Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6 3163 mitigate harm among children from homes with an alcohol-abusing parent and where IPV is present. The results of these investigations will have important implications for the development of treatments necessary to address these complex issues. 4. Conclusions In closing, we believe that concerted efforts are needed to investigate the psychosocial adjustment of children living in violent alcoholic homes. Without a better understanding of the psychosocial adjustment of these children and the factors (e.g., individual, dyadic, parental, biologic, and familial) that may contribute to these home environments, our ability to develop and evaluate treatments with these high-risk families will be greatly impaired. Whether parental alcohol use, coupled with interparental violence may provide unique, interactive, or cumulative risk for children in these homes is not well-understood. While these behaviors are unlikely to be the only risks children in these homes encounter, we strongly believe that each of these behaviors may result in both short-term and potentially longer lasting effects on their development. Ultimately, the knowledge gleaned from these types of investigations will lead to the greatest level of safety for patients, their partners, and their children and aid in developing better policies and treatments [82]. References and Notes 1. Statistics, B.O.J. Intimate Partner Violence in the United States. National Crime Victimization Survey; Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2006. 2. Schafer, J.R.; Caetano, R.L.; Clark, C.L. Rates of intimate partner violence in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 1998, 88, 1702-1704. 3. Meyers, L. Art imitating life. Monitor Psychol. 2008, 39, 44-49. 4. Eigenberg, H.M. Women Battering in the United States: Till Death Do Us Part; Waveland Press: Long Grove, IL, USA, 2008. 5. McDonald, R.; Jouriles, E.N.; Briggs-Gowan, M.J.; Rosenfield, D.; Carter, A.S. Violence toward a family member, angry adult conflict, and child adjustment difficulties: relations in families with 1- to 3-year-old children. J. Fam. Psychol. 2007, 21, 176-184. 6. Fox, J.A.; Zawitz, M.W. Homicide Trends in the United States; US Department of Justice: Washington, DC, USA, 2004. 7. Leonard, K.E. Alcohol and Violence in Context; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1992. 8. LoVecchio, F.; Bhatia, A.; Sciallo, D. Screening for domestic violence in the emergency department. Euro. J. Emerg. Med. 1998, 5, 441-444. 9. Brown, D.S.; Finkelstein, E.A.; Mercy, J.A. Methods for estimating medical expenditures attributable to intimate partner violence. J. Interpers. Violence 2008, 23, 1747-1766. 10. Bennett, L.; Lawson, M. Barriers to cooperation between domestic violence and substance abuse programs. Fam. Soc. 1994, 75, 277-286.