Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7 1908 Table 4 shows the second type of effect, i.e., alcohol taxes impact average infant health. Mothers’ characteristics are important factors for infant health since results change when models included mothers’ features. On average, a one-cent hike in beer taxes increased the average birth weight with 1grams, 0.2–0.3 grams in wine taxes and 0.07 grams in liquor tax. It is also evident that alcohol taxes lead to a reduction of LBW. The likelihood of LBW decreased with 1~2% per one-cent raise in beer taxes, 0.2–0.3% points in wine taxes and 0.1% points in liquor taxes. Results are all statistically significant, indicating that alcohol taxes have positive impacts on improvement of birth weight or reduction of LBW. Effects of these policies on ELBW and low APGAR scores were also investigated. The incident of ELBW reduced with 0.1–0.3% points per one-cent increase in beer, wine or liquor taxes. The estimation on low APGAR scores is not inclusive. Increases in beer or wine taxes raised the incidences of low APGAR scores by a small amount. While there is no obvious explanation for this finding, one possible reason is that infants with a low APGAR score may be dead and were not included in birth certificate data. Another possible reason may be the low average prevalence of low APGAR scores (1% overall, as shown in Table 1). Table 4. Alcohol Taxes and Infants Health (Natality Files). Variable Beer tax Wine tax Liquor tax Covariates Birth weight (grams) (1) 0.636*** (0.002) 0.212*** (0.008) 0.071*** (0.002) no LBW (0/1) (2) −0.013*** (0.001) −0.003*** (0.0003) −0.001*** (0.0001) no ELBW (0/1) (3) −0.003*** (0.0004) −0.002*** (0.0002) −0.0001*** (0.0000) no Low APGAR score (0/1) (4) 0.0005* (0.0004) 0.0005*** (0.0002) −0.0001** (0.0006) no Birth weight (grams) (5) 0.931*** (0.003) 0.340*** (0.006) 0.072*** (0.027) yes LBW (0/1) (6) −0.023*** (0.001) −0.006* (0.0004) −0.001*** (0.0001) yes ELBW (0/1) (7) −0.002*** (0.0004) −0.002** (0.001) −0.001 (0.001) yes low APGAR score (0/1) (8) −0.0002*** (0.00001) 0.0002 (0.0002) −0.0001*** (0.0000) yes 1. Models in Columns 4–6 include covariates such as mothers’ age, age square, educational attainments, race/ethnic group, marital status and income per capita. All taxes and prices are in cents and adjusted to CPI 1982–1984. 2. In all models, state- and year-fixed effects are included. Marginal effects are reported with state-year clustered errors underneath in the parentheses. *** significance at 1% level, ** significance at 5% level, and * significant at 10% level. 3. The number of observations regarding to models including taxes on beer, wine and liquor, respectively, are as follow: Beer tax Wine tax Liquor tax Models on birth weight, LBW and ELBW 67,644,465 63,964,676 497,693,317 Models on APGAR scores 52,086,168 48,420,369 34,284,469