1.14 (0.82–1.57) 0.96 (0.65–1.41) 1.33 (0.91–1.93) 0.78 (0.53–1.16) 1.45 (0.83–2.55) 0.98 (0.63–1.52) 1.23 (0.70–2.14) 1.90 (1.01–3.55) 2.01 (0.71–5.71) 1.06 (0.77–1.46) 0.85 (0.61–1.20) 0.90 (0.60–1.35) 0.79 (0.50–1.23) 1.08 (0.59–1.98) 0.79 (0.45–1.37) 0.85 (0.48–1.50) 0.33 (0.12–0.94) 0.71 (0.26–1.92) 0.43 0.83 0.14 0.22 0.19 0.93 0.48 0.05 0.19 0.72 0.36 0.61 0.29 0.80 0.41 0.57 0.04 0.50 Hispanic Odds Ratio (95% CI) 1.49 (0.82–2.73) 1.29 (0.62–2.68) 1.06 (0.56–1.98) 0.85 (0.38–1.90) 0.61 (0.18–2.02) 0.61 (0.19–1.93) 0.58 (0.18–1.82) 0.71 (0.16–3.26) 0.71 (0.15–3.31) P-value 0.19 0.49 0.87 0.69 0.42 0.40 0.35 0.66 0.66 0.84 (0.58–1.22) 0.82 (0.53–1.28) 0.71 (0.44–1.14) 1.24 (0.84–1.82) 0.62 (0.33–1.15) 0.87 (0.41–1.85) 0.56 (0.32–0.98) 0.74 (0.30–1.86) 1.24 (0.56–2.74) 1.13 (0.81–1.56) 1.03 (0.68–1.56) 1.05 (0.75–1.45) 0.80 (0.57–1.12) 1.07 (0.58–1.99) 0.93 (0.52–1.69) 1.60 (0.91–2.81) 1.47 (0.74–2.90) 0.80 (0.30–2.09) 0.99 (0.53–1.85) 1.35 (0.58–3.14) 1.18 (0.65–2.12) 1.23 (0.56–2.75) 0.62 (0.19–2.06) 1.11 (0.56–2.18) 0.67 (0.19–2.41) 0.65 (0.14–2.99) 0.58 (0.15–2.25) 0.37 0.39 0.16 0.28 0.13 0.73 0.04 0.53 0.59 0.47 0.90 0.79 0.20 0.83 0.82 0.10 0.27 0.64 0.98 0.48 0.59 0.61 0.43 0.77 0.54 0.58 0.43 6 International Journal of Pediatrics Table 4: Elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors among US 3-to-6-year-olds by ethnicity and infant nutrition practices, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008. Hispanic Odds ratio (95% CI) P-value Non-Hispanic Black Odds ratio P-value (95% CI) Non-Hispanic White Odds ratio P value (95% CI) Table 5: Elevated cardiovascular disease risk factors among US 3-to-6-year-olds by ethnic group and maternal smoking during pregnancy, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2008. Non-Hispanic Black Odds ratio P-value (95% CI) Non-Hispanic White Odds ratio P-value (95% CI) Perinatal factor Breastfed (Y/N) BMI ≥ 85th %ile for age, sex BMI ≥ 95th %ile for age, sex Waist circumference1 C-reactive protein1 Total cholesterol1 HDL cholesterol2 Non-HDL cholesterol1 LDL cholesterol1 Triglycerides1 Solids < 6 months (Y/N) BMI ≥ 85th %ile for age, sex BMI ≥ 95th %ile for age, sex Waist circumference1 C-reactive protein1 Total cholesterol1 HDL cholesterol2 Non-HDL cholesterol1 LDL cholesterol1 Triglycerides1 1 Highest quintile 2Lowest quintile Perinatal Factor Maternal Smoking (Y/N) BMI ≥ 85th %ile for age, sex BMI ≥ 95th %ile for age, sex Waist circumference1 C-reactive protein1 Total cholesterol1 HDL cholesterol2 Non-HDL cholesterol1 LDL cholesterol1 Triglycerides1 1 Highest Quintile 2Lowest Quintile available for 1550 children aged 4.5 years. Results showed that being in the highest quintiles of weight gain between birth and 5 months, as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy, almost doubles the odds of being overweight at 4.5 years. The Viva La Familia Study was designed to identify ge- netic and environmental factors aﬀecting obesity and its comorbidities in 1030 Hispanic children from 319 families [25]. Salient independent risk factors for childhood obesity in this cohort of Hispanic children were age, birth weight, 0.61 (0.42–0.87) 0.43 (0.27–0.69) 0.58 (0.37–0.92) 0.76 (0.52–1.13) 0.92 (0.49–1.70) 0.48 (0.23–1.04) 1.10 (0.60–2.02) 1.89 (0.52–6.83) 1.40 (0.47–4.19) 1.17 (0.82–1.68) 1.28 (0.82–1.99) 1.38 (0.96–1.98) 1.50 (0.99–2.26) 1.39 (0.76–2.54) 0.67 (0.38–1.16) 1.34 (0.80–2.23) 0.87 (0.36–2.08) 0.90 (0.30–2.69) 1.79 (1.13–2.83) 2.22 (1.30–3.78) 1.40 (0.83–2.36) 1.63 (1.05–2.51) 0.73 (0.39–1.40) 1.29 (0.58–2.86) 0.79 (0.46–1.36) 0.24 (0.06–0.90) 1.39 (0.34–5.69) 0.01 <0.001 0.02 0.18 0.78 0.06 0.76 0.33 0.54 0.38 0.28 0.09 0.06 0.29 0.15 0.27 0.75 0.85 0.01 <0.01 0.20 0.03 0.35 0.53 0.40 0.03 0.64