few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.

Know and apply the Remainder Theorem: For a polynomial p(x) and a number a, the remainder on division by x – a is p(a), so p(a) = 0 if and only if (x – a) is a factor of p(x).
problem_activity: Activity
In this partner activity, students take turns using the structure of equations to match them to either a graph or a description of a graph, building their fluency identifying the horizontal intercepts of a graph of a polynomial from the equation of the polynomial written in factored form. As students trade roles explaining their thinking and listening, they have opportunities to explain their reasoning and critique the reasoning of others (MP3). All the polynomials in the activity are 3rd degree with similar factors, so students must pay close attention to signs as they match cards. The focus of this task is for students to use the structure of the equations to reason about the matches (MP7), so graphing technology should not be employed at this time.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give each group a set of cut-up slips. Ask students to take turns: the first partner identifies a match and explains why they think it is a match, while the other listens and works to understand. When both partners agree on the match, they switch roles.
Conversing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
In their groups of 2, students should take turns explaining their reasoning for how they matched the equation to the graph or the description of the graph. Display the following sentence frames for all to see: “The equation _____ matches _____ because . . . .”, and “I noticed _____ , so I matched . . . .” Encourage students to challenge each other when they disagree. When monitoring the discussions, point out key words and phrases, such as “factored form,” “zeros,” or “horizontal intercepts.” This will help students explain how the factored form of a polynomial equation connects to the horizontal intercepts of the graph.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Activate or supply background knowledge. Ask students to brainstorm important features of a graph (making clear that this list is not exhaustive). Display the list for class reference. Provide students with highlighters or colored pencils and encourage them to mark defining features of their graphs and their equations (horizontal intercepts, relative minimums and maximums, and so on).
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
Your teacher will give you a set of cards. Match each equation to either a graph or a description.
Take turns with your partner to match an equation with a graph or a description of a graph.
For each match that you find, explain to your partner how you know it’s a match.
For each match that your partner finds, listen carefully to their explanation. If you disagree, discuss your thinking and work to reach an agreement.
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may match the graphs incorrectly if they do not check enough points. For example, cards 7 and 8 both have intercepts at -5 and 4. Encourage students to double-check their matches by making sure that the properties they’ve found eliminate all possible matches but one. If more than one match is possible, they should look for other important properties.
Activity Synthesis
Once all groups have completed the matching, discuss the following:
“Which matches were tricky? Explain why.”
“Did you need to make adjustments in your matches? What might have caused an error? What adjustments were made?”


correct_option_index: 0