Veterinary Medicine International 7 Figure 2: Scanned autorad and schematic representation showing spoligotyping pattern of isolate from the goat with tuberculous lesion caused by M. tuberculosis. A: M. bovis SB1176 (positive control); B: Qiagen H2O (negative control); C: M. tuberculosis (positive control); D–F: sample from other animals, G: SIT149 (isolate from goat). The black rectangles represent presence of spacers, and the white rectangles indicate absence of spacers. revised the paper. Y. Worku and M. Legesse contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, and interpreta- tion and critically revised the paper. G. Medhin participated in study design, data analysis, and interpretation and criti- cally revised the paper. G. Bjune involved in study design and critically revised the paper. G. Ameni contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation and critically revised the paper. All authors read and approved the ﬁnal paper. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Afar pastoralist communities and Afar Pastoral Regional State for willing to participate in the study and supporting the research. The authors acknowledge the Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology of Addis Ababa University, Institute of Health and Society Department of Community Medicine of University of Oslo, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Addis Ababa University for the overall support of the study. They also thank TB laboratory staﬀ at ALIPB for ﬁeld and laboratory work. This study was ﬁnancially supported by the Norwegian Program for Devel- opment Research and Education (NUFU PRO-2007/10198). References [1] FAOSTAT, 2009, http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/Desktop- Defaultaspx?PageID=573. [2] PFE, “Pastoralist forum Ethiopia—background to the Ethiopian livestock industry,” in Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Pastoral Development in Ethiopia: Pastoralism and Sustainable Pastoral Development, pp. 78–79, PFE, Addis Ababa, 2004. [3] D. O. Cordes, J. A. Bullians, D. E. Lake, and M. E. Carter, “Observations on tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in sheep,” New Zealand Veterinary Journal, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 60–62, 1981. [4] M. H. Tag el Din and I. el Nour Gamaan, “Tuberculosis in sheep in the Sudan,” Tropical Animal Health and Production, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 26, 1982. [5] A. Aranaz, E. Lie´bana, E. Go´ mez-Mampaso et al., “Mycobac- terium tuberculosis subsp. caprae subsp. nov.: a taxonomic study of a new member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from goats in Spain,” International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1263–1273, 1999. [6] T. Crawshaw, R. Daniel, R. Clifton-Hadley et al., “TB in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis,” Veterinary Record, vol. 163, no. 4, p. 127, 2008. [7] R. Daniel, H. Evans, S. Rolfe et al., “Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in golden Guernsey goats in great britain,” Veterinary Record, vol. 165, no. 12, pp. 335–342, 2009. [8] A. E. Sharpe, C. P. Brady, A. J. Johnson, W. Byrne, K. Kenny, and E. Costello, “Concurrent outbreak of tuberculosis and caseous lymphadenitis in a goat herd,” Veterinary Record, vol. 166, no. 19, pp. 591–592, 2010. [9] C. Marianelli, N. Cifani, M. T. Capucchio et al., “A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep,” Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 445–448, 2010. [10] M. G. Houlihan, S. J. Williams, and J. D. Poﬀ, “Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a sheep during routine surveillance,” Veterinary Record, vol. 163, no. 3, pp. 94–95, 2008. [11] S. Naima, M. Borna, and M. Bakir, “TB in cattle and Goat of North Algeria,” Veterinary Research, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 100–103, 2011. [12] M. Mun˜oz Mendoza, L. D. Juan, S. Mene´ndez et al., “Tubercu- losis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep,” Veterinary Journal, vol. 191, no. 2, pp. 267–269, 2012. [13] A. Shanahan, M. Good, A. Duignan, T. Curtin, and S. J. More, “Tuberculosis in goats on a farm in Ireland: epidemiological investigation and control,” Veterinary Record, vol. 168, no. 18, p. 485, 2011. [14] A. Hiko and G. E. Agga, “First-time detection of mycobac- terium species from goats in Ethiopia,” Tropical Animal Health and Production, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 133–139, 2011. [15] S. I. Cadmus, H. K. Adesokan, A. O. Jenkins, and D. Van Soolingen, “Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in goats, Nigeria,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 2066–2067, 2009. [16] R. Tschopp, K. Bobosha, A. Aseﬀa et al., “Bovine tubercu- losis at a cattle-small ruminant-human interface in Meskan,