A.V. Sakellaropoulou, M.N. Hatzistilianou, M.N. Emporiadou, V.T. Aivazis, J. Goudakos, K. Markou, F. Athanasiadou-Piperopoulou Table III. Correlations between the presence of NE and symptoms Number of patients with the symptom (% n of patients with the symptom/N (= 42) of patients with OSAHS) Nocturnal enuresis (NE) (n of children with NE (% n of children with NE/N of children with the symptom) Odds ratio for nocturnal enuresis 95% confidence interval Variables Mouth breathing Snoring Snoring almost every night Restless sleep Restless sleep almost every night Witnessed apnoea during sleep Difficulty in arousal Nasal congestion Fatigue Behaviour problems Hypermotility Aggressiveness Attention deficit 30 (71.4%) 38 (90.5%) 23 (56.1%) 34 (81%) 17 (41.5%) 29 (69%) 20 (47.61%) 32 (76.2%) 14 (33.3%) 4 (9.5%) 11 (26.2%) 1 (2.4%) 5 (11.9%) 2 (6.66%) 7 (18.42%) 4 (17.39%) 5 (14.70%) 3 (17.64%) 3 (10.34%) 2 (10%) 2 (6.25%) 2 (14.28%) 0 (0%) 2 (18.18%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 50 p e lfse 40 o r u o rh 30 e p x e idn 20 l a s u lrao 10 a t o T 0 Value of p 0.01 1 0.54 0.60 0.54 0.17 0.41 0.005 1 1 1 1 0.56 10 0.88 1.33 1.93 1.21 0.26 0.37 15 1.30 0.88 1.15 0.98 0.85 1.59-62.78 0.78-1 1.05-1.68 0.30-12.42 0.97-1.51 0.04-1.39 0.06-2.21 2.25-99.63 0.21-7.75 0.78-1 0.19-7.03 0.91-1.03 0.75-1 (7.79 ±2.95 year-old boys vs. 7.32 ±2.89 year-old girls) (Figure 1). However, there was a statistically significant association between the presence of mouth brea- thing and nocturnal enuresis (p = 0.014, OD: 10, 95% CI: 1.59-62.78). There was also a significant diffe- rence between groups concerning the presence of NE and: 1) nasal congestion (OD: 15, 95% CI: 2.25-99.63), and 2) snoring almost every night (OD: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.68) (Table III). Finally, OSAHS children with NE had a higher arousal index per hour of total sleep time (8.14 ±8.05) compared with children with OSAHS who did not present NE (4.61 ±7.95) (p = 0.19, z = –1.28) (Figure 2) and there was a positive correlation be- tween AHI and tonsillar size (r = 0.20, p = 0.23). Discussion Recent literature indicates an association between SDB and NE. Studies have principally focused on uncontrolled clinical populations of children with SDB undergoing either assessment in sleep labora- tories [24] or adeno-tonsillectomy [2]. Based on the existing studies, it appears that a correlation of the presence of NE and OSAHS exists, as in our study where 7/42 children with OSAHS (16.7%) presented NE. In the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea study [25] children with SDB (respiratory disturbance index greater than one episode per hour) were more likely to have enuresis than chil- 14 12 ]rs 10 a e y [ eg 8 A 6 4 2 524 No Yes Noctural enuresis No Yes Noctural enuresis Figure 1. Age distribution based on the presence or not of nocturnal enuresis Figure 2. Correlation between the presence of noctur- nal enuresis and arousal index per hour of sleep Arch Med Sci 3, June / 2012