International Journal of Pediatrics [60] P. A. Chouinard and T. Paus, “The primary motor and pre- motor areas of the human cerebral cortex,” The Neuroscientist, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 143–152, 2006. [61] E. Bizzi, M. C. Tresch, P. Saltiel, and A. D’Avella, “New perspectives on spinal motor systems,” Nature Reviews Neu- roscience, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 101–108, 2000. [62] K. Bobath, “A neurophysiological basis for the treatment of cerebral palsy,” Clinics in Developmental Medicine, vol. 75, pp. 11–32, 1980. [63] P. A. Blasco, “Primitive reﬂexes: their contribution to the early detection of cerebral palsy,” Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 388–397, 1994. [64] S. M. Haley, “Postural reactions in infants with Down syndrome: relationship to motor milestone development and age,” Physical Therapy, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 1986. [65] I. Lesny´ , “A more sensitive way of eliciting the Moro response by pinching the epigastrium,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 212–215, 1967. [66] J. E. Milligan, S. J. Feaster, G. R. Hogan, and L. L. Ourth, “Retention of habituation of the Moro response in the newborn,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 6–15, 1970. [67] D. Bartlett, M. Piper, N. Okun, P. Byrne, and Joe Watt, “Primitive reﬂexes and the determination of fetal presentation at birth,” Early Human Development, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 261– 273, 1997. [68] G. Pucher, R. Haidmayer, and T. Kenner, “Quantitative assess- ment of the Moro reﬂex: an attempt to identify infants at risk for SIDS?” Biomedizinische Technik, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 112–117, 1987. [69] D. I. Zafeiriou, I. G. Tsikoulas, G. M. Kremenopoulos, and E. E. Kontopoulos, “Moro reﬂex proﬁle in high-risk infants at the ﬁrst year of life,” Brain and Development, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 216–217, 1999. [70] M. Iiyama, T. Miyajima, and A. Hoshika, “Developmental change of Moro reﬂex studied with a three-dimensional motion analysis system,” No To Hattatsu, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 307–312, 2002. [71] J. Howard, A. H. Parmelee, C. B. Kopp, and B. Littman, “A neurologic comparison of pre-term and full-term infants at term conceptional age,” Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 995–1002, 1976. [72] D. Kurtzberg, H. G. Vaughan, and C. Daum et al., “Neurobe- havioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40 weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal fullterm infants,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 590–607, 1979. [73] M. Forslund and I. Bjerre, “Neurological assessment of preterm infants at term conceptional age in comparison with normal full-term infants,” Early Human Development, vol. 8, no. 3-4, pp. 195–208, 1983. [74] P. J. Marquis, N. A. Ruiz, M. S. Lundy, and R. G. Dil- lard, “Retention of primitive reﬂexes and delayed motor development in very low birth weight infants,” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 124– 126, 1984. [75] A. Majnemer, A. Brownstein, R. Kadanoﬀ, and M. I. Shevell, “A comparison of neurobehavioral performance of healthy term and low-risk preterm infants at term,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 417–424, 1992. 9 [76] T. Ishikawa, Y. Ogawa, M. Kanayama, and Y. Wada, “Long- term prognosis of asphyxiated full-term neonates with CNS complications,” Brain and Development, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 48– 53, 1987. [77] D. I. Zafeiriou, “Primitive reﬂexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination,” Pediatric Neurology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2004. [78] I. J. Chasnoﬀ and W. J. Burns, “The Moro reaction: a scoring system for neonatal narcotic withdrawal,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 484–489, 1984. [79] M. Tenenbein, O. G. Casiro, M. K. Seshia, and V. D. Debooy, “Neonatal withdrawal from maternal volatile sub- stance abuse,” Archives of Disease in Childhood, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. F204–F207, 1996. [80] H. E. Jones, C. Harrow, K. E. O’Grady, M. Crocetti, L. M. Jansson, and K. Kaltenbach, “Neonatal abstinence scores in opioid-exposed and nonexposed neonates: a blinded compari- son,” Journal of Opioid Management, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 409–413, 2010. [81] C. H. Reiners, A. K. Souid, M. Oliphant, and N. Newman, “Palpable spongy mass over the clavicle, an underutilized sign of clavicular fracture in the newborn,” Clinical Pediatrics, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 695–698, 2000. [82] L. Ro¨nnqvist, B. Hopkins, R. Van Emmerik, and L. De Groot, “Lateral biases in head turning and the Moro response in the human newborn: are they both vestibular in origin?” Developmental Psychobiology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 339–349, 1998. [83] Y. Futagi, J. Abe, K. Ohtani, and J. Tanaka, “Latency, duration and persistence of Fersen reﬂex in infants,” No To Hattatsu, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 198–202, 1985. [84] R. I. Braddom and E. W. Johnson, “Standardization of H reﬂex and diagnostic use in S1 radiculopathy,” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 161–166, 1974. [85] F. H. Bloomﬁeld, S. Dai, D. Perry, and S. Aftimos, “Isolated absence of the Moro reﬂex in a baby with CHARGE syndrome could reﬂect vestibular abnormalities,” Journal of Child Neu- rology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 561–563, 2008. [86] H. F. R. Prechtl, “Continuity of neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life,” Clinics in Developmental Medicine, vol. 94, pp. 1–15, 1984. [87] S. Hendry and S. Hsiao, “Somatosensory system,” in Funda- mental Neuroscience, L. Squire, D. Berg, F. Bloom, S. du Lac, A. Ghosh, and N. Spitzer, Eds., pp. 592–602, Academic Press, Burlington, Mass, USA, 3rd edition, 2008. [88] K. Grottel and D. Jakielska-Bukowska, “The reticulovestibular projection in the rabbit: an experimental study with the retro- grade horseradish peroxidase method,” Neuroscience Research, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 179–193, 1993. [89] R. J. Cowie, M. K. Smith, and D. L. Robinson, “Subcortical contributions to head movements in macaques. II. Connec- tions of a medial pontomedullary head-movement region,” Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 2665–2682, 1994. [90] J. Bench, Y. Collyer, C. Langford, and R. Toma, “A comparison between the neonatal sound-evoked startle response and the head-drop (Moro) reﬂex,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 308–317, 1972. [91] T. Weggemann, J. K. Brown, G. E. Fulford, and R. A. Minns, “A study of normal baby movements,” Child: Care, Health and Development, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 41–58, 1987. [92] L. Robinson, “Darwinism in the nursery,” Nineteenth Century, vol. 30, pp. 831–842, 1891.