few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices; use coordinates to find the length of a side joining points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures. Apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes of the appropriate unit fraction edge lengths, and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths of the prism. Apply the formulas V = l w h and V = b h to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes; apply these techniques in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity is comprised of two major parts: finding the total wall area to be painted and estimating needed supplies and associated costs. Students use a floor plan of a bedroom and a list of its features and measurements to calculate the room’s total wall area. They then use the square footage to make purchasing decisions and estimate costs.
Because of the variations in the bedroom’s walls and features, keeping track of the shapes to be included or excluded from the area calculation may be challenging to students. Look out for likely omissions or missed steps. For examples, students may neglect to:
Include the 3 square feet of wall space above the door.
Account for the south face of the small wall at one end of the closet. (At 0.5 feet wide and 8 feet tall, it accounts for 4 square feet of paintable surface area.)
Account for the area above or below the window.
Convert lengths to a common unit before determining area or before adding areas of different faces of the room. As students work, notice those who organize their work methodically and those who may need organizational support.
Launch
Since students may not be familiar with floor plans, consider spending a few minutes making sense of one as a class before working on the task. Display a floor plan of the classroom and identify where and how different features of the classroom (doors, windows, closets, etc.) are represented on the the plan.
Give students 2–3 minutes to read the task statement individually and to note any questions that come to mind. Afterwards, ask a couple of students to restate the task in their own words, and spend a few minutes answering any clarifying questions students may have.
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students approximately 15 minutes of quiet think time to complete the first question (determining the total wall area to be painted). Ask students to discuss their work with their partner afterwards, and to pause for a whole-class debrief before moving on to the rest of the task.
Select a few students to share their strategies and solutions for the total wall area. Discuss any disagreements or questions in the shared calculation or approach. Make sure that the class agrees on the total square feet before instructing students to complete the rest of the task individually.
Engagement: Internalize Self Regulation.
Provide a project checklist that chunks the various steps of the project into a set of manageable tasks.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to help students make sense of the diagram and the accompanying text before unveiling the task questions. In the first read, students read the floor plan as well as the problem and with the goal of comprehending the situation (e.g., We need to repaint all the walls in a bedroom, except for a door and window.). In the second read, ask students to identify important quantities (e.g., The east wall is 3 yards long; the window is 5 feet long by 3 feet wide; the ceiling is 8 feet high). Use a visual display to help students make connections to the text by adding details to the floor plan. In the third read, reveal the questions and ask students to brainstorm possible solution strategies that connect to the important floor plan details and quantities they have listed. This routine supports students’ reading comprehension, without solving the problem for them.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness
Student Facing
Here is the floor plan for a bedroom:
[IMG]
Imagine you are planning to repaint all the walls in this room, including inside the closet.
The east wall is 3 yards long.
The south wall is 10 feet long but has a window, 5 feet by 3 feet, that does not need to be painted.
The west wall is 3 yards long but has a door, 7 feet tall and 3 feet wide, that does not need to be painted.
The north wall includes a closet, 6.5 feet wide, with floor-to-ceiling mirrored doors that do not need to be painted. There is, however, a smaller wall between the west wall and the closet that does need to be painted on all sides. The wall is 0.5 feet wide and extends 2 feet into the room.
The ceiling in this room is 8 feet high.
All of the corners are right angles.
If you paint all the walls in the room, how many square feet do you need to cover?
An advertisement about the paint that you want to use reads: “Just 2 quarts covers 175 square feet!” If you need to apply two coats of paint on all the walls, how much paint do you need to buy?
Paint can only be purchased in 1-quart, 1-gallon, and 5-gallon containers. How much will all supplies for the project cost if the cans of paint cost
$
10.90 for a quart,
$
34.90 for a gallon, and
$
165.00 for 5 gallons?
You have a coupon for 20% off all quart-sized paint cans. How does that affect the cost of the project?
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Begin by asking 1–2 students to explain their calculations on how much paint is needed. Students should see that using the total wall area alone to find the volume of paint to purchase is not going to be adequate, since two full coats are needed, and paint can only be purchased in specific quantities. How students account for these factors in their decisions and calculations may vary. For example, some students may prefer buying fewer containers of a larger quantity while others may prefer buying more containers of a smaller quantity. Some may choose to have as little extra paint as possible, while other may choose otherwise. (To have enough paint, students may choose to purchase 7 quart-sized containers, 2 gallon-sized containers, or 3 quart-sized and 1 gallon-sized containers.)
Once students have a chance to discuss the various ways students chose to purchase paint, discuss their cost estimates. Consider setting up a few ranges of costs (e.g.,
$
80–
$
84.99,
$
85–
$
89.99,
$
90–
$
94.99,
$
95–
$
99.99,
$
100 or more, etc.) and polling students on where their cost estimates land. Their estimates vary depending on the containers chosen, supplies included, and other assumptions or decisions they made.
Ask, “Can all of these values be correct?” Give students a moment of quiet think time before selecting 2–3 to respond and to share how they calculated their estimates. Record and display students’ responses to help everyone make sense of how the different costs are possible. For example, students who decided that a minimum of 7 total quarts of paint are needed may have reasoned as follows: Cost of painting supplies + cost for 1 gallon container + cost of 3 quart containers = total cost.
$
For the final question of the activity, select a student with a successful strategy to share how they applied the coupon. Consider wrapping up the activity by asking how to purchase the paint and use the coupon to get the best deal.


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