few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
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Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
B. Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
C. Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
D. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.
E. Define, evaluate, and compare functions.
F. Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
G. Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.
H. Analyze functions using different representations.
I. Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
J. Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.
K. Build new functions from existing functions.
L. Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.


Thought: This problem applies trigonometric identities, including the angle addition formula for cosine.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Apply trigonometry to general triangles.

Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles.

Prove geometric theorems.

Experiment with transformations in the plane.

Understand similarity in terms of similarity transformations.

Explain volume formulas and use them to solve problems.

Visualize relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.

Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

Draw, construct, and describe geometrical figures and describe the relationships between them.

Understand congruence in terms of rigid motions.

Solve real-life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume.

Apply geometric concepts in modeling situations.

Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software.

Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section.

Understand and apply theorems about circles.

Define trigonometric ratios and solve problems involving right triangles.

Find arc lengths and areas of sectors of circles.

Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties.

Make geometric constructions.

Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.

Prove theorems involving similarity.

Reason with shapes and their attributes.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres.

Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes.

Identify and describe shapes (squares, circles, triangles, rectangles, hexagons, cubes, cones, cylinders, and spheres).

Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
problem_activity: Activity
In this activity, students apply the expression they previously generated to find the areas of various triangles. Each diagram is labeled with two or three measurements. Before calculating, students think about which lengths can be used to find the area of each triangle.
As students work, notice students who choose different bases for Triangles B and D. Invite them to contribute to the discussion about finding the areas of right triangles later.
Launch
Explain to students that they will now practice using their expression to find the area of triangles without a grid. For each triangle, ask students to be prepared to explain which measurement they choose for the base and which one for the corresponding height and why.
Keep students in groups of 2–4. Give students 5 minutes of quiet think time, followed by 1–2 minutes for discussing their responses in their group.
Representing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
While pairs are working, circulate and listen to student talk about identifying the bases and corresponding heights for each of triangles. Write down common or important phrases you hear students say about each triangle, specifically focusing on how students make sense of the base and height of each triangle. Record the words students use to refer to each triangle and display them for all to see during the whole-class discussion.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
For each triangle, circle a base measurement that you can use to find the area of the triangle. Then, find the area of any
three
triangles. Show your reasoning.
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Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
The extra measurement in Triangles C, D, and E may confuse some students. If they are unsure how to decide the measurement to use, ask what they learned must be true about a base and a corresponding height in a triangle. Urge them to review the work from the warm-up activity.
Activity Synthesis
The aim of this whole-class discussion is to deepen students’ awareness of the base and height of triangles. Discuss questions such as:
For Triangle A, can we say that the 6-cm segment is the base and the 5-cm segment is the height? Why or why not? (No, the base of a triangle is one of its sides.)
What about for Triangle C:  Can the 3-cm segment serve as the base? Why or why not? (No, that segment is not a side of the triangle.)
Can the 3.5-cm side in Triangle C serve as the base? Why or why not? (Yes, it is a side of the triangle, but because we don't have the height that corresponds to it, it is not helpful for finding the area here.)
More than two measurements are given for Triangles C, D, and E. Which ones are helpful for finding area? (We need a base and a corresponding height, which means the length of one side of the triangle and the length of a perpendicular segment between that side and the opposite vertex.)
When it comes to finding area, how are right triangles—like B and D—unique? (Either of the two sides that form the right angle could be the base or the height. In non-right triangles—like A, C, and E—the height segment is not a side of the triangle; a different line segment has to be drawn.)


correct_option_index: 8