few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
B. Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.


Thought: This problem focuses on the ratio between two ingredients. Students do not have to analyze proportional relationships in-depth, which is reserved for a higher grade level, but rather use ratios to find missing values.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
B. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
C. Interpret the structure of expressions.
D. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
E. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
F. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
G. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
H. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
K. Generate and analyze patterns.
L. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
M. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
O. Rewrite rational expressions.
P. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
Q. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
R. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
S. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
T. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.
U. Multiply and divide within 100.
V. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
W. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
X. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
Y. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
Z. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
AA. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
AB. Solve systems of equations.
AC. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
AD. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
AE. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
AF. Analyze patterns and relationships.
AG. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
AH. Add and subtract within 20.


Thought: This set of problems involves solving linear equations and pairs of linear equations.
Answer: L

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.

Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity is intended to help students interpret features of graphs in terms of the proportional relationships they represent. This task highlights two fundamental ideas:
The steeper the graph, the greater the constant of proportionality.
If the graph represents distance of an object vs. time, the constant of proportionality is the speed of the object.
Students can reason abstractly (MP2) by picking an arbitrary time and comparing the corresponding distances, or picking an arbitrary distance and comparing the corresponding times. Ideally, both of these ways of reasoning are shared in a whole-class discussion of the task because they will be needed in future work.
While students work, monitor for these approaches:
At the same time, Asteroid x has traveled a greater distance (as in the graph with the vertical dashed line). We can’t tell exactly where 1 unit of time is on the graph, but wherever it is, we can tell that Asteroid x has covered a greater distance.
[IMG]
Asteroid x takes less time than Perseid 245 to cover the same distance. See the graph with the horizontal dashed line.
When distance is proportional to time and distance is graphed against time, the constant of proportionality represents the magnitude of the speed (unit of distance traveled per unit of time). It was shown in the previous activity that a steeper line has a greater constant of proportionality. Therefore, a line steeper than Perseid 245’s line represents a greater speed.
Digital
Launch
Keep students in the same groups of 2–3.
If using the digital activity, have students explore the applet to develop their reasoning around the following two concepts:
The steeper the graph, the greater the constant of proportionality.
If the graph represents distance vs. time, the constant of proportionality is the speed.
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Invite students to talk about their ideas with a partner before writing them down. Display sentence frames to support students when they explain their strategy. For example: “First, I _____ because _____. Then, I….,” “I noticed _____ so I….,” and “I tried _____ and what happened was.…”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Student Facing
Meteoroid Perseid 245 and Asteroid x travel through the solar system.  Explore the applet to learn about the distance they had each traveled after a given time.
Is Asteroid x traveling faster or slower than Perseid 245? Explain how you know.
The graph shows the price of different lengths of two types of rope.
[IMG]
If you buy $1.00 of each kind of rope, which one will be longer? Explain how you know.
Student Response
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Print
Launch
Keep students in the same groups of 2–3.
If using the digital activity, have students explore the applet to develop their reasoning around the following two concepts:
The steeper the graph, the greater the constant of proportionality.
If the graph represents distance vs. time, the constant of proportionality is the speed.
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Invite students to talk about their ideas with a partner before writing them down. Display sentence frames to support students when they explain their strategy. For example: “First, I _____ because _____. Then, I….,” “I noticed _____ so I….,” and “I tried _____ and what happened was.…”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Student Facing
Meteoroid Perseid 245 and Asteroid x travel through the solar system. The graph shows the distance each traveled after a given point in time.
[IMG]
Is Asteroid x traveling faster or slower than Perseid 245? Explain how you know.
The graph shows the price of different lengths of two types of rope.
[IMG]
If you buy $1.00 of each kind of rope, which one will be longer? Explain how you know.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
It is important that students not assume “steeper always means faster,” but that they understand why it is in this case by reasoning abstractly and attending to the referents for points on the graphs. If the same relationships were graphed with distance on the horizontal axis and time on the vertical axis, a steeper line would indicate a slower speed. If the same relationships were graphed on separate axes, their scales could be different. Because the graphs share the same axes, it is implicit that comparisons between them occur relative to the same units.
Try to find students who took each approach, and invite each to share reasoning with the class. Important points to highlight are:
A steeper graph has a larger constant of proportionality and a larger constant of proportionality will have a steeper graph. (“When you look at two graphs of a proportional relationship, how can you tell which one has a greater constant of proportionality?”)
In a distance vs. time graph, a steeper graph indicates a greater speed. (“When you look at two distance vs. time graphs, how can you tell which represents an object traveling at a greater speed?”)
The two graphs in question 1 can be considered from two perspectives:
Same point in time, noting that one object has covered a greater distance. (“Which student focused on the two objects at the same moment in time? How did they know that Asteroid x was traveling faster?”)
Same distance, noting that one object took less time. (“The other student did not focus on the same moment in time. What did they focus on in her explanation?”)
Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
As students describe their explanations for which asteroid moved faster or slower, revoice student ideas to demonstrate mathematical language use. Press for details in students’ explanations by requesting that students challenge an idea, elaborate on an idea, or give an example. Show central concepts multi-modally by using different types of sensory inputs: acting out scenarios or inviting students to do so, using gestures, and talking about the context of moving objects. This will help students to produce and make sense of of the language needed to communicate their own ideas.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making, Optimize output (for explanation)


correct_option_index: 1