few_shots: Example:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Your response, in json format:
{
  "explanation": "This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.",
  "answer": "AB"
}

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K
options: Draw informal comparative inferences about two populations.

Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data.

Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.

Calculate expected values and use them to solve problems.

Investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate probability models.

Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model.

Develop understanding of statistical variability.

Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments.

Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable.

Use random sampling to draw inferences about a population.

Summarize and describe distributions.

Interpret linear models.

Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions.
problem_activity: Optional activity
The mathematical purpose of this activity is for students to collect, summarize, interpret, and draw conclusions from bivariate data using scatter plots, best fit lines, residuals and correlation coefficients. Students measure the approximate lengths of the humerus bone and height of their classmates to collect data and create a linear model. The model is then used to approximate the height of an ancient human based on the length of a found humerus bone.
Making graphing technology available gives students an opportunity to choose appropriate tools strategically (MP5). By collecting their own data and using a best fit line to find additional information, students are modeling with mathematics (MP4).
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2 to 4. Present the task to students and ask students to brainstorm different ways that they could answer the question. After 2 minutes of quiet think time, ask students to share their ideas with the class. The remaining time should be used by students to collect, analyze, summarize, and interpret the data.
Speaking, Reading: MLR5 Co-Craft Questions.
Use this routine to help students further interpret and increase awareness of the language used to talk about scatter plots, best fit lines, residuals and correlation coefficients. Display the first sentence of this problem (“An anthropologist finds a fossilized humerus bone of an ancient human ancestor.”), and ask students to write down possible mathematical questions that could be asked about the situation. Invite students to compare their questions before revealing the remainder of the question. Listen for and amplify any questions involving comparing bivariate data.
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness; Support sense-making
Student Facing
[IMG]
An anthropologist finds a fossilized humerus bone of an ancient human ancestor. The humerus is an arm bone running from the shoulder to the elbow. It is 24 centimeters in length. Use data from your classmates to estimate the height of this ancient human.
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may find it difficult to start to answer the question. Ask students what are the variables given in the situation. Ask students if there is a way we could collect information from people in the classroom to help answer the question.
Activity Synthesis
The purpose of this discussion is for students to communicate how they used mathematics to justify their findings.
Ask students:
“How confident are you in your answer? What information helped you determine your confidence?” (Not very confident. Since the correlation coefficient is near 0.6, there is only a moderate relationship between height and humerus length. Additionally, this ancient human ancestor may have a different anatomy—for example, apes tend to have proportionally longer arms than humans do.)
“How did you use mathematics to estimate the height of the ancient human?” (First, I collected data on the height and the approximate length of the humerus of my classmates. I then made a scatter plot to determine whether or not a linear model was appropriate, and then computed a line of best fit. I substituted 24 centimeters into my line of best fit and obtained my answer.)
“Do you think that the way you measured the humerus of your classmates impacted your choice of linear model? Explain your reasoning.” (Yes, I think that I probably overestimated the bone length, because I was measuring from the outside and not the inside. I think that my model likely overestimates height.)


correct_option_index: 9

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