Psychopharmacology (2012) 223:281–297 depression and chronic stress models. Mol Psychiatry; advance online publication, 16 November 2010. Antelman SM, Gershon S (1998) Clinical application of time- dependent sensitization to antidepressant therapy. Prog Neuro- psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 22:65–78 Antelman SM, Levine J, Gershon S (2000) Time-dependent sensitiza- tion: the odyssey of a scientific heresy from the laboratory to the door of the clinic. Mol Psychiatry 5:350–356 Bartlett JM (2002) Approaches to the analysis of gene expression using mRNA: a technical overview. Mol Biotechnol 21(2):149–160 Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate—a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 57:289–300 Berggard C, Damberg M, Oreland L (2003) Chronic citalopram treat- ment induces time-dependent changes in the expression and DNA-binding activity of transcription factor AP-2 in rat brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13:11–17 Bergstrom A, Jayatissa MN, Thykjaer T, Wiborg O (2007) Molecular pathways associated with stress resilience and drug resistance in the chronic mild stress rat model of depression—a gene expres- sion study. J Mol Neurosci 33:201–215 Boehm C, Newrzella D, Herberger S, Schramm N, Eisenhardt G, Schenk V, Sonntag-Buck V, Sorgenfrei O (2006) Effects of anti- depressant treatment on gene expression profile in mouse brain: cell type-specific transcription profiling using laser microdissec- tion and microarray analysis. J Neurochem 97:44–49 Brandt S (1997) Statistical and computational methods in data analysis. Springer, New York Carr GV, Bangasser DA, Bethea T, Young M, Valentino RJ, Lucki I (2010) Antidepressant-like effects of kappa-opioid receptor antago- nists in Wistar Kyoto rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:752–763 Castagné V, Moser P, Porsolt RD (2009) Behavioral assessment of antide- pressant activity in rodents. In: Buccafusco JJ (ed) Methods of behav- ior analysis in neuroscience, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL) Conti B, Maier R, Barr AM, Morale MC, Lu X, Sanna PP, Bilbe G, Hoyer D, Bartfai T (2007) Region-specific transcriptional changes follow- ing the three antidepressant treatments electro convulsive therapy, sleep deprivation and fluoxetine. Mol Psychiatry 12:167–189 Curran T, Gordon MB, Rubino KL, Sambucetti LC (1987) Isolation and characterization of c-fos (rat) cDNA and analysis of post- translational modification in vitro. Oncogene 2:79–84 de Foubert G, Carney SL, Robinson CS, Destexhe EJ, Tomlinson R, Hicks CA, Murray TK, Gaillard JP, Deville C, Xhenseval V, Thom- as CE, O'Neill MJ, Zetterström TS (2004) Fluoxetine-induced change in rat brain expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor varies depending on length of treatment. Neuroscience 128:597–604 Drigues N, Poltyrev T, Bejar C, Weinstock M, Youdim MBH (2003) cDNA gene expression profile of rat hippocampus after chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs. J Neural Transm 110:1413–1436 Du J, Quiroz J, Yuan PX, Zarate C, Manji HK (2004) Bipolar disorder: involvement of signaling cascades and AMPA receptor trafficking at synapses. Neuron Glia Biol 1:231–243 Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Dlaboga D, Pierzchala-Koziec K, Rogoz Z (2002) Effect of tianeptine and fluoxetine on the levels of Met- enkephalin and mRNA encoding proenkephalin in the rat. J Physiol Pharmacol 53:117–125 Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Papp M (1996) Effect of chronic mild stress and prolonged treatment with imipramine on the levels of endogenous Met-enkephalin in the rat dopaminergic mesolimbic system. Pol J Pharmacol 8:53–56 Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Rogoz Z (1997) Time-dependent effects of antidepressant drugs on the low dose of apomorphine-induced locomotor hypoactivity in rats. Pol J Pharmacol 49:337–343 Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Rogoz Z, Margas W, Dlaboga D, Goralska M (2001) Some behavioural effects of antidepressant drugs are time- dependent. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 25:373–393 295 Elhwuegi AS (2004) Central monoamines and their role in major depres- sion. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:435–451 Finnegan KT, Terwilliger MM, Berger PA, Hollister LE, Csernansky JG (1987) A comparison of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of clenbuterol and desipramine. Eur J Pharmacol 134(2):131–136 Frechilla D, Otano A, Del Rio J (1998) Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on transcription factor binding activity in rat hippocam- pus and frontal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychi- atry 22:787–802 Fujimaki K, Morinobu S, Duman RS (2000) Administration of a cAMP phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor enhances antidepressant- induction of BDNF mRNA in rat hippocampus. Neuropsycho- pharmacology 22(1):42–51 Hazel TG, Nathans D, Lau LF (1988) A gene inducible by serum growth factors encodes a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. PNAS 85(22):8444–8448 Hercher C, Turecki G, Mechawar N (2009) Through the looking glass: examining neuroanatomical evidence for cellular alterations in major depression. J Psychiatr Res 43:947–961 Holter NS, Mitra M, Maritan A, Cieplak M, Banavar JR, Fedoroff NV (2000) Fundamental patterns underlying gene expression profiles: simplicity from complexity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (15):8409–8414 Holter NS, Maritan A, Cieplak M, Fedoroff NV, Banavar JR (2001) Dynamic modeling of gene expression data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(4):1693–1698 Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA (2009) Systematic and inte- grative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc 4:44–57 Humphries A, Weller J, Klein D, Baler R, Carter DA (2004) NGFI-B (Nurr77/Nr4a1) orphan nuclear receptor in rat pinealocytes: cir- cadian expression involves an adrenergic-cyclic AMP mecha- nism. J Neurochem 91:946–955 Jung S, Park RH, Kim S, Jeon YJ, Ham DS, Jung MY, Kim SS, Lee YD, Park CH, Suh-Kim H (2010) Id proteins facilitate self-renewal and proliferation of neural stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 19:831–841 Jungke P, Ostrow G, Li JL, Norton S, Nieber K, Kelber O, Butterweck V (2011) Profiling of hypothalamic and hippocampal gene expression in chronically stressed rats treated with St. John's wort extract (STW 3-VI) and fluoxetine. Psychopharmacology 213:757–772 Katz MM, Tekell JL, Bowden CL, Brannan S, Houston JP, Berman N, Frazer A (2004) Onset and early behavioral effects of pharmaco- logically different antidepressants and placebo in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:566–579 Kessler H, Traue H, Wiswede D (2011) Why we still don't understand the depressed brain—not going beyond snapshots. Psychosoc Med 8:Doc06 Knoll B, Nordheim A (2009) Functional versatility of transcription factors in the nervous system: the SRF paradigm. Trends Neurosci 32:432–442 Knuuttila JE, Törönen P, Castrén E (2004) Effects of antidepressant drug imipramine on gene expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Res 29:1235–1244 Kuśmider M, Faron-Gorecka A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M (2006) Delayed effects of antidepressant drugs in rats. Behav Pharmacol 17:641–649 Kuśmider M, Solich J, Pałach P, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M (2007) Effect of citalopram in the modified forced swim test in rats. Pharmacol Rep 59(6):785–788 Kuteeva E, Hokfelt T, Wardi T, Ogren SO (2008) Galanin, galanin receptor subtypes and depression-like behaviour. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:1854–1863 Lee JH, Ko E, Kim YE, Min JY, Liu J, Kim Y, Shin M, Hong M, Bae H (2010) Gene expression profile analysis of genes in rat hippocam- pus from antidepressant treated rats using DNA microarray. BMC Neurosci 11.