few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
B. Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.


Thought: This problem focuses on the ratio between two ingredients. Students do not have to analyze proportional relationships in-depth, which is reserved for a higher grade level, but rather use ratios to find missing values.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
B. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
C. Interpret the structure of expressions.
D. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
E. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
F. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
G. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
H. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
K. Generate and analyze patterns.
L. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
M. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
O. Rewrite rational expressions.
P. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
Q. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
R. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
S. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
T. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.
U. Multiply and divide within 100.
V. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
W. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
X. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
Y. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
Z. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
AA. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
AB. Solve systems of equations.
AC. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
AD. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
AE. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
AF. Analyze patterns and relationships.
AG. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
AH. Add and subtract within 20.


Thought: This set of problems involves solving linear equations and pairs of linear equations.
Answer: L

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Develop Understanding of fractions as numbers.
Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

Use equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions.

Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.

Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions.

Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
problem_activity: Narrative
In this activity, students create a line plot using measurements to the nearest
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
and
\(\frac{1}{8}\)
inch. This task prompts students to use their understanding of fraction equivalence to plot and partition the horizontal axis.
Representation: Access for Perception.
Provide access to fraction strips that show fourths and eighths, and invite students to use them to answer question 4. Ask students to identify correspondences between the fraction strips and the horizontal axis of the line plot.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual Processing, Visual-Spatial Processing
Launch
Groups of 2
“The table lists many different lengths.”
“What do you notice about the pencil lengths?” (Sample responses:
Some repeat more than one time.
The numbers are mixed numbers.
There are no whole numbers.)
1 minute: quiet think time
“There are some lengths that are more common or occur more often than others.”
“Tell a partner the length that is most common.” (
\(6\frac{3}{4}\)
)
Activity
Groups of 2
5 minutes: independent work time
Monitor for students who use equivalence to plot measurements to the nearest eighth inch.
“Share your line plots with your partner and make revisions as needed.”
2 minutes: partner discussion
Student Facing
Andre’s class measured the length of some colored pencils to the nearest
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
inch. The data are shown here:
\(1\frac{3}{4}\)
\(2\frac{1}{4}\)
\(5\frac{1}{4}\)
\(5\frac{1}{4}\)
\(4\frac{2}{4}\)
\(4\frac{2}{4}\)
\(6\frac{1}{4}\)
\(6\frac{3}{4}\)
\(6\frac{3}{4}\)
\(6\frac{3}{4}\)
[IMG]
Plot the colored-pencil data on the line plot.
[IMG]
Which colored-pencil length is the most common in the data set?
Write 2 new questions that could be answered using the line plot data.
Next, Andre’s class measured their colored pencils to the nearest
\(\frac{1}{8}\)
inch. The data are shown here:
\(1\frac{6}{8}\)
\(2\frac{2}{8}\)
\(5\frac{2}{8}\)
\(5\frac{3}{8}\)
\(4\frac{4}{8}\)
\(4\frac{4}{8}\)
\(6\frac{6}{8}\)
\(6\frac{6}{8}\)
\(6\frac{6}{8}\)
\(6\frac{3}{8}\)
Plot the colored-pencil data on the line plot.
[IMG]
Which colored-pencil length is the most common in the line plot?
Why did some colored-pencil lengths change on this line plot?
What is the difference between the length of the longest colored pencil and the shortest colored pencil? Show your reasoning.
Student Response
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Advancing Student Thinking
If students do not yet identify “most common” length as the length with the most data points on the line plot, consider asking: “Which measurement occurred more often than others?” and “Which pencil measurement was plotted most often?”
Activity Synthesis
“How many colored pencils were measured in Andre’s class?” (10, because there were ten data points and each represented a pencil that was measured.)
“What was the most common measurement in the first set of data? In the second set of data?” (In the first set of data:
\(6\frac{3}{4}\)
inches. In the second set of data:
\(6\frac{6}{8}\)
inches.)
“How did you use equivalence to help as you plotted measurement data in eighths of an inch?” (I know that two eighths are equivalent to one fourth and this helped to find eighths on the line plots.)
Use the line plot image to clearly label
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
,
\(\frac{1}{4}\)
and
\(\frac{1}{8}\)
with help from students.


correct_option_index: 5