4 Variable Participation PASE Gender Self-reported health status Chronic health conditions Table 1: Sample descriptive statistics (weighted sample). Journal of Aging Research Category Participant Nonparticipant Participant Nonparticipant Male Female Excellent/very good Participant Nonparticipant Good Participant Nonparticipant Fair/Poor Participant Nonparticipant Vision function Yes No Heart disease Yes No COPD Yes Diabetes Osteoporosis Eﬀects of a stroke Mobility trouble No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No N 4438 459 2180 2717 2944 2715 226 1491 1320 171 465 404 62 66 4806 2212 2676 231 4664 595 4303 641 4253 63 4837 149 4748 % 90.60 9.40 142.99 139.68 44.50 55.50 60.10 61.2 49.2 30.40 29.7 37.3 9.50 9.1 13.5 1.40 98.60 45.20 54.80 4.70 95.30 12.10 87.90 13.10 86.90 1.30 98.70 3.10 96.90 as a barrier to participation. Across both participants and nonparticipants, respondents on average identiﬁed 1.06 ± 0.72 barriers to participation in physical activity, with 89% of the respondents identifying no barriers to participation. The barrier that had the highest likelihood of predicting nonparticipation diﬀered between males and females. Males were more likely to be nonparticipants due to the activity not being available in their area, although this needs to be interpreted with some caution given the small sample size. In contrast, women were more likely to be nonparticipants due to time. Time being the most signiﬁcant barrier to nonpartic- ipation in women is supported by earlier work by Yoshida et al. [21] and Johnson et al. [22]. However, it is in contrast to the ﬁndings of O’Neill and Reid [14], where respondents ranked time as the 14th barrier to participation. The parti- cipants in O’Neill and Reid also identiﬁed “I get tired easily” as the second most frequent barrier. In the current study, a lack of energy was not related to nonparticipation in women. Self-reported health status was not related to nonpartic- ipation in the current sample. This may not be surprising given that this sample represented only those who did not identify a health condition, illness, or injury as barriers to participation. By limiting the sample to those who perceived their health as not posing a limiting factor, it is diﬃcult to directly compare the results to other studies where health was consistently identiﬁed as the number one barrier to par- ticipation. What is surprising in the current study, however, is the relationship between chronic health conditions and