few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Add and subtract within 1000, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction; relate the strategy to a written method. Understand that in adding or subtracting three-digit numbers, one adds or subtracts hundreds and hundreds, tens and tens, ones and ones; and sometimes it is necessary to compose or decompose tens or hundreds.

Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations. (Explanations may be supported by drawings or objects.)

Mentally add 10 or 100 to a given number 100–900, and mentally subtract 10 or 100 from a given number 100–900.
problem_activity: Narrative
The purpose of this activity is for students to find the unknown addend in an equation in a way that makes sense to them and compare their methods. In the launch, students are introduced to base-ten blocks and compare them to connecting cubes. During the launch, students should be given time to observe the image and touch the connecting cubes and base-ten blocks.
Students may find the unknown addend using any method that makes sense to them. Monitor and select students with the following methods to share in the synthesis:
count on or count back using connecting cubes or base-ten blocks
use base-ten blocks to show combining or separating tens and ones
use base-ten drawings to show combining or separating tens and ones
Students have the opportunity in the activity and the activity synthesis to consider the available tools and make a choice that best helps them find the unknown addend (MP5). To support student reflection on the utility of each tool, provide each group with towers of ten connecting cubes, but not enough to represent the numbers in the equation without needing to create new towers of ten.
MLR8 Discussion Supports.
When groups compare methods, invite students to take turns sharing their responses. Ask students to restate what they heard using precise mathematical language and their own words. Display the sentence frame: “I heard you say . . . .” Original speakers can agree or clarify for their partner.
Advances: Listening, Speaking
Required Materials
Materials to Gather
Base-ten blocks
Connecting cubes
Required Preparation
Each group of 2 needs 90
–100 connecting cubes, but
no more than 3
–
5 towers of 10 cubes should be included in their collection. Break apart any extra towers for this activity.
Launch
Groups of 2
Give each group towers of 10, single connecting cubes, and base-ten blocks.
Display the image.
“Each group has some connecting cubes and some base-ten blocks.”
“What is the same and what is different between these tools?” (They both are cubes or towers of cubes. The connecting cubes are in towers of 10, single cubes, and some are in towers of different sizes. The blocks are only in tens and ones. The blocks in tens do not come apart.)
1 minute: quiet think time
1 minute: partner discussion
Share responses.
Activity
“Work together to find the number that makes the equation true. You can use the connecting cubes, base-ten blocks, or other representations to help find the number or show your thinking. Be prepared to explain your thinking.”
6 minutes: partner work time
As students work, consider asking:
“Why did you choose this tool?”
“How did you find the number that makes the equation true?”
“What is another way you could use this tool to find the unknown number?”
“Now compare your method with another group. How are your methods the same? How are they different?”
2 minutes: group discussion
Student Facing
[IMG]
What is the same and what is different between these tools?
Find the number that makes the equation true. Show your thinking using the cubes, blocks, or drawings.
\(41 + \underline{\phantom{\hspace{1.05cm}}}=84\)
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Invite previously identified groups to share their methods in the given order.
Consider asking:
“Why did you choose this tool to help you find the number?”
“How are the methods the same? How are they different?” (Some methods are the same, they just used different tools to show it. Some methods used the same tool, but are different because one group added tens and ones to find the unknown number, but another group took away tens and ones to find the unknown number.)


correct_option_index: 1