few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
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Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Standard options: 
A. Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.
B. For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.
C. Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation (e.g., 5 = 2 + 3 and 5 = 4 + 1).
D. Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.
E. Fluently add and subtract within 5.


Thought: This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.
Answer: A

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Standard options: 
A. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. (Computations with rational numbers extend the rules for manipulating fractions to complex fractions.)
B. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).
Answer: B

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Standard options: 
A. Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^(2)(θ) + cos^(2)(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin(θ), cos(θ),or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
B. Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.


Thought: An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation. Solving this problem does not require use of the Pythagorean identity.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. For example, 3^(2) × 3^(–5) = 3^(–3) = 1/3^(3) = 1/27.

Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities (e.g., use millimeters per year for seafloor spreading). Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x^(2) = p and x^(3) = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that Ö2 is irrational.

Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other. For example, estimate the population of the United States as 3 × 108 and the population of the world as 7 × 109, and determine that the world population is more than 20 times larger.
problem_activity: Activity
Students learn the definition of scientific notation and practice using it. Students attend to precision when determining whether or not a number is in scientific notation and converting numbers into scientific notation (MP6).
Throughout the activity, students use the usual
\(\boldcdot \)
symbol to indicate multiplication, but the discussion establishes the standard way to show multiplication in scientific notation with the
\(\times\)
symbol. Although these materials tend to avoid the
\(\times\)
symbol because it is easy to confuse with
\(x\)
, the ubiquitous use of
\(\times\)
for scientific notation outside of these materials necessitates its use here.
Launch
Tell students, “Earlier, we examined the speed of light through different materials. We zoomed into the number line to focus on the interval between
\(2.0 \times 10^8\)
meters per second and
\(3.0 \times 10^8\)
meters per second as shown in the figure.” Display the following image notation for all to see.
[IMG]
Tell students, “We saw that the speed of light through ice was
\(2.3 \times 10^8\)
meters per second. This way of writing the number is called
scientific notation
. Scientific notation is useful for understanding very large and very small numbers.”
Display and explain the following definition of scientific notation for all to see.
A number is said to be in scientific notation when it is written as a product of two factors:
The first factor is a number greater than or equal to 1, but less than 10, for example 1.2, 8, 6.35, or 2.008.
The second factor is an integer power of 10, for example
\(10^8\)
,
\(10^\text{-4}\)
, or
\(10^{22}\)
.
Carefully consider the first question and go through the list of numbers as a class, frequently referring to the definition to decide whether the number is written in scientific notation. When all numbers written in scientific notation have been circled, consider demonstrating or discussing how a number that was not circled could be written in scientific notation. Then, ask students to complete the second question (representing the other numbers in scientific notation). Leave 3–4 minutes for a whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
The table shows the speed of light or electricity through different materials.
|       material       | speed (meters per second) |
|----------------------|---------------------------|
|        space         |        300,000,000        |
|        water         |   \(2.25 \times 10^8\)    |
| copper (electricity) |        280,000,000        |
|       diamond        |    \(124 \times 10^6\)    |
|         ice          |    \(2.3 \times 10^8\)    |
|      olive oil       |    \(0.2 \times 10^9\)    |
Circle the speeds that are written in scientific notation. Write the others using scientific notation.
[IMG]
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Tell students that almost all books and information about scientific notation use the
\(\times\)
symbol to indicate multiplication between the two factors, so from now on, these materials will use the
\(\times\)
symbol in this same way. Display
\((2.8) \boldcdot 10^8\)
for all to see, and then rewrite it as
\(2.8 \times 10^8\)
. Emphasize that using
\(\boldcdot \)
is not incorrect, but that
\(\times\)
is the most common usage.
Ask students to come up with at least two examples of numbers that are
not
in scientific notation. Select responses that highlight the fact that the first factor must be between 1 and 10 and other responses that highlight that one of the factors must be an integer power of 10. Make sure students recognize what does and does not count as scientific notation.
Also make sure students understand how to write an expression that may use a power of 10 but is not in scientific notation as one that is in scientific notation. Consider using the speed of light through diamond as an example. Ask a series of questions such as:
“In
\(124 \times 10^6\)
, how must we write the first factor for the expression to be in scientific notation?” (A number between 1 and 10, so 1.24 in this case)
“How can we rewrite 124 as an expression that has 1.24?” (Write it as
\(1.24 \times 100\)
or
\(1.24 \times 10^2\)
)
“What is the equivalent expression in scientific notation?” (
\(1.24 \times 10^2) \times 10^6\)
, which is
\(1.24 \times 10^8\)
)
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary.  Include the following term and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: scientific notation. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include on the display that will support their understanding of this term.
Supports accessibility for: Memory; Language
Writing: MLR3 Clarify, Critique, Correct.
Display a hypothetical student statement that represents a misunderstanding about how to write values in scientific notation, such as: “To write the speed of light through a diamond is
\(12.4 \times 10^7\)
.” Ask pairs of students to critique the response by asking, “Do you agree with the author? Why or why not?”Invite students to write feedback to the author that identifies the reasoning error and how to improve the statement. Listen for students who include in their feedback a need for the first factor to be between 1 and 10. This helps students evaluate, and improve on, the written mathematical arguments of others.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness; Support sense-making


correct_option_index: 1