few_shots: 
Example 1:
Concept/skill: 
Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.

Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Answer: 
Yes. This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.

Example 2:
Concept/skill: 
Explain equivalence of fractions in special cases, and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.
 Grade 3 expectations in this domain are limited to fractions with denominators 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

Problem/activity:
Task
 Arrange the fractions in order from least to greatest. Explain your answer with a picture.
 $\frac{1}{5}, \frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{3} $
 $\frac{2}{5}, \frac{2}{7}, \frac{2}{3} $
 $\frac{5}{6}, \frac{3}{6}, \frac{1}{6} $
 $\frac{5}{12}, \frac{8}{12}, \frac{4}{12} $

Answer: 
Yes. By arranging the fractions in this problem, students learn to compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Example 3:
Concept/skill: 
Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm.

Problem/activity:
Problem 1
Solve using the standard algorithm. If you get stuck, use an area model and/or the partial products algorithm to help. Then assess the reasonableness of your answer.
a.
$$5,803\times46$$
b.
$$63\times2,116$$
Problem 2
Dunkin' introduced a croissant doughnut in 2014. In the first three months of its debut, they sold 7,870 dozen of them per day. How many croissant doughnuts were sold in the first three months?


Answer: 
Yes. This set of problems involves multi-digit whole numbers because the numbers in each problem are four and two digit integers, and the mathematical calculations involved in both problems focus on multiplication. The first problem explicitly asks the student to solve its subproblems using the standard algorithm.

Now, determine whether the following problem or activity can enable students to understand the concepts or skills in the provided description.

shot_info: im_task_001477_pos_0

K

im_task_000157_pos_0

3

fl_problem_000674_pos_0

5
standard_description: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set.
problem_activity: Optional activity
This activity examines how measurement errors behave when they are added together. In other words, if I have a measurement
\(m\)
with a maximum error of 1% and a measurement
\(n\)
with a maximum error of 1%, what percent error can
\(m + n\)
have? In addition to examining accuracy of measurements carefully (MP6), students work through examples and look for patterns (MP8) in order to hypothesize, and eventually show, how percent error behaves when measurements with error are added to one another.
Monitor for students who look for patterns, recognize the usefulness of the distributive property, or formulate the problem abstractly with variables.
Launch
Read the problem out loud and ask students what information they would need to know to be able to solve the problem. Students may say that they need to know what length the boards are supposed to be, because it is likely that they haven't realized that they can solve the problem without this information. Explain that floor boards come in many possible lengths, that 18-inch and 36-inch lengths are both common, but the boards can be anywhere between 12 and 84 inches. Ask students to pick values for two actual lengths and figure out the error in that case. Then they can pick two different examples, make the calculations again, and look for patterns.
Provide access to calculators.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Represent the same information through different modalities by using diagrams. If students are unsure where to begin, suggest that they draw a diagram to help illustrate the information provided.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
A wood floor is made by laying multiple boards end to end. Each board is measured with a maximum percent error of 5%. What is the maximum percent error for the total length of the floor?
Student Response
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Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may pick some example lengths but then struggle with knowing what to do with them. Ask them “what would be the maximum measured lengths? The minimum? What would be the error if both measurements were maximum? What if they were both minimum?”
Some students may pick numbers that make the calculations more complicated, leading to arithmetic errors. Suggest that they choose simple, round numbers for lengths, like 50 inches or 100 centimeters.
Activity Synthesis
The goal of this discussion is for students to generalize from their specific examples of measurements to understand the general pattern and express it algebraically.
Poll the class on the measurements they tried and the maximum percent error they calculated. Invite students to share any patterns they noticed, especially students who recognized the usefulness of the distributive property for making sense of the general pattern.
Guide students to use variables to talk about the patterns more generally.
If a board is supposed to have length
\(x\)
with a maximum percent error of 5%, then the shortest it could be is
\(0.95x\)
and the longest it could be is
\(1.05x\)
.
If another board is supposed to have length
\(y\)
, it could be between
\(0.95y\)
and
\(1.05y\)
.
When the boards are laid end-to-end, the shortest the total length could be is
\(0.95x + 0.95y\)
, which is equivalent to
\(0.95(x + y)\)
.
The longest the total length could be is
\(1.05x + 1.05y\)
, or
\(1.05(x + y)\)
.
Because of the distributive property, we can see that the maximum percent error is still 5% after the board lengths are added together.
One interesting point to make, if students have also done the previous activity about measuring pencils, is that you could
measure
the sum of the board lengths with a lower percent error than you could measure each individual board (assuming your tape measure is long enough), just like an error of 1 mm was a smaller percentage of the length of the longer pencil.


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