Journal of Environmental and Public Health Table 1: Odds ratios and 95% conﬁdence interval for obesity, based on gender and social status neighbourhood score (SSNS). Crude OR 95% CI Adjusted OR∗ 95% CI 3 1.60–4.16 .48–1.18 .17–.85 .62–1.90 N 470 230 240 235 235 115 115 120 120 Age (SD) 66.5 (2.3) 66.4 (2.4) 66.6 (2.2) .53 66.6 (2.2) 66.4 (2.4) .23 66.5 (2.3) 66.3 (2.4) .48 66.7 (2.0) 66.4 (2.3) .33 N = obese (%) 108 (23.0) 32 (13.9) 76 (31.7) 60 (26.1) 48 (20.0) 22 (19.1) 10 (8.7) 38 (31.7) 38 (31.7) 1 2.00 1 .94 .67 1 .72 .12 1 1.18 .42 1.24–3.22 <.01 .71–1.25 .47–1.09 .79–1.78 1 2.58 <.001 1 .76 .22 1 .38 .02 1 1.09 .78 Total Gender Men Women P value SNSS Men Women Low status High status P value Low SSNS High SSNS P value Low SSNS High SSNS P value 3. Results ∗ odds ratio, adjusted for age, personal educational level, and personal income level. Deletion of cases with no data on postal code and/or neighbourhood SES (n = 2) and income (n = 25) left a ﬁnal sample of 470 participants (230 men and 240 women). Mean age was 66.5 years (SD = 2.3: range 63–70 years), and mean BMI was 27.5 (SD = 4.1) (Table 1). Men had signiﬁcantly lower BMI (26.8 versus 28.1) than women. Non-signiﬁcant diﬀerences in BMI were found between low and high SES neighbourhood residents. Men cycled signiﬁcantly more (15.4 (range 0–107.1) versus 11.0 (range 0–102.9) minutes per day) than women. In total, 88.6% of the population engaged in any cycling (88.5% males; 88.7% females). In low SES neighbourhoods, signiﬁcantly more crimes (29.8 versus 14.7) were reported compared to high SES neighbourhoods. Men residing in these high SES neighbourhoods cycled signiﬁcantly more (18.5 versus 12.4 minutes per day) than men residing in low SES neighbourhoods. Table 2 shows that women were signiﬁcantly more likely to be obese than men (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.60– 4.16). Neighbourhood SES was not signiﬁcantly associated with obesity (OR = .76, 95% CI = .48–1.18), but gender- stratiﬁed analyses revealed that men living in a high SES neighbourhood were less likely to be obese (OR =.38, 95% CI = .17–.85) than men living in a low SES neighbourhood. A nonsigniﬁcant association was found between neighbour- hood SES and obesity among women (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = .62–1.90). Table 3 shows the results of the regression analyses. More cycling was found to be associated with lower BMI among men (ß = −.290, P = .002) and women (ß = −.184, P = .050) living in low SES neighbourhoods. Among men residing in low SES neighbourhoods, higher crime rates were signiﬁcantly associated with higher BMI (ß = .333, P < .001). Higher crime rates were signiﬁcantly associated with less cycling in both men (ß = −.242, P = .011) and women (ß = −.193, P = .041) residing in low SES neighbourhoods. 4. Discussion The purpose of the present study was to investigate associa- tions between crime rates, cycling, and weight status among Dutch elderly living in low and high SES neighbourhoods. In line with an earlier study in The Netherlands [45], our results showed that more cycling was associated with lower BMI, especially among residents of low SES neighbourhoods. Replicating earlier results [46, 47], our ﬁndings further showed that residents of low SES neighbourhoods cycled less than residents of high SES neighbourhoods, especially among men. In line with earlier ﬁndings [48], men cycled more than women. One possible explanation for this gender diﬀerence in our study may be that lifestyle changes in the elderly have a stronger eﬀect on men than on women, for instance because of retirement of formerly active jobs [45, 48]. Higher crime rates were associated with less cycling, especially among residents of low SES neighbourhoods. This result underlines the conclusion of the review by Foster and Giles-Corti [29] regarding the potential physical activity restraining inﬂuence of neighbourhood crime among older populations, and it adds the speciﬁc transportation mode of cycling to the evidence base. An interesting pattern emerged from our analyses. Men living in low SES neigh- bourhoods had an almost threefold increased chance of being obese when compared with men living in high SES neighbourhoods. Furthermore, they cycled on average about 45 minutes per week less than men living in high SES