few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Topic options: 
A. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
B. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
C. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Thought: This task involves learning addition, which is a mathematical operation, using objects.
Answer: F

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
 Arrange the fractions in order from least to greatest. Explain your answer with a picture.
 $\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{3} $
 $\frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{3} $
 $\frac{5}{6}, \frac{3}{6}, \frac{1}{6} $
 $\frac{5}{12}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{4}{12} $

Topic options: 
A. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
B. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
C. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
D. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
E. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
F. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
G. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
H. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
I. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
J. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Thought: In this problem, students learn to understand fractions as numbers by comparing their sizes.
Answer: G

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
Solve using the standard algorithm. If you get stuck, use an area model and/or the partial products algorithm to help. Then assess the reasonableness of your answer.
a.
$$5,803\times46$$
b.
$$63\times2,116$$
Problem 2
Dunkin' introduced a croissant doughnut in 2014. In the first three months of its debut, they sold 7,870 dozen of them per day. How many croissant doughnuts were sold in the first three months?


Topic options: 
A. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
B. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
C. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
D. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
G. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
J. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
K. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.


Thought: This set of problems involves performing operations, specifically multiplication, on multi-digit whole numbers in base ten.
Answer: D

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

im_task_000157

3

fl_problem_000674

5
options: Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this activity is for students to find the areas of regions involving different-sized circles and compare the strategies used. The first question introduces subtraction as a strategy to find the area around the outside of a circle. The second question introduces division to find the area of fractions of a circle.
Monitor for students who use different strategies for finding the area, including:
Calculating 30.96 square units for Figure A,
\(4 \boldcdot 7.74\)
for Figure B, and
\(9 \boldcdot 3.44\)
for Figure C
Realizing that all 3 figures end up being
\(144 - 113.04\)
so their areas had to be equal
Noticing that Figure B is composed of 4 scaled copies of Figure A, each with a scale factor of
\(\frac12\)
and therefore
\(\frac14\)
as much area. Figure C is composed of 9 scaled copies of Figure A, each with a scale factor of
\(\frac13\)
and therefore
\(\frac19\)
as much area. (If a student does not make this realization, it is
not
necessary for the teacher to bring it up during the discussion.)
Calculating 8.28 square units for Figure D and 8.71 square units for Figure E
Realizing that Figures D has 2 fewer squares and 2 more quarter-circles (which are smaller than the squares) so it must have a smaller area
The task affords an opportunity for students to engage in MP6. Some students may leave the area expressions in terms of
\(\pi\)
, but others may use an approximation for
\(\pi\)
. It is very important, particularly for the first problem, that they use the
same
approximation for
\(\pi\)
in all 3 figures. Otherwise they will end up with numerically different answers.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Display the image in the first question and ask students to make a prediction before calculating. Give 30 seconds of quiet think time before sharing with their partner. Give students quiet work time followed by a whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
Each square has a side length of 12 units. Compare the areas of the shaded regions in the 3 figures. Which figure has the largest shaded region? Explain or show your reasoning.
[IMG]
Each square in Figures D and E has a side length of 1 unit. Compare the area of the two figures. Which figure has more area? How much more? Explain or show your reasoning.
[IMG]
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Which figure has a longer perimeter, Figure D or Figure E? How much longer?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
In the first question, students may not know how to find the radius of the circles. Suggest having them cut off the shaded regions and rearrange them to show that the length of each side fits half way across the circle (marking the radius).
In the second question, students might benefit from cutting and rearranging the figures. Some students might assume, based on previous activities, that the areas of both figures are equal. However, Figure D has more pieces that are parts of a circle, and Figure E has more units that are a full square. Ask students whether the fourth of the circle has the same area as the square.
Activity Synthesis
There are two main goals for this discussion: for students to notice ways to be more efficient when comparing the areas of the regions and to be introduced to expressing answers in terms of pi.
Display Figures A, B, and C for all to see. Ask selected students to share their reasoning. Sequence the strategies from most calculations to most efficient.
If there were selected students who determined the areas were equal before calculating, ask them to share how they could tell. If there were no selected students, ask the class how we could determine that the area of the shaded regions in Figures A, B, and C were equal before calculating the answer of 30.96.
Next, focus the discussion on leaving answers in terms of
\(\pi\)
for each figure. Explain to students that in Figure A, the radius of the circle is 6, so the area of the circular region is
\(\pi \boldcdot 6^2\)
. Instead of multiplying by an approximation of
\(\pi\)
, we can express this answer as
\(36\pi\)
. This is called answering
in terms of
\(\pi\)
. Consider writing “
\(36\pi\)
” inside the large circle of Figure A.
Discuss:
In terms of
\(\pi\)
, what is the area of one of the circular regions in Figure B? (
\(9\pi\)
)
What is the combined area of all four circles in Figure B? (
\(4 \boldcdot 9\pi\)
, or
\(36\pi\)
)
What is the area of one of the circular regions in Figure C? (
\(4\pi\)
)
What is the combined area of all nine circles in Figure C? (
\(9 \boldcdot 4\pi\)
, or
\(36\pi\)
)
Consider writing “
\(9\pi\)
” and “
\(4\pi\)
” inside some of the circles in Figures B and C. Explain that the area of the shaded region for each of these figures is
\(144 - 36\pi\)
.
[IMG]
Discuss how students' strategies differed between the first problem (about Figures A, B, and C) and the second problem (about Figures D and E) and why.
Ask students to express the area of Figures D and E in terms of
\(\pi\)
. Record and display their answers of
\(2 + 2\pi\)
and
\(4 + 1.5\pi\)
for all to see. Ask students to discuss how they can tell Figure E’s area is larger than Figure D’s area when they are both written in terms of
\(\pi\)
.
Writing, Speaking, Listening: MLR1 Stronger and Clearer Each Time.
After students have determined which figure has the largest shaded region, ask students to show their work and provide a brief explanation of their reasoning. Ask each student to meet with 2–3 other partners for feedback. Provide students with prompts for feedback that will help them strengthen their ideas and clarify their language (e.g., “How did you find the radius of each circle in the figure?”, “Why did you . . . ?”, etc.). Students can borrow ideas and language from each partner to refine and clarify their original explanation. This will help students refine their own explanation and learn about different strategies to find area.
Design Principles(s): Optimize output (for explanation); Maximize meta-awareness


correct_option_index: 1