few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
Solve the quadratic equation
$$ x^2 = (2x - 9)^2 $$
using as many different methods as possible.


Standard options: 
A. Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.
B. Solve quadratic equations in one variable.


Thought: This task shows one quadratic equation with one variable, x.
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Task
Suppose $A$ is an angle with vertex $P$, as pictured below:
[IMG]
Draw a circle with center $P$ and with  radius $r \gt 0$.  Explain why the circle
meets each ray of angle $A$ in a single point.  Label these points $Q$ and $R$ respectively.
Draw circles with centers $Q$ and $R$ respectively and radius $r$.  These circles meet at $P$ and a second point to be labelled $B$.
Show that ray $\overrightarrow{PB}$  bisects angle $P$.


Standard options: 
A. Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods (compass and straightedge, string, reflective devices, paper folding, dynamic geometric software, etc.). Copying a segment; copying an angle; bisecting a segment; bisecting an angle; constructing perpendicular lines, including the perpendicular bisector of a line segment; and constructing a line parallel to a given line through a point not on the line.
B. Construct an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.


Thought: This task asks students to draw a ray that bisects an angle. The act of drawing circles and rays may involve compass and straightedge or dynamic geometric software.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: fl_problem_001894

HS_0

im_task_000870

HS_1

im_task_001160

HS_2
options: Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers.

Identify when two expressions are equivalent (i.e., when the two expressions name the same number regardless of which value is substituted into them). For example, the expressions y + y + y and 3y are equivalent because they name the same number regardless of which number y stands for.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions. For example, apply the distributive property to the expression 3 (2 + x) to produce the equivalent expression 6 + 3x; apply the distributive property to the expression 24x + 18y to produce the equivalent expression 6 (4x + 3y); apply properties of operations to y + y + y to produce the equivalent expression 3y.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this task is to give students experience working with exponential expressions and to promote making use of structure (MP7) to compare exponential expressions. To this end, encourage students to rewrite expressions in a different form rather than evaluate them to a single number.
For students who are accustomed to viewing the equal sign as a directive that means “perform an operation,” tasks like these are essential to shifting their understanding of the meaning of the equal sign to one that supports work in algebra, namely, “The expressions on either side have the same value.”
Launch
Before students start working, it may be helpful to demonstrate how someone would figure out whether or not an equation is true without evaluating each expression. For example:
Is
\(4^2=2^3\)
true? Well, let's see. We can rewrite each side like this:
\(\displaystyle 4 \boldcdot 4 = 2 \boldcdot 2 \boldcdot 2\)
Then we can replace one of those
\(2 \boldcdot 2\)
's with a 4, like this:
\(\displaystyle 4 \boldcdot 4 = 4 \boldcdot 2\)
Now we can tell this equation is not true.
These problems can also be worked by directly evaluating expressions, which is fine, as it serves as practice evaluating exponential expressions.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Begin with the demonstration as described in the launch to support connections between new situations involving evaluating exponential expressions and prior understandings. Use color or annotations to highlight what changes and what stays the same at each step.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
Decide whether each equation is true or false, and explain how you know.
\(2^4=2 \boldcdot 4\)
\(3+3+3+3+3=3^5\)
\(5^3=5 \boldcdot 5 \boldcdot 5\)
\(2^3=3^2\)
\(16^1=8^2\)
\(\frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 = 4 \boldcdot \frac12\)
\(\left( \frac12 \right)^4=\frac{1}{8}\)
\(8^2 = 4^3\)
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Invite students who evaluated the expressions and students who used structure or the meaning of exponents and operations to present their work. Compare and connect the strategies by noting where the use of structure might prove more efficient, where evaluating might be simpler, where thinking about the meaning of exponents and operations can make the true or false determination simpler.
Some guiding questions to highlight the meaning of exponents:
“Can we switch the order with exponents like we can with addition and multiplication—specifically, are
\(a^b\)
and
\(b^a\)
equivalent? How do you know?” (No, you can try different values of
\(a\)
and
\(b\)
or use the meaning of exponents to see that
\(a\)
multiplied
\(b\)
times is not always the same as
\(b\)
multiplied
\(a\)
times.)
“What change can we make to the equation
\(3+3+3+3+3=3^5\)
to make it true?” (Change addition to multiplication on the left, or change the exponent to multiplication on the right.)
“Your friend claims the equation
\(\frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 \boldcdot  \frac12 = 4 \boldcdot \frac12\)
is true. What do you think they are misunderstanding? How can you convince them it is false?” (Possibly by saying that the left side shows multiplying
\(\frac12\)
4 times, but the right side shows multiplying 4 by
\(\frac12\)
, which means
adding
4 copies of
\(\frac12\)
, not multiplying them. You can show similar examples with other numbers, but the best way to convince them is to talk about what exponents and multiplication mean.)
“Can we show that
\(8^2 = 4^3\)
is true without evaluating both sides? What understanding about the meaning of exponents and operations can help us?” (
\(8^2\)
means
\(8\boldcdot 8\)
or
\(4\boldcdot 2\boldcdot 4\boldcdot 2\)
, which also equals
\(4\boldcdot 4\boldcdot 2\boldcdot 2\)
or
\(4\boldcdot 4\boldcdot 4\)
. Another way to write
\(4\boldcdot 4\boldcdot 4\)
is
\(4^3\)
. We are using the understanding that we can multiply in any order, or the commutative and associative properties of multiplication.)
Speaking, Writing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Revoice language and push for clarity in reasoning when students discuss their strategies for determining whether the equations are true or false. Provide a sentence frame such as “The equation is true (or false) because ______.” This will strengthen students’ mathematical language use and reasoning when discussing the meaning of exponents and operations that can make the equivalence of expressions true or false.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness


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