few_shots: 
Example 1:
Problem/activity:
You’re mixing ingredients for cookies. The recipe says to combine 6 tablespoons, or ¾ stick, of butter with 1 cup of sugar. You accidentally mix in a whole stick of butter (8 tablespoons) with the cup of sugar. How can you fix this?


Concept/skill: 
Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem solves a real-world problem involving mixing ingredients for cookies. A student doing this problem would need to reason about equivalent ratios of butter amounts to sugar amounts.

Example 2:
Problem/activity:
For each pair of numbers, determine if the values are equivalent. Explain your reasoning for each one.
a.
$$-0.25$$
and
$$\frac{1}{-4}$$
b.
$$-\left ( \frac{1}{4} \right )$$
and
$$\frac{-1}{-4}$$
c.
$$\frac{-1}{4}$$
and
$$-\frac{1}{4}$$


Concept/skill: 
Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Answer: 
Yes. This problem involves understanding fractions and division to divide rational numbers, such as 1, -4, 4, and -1. This problem also involves an understanding of multiplication: if p and q are integers, then -(p/q) = (-p)/q = p/(-q).

Example 3:
Problem/activity:
Problem 1
The table below contains single equations in a single variable, single equations in two variables, and pairs of simultaneous equations in two variables. Check the appropriate box to show whether there is no solution, exactly 1 solution, or if there is an infinite number of solutions.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"align": "center", "class": ["table", "table-bordered"], "style": "table-layout:fixed; width:70%"}, "tbody": [{"tr": [{"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "No solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Exactly 1 solution"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "strong": [{"_value": "Infinite number of solutions"}]}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9=4x+7}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y=3y+5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${y={x\\over2}}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${3x+6y-9=0}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${x=y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${1.25x=1.25y}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9.9=6x+8y}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${9x=2.5y-8.8}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}]}, {"td": [{"p": [{"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=1.5}$$"}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}, "span": [{"_attributes": {"class": ["math-tex"]}, "_value": "$${11x-2y=2.5}$$"}]}]}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {"_attributes": {"style": "text-align:center"}}, {}]}]}]}]}
Problem 2
Kim has a small container and a large container as shown.
[IMG]
It takes 16 of the small containers to fill the large container. Three small containers leave 1.95 gallons of space in the big container.
What is the size of each of the two containers?


Concept/skill: 
Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Answer: 
Yes. The last three rows of the table in the first problem involves solving pairs of simultaneous linear equations. The second word problem can also be represented as two simultaneous linear equations.

Now, does the problem or activity shown below enable students to learn the full intent of the following concept or skill?

