few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
Solve the quadratic equation
$$ x^2 = (2x - 9)^2 $$
using as many different methods as possible.


Standard options: 
A. Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.
B. Solve quadratic equations in one variable.


Thought: This task shows one quadratic equation with one variable, x.
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Task
Suppose $A$ is an angle with vertex $P$, as pictured below:
[IMG]
Draw a circle with center $P$ and with  radius $r \gt 0$.  Explain why the circle
meets each ray of angle $A$ in a single point.  Label these points $Q$ and $R$ respectively.
Draw circles with centers $Q$ and $R$ respectively and radius $r$.  These circles meet at $P$ and a second point to be labelled $B$.
Show that ray $\overrightarrow{PB}$  bisects angle $P$.


Standard options: 
A. Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods (compass and straightedge, string, reflective devices, paper folding, dynamic geometric software, etc.). Copying a segment; copying an angle; bisecting a segment; bisecting an angle; constructing perpendicular lines, including the perpendicular bisector of a line segment; and constructing a line parallel to a given line through a point not on the line.
B. Construct an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.


Thought: This task asks students to draw a ray that bisects an angle. The act of drawing circles and rays may involve compass and straightedge or dynamic geometric software.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: fl_problem_001894

HS_0

im_task_000870

HS_1

im_task_001160

HS_2
options: Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.

Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.

Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.

Evaluate reports based on data.
problem_activity: Activity
The mathematical purpose of this activity is for students to begin to understand the relationship between sample size and margin of error. Two characters collect samples and notice that their simulations result in very different margins of error. Students should begin to notice that a larger sample size should result in an estimate with a lesser margin of error.
Launch
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to support reading comprehension of this problem. Ask students to keep their books or devices closed and display only the task statement without revealing the questions that follow. Use the first read to orient students to the situation. After a shared reading, ask, “What is this situation about?” (two students found a proportion from a random sample). After the second read, students list any quantities that can be counted or measured, without focusing on specific values (proportions, margins of error, and number of simulations). During the third read, the question or prompt is revealed. Invite students to discuss possible strategies to answer the questions, referencing the relevant quantities named after the second read. This helps students connect the language and reasoning needed to solve a problem while maintaining the cognitive demand of the task.
Design Principle: Support sense-making
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Begin by providing students with questions to help them form generalizations about mean, sample size, standard deviation, and margin of error. For example, “When the mean changes, does the margin of error change? When the standard deviation changes, does the margin of error change?”
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing
Student Facing
Elena and Clare are each working on a project about how high school students are having trouble finding jobs. They each find the proportion of students without jobs from a random sample, then use a computer to do 1,000 simulations using the proportion they found and report the results.
Elena says, “The proportion of high school students without jobs is about 0.70 with a margin of error of 0.280.”
Clare says, “The proportion of high school students without jobs is about 0.74 with a margin of error of 0.138.”
Both students reported the margin of error based on 2 standard deviations from their simulations. What are the mean and standard deviation each student found? For at least one student, show your reasoning.
Clare and Elena try to figure out why Clare had such a smaller range of values in her report.
First they consider the proportion they used in the simulations. Elena says, “My simulation used 0.7 as the proportion since I found that proportion in my original sample.” Clare says, “My simulation used 0.75 as the proportion since I found that proportion in my original sample.” The students used different proportions in their simulations. Do you think this is why Clare has a smaller margin of error? Explain your reasoning.
They look for more differences in their initial sample and discover than Elena surveyed 10 people in her initial sample and Clare surveyed 40 people. Do you think this is why Clare has a smaller margin of error? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
The purpose of this discussion is for students to think about the relationship between sample size and margin of error. Ask students,
“Why do you think Clare continues to get a smaller margin of error than Elena?” (She took a bigger sample so the samples are more likely to be representative of the population.)
“Elena had a sample size of 10 and Clare had a sample size of 40. Why do you think the sample size could have caused Clare’s margin of error to be less than Elena’s margin of error?” (Since there are more people included in each sample, the samples themselves capture more of the population variability, so each sample estimate is more likely to accurately reflect the population characteristic.)


correct_option_index: 1