few_shots: Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
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Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Write and interpret numerical expressions.
B. Generate and analyze patterns.
C. Analyze patterns and relationships.
D. Use properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.
E. Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems.
F. Work with radicals and integer exponents.
G. Solve systems of equations.
H. Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.
I. Perform arithmetic operations on polynomials.
J. Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.
K. Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.
L. Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations.
M. Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.
N. Use polynomial identities to solve problems.
O. Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.
P. Rewrite rational expressions.
Q. Interpret the structure of expressions.
R. Add and subtract within 20.
S. Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
T. Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.
U. Solve equations and inequalities in one variable.
V. Create equations that describe numbers or relationships
W. Reason about and solve one-variable equations and inequalities.
X. Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically.
Y. Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning.
Z. Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.
AA. Gain familiarity with factors and multiples.
AB. Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.
AC. Work with addition and subtraction equations.
AD. Multiply and divide within 100.
AE. Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.
AF. Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
AG. Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.
AH. Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.


Your response:
Thought: This task teaches students to understand addition as putting together counters, or adding to already placed counters.
Answer: AB

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers.
B. Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.
C. Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.
D. Represent complex numbers and their operations on the complex plane.
E. Perform arithmetic operations with complex numbers.
F. Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.
G. Represent and model with vector quantities.
H. Perform operations on vectors.
I. Use properties of rational and irrational numbers.
J. Use complex numbers in polynomial identities and equations.
K. Extend the properties of exponents to rational exponents.
L. Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers.
M. Perform operations on matrices and use matrices in applications.
N. Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.


Your response:
Thought: This problem involves understanding fractions, multiplication, and division.
Answer: A

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Mathematical concept/skill options: 
A. Prove and apply trigonometric identities.
B. Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.
C. Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context.
D. Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities.
E. Define, evaluate, and compare functions.
F. Use functions to model relationships between quantities.
G. Understand the concept of a function and use function notation.
H. Analyze functions using different representations.
I. Extend the domain of trigonometric functions using the unit circle.
J. Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model.
K. Build new functions from existing functions.
L. Construct and compare linear and exponential models and solve problems.


Your response:
Thought: This problem applies trigonometric identities, including the angle addition formula for cosine.
Answer: A

Now, assign the following problem or activity to one or more relevant mathematical concepts/skills it teaches.
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options: Draw, construct, and describe geometrical figures and describe the relationships between them.

Visualize relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.

Solve real-life and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, and volume.

Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem.

Make geometric constructions.

Understand congruence in terms of rigid motions.

Experiment with transformations in the plane.

Define trigonometric ratios and solve problems involving right triangles.

Understand and apply theorems about circles.

Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres.

Draw and identify lines and angles, and classify shapes by properties of their lines and angles.

Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Find arc lengths and areas of sectors of circles.

Prove theorems involving similarity.

Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section.

Understand similarity in terms of similarity transformations.

Reason with shapes and their attributes.

Explain volume formulas and use them to solve problems.

Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes.

Prove geometric theorems.

Apply geometric concepts in modeling situations.

Apply trigonometry to general triangles.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties.

Identify and describe shapes (squares, circles, triangles, rectangles, hexagons, cubes, cones, cylinders, and spheres).

Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.
problem_activity: Activity
In the last activity, students started with solids and identified various cross sections. In this activity, students view three-dimensional slabs of a solid between parallel cross sections and try to determine what the original solid was. Being able to visualize the relationship between a solid and its cross sections is important to later work on Cavalieri’s Principle.
Launch
Ask students, “What solid would a stack of all the same coins create?” Display a stack of quarters and note that it creates the shape of a cylinder. Then display, in order, a quarter, a nickel, a penny, and a dime. Ask, “What solid would a stack of coins decreasing in size create?” Make a stack with a few of each type of coin to make a solid that resembles a cone.
Student Facing
Each question shows several parallel cross-sectional slabs of the same three-dimensional solid. Name each solid.
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Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
3D-printers stack layers of material to make a three-dimensional shape. Computer software slices a digital model of an object into layers, and the printer stacks those layers one on top of another to replicate the digital model in the real world.
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Draw 3 different horizontal cross sections from the object in the image.
The layers can be printed in different thicknesses. How would the thickness of the layers affect the final appearance of the object?
Suppose we printed a rectangular prism. How would the thickness of the layers affect the final appearance of the prism?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Activity Synthesis
Ask students to share their predictions for what solids are formed. Then display these images for all to see.
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Now focus students’ attention on cross sections that are taken parallel to a solid’s base (for those solids that have bases). Ask students how cross sections can be used to differentiate between prisms and pyramids. (The cross sections of prisms taken parallel to the base are congruent to each other. The cross sections of pyramids taken parallel to the base are similar to each other.)
Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
To help students respond to the questions for discussion, provide sentence frames such as: “The cross sections of _____ taken parallel to the base are _____ because.…” As students share their responses, press for details by asking students how they know that the cross sections of prisms taken parallel to the base are congruent, while the cross sections of pyramids taken parallel to the base are similar. Ask students to distinguish the meanings of geometric congruence and similarity.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Optimize output (for justification)
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Prior to the whole-class discussion, invite students to share their work with a partner. Display sentence frames to support student conversation such as: “I noticed _____ so I….”, “How do you know…?”, “That could/couldn’t be true because….”, and “I agree/disagree because….”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills


correct_option_index: 1