Comparison of the effects of cows' milk, fortified soy milk, and calcium supplement on weight and fat loss in premenopausal overweight and obese women. Different quantities of two commercial liquid diets consumed by weight-losing cancer patients. Weight reduction effects of a black soy peptide supplement in overweight and obese subjects: double blind, randomized, controlled study. Effect of Soymilk Consumption on Waist Circumference and Cardiovascular Risks among Overweight and Obese Female Adults Effect of soy drink replacement in a weight reducing diet on anthropometric values and blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths. Soy compared to casein meal replacement shakes with energy-restricted diets for obese women: randomized controlled trial. Effectiveness of alternative listening devices to conventional hearing aids for adults with hearing loss: a systematic review protocol Effects of workplace-based dietary and/or physical activity interventions for weight management targeting healthcare professionals: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials A comparison of the effect of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on food intake, body weight, blood lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants levels and haemostasis variables Systematic review of interventions in the management of overweight and obese children which include a dietary component Systematic review of interventions in the management of overweight and obese children which include a dietary component. Whey Protein but Not Soy Protein Supplementation Alters Body Weight and Composition in Free-Living Overweight and Obese Adults12 Effectiveness of parent‐centred interventions for the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity in community settings: a systematic review Whey protein supplementation preserves postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis during short-term energy restriction in overweight and obese adults. Partly replacing meat protein with soy protein alters insulin resistance and blood lipids in postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity. Soy product and isoflavone intakes are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese women. Soy fiber improves weight loss and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. Determinants of weight loss maintenance: a systematic review. Urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion after consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products. The impact of a weight reduction program with and without meal-replacement on health related quality of life in middle-aged obese females Exploring the mechanisms of weight loss in the SHED-IT intervention for overweight men: a mediation analysis Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial Weight Loss and Lipid Changes with Low-Energy Diets: Comparator Study of Milk-Based versus Soy-Based Liquid Meal Replacement Interventions
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that calcium metabolism and perhaps other components of dairy products may contribute to shifting the energy balance and thus play a role in weight regulation . We compared the effects of cows ' milk , calcium fortified soy milk and calcium supplement on weight and body fat reduction in premenopausal overweight and obese women . METHODS AND RESULTS In this clinical trial , 100 healthy overweight or obese premenopausal women were r and omized to one of the following dietary regimens for 8 weeks : ( 1 ) a control diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit , with 500 - 600mg/day dietary calcium ; ( 2 ) a calcium-supplemented diet identical to the control diet with 800mg/day of calcium as calcium carbonate ; ( 3 ) a milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of low-fat milk ; ( 4 ) a soy milk diet providing a 500kcal/day deficit and containing three servings of calcium fortified soy milk . At baseline and after 8 weeks , weight , waist circumference , and hip circumference were measured . Three 24-h dietary records and physical activity records were also taken . Comparing the mean differences in weight , waist circumference , body mass index ( BMI ) and waist-to-hip ratio ( WHR ) using repeated measure of variance analysis showed that changes in waist circumference and WHR were significant among the four groups ( p=0.029 and p=0.015 , respectively ) . After adjustment for baseline values , changes in weight and BMI were also significant ( p=0.017 and p=0.019 , respectively ) . Weight reductions  in high milk , soy milk , calcium supplement and control groups were 4.43±1.93(kg ) , 3.46±1.28(kg ) , 3.89±2.40(kg ) and 2.87±1.55(kg ) , respectively . The greatest changes were seen in the high dairy group in all variables . CONCLUSION Increasing low fat milk consumption significantly reduces the general and central obesity beyond a low calorie diet Twenty ambulatory , weight-losing patients with advanced cancer of the lung , breast , or ovary were r and omized to supplement their diet for 2 months with either of two commercial complete liquid diets , one containing intact milk proteins and the other partially hydrolyzed soy proteins . Both products were prescribed as sip feeds in addition to normal food . The patients consumed more of the hydrolysate-containing product than of that with intact ( milk ) protein . The difference was significant and was maintained during both months of the study . An increase in total energy and protein was obtained in both groups , but was significant only with the hydrolysate product . At the end of the study there was no group difference in measures of nutritional status , but weight loss was halted in both groups The present study determined the effect of black soy peptide supplementation on body weight and body fat in overweight/obese subjects . In a double-blind controlled trial , participants ( n = 80 ) were r and omized to either soy peptide supplementation ( the test group ) or to a placebo ( the placebo group ) . Sixty-four people completed the study , and anthropometric parameters , serum inflammatory markers , and leptin and lipid profiles  were measured . After 6 weeks , the test group ( n = 35 ) had significant reductions in body weight ( p = 0.003 ) and body mass index ( BMI ) ( p = 0.004 ) , body fat mass ( p = 0.038 ) . After 12 weeks , they also had significant