Age SBP DBP MAP HR HOMA Glucose Insulin BMI Waist Cholesterol HDL LDL Triglycerides Total N 50 50 50 50 50 21 30 21 50 40 30 30 30 30 (median age of twenty-one years) with normal BMI (median BMI was 26.2 kg/m2; normal BMI is 25–30 kg/m2) and waist circumference normal values of less than 102 for males and 88 cm for females [33–35]. This group also had normal cholesterol (less than 200 mg/dL), triglycerides (less than 150 mg/dL), glucose (less than 126 mg/dL), and insulin (<10 mIU) levels. This group was normotensive with median systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures of 114 and 70 mmHg, respectively. A summary of the cardiovascular reactivity responses to AR and CP is shown in Table 2. Cardiovascular reactivity was deﬁned as the change in cardiovascular parameters (SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR)) following the induction of a stress stimulus compared to baseline cardiovascular parameters. Both the CP stressor and the AR stressor produced signiﬁcant rises in SBP, DBP, and HR. All of the values returned to baseline during the recovery period except for SBP during the CP recovery period. Repeated measures ANOVA and the multiple comparison test, Student-Newman-Keuls test, veriﬁed that the two stress- International Journal of Hypertension Table 1: Participants traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Table 2: Cardiovascular reactivity responses to cold pressor and anger recall. Mean (SD) Median (Q1, Q3) 23.6 (6.7) 21 (19, 25) 114.3 (11.9) 112.6 (105.9, 123.6) 69.9 (7.4) 68.9 (64.3, 72.7) 87.2 (7.2) 86.0 (63.0, 75.8) 70.3 (9.8) 69.4 (63.0, 75.8) 2.1 (2.0) 2.0 (0, 2.0) 83.4 (14.5) 83.5 (79.0, 92.0) 10.9 (8.5) 9.2 (5.1, 14.4) 28.1 (7.1) 26.2 (23.0, 33.2) 81.1 (16.2) 77.6 (71.4, 89.0) 169.1 (36.1) 170.5 (146, 195) 54.5 (15.3) 53.5 (42, 65) 99.3 (36.0) 97.5 (69, 123) 76.5 (30.5) 65.5 (54, 94) Anger recalla Mean (SD) Median(Q1, Q3) 9.9 (8.8) 10.1 (3.4, 14.6) 6.4 (5.4) 5.8 (2.9, 10.6) 6.5 (5.2) 5.8 (2.9, 9.9) 4.7 (5.8) 4.7 (0.8, 8.2) N 50 50 50 3 ΔSBP ΔDBP ΔMAP ΔHR Cold pressora Mean (SD) Median(Q1, Q3) 17.0 (9.9) 16.3 (11.3, 23.5) 12.5 (7.8) 12.0 (7.1, 18.3) 12.2 (7.7) 11.1 (6.2, 17.4) 6.7 (7.1) 6.5 (2.1, 9.9) N 48 48 48 48 50 a All values were signiﬁcantly diﬀerent from baseline (P < 0.0001). or tasks (CP and AR) produced statistically signiﬁcant increases (P < 0.0001) in the cardiovascular parameters in comparison to the resting measurements. The results suggest that both tasks induced stress-related cardiovascular activity. We examined Pearson’s correlations of state anxiety, trait anxiety, age, BMI, and resting cardiovascular measures with the cardiovascular reactivity parameters. Trait anxiety had a statistically signiﬁcant, positive correlation with state anxiety (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.47; P < 0.001, two- tailed Pearson’s correlation). State anxiety had statistically signiﬁcant, positive correlations with CP reactivity response for SBP (average change; n = 48; Pearson’s r = 0.37; P = 0.01), DBP (average change; n = 48; Pearson’s r = 0.40; P = 0.005). Similarly, state anxiety was highly correlated with the AR reactivity response for SBP (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.34; P = 0.015) and DBP (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.35; P = 0.013). State anxiety exhibited diﬀerential eﬀects on HR response to CP and AR. Speciﬁcally, state anxiety was signiﬁcantly associated with HR change to CP (average change; n = 48; Pearson’s r = 0.37; P = 0.009) but was not related to HR changes to AR (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.14; P = 0.30). Trait anxiety also had a diﬀerential association with reactivity to CP versus AR. Trait anxiety had a nonsigniﬁcant correlation with SBP (n = 48; Pearson’s r = 0.23; P = 0.12) but a positive, signiﬁcant correlation for DBP (n = 48; Pearson’s r = 0.34; P = 0.02) reactivity response to CP. As for AR, trait anxiety was positively and signiﬁcantly correlated with SBP (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.35; P = 0.012) but was not signiﬁcantly correlated with DBP (n = 50; Pearson’s r = 0.23; P = 0.11). Age, BMI, and resting cardiovascular measures had non- signiﬁcant correlations with both CP reactivity and AR re- activity as measured by SBP, DBP, and HR changes. Resting SBP was only associated with MAP changes with CP and AR