few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Your response:
Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Your response:
Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
B. Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
C. Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
D. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.
E. Define, evaluate, and compare functions.
F. Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
G. Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.
H. Analyze functions using different representations.
I. Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
J. Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.
K. Build new functions from existing functions.
L. Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.


Your response:
Thought: This problem applies trigonometric identities, including the angle addition formula for cosine.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
shot_info: im_task_001477

K

fl_problem_001097

7

fl_problem_001894

HS_0
options: Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Solve systems of equations.

Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.

Analyze patterns and relationships.

Work with addition and subtraction equations.

Work with radicals and integer exponents.

Generate and analyze patterns.

Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.

Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.

Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.

Add and subtract within 20.

Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.

Multiply and divide within 100.

Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.

Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Create equations that describe numbers or relationships

Use polynomial identities to solve problems.

Write and interpret numerical expressions.

Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.

Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.

Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.

Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.

Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.

Interpret the structure of expressions.

Rewrite rational expressions.

Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.
problem_activity: Activity
The large quantities involved in these questions lend themselves to arithmetic with powers of 10, giving students the opportunity to make use of scientific notation before it is formally introduced. This activity was designed so students could practice modeling skills such as identifying essential features of the problem and gathering the required information (MP4). Students use powers of 10 and the number line as tools to make it easier to calculate and interpret results.
Notice the ways in which students use relevant information to answer the questions. Identify students who can explain why they are calculating with one operation rather than another. Speed is not as important as carefully thinking through each problem.
Teacher Notes for IM 6–8 Math Accelerated
Adjust time to 15 minutes. Give students 10 minutes of work time.
Launch
From the warm-up, students have decided what information they need to solve the problem. Invite students to ask for the information they need. Provide students with only the information they request. Display the information for students to see throughout the activity. If students find they need more information later, provide it to the whole class then.
Here is information students might ask for in order to solve the problems:
The mass of an average classroom meter stick is roughly 0.2 kg.
The length of an average classroom meter stick is 1 meter.
The mass of the Moon is approximately
\(7 \boldcdot 10^{22}\)
kg.
The Moon is roughly
\((3.8) \boldcdot 10^8\)
meters away from Earth.
The distances to various astronomical bodies the students might recognize, in light years, as points of reference for their last answer. (Consider researching other distances in advance or, if desired, encouraging interested students to do so.)
Arrange students in groups of 2–4 so they can discuss how to use the information to solve the problem. Give students 15 minutes of work time.
Student Facing
How many meter sticks does it take to equal the mass of the Moon? Explain or show your reasoning.
Label the number line and plot your answer for the number of meter sticks.
[IMG]
If you took all the meter sticks from the last question and lined them up end to end, will they reach the Moon? Will they reach beyond the Moon? If yes, how many times farther will they reach? Explain your reasoning.
One light year is approximately
\(10^{16}\)
meters. How many light years away would the meter sticks reach? Label the number line and plot your answer.
[IMG]
Student Response
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Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
Here is a problem that will take multiple steps to solve. You may not know all the facts you need to solve the problem. That is okay. Take a guess at reasonable answers to anything you don’t know. Your final answer will be an estimate.
If everyone alive on Earth right now stood very close together, how much area would they take up?
Student Response
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for free access to Extension Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
Select previously identified students to share how they organized their relevant information and how they planned to use the information to answer the questions. The important idea students should walk away with is that powers of 10 are a great tool to tackle challenging, real-world problems that involve very large numbers.
It might be illuminating to put 35 million light years into some context. It is over a thousand trillion times as far as the distance to the Moon, or about the size of a supercluster of galaxies. The Sun is less than
\(1.6 \times 10^\text{-5}\)
light year away from Earth.
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Prior to the whole-class discussion, invite students to share their work with a partner. Display sentence frames to support student conversation such as: “First, I _____ because . . .”, “I noticed _____ so I . . .”, “Why did you . . .?”, “I agree/disagree because . . ..”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Give students additional time to make sure everyone in their group can explain their response to the first question. Then, vary who is called on to represent the ideas of each group. This routine will prepare students for the role of group representative and to support each other to take on that role.
Design Principle(s): Optimize output (for explanation); Cultivate conversation


correct_option_index: 5