk factors including body mass index ( BMI ) , estradiol , and insulin , CRP level was positively associated with breast cancer risk among HT nonusers ( hazard ratio for high vs low CRP levels = 1.67 , 95 % confidence interval = 1.04 to 2.68 , P trend = .029 ) . None of the other adipokines were statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk . Following inclusion of CRP , insulin , and estradiol in a multivariable model , the association of BMI with breast cancer was attenuated by 115 % . CONCLUSION These data indicate that CRP is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer among HT nonusers . Inflammatory mediators , together with insulin and estrogen , may play a role in the obesity-breast cancer relation We examined the effects of quercetin-rich onion peel extract supplementation on adipokine expressions from adipose tissues in a diet-induced obese animal model . Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 24 ) were r and omly assigned into control ( n = 8) , high fat diet ( HF , n = 8) and high fat diet with onion peel extract ( HFOE , n = 8) . After 8 weeks , serum biochemical parameters , weights of adipose tissues ( epididymal , perirenal and mesenteric fats ) and adipokine mRNA levels ( adiponectin , IL (interleukin)-6 and visfatin ) along with PPAR ( peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ) γ2 from adipose tissues were measured . After the 8 week supplementation , mesenteric fat weights were lower in the HFOE group than the HF group ( p < 0.05 ) . Adiponectin mRNA levels ( mesenteric fats ) were remarkably higher in the HFOE group than the other groups ( p < 0.05 for both ) . Levels of PPARγ2 mRNA ( mesenteric fats ) were significantly higher in the HF group ( p < 0.05 ) than those in the control group , but those in the HFOE group were not different from those in the control group . The IL-6 mRNA levels ( perirenal and mesenteric fats ) were higher in the HF and HFOE groups , but those in the HFOE group were slightly lower than those in the HF group . In conclusion , quercetin-rich onion peel extract supplementation  influenced adipokine expressions , particularly from mesenteric fat , addressing the modulatory effect of this substance on obesity-induced inflammation Major depression is associated with an increased risk for myocardial infa rct ion . Adipokines have been shown to link obesity with metabolic disturbances . Based on this finding the present study was design ed to investigate the effect of antidepressive treatment with either amitriptyline or paroxetine on circulating concentrations of resistin and adiponectin in depressed patients , and to establish , whether these adipokines are associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-system . Thirty-seven depressed in- patients were treated in a double-blind , r and omized protocol with either amitriptyline or paroxetine over a period of five weeks . After six drug free days blood was drawn on day 1 and again 36 days after antidepressive treatment for the measurement of resistin and adiponectin , fasting glucose and insulin concentrations . For quantification of free cortisol levels saliva was obtained daily at 0800 hours during weeks 1 and 5 . While resistin concentrations decreased in patients remitting under amitriptyline and paroxetine ( p<0.03 ) , no changes were observed in non-remitters . At baseline , though not during treatment , circulating resistin concentrations correlated positively with free cortisol levels and with BMI ( p<0.01 ) . Adiponectin levels , however , did not change during treatment and were not associated with free cortisol concentrations but were instead positively related to QUICKI ( p<0.03 ) . In conclusion , the present data revealed resistin but not adiponectin to be related to free cortisol concentrations and to decline in remitters to antidepressive treatment OBJECTIVE Concerns regarding worsening insulin sensitivity associated with statin treatment have recently emerged . Therefore the aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of 90-day monotherapies with fenofibrate and atorvastatin , as well as combined therapy , on fasting plasma glucose , insulin resistance index , adipokines ( leptin , resistin , adiponectin ) and levels of proinflammatory cytokines ( TNF-α , IL-6 ) in patients with impaired fasting glucose ( IFG ) and mixed hyperlipidemia . MATERIAL S AND METHODS 67 patients were r and omly assigned to four treatment arms : monotherapy with atorvastatin , monotherapy with fenofibrate , combined therapy ( fenofibrate and torvastatin ) or therapeutic lifestyle change . The study lasted for 90 days . All participants received counseling regarding proper diet and physical activity . RESULTS Compared to the control subjects , prediabetic patients exhibited elevated plasma levels of leptin , resistin , TNF-α and IL-6 , and a lower plasma level of adiponectin . All therapeutic interventions result ed in significant alterations in the lipid profile . Insulin resistance index ( HOMA-IR ) was reduced after treatment with fenofibrate . The effect of atorvastatin on insulin resistance was comparable to therapeutic lifestyle change alone . Therapy with hypolipidemic drugs caused increases in adiponectin levels and decreases in leptin and resistin . An additive effect of the combined treatment on plasma IL-6 level was also observed . CONCLUSIONS Fenofibrate-based treatment was associated with improved insulin sensitivity . Atorvastatin did not cause a deterioration in insulin sensitivity . Hypolipidemic therapies result ed in significant changes in the proinflammatory cytokine network as well as in adipokine levels . At the end of the study the measured parameters nearly resembled those of the healthy subjects CONTEXT Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance frequently occur in critically ill patients even without a history of diabetes . OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the role of adipose tissue hormonal production in the development of insulin resistance in cardiac surgery patients . PARTICIPANTS , INTERVENTIONS , AND SETTING S : Fifteen patients with elective cardiac surgery underwent blood sampling before , at the end , and 6 , 12 , 24 , 48 , and 120 h after the end of their operation . Epicardial and sc adipose tissue sampling was done at the beginning and at the end of surgery in the Department of Cardiac Surgery . