Balen AH, Laven JS, Tan SL, et al. 2003. Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary:international consensus deﬁnitions. Hum Reprod Update, 9:505–14. Basdevant A, Raison J, Guy-Grand B. 1987. [Inﬂuence of the distribution of body fat on vascular risk]. Presse Med, 16:167–70. Bhagat K, Vallance P. 1999. Effects of cytokines on nitric oxide pathways in human vasculature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 8:89–96. Bickerton AS, Clark N, Meeking D, et al. 2005. Cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). J Clin Pathol, 58:151–4. Birdsall MA, Farquhar CM, White HD. 1997. Association between poly- cystic ovaries and extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheterization. Ann Intern Med, 126:32–5. Bitar MS, Wahid S, Mustafa S, et al. 2005. Nitric oxide dynamics and endothelial dysfunction in type II model of genetic diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol, 511:53–64. Brettenthaler N, De Geyter C, Huber PR, et al. 2004. Effect of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:3835–40. Calvar CE, Intebi AD, Bengolea SV, et al. 2003. [Leptin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Direct correlation with insulin resistance] Medicina (B Aires), 63:704–10. Carmina E, Koyama T, Chang L, et al. 1992. Does ethnicity inﬂuence the prevalence of adrenal hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in poly- cystic ovary syndrome? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 167:1807–12. Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S, et al. 2005. Evidence for altered adi- pocyte function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol, 152:389–94. Carmina E, Orio F, Palomba S, et al. 2006. Endothelial dysfunction in PCOS: role of obesity and adipose hormones. Am J Med, 119:356 e1–6. Carr DB, Utzschneider KM, Hull RL, et al. 2004. Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Pro- gram Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 53:2087–94. Cataldo NA, Abbasi F, McLaughlin TL, et al. 2006. Metabolic and ovar- ian effects of rosiglitazone treatment for 12 weeks in insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod, 21:109–20. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. 1992. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet, 340:1111–15. Celi FS, Shuldiner AR. 2002. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes and obesity. Curr Diab Rep, 2:179–85. Chen YD, Sheu WH, Swislocki AL, et al. 1991. High density lipoprotein turnover in patients with hypertension. Hypertension, 17:386–93. Cibula D, Cifkova R, Fanta M, et al. 2000. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod, 15:785–9. Conway GS, Agrawal R, Betteridge DJ, et al. 1992. Risk factors for coro- nary artery disease in lean and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 37:119–25. Crosignani PG, Colombo M, Vegetti W, et al. 2003. Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries:parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology and fertility rate induced by diet, Hum Reprod, 18:1928–32. Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, et al. 1994. Hemostatic and metabolic variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 61:455–60. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kouli CR, Bergiele AT, et al. 1999. A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic proﬁle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84:4006–11. Dietschy JM, Brown MS. 1974. Effect of alterations of the speciﬁc activ- ity of the intracellular acetyl CoA pool on apparent rates of hepatic cholesterogenesis. J Lipid Res, 15:508–16. Dunaif A. 1995. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med, 98:33S–39S. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2007:3(1) Cardiometabolic aspects of POCS Dunaif A, Finegood DT. 1996. Beta-cell dysfunction independent of obe- sity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81:942–7. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenﬁeld RL, et al. 1999. Prevalence of im- paired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care, 22:141–6. Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, et al. 1997. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and ﬁbrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82:2108–16. Ehrmann DA, Sturis J, Byrne MM, et al. 1995. Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest, 96:520–7. Elting MW, Korsen TJ, Bezemer PD, et al. 2001. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population. Hum Reprod, 16:556–60. Engeli S, Schling P, Gorzelniak K, et al. 2003. The adipose-tissue renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system:role in the metabolic syndrome? Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 35:807–25. ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored_PCOS_Consensus_Workshop_Group. 2004. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril, 81:19–25. Fogel RB, Malhotra A, Pillar G, et al. 2001. Increased prevalence of ob- structive sleep apnea syndrome in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86:1175–80. Franks S. 1995. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med, 333:853–61. Friedman JM, Halaas JL. 1998. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals Nature, 395:763–70. Fruhbeck G. 2004. The adipose tissue as a source of vasoactive factors. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents, 2:197–208. Fruhbeck G, Gomez-Ambrosi J. 2001. Modulation of the leptin- induced white adipose tissue lipolysis by nitric oxide. Cell Signal, 13:827–33. Glueck CJ, Papanna R, Wang P, et al. 2003. Incidence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in newly referred women with conﬁrmed polycystic ovarian syndrome. Metabolism, 52:908–15. Gonzalez F, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, et al. 1999. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 48:437–41. Gopal M, Duntley S, Uhles M, et al. 2002. The role of obesity in the increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Sleep Med, 3:401–4. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. 2004. Deﬁnition of metabolic syndrome:Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/ American Heart Association conference on scientiﬁc issues related to deﬁnition. Circulation, 109:433–8. Guzick DS, Talbott EO, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al. 1996. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome:initial results from a case-con- trol study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174:1224–9; discussion 1229–32. Harborne L, Fleming R, Lyall H, et al. 2003. Metformin or antiandrogen in the treatment of hirsutism in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:4116–23. Holte J. 1996. Disturbances in insulin secretion and sensitivity in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab, 10:221–47. Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, et al. 1994. Serum lipoprotein lipid proﬁle in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome:relation to anthropo- metric, endocrine and metabolic variables. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 41:463–71. Holte J, Gennarelli G, Berne C, et al. 1996. Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a sign of a pre-hypertensive state? Hum Reprod, 11:23–8. Huber-Buchholz MM, Carey DG, Norman RJ. 1999. Restoration of repro- ductive potential by lifestyle modiﬁcation in obese polycystic ovary syndrome: role of insulin sensitivity and luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84:1470–4. 61