shot_info: fl_problem_000972_pos_0

6

fl_problem_001097_pos_0

7

fl_problem_001392_pos_0

8
standard_description: Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.
problem_activity: Activity
In groups, students rotate through five different stations, where they measure one or more quantities using different units, and answer a series of summary questions afterward. Here are the quantities being measured and the units used at each station:
Station 1:
Volume of a box, in cubic inches and cubic centimeters.
Station 2:
Length, in meters and feet.
Station 3:
Volume of water, in gallons, quarts, and liters.
(If desired, you can have students measure water with actual containers instead of watching the video
https://vimeo.com/illustrativemathematics/water
.)
Station 4:
Weights and masses of 2–3 objects, in ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms.
(You can have students weigh actual objects, use the digital simulation
http://ggbm.at/eQQVYB7D
, or use the paper simulations from the blackline master. If using one of the simulations instead of a real scale, prepare some real objects labeled with their weight or mass for students to hold and feel the weight of.)
Station 5:
Volume of salt, in milliliters and teaspoons.
You will need the blackline master for this activity. Page 1 is a net for the box needed for station 1. If you are using the paper scale simulation instead of a real scale or the applet, pages 2–13 are the parts needed to assemble Station 4.
Digital
Launch
Tell students they will further investigate the idea of using different units to measure the same set of items. Introduce the five stations, what students are expected to do at each, the protocol for rotating through them, and the questions to answer at the end. Then, demonstrate how to use the straightedge to measure a level teaspoon of salt. If students do not use a level teaspoons of salt, they will not be able to answer the last set of questions about volume.
Arrange students into 5 groups and assign a starting station for each group.
If students have devices, Stations 3 and 4 can be digital.
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Invite students to talk about their ideas with a partner before writing them down. Display sentence frames to support students when they explain their strategy. For example, “I noticed _____ so I think…”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Speaking, Representing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support small-group discussion. As students rotate through stations, encourage students to solidify their own understanding by pressing for details and questioning their peers' explanations. Provide sentence frames for students to use, such as "I agree/disagree because . . .”, "How do you know . . .”, and “Can you give an example?” This will help students clarify their reasoning about comparing different measurements for the same quantity using different units.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Cultivate conversation
Student Facing
Station 1
Each large cube is 1 cubic inch. Count how many cubic inches completely pack the box without gaps.
Each small cube is 1 cubic centimeter. Each rod is composed of 10 cubic centimeters. Count how many cubic centimeters completely fill the box.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "cubic inches"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "cubic centimeters"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_value": "volume of the box"}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 2
Your teacher showed you a length.
Use the meter stick to measure the length to the nearest meter.
Use a ruler to measure the length to the nearest foot.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "meters"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "feet"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_value": "length of ________________"}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 3
Watch the video.
Count how many times you can fill the quart bottle from the gallon jug.
Count how many times you can fill the liter bottle from the gallon jug.
Video
Quarts and Liters
available at
https://player.vimeo.com/video/304136597
.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "quarts"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "liters"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_value": "1 gallon of water"}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 4
Use the applet to record the weights of different objects in different units.
Record their weights in ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "object"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "ounces"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "pounds"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "grams"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "kilograms"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}, {"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}, {"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 5
Count how many level teaspoons of salt it takes to fill the graduated cylinder to 20 milliliters, 40 milliliters, and 50 milliliters.
Pour the salt back into the original container.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "milliliters"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "teaspoons"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["small amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "20"}, {}]}, {"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["medium amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "40"}, {}]}, {"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["large amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "50"}, {}]}]}]}]}
After you finish all five stations, answer the following questions with your group.
Which is larger, a cubic inch or a cubic centimeter? Did more cubic inches or cubic centimeters fit in the cardboard box? Why?
Did it take more feet or meters to measure the indicated length? Why?
Which is bigger, a quart or a liter? Explain your reasoning.
Use the data from Station 4 to put the units of weight and mass in order from smallest to largest. Explain your reasoning.
About how many teaspoons of salt would it take to fill the graduated cylinder to 100 milliliters?
If you poured 15 teaspoons of salt into an empty graduated cylinder, about how many milliliters would it fill?
How many milliliters per teaspoon are there?
How many teaspoons per milliliter are there?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Print
Launch
Tell students they will further investigate the idea of using different units to measure the same set of items. Introduce the five stations, what students are expected to do at each, the protocol for rotating through them, and the questions to answer at the end. Then, demonstrate how to use the straightedge to measure a level teaspoon of salt. If students do not use a level teaspoons of salt, they will not be able to answer the last set of questions about volume.
