30 January 2006]. Mazaheri M. 2009. Determination of aflatoxins in imported rice to Iran. Food Chem Toxicol 47(8):2064–2066. Mbendi Nlombi C, Longo-Mbenza B, Mbendi Nsukini S, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Situakibanza Nanituma H, Vangu Ngoma D. 2001. Prevalence of HIV and HBs antigen in blood donors. Residual risk of contamination in blood recipients in East Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Med Trop (Mars) 61(2):139–142. Vazquez-VanDyck M, Martinez-Lopez E, et al. 2009. A low steady HBsAg seroprevalence is associated with a low incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in Mexico: a systematic review. Hepatol Int 3(2):343–355. Aspergillus section Flavi contamination in rice and its byproducts from the Philippines. Food Addit Contam: Part A 22(5):429–436. Merican I, Guan R, Amarapuka D, Alexander MJ, Chutaputti A, Shephard GS. 2003. Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African Chien RN, et al. 2000. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Asian countries. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15(12):1356–1361. perspectives. Toxin Rev 22:267; doi:10.1081/TXR-120024094 [Online 8 November 2003]. Midio AF, Campos RR, Sabino M. 2001. Occurrence of aflatoxins Shephard GS. 2008. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Wang J, Liu XM. 2007. Contamination of aflatoxins in different Indonesia. Evidence for a predominantly horizontal trans- mission profile. Adv Exp Med Biol 531:177–183. Vargas EA, Preis RA, Castro L, Silva CMG. 2001. Co-occurrence of aflatoxins B 1, B 2, G 1, G 2, zearalenone and fumonisin B 1 in Brazilian corn. Food Addit Contam: Part A 18:981; doi:10.1080/02652030110046190 [Online 11 November 2001]. health and economic significance and food control meas- ures. Ind J Med Res 108:212–224. Wang JS, Huang T, Su J, Liang F, Wei Z, Liang Y, et al. 2001. Hepatocellular carcinoma and aflatoxin exposure in Zhuqing Village, Fusui County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10(2):143–146. Sales AC, Yoshizawa T. 2005. Updated profile of aflatoxin and Vasanthi S, Bhat RV. 1998. Mycotoxins in foods—occurrence, Africa. Food Addit Contam: Part A 25(10):1246–1256. kinds of foods in China. Biomed Environ Sci 20(6):483–487. Shimelis T, Torben W, Medhin G, Tebeje M, Andualm A, WHO. 2005. Vaccine Product Selection Menu. A Guide for Demessie F, et al. 2008. Hepatitis B virus infection among people attending the voluntary counselling and test- ing centre and anti-retroviral therapy clinic of St Paul’s General Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sex Transm Infect 84(1):37–41. survey of fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and aflatoxins contamination in corn-based food products in Argentina. Food Addit Contam Part A 16(8):325–329. National Immunization Managers when Introducing GAVI/ The Vaccine Fund Supported Vaccines. Available: http:// www.who.int/immunization_delivery/new_vaccines/4. Coreinformation_Hepatitis%20B.pdf [accessed 27 April 2010]. Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food). Available: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/ chem/gems/en/index1.html [accessed 20 August 2009]. Solovey MMS, Somoza C, Cano G, Pacin A, Resnik S. 1999. A WHO. 2006. Global Environment Monitoring System—Food hepatitis B virus infection in a general adult population in Korea. Intervirology 52(2):57–62. Control through Immunization. Manila, Philippines:World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Strosnider H, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Banziger M, Bhat RV, Pacific. B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cooked food components of whole meals marketed in fast food outlets of the city of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Food Addit Contam PART A 18(5):445–448. Miller WC, Shao JF, Weaver DJ, Shimokura GH, Paul DA, Lallinger GJ. 1998. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in Tanzanian adults. Trop Med Int Health 3(9):757–763. Minuk GY, Uhanova J. 2001.Chronic hepatitis B infection in Canada. Can J Infect Dis 12(6):351–356. Munir M, Saleem M, Malik ZR, Ahmed M, Ali A. 1989. Incidence of aflatoxin contamination in non-perishable food com- modities. J Pak Med Assoc 39(6):154–157. et al. 1994. Hepatitis C and B virus infections in populations at low or high risk in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi, Vietnam. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 9(4):416–419. National Health and Medical Research Council. 1992. The 1990 Australia Market Basket Survey. Canberra:National Health and Medical Research Council. Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC:National Academy Press. National Research Council. 2008. Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment. Washington, DC:National Academy Press. Noviandi CT, Razzazi E, Agus A, Böhm J, Hulan HW, Wedhastri S, et al. 2001. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in some Indonesian food and feed products in Yogyakarta in year 1998–1999. Mycotoxin Res 17(0):174–177. Ok HE, Kim HJ, Bo Shim W, Lee H, Bae DH, Chung DH, et al. 2007. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in marketed foods and risk estimates of dietary exposure in Koreans. J Food Protect 70(12):2824–2828. Oliveira CA, Gonçalves NB, Rosim RE, Fernandes A. 2009. Tayou CT, Amadou D, Rakia Y, Marc H, Antoine N, Guy M, Determination of aflatoxins in peanut products in the northeast region of São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 10(1):174–183. et al. 2009. Characteristics of blood donors and donated blood in sub-Saharan francophone Africa. Transfusion 49(8):1592–1599. Omer RE, Bakker MI, van’t Veer P, Hoogenboom RL, Polman Torres JR. 1996. Hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus infection TH, Alink GM, et al. 1998. Aflatoxin and liver cancer in in South America. Gut 38(suppl 2):S48–S55. Sudan. Nutr Cancer 32(3):174–180. J Clin Virol 34(suppl 1):S130–S133. Paraná R, Almeida D. 2005. HBV epidemiology in Latin America. Torres Espinosa E, Acuña Askar K, Naccha Torres LR, Montoya Olvera R, Castrellón Santa Anna J. 1995. Quantification of aflatoxins in corn distributed in the city of Monterrey, Park JW, Kim EK, Kim YB. 2004. Estimation of the daily exposure Mexico. Food Addit Contam 12(3):383–386. of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption. Food Tswana S, Chetsanga C, Nyström L, Moyo S, Nzara M, Chieza Nakata S, Song P, Duc DD, Nguyen XQ, Murata K, Tsuda F, Song E, Yun YM, Park MH, Seo DH. 2009. Prevalence of occult WHO. 2007. Western Pacific Regional Plan for Hepatitis B National Research Council. 1983. Risk Assessment in the Szymañska K, Chen JG, Cui Y, Gong YY, Turner PC, Villar S, Liu and Wu BMC Public Health 6:21; doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-21 [online Roman S, Panduro A, Aguilar-Gutierrez Y, Maldonado M, Addit Contam PART A 21(1):70–75. Australia? Food Austr 53(12):545–559. Pitt JI, Tomaska L. 2001. Are mycotoxins a health hazard in Plymoth A, Viviani S, Hainaut P. 2009. Control of hepatocellular carcinoma through Hepatitis B vaccination in areas of high endemicity: perspectives for global liver cancer pre- vention. Cancer Lett 286(1):15–21. L. 1996. A sero-epidemiological cross-sectional study of hepatitis B virus in Zimbabwe. S Afr Med J 86(1):72–75. 1994. Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cir- rhosis and HBV carriers in liver disease patients referred to Clinical Research Centre, Kemri. Afr J Health Sci 1(3):126–128. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Gao YT, Henderson BE. Vall Mayans M, Hall AJ, Inskip HM, Chotard J, Lindsay 1994. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin expo- sure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3:3–10. SW, Coromina E, et al. 1990. Risk factors for transmis- sion of hepatitis B virus to Gambian children. Lancet 336(8723):1107–1109. Resuli B, Prifti S, Kraja B, Nurka T, Basho M, Sadiku E. 2009. van Hattum J, Boland GJ, Jansen KG, Kleinpenning AS, Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Albania. World J Gastroenterol 15(7):849–852. van Bommel T, van Loon AM, et al. 2003. Transmission profile of hepatitis B virus infection in the Batam region, 824 ovlume 118 | number 6 | June 2010 • Environmental Health Perspectives Tajkarimi M, Shojaee Aliabadi F, Salah Nejad M, Pursoltani H, carcinoma in developing countries. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Tuei J, Okoth F, Kasomo A, Ireri E, Kaptich D, Watahi A, et al. Yeh FS, Yu MC, Mo CC, Luo S, Tong MJ, Henderson BE. 1989. Breiman R, Brune M, et al. 2006. Workgroup report: public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in devel- oping countries. Environ Health Perspect 114:1898–1903. et al. 2009. TP53 R249S mutations, exposure to aflatoxin, and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers from Qidong, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 18(5):1638–1643. Motallebi AA, Mahdavi H. 2007. Seasonal study of afla- toxin M1 contamination in milk in five regions in Iran. Int J Food Microbiol 116(3):346–349. Tandon BN, Acharya SK, Tandon A. 1996. Epidemiology of hepa- titis B virus infection in India. Gut 38(suppl 2):S56–S59. Tanprasert S, Somjitta S. 1993. Trend study on HBsAg preva- lence in Thai voluntary blood donors. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24(suppl 1):43–45. 31:71–82. Res 462(2–3):381–393. WHO. 2008. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva:World Health Organization. Available: http://www. who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_ update/en/index.html [accessed 27 April 2010]. Wild CP, Gong YY. 2010. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis Wild CP, Hall AJ. 2000. Primary prevention of hepatocellular Wild CP, Montesano R. 2009. A model of interaction: aflatoxins and hepatitis viruses in liver cancer aetiology and preven- tion. Cancer Lett 286(1):22–28. Williams JH. 2008. Institutional stakeholders in mycotoxin issues—past, present and future. In: Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade (Leslie JF, Bandyopadhyay R, Visconti A, eds). Oxfordshire, UK:CAB International, 349–358. Williams J, Nokes DJ, Medley GF, Anderson RM. 1996. The transmission dynamics of hepatitis B in the UK: a mathe- matical model for evaluating costs and effectiveness of immunization programmes. Epidemiol Infect 116:71–89. Wu F. 2004. Mycotoxin risk assessment for the purpose of setting international regulatory standards. Environ Sci Technol 38(15):4049–4055. Wu F, Khlangwiset P. 2010. Health economic impacts and cost- effectiveness of aflatoxin reduction strategies in Africa: case studies in biocontrol and postharvest interventions. Food Addit Contam: Part A 27:496; doi 10.1080/19440040903437865 [Online 4 April 2010]. 52(3):123–131. Hepatitis B virus, aflatoxins, and hepatocellular carcinoma in southern Guangxi, China. Cancer Res 49(9):2506–2509. Youssef A, Yano Y, Utsumi T, abd El-alah EM, abd El-Hameed AE, Serwah AH, et al. 2009. Molecular epidemiological study of hepatitis viruses in Ismailia, Egypt. Intervirology Zhang J, Zou S, Giulivi A. 2001. Hepatitis B in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep 27(suppl 3):10–12. Available: http://www. phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/01vol27/27s3/27s3e_e. html [accessed 27 April 2010].