W22 Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, Vol. 37, Web Server issue indispensable tool for biologists. We may be able to extend these systems to incorporate keyword searches that are frequently used in many databases. By indexing general and technical terms by assigning them some IDs, the HMS and ICS will be able to deal with keyword searches. Such an extension will further increase the value of these systems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank managers of collaborating databases for kindly providing lists of data IDs. We also thank research staﬀs in BIRC, AIST for helpful suggestions and technical support. FUNDING Integrated Database Project of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan; research grant for promot- ing science and technology from Japan Science and Technology Agency. Funding for open access charge: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Conﬂict of interest statement. None declared. REFERENCES 1. Galperin,M.Y. and Cochrane,G.R. (2009) Nucleic Acids Research annual Database Issue and the NAR online Molecular Biology Database Collection in 2009. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D1–D4. 2. Howe,D., Costanzo,M., Fey,P., Gojobori,T., Hannick,L., Hide,W., Hill,D.P., Kania,R., Schaeﬀer,M., St Pierre,S. et al. (2008) Big data: the future of biocuration. Nature, 455, 47–50. 3. Imanishi,T., Itoh,T., Suzuki,Y., O’Donovan,C., Fukuchi,S., Koyanagi,K.O., Barrero,R.A., Tamura,T., Yamaguchi-Kabata,Y., Tanino,M. et al. (2004) Integrative annotation of 21,037 human genes validated by full-length cDNA clones. PLoS Biol., 2, 856–875. 4. Yamasaki,C., Murakami,K., Fujii,Y., Sato,Y., Harada,E., Takeda,J., Taniya,T., Sakate,R., Kikugawa,S., Shimada,M. et al. (2008) The H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB), a comprehensive annotation resource for human genes and transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res., 36, D793–D799. 5. Sugawara,H., Ikeo,K., Fukuchi,S., Gojobori,T. and Tateno,Y. (2009) DDBJ dealing with mass data produced by the second generation sequencer. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D16–D18. 6. Cochrane,G., Akhtar,R., Bonﬁeld,J., Bower,L., Demiralp,F., Faruque,N., Gibson,R., Hoad,G., Hubbard,T., Hunter,C. et al. (2009) Petabyte-scale innovations at the European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D19–D25. 7. Benson,D.A., Karsch-Mizrachi,I., Lipman,D.J., Ostell,J. and Sayers,E.W. (2009) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D26–D31. 8. Sayers,E.W., Barrett,T., Benson,D.A., Bryant,S.H., Canese,K., Chetvernin,V., Church,D.M., DiCuccio,M., Edgar,R., Federhen,S. et al. (2009) Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D5–D15. 9. Yoshida,T. and Yoshimura,K. (2003) Outline of disease gene hunting approaches in the Millennium Genome Project of Japan. Proc. Japan Acad., 79, 34–50. 10. Bruford,E.A., Lush,M.J., Wright,M.W., Sneddon,T.P., Povey,S. and Birney,E. (2008) The HGNC database in 2008: a resource for the human genome. Nucleic Acids Res., 36, D445–D448. 11. Minoshima,S., Mitsuyama,S., Ohtsubo,M., Kawamura,T., Ito,S., Shibamoto,S., Ito,F. and Shimizu,N. (2001) The KMDB/ MutationView: a mutation database for human disease genes. Nucleic Acids Res., 29, 327–328. 12. Tamiya,G., Shinya,M., Imanishi,T., Ikuta,T., Makino,S., Okamoto,K., Furugaki,K., Matsumoto,T., Mano,S., Ando,S. et al. (2005) Whole genome association study of rheumatoid arthritis using 27 039 microsatellites. Hum. Mol. Genet., 14, 2305–2321. 13. Henrick,K., Feng,Z., Bluhm,W.F., Dimitropoulos,D., Doreleijers,J.F., Dutta,S., Flippen-Anderson,J.L., Ionides,J., Kamada,C., Krissinel,E. et al. (2008) Remediation of the protein data bank archive. Nucleic Acids Res., 36, D426–D433. 14. The UniProt Consortium. (2009) The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) 2009. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D169–D174. 15. Hubbard,T.J., Aken,B.L., Ayling,S., Ballester,B., Beal,K., Bragin,E., Brent,S., Chen,Y., Clapham,P., Clarke,L. et al. (2009) Ensembl 2009. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D690–D697. 16. Narimatsu,H. (2004) Construction of a human glycogene library and comprehensive functional analysis. Glycoconj. J., 21, 17–24. 17. Mituyama,T., Yamada,K., Hattori,E., Okida,H., Ono,Y., Terai,G., Yoshizawa,A., Komori,T. and Asai,K. (2009) The Functional RNA Database 3.0: databases to support mining and annotation of functional RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D89–D92. 18. Maruyama,Y., Wakamatsu,A., Kawamura,Y., Kimura,K., Yamamoto,J., Nishikawa,T., Kisu,Y., Sugano,S., Goshima,N., Isogai,T. et al. (2009) Human Gene and Protein Database (HGPD): a novel database presenting a large quantity of experi- ment-based results in human proteomics. Nucleic Acids Res., 37, D762–D766.