reductions in body weight ( p < 0.001 ) , BMI ( p < 0.001 ) , body fat percentage ( p = 0.002 ) , and body fat mass ( p = 0.001 ) . However , these significance s were not observed in the placebo group ( n = 29 ) . In addition , net changes in body weight and body fat mass in the test group were significantly bigger than those in the placebo group after 12 weeks . Leptin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups ( p = 0.047 ) , but were not observed in the placebo group ( p = 0.323 ) . Interestingly , the subjects with weight reductions ≥1 kg in the test group had greater reductions in circulating leptin levels ( p = 0.002 ) . Additionally , fasting insulin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups . The conclusion is that black soy peptide supplementation may be beneficial for body weight control in overweight/obese subjects Background : Soy milk replacement in the diet might have beneficial effects on waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors for overweight and obese subjects . Therefore , we are going to determine the effects of soy milk replacements on the waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors among overweight and obese female adults . Methods : In this crossover r and omized clinical trail , 24 over weight and obese female adults were on a diet with soy milk or the diet with cow 's milk for four weeks . In the diet with soy milk only one glass of soy milk ( 240 cc ) was replaced instead of one glass of cow 's milk ( 240 cc ) . Measurements were done according to the st and ard protocol . Results : Waist circumference reduced significantly following soy milk period ( mean percent change in soy milk period for waist circumference : -3.79 ± 0.51 vs. -1.78 ± 0.55 % ; P = 0.02 in the cow 's milk period ) . Blood pressure , weight , liver enzymes and glycemic control indices did not changed significantly after soy milk period compared to the cow 's milk period . Conclusion : Among over weight and obese patients  , soy milk can play an important role in reducing waist circumference . However , soy milk replacement had no significant effects on weight , glycemic control indices , liver enzymes , fibrinogen and blood pressure in a short term trial BACKGROUND Soy drink replacement in the diet might have beneficial effects on anthropometric and blood pressure values for overweight and obese subjects . Therefore , we are going to determine the effects of soy drink replacements on the weight , waist circumference and blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths . PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-over r and omized clinical trial on 23 overweight and obese female subjects . All patients were on a weight reducing diet . There were two trial periods for six weeks ( soy drink period and cow 's milk period ) and a washout period for 3 weeks . In the soy drink period only one glass of soy drink ( 240 cc ) was consumed instead of one glass of cow 's milk . RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 22±2 years . Mean of BMI was 28.1±0.5 .  Weight and waist circumference did not changed significantly after the soy drink period compared to the cow 's milk period . Systolic blood pressure reduced significantly following the soy drink period ( mean percent change in soy drink period : -4.0±0.9 vs -1.7±0.5 in the cow 's milk period ; p<0.05 ) . Diastolic blood pressure also reduced in the soy drink period ( -0.4±0.1 vs 0.4±0.1 ; p<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION Soy drink replacement could reduce both systolic and diastolic blood pressure among overweight and obese female youths . However , this replacement had no significant results on weight and waist circumference Recent studies suggest that obese individuals lose weight more rapidly and lose more total weight with soy protein than with animal protein as a major diet component . The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the weight-loss efficacy and changes in body composition , waist circumference , blood pressure , and levels of plasma glucose , insulin , serum lipids , C-reactive protein , and homocysteine from consumption of either 3 soy shakes or 3 casein shakes daily as part of a 16-week , energy-restricted diet for obese women . Forty-three women with body mass index values of 30 to 40 kg/m(2 ) were r and omized to intensive dietary interventions using either casein ( n = 21 ) or soy ( n = 22 ) shakes . Subjects were instructed to consume 3 shakes , 1 prepackaged entrée , and 5 servings of fruits or vegetables daily to achieve an energy intake of 4.5 to 5.0 MJ/d . Subjects attended classes weekly or biweekly . Weight , body fat , lipid , and glucose measurements were obtained at baseline and at 8 and 16 weeks . For both groups combined , subjects lost 8.1 % of initial body weight ( 7.7 kg ) at 8 weeks and 13.4 % ( 12.7 kg ) at 16 weeks . Weight loss from baseline did not differ significantly by group and , for completing subjects , was 14.0 % + /- 1.2 % ( mean + /- SE ) for casein and 12.8 % + /- 1.4 % for soy . With the intention-to-treat analysis , weight losses at 16 weeks were 12.5 % + /- 1.4 % for casein and 11.3 % + /- 1.2 % for soy . Body fat losses were 23.7 % + /- 2.0 % for casein and 21.8 % + /- 2.4 % for soy and did not differ significantly . Both study groups lost significant amounts of weight with a highly structured behavioral program incorporating 4 meal replacements and vegetables and fruits . Differences in weight loss and body composition changes between casein and soy treatments were not significant Introduction Hearing loss is a major public health concern , affecting over 11 million people in the UK . While hearing aids are the most common clinical intervention for hearing loss , the majority of people that would benefit from using hearing aids do not take them up . Recent technological advances have led to a rapid increase of alternative listening devices to conventional hearing aids . These include hearing aids that can be customised using a smartphone , smartphone-based ‘ hearing aid ’ apps , personal sound amplification products and wireless hearing products . However , no systematic review has been published evaluating whether alternative listening devices are an effective management strategy for people with hearing loss . Methods and analysis The objective of this systematic review is to