Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine exclusively in the nervous system, especially during devel- opment [61]. Additionally, among up-regulated proteins, heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) has a reported role in cell stress/neuroprotection as well as in axonal regeneration [62]. These results reveal the potential for proteomics research to supplement and guide the treatment of SCI with acupuncture in future research. Moreover, Sung et al. applied EA at ST36 in a SD rat model, and subsequent 2-DE was used to identify signaling pathways involved in neuropathic pain [9]. Thirty- six diﬀerentially expressed proteins were identiﬁed in the neuropathic pain model, and the normal expression levels of their corresponding genes could be restored following EA treatment. Furthermore, Jeon et al. performed EA at GB34 in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease [63]. They observed restoration of behavioral impairment and rescued tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurodegenera- tion after the treatment. In previous studies, the expression of myelin basic protein can also be restored to normal levels after EA treatment [63]. Kim et al. performed similar studies at GB34 and GB39 [64]. They identiﬁed thirteen diﬀerentially expressed proteins using MS, and four of these proteins—cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, munc18-1, hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Vb—were restored to normal expression levels following EA treatment. These proteins are involved in cell metabolism, and may reduce MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal destruction by decreasing oxidative stress. Taken together, these results suggest that acupuncture treatment is likely to have a neuroprotective eﬀect on neuronal diseases through cell metabolic and nervous tissue developmental pathways, among others. 5. Genomic Studies of Chinese Herbs in Diseases Many studies have investigated genes impacted by Chinese herb extracts from transcriptional proﬁles after treatment and analyzed their functions using pathway databases. These results were used to evaluate whether Chinese herb extracts could be used as a complementary drug to treat speciﬁc symptoms. Here, we review Chinese herbal treatment-related studies that incorporated genomic analysis and interpret the eﬃcacy of Chinese herb extracts for various symptoms and conditions (Table 2). 5.1. Immunomodulatory Function. It is generally agreed that the fungus Ganoderma lucidum contains an abundance of polysaccharides with immunostimulatory properties [65], and these have been investigated using human CD14 (+) (cluster of diﬀerentiation 14) derived dendritic cells [66, 67]. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response. A comparison of transcriptional proﬁles from the polysac- charide of G. lucidum-treated dendritic cells and untreated dendritic cells showed a decrease in the expression of some phagocytosis-related genes, for example, CD36, CD206, and CD209. The expression of proinﬂammatory chemokines was increased, that is, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands (CCL) 5 CCL20, CCL5, and CCL19; interleukins (IL) IL-27, IL-23A, IL-12A, and IL-12B; costimulatory molecules CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 [67]. Additionally, altered expression levels of CD209, CCL20, CCL5, IL-27, CD54, CD80, and CD86 in cells after treatment with F3 (a polysaccharide fraction extracted from lingzhi) have been observed by Lai et al., with CD209 expression down-regulated proportional to treatment time [66]. Another study investigated the treatment of human CD14+ monocytes with polysaccharide fractions extracted from North American ginseng [68]. The MAPK (extracellular regulated protein kinases-1/2), phosphoinositide-3-kinase, p38, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) cascades are key signaling pathways that may trigger immunomodulatory functions, as determined by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis [68]. With regard to other extracts, Cheng et al. reported that the NF-κB pathway was up-regulated in THP-1 by treatment with ethanol extracts of G. sinense, but not by G. lucidum [69]. Moreover, protosappanin A treatment (an ethanol extract of Caesalpinia sappan) has been reported to induce an immunosuppressive eﬀect via the NF-κB pathway in a heart transplantation rat model [70]. 5.2. Wound Repair. Herbal formulas containing extracts of Astragali radix, Rehmanniae radix, and Angelica sinensis show potential therapeutic beneﬁts for wound repair [72]. For example, the formula NF3, which consists of a 2 : 1 ratio of A. radix and R. radix, has been found to aﬀect cell proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix formation, and inﬂammation in the Hs27 skin ﬁbroblast cell line through microarray analysis [72]. Another study in human skin substitutes revealed that SBD.4 extracts of A. sinensis possesses skin- and wound-healing activity [73]. After SBD.4 stimulation, the gene expression of collagen XVI and XVII, laminin γ-2 and 5, claudin 1 and 4, hyaluronan synthase 3, superoxide dismutase 2, and heparin-binding EGF was up- regulated and ADAM 9 was down-regulated in EpiDermFT skin substitute tissues. The elevation of collagen XVI and XVII can enhance collagen ﬁbril organization and the reduction of ADAM9 may stimulate collagen deposition [89, 90]. These results suggest that these skin- and wound-healing related genes function in cell-substrate junction assembly. 5.3. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Traditional Chinese herb- alists have been treating patients with chronic kidney disease for thousands of years [19]. The eﬀect of an herbal mixture consisting of Herba Epimedii, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, and Fructus Psoraleae was investigated in aged ovariectomy and calcium deﬁciency-induced osteoporotic rats [74]. A com- parison of the transcriptional proﬁles between nontreated and herbal formula-treated ovariectomized rats found that some genes speciﬁcally activated by the herbal mixture, such as prostaglandin EP3 receptor and osteoprotegerin, were involved in bone remodeling and bone protection. Moreover, they identiﬁed the involvement of estrogen-related proteins and suggested that the herbal formula may act like estrogens. 5.4. Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insuﬃcient insulin secretion and insulin