few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Standard options: 
A. Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, “The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was 1 beak.” “For every vote candidate A received, candidate C received nearly three votes.”
B. Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
C. Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. For example, “This recipe has a ratio of 3 cups of flour to 4 cups of sugar, so there is 3/4 cup of flour for each cup of sugar.” “We paid $75 for 15 hamburgers, which is a rate of $5 per hamburger.” (Expectations for unit rates in this grade are limited to non-complex fractions.)


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.",
  "answer": "B"
}

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).",
  "answer": "B"
}

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"align": "center", "class": ["table", "table-bordered"], "style": "table-layout:fixed; width:70%"}, "tbody": [{"tr": [{"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "No solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Exactly 1 solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Infinite number of solutions"}]}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9=4x+7}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y=3y+5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y={x\\over2}}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${3x+6y-9=0}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${x=y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${1.25x=1.25y}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9.9=6x+8y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=1.5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=2.5}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {}]}]}]}]}
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Standard options: 
A. Solve linear equations in one variable.
B. Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.


Your response:
{
  "explanation": "The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.",
  "answer": "B"
}

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Use the relation i^(2) = –1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

Know there is a complex number i such that i^(2) = –1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real.

Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this activity is for students to build fluency expressing the product of two complex numbers in the form
\(a+bi\)
, where
\(a\)
and
\(b\)
are real numbers. In order to do this, students must use the fact that
\(i^2=\text-1\)
.
Look for students who answer the last question as
\(13+0i\)
as opposed to 13 to highlight during discussion.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Activate or supply background knowledge. Display the table provided in the launch. As students share their explanations, use color-coding and annotations to highlight the connections between the expression, the values in the table, and the final product after combining like terms. Students can refer back to the chart throughout the activity.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Launch
Tell students that they are now going to multiply complex numbers together. Display the expression
\((3 + 2i)(\text- 4 - 5i)\)
for all to see and give students 1 minute of quiet think time to consider how they would find the product. Then, display this table for all to see:
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"align": "center", "border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "row"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "3"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math"], "data-png-file-id": "24901"}, "_value": "\\(\\boldsymbol{2i}\\)"}]}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "row"}, "_value": "-4"}], "td": [{"_value": "-12"}, {"span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math"], "data-png-file-id": "24137"}, "_value": "\\(\\text- 8i\\)"}]}]}, {"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "row"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math"], "data-png-file-id": "24916"}, "_value": "\\(\\boldsymbol{\\text- 5i}\\)"}]}], "td": [{"span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math"], "data-png-file-id": "24931"}, "_value": "\\(\\text- 15i\\)"}]}, {"span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math"], "data-png-file-id": "24946"}, "_value": "\\(\\text- 10i^2\\)"}]}]}]}]}]}
After a brief time to consider the diagram, select students to explain where each of the values came from. Ask students, “Now that we have
\(\text- 12 - 8i - 15i - 10i^2\)
, what do we do in order to write the number in the form
\(a+bi\)
?” (We know
\(i^2 = \text-1\)
, so the sum of these is
\(\text- 12 - 8i - 15i +10 = \text- 2 - 23i\)
.)
Student Facing
Write each product in the form
\(a + bi\)
, where
\(a\)
and
\(b\)
are real numbers.
\((\text- 3 + 9i)(5i)\)
\((8 + i)(\text- 5 + 3i)\)
\((3 + 2i)^2\)
\((3 + 2i)(3 - 2i)\)
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
On October 16, 1843, while walking across the Broom Bridge in Dublin, Ireland, Sir William Rowan Hamilton came up with an idea for numbers that would work sort of like complex numbers. Instead of just the number
\(i\)
(and its opposite
\(\text- i\)
) squaring to give -1, he imagined three numbers
\(i\)
,
\(j\)
, and
\(k\)
(each with an opposite) that squared to give -1.
The way these numbers multiplied with each other was very interesting.
\(i\)
times
\(j\)
would give
\(k\)
,
\(j\)
times
\(k\)
would give
\(i\)
, and
\(k\)
times
\(i\)
would give
\(j\)
. But the multiplication he imagined did not have a commutative property. When those numbers were multiplied in the opposite order, they’d give the opposite number. So
\(j\)
times
\(i\)
would give
\(\text- k\)
,
\(k\)
times
\(j\)
would give
\(\text- i\)
, and
\(i\)
times
\(k\)
would give
\(\text- j\)
. A
quaternion
is a number that can be written in the form
\(a+bi+cj+dk\)
where
\(a\)
,
\(b\)
,
\(c\)
, and
\(d\)
are real numbers.
Let
\(w=2+3i-j\)
and
\(z=2i+3k\)
. Write each given expression in the form
\(a+bi+cj+dk\)
.
\(w+z\)
\(wz\)
\(zw\)
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
The key takeaway is that the product of complex numbers is another complex number, and we can see this by using usual arithmetic along with the fact that
\(i^2=\text-1\)
to write products in the form
\(a+bi\)
, where
\(a\)
and
\(b\)
are real numbers.
Select previously identified students to share their responses to the last question, for which
\(13+0i\)
is the technically correct response. Discuss the idea that numbers like 13 or
\(5i\)
don’t need to be written as
\(13+0i\)
and
\(0+5i\)
in order to be recognizable as complex numbers. Writing complex numbers as a single term is okay; it’s something they did for a long time before they knew that all real numbers are complex numbers of the form
\(a+bi\)
where
\(b=0\)
.


correct_option_index: 0

1