assess whether alternative listening devices are an effective intervention for adults with hearing loss . Methods are reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review s and Meta-analyses Protocol s ( PRISMA -P ) 2015 checklist . Retrospective or prospect i ve studies , r and omised controlled trials , non-r and omised controlled trials , and before-after comparison studies will be eligible for inclusion . We will include studies with adult participants ( ≥18 years ) with a mild or moderate hearing loss . The intervention should be an alternative listening device to a conventional hearing aid ( comparison ) . Studies will be restricted to outcomes associated with the consequences of hearing loss . We will search relevant data bases to identify published , completed but unpublished and ongoing trials . The overall quality of included evidence will be evaluated using the GRADE system , and meta- analysis performed if appropriate . Ethics and dissemination No ethical issues are foreseen . The findings will be reported at national and international conferences , primarily audiology , and ear , nose and throat , and in a peer- review ed journal using the PRISMA guidelines . Review registration number PROSPERO CRD4201502958 Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high amongst healthcare professionals and there is growing interest in delivering weight loss interventions in the workplace . We conducted a systematic review to ( i ) examine the effectiveness of workplace-based diet and /or physical activity interventions aim ed at healthcare professionals and to ( ii ) identify and describe key components of effective interventions . Seven electronic data bases were systematic ally search ed . Results Thirteen r and omised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria , of which seven had data available for meta- analysis . Where meta- analysis was possible , studies were grouped according to length of follow-up ( < 12 months and ≥12 months ) and behavioural target ( diet only , physical activity only or diet and physical activity ) , with outcome data pooled using a weighted r and om effects model . Nine studies reported statistically significant ( between-group ) differences . Four studies reported being informed by a behaviour change theory . Meta- analysis of all trials reporting weight data demonstrated healthcare professionals allocated to dietary and physical activity interventions lost significantly more body weight ( −3.95 Kg , [ 95 % CI −4.96 to- 2.95 Kg ] ) than controls up to 12 months follow up . Conclusions Workplace diet and /or physical activity interventions targeting healthcare professionals are limited in number and are heterogeneous . To improve the evidence base , we recommend additional evaluations of theory-based interventions and adequate reporting of intervention content Objectives : To compare the effects of free access to reduced fat products or their full fat equivalents on fat and energy intake , body weight , plasma lipids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentrations and haemostasis variables . Design : A multicentre open r and omised controlled trial in which intervention and control groups were followed in parallel for six months . Volunteers had free access to 44 different foods either in reduced fat or full fat version , covering between 30 and 40 % of energy intake . The remainder of energy intake was covered by foods bought in regular shops . Setting : Zeist , Wageningen and Maastricht , The Netherl and s . Subjects : Two hundred and forty-one non-obese healthy volunteers who had no intention to lose weight . Main outcome measures : Food intake , body weight , plasma lipid , vitamin E , β-carotene , lycopene and fibrinogen concentrations , plasma factor VII clotting activity , and plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-I antigen level . Results : One hundred and three volunteers in the full fat group and 117 volunteers in the reduced fat group completed the study .  Energy and fat intake from the free access products was lower in the reduced fat group , but no difference in energy and fat intake of other products occurred . Body weight , energy- , fat- and vitamin E intake and percentage of energy derived from fat decreased in the reduced fat group . No other statistical significant intervention effects were observed . Blood lipid concentrations , factor VII activity and plasminogen-inhibitor-activator-1 level were reduced after consumption of reduced fat products . Conclusions : When subjects without intention to lose weight limit fat intake by switching from ad libitum consumption of full fat products to reduced fat products body weight gain is prevented , and fat and energy intake are reduced . Such a switch may have beneficial effects on biochemical cardiovascular risk factors . We concluded that reduced fat products will help in a population strategy aim ed at preventing overweight and obesity , they will also be effective in maintaining a lower body weight after slimming . Ad libitum consumption of reduced fat products will be ineffective for those individuals that want to reduce body weight because they are currently overweight or obese . Sponsorship : Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is increasing at an alarming rate around the world and prevention has become a key public health objective . Treatment and management of those already overweight and obese must be aligned with the best available evidence on effectiveness , if the risk of obesity‐related morbidity and mortality is yet be reduced . Diet plays a pivotal role in successful treatment of obesity but to date , there is limited evidence on which to base practice . Objectives To identify and present the best available evidence on the optimal dietetic treatment and management of children and adolescent who are overweight or obese . Search strategy Published English language literature was search ed using the electronic data bases CINAHL , MEDLINE , PRE‐ MEDLINE , DARE , COCHRANE , EMBASE , AUSTROM , Current Concepts and Dissertation Abstract s. The data bases were limited to English Language from 1975 until 2003 . Government reports from the UK , USA and Australian were also search ed and a h and search performed for the Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia , International Journal of Obesity