4 Variable Birleson Scale High occurrence of depressive symptomatology Low occurrence of depressive symptomatology Absence of depressive symptomatology Provenance Lima Other cities Family Two-parent home One-parent home Others Table 4: Correlation of depressive symptoms with satisfaction with their physical appearance, studies, economic status, and friendship. Satisfaction with themselves Very Somewhat Not very P Physical appearance Absence of depressive symptomatology Low occurrence of depressive symptoms High occurrence of depressive symptoms Studies Absence of depressive symptomatology Low occurrence of depressive symptoms High occurrence of depressive symptoms Economic status Absence of depressive symptomatology Low occurrence of depressive symptoms High occurrence of depressive symptoms Friendship Absence of depressive symptomatology Low occurrence of depressive symptoms High occurrence of depressive symptoms 48.39% 6.45% 45.16% 41.38% 10.34% 48.28% 0% 42.86% 57.14% 35.48% 9.68% 54.84% 17.24% 24.14% 58.62% 0% 85.71% 14.29% 32.26% 16.13% 51.61% 0% 0% 34.48% 65.52% 71.43% 28.57% 58.06% 12.9% 29.03% 37.93% 13.79% 48.28% 0.00% 85.71% 14.29% Total % 10.45 43.28 46.27 56.71 43.28 70.14 19.40 10.46 0.041 0.001 0.001 0.001 very happy with their physical appearance (4, 57.14%) P = 0.04, somewhat with their studies (6, 85.71%) P = 0.001, somewhat unhappy with their ﬁnancial status (5, 71.43%) P = 0.001, and somewhat unhappy with their friends (6, 85.71%) P = 0.001 (Table 4). According to the Modiﬁed Birleson Scale (Table 5), children with high recurrence of symptomatology answered International Journal of Nephrology Table 3: Features according to dialysis types. HD DP P 0.65 0.002 0.027 n 2 9 13 20 4 12 8 4 % 8.33 37.5 54.17 83.3 16.7 50 33.3 16.7 n 5 20 18 18 25 35 5 3 % 11.63 46.51 41.86 41.86 58.14 81.4 11.63 6.98 “always” the following questions: Number 21 (85.7%, n = 6) and Number 5, 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, and 20 (100%, n = 7). Children with low recurrence of symptomatology answered all questions in a random way, including the questions Number 10 and 21. The presence of high and low occurrence of depressive symptomatology was not related to the patient’s age, care- giver’s age, dialysis period, presence of anemia, bone disease, nutritional status, ﬁnancial situation, origin, schooling, or employment. 4. Discussion Having a chronic disease during childhood confers a large risk of developing a psychiatric disorder, and chronic renal disease is not an exception: it is a signiﬁcant stressor with a psychological and social impact on the children and their family [10]. In this study, we found a general frequency of 53.73% for high and low depressive symptomatology, 10.45% for high depressive symptomatology and 43.28% for low depressive symptomatology, of whom 11.63% were undergoing peri- toneal dialysis and 8.33% hemodialysis. Bakr et al. [9] analyzed 19 children with chronic renal insuﬃciency undergoing predialysis and 19 children with terminal chronic renal insuﬃciency undergoing dialysis, ﬁnding a 52.6% prevalence of psychiatric disorders, 18.4% of adaptation disorders, 10.3% of depression, and 7.7% of neurocognitive disorders. However, in children with terminal chronic renal insuﬃciency, depression was as high as 15.8%; the authors also found a higher prevalence in dialysis patients (68.4%) than in predialysis patients (36.8%). In addition, Fukunishi and Kudo [12] reported that 17 (65.4%) of 25 children with terminal chronic renal insuﬃciency undergoing peritoneal dialysis had psychiatric disorders; however, they did not analyze the depression frequency. Wass and colleagues [13] found that of 26 British children who were receiving hemodialysis at home, ﬁve (19.2%) had a psy- chiatric disease. Another study, by Garralda and colleagues, showed that psychiatric alterations such as depression are common in children and adolescents (22 children and