Myung Gu Kim, et al. REFERENCES 1. Magilvy K. Quality of life of hearing-impaired older women. Nurs Res 1985;34:140-4. 2. Mulrow CD, Aguilar C, Endicott JE, Tuley MR, Velez R, Charlip WS, et al. Quality-of-life changes and hearing impairment. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:188-94. 3. Lees RE, Roberts JH, Wald Z. Noise induced hearing loss and leisure activities of young people: a pilot study. Can J Public Health 1985;76:171-3. 4. Blair JC, Hardegree D, Benson PV. Necessity and effectiveness of a hearing conservation program for elementary students. J Educ Audiol 1996;4:12-6. 5. Niskar AS, Kieszak SM, Holmes AE, Esteban E, Rubin C, Brody DJ. Estimated prevalence of noise-induced hearing threshold shifts among children 6 to 19 years of age: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, United States. Pediatrics 2001;108:40-3. 6. Axelsson A, Jerson T. Noisy toys: a possible source of senso- rineural hearing loss. Pediatrics 1985;76:574-8. 7. Jokitulppo JS, Björk EA, Akaan-Penttilä E. Estimated leisure noise exposure and hearing symptoms in Finnish teenagers. Scand Audiol 1997;26:257-62. 8. Turunen-Rice I, Flottorp G, Tvete O. A study of the possibility of acquiring noise-induced hearing loss by the use of personal cassette players (walkman). Scand Audiol Suppl 1991;34:133-44. 9. American National Standards Institute. Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms. ANSI S3.1- 1999, New York: American National Standards Institute; 1999. 10. Schmuzigert N, Fostiropoulos K, Probst R. Long-term assess- ment of auditory changes resulting from a single noise exposure associated with non-occupational activities. Int J Audiol 2006; 45:46-54. 11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/NIOSH. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure Revised Criteria.Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services 1998. 12. Kageyama T. Loudness in listening to music with portable headphone stereos. Percept Mot Skills 1999;88:423. 13. Daniel E. Noise and hearing loss: a review. J Sch Health 2007; 77:225-31. 14. Klein BE, Cruickshanks KJ, Nondahl DM, Klein R, Dalton DS. Cataract and hearing loss in a population-based study: the Beaver Dam Studies. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:537-43. 15. Fligor BJ, Cox LC. Output levels of commercially available portable compact disc players and the potential risk to hearing. Ear Hear 2004;25:513-27. 16. Bronzaft A. The increase in noise pollution: what are the health effects? Nutr Health Rev 1996;78:2-7. 17. Daniel E. Noise and hearing loss: a review. J Sch Health 2007; 77:225-31. 18. Kaygusuz I, Oztürk A, Ustündaǧ B, Yalçin S. Role of free oxygen radicals in noise-related hearing impairment. Hear Res 2001; 162:43-7. 19. Kolkhorst FW, Smaldino JJ, Wolf SC, Battani LR, Plakke BL, Huddleston S, et al. Influence of fitness on susceptibility to noise- induced temporary threshold shift. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:289-93. 20. Lawrence HP, Garcia RI, Essick GK, Hawkins R, Krall EA, Spiro A 3rd, et al. A longitudinal study of the association between tooth loss and age-related hearing loss. Spec Care Dentist 2001;21:129-40. 21. Ferrite S, Santana V. Joint effects of smoking, noise exposure and age on hearing loss. Occup Med (Lond) 2005;55:48-53. 776 Yonsei Med J http://www.eymj.org Volume 50 Number 6 December 2009