for providing technical support for Affymetrix arrays. A. Gerber (Zurich) and D. Herschlag (Stanford) for providing the PUF-TAP strains. M. Stark (Dundee) for plasmid pRSK. A. Blomberg (Go¨ teborg) for supplying the MS Excel macro and D. Burgess (Manchester) for macro adaptation and growth assay development. We especially thank those who supplied us antibodies to complete our target veriﬁcation analyses including M. Swanson (Florida), Sandra Wolin (Yale), D. Wolf (Stuttgart), T. Kokubo (Yokohama City) and James McNew (Rice) whose reagents were used for immunoblots in Figure 2. FUNDING Biotechnology and Biological Research Council (UK) (grants G17520, BBD000106 and BBG012571). Funding for open access charge: BBSRC grant BBG012571. Conﬂict of interest statement. None declared. REFERENCES 1. Jackson,R.J., Hellen,C.U. and Pestova,T.V. (2010) The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 11, 113–127. 2. 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