few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity gives students another opportunity to write and rearrange equations in two variables and to do so in context.
Unlike in previous activities, students no longer start by computing one quantity given numerical values of the other quantity and then generalizing the process. Instead, they are prompted to write one equation, solve for each variable, and interpret the solution. Students also articulate why one model might be more helpful than the other under a certain circumstance. Along the way, students reason quantitatively and abstractly (MP2) and engage in aspects of modeling (MP4).
Making spreadsheet technology available gives students an opportunity to choose appropriate tools strategically (MP5).
Launch
Familiarize students with the idea of organizational budgets, if needed. Explain that every governmental agency has a budget (not unlike a budget for a pizza party) and needs to decide how to allocate a limited amount of funds. Ask students to think of examples of expenses that a city's Department of Streets might have (road repairs, new street construction, additional workers, new equipment, and so on). Given a set budget, spending more on one thing means having less to spend on something else, so the agency would need to weigh their options and prioritize their needs.
Reading, Listening, Conversing: MLR6 Three Reads.
Ask students to keep their books or devices closed and display only the image and the task statement without revealing the questions that follow. Use the first read to orient students to the situation. Ask students to describe what the situation is about without using numbers (a city department has money to resurface roads this year). Use the second read to identify quantities and relationships. Ask students “What can be counted or measured?” Listen for, and amplify, the important quantities that vary in relation to each other in this situation: the total amount of money available, the cost to resurface 1 mile of a 2-lane road, the average worker’s salary, and the number of miles of road to resurface. After the third read, reveal the first question and ask students to brainstorm possible strategies to write an equation. This routine helps students interpret the language within a given situation needed to create an equation.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Provide appropriate reading accommodations and supports to ensure student access to written directions, word problems, and other text-based content.
Supports accessibility for: Language; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
The Department of Streets of a city has a budget of \$1,962,800 for resurfacing roads and hiring additional workers this year.
The cost of resurfacing a mile of 2-lane road is estimated at \$84,000. The average starting salary of a worker in the department is \$36,000 a year.
[IMG]
Write an equation that represents the relationship between the miles of 2-lane roads the department could resurface,
\(m\)
, and the number of new workers it could hire,
\(p\)
, if it spends the entire budget.
Take the equation you wrote in the first question and:
Solve for
\(p\)
. Explain what the solution represents in this situation.
Solve for
\(m\)
. Explain what the solution represents in this situation.
The city is planning to hire 6 new workers and to use its entire budget.
Which equation should be used to find out how many miles of 2-lane roads it could resurface? Explain your reasoning.
Find the number of miles of 2-lane roads the city could resurface if it hires 6 new workers.
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may have trouble sorting out the given information because of unfamiliarity with the context or with certain terms. Ask them to explain the setup of the problem as best they understand it, and then point out any information that might be missing.
Activity Synthesis
Verify that the equations students wrote correctly isolate each variable. If students wrote expressions in different forms for a variable (for instance,
\(\dfrac {4,\!907 - 210m}{90}\)
and
\(\dfrac {1,\!962,\!800 -84,\!000m}{36,\!000}\)
for
\(p\)
), discuss how the expressions are equivalent.
If time permits, consider asking students to use their equations to answer these questions:
"How many people could be hired if the department is resurfacing 16 miles of roads?" (17 people) "3 miles?" (47 people)
"How many miles of roads could be resurfaced if the department is hiring 2 new workers?" (22.5 miles) "If no new workers are hired?" (About 23.37 miles)
Make sure students understand that solving for
\(p\)
makes it possible to quickly find the number of people that the department could hire given some miles of road to be resurfaced (and while sticking to the budget). Similarly, solving for
\(m\)
makes it possible to quickly find the miles that could be resurfaced given any number of new hires.


correct_option_index: 0