Gouti, Briscoe, Gavalas 19 Cheung M, Chaboissier MC, Mynett A et al. The transcriptional con- trol of trunk neural crest induction, survival, and delamination. Dev Cell 2005;8:179–192. 20 Trainor P, Krumlauf R. Patterning the cranial neural crest: Hindbrain segmentation and Hox gene plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2000;1: 116–124. 21 Gavalas A, Trainor P, Ariza-McNaughton L et al. Synergy between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1: The relationship between arch patterning and the generation of cranial neural crest. Development 2001;128:3017–3027. 22 Gavalas A, Studer M, Lumsden A et al. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 1998;125:1123–1136. 23 Gouti M, Gavalas A. Hoxb1 controls cell fate speciﬁcation and prolif- erative capacity of neural stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1985–1997. 24 Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the develop- ment of the chick embryo. J Morphol 1951;88:49–92. 25 Stamataki D, Ulloa F, Tsoni SV et al. A gradient of Gli activity medi- ates graded Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the neural tube. Genes Dev 2005;19:626–641. 26 Megason SG, McMahon AP. A mitogen gradient of dorsal midline Wnts organizes growth in the CNS. Development 2002;129:2087–2098. 27 Suemori H, Kadodawa Y, Goto K et al. A mouse embryonic stem cell line showing pluripotency of differentiation in early embryos and ubiquitous beta-galactosidase expression. Cell Differ Dev 1990;29: 181–186. 28 Kaltezioti V, Kouroupi G, Oikonomaki M et al. Prox1 regulates the notch1-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis. PLoS Biol 2010;8: e1000565. 29 Korchynskyi O, ten Dijke P. Identiﬁcation and functional characteriza- tion of distinct critically important bone morphogenetic protein-spe- ciﬁc response elements in the Id1 promoter. J Biol Chem 2002;277: 4883–4891. 30 Strobl LJ, Hofelmayr H, Stein C et al. Both Epstein-Barr viral nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) and activated Notch1 transactivate genes by inter- acting with the cellular protein RBP-J kappa. Immunobiology 1997; 198:299–306. 31 Ishii M, Han J, Yen HY et al. Combined deﬁciencies of Msx1 and Msx2 cause impaired patterning and survival of the cranial neural crest. Development 2005;132:4937–4950. 32 Liu Y, Helms AW, Johnson JE. Distinct activities of Msx1 and Msx3 in dorsal neural tube development. Development 2004;131:1017–1028. 33 Inoue T, Kagawa T, Fukushima M et al. Activation of canonical Wnt pathway promotes proliferation of retinal stem cells derived from adult mouse ciliary margin. Stem Cells 2006;24:95–104. 34 Cano A, Perez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I et al. The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cad- herin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:76–83. 35 LaBonne C, Bronner-Fraser M. Snail-related transcriptional repressors are required in Xenopus for both the induction of the neural crest and its subsequent migration. Dev Biol 2000;221:195–205. 36 Nieto MA, Sargent MG, Wilkinson DG et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by slug, a zinc ﬁnger gene. Science 1994;264:835–839. 37 Cheung M, Briscoe J. Neural crest development is regulated by the transcription factor Sox9. Development 2003;130:5681–5693. 38 Vega S, Morales AV, Ocana OH et al. Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. Genes Dev 2004;18:1131–1143. 39 Nakagawa S, Takeichi M. Neural crest emigration from the neural tube depends on regulated cadherin expression. Development 1998; 125:2963–2971. 40 Taneyhill LA, Coles EG, Bronner-Fraser M. Snail2 directly represses cadherin6B during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions of the neural crest. Development 2007;134:1481–1490. 41 Akitaya T, Bronner-Fraser M. Expression of cell adhesion molecules during initiation and cessation of neural crest cell migration. Dev Dyn 1992;194:12–20. 42 Shoval I, Ludwig A, Kalcheim C. Antagonistic roles of full-length N- cadherin and its soluble BMP cleavage product in neural crest delami- nation. Development 2007;134:491–501. 43 Vincent M, Duband JL, Thiery JP. A cell surface determinant expressed early on migrating avian neural crest cells. Brain Res 1983; 285:235–238. 44 Epstein DJ, Vekemans M, Gros P. Splotch (Sp2H), a mutation affect- ing development of the mouse neural tube, shows a deletion within the paired homeodomain of Pax-3. Cell 1991;67:767–774. 45 Mansouri A, Gruss P. Pax3 and Pax7 are expressed in commissural neurons and restrict ventral neuronal identity in the spinal cord. Mech Dev 1998;78:171–178. 46 Garcia-Castro MI, Marcelle C, Bronner-Fraser M. Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer. Science 2002;297:848–851. www.StemCells.com 869 47 Ikeya M, Lee SM, Johnson JE et al. Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors. Nature 1997;389: 966–970. 48 Lewis JL, Bonner J, Modrell M et al. Reiterated Wnt signaling during zebraﬁsh neural crest development. Development 2004;131: 1299–1308. 49 Liem KF, Jr, Tremml G, Roelink H et al. Dorsal differentiation of neural plate cells induced by BMP-mediated signals from epidermal ectoderm. Cell 1995;82:969–979. 50 Mancilla A, Mayor R. Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: Mechanisms of Xslug induction. Dev Biol 1996;177:580–589. 51 Mayor R, Morgan R, Sargent MG. Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Development 1995;121:767–777. 52 Nguyen VH, Schmid B, Trout J et al. Ventral and lateral regions of the zebraﬁsh gastrula, including the neural crest progenitors, are estab- lished by a bmp2b/swirl pathway of genes. Dev Biol 1998;199: 93–110. 53 Cheng L, Arata A, Mizuguchi R et al. Tlx3 and Tlx1 are post-mitotic selector genes determining glutamatergic over GABAergic cell fates. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:510–517. 54 Dessaud E, McMahon AP, Briscoe J. Pattern formation in the verte- brate neural tube: A Sonic Hedgehog morphogen-regulated transcrip- tional network. Development 2008;135:2489–2503. 55 Alexander JE, Hunt DF, Lee MK et al. Characterization of posttrans- lational modiﬁcations in neuron-speciﬁc class III beta-tubulin by mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:4685–4689. 56 Bhattacharyya A, Frank E, Ratner N et al. P0 is an early marker of the Schwann cell lineage in chickens. Neuron 1991;7:831–844. 57 Nataf V, Le Douarin NM. Induction of melanogenesis by tetradecano- ylphorbol-13 acetate and endothelin 3 in embryonic avian peripheral nerve cultures. Pigment Cell Res 2000;13:172–178. 58 Nataf V, Mercier P, De Nechaud B et al. Melanoblast/melanocyte early marker (MelEM) is a glutathione S-transferase subunit. Exp Cell Res 1995;218:394–400. 59 Willert K, Jones KA. Wnt signaling: Is the party in the nucleus? Genes Dev 2006;20:1394–1404. 60 Alvarez-Medina R, Cayuso J, Okubo T et al. Wnt canonical pathway restricts graded Shh/Gli patterning activity through the regulation of Gli3 expression. Development 2008;135:237–247. 61 Nikaido M, Tada M, Takeda H et al. In vivo analysis using variants of zebraﬁsh BMPR-IA: range of action and involvement of BMP in ectoderm patterning. Development 1999;126:181–190. 62 Imayoshi I, Sakamoto M, Yamaguchi M et al. Essential roles of Notch signaling in maintenance of neural stem cells in developing and adult brains. J Neurosci 2010;30:3489–3498. 63 Kageyama R, Ohtsuka T, Shimojo H et al. Dynamic Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells and a revised view of lateral inhibition. Nat Neurosci 2008;11:1247–1251. 64 Glavic A, Silva F, Aybar MJ et al. Interplay between Notch signaling and the homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. Development 2004;131:347–359. 65 Endo Y, Osumi N, Wakamatsu Y. Bimodal functions of Notch-medi- ated signaling are involved in neural crest formation during avian ectoderm development. Development 2002;129:863–873. 66 Hatakeyama J, Bessho Y, Katoh K et al. Hes genes regulate size, shape and histogenesis of the nervous system by control of the timing of neural stem cell differentiation. Development 2004;131:5539–5550. 67 Fior R, Henrique D. A novel hes5/hes6 circuitry of negative regulation controls Notch activity during neurogenesis. Dev Biol 2005;281: 318–333. 68 Rijli FM, Mark M, Lakkaraju S et al. A homeotic transformation is generated in the rostral branchial region of the head by disruption of Hoxa-2, which acts as a selector gene. Cell 1993;75:1333–1349. 69 Southard-Smith EM, Kos L, Pavan WJ. Sox10 mutation disrupts neu- ral crest development in Dom Hirschsprung mouse model. Nat Genet 1998;18:60–64. 70 Britsch S, Goerich DE, Riethmacher D et al. The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of peripheral glial development. Genes Dev 2001;15:66–78. 71 Kelsh RN, Eisen JS. The zebraﬁsh colourless gene regulates develop- ment of non-ectomesenchymal neural crest derivatives. Development 2000;127:515–525. 72 Herbarth B, Pingault V, Bondurand N et al. Mutation of the Sry-related Sox10 gene in Dominant megacolon, a mouse model for human Hirsch- sprung disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:5161–5165. 73 Vernon AE, LaBonne C. Slug stability is dynamically regulated dur- ing neural crest development by the F-box protein Ppa. Development 2006;133:3359–3370. 74 Drerup CM, Wiora HM, Topczewski J et al. Disc1 regulates foxd3 and sox10 expression, affecting neural crest migration and differentia- tion. Development 2009;136:2623–2632. 75 Waskiewicz AJ, Rikhof HA, Moens CB. Eliminating zebraﬁsh pbx proteins reveals a hindbrain ground state. Dev Cell 2002;3:723–733.