(BNHS), Gangaiamaran (BNHS), A. George (BNHS); and in China, we thank S. Li, D. Zhang, T. Li, Y. Li, F. Lei, N. Kong, and D. Zhao. GIS-based wild bird database was managed by D.C. Douglas and W.M. Perry (USGS), and the HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and EMPRES database support were provided by C. Hamilton and J. Siembieda (FAO). The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their insightful reviews on a previous version of the manuscript. Any use of trade, product, or ﬁrm names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. OPEN ACCESS This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and repro- duction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. REFERENCES Alexander D (2007) Summary of avian inﬂuenza activity in Eur- ope, Asia, Africa, and Australasia, 2002–2006. 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