D878 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, Database issue Figure 1. Genome Browser display on the hg19 human assembly showing the gene search box in use. After two or more characters are typed, the software suggests possible matching gene names. Tracks shown in this image, from top to bottom: base position, GNF Atlas 2 (with the red/blue on yellow background microarray color option enabled), SNPs (131) and Genome Variants (which includes ﬁve new datasets). Table Browser support for external software This year the Table Browser beneﬁted from an addition that allows users to send genomic region data to the Genomic Regions Enrichment of Annotations Tool (GREAT) (22). Given a set of genomic regions, such as segments of DNA selected through ChIP-Seq experiments, GREAT analyzes the cis-regulatory patterns in these regions and assesses their functional signiﬁcance. GREAT users can also create UCSC custom tracks from these term-enriched subsets of genomic regions. NEW DATA We constantly add new annotation tracks and update existing tracks in the Genome Browser. Tracks that were released this year as a part of the ENCODE project are described in a separate publication. (See Raney et al. in this issue for a more information.) Neandertal data portal In May 2010 we released a group of tracks on the hg18 human browser and the panTro2 chimpanzee browser to accompany the initial publication of the Neandertal genome (23) (see Figure 2). Both the human and chimpan- zee browsers display alignments of Neandertal sequence reads and assembled contig sequences, and the human browser also offers human-chimp coding differences, a selective sweep scan (S) score, regions with the 5% lowest S score, SNPs used to calculate S score, and Neandertal mitochondrial sequence from a prior publica- tion (24). These tracks can be viewed in the human and chimpanzee browsers or accessed through the Neandertal portal page (http://genome.ucsc.edu/Neandertal/), which also provides links to download the associated tables and data ﬁles. Phenotype and disease association data In the past year we released two new human phenotype and disease association tracks. The ﬁrst is based on DECIPHER, a database of submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances based on clinical information about chromo- somal microdeletions/duplications/insertions, transloca- tions and inversions (25). This track shows genomic regions of reported cases and their associated phenotype information. The second track displays SNPs from the Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies (http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies), a curated and regu- larly updated collection of SNPs identiﬁed by published studies attempting to assay at least 100 000 SNPs (26). Human RNA editing We have added an RNA editing track on the human (hg18) assembly based on the DARNED database (27), a catalog of RNA sequences that are edited after tran- scription, along with their corresponding genomic coord- inates. Only post-transcriptional editing that results in small changes to the identity of a nucleic acid are included in this track; it does not include other RNA processing such as splicing or methylation. The data