6 parenchyma and mediastinum that are beyond the reach of standard endoscopy [47]. Recent published studies showed the diagnostic yield of ENB for small peripheral lung lesions are in the range from 54% to 77%. Lamprecht et al. studied ENB sampling using rapid on site cytological evaluation during the procedure and it showed sensitivity and speciﬁcity of 84.6% and 100%, respectively. Citing potential drawbacks, they found that 33.3% of the cases with ENB sampling were falsely negative and deﬁnitive diagnosis had to be established by CT-guided biopsy or by surgery [48]. Of note, other authors have reported that presence of cytologist virtually eliminates the problem of inadequate samples [49, 50]. 9. Conclusion The ﬁeld of thoracic oncology is going through a revolution with the advent of targeted therapy for the management of patients with lung cancer. FNAB is in many cases the only diagnostic specimen available for guiding therapeutic decisions. 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