88 three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. J Abnorm Psychol 108:120–133 Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Stoll M, Stock C, Obradovic M et al (2005) Psychological effects of (S)-ketamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT): a double-blind, cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry 38:301–311 Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Stoll M, Stock C, Daumann J et al (2006) Inhibition of return in the human 5HT2A agonist and NMDA antagonist model of psychosis. Neuro- psychopharmacology 31:431–441 Heekeren K, Neukirch A, Daumann J, Stoll M, Obradovic M, Kovar KA et al (2007) Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex and its attentional modulation in the human S-ketamine and N,N- dimethyltryptamine (DMT) models of psychosis. J Psychopharm 21:312–320 Javitt DC, Steinschneider M, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC (1996) Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11962–11967 Javitt DC, Shelley AM, Silipo G, Lieberman JA (2000) Deficits in auditory and visual context-dependent processing in schizophrenia: defining the pattern. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1131–1137 Juckel G, Gallinat J, Riedel M, Sokullu S, Schulz C, Möller HJ, Müller N, Hegerl U (2003) Serotonergic dysfunction in schizo- phrenia assessed by the loudness dependence measure of primary auditory cortex evoked activity. Schizophr Res 64:115–124 Kahkonen S, Makinen V, Jaaskelainen IP, Pennanen S, Liesivuori J, Ahveninen J (2005) Serotonergic modulation of mismatch negativity. Psychiatry Res 138:61–74 Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Rosburg T, Meier T, Volz HP, Nowak H, Sauer H (1999) Impaired sensory processing in male patients with schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalographic study of auditory mismatch detection. Schizophr Res 35:121–129 Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Rosburg T, Demme U, Gaser E, Nowak H, Sauer H (2001) Effect of ketamine on the neuromagnetic mismatch field in healthy humans. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 12:109–116 Leung S, Croft RJ, Baldeweg T, Nathan PJ (2007) Acute dopamine D (1) and D (2) receptor stimulation does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology 194:443–451 Light GA, Braff DL (2005a) Stability of mismatch negativity deficits and their relationship to functional impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 162:1741–1743 Light GA, Braff DL (2005b) Mismatch negativity deficits are associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:127–136 Michie PT, Budd TW, Todd J, Rock D, Wichmann H, Box J et al (2000) Duration and frequency mismatch negativity in schizo- phrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 111:1054–1065 Naatanen R (1995) The mismatch negativity: a powerful tool for cognitive neuroscience. Ear Hear 16:6–18 Naatanen R, Tervaniemi M, Sussman E, Paavilainen P, Winkler I (2001) “Primitive intelligence” in the auditory cortex. Trends Neurosci 24:283–288 Naatanen R, Paavilainen P, Rinne T, Alho K (2007) The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 118:2544–2590 Oranje B, van Berckel BN, Kemner C, van Ree JM, Kahn RS, Verbaten MN (2000) The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:293–302 Pekkonen E, Katila H, Ahveninen J, Karhu J, Huotilainen M, Tiihonen J (2002) Impaired temporal lobe processing of Psychopharmacology (2008) 199:77–88 preattentive auditory discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 28:467–474 Pfefferbaum A, Ford JM, White PM, Roth WT (1989) P3 in schizophrenia is affected by stimulus modality, response require- ments, medication status, and negative symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:1035–1044 Picton TW, Alain C, Otten L, Ritter W, Achim A (2000) Mismatch negativity: different water in the same river. Audiol Neurootol 5:111–139 Rinne T, Alho K, Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Naatanen R (2000) Separate time behaviors of the temporal and frontal mismatch negativity sources. Neuroimage 12:14–19 Ritter W, Deacon D, Gomes H, Javitt DC, Vaughan HG Jr (1995) The mismatch negativity of event-related potentials as a probe of transient auditory memory: a review. Ear Hear 16:52–67 Rosburg T, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Sauer H (2004) [Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia research. An indicator of early processing disorders of acoustic information]. Nervenarzt 75:633–641 Salisbury DF, Shenton ME, Griggs CB, Bonner-Jackson A, McCarley RW (2002) Mismatch negativity in chronic schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:686–694 Tiitinen H, Alho K, Huotilainen M, Ilmoniemi RJ, Simola J, Naatanen R (1993) Tonotopic auditory cortex and the magnetoencephalo- graphic (MEG) equivalent of the mismatch negativity. Psycho- physiology 30:537–540 Todd J, Michie PT, Schall U, Karayanidis F, Yabe H, Naatanen R (2008) Deviant matters: duration, frequency, and intensity deviants reveal different patterns of mismatch negativity reduc- tion in early and late schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 63:58–64 Umbricht D, Krljes S (2005) Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 76:1–23 Umbricht D, Schmid L, Koller R, Vollenweider FX, Hell D, Javitt DC (2000) Ketamine-induced deficits in auditory and visual context- dependent processing in healthy volunteers: implications for models of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:1139–1147 Umbricht D, Koller R, Schmid L, Skrabo A, Grubel C, Huber T et al (2003a) How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry 53:1120–1131 Umbricht D, Vollenweider FX, Schmid L, Grubel C, Skrabo A, Huber T et al (2003b) Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:170– 181 Umbricht DS, Bates JA, Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Javitt DC (2006) Electrophysiological indices of automatic and controlled auditory information processing in first-episode, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 59:762–772 Vollenweider FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen MF, Babler A, Vogel H, Hell D (1998) Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport 9: 3897–3902 Waberski TD, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Kawohl W, Darvas F, Ryang Y, Gobbele R et al (2001) Spatio-temporal source imaging reveals subcomponents of the human auditory mismatch nega- tivity in the cingulum and right inferior temporal gyrus. Neurosci Lett 308:107–110 Winterer G, Egan MF, Raedler T, Sanchez C, Jones DW, Coppola R, Weinberger DR (2003) P300 and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:1158–1167