Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9 Table 1. Cont. Reference Interventions Study characteristics Duration Outcome RCTs in smokers wishing to quit or recent quitters Minimum 6 months Abstinence from smoking Ussher 2005 [23] Stead and Lancaster 2005 [21] Rice and Stead 2008 [19] Stead et al. 2008 [20] Physician intervention Supervised or unsupervised exercise programmes Group therapy versus individual self help Nursing intervention RCTs RCTs RCTs Minimum 6 months Minimum 6 months Minimum 6 months Abstinence from smoking by measurement Abstinence from smoking by measurement Abstinence from smoking by measurement Abstinence with Intervention Placebo Exercise Control Smoking cessation at Smoking cessation 6 months or longer: at 6 months or 113/635 (18%) longer: 83/610 (14%) Group Smoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 249/2,388 (10%) Nursing Smoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 1,154/8,383 (14%) PhysicianSmoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 1,029/12,584 (8.2%) Control Smoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 116/2,007 (5.8) Control Smoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 761/6,822 (11%) ControlSmoking cessation at 6 months or longer: 470/9,676 (4.9%) Comments RR 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) RR 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) 198