290 Binder RJ (2009) Hsp receptors: the cases of identity and mistaken identity. Curr Opin Mol Ther 11:62–71 Bockova J, Elias D, Cohen IR (1997) Treatment of NOD diabetes with a novel peptide of the hsp60 molecule induces Th2-type antibodies. J Autoimmun 10:323–329 Borges TJ, Porto BN, Teixeira CA, Rodrigues M, Machado FD, Ornaghi AP, de Souza AP, Maito F, Pavanelli WR, Silva JS, Bonorino C (2010) Prolonged survival of allografts induced by mycobacterial Hsp70 is dependent on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. PLoS One 5:e14264 Broere F, van der Zee R, van Eden W (2011) Heat shock proteins are no DAMPs, rather 'DAMPERs'. Nat Rev Immunol 11:565–c1 Calderwood SK, Mambula SS, Gray PJ Jr, Theriault JR (2007) Extracellular heat shock proteins in cell signaling. FEBS Lett 581:3689–3694 Caramalho I, Lopes-Carvalho T, Ostler D, Zelenay S, Haury M, Demengeot J (2003) Regulatory T cells selectively express toll- like receptors and are activated by lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 197:403–411 Chalmin F, Ladoire S, Mignot G, Vincent J, Bruchard M, Remy-Martin JP, Boireau W, Rouleau A, Simon B, Lanneau D, De Thonel A, Multhoff G, Hamman A, Martin F, Chauffert B, Solary E, Zitvogel L, Garrido C, Ryffel B, Borg C, Apetoh L, Rebe C, Ghiringhelli F (2010) Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest 120:457– 471 Chandawarkar RY, Wagh MS, Kovalchin JT, Srivastava P (2004) Immune modulation with high-dose heat-shock protein gp96: therapy of murine autoimmune diabetes and encephalomyelitis. Int Immunol 16:615–624 Chen GY, Nunez G (2010) Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nat Rev Immunol 10:826–837 Cho BK, Palliser D, Guillen E, Wisniewski J, Young RA, Chen J, Eisen HN (2000) A proposed mechanism for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte production by heat shock fusion proteins. Immunity 12:263–272 Cohen IR (2007) Biomarkers, self-antigens and the immunological homunculus. J Autoimmun 29:246–249 Cohen-Sfady M, Nussbaum G, Pevsner-Fischer M, Mor F, Carmi P, Zanin-Zhorov A, Lider O, Cohen IR (2005) Heat shock protein 60 activates B cells via the TLR4-MyD88 pathway. J Immunol 175:3594–3602 Conroy H, Marshall NA, Mills KH (2008) TLR ligand suppression or enhancement of Treg cells? A double-edged sword in immunity to tumours. Oncogene 27:168–180 Corrigall VM, Bodman-Smith MD, Fife MS, Canas B, Myers LK, Wooley P, Soh C, Staines NA, Pappin DJ, Berlo SE, van Eden W, van Der Zee R, Lanchbury JS, Panayi GS (2001) The human endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone BiP is an autoan- tigen for rheumatoid arthritis and prevents the induction of experimental arthritis. J Immunol 166:1492–1498 Corrigall VM, Bodman-Smith MD, Brunst M, Cornell H, Panayi GS (2004) Inhibition of antigen-presenting cell function and stimu- lation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express an antiinflammatory cytokine profile by the stress protein BiP: relevance to the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50:1164–1171 de Graeff-Meeder ER, van Eden W, Rijkers GT, Prakken BJ, Kuis W, Voorhorst-Ogink MM, van der Zee R, Schuurman HJ, Helders PJ, Zegers BJ (1995) Juvenile chronic arthritis: T cell reactivity to human HSP60 in patients with a favorable course of arthritis. J Clin Invest 95:934–940 de Kleer IM, Kamphuis SM, Rijkers GT, Scholtens L, Gordon G, De Jager W, Hafner R, van de Zee R, van Eden W, Kuis W, Prakken BJ (2003) The spontaneous remission of juvenile idiopathic W. van Eden et al. arthritis is characterized by CD30+ T cells directed to human heat-shock protein 