few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Concept/skill: 
Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.

Answer: 
No. Usually problems that teach recognizing and representing proportional relationships between quantities involve deciding whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship or identifying the constant of proportionality, and then representing proportional relationships by equations or explaining proportional relationship using coordinate graphs.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Concept/skill: 
Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Answer: 
Yes. The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: fl_problem_000972_neg_0

6

fl_problem_001097_pos_0

7

fl_problem_001392_pos_0

8
standard_description: Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.
problem_activity: Optional activity
In this activity, students are building skills that will help them in mathematical modeling (MP4). Asking students to request needed information invites them to identify their variables and helps students recall how much information is needed to determine a scale factor and apply it to a known distance to find the scaled distance. This activity also allows students to practice calculating proportional relationships in a scale drawing. Monitor for students who:
calculate using the equivalent ratios
\(\frac{\text{Earth’s scaled diameter}}{\text{Earth’s actual diameter}}=\frac{\text{planet’s scaled diameter}}{\text{planet’s actual diameter}}\)
calculate using the equivalent ratios
\(\frac{\text{Earth’s scaled diameter}}{\text{planet’s scaled diameter}}=\frac{\text{Earth’s actual diameter}}{\text{planet’s actual diameter}}\)
find a unit rate and scale up or down
calculate by finding a scale factor and multiplying their planet’s actual diameter by that scale factor
Making spreadsheet technology available gives students an opportunity to choose appropriate tools strategically (MP5).
Launch
Tell students they will be making a scale drawing of the solar system, with accurately scaled sizes and distances from Earth for each planet. Display a circle with 2 cm diameter and explain that it will represent Earth. Show students where the class will (attempt to) display the scale drawing of the solar system. Explain that each group will be assigned a planet to draw and add to the scale drawing, at the appropriate distance.
Arrange students in groups of 3. Assign each group a planet. If there aren't enough groups to do all the planets pick some planets that are smaller than Earth and some that are larger than Earth. It is also fine to have multiple groups work on the same planet.
Pause the class after students have determined what information they need. Ask groups what information they need. Display the table and tell students this should be enough to figure out all the information they asked for. Note that any reference to the distance from a planet to Earth assumes that all planets are aligned perfectly in a line in order of orbital distance to the Sun.
| planet  | average diameter (km) | average orbit radius (km) |
|---------|-----------------------|---------------------------|
| Mercury |                       |                           |
|  Venus  |                       |                           |
|  Earth  |                       |                           |
|  Mars   |                       |                           |
| Jupiter |                       |                           |
| Saturn  |                       |                           |
| Uranus  |                       |                           |
| Neptune |                       |                           |
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Prior to the whole-class discussion, invite students to share their work with a partner. Display sentence frames to support student conversation such as: “First, I _____ because . . .”, “I noticed_____ so I . . .”, “Why did you . . .?”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Student Facing
The class is going to make a scale drawing of the planets in the solar system and their distances from Earth. Your teacher will assign you a planet to draw and place on the scale drawing. A circle with a diameter of 2 cm represents Earth.
What information do you need in order to draw your planet and place it accurately on the class’s scale drawing?
Your teacher will give you some information. Record the information here. Calculate any additional information you need.
Draw the scale drawing of your planet on a separate sheet of blank paper. Label it with measurements. When you’re finished, place it the correct distance from Earth on the class’s scale drawing.
You probably weren’t able to place your planet the correct scaled distance from Earth. Why not?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
What has the greater quotient: the radius of Earth compared to the Sun or the radius of the Sun compared to the radius of the star Betelgeuse?
If a circle of radius 6 cm represents the star Betelgeuse, how large would the Sun be? How large would the earth be?
Draw the scale drawing of the Sun and Earth, or explain why you can't.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
If students struggle to use the information about orbital radius to find the planet’s distance from Earth encourage them to sketch the situation and label the information they know. (Image not to scale.)
[IMG]
Activity Synthesis
The key point of this discussion is to make sure students recall methods for finding unknown values in proportional relationships, and understand that the measurements in the scale drawing must all be scaled by the same scale factor.
Invite multiple students to share the calculations they did to find the size of their planet, given Earth’s scaled and actual size. First, select students to share who calculated using the equivalent ratios
\(\frac{\text{Earth’s scaled diameter}}{\text{Earth’s actual diameter}}=\frac{\text{planet’s scaled diameter}}{\text{planet’s actual diameter}}\)
or
\(\frac{\text{Earth’s scaled diameter}}{\text{planet’s scaled diameter}}=\frac{\text{Earth’s actual diameter}}{\text{planet’s actual diameter}}\)
. Next, select students to share who calculated by finding a scale factor or unit rate. Invite students to share how the scale factor is included in all the calculations. (The quotients in the equivalent ratios are the same as the scale factor.)
Ask students:
What units are your answers in? (Scaled values are in cm, actual values are in km.)
Why didn't you need to convert from kilometers to centimeters? (The scale factor includes the units already.)
How many times bigger is Earth than our 2 cm model? (A scale of
\(2 \text{ cm}:12,\!756 \text{ km}\)
is equivalent to a scale of
\(1 \text{ cm}:6,\!378 \text{ km}\)
which is equivalent to a scale of
\(1 \text{ cm}:637,\!800,\!000 \text{ cm}\)
. So it's 637,800,000 times bigger!)
Speaking: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support whole-class discussion. As students share their strategies for calculating the size of their planet, ask students to restate what they heard using precise mathematical language. Consider providing students time to restate what they hear to a partner before selecting one or two students to share with the class. Ask the original speaker if their peer was accurately able to restate their thinking. Call students’ attention to any words that helped clarify the original explanation, such as “ratio,” “scale factor,” “scaled diameter,” and “actual diameter.” This provides more students with an opportunity to produce language as they interpret the reasoning of others.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making


aligns: no