International Journal of Hypertension values (systolic/diastolic blood pressure <120/80 mmHg) to reduce the risk of developing hypertension. Lifestyle modiﬁcations were the main treatment recommended by JNC-7 guidelines for the prehypertension patients. The lifestyle modiﬁcations included (1) Lose weight, maintain normal body weight, keep body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2. (2) Adopt DASH eating plan, consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products with a reduced content of saturated and total fat. (3) Adopt dietary sodium reduction and reduce dietary sodium intake no more than 100 mmol per day (2.4 g sodium or 6 g sodium chloride). (4) Promote physical activity. (5) Attempt moderation of alcohol. 3.3. Dietary Approaches. It is known that obesity, sodium intake, and alcohol consumption factors inﬂuence blood pressure. The DASH diet is recommended by physicians for people with hypertension (high blood pressure) or prehypertension. The DASH diet eating plan has been proven to lower blood pressure in studies sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension). In addition to being a low-salt (or low- sodium) plan, the DASH diet provides additional beneﬁts to reduce blood pressure. It is based on an eating plan rich in fruits and vegetables, and low-fat or nonfat dairy. DASH dietary pattern is rich in potassium (from fruits and vegetables) and calcium (from dairy), low in total and saturated fat, and contains limited amounts of meats and sweets [28]. Compared with a typical American control diet, the DASH dietary pattern reduced SBP by 5.5 mmHg and DBP by 3.0 mmHg overall. In the participants with prehypertension, corresponding reductions were 3.5 mmHg and 2.1 mmHg. It was also found that the reduction of sodium intake levels below the current recommendation of 100 mmol per day and the DASH diet both lower blood pressure substantially, with greater eﬀects in combination than singly. Long-term health beneﬁts will depend on the ability of people to make long-lasting dietary changes and the increased availability of lower-sodium foods [29]. 3.4. Weight Reduction. Increased body weight is a strong risk factor for prehypertension and weight loss is important for the prevention and treatment of prehypertension and hypertension. A lot of clinical trial data document the signiﬁcant BP-lowering eﬀect of weight loss. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials included twenty-ﬁve ran- domized, controlled trials (comprising 34 strata) published between 1966 and 2002 with a total of 4874 participants was performed to estimate the eﬀect of weight reduction on blood pressure overall and in population subgroups in 2003. Blood pressure reductions were −1.05 mmHg (95% CI, −1.43 to −0.66) systolic and −0.92 mmHg (95% CI, −1.28 to −0.55) diastolic when expressed per kilogram of weight loss in this study. It was found that physical exercise with weight reduction reduced blood pressure, decreased cardiovascular risks, and improved abnormal left ventricular relaxation recently [31]. 3 3.5. Salt Intake Reduction. Many surveys reveal the consistent correlation between sodium intake and BP. Numerous trials show that the limit of sodium intake leads to reductions in BP [32, 33]. A long-term followup assessed 10–15 years after the original trial at 10 clinic sites in 1987–90 (TOHP I) and nine sites in 1990–5 (TOHP II) showed the remote eﬀects of dietary sodium reduction for 18 months (TOHP I) or for 36– 48 months (TOHP II) on risk of cardiovascular disease. Risk of a cardiovascular event was 25% lower among those in the intervention group compared with the matched group after adjusted for trial, clinic, age, race, and sex, and 30% lower after further adjustment for baseline sodium excretion and weight [34]. The study demonstrated that sodium reduction could reduce long-term risk of cardiovascular events in patients with prehypertension. However, it is diﬃcult to maintain the reduction of sodium intake in the general public. 3.6. Physical Activity. The correlation between habitual phys- ical activity and the development of hypertension have been found in numerous studies. A meta-analysis demonstrated the studies published and indexed between January 1966 and December 1998 concluded that progressive resistance exercise was eﬃcacious for reducing resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults [35]. Another Meta- analysis of randomized, controlled trials evaluated the eﬀect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure. In the random-eﬀect model, it was found that aerobic exercise was associated with a signiﬁcant reduction in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure 3.84 mmHg and 2.58 mmHg, respectively [36]. A study evaluated appropriate type and frequency of physical activity for the beneﬁcial eﬀect on blood pressure among Japanese male workers. There was a progressive reduction in the hazards ratios of hypertension with increasing total daily activity (hazards ratio of 0.65 in subjects who walked >8000 steps/day versus <4000 steps/day). Subjects who exercised >3 times/week also showed a signiﬁcantly lower risk (0.35) of developing hypertension versus those who exercised <3 times/week. In addition, accumulating intermittent bouts of physical activity, as short as 10 min, total 30 min walk sessions may reduce systolic BP in prehypertension. 3.7. Moderation of Alcohol. The recommendation of JNC- 7 suggested that the limit consumption to no more than 2 drinks (1 oz or 30 mL ethanol; e.g., 24 oz beer, 10 oz wine, or 3 oz 80-proof whiskey) per day in most men and to no more than 1 drink per day in women and lighter weight persons. The regular consumption of alcohol elevates blood pressure and the global estimates showed that the attributable risk for hypertensive disease from alcohol was 16%. The increase of blood pressure is approximately 1 mmHg for each 10 g alcohol consumed and is largely reversible within 2–4 weeks of abstinence or a substantial reduction in alcohol intake, and this increase of blood pressure occurs irrespective of the type of alcoholic beverage. Maximum cardiovascular beneﬁt occurs at relatively low levels of consumption (i.e., one to two standard drinks a day in men (10–20 g alcohol) and up to