Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2012) 95:1389–1404 Lejeune E, Bayne EH, Allshire RC (2010) On the connection between RNAi and heterochromatin at centromeres. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 75:275–283 Lewis ZA, Adhvaryu KK, Honda S, Shiver AL, Knip M, Sack R, Selker EU (2010) DNA methylation and normal chromosome behavior in Neurospora depend on five components of a histone methyltransferase complex. DCDC PLoS Genet 6:e1001196 Li B, Carey M, Workman JL (2007) The role of chromatin during transcription. Cell 128:707–719 Li Y, Wang C, Liu W, Wang G, Kang Z, Kistler HC, Xu JR (2012) The HDF1 histone deacetylase gene is important for conidiation, sex- ual reproduction, and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 24:487–496 Linardopoulou EV, Williams EM, Fan Y, Friedman C, Young JM, Trask BJ (2005) Human subtelomeres are hot spots of interchro- mosomal recombination and segmental duplication. Nature 437:94–100 Luger K, Mader AW, Richmond RK, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (1997) Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolu- tion. Nature 389:251–260 MacCabe AP, Riach MB, Unkles SE, Kinghorn JR (1990) The Asper- gillus nidulans npeA locus consists of three contiguous genes required for penicillin biosynthesis. EMBO J 9:279–287 Malpartida F, Hopwood DA (1984) Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibiotic and its expres- sion in a heterologous host. Nature 309:462–464 Meloni GA, Schito GC (1991) Microbial ecosystems as targets of antibiotic actions. J Chemother 3(Suppl 1):179–181 Mueller JE, Canze M, Bryk M (2006) The requirements for COMPASS and Paf1 in transcriptional silencing and methylation of histone H3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 173:557–567 Muro-Pastor MI, Gonzalez R, Strauss J, Narendja F, Scazzocchio C (1999) The GATA factor AreA is essential for chromatin remodelling in a eukaryotic bidirectional promoter. EMBO J 18:1584–1597 Newberne PM (1974) The new world of mycotoxins—animal and human health. Clin Toxicol 7:161–177 Newman DJ, Cragg GM (2007) Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J Nat Prod 70:461–477 Nützmann HW, Reyes-Dominguez Y, Scherlach K, Schroeckh V, Horn F, Gacek A, Schumann J, Hertweck C, Strauss J, Brakhage AA (2011) Bacteria-induced natural product formation in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans requires Saga/Ada-mediated histone acety- lation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:14282–14287 Oda K, Kobayashi A, Ohashi S, Sano M (2011) Aspergillus oryzae laeA regulates kojic acid synthesis genes. Biosci Biotechnol Bio- chem 75:1832–1834 Osmani AH, McGuire SL, O'Donnell KL, Pu RT, Osmani SA (1991a) Role of the cell-cycle-regulated NIMA protein kinase during G2 and mitosis: evidence for two pathways of mitotic regulation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 56:549–555 Osmani AH, McGuire SL, Osmani SA (1991b) Parallel activation of the NIMA and p34cdc2 cell cycle-regulated protein kinases is required to initiate mitosis in A. nidulans. Cell 67:283–291 Paddison PJ, Hannon GJ (2002) RNA interference: the new somatic cell genetics? Cancer Cell 2:17–23 Palmer JM, Keller NP (2011) Secondary metabolism in fungi: does chromosomal location matter? Curr Opin Microbiol 13:431–436 Palmer JM, Perrin RM, Dagenais TR, Keller NP (2008) H3K9 meth- ylation regulates growth and development in Aspergillus fumiga- tus. Eukaryot Cell 7:2052–2060 Palmer JM, Mallaredy S, Perry DW, Sanchez JF, Theisen JM, Szewc- zyk E, Oakley BR, Wang CC, Keller NP, Mirabito PM (2010) Telomere position effect is regulated by heterochromatin- associated