6 Authors Sliva [65], Lai et al. [66], Lin et al. [67], Cheng et al. [71] Cheng et al. [69] Wu et al. [70] Zhang et al. [72] Zhao et al. [73] Sun et al. [74] Han et al. [21] Luo et al. [75], King and Murphy [76] Hara et al. [77], Iizuka et al. [78] Wang et al. [79] Xu et al. [80] Cheng et al. [81] Yue et al. [82] Konkimalla et al. [83] Su et al. [20, 84] Wang et al. [85] Lo et al. [86] Hung et al. [87, 88] G. sinense (lingzhi) C. sappan A. Radix and R. Radix A. Sinensis Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, and Fructus Psoraleae C.A. Meyer American ginseng (P. quinquefolius L.) C. rhizome L. rubescens Franquet R. paridis P. ginseng Artemisinin P. suﬀruticosa S. miltiorrhiza U. rhynchophylla S. miltiorrhiza Ethanol extracts Protosappanin A NF3 (A. Radix and R. Radix in the ratio of 2 : 1) SBD.4 CK Ginsenoside Rg3/ginseng extracts Oridonin TBMS1 RPTS Rg1 Paeonol SAL or TAN SMAE Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Common functions Immunomodulatory, antitumor activity Immunomodulatory Immunomodulatory Wound repair Wound repair Postmenopausal osteoporosis Diabetes mellitus Antitumor activity Anti-tumor activity Anti-tumor activity Anti-tumor activity Angiogenesis Nitric oxide biosynthesis Neurodegenerative disease Acute myocardial infarction Convulsive disorders Cardiovascular disorder Table 2: List of Chinese herbal studies that have incorporated genomic and proteomic analysis. Herb name Extracts G. lucidum (lingzhi) Polysaccharide fraction/F3 Benzodixoloquinolizine alkaloids/berberine Anti-tumor activity resistance, such that the liver lacks the ability to regulate glycolysis and gluconeogenesis [91]. Han et al. compared gene expression proﬁles of C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice (insulin- resistant model of insulin-dependent diabetes and obesity) following treatment with compound K (CK), a ﬁnal metabo- lite of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer [21]. They found that some diﬀerentially expressed genes in liver tissue were associ- ated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways, for example, upregulation of aldolase 2, B isoform and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase for glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, and downregulation of fructose bisphosphatase 1 for gluconeogenesis pathways after CK treatment. In adipose tissue, on the other hand, they found diﬀerentially expressed genes there was linked to adipocy- tokine signaling and fatty acid synthesis/metabolism path- ways, for example, upregulation of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma for adipocytokine signaling and fatty acid synthase for fatty acid synthesis pathways after CK treatment. Plasma adiponectin, a hormone responsible for increas- ing neoglucogenesis, is secreted from adipocytes and might play a key role in linking obesity, insulin resistance, and the T2DM syndrome. A higher adiponectin expression has been observed in conjunction with lowered obesity levels in human studies [92]. Furthermore, Fu et al. have found that adiponectin increases total glucose transporter 4 expression, which can aid in the response to insulin at the plasma membrane [93]. These results suggest that CK might be a potential target for antidiabetic drugs. 5.5. Antitumor Activity. Chinese herbs have been known to possess anti-tumor activity, and some studies have investi- gated this functionality and its mechanisms in cancer treat- ments. F3-treated human leukemia THP-1 cells have been found to undergo apoptosis through death receptor pathways as determined through microarray analysis [71]. Further- more, F3 induces macrophage-like diﬀerentiation by caspase cleavage and p53 activation in THP-1 cells [94]. Another study using a microarray approach determined that 25% of genes regulated by two lingzhi (G. lucidum and G. sinense) was determined to be similar [69]. G. sinense was observed to regulate inﬂammation and immune response pathways, while G. lucidum appeared to increase the expression levels of NF-κB pathway genes. Therefore, lingzhi appears to have eﬃcacy as an anti-tumor agent against THP-1 cells. Other Chinese herbs have also been associated with anti-tumor eﬀects [95–101]. Two studies have shown that