few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
B. Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
C. Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
D. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.
E. Define, evaluate, and compare functions.
F. Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
G. Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.
H. Analyze functions using different representations.
I. Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
J. Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.
K. Build new functions from existing functions.
L. Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.


Thought: This problem applies trigonometric identities, including the angle addition formula for cosine.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Use polynomial identities to solve problems.

Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.

Add and subtract within 20.

Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.

Write and interpret numerical expressions.

Work with addition and subtraction equations.

Solve systems of equations.

Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.

Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.

Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.

Analyze patterns and relationships.

Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.

Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.

Multiply and divide within 100.

Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Work with radicals and integer exponents.

Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.

Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.

Create equations that describe numbers or relationships

Interpret the structure of expressions.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.

Generate and analyze patterns.

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.

Rewrite rational expressions.

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.

Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.

Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
problem_activity: Narrative
This activity prompts students to examine patterns in multiples of 10 and 9, and to notice that the digits in the multiples of 9 can be reasoned in relation to the more-familiar multiples of 10. Students use what they know about the place value and operations to explain the patterns in these multiples (MP7). For instance, students may reason that, because 9 is 1 less than 10, to find
\(12 \times 9\)
is to find the
\(12 \times 10\)
and then subtract 1 twelve times (or subtract
\(12 \times 1\)
) from the product.
The reasoning in this activity prepares them to notice patterns in the multiples of 100 and 99 in the next lesson.
MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use multimodal examples to show the patterns of both columns. Use verbal descriptions along with gestures, drawings, or concrete objects to show the connection between the multiples of 9 and 10.
Advances: Listening, Representing
Representation: Access for Perception.
Synthesis: Use pictures of the long rectangle base-ten blocks to help students visualize the patterns. For example, display a picture of eight long rectangle base-ten blocks. Count by 10 while pointing to each block. Then, cross out one unit in each block and discuss how this shows that counting by 9 is like multiplying by 10 and subtracting.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual Processing, Visual Spatial Processing
Launch
Groups of 2
Read the opening paragraph as a class.
“Which do you prefer, counting by 10 or counting by 9? Why?” (Counting by 10 because I've been doing that since kindergarten.)
30 seconds: partner discussion
“Let’s look at numbers we get by counting by 9 and by 10 and see what patterns we can find.”
Activity
“Take a few quiet minutes to work on the first few problems. Then, share your thinking and complete the rest of the activity with your partner.”
5–6 minutes: independent work time
5–6 minutes: partner discussion
Monitor for students who:
can clearly explain the pattern of the digits in multiples of 10 in terms of place value
notice connections between the values in the two columns and use them to explain the patterns in the digits in multiples of 9
Student Facing
Andre’s class is choral counting by 10 and then by 9. The left column shows the numbers they say when counting by 10.
Complete the right column with the first ten numbers the class will say when counting by 9.
What patterns do you notice about the features of the numerical patterns? Make at least two observations about each list of numbers.
| counting by 10 | counting by 9 |
|----------------|---------------|
|       10       |               |
|       20       |               |
|       30       |               |
|       40       |               |
|       50       |               |
|       60       |               |
|       70       |               |
|       80       |               |
|       90       |               |
|      100       |               |
For the numbers in the “counting by 10” column, why do you think:
the digits in the tens place change the way they do?
the digits in the ones place are the way they are?
For the numbers in the “counting by 9” column, why do you think the digits in the ones place change the way they do? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
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Advancing Student Thinking
Students may not see that the digit in the ones place decreases by 1 each time the count goes up by 9. Consider asking:
“What patterns do you see in the pair of numbers in each row?”
“How do you think the numbers in the ‘counting by 9’ column are related to those in the ‘counting by 10’ column?”
Activity Synthesis
Display the completed table.
Invite students to share the patterns they noticed in the numbers in each column. Record their observations by annotating the numbers in the table.
If no students mentioned that the two sets of numbers are multiples of 10 and multiples of 9, ask them about it.
Select previously identified students to share their responses to the last two problems.
If no students reason that counting by 9 can be thought of as counting by 10 and subtracting 1 each time, bring this to their attention.
In other words, counting by 9 once means
\(10- 1\)
, which is 9. Counting by 9 again means adding another
\(10 -1\)
to 9, or
\(9 + 10 - 1\)
, which is 18.  Counting by 9 a third time means
\(18 + 10 - 1\)
, which is 27. And so on.
“Counting by 9 eight times is the same as counting by 10 eight times and subtracting 1 eight times, or
\((8 \times 10) - (8 \times 1)\)
, which is
\(80 - 8\)
or 72.”


correct_option_index: 26