344 Pereda A, O’Brien J, Nagy JI, Bukauskas F, Davidson KGV, Kamasawa N, Yasumura T, Rash JE (2003) Connexin35 mediates electrical transmission at mixed synapses on Mauthner cells. J Neurosci 23:7489–7503 Peters A, Palay SL, Webster HD (1991) The ﬁne structure of the nervous system: neurons and their supporting cells. Oxford University Press, New York Rash JE (2010) Molecular disruptions of the panglial syncytium block potassium siphoning and axonal saltatory conduction: pertinence to neuromyelitis optica and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroscience 168:982–1008 Rash JE, Yasumura T (1999) Direct immunogold labeling of connexins and aquaporin 4 in freeze-fracture replicas of liver, brain and spinal cord: factors limiting quantitative analysis. Cell Tissue Res 296:307–321 Rash JE, Dillman RK, Morita M, Whalen LR, Guthrie PB, Fay- Guthrie D, Wheeler DW (1995) Grid-mapped freeze fracture: correlative confocal laser scanning microscopy and freeze- fracture electron microscopy of preselected cells in tissue slices. In: Severs NJ, Shotton DM (eds) Rapid freezing, freeze fracture and deep etching. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 127–150 Rash JE, Dillman RK, Bilhartz BL, Duffy HS, Whalen LR, Yasumura T (1996) Mixed synapses discovered and mapped throughout mammalian spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4235–4239 Rash JE, Yasumura T, Dudek FE, Nagy JI (2001) Cell-speciﬁc expression of connexins, and evidence for restricted gap junctional coupling between glial cells and between neurons. J Neurosci 21:1983–2001 Rash JE, Davidson KGV, Kamasawa N, Yasumura T, Kamasawa M, Zhang C, Michaels R, Restrepo D, Ottersen OP, Olson C, Nagy JI (2005) Ultrastructural localization of connexins (Cx36, Cx43, Cx45), glutamate receptors and aquaporin-4 in rodent olfactory mucosa, olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb. J Neurocytol 34:307–341 Rash JE, Olson C, Davidson KGV, Yasumura T, Kamasawa N, Nagy JI (2007a) Identiﬁcation of connexin36 in gap junctions between neurons in rodent locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 147:938–956 Rash JE, Olson CO, Pouliot WA, Davidson KGV, Yasumura T, Furman CS, Royer S, Kamasawa N, Nagy JI, Dudek FE (2007b) Connexin36, miniature neuronal gap junctions, and limited electrotonic coupling in rodent suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuro- science 149:350–371 Rubin JB, Verselis VK, Bennett MV, Bargiello TA (1992) Molecular analysis of voltage dependence of heterotypic gap junctions formed by connexins26 and 32. Biophys J 62:183–195 Scherer SS, Deschenes SM, Xu YT, Grinspan JP, Fischbeck KH, Paul DL (1995) Connexin32 is a myelin-related protein in the PNS and CNS. J Neurosci 15:8281–8294 Schubert T, Maxeiner S, Kruger O, Willecke K, Weiler R (2005) Connexin45 mediates gap junctional coupling of bistratiﬁed ganglion cells in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 490:29–39 Sempere L, Freemantle S, Pitha-Rowe I, Moss E, Dmitrovsky E, Ambros V (2004) Expression proﬁling of mammalian microRNAs 123 J. E. Rash et al.: Double-Replica FRIL Analysis of Gap Junctions uncovers a subset of brain-expressed microRNAs with possible roles in murine and human neuronal differentiation. Genome Biol 5:R13 Sosinsky G (1995) Mixing of connexins in gap junction membrane channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9210–9214 Teubner B, Degen J, Sohl G, Guldenagel M, Bukauskas FF, Trexler EB, Verselis VK, DeZeeuw CI, Lee CG, Kozak CA, Petrasch- Parwez E, Dermietzel R, Willecke K (2000) Functional expres- sion of the murine connexin36 gene coding for a neuron-speciﬁc gap junctional protein. J Membr Biol 176:249–262 Teubner B, Odermatt B, Guldenagel M, Sohl G, Degen J, Bukauskas FF, Kronengold J, Veselis VK, Jung YT, Kosak CA, Schilling K, Willecke K (2001) Functional expression of the new gap junction gene connexin47 transcribed in mouse brain and spinal cord neurons. J Neurosci 21:1117–1126 Tress O, Maglione M, Zlomuzica A, May D, Dicke N, Degen J, Dere E, Kettenmann H, Hartmann D, Willecke K (2011) Pathologic and phenotypic alterations in a mouse expressing a connexin47 missense mutation that causes Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like dis- ease in humans. PLoS Genet 7:e1002146 Uhlenberg B, Schuelke M, Ruschendorf F, Rug N, Kaindl AM, Henneke M, Thiele H, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Aksu F, Topaloglu H, Hubner C, Weschke B, Gartner J (2004) Mutations in the gene encoding gap junction protein alpha 12 (connex- in46.6) cause Pelizaeus–Merzbacher-like disease. Am J Hum Genet 75:251–260 van der Knaap MS, Naidu S, Breiter SN, Blaser S, Stroink H, Springer S, Begeer JC, van Coster R, Barth PG, Thomas NH, Valk J, Powers JM (2001) Alexander disease: diagnosis with MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 22:541–552 Venance L, Rosov A, Blatow M, Burnashev N, Feldmeyer D, Monyer H (2000) Connexin expression in electrically coupled postnatal rat brain neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:10260–10265 Verselis VK, Ginter CS, Bargiello TA (1994) Opposite voltage gating polarities of two closely related connexins. Nature 368:348–351 Willecke K, Eiberger J, Degen J, Eckardt D, Romualdi A, Guelde- nagel M, Deutsch U, Soehl G (2002) Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome. Biol Chem 383:725–737 Yamamoto T, Ochalski A, Hertzberg EL, Nagy JI (1990a) LM and EM immunolocalization of the gap junctional protein connex- in43 in rat brain. Brain Res 508:313–319 Yamamoto T, Ochalski A, Hertzberg EL, Nagy JI (1990b) On the organization of astrocytic gap junctions in the brain as suggested by LM and EM immunocytochemistry of connexin43 expres- sion. J Comp Neurol 302:853–883 Zhang C (2010) Gap junctions in olfactory neurons modulate olfactory sensitivity. BMC Neurosci 11:108–123 Zhang C, Finger TE, Restrepo D (2000) Mature olfactory receptor neurons express connexin43. J Comp Neurol 426:1–12