and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and the bibliographies of retrieved articles . Selection criteria ( i ) Interventions that evaluated the effectiveness of nutrition or dietary interventions to treat or manage overweight and obesity ; ( ii ) Children aged less than 18 years ; and ( iii ) Participants were defined as overweight or obese by relative weight or a measure of body weight status , studies that reported body weight per se were excluded . Data collection and analysis An experienced professional librarian search ed the data bases , and two trained research assistants independently identified studies for retrieval and assessed each article for inclusion . The included studies were critically appraised for method ological quality by two people independently . Data were extracted from the appropriate articles and when a discrepancy arose , a third party would arbitrate . Main results There were 116 articles that met the inclusion criteria . While 49 articles described r and omised controlled trials , they arose from 37 separate studies . There were 67 non‐r and omised trials . Meta‐analyses were performed on eight studies that included both a dietary intervention component and an adequate control group and on four studies that had follow‐up data . There was a high degree of heterogeneity between studies and this made comparisons between studies problematic . Interventions that include diet therapy generally result in significant weight loss , at least in the short term . Many studies were poorly design ed and had no or only minimal follow up . The details of the dietary intervention were often inadequately described and dietary outcomes rarely reported , making repetition of the studies difficult . Review ers ' conclusions There is an urgent need for high quality studies investigating the optimal dietary approach to management of paediatric  overweight and obesity . These studies require adequate follow up to ascertain if weight loss can be sustained in the long term . Details of the dietary prescription , adherence to the dietary intervention and diet‐specific outcomes need to be reported in order to inform best practice Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is increasing at an alarming rate around the world and prevention has become a key public health objective . Treatment and management of those already overweight and obese must be aligned with the best available evidence on effectiveness , if the risk of obesity-related morbidity and mortality is yet be reduced . Diet plays a pivotal role in successful treatment of obesity but to date , there is limited evidence on which to base practice . Objectives To identify and present the best available evidence on the optimal dietetic treatment and management of children and adolescent who are overweight or obese . Search strategy Published English language literature was search ed using the electronic data bases CINAHL , MEDLINE , PRE- MEDLINE , DARE , COCHRANE , EMBASE , AUSTROM , Current Concepts and Dissertation Abstract s. The data bases were limited to English Language from 1975 until 2003 . Government reports from the UK , USA and Australian were also search ed and a h and search performed for the Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia , International Journal of Obesity and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and the bibliographies of retrieved articles . Selection criteria ( i ) Interventions that evaluated the effectiveness of nutrition or dietary interventions to treat or manage overweight and obesity ; ( ii ) Children aged less than 18 years ; and ( iii ) Participants were defined as overweight or obese by relative weight or a measure of body weight status , studies that reported body weight per se were excluded . Data collection and analysis An experienced professional librarian search ed the data bases , and two trained research assistants independently identified studies for retrieval and assessed each article for inclusion . The included studies were critically appraised for method ological quality by two people independently . Data were extracted from the appropriate articles and when a discrepancy arose , a third party would arbitrate . Main results There were 116 articles that met the inclusion criteria . While 49 articles described r and omised controlled trials , they arose from 37 separate studies . There were 67 non-r and omised trials . Meta-analyses were performed on eight studies that included both a dietary intervention component and an adequate control group and on four studies that had follow-up data . There was a high degree of heterogeneity between studies and this made comparisons between studies problematic . Interventions that include diet therapy generally result in significant weight loss , at least in the short term . Many studies were poorly design ed and had no or only minimal follow up . The details of the dietary intervention were often inadequately described and dietary outcomes rarely reported , making repetition of the studies difficult . Review ers ' conclusions There is an urgent need for high quality studies investigating the optimal dietary approach to management of paediatric overweight and obesity . These studies require adequate follow up to ascertain if weight loss can be sustained in the long term . Details of the dietary prescription , adherence to the dietary intervention and diet-specific outcomes need to be reported in order to inform best practice A double-blind , r and omized clinical trial was conducted to determine the effect of consumption of supplemental whey protein ( WP ) , soy protein ( SP ) , and an isoenergetic amount of carbohydrate ( CHO ) on body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese but otherwise healthy participants . Ninety overweight and obese participants were r and omly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups for 23 wk : 1 ) WP ; 2 ) SP ( each providing ~56 g/d of protein and 1670 kJ/d ) ; or 3 ) an isoenergetic amount of CHO . Supplements were consumed as a beverage twice daily . Participants were provided no dietary advice and continued to consume their free-choice diets . Participants ’ body weight and composition data were obtained monthly . Dietary intake was determined by 24-h dietary recalls collected every 10 d. After 23 wk , body weight and composition did not differ between the groups