few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Concept/skill: 
Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Answer: 
No. The expressions shown in this problem do not involve multiplying fractions with other fractions, nor whole numbers with fractions.

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Concept/skill: 
Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Answer: 
Yes. The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: fl_problem_000972_pos_0

6

fl_problem_001097_neg_0

7

fl_problem_001392_pos_0

8
standard_description: Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output. (Function notation is not required in Grade 8.)
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this activity is for students to work with a function where either variable could be the independent variable. Knowing the total value for an unknown number of dimes and quarters, students are first asked to consider if the number of dimes could be a function of the number of quarters and then asked if the reverse is also true. Since this isn't always the case when students are working with functions, the discussion should touch on reasons for choosing one variable vs. the other, which can depend on the types of questions one wants to answer.
Identify students who efficiently rewrite the original equation in the third problem and the last problem to share during the discussion.
Launch
Arrange students in groups of 2. Give students 3–5 minutes of quiet work time followed by partner discussion for students to compare their answers and resolve any differences. Follow with a whole-class discussion.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Provide appropriate reading accommodations and supports to ensure students access to written directions, word problems and other text-based content.
Supports accessibility for: Language; Conceptual processing
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to support reading comprehension and to set students up to interpret the representations of the situation provided in the task statement (an equation) and discussion (function diagrams). In the first read, students read the information with the goal of comprehending the situation (e.g., Jada has dimes and quarters). In the second read, ask students to identify important quantities. Listen for, and amplify, naming of the quantities that vary in relation to each other in this situation: number of dimes, total value of dimes, number of quarters, total value of quarters. After the third read, ask students to discuss possible strategies to answer the questions that follow, paying attention to the different coin values, and how each question is phrased. This will help students comprehend the problem and make sense of important quantities and variables when working with a function in which either variable could be the independent variable.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Student Facing
Jada had some dimes and quarters that had a total value of
$
12.50. The relationship between the number of dimes,
\(d\)
, and the number of quarters,
\(q\)
, can be expressed by the equation
\(0.1d + 0.25q = 12.5\)
.
If Jada has 4 quarters, how many dimes does she have?
If Jada has 10 quarters, how many dimes does she have?
Is the number of dimes a function of the number of quarters? If yes, write a rule (that starts with
\(d = \)
...) that you can use to determine the output,
\(d\)
, from a given input,
\(q\)
. If no, explain why not.
If Jada has 25 dimes, how many quarters does she have?
If Jada has 30 dimes, how many quarters does she have?
Is the number of quarters a function of the number of dimes? If yes, write a rule (that starts with
\(q=\)
...) that you can use to determine the output,
\(q\)
, from a given input,
\(d\)
. If no, explain why not.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Some students may be unsure how to write rules for the number of dimes as a function of the number of quarters and vice versa. Prompt them to use the provided equation and what they know about keeping equations equal to create the new equations.
Activity Synthesis
Select previously identified students to share their rules for dimes as a function of the number of quarters and quarters as a function of the number of dimes, including the steps they used to rewrite the original equation.
Tell students that if we write an equation like
\(d = 125 - 2.5q\)
, this shows that
\(d\)
is a function of
\(q\)
because it is clear what the output (value for
\(d\)
) should be for a given input (value for
\(q\)
).
Display the diagrams for all to see:
[IMG]
When we have an equation like
\(0.1d + 0.25q = 12.5\)
, we can choose either
\(d\)
or
\(q\)
to be the independent variable. That means we are viewing one as depending on the other. If we know the number of quarters and want to answer a question about the number of dimes, it is helpful to write
\(d\)
as a function of
\(q\)
. If we know the number of dimes and want to answer a question about the number of quarters, it is helpful to write
\(q\)
as a function of
\(d\)
.
Ensure students understand that we can’t always do this type of rearranging with equations and have it make sense because sometimes only one variable is a function of the other, and sometimes neither is a function of the other. For example, students saw earlier that while squaring values is a function, the reverse—that is, identifying what value was squared—is not. We will continue to explore when these different things happen in future lessons.


aligns: yes