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured serum concentrations and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of IL-6 , monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) , TNF-alpha , leptin , resistin , and adiponectin and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of CD14 , CD45 , and CD68 . RESULTS The rate of insulin infusion required to maintain euglycemia increased up to 7-fold 12 h after the operation , suggesting the development of insulin resistance . Serum IL-6 levels increased 43-fold 12 h after surgery . MCP-1 peaked 6-fold at the end of surgery . Smaller peaks of TNF-alpha and leptin appeared 6 and 12 h after surgery , respectively . Resistin levels peaked 4-fold 24 h after surgery , but adiponectin levels were not significantly affected . TNF-alpha and CD45 mRNA expression increased markedly during the operation in sc adipose tissue . IL-6 , resistin , and MCP-1 mRNA expression increased in both sc and epicardial adipose tissue . Leptin , adiponectin , CD14 , and CD68 mRNA expression did not change significantly . CONCLUSIONS Both sc and epicardial adipose tissue is a source of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients and may contribute to the development of postoperative insulin resistance BACKGROUND & AIMS Indirect comparisons suggest that alternate-day fasting ( ADF ) may produce greater improvements in body composition , fat distribution , and /or the adipokine profile compared to daily calorie restriction ( CR ) , but this has not been tested directly . In a pre-planned secondary analysis of a r and omized controlled trial , we compared changes in the VAT : SAT ratio , FFM : total mass ratio , and the adipokine profile between ADF and CR . METHODS Overweight and obese participants ( n = 100 ) were r and omized to 1 ) ADF ( alternating every 24-h between consuming 25 % or 125 % of energy needs ) ; 2 ) CR ( consuming 75 % of needs every day ) ; or 3 ) control ( consuming 100 % of needs every day ) for 24 wk . RESULTS The VAT : SAT ratio did not change in any group . The FFM : total mass ratio increased in both ADF ( 0.03 ± 0.00 ) and CR ( 0.03 ± 0.01 ) compared to the control group ( P < 0.01 ) , with no differences between the intervention groups . Circulating leptin decreased in both the ADF group ( -18 ± 6 % ) and CR group ( -31 ± 10 % ) relative to the control group ( P < 0.05 ) , with no differences between the intervention groups . Circulating levels of adiponectin , resistin , IL-6 , and TNF-α did not change in either intervention group relative to the control group . CONCLUSION ADF and CR similarly improve the FFM : total mass ratio and reduce leptin after a 24-wk intervention . TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials.gov , number NCT00960505 OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of maternal serum levels of chemerin , retinol binding protein-4 ( RBP-4 ) , and visfatin with gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) . MATERIAL AND METHODS 158 pregnant women were screened between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation . They were divided into two groups : GDM group ( n=76 ) and control group ( n=82 ) . Maternal serum concentrations of chemerin , RBP-4 , visfatin , insulin , and homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR ) were assessed . RESULTS There were no differences in age and gestational age between the GDM group and the control group ( p=0.058 and p=0.820 , respectively ) . Body mass index ( BMI ) at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation was higher in the GDM group ( p<0.001 ) . The serum concentrations of RBP-4 , chemerin , and visfatin did not demonstrate significant differences between the GDM and control groups ( p=0.871 , p=0.100 , and p=0.886 , respectively ) . Significant differences in serum level of insulin and HOMA-IR were found between the GDM and control groups ( 14.94 vs 9.87 , p<0.001 and 3.73 vs 1.77 , p<0.001 , respectively ) . Correlation analyses of chemerin , RBP-4 , visfatin , insulin , and HOMA-IR in both groups revealed a weak degree of positive correlation between RBP-4 and chemerin ( Spearman r=0.251 , p=0.026 ) and a strong positive correlation between maternal insulin and HOMA ( Spearman r=0.868 , p<0.001 ) . CONCLUSION No differences were found in serum chemerin , RBP-4 , and visfatin between pregnant women with GDM and healthy pregnant women . Further prospect i ve studies will be essential to eluci date the contribution of adipokines to GDM and the positive correlation between maternal RBP-4 and chemerin
In conclusion , bariatric surgery is associated with a reduction in specific adipokines including leptin , chemerin , and PAI-1 , whereas adiponectin is raised , adaptations that could be indicative of improved fat mass and function
Different adipokines secreted from adipose tissue , exert a range of physiological effects .
The aim of present systematic review and meta- analysis was to critically investigate the consequence of  bariatric surgery on circulating adipokines , that is , adiponectin , leptin , visfatin , resistin , plasminogen activator inhibitor , and chemerin .