Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 415 with the following response options: ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’, ‘smoking is allowed in some indoor areas’, or ‘no rule or restrictions’. A respondent was considered to be covered by a total ban in local bars if they answered ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’ and a partial ban if they answered ‘smoking is allowed in some indoor areas’. The presence of a smoke-free restaurant policy was assessed using the question, ‘Which of the following best describes the rules about smoking in restaurants and cafes where you live?’, with the following response options: ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’, ‘smoking is allowed in some indoor areas’, ‘smoking is allowed in all indoor areas’, or ‘every restaurant, café has its own rules’. A respondent was considered to be covered by a total ban in local restaurants if they answered ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’ and a partial ban if they answered ‘smoking is allowed in some indoor areas’. The presence of a smoke-free worksite policy was assessed among individuals employed outside the home using the question, ‘Which of the following best describes the smoking policy where you work?’, with the following response options: ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’, ‘smoking is allowed only in some indoor areas’, or ‘smoking is allowed in any indoor areas’. A respondent was considered to be covered by a total ban in their worksite if they answered ‘smoking is not allowed in any indoor area’ and a partial ban if they answered ‘smoking is allowed only in some indoor areas’. The presence of a smoke-free home, bar, restaurant, or worksite policy was defined as being covered by a total ban at Wave 5, whereas the introduction of a smoke-free policy was defined as being covered by no ban or a partial ban at Wave 5 and a total ban at Wave 6. Retention of a smoke-free policy was defined as being covered by a total ban at both Waves, while retention of smoking was defined as being covered by either no ban or a partial ban at both Waves. Given the non-voluntary nature of smoking restrictions in public areas, removal of a smoke-free policy was only assessed among those with smoke-free homes and was defined as being covered by a total ban at Wave 5 and either no ban or a partial ban at Wave 6 [8,34]. 2.2.3. Smoking status Smoking status was determined at Wave 5 using answers to questions related to respondents’ daily, weekly, or monthly smoking rates and whether they had quit smoking between study recruitment and the Wave 5 survey [32]. At Wave 6, respondents were asked whether they were still smoking or not, and whether any quit attempts were made to arrive at their current smoking or quitting status. A ‘current smoker’ was defined as any respondent who reported smoking daily, weekly, or monthly at the time of survey. In contrast, a ‘former smoker’ was defined as any respondent who either remained quit since the time of last survey Wave completion or who made an attempt to stop smoking since the time of last survey Wave completion and was also quit for a month or more at the time of current survey Wave. 2.2.4. Covariates Covariates included: age at Wave 5 (18–24, 25–39, 40–54, or 55+ years), gender (male or female), minority status (mainstream/non-identified minority or identified minority), country of residence (Canada, US, UK, or Australia), children less than 18 years old in the household (yes or no),