202 Table 1 General patient characteristics (A) and ﬁndings on intravenous urography (B) or computer-urodynamic investigation (C) a Based on a free uroﬂow with voided volume of at least 150 ml b Deﬁned as involuntary detrusor contraction(s) with amplitude C10 cm H2O c Patients classiﬁed as Scha¨fer 0, I or II were considered not obstructed d More than one sign possible in a single patient Variables Age (years) Prostate volume (ml) Post-void residual urine(ml) Bladder capacity (ml) Benign prostatic obstruction (Scha¨fer nomogram)a Constant (b0) Hosmer and lemeshow test: P = 0.329 A. General patient characteristics Age (years) Body mass index (kg/m2) International prostate symptom score, IPSS Quality of life score on IPSS Serum creatinine level (lmol/l) Serum prostate speciﬁc antigen concentration (lg/l) Prostate volume on transrectal ultrasound (ml) Maximum ﬂow rate (ml/sec)a Post-void residual urine (ml)a Bladder capacity on urodynamic investigation (ml) B. Speciﬁc signs on intravenous urography Urinary tract calciﬁcations (stones) Urinary tract dilatation (hydronephrosis) Complete ﬁlling of the ureter with contrast media Fish-hook conﬁguration of distal ureter(s), total Unilateral Bilateral Delayed unilateral renal excretion of contrast media Delayed emptying of ureter(s) Bladder base elevation Bladder diverticula and/or trabeculation C. Speciﬁc signs at computer-urodynamic investigation Low bladder compliance (B25 ml/cm H2O) Detrusor overactivityb Detrusor overactivity incontinence Weak/very weak detrusor work (DAMPF) Benign prostatic obstruction (Scha¨fer nomogram)c World J Urol (2011) 29:199–204 Median (interquartile range) 63 (13) 25.4 (3.8) 15 (11) 3 (2) 87 (22) 2.1 (3.7) 40 (29) 12.6 (8.2) 50 (122) 345 (279) Number of affected mend (%) 17 (8.5) 16 (5.5) 64 (31.7) 72 (36.0) 43 (21.5) 29 (14.5) 11 (5.4) 6 (3.0) 112 (55.7) 49 (24.5) Number of affected mend (%) 28 (14.2) 118 (59.3) 21 (10.7) 11 (5.4) 83 (40.9) Table 2 Logistic regression model for the prediction of the ‘‘ﬁsh-hook’’ conﬁguration of the distal ureter (uni- or bilateral) Two hundred patients were available, whereas three patients without BPO did not show contrast media ﬁlling of the distal ureters and, hence, were excluded from analysis Signiﬁcant value is indicated in bold a Reference category: non obstruction (Scha¨fer 0, I, II) risks of radiation but might be conducted using MRI urography instead. However, ethical approval was not necessary at that time and therefore not obtained since all tests were considered necessary for the routine assessment of patients with BPH–LUTS in 1994. Our aim was to evaluate the relationships between morphological and functional changes of the urinary tract and, therefore, shed light on the pathophysiology of BPH– LUTS rather than to advertise IVU as a routine test for this patient group. Although the ‘‘ﬁsh-hook’’ conﬁguration of 123 Regression coefﬁcient -0.014 -0.003 0.000 0.001 1.291 -0.070 Standard error 0.024 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.391 1.660 Odds ratio 0.986 0.997 1.000 1.001 3.638 0.933 95% Conﬁdence intervals 0.941–1.034 0.985–1.009 0.998–1.003 0.999–1.003 1.691–7.827 P value 0.565 0.616 0.835 0.221 0.001 0.966