P. Zaccone et al. may also allow a ﬁner level of immunomodulatory control or even potency. Emerging proteomics data and the steady progress in the S. mansoni sequencing project will also surely illuminate the search for novel and efﬁcacious immuno- modulatory helminth-derived products (72,73). One prediction of the Hygiene Hypothesis is that the rising rate of inﬂammatory disorders is due speciﬁcally to a paucity of infection during infancy, which in turn tunes the immune response in subsequent adulthood to a less patho- genic modality. This being the case, therapeutic dosing of a helminth (or products thereof ) to relieve fulminant inﬂam- matory disease in an adult may be relatively ineffective. The patient’s immune repertoire, both adaptive and innate, has already been shaped by the absence of parasite antigens, and is subject to only relatively minor perturbations. This may explain the incomplete effects of the T. suis infections described above. 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