proteins and NkuA in Aspergillus nidulans. Microbi- ology 156:3522–3531 1403 Perrin RM, Fedorova ND, Bok JW, Cramer RA, Wortman JR, Kim HS, Nierman WC, Keller NP (2007) Transcriptional regulation of chemical diversity in Aspergillus fumigatus by LaeA. PLoS Pathog 3:e50 Reyes-Dominguez Y, Narendja F, Berger H, Gallmetzer A, Fernandez- Martin R, Garcia I, Scazzocchio C, Strauss J (2008) Nucleosome positioning and histone H3 acetylation are independent processes in the Aspergillus nidulans prnD-prnB bidirectional promoter. Eukaryot Cell 7:656–663 Reyes-Dominguez Y, Bok JW, Berger H, Shwab EK, Basheer A, Gallmetzer A, Scazzocchio C, Keller N, Strauss J (2010) Hetero- chromatic marks are associated with the repression of secondary metabolism clusters in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 76:1376–1386 Reyes-Dominguez Y, Boedi S, Sulyok M, Wiesenberger G, Stoppacher N, Krska R, Strauss J (2012) Heterochromatin influences the secondary metabolite profile in the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 49:39–47 Richards EJ, Elgin SC (2002) Epigenetic codes for heterochromatin formation and silencing: rounding up the usual suspects. Cell 108:489–500 Roguev A, Schaft D, Shevchenko A, Pijnappel WW, Wilm M, Aasland R, Stewart AF (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Set1 com- plex includes an Ash2 homologue and methylates histone 3 lysine 4. EMBO J 20:7137–7148 Rountree MR, Selker EU (2010) DNA methylation and the formation of heterochromatin in Neurospora crassa. Heredity (Edinb) 105:38–44 Roze LV, Arthur AE, Hong SY, Chanda A, Linz JE (2007) The initiation and pattern of spread of histone H4 acetylation parallel the order of transcriptional activation of genes in the aflatoxin cluster. Mol Microbiol 66:713–726 Roze LV, Chanda A, Wee J, Awad D, Linz JE (2011) Stress- related transcription factor AtfB integrates secondary metab- olism with oxidative stress response in aspergilli. J Biol Chem 286:35137–35148 Rusche LN, Kirchmaier AL, Rine J (2003) The establishment, inher- itance, and function of silenced chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu Rev Biochem 72:481–516 Sanchez JF, Chiang YM, Szewczyk E, Davidson AD, Ahuja M, Elizabeth Oakley C, Woo Bok J, Keller N, Oakley BR, Wang CC (2009) Molecular genetic analysis of the orsellinic acid/F9775 gene cluster of Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Biosyst 6:587–593 Sarikaya Bayram O, Bayram O, Valerius O, Park HS, Irniger S, Gerke J, Ni M, Han KH, Yu JH, Braus GH (2010) LaeA control of velvet family regulatory proteins for light-dependent development and fungal cell-type specificity. PLoS Genet 6:e1001226 Scazzocchio C (2000) The fungal GATA factors. Curr Opin Microbiol 3:126–131 Scherlach K, Sarkar A, Schroeckh V, Dahse HM, Roth M, Brakhage AA, Horn U, Hertweck C (2011) Two induced fungal polyketide pathways converge into antiproliferative spiroanthrones. Chem- biochem 12:1836–1839 Schinko T, Berger H, Lee W, Gallmetzer A, Pirker K, Pachlinger R, Buchner I, Reichenauer T, Guldener U, Strauss J (2010) Tran- scriptome analysis of nitrate assimilation in Aspergillus nidulans reveals connections to nitric oxide metabolism. Mol Microbiol 78:720–738 Schmidt-Heydt M, Abdel-Hadi A, Magan N, Geisen R (2009) Com- plex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster of As- pergillus flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature. Int J Food Microbiol 135:231–237 Schrettl M, Haas H (2011) Iron homeostasis—Achilles' heel of Asper- gillus fumigatus? Curr Opin Microbiol 14:400–405 Schroeckh V, Scherlach K, Nutzmann HW, Shelest E, Schmidt-Heck W, Schuemann J, Martin K, Hertweck C, Brakhage AA (2009)