Impact of environmental chemicals on lung development Bush A. 2008. COPD: a pediatric disease. COPD 5:53–67. Brandsma AE, Tibboel D, Vulto IM, de Vijlder JJ, Ten Have-Opbroek AA, Wiersinga WM. 1994. Inhibition of T3 receptor binding by nitrofen. Biochem Biophys Acta 1201(2):266–260. Canoy D, Pekkanen J, Elliott P, Pouta A, Laitinen J, Hartikainen A, et al. 2007. Early growth and adult respiratory function in men and women followed from the fetal period to adult- hood. Thorax 62:396–402. Cardoso WV. 2004. Lung morphogenesis, role of growth fac- tors and transcription factors. In: The Lung: Development, Aging, and the Environment (Harding R, Pinkerton KE, Plopper CG, eds). London:Elsevier, 3–11. Cardoso WV, Lu J. 2006. Regulation of early lung morpho- genesis: questions, facts and controversies. Development 133(9):1611–1624. Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW, Arbes SJ, Germolec DR, Korach KS, et al. 2007. It’s all about sex: gender, lung development and lung disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 18(8):308–313. Chang TH, Szabo E. 2000. Induction of differentiation and apopto- sis by ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 60:1129–1138. Cilley RE, Zgleszewski SE, Krummel TM, Chinoy MR. 1997. Nitrofen dose-dependant gestational day-specific murine lung hypoplasia and left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Physiol 272(2 Pt 1):L362–L371. Crisera CA, Maldonado TS, Longaker MT, Gittes GK. 2000. Defective fibroblast growth factor signaling allows for nonbranching growth of the respiratory-derived fistula tract in esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. J Pediatr Surg 35(10):1421–1425. Dammann CE, Ramadurai SM, McCants DD, Pham LD, Nielsen HC. 2000. Androgen regulation of signaling path- ways in late fetal mouse lung development. Endocrinology 141:2923–2929. Davies JA. 2006. Why a book on branching, and why now? In: Branching Morphogenesis (Davies JA, ed). Georgetown, TX:Landes Bioscience, 1–7. Dekkers BGJ, Schaafsma D, Nelemans SA, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. 2007. Extracellular matrix proteins differentially regulate airway smooth muscle phenotype and function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L1405–L1413. Desai TJ, Malpel S, Flentke GR, Smith SM, Cardoso WV. 2004. Retinoic acid selectively regulates Fgf10 expression and maintains cell identity in the prospective lung field of the developing foregut. Dev Bio 273(2):402–415. Ergaz Z, Avgil M, Ornoy A. 2005. Intrauterine growth restric- tion—etiology and consequences: what do we know about the human situation and experimental animal models? Reprod Toxicol 20(3):301–322. Evans MJ, Johnson LV, Stephens RJ, Freeman G. 1976. Renewal of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium in the rat following exposures to NO2 and O3. Lab Invest 35:246–257. Fanucchi MV, Buckpitt AR, Murphy ME, Plopper CG. 1997. Naphthalene cytotoxicity to differentiating Clara cells in neonatal mice. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol 144:96–104. Fanucchi MV, Day KC, Clay CC, Plopper CG. 2004. Increased vulnerability of neonatal rats and mice to 1-nitronaphtha- lene-induced pulmonary injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 201:53–65. Fanucchi MV, Plopper CG, Evans MJ, Hyde DM, Van Winkle LS, Gershwin LJ, et al. 2006. Cyclic exposure to ozone alters distal airway development in infant rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291(4):L644–L650. Fenton SE, Hamm JT, Birnbaum LS, Youngblood GL. 2002. Persistant abnormalities in the rat mammary gland follow- ing gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetra- chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Toxicol Sci 67:63–74. Fleisher B, Kulovich MV, Hallman M, Gluck L. 1985. Lung pro- file: sex differences in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 66:327–330. Galizia A, Kinney PL. 1999. Long-term residence in areas of high ozone: associations with respiratory health in a nation- wide sample of nonsmoking young adults. Environ Health Perspect 107:675–679. Gallot D, Marceau G, Coste K, Hadden H, Robert-Gnansia E, Laurichesse H, et al. 2005. Congenital diaphragmatic her- nia: a retinoid-signaling pathway disruption during lung development? Birth Def Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73:523–531. Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, et al. 2004. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10–18 years of age. N Engl J Med 351:1057–1067. Gerber HP, Hillan KJ, Ryan AM, Kowalski J, Keller GA, Rangell L, et al. 1999. VEGF is required for growth and sur- vival in neonatal mice. Development 126:1149–1159. Gilbert T. 2002. Vitamin A and kidney development. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17(suppl 9):78–80. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. 2008. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med 359:61–73. Guha Mazumder DN. 2007. Arsenic and non-malignant lung disease. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 42(12):1859–1867. Haland G, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Sandvik L, Devulapalli CS, Munthe-Kaas MC, Pettersen M, et al. 2006. Reduced lung function at birth and the risk of asthma at 10 years of age. N Engl J Med 355:1682–1689. Harding R, Pinkerton KE, Plopper CG, eds. 2004. The Lung: Development, Aging, and the Environment. London:Elsevier. Hartman GE. 2004. Epigastric hernia. In: Nelson’s Textbook of Pediatrics (Berhman R, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds). Philadelphia:Saunders, 1355–1356. Hays AM, Lantz RC, Rodgers LS, Sollome JJ, Vaillancourt RR, Andrew AS, et al. 2008. Arsenic-induced decreases in the vascular matrix. Toxicol Pathol 36:805–817. Hoffstein V. 1986. Relationship between lung volume, maximal expiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in one second, and tracheal area in normal men and women. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:956–961. Hyde DM, Blozis SA, Avdalovic MV, Putney LF, Dettorre R, Quensenberry NJ, et al. 2007. Alveoli increase in number but not size from birth to adulthood in rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293(3):L570–L579. James A, Carroll N. 2000. Airway smooth muscle in health and disease; methods of measurement and relation to function. Eur Respir J 15:782–789. Kajantie E, Barker DJP, Osmond C, Forsen T, Eriksson JG. 2008. Growth before 2 years of age and serum lipids 60 years later: the Helsinki birth cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 37:280–289. Kajekar R. 2007. Environmental factors and developmental out- comes in the lung. Pharmacol Therap 114:129–145. Keijzer R, Liu J, Deimling J, Tibboel D, Post M. 2000. Dual-hit hypothesis explains pulmonary hypoplasia in the nitrofen model of the congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Pathol 156(4):1299–1306. Khosla SS, Smith GJ, Parks PA, Rooney SA. 1981. Effects of estrogen on fetal rabbit lung maturation: morphological and biochemical studies. Pediatr Res 15:1274–1281. Kiukkonen A, Sahlberg C, Partanen AM, Alaluusua S, Pohjanvirta R, Tuomisto J, et al. 2006. Interference by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin with cultured mouse submandibular gland branching morphogenesis involves reduced epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 212(3):200–211. Ko K, Theobald HM, Peterson RE. 2002. In utero and lacta- tional exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the C57BL/6J mouse prostrate: Lobe-specific effects on branching morphogenesis. Toxicol Sci 70:227–237. Kordom C. 2004. The Influence of Maternal Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development: An Enzymatic and Metabolic Study [Master’s Thesis]. Bellville, Republic of South Africa:University of Western Cape. As cited in Maritz GS. Kordom C, Maritz GS, De Kock M. 2002. Maternal nicotine expo- sure during pregnancy and lactation: effect on glycolysis in the lungs of offspring. Exp Lung Res 28:391–403. Kotecha SJ, Watkins WJ, Heron J, Henderson J, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S. 2010. Spirometric lung function in school age children: effect of intrauterine growth retardation and catch-up growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181(9):969–974; doi:10.1164/rccm.200906-0897OC [Online 21 January 2010]. Kransler KM, McGarrigle BP, Swartz DD, Olson JR. 2009. Lung development in the Holtzman rat is adversely affected by gestational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin. Toxicol Sci 107(2):498–511. Kung HC, Hoyert DL, Xu J, Murphy SL. 2008. Deaths: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep 56(10):1–120. Lantz RC, Chau B, Sarihan P, Witten ML, Pivniouk VI, Chen GJ. 2009. In utero and postnatal exposure to arsenic alters pulmonary structure and function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 235:105–113. Lantz RC, Hays AM. 2006. Role of oxidative stress in arsenic- induced toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 38(4):791–804. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. 