consuming the SP and WP or between SP and CHO ; however , body weight and fat mass of the group consuming the WP were lower by 1.8 kg ( P < 0.006 ) and 2.3 kg ( P < 0.005 ) , respectively , than the group consuming CHO . Lean body mass did not differ among any of the groups . Waist circumference was smaller in the participants consuming WP than in the other groups ( P < 0.05 ) . Fasting ghrelin was lower in participants consuming WP compared with SP or CHO . Through yet-unknown mechanisms , different sources of dietary protein may differentially facilitate weight loss and affect body composition . Dietary recommendations , especially those that emphasize the role of dietary protein in facilitating weight change , should also address the demonstrated clinical potential of supplemental WP Background Worldwide in 2000 , 10 % of children aged five to 17 years were reported as being overweight with an additional 2‐3 % being obese . Overweight and obesity in childhood can adversely impact on both physical and psychological health . The rise in the prevalence of childhood obesity is a complex issue but widely recognised contributors include increased energy intake , decreased levels of physical activity and greater time spent in sedentary pursuits . A large number of environmental and cultural factors have also been identified as contributing to the problem . Evidence to support an optimal approach to treating childhood obesity is limited with many studies showing only modest results at best in the long‐term . However , the importance of family‐based treatment that combines diet , physical activity and behavioral components has been acknowledged in a recent Cochrane Systematic Review . It has also been suggested that interventions offered in the community setting may help overcome barriers to participation , by making programs more accessible and allowing the targeting of specific sub‐groups of the population . Objectives The objective of this review was to identify the effectiveness of parent‐centred interventions implemented in the community setting in modifying eating and physical activity behaviors or weight‐related outcomes of children . Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review considered studies that included free‐living children of pre‐school , primary and secondary school age and /or their parents/guardians aged > 18 years . Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest Intervention programs were required to have a parental component , to target eating and /or exercise behaviors for the prevention or treatment of obesity , and child weight status reported . Types of studies All intervention studies were included in the review including : r and omized controlled trials ( RCTs ) ; non‐r and omized controlled trials , longitudinal studies , cohort ( both retrospective and prospect i ve ) , case control and time series studies which had been conducted in a community setting . Types of outcomes This review considered studies that included overweight/obesity related outcomes , eating behavior outcomes , physical activity behaviour outcomes , and sedentary behavior outcomes and constructs . Search strategy A literature search of community‐based parent‐centred intervention studies to promote nutrition and physical activity for the prevention and treatment and of childhood overweight and obesity was performed in eight electronic data bases dating from 1975 to April 2009 . Method ological quality Studies were critically appraised for method ological quality using st and ardized tools . Data collection Data was extracted by one review er using a st and ardized data extraction form developed by the research ers and checked for accuracy and consistency by a second review er . Data synthesis Data in relation to setting , methodology , intervention components and effect on weight , dietary intake and physical activity was extracted , and described in a narrative synthesis . Where possible a meta‐ analysis was undertaken . Results Of the home‐based interventions , five of nine studies reported statistically significant changes in anthropometric outcomes post intervention . Of the 10 studies in the before and after school care setting , seven reported a significant decrease in a weight‐related outcome post intervention , with only one reporting an increase . Conclusions Results from the review support the after‐school setting as the most promising for community intervention setting for targeting parents as agents of change within child obesity prevention and treatment programs . Implication s for practice At this stage , interventions to support parents should target the after‐school environment as opposed to being conducted in the home , summer camps , leisure centers or churches . Targeting a decrease in energy intake and sweetened beverages in parallel with increasing number of daily steps and decreasing screen time use . Implication s for research Future studies of high quality are needed across the full range of community setting s. Given that currently most of the higher quality RCTs and the studies showing positive impacts of weight change are in the after‐school setting , further studies in this area using similar method ologies to those already published will facilitate future meta‐analyses in this area BACKGROUND Higher dietary energy as protein during weight loss results in a greater loss of fat mass and retention of muscle mass ; however , the impact of protein quality on the rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis ( MPS ) and lipolysis , processes that are important in the maintenance of muscle and loss of fat , respectively , are unknown . OBJECTIVE We aim ed to determine how the consumption of different sources of proteins ( soy or whey ) during a controlled short-term ( 14-d ) hypoenergetic diet affected MPS and lipolysis . METHODS Men ( n = 19 ) and women ( n = 21 ) ( age 35 - 65 y ; body mass index 28 - 50 kg/m(2 ) ) completed a 14-d controlled hypoenergetic diet ( -750 kcal/d ) . Participants were r and omly assigned , double blind , to receive twice-daily supplements of isolated whey ( 27 g/supplement ) or soy ( 26 g/supplement ) , providing a total protein intake of 1.3 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d ) , or isoenergetic carbohydrate ( 25 g maltodextrin/supplement ) result ing in a total protein intake of 0.7 ± 0.1 g/(kg · d ) . Before