few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
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Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Your response:
Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
Task
 Arrange the fractions in order from least to greatest. Explain your answer with a picture.
 $\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{3} $
 $\frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{3} $
 $\frac{5}{6}, \frac{3}{6}, \frac{1}{6} $
 $\frac{5}{12}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{4}{12} $

Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
B. Extend understanding of fraction equivalence and ordering.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
C. Use equivalent fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions.
D. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions.
E. Understand decimal notation for fractions, and compare decimal fractions.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.
F. Develop Understanding of fractions as numbers.
Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.


Your response:
Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions as numbers by comparing their quantities.
Answer: F

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
Solve using the standard algorithm. If you get stuck, use an area model and/or the partial products algorithm to help. Then assess the reasonableness of your answer.
a.
$$5,803\times46$$
b.
$$63\times2,116$$
Problem 2
Dunkin' introduced a croissant doughnut in 2014. In the first three months of its debut, they sold 7,870 dozen of them per day. How many croissant doughnuts were sold in the first three months?


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic. (A range of algorithms may be used.)
B. Understand place value.
C. Understand the place value system.
D. Extend the counting sequence.
E. Work with numbers 11–19 to gain foundations for place value.
F. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to whole numbers less than or equal to 1,000,000.
G. Perform operations with multi-digit whole numbers and with decimals to hundredths.
H. Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers.
Grade 4 expectations in this domain are limited to whole numbers less than or equal to 1,000,000.
I. Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.


Your response:
Thought: This set of problems asks students to perform multiplication, which is an operation, on multi-digit whole numbers.
Answer: G

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
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options: Draw informal comparative inferences about two populations.

Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable.

Use the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model.

Develop understanding of statistical variability.

Summarize and describe distributions.

Understand independence and conditional probability and use them to interpret data.

Interpret linear models.

Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables.

Calculate expected values and use them to solve problems.

Use random sampling to draw inferences about a population.

Investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate probability models.

Use probability to evaluate outcomes of decisions.

Understand and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments.
problem_activity: Warm-up
The purpose of this warm-up is to elicit the idea that Venn diagrams can be used to represent events of a sample space, which will be useful when students describe events as a subset of a set of a sample space using characteristics of the outcomes, and as unions, intersections, or complements of other events in a later activity. While students may notice and wonder many things about these images, understanding how "and," "or," and "not" are used when discussing sample space and probability are the important discussion points.
This prompt gives students opportunities to see and make use of structure (MP7). The specific structure they might notice is that traits that belong to both bats and birds are listed where the two circles overlap, all of the traits in the circles of the Venn Diagram belong to bats or birds, and the trait listed outside of both of the circles does not belong to birds or bats.
Launch
Tell students that their job is to think of at least one thing they notice and at least one thing they wonder. Display the Venn Diagram for all to see. Give students 1 minute of quiet think time, and then 1 minute to discuss the things they notice with their partner, followed by a whole-class discussion.
Student Facing
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What do you notice? What do you wonder?
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Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
Ask students to share the things they noticed and wondered. Record and display their responses for all to see. If possible, record the relevant reasoning on or near the Venn diagram. After all responses have been recorded without commentary or editing, ask students, “Is there anything on this list that you are wondering about now?” Encourage students to respectfully disagree, ask for clarification or point out contradicting information. If understanding how "and," "or," and "not" are used when discussing sample space and probability does not come up during the conversation, ask students to discuss this idea.
Tell students that when we use "or" in mathematics it is inclusive. Here are some questions for discussion.
“How many traits belong to birds or bats?” (6)
“How many traits belong to birds and bats?” (2)
“How many traits do not belong to birds or bats?” (1)
“What is an “or” question that you could ask involving something in this room? How would you answer it? Tell your partner.” (I could ask, “How many people have a pencil or pen on their desk?” I would answer it by counting the number of people with a pen or a pencil on their desk.)
“Ask a question similar to your previous one but using “and” instead of “or.” How is the question different than the previous one?” (My new question is, “How many people have a pencil and a pen on their desk?’ It is different because this would include only the students with both a pen and a pencil.)
“Is it possible for the answer to the second question to be greater than the answer to the first question? Explain your reasoning.” (No. It is not possible because the “or” question includes all of the possibilities and the second question would have to be equal to or less than the quantity of all possibilities.)
If time permits, ask students to think about this situation. You have three people with bowls of ice cream and one has chocolate, one has vanilla, and one has both chocolate and vanilla.” Here are some questions for discussion.
“How many people have vanilla ice cream?” (2)
“How many people have chocolate ice cream?” (2)
“How many people have chocolate and vanilla ice cream?” (1)
“Is the correct answer to, ‘How many people have chocolate or vanilla ice cream’ 2 or 3? Explain your reasoning.” (It is 3 because everyone has either chocolate or vanilla?)
“How is this related to the birds and bats questions?” (It is related because when you ask, ‘Which of these traits belong to birds or bats?’ it is everything but the 6 legs trait.)


correct_option_index: 6