few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Analyze proportional relationships and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
B. Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.


Thought: This problem focuses on the ratio between two ingredients. Students do not have to analyze proportional relationships in-depth, which is reserved for a higher grade level, but rather use ratios to find missing values.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
B. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
C. Interpret the structure of expressions.
D. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
E. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
F. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
G. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
H. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
K. Generate and analyze patterns.
L. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
M. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
O. Rewrite rational expressions.
P. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
Q. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
R. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
S. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
T. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.
U. Multiply and divide within 100.
V. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
W. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
X. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
Y. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
Z. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
AA. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
AB. Solve systems of equations.
AC. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
AD. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
AE. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
AF. Analyze patterns and relationships.
AG. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
AH. Add and subtract within 20.


Thought: This set of problems involves solving linear equations and pairs of linear equations.
Answer: L

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.

Analyze functions using different representations.

Build new functions from existing functions.

Define, evaluate, and compare functions.

Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.

Prove and apply trigonometric identities.

Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.

Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.

Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.

Use functions to model relationships between quantities.

Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.

Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this task is for students to sketch a graph from a story. In order to make the sketch, students must select two quantities from the story to graph, decide which is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable, and create and label their axes based on their decisions (MP4).
Monitor for displays that are correct but different from each other in important ways for students to focus on during the discussion. For example, they may differ by what variables were graphed such as:
distance from home as a function of time
distance from park as a function of time
total distance traveled as a function of time
Digital
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2–3. Distribute tools for creating a visual display. Before students begin, it may be necessary to demonstrate how to “create a set of axes” so that a first-quadrant graph can be sketched and is large enough to be seen from a distance. Group work time followed by a whole-class discussion.
If using the digital activity, the Activity Narrative is still valid, and student graphs will be used to drive the class discussion. What varies from the print activity is students will have access to an applet to create their graphs. Students will be able to share their graphs by projecting their screen. They may need to save their graph by either exporting the image or “printscreen” to a word document.
Action and Expression: Provide Access for Physical Action.
Provide access to tools and assistive technologies such as the applet or graphing software. Some students may benefit from a checklist or list of steps to be able to use the applet or software.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Conceptual processing; Attention
Conversing, Representing, Writing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
As students work in groups, capture the vocabulary and phrases students use to describe the relationship between the variables they selected over time. Listen for students who refer to the story to justify their decisions as they create the shape of the graph. Record their language on a visual display that can be referenced in future discussions. This will help students to produce and make sense of the language needed to communicate about the relationship between quantities represented by functions graphically and in story contexts.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
You will use the tools in the applet for creating a visual display that shows your response to each question.
Here is a story: “Noah was at home. He got on his bike and rode to his friend’s house and stayed there for awhile. Then he rode home again. Then he rode to the park. Then he rode home again.”
Sketch a graph of this story.
What are the two quantities? Label the axes with their names and units of measure. (For example, if this were a story about pouring water into a pitcher, one of your labels might say “volume (liters).”)
Which quantity is a function of which? Explain your reasoning.
Based on your graph, is his friend’s house or the park closer to Noah's home? Explain how you know.
Read the story and all your responses again. Does everything make sense? If not, make changes to your work.
Note: To change the values on the axes, select the Move Graphics tool, click near the end of the axis you want to change, and drag it to grow or shrink it.
[IMG]
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2–3. Distribute tools for creating a visual display. Before students begin, it may be necessary to demonstrate how to “create a set of axes” so that a first-quadrant graph can be sketched and is large enough to be seen from a distance. Group work time followed by a whole-class discussion.
If using the digital activity, the Activity Narrative is still valid, and student graphs will be used to drive the class discussion. What varies from the print activity is students will have access to an applet to create their graphs. Students will be able to share their graphs by projecting their screen. They may need to save their graph by either exporting the image or “printscreen” to a word document.
Action and Expression: Provide Access for Physical Action.
Provide access to tools and assistive technologies such as the applet or graphing software. Some students may benefit from a checklist or list of steps to be able to use the applet or software.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Conceptual processing; Attention
Conversing, Representing, Writing: MLR2 Collect and Display.
As students work in groups, capture the vocabulary and phrases students use to describe the relationship between the variables they selected over time. Listen for students who refer to the story to justify their decisions as they create the shape of the graph. Record their language on a visual display that can be referenced in future discussions. This will help students to produce and make sense of the language needed to communicate about the relationship between quantities represented by functions graphically and in story contexts.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
Your teacher will give you tools for creating a visual display. With your group, create a display that shows your response to each question.
Here is a story: “Noah was at home. He got on his bike and rode to his friend’s house and stayed there for awhile. Then he rode home again. Then he rode to the park. Then he rode home again.”
Create a set of axes and sketch a graph of this story.
What are the two quantities? Label the axes with their names and units of measure. (For example, if this were a story about pouring water into a pitcher, one of your labels might say “volume (liters).”)
Which quantity is a function of which? Explain your reasoning.
Based on your graph, is his friend’s house or the park closer to Noah's home? Explain how you know.
Read the story and all your responses again. Does everything make sense? If not, make changes to your work.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
It is the year 3000. Noah’s descendants are still racing around the park, but thanks to incredible technological advances, now with much more powerful gadgets at their disposal. How might their newfound access to teleportation and time-travel devices alter the graph of stories of their daily adventures? Could they affect whether or not the distance from home is a function of the time elapsed?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may try and start graphing before they have clearly articulated and labeled their axes with their chosen variables. Encourage groups to make sure all are in agreement on what variables they are graphing before they create their display.
Activity Synthesis
Select previously identified groups to share their visual displays for all to see throughout the discussion. Give students 2–3 minutes of quiet think time to review the 3 displays and identify differences and similarities. Invite students to share what they identified and record and display the responses for all to see. If not brought up by students, ask:
“What is the same and different about the two quantities that each group chose to use in their visual display?”
“Did each group use the same units of measure? Why does it make sense to use the unit of measure seen in any of these examples?”
“Why does it make sense to have time be the independent variable in this situation?"
“Do all of these examples make sense in relation to the situation?”
Conclude the discussion by refocusing students on the input-output pairs described by the different graphs. For example, on a graph where distance from home is a function of time, there should be three inputs where the output is zero since he starts at home, returns home from his friend’s house, and ends at home.
Alternatively, have the class do a “gallery walk” in which students leave written feedback on sticky-notes for the other groups. Here is guidance for the kind of feedback students should aim to give each other:
“What is one thing that group did that would have made your project better if you had done it?”
“What is one thing your group did that would have improved their project if they did it too?”
“Does their answer make sense in the situation?”
“Is their answer about which house is closer to the park clear and correct?”
“If there was a mistake, what could they be more careful about in similar problems?”


correct_option_index: 9