Rehabilitation Research and Practice tracked and reported to Department of Defense Executive Agent’s Joint Trauma analysis and Prevention of Injury in Combat (JTAPIC) program oﬃce. Additionally, there are currently speciﬁc teams in the deployed environment, Con- cussion Care Centers that assess and treat traumatic brain injuries. 5. Treatment in CONUS Once a TBI occurs, rehabilitation begins, whether on the battleﬁeld or in the Continental United States (CONUS). The symptoms of most mild TBIs will resolve with rest shortly after the injury (typically 48 hours to 3 months). However, if symptoms do not resolve with rest in 10–14 days or if the service member has had multiple concussions, they are evacuated to a higher level of in-theater care [16] to be evaluated by a specialized TBI medical unit. If their symp- toms are severe, they can be med-evaced out of theater and admitted to an Acute Care Unit at a military treatment facil- ity (MTF) for medical stabilization and to begin undergo- ing assessments by psychiatry, neurology, neuropsychology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language pathology [17]. As patients improve, they transition to acute inpatient rehabilitation [17] with a goal to “set the stage for optimal community reintegration post discharge and to restore func- tional independence” (Page 185). Many individuals with TBIs will make eﬀective recoveries during acute rehabilita- tion programs. Those that do not may be referred to tran- sitional rehabilitation programs with a goal of community reintegration or a return to the least restrictive environment. Transitional rehabilitation programs may be residential, community-based day treatment as part of a larger medical system, or a home-based model. The U.S. Department of Veterans Aﬀairs has designed a polytrauma system of care (PSC) to oﬀer specialized rehabil- itation to veterans in areas closer to their home than most major military treatment centers [17]. There are four poly- trauma rehabilitation centers (PRCs), spread across the USA (Minnesota, California, Virginia, and Florida) with a goal of acting as a hub for acute medical and rehabilitation care, along with research and education in the ﬁelds of polytrauma and TBI. The Defense Centers of Excellence (DCoE) houses the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC). DVBIC brings together the DoD, VA, and civilian providers to assess and treat TBIs, provide education, and conduct clinical re- search. In addition to active duty military members and vet- erans, DVBIC also provides care to military beneﬁciaries who have sustained a TBI. DVBIC is comprised of 19 centers including MTFs, VAMCs, and two civilian TBI community reentry partners spread across the USA and in Germany. 6. Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder One of the complicating factors in recovery from concussion that is seen in the military population that is typically not 3 seen in athletes is that of psychosocial stressors. These in- clude sleep deprivation or alternated sleep schedules and mental health concerns, including acute stress disorder and at times posttraumatic stress disorder. When working with returning veterans, it is important for providers to be able to determine whether an individual has a mild TBI that has not resolved which is referred to as Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS)/Postconcussion Disorder (PCD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)/posttraumatic spectrum disorder, or both. While symptom management is key, knowing the root cause of a symptom such as irritability, can direct treatment that targets the root cause and improves the eﬃciency of the recovery process. While most mild TBI symptoms resolve within 1–3 months of the event, in rare cases symptoms may persist longer. When the neuropsychological symptoms last beyond the initial 1–3 month time period, PCS is diagnosed. Common symptoms of PCS are diﬃculty with memory, changes in mood, problems paying attention and concen- trating, decreased energy, and mental slowness. Despite ad- vances in our understanding of mTBI, it is still unclear why some individuals recover faster than others after a mild TBI. Undoubtedly, recovery is a multifactorial process based upon age, gender, genetic predisposition, premorbid neurocogni- tive abilities, severity of injury, number of previous con- cussions, substance abuse history, sleep disturbances, pain, depression, and psychosocial supports to name a few. The sequelae of an mTBI are varied and have far reaching implications for the individual if not clinically ad- dressed. Feelings of loss and reduced functioning may lead to depression, in conjunction with having ecological impacts, such as relationship issues and decreased work performance. Untreated depression and other psychiatric conditions that can be comorbid with mTBI not only impede psychosocial functioning but also reduce the amenability to treatment [18]. The increased propensity for an individual to expe- rience psychiatric symptoms with mTBI requires treatment methodologies which address both the neurologic and emo- tional injury. Because of the variability of neurologic and emotional injury manifestations, standard approaches to treatment have proven ineﬀective in many cases. As seen with treating depression, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also been helpful in ameliorating anxiety spectrum disorders such as Obsessive Compulsive (OCD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). Williams and Evans [19] postulated that anxiety spectrum disorders can be just as debilitating as depression and if left untreated often result in reduced quality of life and maladaptive coping mechanisms. Until recently, there has been a scarcity of re- search evaluating the treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders related to mTBI [18]. The ﬁrst line of therapy to help remediate depression and anxiety symptoms during the course of neurorehabilitation has been behavioral therapy (BT) [18]. As a result of an mTBI, often maladaptive behaviors emerge in those who have prolonged impairments. Schlund and Pace [20] suggest that BT has been eﬀective enhancing social skills and cognitive rehabilitation. Treatment protocols for CBT have been modiﬁed to apply to those less capable of participating in traditional CBT approaches for psychiatric conditions [19]. More often than