and after the dietary intervention , primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-(13)C6 ] phenylalanine and [(2)H5]-glycerol were used to measure postabsorptive and postpr and ial rates of MPS and lipolysis . RESULTS Preintervention , MPS was stimulated more ( P < 0.05 ) with ingestion of whey than with soy or carbohydrate . Postintervention , postabsorptive MPS decreased similarly in all groups ( all P < 0.05 ) . Postpr and ial MPS was reduced by 9 ± 1 % in the whey group , which was less ( P < 0.05 ) than the reduction in soy and carbohydrate groups ( 28 ± 5 % and 31 ± 5 % , respectively ; both P < 0.05 ) after the intervention . Lipolysis was suppressed during the postpr and ial period ( P < 0.05 ) , but more so with ingestion of carbohydrate ( P < 0.05 ) than soy or whey . CONCLUSION We conclude that whey protein supplementation attenuated the decline in postpr and ial rates of MPS after weight loss , which may be of importance in the preservation of lean mass during longer-term weight loss interventions . This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01530646 Increasing protein intake and soy consumption appear to be promising approaches to prevent metabolic syndrome ( MetS ) . However , the effect of soy consumption on insulin resistance , glucose homeostasis , and other characteristics of MetS is not frequently studied in humans . We aim ed to investigate the effects of a 4-wk , strictly controlled , weight-maintaining , moderately high-protein diet rich in soy on insulin sensitivity and other cardiometabolic risk factors . We performed a r and omized crossover trial of 2 4-wk diet periods in 15 postmenopausal women with abdominal obesity to test diets with 22 energy percent ( En% ) protein , 27 En% fat , and 50 En% carbohydrate . One diet contained protein of mixed origin ( mainly meat , dairy , and bread ) , and the other diet partly replaced meat with soy meat analogues and soy nuts containing 30 g/d soy protein . For our primary outcome , a frequently sample d intravenous glucose tolerance test ( FSIGT ) was performed at the end of both periods . Plasma total , LDL , and HDL cholesterol , triglycerides , glucose , insulin , and C-reactive protein were assessed , and blood pressure , arterial stiffness , and intrahepatic lipid content were measured at the start and end of both periods . Compared with the mixed-protein diet , the soy-protein diet result ed in greater insulin sensitivity [ FSIGT : insulin sensitivity , 34 ± 29 vs. 22 ± 17 (mU/L)(-1 ) · min(-1 ) , P = 0.048 ; disposition index , 4974 ± 2543 vs. 2899 ± 1878 , P = 0.038 ; n = 11 ] . Total cholesterol was 4 % lower after the soy-protein diet than after the mixed-protein diet ( 4.9 ± 0.7 vs. 5.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L , P = 0.001 ) , and LDL cholesterol was 9 % lower ( 2.9 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L , P = 0.004 ; n = 15 ) . Thus , partly replacing meat with soy in a moderately high-protein diet has clear advantages regarding insulin sensitivity and total and LDL cholesterol . Therefore , partly replacing meat products with soy products could be important in preventing MetS. This trial was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT01694056 Isoflavones have been shown to improve glucose metabolism , but epidemiologic data are limited . We prospect ively investigated the relationship between soy product and isoflavone intake and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults . Participants were 25,872 men and 33,919 women aged 45 - 75 y , who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospect i ve Study and had no history of diabetes .  Soy product and isoflavone intakes were ascertained using a 147-item FFQ . Odds ratios of self-reported , physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 y were estimated using logistic regression analysis . A total of 1114 new cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported . Intakes of soy products and isoflavones were not significantly associated with type 2 diabetes in either men or all women . However , among overweight women ( BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2 ) ) , a higher intake of soy products was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes ; multivariable-adjusted odds ratios ( 95 % CI ) for the lowest through highest quintiles of soy product intake were 1.00 ( reference ) , 0.78 ( 0.52 - 1.18 ) , 0.79 ( 0.52 - 1.20 ) , 0.62 ( 0.39 - 0.99 ) , and 0.89 ( 0.55 - 1.44 ) , respectively , and we found a similar risk pattern for daidzein and genistein intakes . Overall , our results suggest that there are no benefits of soy product or isoflavone intake with respect to risk of type 2 diabetes in either men or women . The possible protective associations of soy and isoflavone intakes among overweight women deserves further investigation SCOPE Studies have suggested that food rich in dietary fiber may facilitate body weight loss , lower total and LDL-cholesterol levels , and reduce body fat . This study examined the effects of soy fiber ( SF ) on body weight , body composition , and blood lipids in overweight and obese participants . METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-nine overweight and obese college adults ( 19 - 39 years of age ) were r and omly assigned to consume control biscuits or biscuits supplemented with SF for their breakfast for 12 wk ( approximately 100 g/day ) . There were significant differences in changes on body weight , BMI , and LDL-cholesterol ( LDL-C ) between the two groups after 12-wk intervention ( p < 0.05 ) . The changes of body weight , BMI , waist circumference , diastolic blood pressure , serum levels of total cholesterol , LDL-C , and glucose , body fat , and trunk fat of participants in SF group were observed significantly after 12 wk . CONCLUSION SF had favorable effects on body weight , BMI , and fasting LDL-C levels in overweight and obese adults . These effects may be beneficial in antiobesity and the improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypertension ( Clinical Trials.gov registration number-NCT01802840 ) BACKGROUND Discerning the determinants of weight loss maintenance is important in the planning of future interventions and policies regarding overweight and obesity . We have therefore systematic ally synthesized recent literature on determinants of weight loss maintenance for individuals with overweight and obesity . METHODS With the use of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review s and Meta-Analyses statement , prospect i ve studies were identified from search es in PubMed and PsycINFO from 2006 to 2016 . We included articles investigating adults with overweight and obesity undergoing weight loss without surgery or medication .  