options: Recognize that sequences are functions, sometimes defined recursively, whose domain is a subset of the integers. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is defined recursively by f(0) = f(1) = 1, f(n+1) = f(n) + f(n-1) for n ³ 1.

Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding to the input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y = f(x).

Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.
problem_activity: Optional activity
This activity, designed for an extra class period, gives students an opportunity to gather and analyze data for bounce heights for multiple balls. Each ball should be sufficiently bouncy to allow measurement of at least 4 bounces. Good examples include: tennis balls, basketballs, super balls, golf balls, and soccer balls. It will also be important to find a surface that is hard, flat, and level. Any padding will dampen the bounces, and any slant or irregularity on the surface will affect the direction of the bounce. A tiled or concrete floor, or a flat and paved surface outdoors should work. Students will need measuring tapes and may need some practice gathering the data.
Notice how students record the bounce heights. Recording these heights to the nearest inch or centimeter will already be challenging and anything beyond that is too much precision. This activity is a good opportunity to choose a degree of precision appropriate to the context and the measuring device used (MP6).
As in the previous task, monitor for how students process their data and decide on an appropriate factor to quantify the bounciness of each ball. Students should now be comfortable with the fact that the data is not exactly exponential but may still choose different ways for deciding on an appropriate exponential decay factor.
Here is a typical rebound factor for several types of balls:
Tennis ball: 0.5 to 0.6
Super ball: 0.9
Basketball: about 0.6
Making graphing or spreadsheet technology available gives students an opportunity to choose appropriate tools strategically (MP5).
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 3 or 4. Give each group a measuring tape and a ball. Explain to students that their job is to determine the rebound factors of several balls by gathering data on their rebound heights. They then need to use mathematics to model the relationship between the number of bounces and the height of a bounced ball.
Students should drop them all from the same height. Consider letting students realize this on their own.
Engagement: Provide Access by Recruiting Interest.
Leverage choice around perceived challenge. Invite students to select one or two balls to bounce, instead of 3. Chunking this task into more manageable parts may also benefit students who benefit from additional processing time.
Supports accessibility for: Organization; Attention; Social-emotional skills
Student Facing
Your teacher will give your group three different kinds of balls.
Your goal is to measure the rebound heights, model the relationship between the number of bounces and the heights, and compare the bounciness of the balls.
[IMG]
Complete the table. Make sure to note which ball goes with which column.
| ** *             n,            * **           number of bounces | * **             a,            ** *           height for ball 1 (cm) | ** *             b,            * **           height for ball 2 (cm) | ** *             c,            * **           height for ball 3 (cm) |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                0                                |                                                                      |                                                                      |                                                                      |
|                                1                                |                                                                      |                                                                      |                                                                      |
|                                2                                |                                                                      |                                                                      |                                                                      |
|                                3                                |                                                                      |                                                                      |                                                                      |
|                                4                                |                                                                      |                                                                      |                                                                      |
Which one appears to be the bounciest? Which one appears to be the least bouncy? Explain your reasoning.
For each one, write an equation expressing the bounce height in terms of the bounce number
\(n\)
.
Explain how the equations could tell us which one is the most bouncy.
If the bounciest one were dropped from a height of 300 cm, what equation would model its bounce height
\(h\)
?
Student Response
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Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
If Ball 1 were dropped from a point that is twice as high, would its bounciness be greater, less, or the same? Explain your reasoning.
Ball 4 is half as bouncy as the least bouncy ball. What equation would describe its height
\(h\)
in terms of the number of bounces
\(n\)
?
Ball 5 was dropped from a height of 150 centimeters. It bounced up very slightly once or twice and then began rolling. How would you describe its rebound factor? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
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click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may struggle to measure the heights of the bounces. Consider allowing phones or other technology that can record a video of the bounces so that it can be replayed in slow motion.
Activity Synthesis
Depending on available time, you may choose to have groups of students prepare a presentation for sharing their findings or simply discuss the the data and findings as a whole class.
As in the previous task, highlight different methods for estimating the rebound factor (taking the quotient of two successive values, taking an average of successive quotients, or making a general estimate of successive quotients). Also highlight the inherent inaccuracy of bounce height measurements which in turn influence how accurately we should report the successive quotients (MP6). Probably no more than one significant decimal digit should be used.
Focus the discussion on the meaning of the rebound factors. Ask questions such as:
“Does a larger factor means that the ball is more bouncy or less bouncy?”
“Does a larger factor mean that the heights are decreasing more quickly or more slowly?”
Emphasize the fact that in a situation modeled by a function
\(f\)
given by
\(f(n) = a \boldcdot b^n\)
, the number
\(b\)
expresses the growth factor. In situations where
\(0<b<1\)
, a
larger
value of
\(b\)
means that the function decays more slowly (because more of the quantity remains). In terms of comparing the bounciness of the balls, the larger the successive quotients in the table columns, the bouncier the ball is. While all of the balls eventually will lie still on the ground, a larger successive quotient (or rebound factor) means that the bounce heights decrease more slowly.
Writing, Conversing: MLR1 Stronger and Clearer Each Time.
Use this routine to help students improve their writing by providing them with multiple opportunities to clarify their explanations through conversation within their group. Give students time to share their response to the question, “Explain how the equations could tell us which one is the most bouncy.” Provide listeners with prompts for feedback that will help their partner add detail to strengthen and clarify their ideas. For example, students can ask their partner, “How did you use the data in the table?” or “Can you explain the rebound factor in your equations?” Next, provide students with 3–4 minutes to revise their initial draft based on feedback from their group. This will help students produce a written generalization for how they can estimate the rebound factor and use successive quotients in a real-world exponential situation.
Design Principle(s): Optimize output (for explanation)


correct_option_index: 2