few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Topic options: 
A. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
B. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
C. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Thought: This task involves learning addition, which is a mathematical operation, using objects.
Answer: F

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Topic options: 
A. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
D. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
E. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
F. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
G. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
J. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
K. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.


Thought: This problem teaches students different ways of writing numbers that express the same value. This helps students better understand the complex number system, which includes rational numbers.
Answer: I

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Topic options: 
A. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
D. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
H. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
I. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
J. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
K. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.


Thought: This problem pertains to functions because it asks students to find the general solution to a trigonometric function.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this activity is to begin to think of a dilation with a scale factor as a rule or operation on points in the plane. Students work on a circular grid with center of dilation at the center of the grid. They examine what happens to different points on a given circle when the dilation is applied and observe that these points all map to another circle whose radius is scaled by the scale factor of the dilation. For example, if the scale factor is 3 and the points lie on a circle whose radius is 2 grid units, then the dilated points will all lie on a circle whose radius is 6 units. Students need to explain their reasoning for finding the scale factor (MP3).
Students discover that the circular grid is a powerful tool for representing dilations and they will continue to use the circular grid as they study what happens when dilations are applied to shapes other than grid circles.
In the digital activity, students encounter some new tools and the circular grid.
Digital
Launch
Ask students if they have ever seen a pebble dropped in a still pond, and select students to describe what happens. (The pebble becomes the center of a sequence of circular ripples.) Display the image from the task statement, and ask students to think about how it is like a pebble dropped in a still pond. Demonstrate that distance on the circular grid is measured by counting units along one of the rays that start at the center,
\(P\)
. Use MLR 8 (Discussion Supports) to draw students’ attention to a few important words in the task:
“When we say ‘on the circle,’ we mean on the curve or on the edge. (We do not mean the circle’s interior.)”
“Remember that a ray starts at a point and goes forever in one direction. Their rays should start at
\(P\)
and be drawn to the edge of the grid.”
If using the digital activity, you may want to demonstrate dilating a point before having students begin the task.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of these terms. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: circular grid, “on the circle,” ray, scale factor, and distance. Include a circular grid on the display, give examples, and label the features.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language
Student Facing
The larger Circle d is a
dilation
of the smaller Circle c.
\(P\)
is the
center of dilation
.
Draw four points
on
the smaller circle using the Point on Object tool.
[IMG]
Draw the rays from
\(P\)
through each of those four points. Select the Ray tool, then point
\(P\)
, and then the second point.
[IMG]
Mark the intersection points of the rays and Circle d by selecting the Intersect tool and clicking on the point of intersection.
[IMG]
Complete the table. In the row labeled S, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the point on the smaller circle in grid units. In the row labeled L, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the corresponding point on the larger circle in grid units. Measure the distances between pairs of points by selecting the Distance tool, and then clicking on the two points.
[IMG]
|   | \(A\) | \(B\) | \(C\) | \(D\) |
|---|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| S |       |       |       |       |
| L |       |       |       |       |
The center of dilation is point
\(P\)
. What is the
scale factor
that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Ask students if they have ever seen a pebble dropped in a still pond, and select students to describe what happens. (The pebble becomes the center of a sequence of circular ripples.) Display the image from the task statement, and ask students to think about how it is like a pebble dropped in a still pond. Demonstrate that distance on the circular grid is measured by counting units along one of the rays that start at the center,
\(P\)
. Use MLR 8 (Discussion Supports) to draw students’ attention to a few important words in the task:
“When we say ‘on the circle,’ we mean on the curve or on the edge. (We do not mean the circle’s interior.)”
“Remember that a ray starts at a point and goes forever in one direction. Their rays should start at
\(P\)
and be drawn to the edge of the grid.”
If using the digital activity, you may want to demonstrate dilating a point before having students begin the task.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of these terms. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: circular grid, “on the circle,” ray, scale factor, and distance. Include a circular grid on the display, give examples, and label the features.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language
Student Facing
The larger Circle d is a
dilation
of the smaller Circle c.
\(P\)
is the
center of dilation
.
Draw four points
on
the smaller circle (not inside the circle!), and label them
\(E\)
,
\(F\)
,
\(G\)
, and
\(H\)
.
Draw the rays from
\(P\)
through each of those four points.
Label the points where the rays meet the larger circle
\(E’\)
,
\(F’\)
,
\(G’\)
, and
\(H’\)
.
[IMG]
4. Complete the table. In the row labeled c, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the point on the smaller circle in grid units. In the row labeled d, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the corresponding point on the larger circle in grid units.
|   | \(E\) | \(F\) | \(G\) | \(H\) |
|---|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| c |       |       |       |       |
| d |       |       |       |       |
5. The center of dilation is point
\(P\)
. What is the
scale factor
that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
For question 5, students might think the scale factor is 4, because the distance between the smaller and larger circle for each point increases by 4. If this happens, ask students how many grid units circle
\(c\)
is from the center (2) and how many grid units circle
\(d\)
is from the center (6). Then remind them that
scale factor
means a number you multiply by.
Activity Synthesis
Ask students if they made a strategic choice of points, such as points that lie on the grid lines coming from the center point
\(P\)
. Why are these points good choices for dilating?
Ask students what they think would happen if a circle were dilated about its center with a scale factor of 2 or 4. (The result would be a circle with twice the radius and 4 times the radius, respectfully, all sharing the same center.)
Two important observations coming from the lesson are:
The scale factor for this dilation is 3 so distances from the center of the circles triple when the dilation is applied.
The large circle is the dilation of the small circle, that is each point on the circle with radius 6 units is the dilated image of a point on the circle of radius 2 units. (To find which one, draw the line from the point to the center and see where it intersects the circle of radius 2 units.)
Speaking, Listening: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
As students share the scale factor that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle, press for details in students’ reasoning by asking how they know the scale factor is 3. Listen for students’ explanations that reference the table with distances between the center of dilation and points on the circles. Amplify statements that use precise language such as, “The distance between point P and any point on the smaller circle is multiplied by a scale factor of 3 to get the distance between point P and the corresponding point on the larger circle.” This will a support rich and inclusive discussion about how the scale factor affects the distance between the center of dilation and points on the circle.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making


correct_option_index: 8