Satarug et al. et al. 2005. Health effects of cadmium exposure in the general environment in Japan with special reference to the lower limit of the benchmark dose as the threshold level of urinary cadmium. Scand J Work Environ Health 31(4):307–315. Vahter M, Berglund M, Nermell B, Åkesson A. 1996. Bioavailability of cadmium from shellfish and mixed diet in women. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136(2): 332–341. van Wijngaarden E, Singer EA, Palapattu GS. 2008. Prostate- specific antigen levels in relation to cadmium exposure and zinc intake: results from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prostate 68(2):122–128. Vinceti M, Venturelli M, Sighinolfi C, Trerotoli P, Bonvicini F, Ferrari A, et al. 2007. Case-control study of toenail cad- mium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci Total Environ 373(1):77–81. Gardner JP. 2009. Human dietary exposure to heavy met- als via the consumption of greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus Gmelin 1791) from the Bay of Islands, northern New Zealand. Sci Total Environ 407(14):4348–4355. WHO (World Health Organization). 1989. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Thirty-third Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 776. Available: http://www. who.int/ipcs/publications/jecfa/reports/en/index.html [accessed 30 December 2009]. Abdollahi S, et al. 2009. Human retinal cadmium accumu- lation as a factor in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 89(1):79–87. Wills NK, Ramanujam VM, Chang J, Kalariya N, Lewis JR, Weng TX, et al. 2008. Cadmium accumulation in the human retina: effects of age, gender, and cellular toxicity. Exp Eye Res 86(1):41–51. Wu X, Liang Y, Jin T, Ye T, Kong Q, Wang Z, et al. 2008. Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. Environ Res 108(2):233–238. WHO (World Health Organization). 1993. Evaluation of Certain Zeng X, Jin T, Jiang X, Kong Q, Ye T, Nordberg GF. 2004. Effects Food Additives and Contaminants. Forty-first Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 837. Available: http://www. who.int/ipcs/publications/jecfa/reports/en/index.html [accessed 30 December 2009]. on the prostate of environmental cadmium exposure—a cross-sectional population study in China. Biometals 17(5):559–565. Uno T, Kobayashi E, Suwazono Y, Okubo Y, Miura K, Sakata K, Whyte AL, Raumati Hook G, Greening GE, Gibbs-Smith E, Wills NK, Kalariya N, Sadagopa Ramanujam VM, Lewis JR, Haji 190 ovlume 118 | number 2 | February 2010 • Environmental Health Perspectives