Lu et al. toxicity, such as the OP pesticides. Regardless, the findings from this study could be used for the basis of future regulatory decisions in terms of implementing a routine pesticide residue monitoring program within the PDP focusing on food items that are commonly consumed by children and on pesticides that are routinely detected in those foods. These data, along with seasonal consumption patterns, would be very useful in dietary pesticide risk assessment. In addition, the findings from this study, along with other reports (e.g., EWG’s Shopper’s Guide), could be used by parents and caregiv- ers who want to keep nutritional foods in their children’s diets but avoid the intake of pesti- cide residues in the high-pesticide-risk items. Conclusions The CPES is among the first to assess young urban/suburban children’s dietary pesticide exposures using the duplicate diet sampling methodology. We found that 44 of 239 (19%) 24-hr duplicate food samples contained at least one pesticide, and among the 44 food samples with detectable pesticide residue, 12 of them (27%) contained more than one pesticide. Although CPES pesticide residue levels were within the ranges of PDP data for correspond- ing years, there were a few exceptions in which the residue levels exceeded the highest values reported by PDP. We found that many of the food items consumed by the CPES children were also on the list of the most contaminated food commodities reported by the EWG. The observed seasonal and geographical differences in the type of pesticides and residues found in commonly consumed food items will affect dietary exposure and risk assessments and should be taken into account in risk assess- ments. 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