Table 1: Association of diﬀerent risk factors to skin test positivity at ≥2 mm cut-oﬀ point for small ruminant tuberculosis in Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia. Number of animals examined Number of positive (%) 4 Variables Districts Chifra Dubti Afambo Amibara Species Ovine Caprine Herd size ≤25 11 < X ≤ 50 >50 Sex Male Female Age# ≤2 2 < X < 5 X ≥ 5 BCS Poor Good Fat Production system Pastoral Agropastoral Lactation status Kid/lamb Lactating Nonlactating Reproductive status Nonpregnant Pregnant Parity number <2 2 ≤ X < 4 X ≥ 4 396 237 117 1481 347 1884 617 851 763 206 2025 594 779 858 376 1116 739 2051 180 57 760 354 857 314 260 304 324 20 (5.05) 22 (9.28) 5 (4.27) 39 (2.63) 5 (1.44) 81 (4.3) 32 (5.19) 32 (3.76) 22 (2.88) 11 (5.34) 75 (3.70) 18 (3.03) 36 (4.62) 32 (3.73) 13 (3.46) 48 (4.30) 25 (3.38) 80 (3.90) 6 (3.33) 2 (3.51) 19 (2.50) 13 (3.67) 19 (2.22) 15 (4.78) 10 (3.85) 13 (4.28) 5 (1.54) Veterinary Medicine International χ2 26.385 6.460 4.915 1.351 2.361 1.204 0.144 1.255 5.342 4.415 P value 0.000∗ 0.011∗ 0.086 0.245 0.307 0.548 0.705 0.534 0.021∗ 0.110 #A given age range includes its lower bound and excludes its upper bound; BCS: body condition score; ∗statistically signiﬁcant. one of the isolates was human type Mycobacterium tuber- culosis (SIT149) from goat specimen (Figure 2), and the others were nontuberculosis mycobacteria species. The goat with SIT149 isolate was strong reactor to bovine tuberculin test with high skin induration diﬀerence (PPD-B minus PPD-A = 10 mm), and the postmortem examination result showed typical tuberculin lesions in lung, bronchial lymph nodes, caudal mediastinal lymph node, and also on mesen- teric lymph nodes while goats from which nontuberculosis mycobacteria species were isolated have showed indurations of skin at both avium and bovine tuberculin injection site. In addition, the pathological lesions observed in postmortem examination were localized in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes. 4. Discussion Little information is available on TB in small ruminants in Ethiopia even though bovine TB is known to be endemic in cattle of Ethiopia [34]. In this study, a prevalence of 0.5% at ≥4 mm cut-oﬀ and 3.8% at ≥2 mm cut-oﬀ point was recorded in small ruminants in four districts of Afar Pastoral