few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Topic options: 
A. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
B. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
C. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Thought: This task involves learning addition, which is a mathematical operation, using objects.
Answer: F

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Topic options: 
A. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
D. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
E. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
F. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
G. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
J. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
K. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.


Thought: This problem teaches students different ways of writing numbers that express the same value. This helps students better understand the complex number system, which includes rational numbers.
Answer: I

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Topic options: 
A. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
D. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
H. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
I. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
J. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
K. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.


Thought: This problem pertains to functions because it asks students to find the general solution to a trigonometric function.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
problem_activity: Optional activity
In this activity, students compare and contrast different measures of center and variability for data sets that have gaps and are not symmetrical. They interpret mean, MAD, median, and IQR in the context of a situation. Unlike many of the data sets students have seen so far, this one shows values that could roughly divide into three parts: the days when there is little or no homework, the days when there is a moderate number of homework problems, and the days when the assignment is relatively large. Because of this distribution, finding a typical number of homework problems (or whether it would be helpful to identify a typical number) is not obvious, prompting students to interpret measures of center and spread more carefully (MP2).
As students work and discuss, identify at least one student or group that decides that the mean and MAD are appropriate measures of center and spread and can explain their reasoning, and another that decides to go with the median and IQR and could support their choice. Invite them to share during whole-class discussion.
Digital
Launch
Keep students in groups of 2. Give students a moment of quiet time to look at the data on homework problems and identify at least one thing they notice and one thing they wonder. Give them another brief moment to share their observation and question with their partner. Then, ask a few students to share their responses with the class.
Students are likely to notice that the data values are quite different, that there are some days with no homework and others with quite a few problems, that there is not an obvious cluster, or that the number of problems could be roughly grouped into three kinds (a little, moderate, and a lot). They are likely to wonder why the numbers are so spread out and varied.
Briefly discuss the following questions to encourage students to think about the data contextually:
“Why might the homework assignment data show this distribution? What are some possible explanations?” (When only one problem was assigned, the problem might be particularly challenging or might require considerable work or collaboration. Another possibility: there might be an upcoming exam, so the homework load was reduced. When many problems were assigned, the problems might be quick exercises with short answers, or the assignment might be review materials for an entire chapter.)
“How might we describe ‘a typical number of homework problems’ in this case?”
“Which do you predict would be higher: the mean or the median number of problems? Why?”
Next, give students 8–10 minutes to complete the task, either independently or collaboratively. Ask students to think quietly about the last question before discussing their response with their partner.
If students are using the digital activities, they will need to enter the data points in the column “A” for the applet to “list”, “sort”, etc. The applet allows for students to populate their own mean, Q1 and Q3 values.
Student Facing
Over a two-week period, Mai recorded the number of math homework problems she had each school day.
2
15
20
0
5
25
1
0
10
12
Calculate the following. Show your reasoning.
The mean number of math homework problems.
The mean absolute deviation (MAD).
Interpret the mean and MAD. What do they tell you about the number of homework problems Mai had over these two weeks?
Find or calculate the following values and show your reasoning.
The median, quartile, maximum, and minimum of the same data on Mai’s math homework problems.
The interquartile range (IQR).
Which pair of measures of center and variability—mean and MAD, or median and IQR—do you think summarize the distribution of Mai’s math homework assignments better? Explain your reasoning.
You may use the applet below to help if you choose to. Begin by dragging the left edge across the screen until you see only one column in the spreadsheet. Enter the values needed to calculate the IQR and the mean when prompted.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Keep students in groups of 2. Give students a moment of quiet time to look at the data on homework problems and identify at least one thing they notice and one thing they wonder. Give them another brief moment to share their observation and question with their partner. Then, ask a few students to share their responses with the class.
Students are likely to notice that the data values are quite different, that there are some days with no homework and others with quite a few problems, that there is not an obvious cluster, or that the number of problems could be roughly grouped into three kinds (a little, moderate, and a lot). They are likely to wonder why the numbers are so spread out and varied.
Briefly discuss the following questions to encourage students to think about the data contextually:
“Why might the homework assignment data show this distribution? What are some possible explanations?” (When only one problem was assigned, the problem might be particularly challenging or might require considerable work or collaboration. Another possibility: there might be an upcoming exam, so the homework load was reduced. When many problems were assigned, the problems might be quick exercises with short answers, or the assignment might be review materials for an entire chapter.)
“How might we describe ‘a typical number of homework problems’ in this case?”
“Which do you predict would be higher: the mean or the median number of problems? Why?”
Next, give students 8–10 minutes to complete the task, either independently or collaboratively. Ask students to think quietly about the last question before discussing their response with their partner.
If students are using the digital activities, they will need to enter the data points in the column “A” for the applet to “list”, “sort”, etc. The applet allows for students to populate their own mean, Q1 and Q3 values.
Student Facing
Over a two-week period, Mai recorded the number of math homework problems she had each school day.
2
15
20
0
5
25
1
0
10
12
Calculate the following. Show your reasoning.
The mean number of math homework problems
The mean absolute deviation (MAD)
Interpret the mean and MAD. What do they tell you about the number of homework problems Mai had over these two weeks?
Find or calculate the following values and show your reasoning.
The median, quartiles, maximum, and minimum of Mai’s data
The interquartile range (IQR)
Which pair of measures of center and variability—mean and MAD, or median and IQR—do you think summarizes the distribution of Mai’s math homework assignments better? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
Briefly discuss students’ interpretations of the measures they just calculated:
“What do the mean of 9 and MAD of 7.4 tell us? How can we interpret them in this context?”
“What do the median of 7.5 and IQR of 14 tell us?”
Then, select two or more previously identified students to share their responses about which measures of center and spread are appropriate for summarizing the data set. After each person shares, briefly poll the class to see if others reasoned about the measures the same way. Sum up by asking:
“Now that you have two pairs of measures of center and spread, how would you respond if someone asked you, ‘What is a typical number of homework problems for Mai’s class?’ Is the question easier to answer now?”
Students should walk away with increased awareness that, in some cases, measures of center and spread do not always paint a full picture of what the actual data set entails, and that the measures should be interpreted with care.


correct_option_index: 4