Chest circumference Rib circumference Waist circumference Pelvic circumference Hip circumference N Age (year) Weight (kg) Height (cm) 4 Training content Description Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Table 1: Continued. A subject undresses upper body and stands up straight with balanced pressure on the right and left feet. An observer stands in front of the subject. The subject raises his arms laterally and the observer wraps measuring tape around the subject’s upper body to pass the right and left nipple point. The subject lowers their arms in a natural way and the circumference is recorded. A subject undresses upper body and stands up straight with balanced pressure on the right and left feet. An observer stands in front of the subject. The subject raises his arms laterally and the observer wraps measuring tape around the subject’s upper body to pass the right and left 7th and 8th prominence of costochondral junction. The subject lowers their arms in a natural way and the circumference is recorded. A subject undresses upper body and stands up straight with balanced pressure on the right and left feet. An observer stands in front of the subject. The subject raises his arms laterally and the observer wraps measuring tape around the subject’s upper body to pass the umbilical cord. The subject lowers their arms in a natural way and the circumference is recorded. A subject undresses upper body and suﬃciently rolls down the pants and underwear to expose measuring areas. He stands up straight with balanced pressure on the right and left feet. The subject crosses his arms on the chest. An observer stands in front of the subject wraps the measuring tape to pass the right and left ASIS. The circumference is recorded. A subject undresses upper body and suﬃciently rolls down the pants and underwear to expose measuring areas. He stands up straight with balanced pressure on the right and left feet. The subject crosses his arms on the chest. An observer stands in front of the subject wraps the measuring tape to pass right over the pubis. The circumference is recorded. Table 2: General characteristics of the subjects and the observers. Subjects 10 24.4 ± 1.9 74.16 ± 7.73 178.42 ± 5.96 Observers 5 25.1 ± 1.5 67.42 ± 6.89 171.38 ± 1.51 is the interobserver TEM between observers. Relative total TEM (% total TEM) was calculated by %total TEM = (total TEM) mean × 100. (4) In terms of reliability, smaller percentage represents more precise measurement. A %TEM score greater than 5% is usually considered imprecise in practical applications. The accuracy of the measurements of each observer was evaluated through the average bias (AB). AB was computed as a mean diﬀerence between measurement of observer and that of the instructor, which was designated as a gold stan- dard due to his clinical experience and role as a trainer for the body shape measuring. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 12.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). 3. Results 3.1. Intraobserver Reliability. Five observers’ pretraining and posttraining measurements are shown in Table 3. The range of intraobserver %TEMs in 5-width measurements ranged from 1.97%–4.98% pretraining and 0.79%–1.85% post- training (IW), from 1.91%–6.26% pretraining and 1.05%– 1.60% posttraining (CW), from 1.42%–3.48% pretraining and 0.77%–1.47% posttraining (RW), from 1.64%–2.78% pretraining and 0.77%–1.72% posttraining (WW), from 1.99%–5.71% pretraining and 0.58%–1.37% posttraining (PW). The range of intraobserver %TEMs in 8-circumference measurements ranged from 0.27%–1.35% pretraining and 0.27%–0.54% posttraining (FC), from 1.04%–2.69% pre- training and 0.74%–0.98% posttraining (NC), from 1.09%– 2.10% pretraining and 0.46%–1.03% posttraining (AC), from 1.16%–2.20% pretraining and 0.41%–0.67% posttrain- ing (CC), from 1.28%–3.81% pretraining and 0.54%–1.35% posttraining (RC), from 0.91%–1.62% pretraining and 0.57%–0.83% posttraining (WC), from 0.87%–2.00% pre- training and 0.48%–1.10% posttraining (PC), from 1.27%– 3.43% pretraining and 0.35%–0.99% posttraining (HC). In- traobserver %TEM of WHR using WC and HC ranged from 2.12%–3.10% pretraining and 0.70%–1.05% posttraining. The %TEMs and AB values of the 5-width and 8-cir- cumference measurements were decreased. This means that measurement diﬀerences between observers and instructor became smaller and the measurement reliability was in- creased. 3.2. Interobserver Reliability. The interobserver %TEMs in 5-width measurements were 4.53% pretraining and 0.82% posttraining (IW), 4.22% pretraining and 1.66% posttrain- ing (CW), 2.40% pretraining and 1.12% posttraining (RW), 3.78% pretraining and 1.31% posttraining (WW), and 9.60% pretraining, and 1.62% posttraining (PW). The interobserver %TEMs in 8-circumference mea- surements were 1.00% pretraining and 0.56% posttraining (FC), 2.19% pretraining and 1.08% posttraining (NC), 1.80% pretraining and 1.05% posttraining (AC), 1.40% pretraining and 0.85% posttraining (CC), 1.75% pretraining