Arellano and Lonial Mizutani K, Takeuchi S, Ohashi Y, et al. 2003. Clinical usefulness of macrophage colony-stimulating factor for ovarian cancers: Long-term prognosis after ﬁve years. Oncol Rep, 10:127–31. Mohty M, Olive D and Gaugler B. 2002. Leukemic dendritic cells: potential for therapy and insights towards immune escape by leukemic blasts. Leukemia, 16:2197–204. Motzer RJ, Bukowski RM. 2006. Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 24:5601–8. Nauts HC, Fowler GA, Bogatko FH. 1953. A review of the inﬂuence of bacterial infection and of bacterial products (Coley’s toxins) on malignant tumors in man; a critical analysis of 30 inoperable cases treated by Coley’s mixed toxins, in which diagnosis was conﬁrmed by microscopic examination selected for special study. Acta Med Scand Suppl, 44:1–103. Nelson WG, Simons JW, Mikhak B, et al. 2000. Cancer cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer as vaccines for the treatment of genitourinary malignan- cies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 46(Suppl):S67–72. Olivieri A, Lucesole M, Capelli D, et al. 2005. A new schedule of CHOP/ rituximab plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is an effective rescue for patients with aggressive lymphoma failing autologous stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 11:627–36. Olweus J, Bitmansour A, Warnke R, et al. 1997. Dendritic cell ontogeny: a human dendritic cell lineage of myeloid origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 94:12551–6. Paine R 3rd, Morris SB, Jin H, et al. 2001. Impaired functional activity of alveolar macrophages from GM-CSF-deﬁcient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 281:L1210–8. Parmiani G, Castelli C, Santinami M, et al. 2007. Melanoma immunology: past, present and future. Curr Opin Oncol, 19:121–7. Perrot I, Blanchard D, Freymond N, et al. 2007. Dendritic cells inﬁltrat- ing human non-small cell lung cancer are blocked at immature stage. J Immunol, 178:2763–9. Rapoport AP, Meisenberg B, Sarkodee-Adoo C, et al. 2002. Autotrans- plantation for advanced lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease followed by post-transplant rituxan/GM-CSF or radiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant, 29:303–12. Ravaud A, Delaunay M, Chevreau C, et al. 2001. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone or with dacarbazine in metastatic mela- noma: a randomized phase II trial. Br J Cancer, 85:1467–71. Reddy V, Iturraspe JA, Tzolas AC, et al. 2004. Low dendritic cell count after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts relapse, death, and acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood, 103:4330–5. Repetto L, Biganzoli L, Koehne CH, et al. 2003. EORTC Cancer in the Elderly Task Force guidelines for the use of colony-stimulating fac- tors in elderly patients with cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 39:2264–72. Ringden O, Labopin M, Gorin NC, et al. 2004. Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia increases the risk of graft-versus-host disease and death: a study from the acute leukemia working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol, 22:416–23. Rissoan MC, Soumelis V, Kadowaki N, et al. 1999. Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science, 283:1183–6. Rosenberg SA, Zhai Y, Yang JC, et al. 1998. Immunizing patients with meta- static melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigens. J Natl Cancer Inst, 90:1894–1900. Rowe JM, Andersen JW, Mazza JJ, et al. 1995. A randomized placebo- controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor in adult patients ( 55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood, 86:457–62. Ryan CW, Vogelzang NJ, Dumas MC, et al. 2000. Granulocyte-macrophage- colony stimulating factor in combination immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of two phase II clinical trials. Cancer, 88:1317–24. 26 Salgia R, Lynch T, Skarin A, et al. 2003. Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 21:624–30. Santiago-Schwarz F, Belilos E, Diamond B, et al. 1992. TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol, 52:274–81. Santiago-Schwarz F, Coppock DL, Hindenburg AA , et al. 1994. Identiﬁca- tion of a malignant counterpart of the monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor in an acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 84:3054–62. Schachter J, Rakowsky E, Sulkes A, et al. 1998. A sequential four-drug chemotherapy and biotherapy with interferon alpha and GM-CSF-an innovative protocol for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm, 13:155–64. Schmidinger M, Steger G, Wenzel C, et al. 2001. Sequential administra- tion of interferon-gamma, GM-CSF, and interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a phase II trial. J Immunother, 24:257–62. Schmidt W, Maass G, Buschle M, et al. 1997. Generation of effective cancer vaccines genetically engineered to secrete cytokines using adenovirus- enhanced transferrinfection (AVET). Gene, 190:211–16. Schmitz N, Bacigalupo A, Hasenclever D, et al. 1998. Allogeneic bone mar- row transplantation vs ﬁlgrastim-mobilised peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in patients with early leukaemia: ﬁrst results of a randomised multicentre trial of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [see comments]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 21:995–1003. Schmitz N, Beksac M, Hasenclever D, et al. 2002. Transplantation of mobi- lized peripheral blood cells to HLA-identical siblings with standard-risk leukemia. Blood, 100:761–7. Schreiber H. 2003. Tumor Immunology. In Paul W (Ed.) Fundamental Immunology. 5th ed. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins. Seymour JF, Lieschke GJ, Grail D, et al. 1997. Mice lacking both granu- locyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF have impaired reproductive capacity, perturbed neonatal granu- lopoiesis, lung disease, amyloidosis, and reduced long-term survival. Blood, 90:3037–49. Siegal FP, Kadowaki N , Shodell M, et al. 1999. The nature of the prin- cipal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science, 284:1835–7. Simons JW, Jaffee EM, Weber CE, et al. 1997. Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granu- locyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer Res, 57:1537–46. Simons JW, Mikhak B, Chang JF, et al. 1999. Induction of immunity to prostate cancer antigens: results of a clinical trial of vaccination with irradiated autologous prostate tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer. Cancer Res, 59:5160–8. Simons JW, Sacks N. 2006. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced allogeneic cancer cellular immunotherapy: the GVAX vaccine for prostate cancer. Urol Oncol, 24:419–24. Slavin S, Naparstek E, Nagler A, et al. 1996. Allogeneic cell therapy with donor peripheral blood cells and recombinant human interleukin-2 to treat leukemia relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood, 87:2195–204. Slingluff CL Jr, Petroni GR, Yamshchikov GV, et al. 2003. Clinical and immunologic results of a randomized phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol, 21:4016–26. Smith Ii JW, Kurt RA, Baher AG, et al. 2003. Immune effects of escalating doses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor added to a ﬁxed, low-dose, inpatient interleukin-2 regimen: a randomized phase I trial in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother, 26:130–8. Biologics:Targets & Therapy 2008:2(1)