options: Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.
problem_activity: Activity
In the previous activity, students commented on distributions on a dot plot and had opportunities to hear different ways to describe distributions. In this activity, they begin to think about how to characterize a distribution as a whole, in terms of its
center
and
spread
. Students learn that we can give a general description of a distribution by identifying a location that could be the center of the data, and by noting how alike or different the data points are.
Note that at this point “center” and “spread” can only be identified and described informally, via visual observation and intuitive reasoning about how data points are distributed. The lack of precise ways to identify center and spread helps to cultivate the need for more formal measures later.
In this activity, students evaluate and critique another's reasoning (MP3).
Launch
Keep students in groups of 2. Ask students to read the question in the stem, “How many hours do you generally spend on homework each week?” Then, ask students to explain why this is a statistical question. This is a statistical question because it can be answered by collecting data, and we can expect variability in the data.
Give them 6–7 minutes of quiet time to work on the first three questions, and then 4–5 minutes to share their responses with their partner and to complete the last two questions together. Be sure to leave at least 5 minutes for a whole-class discussion.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Activate or supply background knowledge about calculating percentages. Allow students to use calculators to ensure inclusive participation in the activity.
Supports accessibility for: Memory; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
Twenty-five sixth-grade students answered the question: “How many hours do you generally spend on homework each week?”
This dot plot shows the number of hours per week that these 25 students reported spending on homework.
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Use the dot plot to answer the following questions. For each, show or explain your reasoning.
What percentage of the students reported spending 1 hour on homework each week?
What percentage of the students reported spending 4 or fewer hours on homework each week?
Would 6 hours per week be a good description of the number of hours this group of students spends on homework per week? What about 1 hour per week? Explain your reasoning.
What value do you think would be a good description of the homework time of the students in this group? Explain your reasoning.
Someone said, “In general, these students spend roughly the same number of hours doing homework.” Do you agree? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may not recall how to find a percentage. Remind them that a percentage can be found if we know the size of a part and that of a whole. If needed, prompt them to determine the size of the entire data set.
Activity Synthesis
Ask a couple of students to share their thinking on what number of hours would be a good description of homework time for this group of students and why. Then, select a couple of other students to discuss how alike or different the lengths of homework time are.
Explain that sometimes it helps to describe a set of data generally, or to characterize it as a whole. One way to do that is by finding a value that describes the whole set reasonably well, or a value whose location can be considered the “center” of a distribution. Ask students:
“Where on the dot plot would you consider the center of the data? What is the value of that center?”
Another way to characterize a data set is by describing its “spread,” or the variability in the data points. The wider the spread (the more dispersed the data points are on a dot plot), the more variable or different they are. The narrower the spread (the more clustered together), the more alike they are. Ask students:
“Based on the dot plot, how would you describe the spread of the students’ homework time? Are the amounts of time they spend on homework alike or different?”
Tell students that we will continue to explore center and spread in upcoming lessons.
Representing, Writing: MLR7 Compare and Connect.
Ask pairs of students to prepare a display for a summary statement that generalizes the the number of hours spent on homework each week using the sentence frame, “Based on this data set, spending ___ hours on homework each week is typical for 6th graders because…”. Note a handful of sentences to highlight in the discussion. Give students opportunities to compare their statements with those shared and agree or disagree with each sentence, providing reasons for their agreement or disagreement supported by the data. Give students 1-2 minutes to revise their statements prior to collecting them for display. This will help students to develop conceptual understanding for “typical.”
Design Principle(s): Maximize meta-awareness, Cultivate conversation


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