Included articles were scored on their method ological quality , and a best- evidence synthesis was applied to summarize the results . RESULTS Our search result ed in 8,222 articles of which 67 articles were selected . In total , 124 determinants were identified of which 5 were demographic , 59 were behavioural , 51 were psychological/cognitive and 9 were social and physical environmental determinants . We found consistent evidence that demographic determinants were not predictive of weight loss maintenance . Behavioural and cognitive determinants that promote a reduction in energy intake , an increase in energy expenditure and monitoring of this balance are predictive determinants . CONCLUSION This review identifies key determinants in weight loss maintenance . However , more research regarding cognitive and environmental determinants of weight loss maintenance is needed to advance our knowledge on determinants of weight loss maintenance OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of consumption of fermented and unfermented soy products on excretion of urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogens and lignans in healthy men . DESIGN A r and omized , crossover trial consisting of two 9-day feeding periods following 5 days of baseline data collection . SUBJECTS Healthy men , aged 20 to 40 years , were recruited from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities community . Of the 22 subjects who began the study , 17 completed all feeding periods . INTERVENTIONS Fermented soy product ( 112 g tempeh ) or unfermented soy ( 125 g soybean pieces ) was consumed during each controlled feeding period . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Urine sample s collected while subjects consumed their habitual diets and on the last 3 days of each feeding period were analyzed for isoflavonoid and lignan content by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Comparisons of isoflavonoid and lignan excretion were analyzed using the general linear model procedure . Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine treatment differences of interest . RESULTS Urinary excretion of isoflavonoids ( equol , O-desmethylangolensin [ O-DMA ] , daidzein , genistein ) was higher and excretion of lignans ( enterodiol , enterolactone ) was lower when subjects consumed soy-supplemented diets than when they consumed their habitual diets ( P < .05 ) . Urinary isoflavonoid excretion and lignan excretion were similar when subjects consumed tempeh and soybean pieces diets ; however , recovery of daidzein and genistein was significantly higher when subjects consumed the tempeh diet than when they consumed the soybean pieces diet ( P < .002 ) . When fed soy , 5 of 17 subjects excreted high amounts of equol . These five subjects tended to excrete less O-DMA and daidzein than the 12 subjects who excreted low amounts of equol ( P < .06 ) . CONCLUSIONS Fermentation of soy decreased the isoflavone content of the product fed but increased the urinary isoflavonoid recovery . This finding suggests that fermentation increases availability of isoflavones in soy Background In addition to an increased risk for chronic illnesses , obese individuals suffer from social stigmatization and discrimination , and severely obese people may experience greater risk of impaired psychosocial and physical functioning . Lower health-related quality of life ( HRQOL ) has been reported among obese persons seeking intensive treatment for their disease . To aid in the treatment of obesity , meal replacements have been recommended as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss , particularly when consumed in the beginning of an intervention . Hence , the objective of this study was to assess the impact of two 12-month weight reduction interventions ( one arm including a meal replacement ) on changes in HRQOL  among obese females . Methods This controlled trial compared two versions of a st and ardized 12-month weight reduction intervention : the weight-reduction lifestyle program without a meal replacement ( LS ) versus the same lifestyle program with the addition of a soy-based meal replacement product ( LSMR ) . 380 women ( LS : n = 190 , LSMR : n = 190 ) were matched by age , gender , and weight ( 51.4 ± 7.0 yrs . , 35.5 ± 3.03 kg/m2 ) . This sample of women all completed the 12-month lifestyle intervention that was part of a larger study . The lifestyle intervention included instruction on exercise/sport , psychology , nutrition , and medicine in 18 theoretical and 40 practical units . Led by a sport physiologist , participants engaged in group-based exercise sessions once or twice a week . To evaluate HRQOL , all participants completed the SF-36 question naire pre- and post-intervention . Anthropometric , clinical , physical performance ( ergometric stress tests ) , and self-reported leisure time physical activity ( hours/day ) data were collected . Results The LSMR sample showed lower baseline HRQOL scores compared to the LS sample in six of eight HRQOL dimensions , most significant in vitality and health perception ( p < 0.01 ) . After the intervention , body weight was reduced in both lifestyle intervention groups ( LS : -6.6±6.6 vs. LSMR -7.6±7.9 kg ) , however , weight loss and HRQOL improvements were more pronounced in the LSMR sample ( LSMR : seven of eight , LS : four of eight dimensions ) . Conclusions Our results show that HRQOL may improve among middle-aged obese females during a st and ardized lifestyle weight reduction program and may be enhanced by consuming a soy-based meal replacement product . Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov Background Statistical mediation analysis can be used to improve the design of obesity prevention and treatment programs by identifying the possible mechanisms through which an intervention achieved its effects . The aim of this study was to identify mediators of weight loss in an Internet-based weight-loss program specifically design ed for overweight men . Methods The Self-Help , Exercise and Diet using Information Technology ( SHED-IT ) program was a 3-month r and omized controlled trial ( Internet-based intervention group vs information only control group ) that was implemented in 2007 with baseline and 6-month follow-up assessment of weight , physical activity and dietary behaviors . Intention-to-treat and per- protocol mediation analyses were conducted using a product-of-coefficients test . Results Participants ( N = 65 ) were overweight and obese male academic ( n = 10 ) and non-academic ( n = 27 ) staff and students ( n = 28 ) from the University of Newcastle , Australia . Mean ( SD ) age = 35.9 ( 11.1 ) years and mean ( SD ) BMI = 30.6 ( 2.8 ) . In the intention-to-treat analysis , both groups lost weight , but relative to the control group , the intervention did not have a statistically significant ' total effect ' on weight , τ = -.507 , p = .716 ( 95 % CI = -3.277 to 2.263 ) . In the per- protocol analysis , the intervention had a statistically significant ' total effect ' on weight , τ = -4.487 , p < .05 ( 95 % CI = -8.208 to -.765 ) . The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on any of the hypothesized mediators and none of the behavioral variables mediated weight loss in the SHED-IT program . Although participants in the intervention group reduced their fat intake over the study period , the changes did not satisfy the criteria for mediation . Conclusion Few studies have examined the mediators of weight loss in obesity treatment interventions . While none of the hypothesized mediators satisfied the criteria for mediation in the current study , there was some evidence to suggest that overweight men in the SHED-IT intervention reduced their fat intake over the study period . Future obesity treatment and prevention programs should explore behavioral mediators of weight loss using appropriate statistical methods .Trial Registration Australian New Zeal and Clinical Trials Registry No : ANZCTRN12607000481471 Purpose Controversy exists regarding whether increasing dairy intake without energy restriction would lead to weight loss . We aim ed to compare the potential weight-reducing effects of kefir drink ( a probiotic dairy product ) and milk in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women . Methods One hundred and forty-four subjects were assessed for eligibility in this single-center , multi-arm , parallel-group , r and omized controlled trial . Of these , seventy-five eligible women aged 25–45 years were r and omly assigned to three groups , labeled as control , milk , and kefir , to receive an outpatient dietary regimen for 8 weeks . Subjects in the control group received a diet providing a maintenance level of energy intake , containing 2 servings/day of low-fat dairy products , while those in the milk and kefir groups received a weight maintenance diet , containing 2 additional servings/day ( a total of 4 servings/day ) of dairy products from low-fat milk or commercial kefir drink , respectively . Anthropometric outcomes including weight , body mass index ( BMI ) , and waist circumference ( WC ) were measured every 2 weeks . Results Fifty-eight subjects completed the study . Using analysis of covariance models in the intention-to-treat population ( n = 75 ) , we found that at 8 weeks , subjects in the kefir and milk groups had significantly greater reductions in weight , BMI , and WC compared to those in the control group ( all p < 0.01 ) . However , no such significant differences were found between the kefir and milk groups . Conclusions Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss , compared with milk , in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women . However , further studies are warranted Objectives : Soy protein intake has favorable effects on body weight and fat distribution in experimental animals but these effects have not been demonstrated in humans . To compare effects of soy- vs. milk-based meal replacements ( MR ) we assessed weight loss and serum lipoproteins changes for obese subjects who consumed low-energy diets ( LED ) including either milk-based or soy-based MR .  Methods : Overweight or obese women and men ( body mass indices 27–40 kg/m2 ) were r and omly assigned to LED providing 1200 kcal/day , with consumption of five soy-based or two milk-based liquid MR for a 12-week weight loss trial . Serum lipoprotein measurements were obtained at baseline , 6 and 12 weeks . Results : For soy and milk MR groups , subject numbers were , respectively , 51 and 39 r and omized and 30 and 22 completers .  MR use averaged : soy , 3.7/day ; and milk , 1.9/day . Weight losses for completers at 12 weeks were : soy MR , 9.0 % of initial body weight ( 95 % confidence intervals , 7.3–10.6 % ) ; and milk MR , 7.9 % ( 5.8–8.8 % ) with no significant differences . Reductions from baseline in serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol values , respectively , at six weeks were significantly greater ( P < 0.015 ) with soy MR ( 15.2 % and 17.4 % ) than with milk MR ( 7.9 % and 7.7 % ) . Soy MR use was associated with significant reductions in serum triglycerides at 6 and 12 weeks while milk MR use was not . Conclusions : Soy MR use , as part of a low-energy diet , was associated with slightly but not significantly greater weight loss over a 12-week period than milk MR use . These observations confirm previous studies documenting the effectiveness of MR use for weight loss
Analysis showed that soy products significantly reduced body weight , BMI , body fat percent and waist circumference in overweight or obese Asian population s ( −0.37 kg , P = 0.010 ; −0.27 kg/m2 , P = 0.042 ; −0.36 % , P = 0.032 ; −0.35 cm , P = 0.049 ) and more significant effects were observed in non-menopausal women reduced body weight ( −0.59 kg , P = 0.041 ) , BMI ( −0.59 , P = 0.041 ) and waist circumference ( −0.59 cm , P = 0.041 ) in overweight or obese population s. Conclusion : This meta- analysis showed that soy products  have weight loss effects , mainly due to soy protein , isoflavone and soy fiber
Background : The effect of soy products on the weight of overweight or obese people  is controversial , so we aim ed to conduct a systematic review and a meta- analysis of published r and omized controlled trials to analyze whether supplementation with soy products can help them to lose weight .