2005. Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 118 | number 8 | August 2010 British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta- analysis. Thorax 60(10):851–858. Lebeche D, Malpel S, Cardoso WV. 1999. Fibroblast growth factor interactions in the developing lung. Mech Dev 86(1–2):125–136. Leinwand MJ, Tefft JD, Zhao J, Coleman C, Andersen KD, Warburton D. 2002. Nitrofen inhibition of pulmonary growth and development occurs in the early embryonic mouse. J Pediatr Surg 37(9):1263–1268. Lin TM, Rasmussen NT, Moore RW, Albrecht RM, Peterson RE. 2004. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibits prostatic epithelial bud formation by acting directly on the uro- genital sinus. J Urol 172(1):365–368. Lipsett J, Tamblyn M, Madigan K, Roberts P, Cool JC, Runciman SIC. 2006. Restricted fetal growth and lung development: a morphometric analysis of pulmonary structure. Pediatr Pulmonol 41:1138–1145. Litingtung Y, Lei L, Westphal H, Chiang C. 1998. Sonic hedgehog is essential to foregut development. Nat Genet 20:58–61. Liu C, Ikegami M, Stahlman MT, Dey CR, Whitsett JA. 2003. Inhibition of alveolarization and altered pulmonary mechanics in mice expressing GATA-6. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 285:L1246–L1254. Liu C, Morrisey EE, Whitsett JA. 2002. GATA-6 is required for maturation of the lung in late gestation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 283:L468–L475. Maeda Y, Dave V, Whitsett JA. 2007. Transcriptional control of lung morphogenesis. Physiol Rev 87:219–244. Magliozzi R, Nardacci R, Scarsella G, Di Carlo V, Stefanini S. 2003. Effects of the plasticizer DEHP on lung of newborn rats: catalase immunocytochemistry and morphometric analysis. Histochem Cell Biol 120:41–49. Mailleux AA, Tefft D, Ndiaye D, Itoh N, Thiery JP, Warburton D, et al. 2001. Evidence that SPROUTY2 functions as an inhibi- tor of mouse embryonic lung growth and morphogenesis. Mech Dev 102:81–94. Major D, Cadenas M, Fournier L, Leclerc S, Lefebvre M, Cloutier R. 1998. Retinol status of newborn infants with con- genital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int 13(8):547–549. Mariani TJ. 2007. Developmental genetics of the pulmonary system. In: Principles of Developmental Genetics (Moody S, ed). Burlington, MA:Academic Press, 932–945. Maritz GS. 1986. Pre- and postnatal carbohydrate metabolism of rat lung tissue. Arch Toxicol 59:89–93. Maritz GS. 1988. Lung glycogen metabolism in suckling rats: a comparative study. Biol Neonate 54:100–106. Maritz GS. 2002. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation of rats induce microscopic emphysema in the offspring. Exp Lung Res 29:391–403. Maritz GS. 2004. Nicotine exposure during early development of the lung. In: The Lung: Development, Aging, and the Environment. (Harding R, Pinkerton KE, Plopper CG, eds). London: Elsevier, 301–309. Maritz GC. 2008. Nicotine and lung development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 84(1):45–53. Maritz GS, Cock ML, Louey S, Joyce BJ, Albuquerque CA, Harding R. 2001. Effects of fetal growth restriction on lung development before and after birth: a morphometric analy- sis. Pediatr Pulmonol 32:201–210. Maritz GS, Windvogel S. 2003. Chronic maternal nicotine expo- sure during gestation and lactation and the development of the lung parenchyma in the offspring.Response to nicotine withdrawal. Pathophysiology 10:69–75. Mason JM, Morrison DJ, Basson MA, Licht JD. 2006. Sprouty proteins: multifaceted negative-feedback regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Trends Cell Biol 16(1):45–54. Massaro GD, Singh G, Mason R, Plopper CG, Malkinson AM, Gail DB. 1994. Biology of the Clara cell. Am J Physiol 266(1 pt 1):L101–L106. McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, London SJ, Islam T, Gauderman WJ, et al. 2002. Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study. Lancet 359:386–391. McGowan SE, Snyder JM. 2004. Development of alveoli. In: The Lung: Development, Aging, and the Environment (Harding R, Pinkerton KE, Plopper CG, eds). London:Elsevier, 55–73. Melamed N, Yogev Y, Glezerman M. 2009. Effect of fetal sex on pregnancy outcome in twin pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 114:1085–1092. Mendelsohn C, Lohnes D, Decimo D, Lufkin T, LeMeur M, Chambon P, et al. 1994. Function of the retinoic acid recep- tors (RARs) during development (II). Multiple abnormalities at various stages of organogenesis in RAR double mutants. Development 120(10):2749–2771. 1163