few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Topic options: 
A. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
F. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
G. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
K. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.


Thought: This problem asks students to reason about ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.
Answer: D

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Topic options: 
A. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
D. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
E. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
F. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
G. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
J. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
K. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.


Thought: This problem teaches students different ways of writing numbers that express the same value. This helps students better understand the complex number system, which includes rational numbers.
Answer: I

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Topic options: 
A. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
B. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
C. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
D. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
J. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
K. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.


Thought: This set of problems asks students to reason with equations, specifically linear equations, such as the one shown in the table in Problem 1.
Answer: F

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
problem_activity: Activity
In this activity, students graph three time-distance relationships along with the one from the previous lesson, “Tyler’s Walk.” One of these is not a proportional relationship, so students must pay close attention to the quantities represented. The purpose of this activity is to give students many opportunities to connect the different features of a graph with parts of the situation it represents. In particular, they attach meaning to any point that is on a graph, and they interpret the meaning of the distance when the time is 1 second as both the constant of proportionality of the relationship and the person’s speed in the context in meters per second. Comparing different but related situations and their graphs supports students as they make sense of the situation.
Digital
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2–3. Provide access to colored pencils and rulers.
Tell students that this activity is tied to the activity titled "Tyler's Walk" from the previous lesson. All references to Tyler going to the bumper cars come from the statements in that activity.
The digital version has an applet with options to change line colors and hide points. You may want to demonstrate the applet before students use it, perhaps graphing Tyler's data from the previous activity together. Note: the applet can graph lines, rays, or segments. Your class can decide how to represent the data.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Demonstrate and encourage students to use color coding and annotations to highlight connections between representations in a problem. For example, use a different color for each person to highlight the connection between the table, graph, and constant of proportionality.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
Diego, Lin, and Mai went from the ticket booth to the bumper cars.
1. Use each description to complete the table representing that person’s journey.
Diego left the ticket booth at the same time as Tyler. Diego jogged ahead at a steady pace and reached the bumper cars in 30 seconds.
Lin left the ticket booth at the same time as Tyler. She ran at a steady pace and arrived at the bumper cars in 20 seconds.
Mai left the booth 10 seconds later than Tyler. Her steady jog enabled her to catch up with Tyler just as he arrived at the bumper cars.
| Diego's time (seconds) | Diego's distance (meters) |
|------------------------|---------------------------|
|           0            |                           |
|           15           |                           |
|           30           |            50             |
|           1            |                           |
| Lin's time (seconds) | Lin's distance (meters) |
|----------------------|-------------------------|
|                      |            0            |
|                      |           25            |
|          20          |           50            |
|          1           |                         |
| Mai's time (seconds) | Mai's distance (meters) |
|----------------------|-------------------------|
|                      |            0            |
|                      |           25            |
|          40          |           50            |
|          1           |                         |
2. Using a different color for each person, draw a graph of all four people’s journeys (including Tyler's from the other day).
Drag the names to the correct lines to label them.
If you choose to, you can use the Paint Brush tool to change the color of each line. Select the tool, click on a color in the palette below the graph, and then click on a line. Click on the Move tool (the arrow) before changing to a new paint brush color.
You can hide any points you create with the checkbox below the graph.
3. Which person is moving the most quickly? How is that reflected in the graph?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2–3. Provide access to colored pencils and rulers.
Tell students that this activity is tied to the activity titled "Tyler's Walk" from the previous lesson. All references to Tyler going to the bumper cars come from the statements in that activity.
The digital version has an applet with options to change line colors and hide points. You may want to demonstrate the applet before students use it, perhaps graphing Tyler's data from the previous activity together. Note: the applet can graph lines, rays, or segments. Your class can decide how to represent the data.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Demonstrate and encourage students to use color coding and annotations to highlight connections between representations in a problem. For example, use a different color for each person to highlight the connection between the table, graph, and constant of proportionality.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
Diego, Lin, and Mai went from the ticket booth to the bumper cars.
Use each description to complete the table representing that person’s journey.
Diego left the ticket booth at the same time as Tyler. Diego jogged ahead at a steady pace and reached the bumper cars in 30 seconds.
Lin left the ticket booth at the same time as Tyler. She ran at a steady pace and arrived at the bumper cars in 20 seconds.
Mai left the booth 10 seconds later than Tyler. Her steady jog enabled her to catch up with Tyler just as he arrived at the bumper cars.
| Diego’s                                     time                                     (seconds) | Diego’s                                     distance                                     (meters) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                               0                                                |                                                                                                   |
|                                               15                                               |                                                                                                   |
|                                               30                                               |                                                50                                                 |
|                                               1                                                |                                                                                                   |
| Lin’s                                     time                                     (seconds) | Lin’s                                     distance                                     (meters) |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                              |                                                0                                                |
|                                                                                              |                                               25                                                |
|                                              20                                              |                                               50                                                |
|                                              1                                               |                                                                                                 |
| Mai’s                                     time                                     (seconds) | Mai’s                                     distance                                     (meters) |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                              |                                                0                                                |
|                                                                                              |                                               25                                                |
|                                              40                                              |                                               50                                                |
|                                              1                                               |                                                                                                 |
Using a different color for each person, draw a graph of all four people’s journeys (including Tyler's from the other day).
[IMG]
Which person is moving the most quickly? How is that reflected in the graph?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Write equations to represent each person’s relationship between time and distance.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
Students may expect the graphs to intersect because everyone arrives at the same location. However, they did not arrive there at the same time (with the exception of Tyler and Mai). Because all characters traveled the same distance from the ticket booth and no further, the endpoints of their graphs lie on the same horizontal line
\(y = 50\)
, that is, they have the same
\(y\)
-coordinate. The points will vary in position from right to left depending on the number of seconds after Tyler left the ticket booth it took each person to arrive at the bumper cars. Note this features in a whole-class discussion.
The most important goals of the discussion are to attach meaning to any point that is on a graph, and to interpret the meaning of the distance when the time is 1 second as both the constant of proportionality of the relationship and the person’s speed in the context in meters per second.
These questions may be used to facilitate the class discussion:
"For each graph that shows a proportional relationship, what is the constant of proportionality?" (Tyler's was 1.25, Diego’s was
\(1\frac23\)
, Lin’s was 2.5.)
"How did you find them?" (Answers will vary, but students could have divided a
\(y\)
-coordinate by its associated
\(x\)
-coordinate.)
"Where do constants of proportionality occur in the tables, and where do they occur on the graphs?" (They occur in the tables as the values in the second column that correspond to the value of 1 in the first column; on the graphs as the
\(y\)
-coordinate of points where the
\(x\)
-coordinate is 1.)
"Which is the only graph that does not represent a proportional relationship?"
"A classmate argues that Mai's graph must represent a proportional relationship, because she jogged at a steady rate. How do you answer?" (Mai's graph does not pass through the origin, so it does not represent a proportional relationship. That is, the distance she traveled is not proportional to the time elapsed. What does “time elapsed” mean? It is time elapsed since Tyler left the ticket booth. However, distance vs. time elapsed since
Mai
left the ticket booth until she arrived at the bumper cars is a proportional relationship.)


correct_option_index: 10