few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Solve linear equations in one variable.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity represents the first time students solve a system of equations using algebraic methods. They first match systems of equations to their graphs and then calculate the solutions to each system. The purpose of matching is so students have a way to check that their algebraic solutions are correct, but not to shortcut the algebraic process since the graphs themselves do not include enough detail to accurately guess the coordinates of the solution.
Digital
Launch
Keep students in groups of 2. Give 2–3 minutes of quiet work time for the first problem and then ask students to pause their work. Select 1–2 students per figure to explain how they matched it to one of the systems of equations. For example, a student may identify the system matching Figure A as the only system with an equation that has negative slope. Give students 5–7 minutes of work time with their partner to complete the activity followed by a whole-class discussion. If students finish early and have not already done so on their own, ask them how they could check their solutions and encourage them to do so.
If using the digital activity, implement the lesson as indicated above. The only difference between the print and digital version is the digital lesson has an applet that will simulate the graphs so the students have another way of checking their solutions.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Demonstrate and encourage students to use color coding and annotations to highlight connections between representations in a problem. Invite students to illustrate connections between slopes and
\(y\)
-intercepts of each line to the corresponding parts of each equation using the same color.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Conversing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support small-group discussion as students describe the reasons for their matches. Arrange students in groups of 2. Invite Partner A to begin with this sentence frame: “Figure ____ matches with the system of equations ____, because ____.” Invite the listener, Partner B, to press for additional details referring to specific features of the graphs (e.g. positive slope, negative y-intercept, coordinates of the intersection point, etc). Students should switch roles for each figure. This will help students justify how features of the graph can be used to identify matching equations.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Cultivate conversation
Student Facing
Here are three systems of equations graphed on a coordinate plane:
[IMG]
Match each figure to one of the systems of equations shown here.
\(\begin{cases} y=3x+5\\ y=\text- 2x+20 \end{cases}\)
\(\begin{cases} y=2x-10\\ y=4x-1 \end{cases}\)
\(\begin{cases} y=0.5x+12\\ y=2x+27 \end{cases}\)
Find the solution to each system and then check that your solution is reasonable on the graph.
Notice that the sliders set the values of the coefficient and the constant term in each equation.
Change the sliders to the values of the coefficient and the constant term in the next pair of equations.
Click on the spot where the lines intersect and a labeled point should appear.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Keep students in groups of 2. Give 2–3 minutes of quiet work time for the first problem and then ask students to pause their work. Select 1–2 students per figure to explain how they matched it to one of the systems of equations. For example, a student may identify the system matching Figure A as the only system with an equation that has negative slope. Give students 5–7 minutes of work time with their partner to complete the activity followed by a whole-class discussion. If students finish early and have not already done so on their own, ask them how they could check their solutions and encourage them to do so.
If using the digital activity, implement the lesson as indicated above. The only difference between the print and digital version is the digital lesson has an applet that will simulate the graphs so the students have another way of checking their solutions.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Demonstrate and encourage students to use color coding and annotations to highlight connections between representations in a problem. Invite students to illustrate connections between slopes and
\(y\)
-intercepts of each line to the corresponding parts of each equation using the same color.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Conversing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support small-group discussion as students describe the reasons for their matches. Arrange students in groups of 2. Invite Partner A to begin with this sentence frame: “Figure ____ matches with the system of equations ____, because ____.” Invite the listener, Partner B, to press for additional details referring to specific features of the graphs (e.g. positive slope, negative y-intercept, coordinates of the intersection point, etc). Students should switch roles for each figure. This will help students justify how features of the graph can be used to identify matching equations.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Cultivate conversation
Student Facing
Here are three
systems of equations
graphed on a coordinate plane:
[IMG]
Match each figure to one of the systems of equations shown here.
\(\begin{cases} y=3x+5\\ y=\text-2x+20 \end{cases}\)
\(\begin{cases} y=2x-10\\ y=4x-1 \end{cases}\)
\(\begin{cases} y=0.5x+12\\ y=2x+27 \end{cases}\)
Find the solution to each system and check that your solution is reasonable based on the graph.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
The goal of this discussion is to deliberately connect the current topic of systems of equations to the previous topic of solving equations with variables on both sides. For each of the following questions, give students 30 seconds of quiet think time and then invite students per question to explain their answer. The final question looks ahead to the following activity.
“Do you need to see the graphs of the equations in a system in order to solve the system?" (No, but the graphs made me feel more confident that my answer was correct.)
“How do you know your solution doesn’t contain any errors?" (I know my solution does not have errors because I substituted my values for
\(x\)
and
\(y\)
into the equations and they made both equations true.)
“How does solving systems of equations compare to solving equations with variables on both sides like we did in earlier lessons?" (They are very similar, only with a system of equations you are finding an
\(x\)
and a
\(y\)
to make both equations true and not just an
\(x\)
to make one equation true.)
“When you solved equations with variables on both sides, some had one solution, some had no solutions, and some had infinite solutions. Do you think systems of equations can have no solutions or infinite solutions?" (Yes. We have seen some graphs of parallel lines where there were no solutions and some graphs of lines that are on top of one another where there are infinite solutions.)


correct_option_index: 0