few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
 Arrange the fractions in order from least to greatest. Explain your answer with a picture.
 $\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{3} $
 $\frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{3} $
 $\frac{5}{6}, \frac{3}{6}, \frac{1}{6} $
 $\frac{5}{12}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{4}{12} $

Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
B. Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
C. Use equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions.
D. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions.
E. Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
F. Develop Understanding of fractions as numbers.
Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions as numbers by comparing their quantities.
Answer: F

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
Solve using the standard algorithm. If you get stuck, use an area model and/or the partial products algorithm to help. Then assess the reasonableness of your answer.
a.
$$5,803\times46$$
b.
$$63\times2,116$$
Problem 2
Dunkin' introduced a croissant doughnut in 2014. In the first three months of its debut, they sold 7,870 dozen of them per day. How many croissant doughnuts were sold in the first three months?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic. (A range of algorithms may be used.)
B. Understand place value.
C. Understand the place value system.
D. Extend the counting sequence.
E. Work with numbers 11–19 to gain foundations for place value.
F. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to whole numbers less than or equal to 1,000,000.
G. Perform operations with multi-digit whole numbers and with decimals to hundredths.
H. Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to whole numbers less than or equal to 1,000,000.
I. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.


Thought: This set of problems asks students to perform multiplication, which is an operation, on multi-digit whole numbers.
Answer: G

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

im_task_000157

3

fl_problem_000674

5
options: Add and subtract within 20.

Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.

Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.

Create equations that describe numbers or relationships

Multiply and divide within 100.

Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.

Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.

Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.

Write and interpret numerical expressions.

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.

Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.

Work with radicals and integer exponents.

Use polynomial identities to solve problems.

Analyze patterns and relationships.

Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.

Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.

Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Work with addition and subtraction equations.

Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.

Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.

Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Interpret the structure of expressions.

Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Rewrite rational expressions.

Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.

Generate and analyze patterns.

Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.

Solve systems of equations.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
problem_activity: Activity
The goal of this activity is to write an expression that models the volume of a box as a function of the side length
\(x\)
of the square cutouts. Students then graph the function, use the graph to estimate the value of
\(x\)
that will produce the box with the largest volume, and establish a reasonable domain for the function by considering the context.
During the discussion, students interpret their expression in context (MP2). Of particular interest, values of
\(x\)
greater than 5.5 inches result in positive volumes even though cutouts of this size do not make sense when constructing a box from an 8.5 inch by 11 inch sheet of paper. There is no need for students to rewrite the expression for
\(V(x)\)
at this time in standard form. In later lessons, students will practice rewriting equations for polynomials in different forms.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Tell students there are many possible answers for the first question. After quiet work time, ask students to compare their response to their partner’s and decide which plan they like best. Select 2–3 groups to share their plans. Provide access to devices that can run Desmos or other graphing technology.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Use annotations to highlight connections between representations in a problem. For example, prior to developing an equation for volume, have students label the edges of their box with the calculations they used to determine the length, width, and height.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
[IMG]
The volume
\(V(x)\)
in cubic inches of the open-top box is a function of the side length
\(x\)
in inches of the square cutouts. Make a plan to figure out how to construct the box with the largest volume.
Pause here so your teacher can review your plan.
Write an expression for
\(V(x)\)
.
Use graphing technology to create a graph representing
\(V(x)\)
. Approximate the value of
\(x\)
that would allow you to construct an open-top box with the largest volume possible from one piece of paper.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
The surface area
\(A(x)\)
in square inches of the open-top box is also a function of the side length
\(x\)
in inches of the square cutouts.
Find one expression for
\(A(x)\)
by summing the area of the five faces of our open-top box.
Find another expression for
\(A(x)\)
by subtracting the area of the cutouts from the area of the paper.
Show algebraically that these two expressions are equivalent.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may forget that the width and length of the paper are based on removing length
\(x\)
twice due to cutting out squares at each corner. Encourage these students to revisit their work from the previous activity and think about how they can calculate length and width without measuring directly.
If students have trouble finding a general expression for the volume of the box, encourage them to revisit their results from the previous activity and write the volumes of the boxes without simplifying their answers (e.g., 6.5 in
\(\times\)
9 in
\(\times\)
1 in instead of 58.5 in
3
) in order to see the pattern more easily.
Activity Synthesis
The purpose of this discussion is for students to think critically about the equation they’ve written to model the volume of the box. Here are some questions for discussion:
“What is a value of
\(x\)
that wouldn’t make sense?” (
\(x=6\)
would not make sense, because the sheet of paper is only 8.5 inches long on one side, so cutting out 6 inch by 6 inch squares from each corner is not possible.)
“What is the smallest value that would work for
\(x\)
? The largest?” (The smallest value is some number greater than 0 inches that you could still use as a side length to cut out the squares and fold up the box sides to make a very short box. The largest value is some number less than half of 8.5 inches that you could still use as a side length to cut out the squares and fold up the box sides to make a very tall box.)
“What is the range of
\(x\)
values where the volume is increasing? Decreasing?” (The volume increases as the cutouts get larger, until
\(x\)
is about 1.6 inches. Then the volume decreases until
\(x\)
is 4.25 inches, which creates a box with a volume of 0. The volume also starts increasing again when
\(x\)
is about 4.9 inches, but these values of
\(x\)
don’t make sense because we can’t make cutouts that large.)
If no students bring up the word
domain
during the discussion, remind students of the meaning of the word and select students to recommend a reasonable domain for the function
\(V\)
.
Conclude the discussion by telling students that
\(V\)
is a type of
polynomial
function and that they will learn about other situations polynomial functions can model along with what graphs of polynomial functions can look like in future lessons.
Conversing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
During the discussion, listen for and collect the language students use to interpret the equation they’ve written to model the volume of the box. Call students’ attention to language such as “range of values,” “groups of parentheses,” or other key parts of the equation representing the length, width, or height. Write the students’ words and phrases on a visual display and update it throughout the remainder of the lesson. Use this opportunity to define a “polynomial function.” Remind students to borrow language from the display as needed. This will help students use mathematical language to interpret the equation for the volume of the box.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness


correct_option_index: 3