Advance Access Publication 13 June 2008 Review eCAM 2010;7(4)419–424 doi:10.1093/ecam/nen039 Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine, a Re-emerging Health Aid Hassan Azaizeh 1 , Bashar Saad1,2,3, Edwin Cooper4 and Omar Said1,5 1The Galilee Society R&D Center, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr 20200, 2Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academic College, Baga Algharbiya, Israel, 3Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, Palestine, 4Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 5Antaki Center for Herbal Medicine Ltd, Kufur Kanna (Cana of Galilee), Israel Complementary medicine is a formal method of health care in most countries of the ancient world. It is expected to become more widely integrated into the modern medical system, including the medical curriculum. Despite the perception of modern medicine as more effica- cious, traditional medicine continues to be practiced. More than 70% of the developing world’s population still depends primarily on the complementary and alternative systems of medicine (CAM). In rural areas, cultural beliefs and practices often lead to self-care, home remedies or consultation with traditional healers. Herbal medicine can be broadly classified into four basic systems as follows: Traditional Chinese Herbalism, Ayurvedic Herbalism, Western Herbalism— which originally came from Greece and Rome to Europe and then spread to North and South America and Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine (TAIM). There is no doubt that today the concept of Arabic traditional herbal medicine is a part of modern life in the Middle East, and it is acquiring worldwide respect, with growing interest among traditional herbalists and the scientific community. TAIM therapies have shown remarkable success in healing acute as well as chronic diseases and have been utilized by people in most countries of the Mediterranean who have faith in spiritual healers. TAIM is the first choice for many in dealing with ailments such as infertility, epilepsy, psychosomatic troubles and depression. In parallel, issues of efficacy and safety of complementary medicine have become increasingly important and supervision of the techniques and procedures used is required for commercial as well as traditional uses. More research is therefore needed to understand this type of medicine and ensure its safe usage. The present review will discuss the status of traditional Arab medicine (particularly herbal medicine), including the efficacy and toxicity of specific medicinal prepara- tions, with an emphasis on the modern in vitro and in vivo techniques. Keywords: Arab herbal medicine – efficacy – toxicity Traditional Arabic and Islamic Medicine Joins TCM, CAM, Kampo and Ayurveda There are several well-known and established medicinal plant heritages worldwide including the Kampo, TCM, TIM and Ayurveda. There has been increased global For reprints and all correspondence: Dr Hassan Azaizeh or Prof. Bashar Saad, The Galilee Society R&D Center, P.O. Box 437, Shefa Amr 20200, Israel. Tel: +972-4-9504523/4; Fax: +972-4-9504525; E-mail: bsaad@gal-soc.org or hazaizi@gal-soc.org interest in traditional medicine and there are efforts underway to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and tradi- tional medicine. China has been successful in promot- ing its therapies with more research and a science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence bases. Kampo medicine is widely practiced in Japan, where it is fully integrated into the modern health care system. Kampo is based on traditional Chinese medicine but adapted to Japanese culture. With only slight modifications, it has been 2008 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.