few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Topic options: 
A. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
B. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
C. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
D. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
E. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
H. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
I. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
J. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
K. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.


Thought: This task involves learning addition, which is a mathematical operation, using objects.
Answer: F

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Topic options: 
A. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
D. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
E. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
F. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
G. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
H. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
I. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
J. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
K. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.


Thought: This problem teaches students different ways of writing numbers that express the same value. This helps students better understand the complex number system, which includes rational numbers.
Answer: I

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Topic options: 
A. Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.
B. Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.
C. Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
D. Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.
E. Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.
F. Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.
G. Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
H. Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.
I. Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
J. Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.
K. Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.


Thought: This problem pertains to functions because it asks students to find the general solution to a trigonometric function.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant topics it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.
problem_activity: Narrative
In this activity, students work with customary units of capacity for liquids (gallon, quart, and cup). The task prompts them to discern the relationship between the units, express the relationships with multiplicative comparison statements, and perform conversions to solve problems. When they identify the relationship between gallons, quarts, and cups students reason abstractly and quantitatively (MP2).
To compare quantities given in different units, students choose which unit to use for comparison and consider the implications of their choice. Students are likely to convert a value in a larger unit to to a smaller unit (from gallons and quarts to cups), but some may reason the other way around (from cups and quarts to gallons, ending up with fractional amounts). In grade 4, students are expected only to convert from a larger unit to a smaller one.
MLR8 Discussion Supports.
To support the transfer of new vocabulary to long term memory, invite students to chorally repeat these words or phrases in unison 1-2 times: gallon, quart, cup.
Advances: Representing, Speaking, Listening
Representation: Access for Perception.
Give students access to connecting cubes. Invite them to use the cubes to support their thinking in a way that makes sense to them. If students need additional support, invite them to use the cubes to first build and label a representation of one cup, one quart, and one gallon.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual Processing
Required Materials
Materials to Gather
Containers of different sizes
Required Preparation
Gather a one-gallon jug (with or without milk), a one-quart container, and a one-cup container for display during the launch.
On chart paper, create the table in the activity with an extra column for showing the amounts of lassi in cups, to be displayed during synthesis.
Launch
Groups of 2
Read the first sentence and the bullet points in the first problem.
Display a one-gallon jug (with or without milk), a one-quart container, and a one-cup container. Tell students that, when filled up, the jug holds 1 gallon.
“Here is a container that holds 1 quart of liquid. How is that amount related to the amount in the jug?” (It takes 4 of these to fill up the jug.)
“Here is a container that holds 16 cups. How is that amount related to the amount in the jug?” (It takes 16 of these to fill up the jug.)
“Complete the statements in the first problem. Then, share your responses with your partner.“
1 minute: quiet think time
1 minute: partner discussion
“Let’s use what we know about these units for measuring liquids to solve some problems.”
Explain to students that mango lassi is an Indian drink, a smoothie made of mango and yogurt or milk.
Activity
5 minutes: independent work time
5 minutes: partner discussion
Monitor for:
which unit(s) students use to compare the amounts
the representations students use to reason about the quantities
Student Facing
Here are three true statements about this jug of milk.
This jug contains 1 gallon of milk.
This jug contains 4 quarts of milk.
This jug contains 16 cups of milk.
Complete each statement so that it is true:
[IMG]
One gallon is __________ times as much as 1 quart.
One gallon is __________ times as much as 1 cup.
One quart is __________ times as much as 1 cup.
For a potluck party, Priya and three other relatives are bringing mango lassi.
[IMG]
|  guest  | amount of lassi |
|---------|-----------------|
|  Priya  |     10 cups     |
|  Uncle  |    3 quarts     |
| Cousin  |     8 cups      |
| Grandma |    2 gallons    |
Who prepared the most mango lassi? Explain or show your reasoning.
How many cups of lassi did all the guests bring?
Complete this sentence: Priya’s grandma made __________ times as much lassi as Priya’s cousin. Show how you know.
Student Response
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Advancing Student Thinking
Students may compare only the numbers in the table and not the units. Encourage them to compare two amounts at a time—for instance, 8 cups and 2 gallons. Ask them how they would know which of the two is greater. To draw their attention to the units, consider asking them to illustrate or describe those two amounts using actual containers (if available) or using drawings.
Activity Synthesis
Poll the class on the unit they used to compare the amounts of lassi.
Select a student who chose each option to share the rationale behind their decision.
Display the table with an extra column for showing the amounts in cups.
Invite students to share their responses to the questions about lassi and their reasoning, completing the table along the way.
|  guest  | amount of lassi | amount of lassi (cups) |
|---------|-----------------|------------------------|
|  Priya  |     10 cups     |           10           |
|  Uncle  |    3 quarts     |           12           |
| Cousin  |     8 cups      |           8            |
| Grandma |    2 gallons    |           32           |
Highlight that converting the amounts into the same unit helped us: see the greatest amount, find the total amount, and see how many times as much lassi one guest made compared to another guest.
To reinforce students' understanding of the relationship between the units of capacity used here, consider creating a diagram such as shown.
[IMG]
“How does the diagram show that 1 gallon is 4 times as much as 1 quart and 16 times as much as 1 cup?”


correct_option_index: 4

7