few_shots: Example:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Standard options: 
A. Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. For example, “The ratio of wings to beaks in the bird house at the zoo was 2:1, because for every 2 wings there was 1 beak.” “For every vote candidate A received, candidate C received nearly three votes.”
B. Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.
C. Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. For example, “This recipe has a ratio of 3 cups of flour to 4 cups of sugar, so there is 3/4 cup of flour for each cup of sugar.” “We paid $75 for 15 hamburgers, which is a rate of $5 per hamburger.” (Expectations for unit rates in this grade are limited to non-complex fractions.)


Thought: This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.
Answer: B

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant standards it aligns with.
shot_info: fl_problem_000972

6
options: Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.

Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency, and predict the approximate relative frequency given the probability. For example, when rolling a number cube 600 times, predict that a 3 or 6 would be rolled roughly 200 times, but probably not exactly 200 times.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring. Larger numbers indicate greater likelihood. A probability near 0 indicates an unlikely event, a probability around 1/2 indicates an event that is neither unlikely nor likely, and a probability near 1 indicates a likely event.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events. Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies; if the agreement is not good, explain possible sources of the discrepancy.
problem_activity: Activity
This activity gives students the opportunity to see that an estimate of the probability for an event should be close to what is expected from the exact probability in the long-run; however, the outcome for a chance event is not guaranteed and estimates of the probability for an event using short-term results will not usually match the actual probability exactly (MP6).
Launch
Tell students that the probability of a coin landing heads up after a flip is
\(\frac{1}{2}\)
.
Give students 5 minutes of quiet work time followed by a whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
For each situation, do you think the result is surprising or not? Is it possible? Be prepared to explain your reasoning.
You flip the coin once, and it lands heads up.
You flip the coin twice, and it lands heads up both times.
You flip the coin 100 times, and it lands heads up all 100 times.
If you flip the coin 100 times, how many times would you expect the coin to land heads up? Explain your reasoning.
If you flip the coin 100 times, what are some other results that would not be surprising?
You’ve flipped the coin 3 times, and it has come up heads once. The cumulative fraction of heads is currently
\(\frac{1}{3}\)
. If you flip the coin one more time, will it land heads up to make the cumulative fraction
\(\frac{2}{4}\)
?
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
The purpose of the discussion is for students to recognize that the actual results from repeating an experiment should be close to the expected probability, but may not match exactly.
For the first problem, ask students to indicate whether or not they think each result seems surprising. For the second and third questions, select several students to provide answers and display for all to see, then create a range of values that might not be surprising based on student responses. Ask the class if they agree with this range or to provide a reason the range is too large. It is not important for the class to get exact values, but a general agreement should arise that
some
range of values makes sense so that there does not need to be exactly 50 heads from the 100 flips.
An interesting problem in statistics is trying to define when things get "surprising." Flipping a fair coin 100 times and getting 55 heads should not be surprising, but getting either 5 or 95 heads probably is. (Although there is not a definite answer for this, a deeper study of statistics using additional concepts in high school or college can provide more information to help choose a good range of values.)
Explain that a probability represents the expected likelihood of an event occurring for a single trial of an experiment. Regardless of what has come before, each coin flip should still be equally likely to lands heads up as tails up.
As another example: A basketball player who tends to make 75% of his free throw shots will probably make about
\(\frac{3}{4}\)
of the free throws he attempts, but there is no guarantee he will make any individual shot even if he has missed a few in a row.
Conversing, Reading: MLR2 Collect and Display.
As students share whether each result is surprising or not, write down the words and phrases students use to explain their reasoning. Listen for students who state that the actual results from repeating an experiment should be close to the expected probability. As students review the language collected in the visual display, encourage students to revise and improve how ideas are communicated. For example, a phrase such as: “If you flip a coin 100 times, it is impossible for the coin to land heads up all 100 times” can be improved with the phrase “If you flip a coin 100 times, it is very unlikely for the coin to land heads up all 100 times, but it is possible.” This routine will provide feedback to students in a way that supports sense-making while simultaneously increasing meta-awareness of language.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Maximize meta-awareness


correct_option_index: 1