Int J Colorectal Dis (2008) 23:305–317 22. Wong MH, Stappenbeck TS, Gordon JI (1999) Living and commuting in intestinal crypts. Gastroenterology 116:208–210 23. Que FG, Gores GJ (1996) Cell death by apoptosis: basic concepts and disease relevance for the gastroenterologist. Gastroenterology 110:1238–1243 24. Bocker U, Schottelius A, Watson JM, Holt L, Licato LL, Brenner DA, Sartor RB, Jobin C (2000) Cellular differentiation causes a selective down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-1beta-mediated NF- kappaB activation and IL-8 gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 275:12207–12213 25. Raddatz D, Bockemuhl M, Ramadori G (2005) Quantitative measurement of cytokine mRNA in inflammatory bowel disease: relation to clinical and endoscopic activity and outcome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:547–557 26. Majumder S, Zhou LZ, Chaturvedi P, Babcock G, Aras S, Ranshoff RM (1998) p48/STAT-1a -containing complexes play a predominant role in induction of IFN-g-inducible protein, 10 kDa (IP-10) by IFN-g alone or in synergy with TNF-a. J Immunol 161:4736–4744 27. Warhurst AC, Hopkins SJ, Warhurst G (1998) Interferon gamma induces differential upregulation of alpha and beta chemokine secretion in colonic epithelial cell lines. Gut 42:208–213 28. Rogler G, Andus T (1998) Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Surg 22:382–389 29. Saura M, Zaragoza C, Bao C, McMillan A, Lowenstein CJ (1999) Interaction of Interferon Regulatory Factor -1 and Nuclear Factor kB during activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase transcrip- tion. J Mol Biol 289:459–471 30. Ito R, Shin-ya M, Kishida T, Urano A, Takada R, Sakagami J, Imanishi J, Kita M, Ueda Y, Iwakura Y, Kataoka K, Okanoue T, Mazda O (2006) Interferon-gamma is causatively involved in experimental inflammatory bowel disease in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 146:330–338 31. Hyun JG, Lee G, Brown JB, Grimm GR, Tang Y, Mittal N, Dirisina R, Zhang Z, Fryer JP, Weinstock JV, Luster AD, Barrett T (2005) Anti-interferon-inducible chemokine, CXCL10, Reduces colitis by impairing T Helper-1 induction and recruitment in mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 11:799–805 32. Zipin-Roitman A, Meshel T, Sagi-Assif O, Shalmon B, Avivi C, Pfeffer RM, Witz IP, Ben-Baruch A (2007) CXCL10 promotes invasion-related properties in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 67:3396–3405 33. Kanda N, Watanabe S (2002) Substance P enhances the production of interferon-induced protein of 10 kDa by human keratinocytes in synergy with interferon-gamma. J Invest Derma- tol 119:1290–1297 34. Hardaker EL, Bacon AM, Carlson K, Roshak AK, Foley JJ, Schmidt DB, Buckley PT, Comegys M, Panettieri RA Jr., Sarau HM, Belmonte KE (2004) Regulation of TNF-alpha- and IFN- gamma-induced CXCL10 expression: participation of the airway smooth muscle in the pulmonary inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Faseb J 18:191–193 317 35. Ohmori Y, Schreiber RD, Hamilton TA (1997) Synergy between Interferon-g and tumor necrosis factor-a in transcriptional activa- tion is mediated by cooperation between signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and nuclear factor kB. J Biol Chem 272:14899–14907 36. Lee A, Hong J, Seo Y (2000) Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and Interferon gamma synergistically activates the RANTES promoter through nuclear factor kappa B and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) transcription factors. Biochem J 350:131–138 37. Pine R (1997) Convergence of TNFa and IFNg signalling pathways through synergistic induction of IRF-1/ISGF-2 is mediated by a composite GAS/kB element. Nucleic acid res 25:4346–4354 38. Czech W, Krutmann J, Budnik A, Schopf E, Kapp A (1993) Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expres- sion in normal human eosinophils by inflammatory cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 100:417–423 39. Takami Y, Motoki T, Yamamoto I, Gohda E (2005) Synergistic induction of hepatocyte growth factor in human skin fibroblasts by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and interferon- [gamma]. Molec Cell Biol Res Commun 327:212–217 40. Elewaut D, DiDonato JA, Kim JM, Truong F, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF (1999) NF-kappa B is a central regulator of the intestinal epithelial cell innate immune response induced by infection with enteroinvasive bacteria. J Immunol 163:1457–1466 41. Kim JM, Cho SJ, Oh YK, Jung HY, Kim YJ, Kim N (2002) Nuclear factor-kappa B activation pathway in intestinal epithelial cells is a major regulator of chemokine gene expression and neutrophil migration induced by Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin. Clin Exp Immunol 130:59–66 42. Kim JA, Kim DK, Jin T, Kang OH, Choi YA, Choi SC, Kim TH, Nah YH, Choi SJ, Kim YH, Bae KH, Lee YM (2004) Acanthoic acid inhibits IL-8 production via MAPKs and NF-kappaB in a TNF-alpha-stimulated human intestinal epithelial cell line. Clin Chim Acta 342:193–202 43. Vallee S, Laforest S, Fouchier F, Montero MP, Penel C, Champion S (2004) Cytokine-induced upregulation of NF-kappaB, IL-8, and ICAM-1 is dependent on colonic cell polarity: implication for PKCdelta. Exp Cell Res 297:165–185 44. Pietila TE, Veckman V, Lehtonen A, Lin R, Hiscott J, Julkunen I (2007) Multiple NF-kB and IFN regulatory factor family transcription factors regulate CCL19 gene expression in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol 178:253–261 45. Hiroi M, Ohmori Y (2003) Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required to elicit interferon-gamma-induced expression of chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) and CXCL10 in human tumour cell lines. Biochem J 376:393–402 46. Schlottmann K, Wachs FP, Grossmann J, Vogl D, Maendel M, Falk W, Scholmerich J, Andus T, Rogler G (2004) Interferon gamma downregulates IL-8 production in primary human colonic epithelial cells without induction of apoptosis. Int J Colorectal Dis 19:421–429