options: Functions: students learn to define, use, and evaluate functions to model relationships between quantities.

Operations & Algebra: students learn to solve problems using algebraic thinking and operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They may learn to identify and explain arithmetic patterns, evaluate or manipulate numerical expressions, and reason with equations and inequalities.

Number & Operations - Fractions: students learn to understand fractions as numbers and may work with them using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Geometry: students learn to classify geometric figures by their properties, and understand and compare the relationships between them. Students develop and use formulas to compute lengths, areas, and volumes, and they use transformations to generate new shapes and compare existing ones. Geometry can be studied with and without coordinates.

Number & Operations in Base Ten: students learn to work with the base-ten system and build place value understanding.

Number Systems and Quantity: students learn to understand the complex number system and reason quantitatively.

Counting & Cardinality: students learn to know number names and the count sequence, count to tell the number of objects, and compare numbers.

Modeling: students learn to choose and use appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze real-world empirical situations, improve decisions, and report on their conclusions and the reasoning behind them.

Ratios & Proportional Relationships: students learn to recognize, describe, represent, and reason with ratios, rates, proportional relationships, and percent.

Statistics & Probability: students learn to analyze and produce data distributions, and build understanding of univariate and bivariate data. They learn to interpret data, make statistical inferences, justify conclusions, understand rules of probability, and use probability to make decisions.

Measurement & Data: students learn to work with data and measure attributes such as time, money, length, area, and volume. They may learn to compare measurements to operations and convert between different units of measure.
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this task is to understand that there are natural mathematical questions about certain contexts for which there are no answers if we restrict ourselves to positive numbers. The idea is to motivate the need for negative numbers and to see that there is a natural representation of them on the number line. This task is not about operations with signed numbers, but rather why we extend our number system beyond positive numbers. Students reason abstractly and quantitatively when they represent the change in temperature on a number line (MP2).
Digital
Launch
Display this image for all to see.
[IMG]
Tell students, “The thermometer showed a temperature of 7 degrees Celsius one morning. Later, the temperature increased 4 degrees. We can represent this change in temperature using a number line, as shown in the picture.”
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 2 minutes of quiet work time for question 1. Give students 2 minutes to compare their responses to their partners and to work on question 2.
Students using the digital version of the curriculum can explore the changes in temperature with the dynamic applet.
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to support students’ comprehension of the temperature changes for the first situation. In the first read, students read the situation with the goal of comprehending the text (e.g., the thermometer was at a certain temperature earlier in the day and then changed later in the day). Delay asking “What was the temperature late in the afternoon?”. In the second read, ask students to analyze the text to understand the quantities (e.g., at noon, the temperature was 7 degrees Celsius; it increases 6 degrees by late afternoon). In the third read, direct students’ attention to the question and ask students to brainstorm possible mathematical solution strategies to answer the question.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Student Facing
1.  Here are three situations involving changes in temperature. Represent each change on the applet, and draw it on a number line. Then, answer the question.
At noon, the temperature was 5 degrees Celsius. By late afternoon, it has risen 6 degrees Celsius. What was the temperature late in the afternoon?
The temperature was 8 degrees Celsius at midnight. By dawn, it has dropped 12 degrees Celsius. What was the temperature at dawn?
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, but the freezing temperature can be lowered by adding salt to the water. A student discovered that adding half a cup of salt to a gallon of water lowers its freezing temperature by 7 degrees Celsius. What is the freezing temperature of the gallon of salt water?
2.  Discuss with a partner:
How did you name the resulting temperature in each situation? Did both of you refer to each resulting temperature by the same name or different names?
What does it mean when the resulting temperature is above 0 on the number line? What does it mean when a temperature is below 0?
Do numbers below 0 make sense outside of the context of temperature? If you think so, give some examples to show how they make sense. If you don’t think so, give some examples to show otherwise.
Student Response
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Print
Launch
Display this image for all to see.
[IMG]
Tell students, “The thermometer showed a temperature of 7 degrees Celsius one morning. Later, the temperature increased 4 degrees. We can represent this change in temperature using a number line, as shown in the picture.”
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 2 minutes of quiet work time for question 1. Give students 2 minutes to compare their responses to their partners and to work on question 2.
Students using the digital version of the curriculum can explore the changes in temperature with the dynamic applet.
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to support students’ comprehension of the temperature changes for the first situation. In the first read, students read the situation with the goal of comprehending the text (e.g., the thermometer was at a certain temperature earlier in the day and then changed later in the day). Delay asking “What was the temperature late in the afternoon?”. In the second read, ask students to analyze the text to understand the quantities (e.g., at noon, the temperature was 7 degrees Celsius; it increases 6 degrees by late afternoon). In the third read, direct students’ attention to the question and ask students to brainstorm possible mathematical solution strategies to answer the question.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Student Facing
Here are three situations involving changes in temperature and three number lines. Represent each change on a number line. Then, answer the question.
At noon, the temperature was 5 degrees Celsius. By late afternoon, it has risen 6 degrees Celsius. What was the temperature late in the afternoon?
The temperature was 8 degrees Celsius at midnight. By dawn, it has dropped 12 degrees Celsius. What was the temperature at dawn?
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, but the freezing temperature can be lowered by adding salt to the water. A student discovered that adding half a cup of salt to a gallon of water lowers its freezing temperature by 7 degrees Celsius. What is the freezing temperature of the gallon of salt water?
[IMG]
Discuss with a partner:
How did each of you name the resulting temperature in each situation?
What does it mean when the temperature is above 0? Below 0?
Do numbers less than 0 make sense in other contexts? Give some specific examples to show how they do or do not make sense.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may have difficulty representing change on the number line. Students sometimes count tick marks rather than counting the space between tick marks when working on a number line. For example, in the original problem image, the arrow on the number line represents a change of 4 degrees. Some students may begin at tick mark 7 and count the tick marks to yield a temperature change of 5 degrees. When reviewing that task with the whole class, be sure to make this important point and demonstrate counting on a number line by highlighting the space between the tick marks while counting out loud.
Activity Synthesis
Some students will use the phrase “degrees below zero.” Use this activity to introduce the term
negative
as a way to represent a quantity less than zero. In contrast, ask students how they would describe a quantity that is greater than zero on the number line. Some students will have a pre-existing understanding of positive and negative numbers. Discuss the use of + and - as symbols to denote positive and negative numbers. Notation will be important throughout the rest of this unit. Students should understand that +7 and 7 both represent positive 7. Negative 7 is represented as -7.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of: negative.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language; Memory


correct_option_index: 5