International Journal of Pediatrics it appears to be rational that the reﬂex is unable to be elicited during feeding. Thus, the hierarchical interrelations among the primitive reﬂexes observed in human newborns seem to be indispensable for monkey newborns for their essential behavior such as feeding, moving, and preventing a fall, although the interrelations have not been fully elucidated in monkey infants. Based on the ﬁndings already mentioned in this paper, the Moro reﬂex in the young monkey would be elicited when the vestibular system is stimulated with abrupt tilting of the body or head while it is being passively held by its mother without active clinging caused by the palmar grasp reﬂex. In this situation, the mother would notice her baby was oﬀ balance from its exaggerated reﬂex movement, and she would immediately try to seize the baby to prevent a fall. It might be possible to assume that the Moro reﬂex in monkey neonates plays a role in such interaction between mother and child for protection against a fall. To clarify the meaning of the Moro reﬂex, it appears necessary to determine in monkeys in what situation the reﬂex is elicited and how the response works in the mother and child. 5. Conclusions The palmar grasp reﬂex in infants has diagnostic signiﬁcance. The absence or a weak response of the reﬂex during early infancy may reﬂect peripheral nerve or spinal cord involvement or may predict the development of athetoid type CP, whereas the response may be hyperactive in children with spasticity in their upper limbs. The plantar grasp reﬂex is also of high clinical signiﬁcance, especially in terms of the detection of spasticity. No reﬂex, or a diminished one, during early infancy is often a sensitive predictor of the development of spastic CP. The grasp reﬂex of the hands and feet is mediated by the spinal reﬂex mechanism, which, however, appears to be under regulatory control of nonprimary motor areas through the spinal interneurons. The absence of the Moro reﬂex during the neonatal period and early infancy is highly diagnostic, indicating a variety of compromised conditions. The center of the reﬂex is probably in the lower region of the pons to the medulla. The grasp reﬂex of the hands and feet in human infants could be regarded as a rudiment of phylogenetic function, whereas the phylogenetic meaning of the Moro reﬂex remains unclear. The hierarchical interrelations among the primitive reﬂexes seem to be essen- tial for monkey newborns for their arboreal life, although it has not been fully elucidated. The possible role of the Moro reﬂex in these newborns was discussed in relation to the interrelations. References [1] M. C. Allen and A. J. 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