936 When I close my eyes, I see complex abstract patterns Size, depth, or shape of my surroundings seems changed Feelings of unreality The passing of time seems changed Insightful Good Drug Any Drug Stimulated Some events, objects, or other people have new meanings for me Difficulty controlling thoughts Confused Familiar things seem unfamiliar When I close my eyes, I see places or landscapes When I close my eyes, I see objects or non-living things Closeness to others When I close my eyes, I see animals, people, or beings Intoxication My body or body parts seem changed Nervous Lethargy Suspicious feelings that others might be against me Drunken Headache Bad Drug Nausea Psychopharmacology (2011) 214:933–939 Placebo 4000 µg Typical Experience 0 20 40 60 80 Fig. 1 Four milligrams of salvinorin A had minimal subjective effects: each point indicates the mean VAS score for peak effects after 4 mg dose (circle), peak effects after placebo (square), and “typical” experience (diamond) 1995), or acetone (Ott 1995; Zhah 2009). SA may have greater bioavailability in certain solvents. However, two prior reports using acetone gave conflicting results, sug- gesting that choice of vehicle does not fully account for the discrepancy. DMSO, ethanol, and acetone are all irritants, making controlled trials using these solvents difficult. There are many reports of psychoactivity when SD is taken by chewing the leaves or holding an infusion or tincture in the mouth (Ott 1995; Siebert 1994). Similarly, in early animal studies, crude SD extracts showed higher potency than pure SA. However, no other active constituent has been isolated from SD (Munro 2006), suggesting that other compounds in SD may enhance the absorption of SA. A similar effect occurs with the isoflavone daidzin, whose bioavailability is enhanced tenfold in a crude plant extract (Keung et al. 1996). Thus, future work might test SD tinctures containing standardized levels of SA rather than the pure compound. Table 1 Urine and plasma salvinorin levels (ng/mL) Subject Age Gender Dose (μg) Dash indicates not determined. Blank cells indicate values <0.5 ng/mL 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 24 24 39 30 24 21 45 24 40 M M M M M M M M F F 1,000 1,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 Plasma SA 0.338 0.52 0.672 SB 0.921 Urine SA – – 0.119 SB 0.665 0.484 – – 1.214 0.295 0.57 0.874