Fortification (quality assurance/quality control studies were performed by adding 1-, 10-, and 100-ppb levels of pesticides to four different pesticide-free commodities (grape, orange, spinach, and tomato). Recoveries ranged from 63% to 125%, with > 80% being achieved for most of the pesticides tested in each commodity (Schenck et al. 2009). For the 24-hr duplicate food samples that are ana- lyzed, we analyzed individual isomers of pyre- throid insecticides (cis- and trans-permethrin) and then added them and reported the total concentrations. We did so for permethrin, cypermethrin, and esfenvalerate, but not for bifenthrin, which does not consist of isomers. The 24-hr duplicate food samples containing banana were not analyzed in the lab because of a problem with emulsion. Results We analyzed a total of 110 and 129 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from 23 CPES-WA and 23 CPES-GA children, respectively. Table 1 shows the food con- sumption, mostly fruits, vegetables, and fruit juices, during the 24-hr duplicate food sam- pling days (3 days for CPES-WA and 2 days for CPES-GA). Consumption of certain food items differed between the two study groups, possibly because of differences in seasonal availability and the geographical distribution of certain food items between the states of Washington and Georgia. Among the top 12 most frequently consumed fruits, vegeta- bles, and juices, seven were common to both cohorts: apples, apple juice, bananas, carrots, orange juice, peaches, and watermelon. We found that 23% and 15% of the 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from CPES-WA and CPES-GA, respectively, con- tained either OP or pyrethroid insecticide residues (Table 2). The overall frequency of detection of pesticide residues (19%) in the 24-hr duplicate food samples was less than the frequency of detection in the MBA, in which 28% of produce purchased from a local super- market contained either OP or pyrethroid insecticide residues. Among the 239 24-hr duplicate food samples that we collected, we found that 14% contained at least one OP pesticide and 5% contained at least one pyre- throid insecticide. We detected OP residues more often in the CPES-WA samples than in the CPES-GA samples (21% vs. 9%), but pyrethroid insecticide residues more often in CPES-GA than in CPES-WA samples (8% vs. 3%). Approximately 8% and 5% of the 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from CPES-WA and CPES-GA participants, respec- tively, contained multiple OP or pyrethroid insecticide residues. Tables 3 and 4 show the concentrations of OP and pyrethroid insecticide residues in the 24-hr duplicate food samples collected from 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Study season Summer 2003 Sample ID Fall 2003 Study season Summer 2005 Sample ID Winter 2006 Composite samples were analyzed if the single food items did not constitute > 50 g. aOne of the 12 most pesticide-contaminated food items surveyed in 2008–2009 (EWG 2009). Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 118 | number 11 | November 2010 Pesticide residues in children’s diets Table 3. Twenty-four–hour duplicate fresh produce and fruit juice samples with detectable OP and pyre- throid insecticide residues collected from CPES-WA children. Pesticide residue (ng/g) Pyrethroid Bifenthrin (149) Composite samples were analyzed if individual food items weighed < 50 g. aOne of the 12 most pesticide-contaminated food items surveyed in 2008–2009 (EWG 2009). Table 4. Twenty-four–hour duplicate fresh produce and fruit juice samples with detectable OP and pyre- throid insecticide residues collected from CPES-GA children. Pesticide residue (ng/g) OP Pyrethroid Duplicate food item Strawberries,a green beans, dried raspberries, blueberries Strawberriesa Cantaloupe Apple sauce Apple sauce Peach,a pineapple, apple sauce, sugar pea pod, corn Red grape,a watermelon Cherries,a nectarine,a applea Watermelon, applea Nectarinea Raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, baby carrot,a peacha Cranberry juice Cranberry juice Applea Lettuce,a broccoli, mushrooms Applea Spinach, cauliflower Asian pear Apple juice Orange juice Peas, corn Juice box Celery,a onion, canned corn Orange juice Cranberry-apple juice Duplicate food items Strawberries,a blueberries, grape juice Potato Frozen berries (blue, black, raspberries), baby carrots,a apple,a banana Broccoli (cooked) Peacha Green beans Watermelon, grape,a cantaloupe Strawberriesa Strawberriesa Watermelon Carrots, baby green lettucea Strawberries,a spinach Topping olives, mushroom, spinach Orange Applea Apple,a green salad Potato, bell pepper,a broccoli, ketchup Celerya Spinach, tomato, spaghetti sauce OP Malathion (8) Malathion (4) Malathion (11) Phosmet (23) Azinphos-methyl (13) Omethoate (12) Dimethoate (10) Ethion (4) Phosmet (18) Phosmet (387) Chlorpyrifos (1) Azinphos-methyl (14) Phosmet (252) Malathion (4) Phosmet (7) Azinphos-methyl (45) Acephate (2) Acephate (1) Azinphos-methyl (111) Phosmet (9) Azinphos-methyl (8) Phosmet (36) Azinphos-methyl (10) Chlorpyrifos (1) Dimethoate (6) Methamidophos (1) Acephate (18) Ethion (24) Acephate (3) Phosalone (55) Phosmet (3) Chlorpyrifos (2) Phosmet (86) Phosalone (29) Methamidophos (11) Acephate (39) Phosalone (69) Phosalone (83) Phosalone (84) Phosmet (25) Chlorpyrifos (3) Phosmet (30) Chlorpyrifos (10) Methamidophos (9) Acephate (90) Methamidophos (78) Acephate (350) Cypermethrin (1,133) Permethrin (90) Bifenthrin (28) Permethrin (82) Bifenthrin (7) Bifenthrin (2) Permethrin (58) Permethrin (921) Permethrin (98) Permethrin (4) Cypermethrin (8) Cypermethrin (18) 1627