standard_description: Understand that patterns of association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects. Use relative frequencies calculated for rows or columns to describe possible association between the two variables. For example, collect data from students in your class on whether or not they have a curfew on school nights and whether or not they have assigned chores at home. Is there evidence that those who have a curfew also tend to have chores?
problem_activity: Activity
This activity continues the work begun in the previous activity for this lesson. Students compute the means for sample ages to determine what shows might be associated with each sample (MP2). They also consider the variability to assess the accuracy of population estimates. A sample from a population with less variability should provide a more accurate estimate than a sample that came from a population with more spread in the data. In the discussion, students think about why a sample is used and why an estimate of the mean is helpful, but it may miss some important aspects of the data. The discussion following the activity also asks students to think again about why different samples from the same population may produce different results.
Launch
Keep students in groups of 3.
Tell students that advertisers are interested in age groups for certain television shows so that they can try to sell appropriate items to the audience. For example, it does not make sense to advertise tricycles during a nighttime crime drama show nor to show an ad for an expensive sports car during a children’s cartoon.
The samples given in this activity are related to the shows mentioned in the previous activity for this lesson.
Tell students to divide samples 4 through 6 among the group members so that each person only needs to find one mean and share their answer with the group so that the group has access to all 3 answers.
Give students 3 minutes quiet work time for the first 3 problems, then pause the class after the third problem for a quick discussion and to assign items to groups before they continue.
After students have completed the first 3 problems, ask students to indicate which of the shows seem to go with each of the 6 samples (samples 1 through 3 from the previous activity as well as 4 through 6 in this activity). Discuss any disagreements until the class can agree on which samples correspond to which shows. Tell half of the groups that they will use samples 1 through 3 from the previous activity for the last 3 problems and the other half of the groups that they will use samples 4 through 6 for the last 3 problems.
Give students another 3 minutes of quiet work time to finish the activity followed by a whole-class discussion.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Use color and annotations to illustrate student strategies. As students describe how they calculated the measures of centers, use color and annotations to scribe their thinking on a display. Ask students how they matched samples and television shows, and label each representation accordingly.
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing; Conceptual processing
Student Facing
Here are three more samples of viewer ages collected for these same 3 television shows.
sample 4
57
71
5
54
52
13
59
65
10
71
sample 5
15
5
4
5
4
3
25
2
8
3
sample 6
6
11
9
56
1
3
11
10
11
2
Calculate the mean for
one
of these samples. Record all three answers.
Which show do you think each of these samples represents? Explain your reasoning.
For each show, estimate the mean age for all the show's viewers.
Calculate the mean absolute deviation for
one
of the shows' samples. Make sure each person in your group works with a different sample. Record all three answers.
|               | Learning                       to Read | Science                       Experiments                       YOU Can Do | Trivia the                       Game Show |
|---------------|----------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| Which sample? |                                        |                                                                            |                                            |
|      MAD      |                                        |                                                                            |                                            |
What do the different values for the MAD tell you about each group?
An advertiser has a commercial that appeals to 15- to 16-year-olds. Based on these samples, are any of these shows a good fit for this commercial? Explain or show your reasoning.
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
The purpose of the discussion is to understand why it might be helpful to estimate the mean of a population based on a sample.
Some questions for discussion:
“Why do you think a sample was used in this situation rather than data from the population?” (There are probably millions of people who watch these shows and it would be difficult to collect data about their ages from all of them.)
“How could we improve the estimate of the mean for the populations?” (Include more viewers in the sample.)
“If a sample has a large MAD, what does that imply about the population?” (That the data in the population is very spread out.)
“If a sample has a small MAD, what is the relationship between the data and the mean?” (Most of the data is close to the mean.)
“Which estimate of the mean for the population do you expect to be more accurate: the mean from a sample with a large MAD or the mean from a sample with a small MAD? Explain or show your reasoning.” (The mean from a sample with a small MAD. If the data in the sample is close to the mean, then most of the data from the population is also probably close to the mean. Therefore the data in the sample is probably close to the mean of the population and will provide a good estimate.)
“What do you notice about the different answers for the same show, but the different samples?”  (The means are close, but the MADs can be different by a lot.)
“Why were the answers different for the same show, but different samples?” (Different people were included in the samples, so the numbers may change some, but if they are representative they should be close. In these examples, even though the MADs may seem very different, the relative size compared to the other shows is similar.)
Some students may wonder why they need to calculate the mean when it might be obvious how to match the titles by just looking at the data. This example included 10 ages in each sample so that the important information could be calculated quickly. In a more realistic scenario, the sample may include hundreds of ages. A computer could still calculate the mean quickly, but scanning through all of the data may not make the connection to the correct show as obvious.
“Notice that there is a 56 year old in sample 6. What are some reasons you think they might be watching this show?” (Maybe a grandmother is watching with her grandchild. Maybe an older person is interested in how science is shown on TV.)
“The questions asked you to consider means, but are there any data sets for which median might be a better measure of center? Explain your reasoning.” (Yes, sample 6 has a wide range of data ranging from a 1 year old to a 56 year old, but most of the data are around 10, so median might be better to use for that sample.)
“A lot of families might be watching ‘Learning to Read’ with their children or older people may be using the show to learn English. How might this affect the mean? How could you recognize that there are two main age groups that watch this show?” (It would bring the mean up from just the kids who watch the show. The mean would not make the two age groups obvious, so looking at a dot plot or histogram might be more helpful with this group.)


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