options: Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations; given two congruent figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations; given two similar two-dimensional figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the similarity between them.

Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations:
- Lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length.
- Angles are taken to angles of the same measure.
- Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles. For example, arrange three copies of the same triangle so that the sum of the three angles appears to form a line, and give an argument in terms of transversals why this is so.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity continues studying dilations on a circular grid, this time focusing on what happens to points lying on a polygon. Students first dilate the vertices of a polygon as in the previous activity. Then they examine what happens to points on the sides of the polygon. They discover that when these points are dilated, they all lie on a side of another polygon. Just as the image of a grid circle is another circle, so the dilation of a polygon is another polygon. Moreover the dilated polygon is a scaled copy of the original polygon. These important properties of dilations are not apparent in the definition.
Monitor for students who notice that the sides of the scaled polygon
\(A'B'C'D'\)
are parallel to the sides of
\(ABCD\)
and that
\(A'B'C'D'\)
is a scaled copy of
\(ABCD\)
with scale factor 2. Also monitor for students who notice the same structure for
\(EFGH\)
except this time the scale factor is
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
. Invite these students to share during the discussion.
Digital
Launch
Provide access to geometry toolkits. Tell students that they are going to dilate some points. Before they begin, demonstrate the mechanics of dilating a point using a center of dilation and a scale factor. Tell students, “In the previous activity, each point was dilated to its image using a scale factor of 3. The dilated point was three times as far from the center as the original point. When we dilate point
\(D\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 2, that means we’re going to take the distance from
\(P\)
to
\(D\)
and place a new point on the ray
\(PD\)
twice as far away from
\(P\)
.” Display for all to see:
[IMG]
If using the digital activity, demonstrate the mechanics of dilating using the applet. You can also use the measurement tool to confirm.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Begin with a physical demonstration of the process of dilating a point using a center of dilation and a scale factor to support connections between new situations and prior understandings. Consider using these prompts: “How does this build on the previous activity in which the main task was to find distances and scale factor?” or “How does the point D’ correspond to the points D and P?”
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Visual-spatial processing
Conversing, Reading: MLR2 Collect and Display.
Circulate and listen to students as they make observations about the polygon with a scale factor of 2 and the polygon with a scale factor of
\(\frac12\)
. Write down the words and phrases students use to compare features of the new polygons to the original polygon. As students review the language collected in the visual display, encourage students to clarify the meaning of a word or phrase. For example, a phrase such as “the new polygon is the same as the original polygon but bigger” can be clarified with the phrase “the new polygon is a scaled copy with scale factor 2 of the original polygon.” A phrase such as “the polygons have the same angles” can be clarified with the phrase “each angle in the original polygon is the same as the corresponding angle in the new polygon.” This routine will provide feedback to students in a way that supports sense-making while simultaneously increasing meta-awareness of language.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
Here is a polygon
\(ABCD\)
Dilate each vertex of polygon
\(ABCD\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 2.
Draw segments between the dilated points to create a new polygon.
What are some things you notice about the new polygon?
Choose a few more points on the sides of the original polygon and transform them using the same dilation. What do you notice?
Dilate each vertex of polygon
\(ABCD\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
.
What do you notice about this new polygon?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Provide access to geometry toolkits. Tell students that they are going to dilate some points. Before they begin, demonstrate the mechanics of dilating a point using a center of dilation and a scale factor. Tell students, “In the previous activity, each point was dilated to its image using a scale factor of 3. The dilated point was three times as far from the center as the original point. When we dilate point
\(D\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 2, that means we’re going to take the distance from
\(P\)
to
\(D\)
and place a new point on the ray
\(PD\)
twice as far away from
\(P\)
.” Display for all to see:
[IMG]
If using the digital activity, demonstrate the mechanics of dilating using the applet. You can also use the measurement tool to confirm.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Begin with a physical demonstration of the process of dilating a point using a center of dilation and a scale factor to support connections between new situations and prior understandings. Consider using these prompts: “How does this build on the previous activity in which the main task was to find distances and scale factor?” or “How does the point D’ correspond to the points D and P?”
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Visual-spatial processing
Conversing, Reading: MLR2 Collect and Display.
Circulate and listen to students as they make observations about the polygon with a scale factor of 2 and the polygon with a scale factor of
\(\frac12\)
. Write down the words and phrases students use to compare features of the new polygons to the original polygon. As students review the language collected in the visual display, encourage students to clarify the meaning of a word or phrase. For example, a phrase such as “the new polygon is the same as the original polygon but bigger” can be clarified with the phrase “the new polygon is a scaled copy with scale factor 2 of the original polygon.” A phrase such as “the polygons have the same angles” can be clarified with the phrase “each angle in the original polygon is the same as the corresponding angle in the new polygon.” This routine will provide feedback to students in a way that supports sense-making while simultaneously increasing meta-awareness of language.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
Here is a polygon
\(ABCD\)
.
Dilate each vertex of polygon
\(ABCD\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of 2. Label the image of
\(A\)
as
\(A’\)
, and label the images of the remaining three vertices as
\(B’\)
,
\(C’\)
, and
\(D’\)
.
Draw segments between the dilated points to create polygon
\(A’B’C’D’\)
.
What are some things you notice about the new polygon?
[IMG]
4. Choose a few more points on the sides of the original polygon and transform them using the same dilation. What do you notice?
5. Dilate each vertex of polygon
\(ABCD\)
using
\(P\)
as the center of dilation and a scale factor of
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
. Label the image of
\(A\)
as
\(E\)
, the image of
\(B\)
as
\(F\)
, the image of
\(C\)
as
\(G\)
and the image of
\(D\)
as
\(H\)
.
6. What do you notice about polygon
\(EFGH\)
?
Student Response
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for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Suppose
\(P\)
is a point not on line segment
\(\overline{WX}\)
. Let
\(\overline{YZ}\)
be the dilation of line segment
\(\overline{WX}\)
using
\(P\)
as the center with scale factor 2. Experiment using a circular grid to make predictions about whether each of the following statements must be true, might be true, or must be false.
\(\overline{YZ}\)
is twice as long
\(\overline{WX}\)
.
\(\overline{YZ}\)
is five units longer than
\(\overline{WX}\)
.
The point
\(P\)
is on
\(\overline{YZ}\)
.
\(\overline{YZ}\)
and
\(\overline{WX}\)
intersect.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may think only grid points can be dilated. In fact, any point can, but they may have to measure or estimate the distances from the center. Grid points are convenient because you can measure by counting.
Activity Synthesis
Display the original figure and its image under dilation with scale factor 2 and center
\(P\)
.
[IMG]
Ask selected students to share what they notice about the new polygon. Ensure that the following observations are made. Encourage students to verify each assertion using geometry tools like tracing paper, a ruler, or a protractor.
The new figure is a scaled copy of the original figure.
The sides of the new figure are twice the length of the sides of the original figure.
The corresponding segments are parallel.
The corresponding angles are congruent.
Ask students what happened to the additional points they dilated on polygon
\(ABCD\)
. Note that a good
strategic
choice for these points are points where
\(ABCD\)
meets one of the circles: in these cases, it is possible to double the distance from that point to the center without measuring. The additional points should have landed on a side of the dilated polygon (because of measurement error, this might not always occur exactly). The important takeaway from this observation is that dilating the polygon’s vertices, and then connecting them, gives the image of the entire polygon under the dilation.


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