Singh et al national and world development reports (Singh et al 1997a, 1997b; Yusuf et al 2001a, 2001b; WHO 2002; Kesteloot 2003; Sachs 2004; INTERHEART 2006). Other experts (Yusuf et al 2001a, 2001b; WHO 2002; Sachs 2004; INTERHEART 2006) also indicate that in the heavily populated countries of China and India, that account for more than a third of the world’s population, CVD and cancers dominate the death toll, with millions of deaths per year attributable to these causes in each country. In Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East crescent, heart disease also contributes greatly to mortality (Yusuf et al 2001a, 2001b; WHO 2002; Sachs 2004; Shah 2005; INTERHEART 2006). Psychosocial factors, diet, tobacco, and sedentary behavior appear to be important causes of death due to circulatory diseases and cancers in both developed and developing countries. These populations need to learn the methods of prevention for which WHO and the International College of Cardiology are working hard independently. Estimated and projected mortality rates per 100,000 for India’s population by the WHO indicate that in the year 2000, all causes of deaths should be 876 in men and 790 in women which should decrease to 846 in men and 745 in women by the year 2015. Circulatory disease were estimated to be 253 in men and 204 in women in the year 2000, and to increase to 295 in men and 239 in women by the year 2015. Similar increases in deaths due to neoplasms were estimated from the year 2000 to 2015; from 88 to 108 in men and from 74 to 91 in women, respectively (Yusuf et al 2001a, 2001b; WHO 2002; Sachs 2004; Shah 2005; INTERHEART 2006). These estimates cannot be applied to our small population sample in this study. The large mortality in percentage due to other causes is partly due to the relatively young age of the sample. Noninfectious diseases predominate at ages above 60 years, but many die early due to tobacco (Balarajan 1991; Hahn 1992; Jha et al 1993; Yusuf et al 2001a, 2001b; WHO 2002; Ma et al 2003; Sachs 2004; Mohan et al 2006). In our study, approximately 693 adult men and 418 women died in approximately one year, in this north Indian urban population (6.4 million) in the year 2000. The deaths due to circulatory diseases were 203 in men and 120 in women (not per 100,000, but total deaths) whereas deaths due to cancer were 38 in men and 27 in women, and due to chonic bronchitis and asthma were; 49 in men and 33 in women, in the year 2000. In brief, the ﬁndings of our study indicate that tobacco consumption was signiﬁcantly associated with deaths due to circulatory diseases, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and neoplasm in the urban population of north India. 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