few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Topic options: 
A. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
B. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
C. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "This task involves learning addition, which is a mathematical operation, using objects.",
  "answer": "F"
}

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
 Arrange the fractions in order from least to greatest. Explain your answer with a picture.
 $\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{3} $
 $\frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{3} $
 $\frac{5}{6}, \frac{3}{6}, \frac{1}{6} $
 $\frac{5}{12}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{4}{12} $

Topic options: 
A. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
B. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
C. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
D. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
E. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
F. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
G. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
H. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
I. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
J. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "In this problem, students learn to understand fractions as numbers by comparing their sizes.",
  "answer": "G"
}

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
Solve using the standard algorithm. If you get stuck, use an area model and/or the partial products algorithm to help. Then assess the reasonableness of your answer.
a.
$$5,803\times46$$
b.
$$63\times2,116$$
Problem 2
Dunkin' introduced a croissant doughnut in 2014. In the first three months of its debut, they sold 7,870 dozen of them per day. How many croissant doughnuts were sold in the first three months?


Topic options: 
A. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
B. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
C. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
D. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
G. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
J. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
K. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "This set of problems involves performing operations, specifically multiplication, on multi-digit whole numbers in base ten.",
  "answer": "D"
}

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

im_task_000157

3

fl_problem_000674

5
options: Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
problem_activity: Activity
In grade 3, students recognized that area is additive. They learned to find the area of a rectilinear figure by decomposing it into non-overlapping rectangles and adding their areas. Here students extend that understanding to non-rectangular shapes. They compose tangram pieces—consisting of triangles and a square—into shapes with certain areas. The square serves as a unit square. Because students have only one square, they need to use these principles in their reasoning:
If two figures can be placed one on top of the other so that they match up exactly, then they have the same area.
If a figure is decomposed and rearranged to compose another figure, then its area is the same as the area of the original figure.
Each question in the task aims to elicit discussions about these two principles. Though they may seem obvious, these principles still need to be stated explicitly (at the end of the lesson), as more-advanced understanding of the area of complex figures depends on them.
The terms
compose
,
decompose
, and
rearrange
will be formalized in an upcoming lesson, but throughout this lesson, look for opportunities to demonstrate their use as students describe their work with the tangram pieces. When students use “make” or “build,” “break,” and “move around,” recast their everyday terms using the more formal ones.
As students work, notice how they compose the pieces to create shapes with certain areas. Look for students whose reasoning illustrates the ideas outlined in the Activity Synthesis.
Demonstrate the use of the word “compose” by repeating students' everyday language use and then recast using the formal terms here.
Digital
Launch
Give each group of 2 students the following set of tangram pieces from the blackline master or from commercially available sets. Note that the tangram pieces used here differ from a standard set in that two additional small triangles are used instead of a parallelogram.
Square: 1
Small triangles: 4
Medium triangle: 1
Large triangles: 2
It is important not to give them more than these pieces.
Give students 2–3 minutes of quiet think time for the first three questions. Ask them to pause afterwards and compare their solutions to their partner's. If they created the same shape for each question, ask them to create a different shape that has the same given area before moving on. Then, ask them to work together to answer the remaining questions.
Classrooms using the digital activities can use physical tangram pieces or an applet with the same shapes to determine the relationships between the areas. Applet is adapted from the work of
Harry Drew
in GeoGebra.
Speaking, Conversing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
Circulate and listen to the ways students describe composing, decomposing, and rearranging the shapes. On a display, write down common phrases you hear students say about each, such as “building,” “breaking apart,” “moving.” Include relevant pictures or drawings. Update the display as needed throughout the remainder of the lesson. Remind students to borrow language from the display as needed. This will help students use mathematical language during their paired and whole-group discussions.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness; Support sense-making
Student Facing
