AIDS Research and Treatment 3 PLWHA Information and skills Motivation to take responsibility Peer support Expert patients Peer ART provision Figure 1: Conceptual framework: elements required to reinforce PLWHA to become expert patients. 50 articles potentially relevant identiﬁed and screened 26 articles retrieved for more detailed evaluation 4 articles found describing PLWHA involvement in ART provision 3 articles retrieved, describing 2 studies 24 articles excluded, not related to PLWHA involvement in care or ART provision 6 articles excluded, nurse-based models: PLWHA not explicitly involved in ART provision 9 articles excluded, lay providers involved in psychosocial support but not in the ART provision, PLWHA not explicitly involved in the care model 3 articles excluded, PLWHA involved in psychosocial support but not in the ART provision 4 articles excluded, community health workers or volunteers involved in ART provision, PLWHA not explicitly involved in the care model 1 article excluded as PLWHA only involved in ART provision during the ﬁrst 6 weeks on ART Figure 2: Results of literature search on PLWHA involvement in ART provision. Trained PLWHA, known as Community Care Coordinators (CCC), delivered ART monthly at the patients’ homes and referred patients if clinical problems occurred. Every three months patients were invited for a routine visit at the clinic. Each CCC took care of 8 to 20 clinically stable adult patients on ART. Patients perceived CCC as their conﬁdents and advocates. By playing this role, CCC obtained insights into adherence and psychosocial issues. The clinic regarded the CCC as an extension of the clinic staﬀ. The outcomes ob- tained were comparable to those with conventional care but clinic visits were reduced by 50%. The authors concluded that trained PLWHA have the additional advantage of their day to day experience of living with HIV [20, 21]. We documented our own experience in Mozambique, where PLWHA are involved in community ART provision with as main objective to improve the retention in care and relieve the health facilities. Adult patients stable on ART were invited to self-form peer groups of maximum six members, called community ART groups (CAG). Interested patients were capacitated during an information session on the CAG dynamic, including community ART delivery, adherence support, and social support. Monthly the CAG members meet in the community to check pill counts, to verify the health status of members, and to choose a representative to travel to the clinic. He/she reports the adherence and health outcomes and collects a drug reﬁll for all CAG members