few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
Task
Materials
One 10-frame per pair of students (see example below)
[IMG]
Counters, 10 per pair of students
Decks of number cards 0-5 (with 4 of each number) or two 0-5 dice
Setup
This activity is done in pairs. The students sit side by side with 10-frame and deck of cards or dice. If they have cards, the cards are shuffled and placed face down in front of them.
Action
Player 1 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many counters on the 10-frame. Player 2 flips a card or rolls the die. They place that many more counters on the 10-frame next to the counters already on the ten frame. The students count the total together.
A recording sheet can be added when the students have been introduced to equations and number sentences. For those students who can handle higher numbers, a deck of 0-10 cards and two 10-frames can be used.
This game can also be played alone.


Concept/skill: 
Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings (Drawings need not show details, but should show the mathematics in the problem. (This applies wherever drawings are mentioned in the Standards.)), sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.

Answer: 
Yes. This task involves representing addition with objects such as number cards and dice.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Find the general solution for:
$${\mathrm{cos}\left({\pi\over2}+x\right)=\mathrm{tan}{\pi\over4}}$$


Concept/skill: 
Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.

Answer: 
Yes. An initial step when solving for x in this problem requires the use of the addition formula for cosine on the left side of the equation.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: im_task_001477_pos_0

K

fl_problem_001097_pos_0

7

fl_problem_001894_pos_0

HS_0
standard_description: Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set.
problem_activity: Activity
In this activity, students use surface area as a context to extend the order of operations to expressions with exponents. The context provides a reason to evaluate the exponent before performing the multiplication.
Launch
Give students 10 minutes of quiet work time, followed by a class discussion.
Reading: MLR6 Three Reads.
Use this routine to support students’ comprehension of the situation. In the first read, students read the text with the goal of comprehending the situation (e.g., Jada and Noah have different solutions for the surface area of the same cube). In the second read, ask students to identify important quantities that can be counted or measured (e.g., the side length of the cube; the number of faces of a cube; the area of each face of the cube). In the third read, reveal the question, “Do you agree with either of them? Explain your reasoning.” Ask students to brainstorm possible strategies to answer the question (e.g., Find the area of each face of the cube. Multiply the area by 6 to find the surface area of the cube). This will help students concentrate on making sense of the situation before rushing to a solution or method.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making
Student Facing
A cube has side length 10 inches. Jada says the surface area of the cube is 600 in
2
, and Noah says the surface area of the cube is 3,600 in
2
. Here is how each of them reasoned:
Jada’s Method:
\(6 \boldcdot 10^2\)
\(6 \boldcdot 100\)
\(600\)
Noah’s Method:
\(6 \boldcdot 10^2\)
\(60^2\)
\(3,\!600\)
Do you agree with either of them? Explain your reasoning.
Student Response
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Activity Synthesis
In finding the surface area, there is a clear reason to find
\(10^2\)
and then multiply by 6. Tell students that sometimes it is not so clear in which order to evaluate operations. There is an order that we all generally agree on, and when we want something done in a different order, brackets are used to communicate what to do first. When an exponent occurs in the same expression as multiplication or division, we evaluate the exponent first, unless brackets say otherwise. Examples:
\((3\boldcdot 4)^2 = 12^2 = 144\)
, since the brackets tell us to multiply
\(3\boldcdot 4\)
first. But
\(3\boldcdot  4^2 = 3\boldcdot  16 = 48\)
, because since there are no brackets, we evaluate the exponent before multiplying.
If students bring up PEMDAS or another mnemonic for remembering the order of operations, point out that PEMDAS can be misleading in indicating multiplication before division, and addition before subtraction. Discuss the convention that brackets or parentheses indicate that something should be evaluated first, followed by exponents, multiplication, or division (evaluated left to right), and last, addition or subtraction (evaluated left to right).


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