Cardiology Research and Practice 5 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 Angiotensinogen CCCaaThtteeoyppmnssiiiannnseDG aNnosgynlos-ttreeemnnsiinn Renin Angiotensin-1 AcSDKP (+) ACE (−) Ang-II Ang-III AT 1 Rec AT 2 Rec Proliferating eﬀects Anti-proliferating eﬀects Peripheral blood Haematopoietic stem cell AT 1 Endothelium Cardiac ﬁbroblast Increased Ang II Increased AT 1 Increased ACE AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 HSC AT 1 Cellular growth and diﬀerentation AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 AT 1 Ang II AT 1 AT 1 Ang II Myocyte Angiogenesis Ischemic myocardium Figure 1: Possible functions of hematopoietic stem cells in the vasculature and cardiac microenvironment, suggesting the interrelationships of local bone marrow renin-angiotensin system (RAS), circulating RAS, and local myocardial RAS. the idea that proatherogenic properties of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic progenitors are determined by the local actions of modiﬁed LDL on the expression of local RAS genes [117]. Fukuda and Sata successfully demonstrated that BM- derived cells signiﬁcantly contribute to the development of atherosclerotic lesions [21, 26, 119]. Although Ang II is supposed to promote contribution of BM-derived cells to atherosclerosis by enhancing their mobilization, recruitment, diﬀerentiation, and proliferation, Fukuda and Sata performed an experiment for to evaluate the potential participation of AT1aR in BM in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. They generated several combinations of BM chimeric mice in a murine model of hyperlipidemia and