few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Standard options: 
A. Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, “The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was 1 beak.” “For every vote candidate A received, candidate C received nearly three votes.”
B. Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
C. Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. For example, “This recipe has a ratio of 3 cups of flour to 4 cups of sugar, so there is 3/4 cup of flour for each cup of sugar.” “We paid $75 for 15 hamburgers, which is a rate of $5 per hamburger.” (Expectations for unit rates in this grade are limited to non-complex fractions.)


Thought: This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.
Answer: B

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Standard options: 
A. Solve linear equations in one variable.
B. Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.


Thought: The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001392

8
options: Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model, P(A and B) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)P(A|B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

Apply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of B’s outcomes that also belong to A, and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems.
problem_activity: Optional activity
The mathematical purpose of this activity is for students to apply conditional probability in the context of a problem. It is important that students use the ruler to draw the X on each card so that slight differences in the way the Xs are drawn are not recognizable.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give 3 cards and one ruler to each group.
Demonstrate the game by playing one round with the students.
Tell students, "The first card will be blank on both sides, the second card will have an X on one side, and the third card will have an X on both sides. It is important to use the ruler when drawing the Xs on the cards since you should not be able to guess the card based on small differences in how the X is drawn."
Place all three cards in the bag. Remove one and hold it against the wall so that only one side can be seen by the students. Ask them which card they think this card is based on what they are seeing. Is it the blank card, the card with one X on one side, or the card with an X on both sides?
Engagement: Provide Access by Recruiting Interest.
Begin with a small-group or whole-class demonstration of how to play the game. Check for understanding by inviting students to rephrase directions in their own words.
Supports accessibility for: Memory; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
Your teacher will give you 3 index cards.
Leave one card blank.
Use a ruler to draw lines connecting opposite corners to make an X on one side of the second card.
Use a ruler to draw lines connecting opposite corners to make an X on both sides of the third card.
Put all three cards in the bag.
One partner will remove a card from the bag and place it on the desk immediately so that only one side of the card can be seen. The goal is to guess correctly which card is on the desk: the blank card, the card with an X only on one side, or the card with an X on both sides.
Noah is playing the game and is looking at a card that shows an X. He says, “I have a fifty-fifty chance of correctly guessing which card it is.” Do you agree with Noah? Explain your reasoning.
Play the game many times with your partner, taking turns for who takes a card out of the bag. Record whether the side that shows has an X or is blank, which card you guess, and which card it actually is when you check. Continue to play until your teacher tells you to move on.
Use the results from your games to estimate
\(P(\text{the card had an X on both sides | the side showing had an X on it})\)
. Explain or show your reasoning.
Since all of the outcomes are known, find the actual probability
\(P(\text{the card had an X on both sides | the side showing had an X on it})\)
. Explain or show your reasoning.
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may have difficulty figuring out the answer to question 4. Prompt students to think about the total number of sides rather than the number of cards. Emphasize that the number of sides are the sample space, not the number of cards.
Activity Synthesis
The purpose of this discussion is for students to communicate their reasoning with each other.
Poll the class to collect information on about what was shown and which card it turned out to be.
|                  | both sides blank | one X | two Xs |
|------------------|------------------|-------|--------|
| blank side shown |                  |       |        |
|     X shown      |                  |       |        |
Students should notice that two of the positions (top right and bottom left) must contain zeros.
Here are some questions for discussion.
“How did you figure out the answer to question 4?” (I figured out that it was
\(\frac{2}{3}\)
since
\(P(\text{X on both sides | saw an X}) = \frac{P(\text{X on both sides and saw an X})}{P(\text{saw an X})}\)
. We know
\(P(\text{the card had an X on both sides and the side showing had an X on it}) = \frac{2}{6}\)
(there are 6 sides that could be showing and 2 of them are Xs from the card with an X on both sides) and
\(P(\text{the side showing had an X on it}) = \frac{3}{6}\)
(there are 6 sides that could be showing and 3 of them have an X). Then we can find
\(P(\text{the card had an X on both sides | the side showing had an X on it}) = \frac{ \left( \frac{2}{6} \right)}{\left( \frac{3}{6} \right)}\)
which is
\(\frac{2}{3}\)
.
“Do you think that playing the game 100 times in question 2 would have helped you arrive at the answer to question 4? Explain your reasoning.” (I think it might have made me feel more confident in my answer to question 4. Since my group only played the game 12 times, it really did not give me much insight. I wonder what would have happened if we played it 100 times. Maybe we could combine the data from the whole class to get a better ideas of what would happen in the long run.)
Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support whole-class discussion. For each observation that is shared, ask students to restate what they heard using precise mathematical language. Consider providing students time to restate what they hear to a partner before selecting one or two students to share with the class. Ask the original speaker if their peer was accurately able to restate their thinking. Call students' attention to any words or phrases that helped to clarify the original statement. This provides more students with an opportunity to produce language as they interpret the reasoning of others.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making


correct_option_index: 2