Table 3 Comparative MIC90s for moxiﬂoxacin, gatiﬂoxacin, and ciproﬂoxacin against select ocular pathogens Type Ocular source Number MIC 90 μg/mL Time Period Moxiﬂoxacin Gatiﬂoxacin Ciproﬂoxacin Miller S. aureus Coagulase negative Staphylococci Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, S. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa FQS H. inﬂuenzae FQS FQR FQS FQR NOS MSSA MRSA FQS FQR FQS FQR NOS FQS FQR Cornea Conjunctiva isolates All ocular All ocular cornea Intraocular ﬂuids all ocular All ocular Cornea Conjunctiva Intraocular ﬂuids All ocular All ocular Cornea All ocular All ocular Cornea Conjunctiva All ocular 25 25 20 20 21 53 39 10 10 10 10 66 57 21 20 20 10 20 16 25 40 23 10 20 21 0.047 (S)a 4 (R) 0.094 (S) 6.0 (R) 0.25 (S) 1.5 (R) 32 (R) 0.125 (S) 3 (R ) 0.05 (S) 2.5 (R) 32 (R) 0.75 (I) 3 (R) 0.19 (S) 0.09 (S) 0.09 (S) 0.19 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.75 32 2 0.19 (S0) 0.12 (S) 0.5 (S) 0.22 (S) 12 (R) 0.125 (S) 64 (R) 0.125 (S) 1.5 (R) 32 (R) 0.19 (S) 3 (R) 0.09 (S) 2 (R) 32 (R) 1 (I) 2 (R) 0.25 (S) 0.19 (S) 0.22 (S) 0.19 (S) 0.19 (S) 0.38 32 1 0.06 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.32 (S) 0.5 (S) 128 (R) 0.5 (S) 32 (R) 0.25 (S) 32 (R) 32 (R) 0.3/8 (S) 64 (R) 0.13 (S) 2.0 (R) 32 (R) 2 (I) 32 (R) 2 (I) 0.75 (S) 0.75 (S) 3 (R) 1 (S) 0.094 (S) 32 (R) 0.25 (S) 0.03 (S) 1.0 (S) 0.19 (S) 1993–2003 1998–2002 2002–2004 2001–2006 1993–2002 2001–2006 2002–2004 1993–2002 1998–2002 1993–2000 2001–2006 2002–2004 1993–2002 2001–2006 2002–2004 1993–2002 1998–2002 2002–2004 1993–2000 Mather et al 2002 Reference Kowalski et al 2003 Kowalski et al 2005 Oliveira et al 2007 Miller 2006, unpublished Kowalski et al 2003 Miller 2006, unpublished Oliveira et al 2007 Kowalski 2003 Kowalski 2005 Mather et al 2002 Miller 2006, unpublished Oliveira et al 2007 Kowalski et al 2003 Miller 2006, unpublished Olivera et al 2007 Kowalski et al 2003 Kowlaski et al 2005 Oliveira et al 2007 aInterpretations were in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) Performance for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Seventeenth Informa- tional Informational Supplement. M100-S17. S, sensitive; I, intermediate; R, resistant. bNo CLSI standards for S. pneumoniae and ciproﬂoxacin. No CLSI standards for gatiﬂoxacin and moxiﬂoxacin and P. aeruginosa. Abbreviations: MSSA, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MIC90, concentration that inhibits 90% of isolates tested; FQS, ﬂuoroquinolone sensitive; FQR, ﬂuroquinolone resistant; NOS, Staphylococcus aureus, not otherwise speciﬁed or Coagulase negative staphylococci not otherwise speciﬁed. and Velotta 2005 p 461). Others have reported therapeutic failures with these drugs (Hoﬂing-Lima et al 2005; Moshirfar et al 2007). The majority of the mycobacterial keratitis cases have been reported following outbreaks (Freitaset al 2003; Karp et al 2003; Winthrop et al 2003; John and Velotta 2005). Increased awareness, control measures and modiﬁed surgical techniques have reduced the frequencies of mycobacterial infections in the United States. The current recommendation for treatment of mycobacterial keratitis is alternative treatment with amikacin and one of the 8-methoxyﬂuoroquinolones (Donnenfeld et al 2005). Case reports and series from other ocular sites have been rare (Gupta et al 2003; Wilhelmus 2003; Nielsen et al 2004; 82 Clinical Ophthalmology 2008:2(1)