6 [9] S. Cu-Uvin, J. W. Hogan, A. M. Caliendo, J. Harwell, K. H. Mayer, and C. C. J. Carpenter, “Association between bacterial vaginosis and expression of human immunodeﬁciency virus type 1 RNA in the female genital tract,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 894–896, 2001. [10] B. E. Sha, M. R. Zariﬀard, Q. J. Wang, et al., “Female genital-tract HIV load correlates inversely with Lactobacillus species but positively with bacterial vaginosis and Mycoplasma hominis,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 191, no. 1, pp. 25– 32, 2005. [11] B. E. Sha, H. Y. Chen, Q. J. Wang, M. R. Zariﬀard, M. H. Cohen, and G. T. Spear, “Utility of amsel criteria, nugent score, and quantitative PCR for Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Lactobacillus spp. for diagnosis of bacterial vagi- nosis in human immunodeﬁciency virus-infected women,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 4607–4612, 2005. [12] S. R. Hedges, F. Barrientes, R. A. Desmond, and J. R. Schwebke, “Local and systemic cytokine levels in relation to changes in vaginal ﬂora,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 193, no. 4, pp. 556–562, 2006. [13] R. H. Beigi, M. H. Yudin, L. Cosentino, L. A. Meyn, and S. L. Hillier, “Cytokines, pregnancy, and bacterial vaginosis: comparison of levels of cervical cytokines in pregnant and nonpregnant women with bacterial vaginosis,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 196, no. 9, pp. 1355–1360, 2007. [14] S. J. Klebanoﬀ and F. Kazazi, “Inactivation of human immun- odeﬁciency virus type 1 by the amine oxidase- peroxidase system,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 2054–2057, 1995. [15] H. Mikamo, Y. Sato, Y. Hayasaki, Y. X. Hua, and T. Tamaya, “Vaginal microﬂora in healthy women with Gardnerella vaginalis,” Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 173–177, 2000. [16] S. Cu-Uvin, B. Snyder, J. I. Harwell, et al., “Association between paired plasma and cervicovaginal lavage ﬂuid HIV- 1 RNA levels during 36 months,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syndromes, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 584–587, 2006. [17] R. Amsel, P. A. Totten, C. A. Spiegel, K. C. Chen, D. Eschenbach, and K. K. Holmes, “Nonspeciﬁc vaginitis. Diag- nostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 14–22, 1983. [18] S. Cu-Uvin, J. W. Hogan, D. Warren, et al., “Prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immun- odeﬁciency virus (HIV)-seropositive and high-risk HIV- seronegative women,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1145–1150, 1999. [19] A. P. Limaye, M.-L. Huang, W. Leisenring, L. Stensland, L. Corey, and M. Boeckh, “Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load in plasma for the diagnosis of CMV disease before engraftment in hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 183, no. 3, pp. 377–382, 2001. [20] D. N. Fredricks, T. L. Fiedler, K. K. Thomas, C. M. Mitchell, and J. M. Marrazzo, “Changes in vaginal bacterial concen- trations with intravaginal metronidazole therapy for bacterial vaginosis as assessed by quantitative PCR,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 721–726, 2009. [21] J.-P. Menard, F. Fenollar, M. Henry, F. Bretelle, and D. Raoult, “Molecular quantiﬁcation of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae loads to predict bacterial vaginosis,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 33–43, 2008. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology [22] S. C. Sehgal and V. Nalini, “The role and prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis in anaerobic vaginosis,” Infection, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 83–85, 1990. [23] T. J. O’Connor, D. Kinchington, H. O. Kangro, and D. J. Jeﬀries, “The activity of candidate virucidal agents, low pH and genital secretions against HIV-1 in vitro,” International Journal of STD and AIDS, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 267–272, 1995. [24] J. Hitti, K. Paul, K. Agnew, et al., “Protective eﬀect of vaginal lactobacilli on genital HIV-1 RNA concentrations: longitudinal data from a US cohort study,” in Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2008, abstract 27LB. [25] R. P. Nugent, M. A. Krohn, and S. L. Hillier, “Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 297–301, 1991. [26] A. J. Chatwani, R. Mehta, S. Hassan, S. Rahimi, S. Jeronis, and V. Dandolu, “Rapid testing for vaginal yeast detection: a prospective study,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 196, no. 4, pp. 309.e1–309.e4, 2007. [27] M. B. Nye, J. R. Schwebke, and B. A. Body, “Comparison of APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated ampliﬁcation to wet mount microscopy, culture, and poly- merase chain reaction for diagnosis of trichomoniasis in men and women,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 200, no. 2, pp. 188.e1–188.e7, 2009.