This applet has one square and some small, medium, and large right triangles. The area of the square is 1 square unit.
Click on a shape and drag to move it. Grab the point at the vertex and drag to turn it.
Notice that you can put together two small triangles to make a square. What is the area of the square composed of two small triangles? Be prepared to explain your reasoning.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 1 square unit that is not a square. Draw your shape on paper and label it with its area.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 2 square units. Draw your shape and label it with its area.
Use your shapes to create a
different
shape with an area of 2 square units. Draw your shape and label it with its area.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 4 square units. Draw your shape and label it with its area.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Find a way to use all of your pieces to compose a single large square. What is the area of this large square?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Print
Launch
Give each group of 2 students the following set of tangram pieces from the blackline master or from commercially available sets. Note that the tangram pieces used here differ from a standard set in that two additional small triangles are used instead of a parallelogram.
Square: 1
Small triangles: 4
Medium triangle: 1
Large triangles: 2
It is important not to give them more than these pieces.
Give students 2–3 minutes of quiet think time for the first three questions. Ask them to pause afterwards and compare their solutions to their partner's. If they created the same shape for each question, ask them to create a different shape that has the same given area before moving on. Then, ask them to work together to answer the remaining questions.
Classrooms using the digital activities can use physical tangram pieces or an applet with the same shapes to determine the relationships between the areas. Applet is adapted from the work of
Harry Drew
in GeoGebra.
Speaking, Conversing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
Circulate and listen to the ways students describe composing, decomposing, and rearranging the shapes. On a display, write down common phrases you hear students say about each, such as “building,” “breaking apart,” “moving.” Include relevant pictures or drawings. Update the display as needed throughout the remainder of the lesson. Remind students to borrow language from the display as needed. This will help students use mathematical language during their paired and whole-group discussions.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness; Support sense-making
Student Facing
Your teacher will give you one square and some small, medium, and large right triangles. The area of the square is 1 square unit.
Notice that you can put together two small triangles to make a square. What is the area of the square composed of two small triangles? Be prepared to explain your reasoning.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 1 square unit that is not a square. Trace your shape.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 2 square units. Trace your shape.
Use your shapes to create a
different
shape with an area of 2 square units. Trace your shape.
Use your shapes to create a new shape with an area of 4 square units. Trace your shape.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Find a way to use all of your pieces to compose a single large square. What is the area of this large square?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may consider the area to be the number of pieces in the compositions, instead of the number of square units. Remind them of the meaning of area, or prompt them to review the definition of area discussed in the warm-up activity.
Because the 2 large triangles in the tangram set can be arranged to form a square, students may consider that square to be the square unit rather than the smaller square composed of 2 small triangles. Ask students to review the task statement and verify the size of the unit square.
Activity Synthesis
Invite previously identified students (whose work illustrates the ideas shown here) to share. Name these moves explicitly as they come up:
compose
,
decompose
, and
rearrange
.
First question: Two small triangles can be composed into a square that matches up exactly with the given square piece. This means that the two squares—the composite and the unit square—have the same area.
Tell students, “We say that if a region can be placed on top of another region so that they match up exactly, then they have the same
area
.”
Second question: Two small triangles can be rearranged to compose a different figure but the area of that composite is still 1 square unit. These three shapes—each composed of two triangles—have the same area. If we rotate the first figure, it can be placed on top of the second so that they match up exactly. The third one has a different shape than the other two, but because it is made up of the same two triangles, it has the same area.
[IMG]
Emphasize: “If a figure is decomposed and rearranged as a new figure, the
area
of the new figure is the same as the area of the original figure.”
Third and fourth questions: The composite figures could be formed in several ways: with only small triangles, with two triangles and a medium triangle, or with two small triangles and a square.
Last question: A large triangle is needed here.  To find its area, we need to either compose 4 smaller triangles into a large triangle, or to see that the large triangle could be decomposed into 4 smaller triangles, which can then be composed into 2 unit squares.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of these terms. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: area, compose, decompose, and rearrange.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language


correct_option_index: 4