few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Concept/skill: 
Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
|                                                          | **           No solution          ** | **           Exactly 1 solution          ** | **           Infinite number of solutions          ** |
|----------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|                       $${9=4x+7}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                       $${y=3y+5}$$                       |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                    $${y={x\over2}}$$                     |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|                     $${3x+6y-9=0}$$                      |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
|    $${x=y}$$                        $${1.25x=1.25y}$$    |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${9.9=6x+8y}$$                        $${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
| $${11x-2y=1.5}$$                        $${11x-2y=2.5}$$ |                                      |                                             |                                                       |
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Concept/skill: 
Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Answer: 
Yes. The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: fl_problem_000972_pos_0

6

fl_problem_001097_pos_0

7

fl_problem_001392_pos_0

8
standard_description: Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output. (Function notation is not required in Grade 8.)
problem_activity: Activity
The purpose of this activity is to begin to think of a dilation with a scale factor as a rule or operation on points in the plane. Students work on a circular grid with center of dilation at the center of the grid. They examine what happens to different points on a given circle when the dilation is applied and observe that these points all map to another circle whose radius is scaled by the scale factor of the dilation. For example, if the scale factor is 3 and the points lie on a circle whose radius is 2 grid units, then the dilated points will all lie on a circle whose radius is 6 units. Students need to explain their reasoning for finding the scale factor (MP3).
Students discover that the circular grid is a powerful tool for representing dilations and they will continue to use the circular grid as they study what happens when dilations are applied to shapes other than grid circles.
In the digital activity, students encounter some new tools and the circular grid.
Digital
Launch
Ask students if they have ever seen a pebble dropped in a still pond, and select students to describe what happens. (The pebble becomes the center of a sequence of circular ripples.) Display the image from the task statement, and ask students to think about how it is like a pebble dropped in a still pond. Demonstrate that distance on the circular grid is measured by counting units along one of the rays that start at the center,
\(P\)
. Use MLR 8 (Discussion Supports) to draw students’ attention to a few important words in the task:
“When we say ‘on the circle,’ we mean on the curve or on the edge. (We do not mean the circle’s interior.)”
“Remember that a ray starts at a point and goes forever in one direction. Their rays should start at
\(P\)
and be drawn to the edge of the grid.”
If using the digital activity, you may want to demonstrate dilating a point before having students begin the task.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of these terms. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: circular grid, “on the circle,” ray, scale factor, and distance. Include a circular grid on the display, give examples, and label the features.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language
Student Facing
The larger Circle d is a
dilation
of the smaller Circle c.
\(P\)
is the
center of dilation
.
Draw four points
on
the smaller circle using the Point on Object tool.
[IMG]
Draw the rays from
\(P\)
through each of those four points. Select the Ray tool, then point
\(P\)
, and then the second point.
[IMG]
Mark the intersection points of the rays and Circle d by selecting the Intersect tool and clicking on the point of intersection.
[IMG]
Complete the table. In the row labeled S, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the point on the smaller circle in grid units. In the row labeled L, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the corresponding point on the larger circle in grid units. Measure the distances between pairs of points by selecting the Distance tool, and then clicking on the two points.
[IMG]
|   | \(A\) | \(B\) | \(C\) | \(D\) |
|---|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| S |       |       |       |       |
| L |       |       |       |       |
The center of dilation is point
\(P\)
. What is the
scale factor
that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Ask students if they have ever seen a pebble dropped in a still pond, and select students to describe what happens. (The pebble becomes the center of a sequence of circular ripples.) Display the image from the task statement, and ask students to think about how it is like a pebble dropped in a still pond. Demonstrate that distance on the circular grid is measured by counting units along one of the rays that start at the center,
\(P\)
. Use MLR 8 (Discussion Supports) to draw students’ attention to a few important words in the task:
“When we say ‘on the circle,’ we mean on the curve or on the edge. (We do not mean the circle’s interior.)”
“Remember that a ray starts at a point and goes forever in one direction. Their rays should start at
\(P\)
and be drawn to the edge of the grid.”
If using the digital activity, you may want to demonstrate dilating a point before having students begin the task.
Representation: Develop Language and Symbols.
Create a display of important terms and vocabulary. Invite students to suggest language or diagrams to include that will support their understanding of these terms. Include the following terms and maintain the display for reference throughout the unit: circular grid, “on the circle,” ray, scale factor, and distance. Include a circular grid on the display, give examples, and label the features.
Supports accessibility for: Conceptual processing; Language
Student Facing
The larger Circle d is a
dilation
of the smaller Circle c.
\(P\)
is the
center of dilation
.
Draw four points
on
the smaller circle (not inside the circle!), and label them
\(E\)
,
\(F\)
,
\(G\)
, and
\(H\)
.
Draw the rays from
\(P\)
through each of those four points.
Label the points where the rays meet the larger circle
\(E’\)
,
\(F’\)
,
\(G’\)
, and
\(H’\)
.
[IMG]
4. Complete the table. In the row labeled c, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the point on the smaller circle in grid units. In the row labeled d, write the distance between
\(P\)
and the corresponding point on the larger circle in grid units.
|   | \(E\) | \(F\) | \(G\) | \(H\) |
|---|-------|-------|-------|-------|
| c |       |       |       |       |
| d |       |       |       |       |
5. The center of dilation is point
\(P\)
. What is the
scale factor
that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
For question 5, students might think the scale factor is 4, because the distance between the smaller and larger circle for each point increases by 4. If this happens, ask students how many grid units circle
\(c\)
is from the center (2) and how many grid units circle
\(d\)
is from the center (6). Then remind them that
scale factor
means a number you multiply by.
Activity Synthesis
Ask students if they made a strategic choice of points, such as points that lie on the grid lines coming from the center point
\(P\)
. Why are these points good choices for dilating?
Ask students what they think would happen if a circle were dilated about its center with a scale factor of 2 or 4. (The result would be a circle with twice the radius and 4 times the radius, respectfully, all sharing the same center.)
Two important observations coming from the lesson are:
The scale factor for this dilation is 3 so distances from the center of the circles triple when the dilation is applied.
The large circle is the dilation of the small circle, that is each point on the circle with radius 6 units is the dilated image of a point on the circle of radius 2 units. (To find which one, draw the line from the point to the center and see where it intersects the circle of radius 2 units.)
Speaking, Listening: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
As students share the scale factor that takes the smaller circle to the larger circle, press for details in students’ reasoning by asking how they know the scale factor is 3. Listen for students’ explanations that reference the table with distances between the center of dilation and points on the circles. Amplify statements that use precise language such as, “The distance between point P and any point on the smaller circle is multiplied by a scale factor of 3 to get the distance between point P and the corresponding point on the larger circle.” This will a support rich and inclusive discussion about how the scale factor affects the distance between the center of dilation and points on the circle.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making


aligns: no