few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Develop definitions of rotations, reflections, and translations in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments.

Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the transformed figure using, e.g., graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software. Specify a sequence of transformations that will carry a given figure onto another.

Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment, based on the undefined notions of point, line, distance along a line, and distance around a circular arc.

Given a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or regular polygon, describe the rotations and reflections that carry it onto itself.

Represent transformations in the plane using, e.g., transparencies and geometry software; describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (e.g., translation versus horizontal stretch).
problem_activity: Optional activity
The goal of this activity is for students to start to develop a systematic, point-by-point sequence of transformations that will work to take
any
pair of congruent polygons onto one another. This is especially important because when transformations are used in triangle congruence proofs in a subsequent lesson, students will be justifying how they know that a certain transformation will take one triangle onto another. Finding a single transformation that takes each vertex of one triangle onto each corresponding vertex of another cannot be generalized because it is specific to one pair of congruent triangles. In a proof, students must define sequences of rigid transformations that take a given triangle to any triangle with congruent corresponding parts, and justify why that sequence is guaranteed to take each vertex to its corresponding vertex.
Monitor for students who:
Find a single, separate transformation that takes
\(A\)
to
\(A’\)
and
\(B\)
to
\(B’\)
, so that when
\(B\)
goes to
\(B’\)
,
\(A\)
no longer remains on
\(A’\)
.
Look for a single transformation that takes quadrilateral
\(ABCD\)
onto quadrilateral
\(A’B’C’D’\)
all at once.
Line up one or two points and then get stuck.
Systematically line up pairs of corresponding points, then use transformations with fixed points to line up edges. You might find students who use translation, then rotation, then reflection, as well as students who use reflections across perpendicular bisectors and then edges.
Making dynamic geometry software available gives students an opportunity to choose appropriate tools strategically (MP5).
Digital
Launch
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Connect a new concept to one with which students have experienced success. For example, remind students about the sequence of translations and rotations that take
\(ABC\)
to
\(DEF\)
in the previous activity. Ask students how they can use the same idea to describe the sequence of translations and rotations that take parallelogram
\(ABCD\)
to
\(A’B’C’D’\)
.
Supports accessibility for: Social-emotional skills; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
For each question, describe a sequence of translations, rotations, and reflections that will take parallelogram
\(ABCD\)
to parallelogram
\(A'B'C'D'\)
.
1.
2.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Connect a new concept to one with which students have experienced success. For example, remind students about the sequence of translations and rotations that take
\(ABC\)
to
\(DEF\)
in the previous activity. Ask students how they can use the same idea to describe the sequence of translations and rotations that take parallelogram
\(ABCD\)
to
\(A’B’C’D’\)
.
Supports accessibility for: Social-emotional skills; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
For each question, describe a sequence of translations, rotations, and reflections that will take parallelogram
\(ABCD\)
to parallelogram
\(A'B'C'D'\)
.
[IMG]
[IMG]
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
In this unit, we have been focusing on rigid transformations in two dimensions. By thinking carefully about precise definitions, we can extend many of these ideas into three dimensions. How could you define rotations, reflections, and translations in three dimensions?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
Select previously identified students to share in this order:
Look for a single transformation that moves all the points at once.
Line up one or two points and then get stuck.
Systematically line up pairs of corresponding points, then use transformations with fixed points to line up edges.
For each strategy shared, focus on what question that strategy helps to answer or what is unique and valuable about that strategy.
If a student who shares looked for a single transformation, focus on the elegance of finding a single rigid motion, as well as inviting the student to share what was hard about their strategy.
If a student who shares got stuck, emphasize the strategic choice to try to line up just one or two points at a time, and why that might be easier than finding one or two more complicated transformations.
If a student who shares systematically lined up one point at a time using transformations with fixed points to ensure that previously lined-up points did not move, emphasize why this strategy could be used for lots of different starting conditions.
Speaking: MLR 7 Compare and Connect
. Use this routine when students present their sequence of translations, rotations, and reflections that will take parallelogram
\(ABCD\)
to parallelogram
\(A’B’C’D’\)
. Ask students to consider what is the same and what is different about the sequences of transformations. Draw students’ attention to the way that transformations are described precisely (that is, order, numbers, words). These exchanges strengthen students’ mathematical language use and reasoning about transformations.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness


correct_option_index: 1

4