Factors associated with pregnancy outcomes final number of genetic polymorphisms used for the statistical analysis was 577 in 94 genes [listed in Supplemental Material, Table 1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002470)]. The variables that were not distributed normally were log transformed. Using binary linear or logistic regression, we analyzed the association of a) genetic polymorphisms with 8-oxodG lev- els, b) genetic polymorphisms with pregnancy outcomes, c) exposure to environmental pol- lutants (B[a]P, PM2.5) with 8-oxodG levels, d) exposure to air pollution with pregnancy outcomes, and e) lifestyle, socioeconomic, and other factors [newborn’s ethnicity, sex, district, length of gestation; mother’s age, body mass index (BMI), smoking during pregnancy, and length of education; father’s smoking and length of education] with preg- nancy outcomes. Finally, we used the above- mentioned variables that were significantly associated with 8-oxodG and pregnancy out- comes in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. For logistic regression estimates, we transformed continuous variables into a two- level scale using medians. To correct for multiple comparisons, we used the FDR method (QVALUE software) (Storey and Tibshirani 2003). Haplotypes in the promoter region of the mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene were estimated using PHASE 2.1 software (Stephens and Scheet 2005; Stephens et al. 2001). All other analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results The aim of our study was to test the hypoth- esis that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy induces 8-oxodG levels, which are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (IUGR, LBW). Pregnancy outcomes and 8-oxodG levels are further affected by genetic polymorphisms, lifestyle, and socioeconomic and other factors. These relationships are depicted in Supplemental Material, Figure 1 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002470). As illustrated in Supplemental Material, Figure 2, another possibility is that 8-oxodG formation is not an intermediate step in the air pollution-ad- verse pregnancy outcome pathway, but rather acts as an independent factor contributing to IUGR and/or LBW. The distribution of lifestyle, socio- economic, and other characteristics of the subjects enrolled in the study with regard to adverse pregnancy outcomes is shown in Table 1. The proportion of IUGR- and LBW- affected newborns was higher in the Romani than in the European population (Romani: 39 IUGR vs. 103 non-IUGR newborns; 46 LBW vs. 96 non-LBW newborns; European: 102 IUGR vs. 647 non-IUGR newborns; 83 LBW vs. 666 non-LBW newborns). Mothers who smoked during pregnancy tended to have IUGR- and/or LBW-affected newborns (smokers: 81 IUGR vs. 326 non-IUGR new- borns; 81 LBW vs. 326 non-LBW newborns; nonsmokers: 59 IUGR vs. 423 non-IUGR newborns; 47 LBW vs. 435 non-LBW new- borns). Being a single mother was associ- ated with a higher proportion of IUGR- and LBW-affected newborns (single: 30 IUGR vs. 111 non-IUGR; 36 LBW vs. 105 non-LBW; married: 111 IUGR vs. 634 non-IUGR; 92 LBW vs. 653 non-LBW) (Table 1). Of 891 subjects, 674 pregnancies were normal, 88 newborns were IUGR- but not LBW-affected, 76 newborns were born with LBW only, and 53 subjects were affected by both IUGR and LBW (data not shown). The basic charac- teristics of the analyzed samples with regard to 8-oxodG levels are presented in Table 2. We did not find any difference in 8-oxodG between the districts, despite higher levels of air pollutants in the Teplice region, which may induce oxidative DNA damage. In addi- tion, 8-oxodG levels did not differ between the two ethnic groups. In placental samples from IUGR subjects, we observed an increase in 8-oxodG levels that was on the borderline of significance (median 8-oxodG/105 dG = 2.03, range, 0.29–6.17; median 8-oxodG/105 dG = 1.74, range, 0.20–6.50 for IUGR and Table 1. Lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics of the study group. IUGR n (%) Mean ± SD n (%) Non-IUGR Mean ± SD LBW n (%) Mean ± SD n (%) Non-LBW Mean ± SD 39.1 ± 1.78 24.2 ± 5.04 21.4 ± 3.74 38.9 ± 2.28 25.0 ± 4.79 22.5 ± 3.73 35.8 ± 3.03 24.7 ± 5.43 21.4 ± 3.40 Characteristics of mother and child District Prachatice Teplice Ethnicity European Romani Child’s sex Male Female Gestational age (weeks) Mother’s age at delivery (years) Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) Mother’s smoking Yes No Length of mother’s education ≤ 11 years > 11 years Marital status Single Married Vitamin intake during pregnancy ≤ 2 times per week > 2 times per week Characteristics of father Length of father’s education ≤ 11 years > 11 years Father’s smoking Yes No 42 (4.7) 99 (11.1) 102 (11.4) 39 (4.4) 68 (7.6) 73 (8.2) 81 (9.1) 59 (6.6) 102 (11.5) 36 (4.1) 30 (3.4) 111 (12.5) 82 (9.2) 59 (6.6) 97 (11.4) 33 (3.9) 87 (10.1) 47 (5.5) Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 119 | number 2 | February 2011 255 (28.6) 495 (55.6) 647 (72.6) 103 (11.6) 386 (43.3) 364 (40.9) 326 (36.7) 423 (47.6) 442 (50.0) 304 (34.4) 111 (12.5) 634 (71.6) 380 (42.7) 370 (41.5) 440 (51.6) 282 (33.1) 414 (48.0) 314 (36.4) 19 (2.1) 110 (12.3) 83 (9.3) 46 (5.2) 55 (6.2) 74 (8.3) 81 (9.1) 47 (5.3) 84 (9.5) 41 (4.6) 36 (4.1) 92 (10.3) 84 (9.4) 45 (5.1) 88 (10.3) 29 (3.4) 81 (9.4) 36 (4.2) 278 (31.2) 484 (54.4) 666 (74.7) 96 (10.8) 399 (44.8) 363 (40.7) 326 (36.7) 435 (48.9) 460 (52.1) 299 (33.8) 105 (11.9) 653 (73.7) 378 (42.4) 384 (43.1) 449 (52.7) 286 (33.6) 420 (48.7) 325 (37.7) 39.5 ± 1.47 24.9 ± 4.73 22.4 ± 3.79 267