few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Concept/skill: 
Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.

Answer: 
No. Usually problems that teach recognizing and representing proportional relationships between quantities involve deciding whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship or identifying the constant of proportionality, and then representing proportional relationships by equations or explaining proportional relationship using coordinate graphs.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Answer: 
No. The expressions shown in this problem do not involve multiplying fractions with other fractions, nor whole numbers with fractions.

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"align": "center", "class": ["table", "table-bordered"], "style": "table-layout:fixed; width:70%"}, "tbody": [{"tr": [{"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "No solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Exactly 1 solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Infinite number of solutions"}]}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9=4x+7}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y=3y+5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y={x\\over2}}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${3x+6y-9=0}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${x=y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${1.25x=1.25y}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9.9=6x+8y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=1.5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=2.5}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {}]}]}]}]}
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Concept/skill: 
Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.

Answer: 
No. Completing neither of these problems requires replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other equation.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: fl_problem_000972_neg_0

6

fl_problem_001097_neg_0

7

fl_problem_001392_neg_0

8
standard_description: Apply and extend previous understandings of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions. (Students able to multiply fractions in general can develop strategies to divide fractions in general, by reasoning about the relationship between multiplication and division. But division of a fraction by a fraction is not a requirement at this grade.)
problem_activity: Optional activity
This activity gives students additional practice in using diagrams and equations to represent division situations involving whole numbers and fractions.
For each problem, many kinds of visual representations are possible, but creating a meaningful representation may be challenging nonetheless. Urge students to use the contexts to generate ideas for useful diagrams, and to start with a draft and modify it as needed. Students may also use the fraction strips in the warm-up as a starting point for drawing diagrams.
As students work and discuss, monitor for effective diagrams or those that can be generalized to different situations (e.g., rectangles, tape diagrams, and number lines). Assign one problem for each group to record on a visual display.
Launch
Arrange students in group of 3–4. Give students 8–10 minutes of quiet work time and a few minutes to share their responses with their group. Tell each group they will be asked to present their solution to one problem. Provide access to geometry toolkits and tools for creating a visual display.
During group discussion, ask students to exchange feedback on each other’s diagrams and to notice any that might be particularly effective, efficient, or easy to understand. Then, they should record the diagram and equations for their assigned problem on a visual display and be prepared to explain them.
Representation: Internalize Comprehension.
Demonstrate and encourage students to use color coding and annotations to illustrate connections between representations. For example, use the same color to represent the 3 miles in the diagram and the equation,
\(3\div \frac32=2\)
, then label each as “dividend.”
Supports accessibility for: Visual-spatial processing
Student Facing
For each situation, draw a diagram for the relationship of the quantities to help you answer the question. Then write a multiplication equation or a division equation for the relationship. Be prepared to share your reasoning.
The distance around a park is
\(\frac32\)
miles. Noah rode his bicycle around the park for a total of 3 miles. How many times around the park did he ride?
You need
\(\frac34\)
yard of ribbon for one gift box. You have 3 yards of ribbon. How many gift boxes do you have ribbon for?
The water hose fills a bucket at
\(\frac13\)
gallon per minute. How many minutes does it take to fill a 2-gallon bucket?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
How many heaping teaspoons are in a heaping tablespoon? How would the answer depend on the shape of the spoons?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
Students may mistake the divisor and the dividend in the problems. Ask students to discuss (in their groups) the number or quantity being divided, and the reasonableness of the different ways of setting up each problem given the context. Representing the situations with objects may also help.
Activity Synthesis
Invite each group to present the solution on their visual display. Ask the rest of the class to think about two things: whether the equations make sense, and how the presented diagram shows the number of groups, the size of each group, and a total amount. Doing so will help students see the structure of the problems in the equations and diagrams.
Make sure students understand how each situation can be expressed by multiplication and division equations. Students should recognize that a question such as “how many batches are in 4 cups if each batch requires
\(\frac23\)
cups?” can be written as both
\(? \boldcdot \frac 23 = 4\)
and
\(4 \div \frac 23 = \,?\)
. With repeated reasoning, they see that a division expression such as
\(5 \div \frac 38\)
can be interpreted as “how many
\(\frac38\)
s are in 5?”
Speaking, Representing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Give students additional time to make sure that everyone in their group can explain their visual display and the relationship between the quantities represented. Prompt groups to rehearse what they will say when they share with the whole class. Rehearsing provides students with additional opportunities to speak and clarify their thinking. This will help students improve their explanations of their group’s reasoning during the whole-class discussion.
Design Principle(s): Optimize output (for explanation)


aligns: no