Functions of Lipids for Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs 721 Tab. 9. Marketed four-lipid excipient formulations API Dosage form Manufacturer Tipranavir Capsule (soft gelatin) Clofazimine Capsule (soft gelatin) Indomethacin farnesil Capsule (soft gelatin) Marketed formulation Aptivus® Lamprene® Infree® Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Novartis Eisai Co., Ltd Country of sale USA Switzerland Japan Extended release formulations There are at least three commercially available extended release formulations that contain lipid excipients that are filled into hard gelatin capsules (see Table 10). Tab. 10. Marketed lipid-based, extended release formulations. Marketed formulation Ketas® Detrol® LA MXL® API Ibudilast Tolterodine Tartarate Morphine Sulphate Dosage form Manufacturer Capsule (hard gelatin) Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Capsule (hard gelatin) International Processing Corporation Capsule (hard gelatin) Napp Pharmaceuticals Limited Country of sale Japan USA UK Microemulsions Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, clear dispersions composed of a polar solvent, oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. Microemulsions have demonstrated considerable potential for drug delivery due to their ability to solubilise highly hydrophobic drugs in both oral and intravenous administration (see Table 11). Tab. 11. Marketed, lipid-based microemulsions. API Dosage form Manufacturer Marketed formulation Neoral® Fenogal® Cyclosporine A Capsule (soft gelatin) Fenofibrate Capsule (hard gelatin) Sandimmune® Cyclosporine A Capsule (soft gelatin) Sci Pharm. 2011; 79: 705–727 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation SMB Laboratories Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation Country of sale USA UK USA