Arrange students into 5 groups and assign a starting station for each group.
If students have devices, Stations 3 and 4 can be digital.
Engagement: Develop Effort and Persistence.
Encourage and support opportunities for peer interactions. Invite students to talk about their ideas with a partner before writing them down. Display sentence frames to support students when they explain their strategy. For example, “I noticed _____ so I think…”
Supports accessibility for: Language; Social-emotional skills
Speaking, Representing: MLR8 Discussion Supports.
Use this routine to support small-group discussion. As students rotate through stations, encourage students to solidify their own understanding by pressing for details and questioning their peers' explanations. Provide sentence frames for students to use, such as "I agree/disagree because . . .”, "How do you know . . .”, and “Can you give an example?” This will help students clarify their reasoning about comparing different measurements for the same quantity using different units.
Design Principle(s): Support sense-making; Cultivate conversation
Student Facing
Station 1
Each large cube is 1 cubic inch. Count how many cubic inches completely pack the box without gaps.
Each small cube is 1 cubic centimeter. Each rod is composed of 10 cubic centimeters. Count how many cubic centimeters completely fill the box.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "br": [{}], "_values": ["cubic", "inches"]}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "br": [{}], "_values": ["cubic", "centimeters"]}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["volume of", "the box"]}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 2
Your teacher showed you a length.
Use the meter stick to measure the length to the nearest meter.
Use a ruler to measure the length to the nearest foot.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "meters"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "feet"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["length of", "__________________"]}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 3
If not using real water, open
https://vimeo.com/illustrativemathematics/water
.
Count how many times you can fill the quart bottle from the gallon jug.
Count how many times you can fill the liter bottle from the gallon jug.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "quarts"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "liters"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["1 gallon", "of water"]}], "td": [{}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 4
If not using a real scale, open
http://ggbm.at/eQQVYB7D
.
Select 2–3 different objects to measure on the scale.
Record the weights in ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "object"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "ounces"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "pounds"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "grams"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "kilograms"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}, {"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}, {"td": [{}, {}, {}, {}, {}]}]}]}]}
Station 5
Count how many level teaspoons of salt fill the graduated cylinder to 20 milliliters, 40 milliliters, and 50 milliliters.
Pour the salt back into the original container.
{"table": [{"_attributes": {"border": "1"}, "thead": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "milliliters"}, {"_attributes": {"scope": "col"}, "_value": "teaspoons"}]}]}], "tbody": [{"tr": [{"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["small amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "20"}, {}]}, {"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["medium amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "40"}, {}]}, {"th": [{"br": [{}], "_values": ["large amount", "of salt"]}], "td": [{"_value": "50"}, {}]}]}]}]}
After you finish all five stations, answer these questions with your group.
Which is larger, a cubic inch or a cubic centimeter?
Did more cubic inches or cubic centimeters fit in the cardboard box? Why?
Did it take more feet or meters to measure the indicated length? Why?
Which is larger, a quart or a liter? Explain your reasoning.
Use the data from Station 4 to put the units of weight and mass in order from smallest to largest. Explain your reasoning.
About how many teaspoons of salt would it take to fill the graduated cylinder to 100 milliliters?
If you poured 15 teaspoons of salt into an empty graduated cylinder, about how many milliliters would it fill?
How many milliliters per teaspoon are there?
How many teaspoons per milliliter are there?
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Student Response.
Student Facing
Are you ready for more?
People in the medical field use metric measurements when working with medicine. For example, a doctor might prescribe medication in 10 mg tablets.
Brainstorm a list of reasons why healthcare workers would do this. Organize your thinking so it can be followed by others.
Student Response
Teachers with a valid work email address can
click here to register or sign in
for free access to Extension Student Response.
Anticipated Misconceptions
At Station 1, students may count the number of base-10 centimeter rods rather than the number of centimeter cubes. Remind them that the question prompts for the number of cubes.
At Station 2, students may need reminders about measuring objects at the zero marking on the ruler and about keeping the ruler going straight, both of which will affect the answer. Show them they can measure along the edge of the object to make sure the ruler is not veering off in one direction or another.
At Station 4, students may be unclear about how to change the output unit on the scale for each object. Consider showing the class ahead of time. Students who are able to distinguish between weight and mass might say they cannot accurately compare their measurements. Clarify that we are talking only about the weight of the objects on Earth’s surface.
At Station 5, some students may consistently use under-filled or rounded teaspoons of salt, so their data will not reveal the
\(5 : 1\)
ratio of milliliters to teaspoons. Repeat the demonstration of how to measure a level teaspoon for them.
Students may answer 3 milliliters for the question about 15 teaspoons because they divided by 5 instead of multiplying by 5. Encourage them to pay attention to which unit is bigger and ask what that tells them about which numerical value should be larger.
Activity Synthesis
Though much of the discussion will take place within groups, spend a few minutes ensuring that everyone understands the answers to the five questions. To conclude the activity, invite students to share anything that surprised them from the measuring work.


aligns: no