few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
B. Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
C. Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
D. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.
E. Define, evaluate, and compare functions.
F. Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
G. Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.
H. Analyze functions using different representations.
I. Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
J. Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.
K. Build new functions from existing functions.
L. Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.


Thought: This problem applies trigonometric identities, including the angle addition formula for cosine.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions.

Use equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions.

Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.

Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.

Develop Understanding of fractions as numbers.
Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
problem_activity: Narrative
The purpose of this activity is for students to solve a contextual problem about dividing a fractional amount by a whole number. Students draw a diagram to represent the situation and relate the diagram to a division expression. Because of earlier work in this unit, students may draw one of the familiar square area diagrams showing the product
\(\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}\)
. Other students may make a diagram resembling the macaroni and cheese pan and divide it appropriately. The focus in the synthesis is on bringing out how the diagram shows
\(\frac{1}{2} \div 3\)
and how it allows students to answer the question. The relationship between
\(\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{1}{2}\)
and
\(\frac{1}{2} \div 3\)
will be brought out in later lessons. When students connect the quantities in the story problem to an equation, they reason abstractly and quantitatively (MP2).
This activity uses
MLR7 Compare and Connect.
Advances: Representing, Conversing.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Represent the problem in multiple ways to support understanding of the situation. For example, a cut-out or another physical manipulative to represent the pan of macaroni and distribute the “macaroni” to three students or a video that shows the distribution of macaroni and cheese between three people.
Supports accessibility for: Attention, Conceptual Processing
Launch
Groups of 2
Display and read: “Last night, Jada’s aunt baked a pan of macaroni and cheese for dinner. Today, she brought the leftovers to Jada’s home for Jada and her sisters to share.”
“What do you notice? What do you wonder?” (We solved problems about macaroni and cheese before. I wonder how much macaroni and cheese Jada’s aunt brought.)
1–2 minutes: partner discussion
Activity
1–2 minutes: quiet think time
6–8 minutes: partner work time
Monitor for students who:
draw diagrams like the ones in the student responses
explain the situation as
\(\frac {1}{2}\)
divided into 3 equal pieces
recognize each person will get
\(\frac{1}{6}\)
of the whole pan of macaroni and cheese
Student Facing
Jada and her 2 sisters equally share
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
a pan of macaroni and cheese.
Draw a diagram to represent the situation.
Explain how this expression represents the situation:
\(\frac {1}{2} \div 3\)
How much of the whole pan of macaroni and cheese will each person get?
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
MLR7 Compare and Connect
“Create a visual display that shows your thinking about the problems. You may want to include details such as notes, diagrams, drawings, etc., to help others understand your thinking.”
2–5 minutes: independent or group work
5–7 minutes: gallery walk
“How does each representation show
\(\frac {1}{2}\)
a pan of macaroni and cheese?”
“How does each representation show 3 equal pieces?”
30 seconds: quiet think time
1 minute: partner discussion
“How do we know that each person got the same amount of macaroni and cheese?” (I divided the half into 3 equal shares.)
“How much of the whole pan of macaroni and cheese did each person get?” (
\(\frac {1}{6}\)
)
“How do the diagrams show
\(\frac {1}{6}\)
?” (Each
\(\frac {1}{2}\)
of the pan is divided into 3 equal pieces, so each of those pieces is
\(\frac {1}{6}\)
of the whole pan.)


correct_option_index: 0