6 [8] Reid G. Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;73(2 suppl):437S–443S. [9] Simoes JA, Aroutcheva AA, Shott S, Faro S. Eﬀect of metron- idazole on the growth of vaginal lactobacilli in vitro. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001;9(1):41–45. [10] Ocan˜a V, Bru E, de Ruiz Holgado AAP, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Sur- face characteristics of lactobacilli isolated from human vagina. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 1999;45(5):203– 212. [11] Ocan˜a V, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Vaginal lactobacilli: self- and co-aggregating ability. British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002;59(4):183–190. [12] Ocan˜a V, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Adhesion of Lactobacillus vagi- nal strains with probiotic properties to vaginal epithelial cells. Biocell. 2001;25(3):265–273. [13] Ocan˜a V, de Ruiz Holgado AAP, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Selection of vaginal H2O2-generating Lactobacillus species for probiotic use. Current Microbiology. 1999;38(5):279–284. [14] Ocan˜a V, de Ruiz Holgado AAP, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by H2O2-producing Lac- tobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei isolated from the hu- man vagina. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1999;23(2):87–92. [15] Ocan˜a V, de Ruiz Holgado AAP, Nader-Mac´ıas ME. Charac- terization of a bacteriocin-like substance produced by a vagi- nal Lactobacillus salivarius strain. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999;65(12):5631–5635. [16] Raibaud P, Galpin JV, Duclezeau R, Mocquot G, Oliver G. Le Genre Lactobacillus dans le tube digestif du rat. II. Caracters de souches heterofermentaires isolates de rats. “holo” et “gno- toxeniques”. Ann Microbiologie. Annales de Microbiologie (An- nales de L’Institute Pasteur). 1963;124:2223–2235. [17] De Man JC, Rogosa M, Sharpe ME. A medium for the culti- vation of lactobacilli. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1960;23: 130–135. [18] Bauer AW, Kirby MM, Sherris JC, Tuurck M. Antibiotic sus- ceptibility testing by a standarized single disk method. Ameri- can Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1966;45:493–496. [19] Klein G, Zill E, Schindler R, Louwers J. Peritonitis associ- ated with vancomycin-resistant Lactobacillus rhamnosus in a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patient: organism identiﬁcation, antibiotic therapy, and case report. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998;36(6):1781–1783. [20] Griﬃths JK, Daly JS, Dodge RA. Two cases of endocarditis due to Lactobacillus species: antimicrobial susceptibility, re- view, and discussion of therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1992;15(2):250–255. [21] Chomarat M, Espinouse D. Lactobacillus rhamnosus sep- ticemia in patients with prolonged aplasia receiving ceftazid- ime-vancomycin. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1991;10(1):44–48. [22] Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, et al. Lactobacil- lus bacteremia, species identiﬁcation, and antimicrobial sus- ceptibility of 85 blood isolates. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006;42(5):e35–e44. [23] Charteris WP, Kelly PM, Morelli L, Collins JK. Gradient dif- fusion antibiotic susceptibility testing of potentially probi- otic lactobacilli. Journal of Food Protection. 2001;64(12):2007– 2014. [24] Svenson U. Industrial perspectives. In: Tannock G, ed. Probi- otics. Chapter 5. Norfolk, England: Horizon Scientiﬁc Press; 1999:57–64. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology [25] Bayer AS, Chow AW, Morrison JO, Guze LB. Bactericidal syn- ergy between penicillin or ampicillin and aminoglycosides against antibiotic-tolerant lactobacilli. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1980;17(3):359–363. [26] Felten A, Barreau C, Bizet C, Lagrange PH, Philippon A. Lac- tobacillus species identiﬁcation, H2O2 production, and an- tibiotic resistance and correlation with human clinical status. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999;37(3):729–733. [27] Delgado S, Flo´ rez AB, Mayo B. Antibiotic susceptibility of Lac- tobacillus and Biﬁdobacterium species from the human gas- trointestinal tract. Current Microbiology. 2005;50(4):202–207. [28] Klare I, Konstabel C, M u¨ller-Bertling S, et al. Evaluation of new broth media for microdilution antibiotic susceptibility testing of lactobacilli, pediococci, lactococci, and biﬁdobac- teria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2005;71(12): 8982–8986. [29] Danielsen M, Andersen HS, Wind A. Use of folic acid casei medium reveals trimethoprim susceptibility of Lactobacillus species. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2004;38(3):206–210. [30] Danielsen M, Wind A. Susceptibility of Lactobacillus spp. to antimicrobial agents. International Journal of Food Microbiol- ogy. 2003;82(1):1–11. [31] Rogosa M, Sharpe E. Species diﬀerentiation of human vaginal lactobacilli. Journal of General Microbiology. 1963;23:197–201. [32] Charteris WP, Kelly PM, Morelli L, Collins JK. Antibiotic sus- ceptibility of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus species. Jour- nal of Food Protection. 1998;61(12):1636–1643. [33] Huys G, D’Haene K, Swings J. Inﬂuence of the culture medium on antibiotic susceptibility testing of food-associated lactic acid bacteria with the agar overlay disc diﬀusion method. Let- ters in Applied Microbiology. 2002;34(6):402–406. [34] Kneifel W, Toros A, Viernstein H. Diﬀerential enumeration of silage inoculants based on utilization of enzymatic activity and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriol- ogy. 1994;77(1):42–48. [35] Simpson WJ, Hammond JRM, Miller RB. Avoparcin and van- comycin: useful antibiotics for the isolation of brewery lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1988;64(4):299– 309. [36] Holliman RE, Bone GP. Vancomycin resistance of clinical iso- lates of lactobacilli. Journal of Infection. 1988;16(3):279–283. [37] Hamilton-Miller JMT, Shah S. Vancomycin susceptibility as an aid to the identiﬁcation of lactobacilli. Letters in Applied Mi- crobiology. 1998;26(2):153–154. [38] Carlstedt-Duke B, Alm L, Hoverstad T, et al. Inﬂuence of clin- damycin, administered together with or without lactobacilli, upon intestinal ecology in rats. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 1987;45(5):251–259. [39] Maniatis T, Frisc EF, Sambrook JJ. Molecular Cloning Labora- tory Manual. New York, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Press; 1982. [40] Reniero R, Cocconcelli P, Bottazzi V, Morelli L. High frequency of conjugation in Lactobacillus mediated by an aggregation- promoting factor. Journal of General Microbiology. 1992;138 (4):763–768. [41] Wang T-T, Lee BH. Plasmids in Lactobacillus. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 1997;17(3):227–272.