few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
B. Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.


Thought: This problem focuses on the ratio between two ingredients. Students do not have to analyze proportional relationships in-depth, which is reserved for a higher grade level, but rather use ratios to find missing values.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
B. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
C. Interpret the structure of expressions.
D. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
E. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
F. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
G. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
H. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
K. Generate and analyze patterns.
L. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
M. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
O. Rewrite rational expressions.
P. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
Q. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
R. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
S. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
T. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.
U. Multiply and divide within 100.
V. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
W. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
X. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
Y. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
Z. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
AA. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
AB. Solve systems of equations.
AC. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
AD. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
AE. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
AF. Analyze patterns and relationships.
AG. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
AH. Add and subtract within 20.


Thought: This set of problems involves solving linear equations and pairs of linear equations.
Answer: L

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.

Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.

Build new functions from existing functions.

Define, evaluate, and compare functions.

Prove and apply trigonometric identities.

Analyze functions using different representations.

Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.

Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.

Use functions to model relationships between quantities.

Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.

Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.

Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
problem_activity: Activity
The pattern in this activity creates the Fibonacci sequence. One purpose of this task is for students to understand that sometimes it is straightforward to define a sequence recursively and difficult to determine a definition for the
\(n^{\text{th}}\)
term. This task also challenges students to expand their notion of recursive definitions since the current term in a Fibonacci sequence depends on the previous two terms rather than just the previous term.
This sequence was chosen to provide a contrast to the cake activity. With the cake, students had a situation whose domain does not reasonably extend above a certain value given physical constraints. Since this sequence is a mathematical construct, the domain has no upper bound restrictions on it.
Launch
Distribute 1 piece of graph paper to each student. Ask them to complete the first question and pause. Ensure that they are interpreting the description of the pattern correctly before they proceed with the rest of the activity.
Action and Expression: Internalize Executive Functions.
Chunk this task into more manageable parts to support students who benefit from support with organizational skills in problem solving. For example, present one question at a time.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention
Student Facing
On graph paper, draw a square of side length 1. Draw another square of side length 1 that shares a side with the first square. Next, add a 2-by-2 square, with one side along the sides of
both
of the first two squares. Next, add a square with one side that goes along the sides of the previous two squares you created. Next, do it again.
Pause here for your teacher to check your work.
Write a sequence that lists the side lengths of the squares you drew.
Predict the next two terms in the sequence and draw the corresponding squares to check your predictions.
Describe how each square’s side length depends on previous side lengths.
Let
\(F(n)\)
be the side length of the
\(n\)
th
square. So
\(F(1)=1\)
and
\(F(2)=1\)
. Write a recursive definition for
\(F\)
.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Is the Fibonacci sequence arithmetic, geometric, or neither? Explain how you know.
Look at quotients
\(\frac{F(1)}{F(0)}, \frac{F(2)}{F(1)}, \frac{F(3)}{F(2)}, \frac{F(4)}{F(3)}, \frac{F(5)}{F(4)}\)
. What do you notice about this sequence of numbers?
The 15th through 19th Fibonacci numbers are 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181. What do you notice about the quotients
\(\frac{F(16)}{F(15)}, \frac{F(17)}{F(16)}, \frac{F(18)}{F(17)}, \frac{F(19)}{F(18)}\)
?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may not realize that it is okay to use both
\(F(n-1)\)
and
\(F(n-2)\)
when defining a function recursively. Encourage these students to think about how the “previous side lengths” for term
\(F(n)\)
can be expressed using function notation.
Activity Synthesis
Display the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and the recursive definition
\(F(1)=1, F(2)=1, \)
\(F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)\)
,
\(n\ge3\)
for all to see and check their answer against. Either give students a minute to think about how to write a definition for the
\(n^{\text{th}}\)
term of the sequence, or just tell them that it is more complicated to derive than class time allows. An important modeling point to make is that the goal is to create a model that suits the needs of what you are trying to do. If we wanted to know the value of
\(F(100)\)
, then a spreadsheet and a recursive definition is likely going to be faster than working out a definition for the
\(n^{\text{th}}\)
term.
Ask students, "What is the domain of this function? Does it have any restrictions?" (The integers
\(n\)
where
\(n\ge1\)
or equivalent. We can always add another square onto the image, even if only in our imaginations once the squares get too big.) Select students to share their responses.
If time allows, tell students that we could define the Fibonacci sequence as
\(F(0)=1, F(1)=1, \)
\(F(n)=F(n-1)+F(n-2)\)
,
\(n\ge2\)
and we would still get the same list of numbers.


correct_option_index: 1

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