60 capable of producing the regulatory cytokine interleukin-10. Arthritis Rheum 48:2001–2010 De Maio A (2011) Extracellular heat shock proteins, cellular export vesicles, and the Stress Observation System: a form of communication during injury, infection, and cell damage. It is never known how far a controversial finding will go! Dedicated to Ferruccio Ritossa. Cell Stress Chaperones 16:235–249 De AK, Kodys KM, Yeh BS, Miller-Graziano C (2000) Exaggerated human monocyte IL-10 concomitant to minimal TNF-alpha induction by heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27) suggests Hsp27 is primarily an antiinflammatory stimulus. J Immunol 165:3951– 3958 Dengjel J, Schoor O, Fischer R, Reich M, Kraus M, Muller M, Kreymborg K, Altenberend F, Brandenburg J, Kalbacher H, Brock R, Driessen C, Rammensee HG, Stevanovic S (2005) Autophagy promotes MHC class II presentation of peptides from intracellular source proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:7922–7927 Durai M, Gupta RS, Moudgil KD (2004) The T cells specific for the carboxyl-terminal determinants of self (rat) heat-shock protein 65 escape tolerance induction and are involved in regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Immunol 172:2795–2802 Fischer B, Elias D, Bretzel RG, Linn T (2010) Immunomodulation with heat shock protein DiaPep277 to preserve beta cell function in type 1 diabetes—an update. Expert Opin Biol Ther 10:265– 272 Floto RA, MacAry PA, Boname JM, Mien TS, Kampmann B, Hair JR, Huey OS, Houben EN, Pieters J, Day C, Oehlmann W, Singh M, Smith KG, Lehner PJ (2006) Dendritic cell stimulation by mycobacterial Hsp70 is mediated through CCR5. Science 314:454–458 Fuchs EJ, Matzinger P (1996) Is cancer dangerous to the immune system? Semin Immunol 8:271–280 Green DR, Ferguson T, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G (2009) Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death. Nat Rev Immunol 9:353–363 Harris HE, Raucci A (2006) Alarmin(g) news about danger: workshop on innate danger signals and HMGB1. EMBO Rep 7:774–778 Henderson B, Calderwood SK, Coates AR, Cohen I, van Eden W, Lehner T, Pockley AG (2010) Caught with their PAMPs down? The extracellular signalling actions of molecular chaperones are not due to microbial contaminants. Cell Stress Chaperones 15:123–141 Herndon JM, Stuart PM, Ferguson TA (2005) Peripheral deletion of antigen-specific T cells leads to long-term tolerance mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic cells. J Immunol 174:4098–4104 Johansson U, Walther-Jallow L, Smed-Sorensen A, Spetz AL (2007) Triggering of dendritic cell responses after exposure to activated, but not resting, apoptotic PBMCs. J Immunol 179:1711–1720 Johnson BJ, Le TT, Dobbin CA, Banovic T, Howard CB, Flores Fde M, Vanags D, Naylor DJ, Hill GR, Suhrbier A (2005) Heat shock protein 10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediator production. J Biol Chem 280:4037–4047 Kaufmann SH, Vath U, Thole JE, Van Embden JD, Emmrich F (1987) Enumeration of T cells reactive with Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and specific for the recombinant mycobacterial 64- kDa protein. Eur J Immunol 17:351–357 Kono H, Rock KL (2008) How dying cells alert the immune system to danger. Nat Rev Immunol 8:279–289 Land WG (2005) Injury to allografts: innate immune pathways to acute and chronic rejection. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 16:520– 539 Laudanski K, De A, Miller-Graziano C (2007) Exogenous heat shock protein 27 uniquely blocks differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 37:2812–2824