4 nature; moreover, it appeared that combined TC and MBSR could trigger interest of middle school-aged children. The results of this project implied that TC and MBSR might serve as a transformational tool for middle school-aged children and should be recommended for health promotion. No control group was included in this study. 5.2. Young Healthy Adults. A three-month intervention of TC exercise was conducted with 30 healthy college students enrolled in a university class. TC was practiced twice a week for one hour over the course of three months. Multidimensional physical (PHD) and mental health (MHD) scores were evaluated with the SF-36v2 health survey questionnaire before and after the intervention. The outcome showed that three of the four mental health variables signiﬁcantly improved after the TC intervention. Improvement was reported in vitality (representing a sense of energy and freedom from fatigue), role mental/emotion function (representing the limitations in usual home or work activities because of emotional problems), and mental health. Additionally, the overall mental health dimension, which is a combination of the four mental health variables, also signiﬁcantly improved. These results suggest that a TC program can improve the physical and mental health of college students [51]. Caldwell et al. [52] explored the possible beneﬁts of a semester-long program of either Pilates or TC training for perceived self-eﬃcacy, sleep quality, mood, strength and balance in college students. Subjects who served as the intervention groups were randomly selected from ﬁve physical education classes (three Pilates mat classes and two Tai Chi classes) and subjects who served as a control group were recruited from either an outdoor leadership or special recreational class. The TC classes were attended twice a week for 50 min each session for 15 weeks, during the ﬁrst week of class, at the mid-term, and at the end of the semester. All subjects were asked to complete a survey instrument containing self-regulatory eﬃcacy scales, sleep quality indexes, mood scales, and demographic questions during the initial week of class, mid-term, and again during the last week of class. Self-eﬃcacy was found to be improved in the TC and Pilates groups, and sleep quality and mood were found trending towards improvement in the TC group as well; in the control group, self-eﬃcacy was also found trending towards improvement, but sleep quality or mood was not found to be or trending to be improved. Therefore, the authors concluded that Pilates and TC were eﬀective exercise modes to improve mental parameters in college-aged individuals. Overall, current evidence suggests that TC is an eﬀective exercise modality for improving the psychological well-being and mental health of young adults. 5.3. Healthy Adults. Brown et al. [39] evaluated the psycho- logical changes associated with 16-week moderate- and low- intensity exercise training programs, two of which possessed a cognitive component. The study included 135 healthy, sedentary subjects (69 women, mean age 54.8 ± 8.3 yr, and 66 men, mean age = 50.6 ± 8.0 yr). All subjects were Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine randomly assigned to a control group (C), moderate- intensity walking group (MW), low-intensity walking group (LW), low-intensity walking plus relaxation response group (LWR), or TC practice-mindful exercise group (ME). The results indicated that women in the ME group experienced reductions in tension, depression, anger, confusion, total mood disturbance, and an associated overall improvement in general mood. The authors concluded that exercise plus cognitive strategy training programs were somewhat more eﬀective than exercise programs lacking cognitive component in promoting psychological beneﬁts. Esch et al. [18] conduced an eighteen-week study to investigate the subjective and objective clinical eﬀects of TC intervention in 21 young healthy adults (27.14 ± 4.25). The subjects attended a 90-minute TC exercise session 12 times over 14 weeks (the left 4 weeks without formal guidance, as a follow-up stage for measures), conducted by an experienced and certiﬁed TC teacher from the Yongnian Taijiquan Association of Europe. The subjects’ pre- to postphysio- logical (blood pressure, heart rate, and saliva cortisol) and psychological (SF-36, perceived stress, and signiﬁcant events) parameters were measured and compared. Even though only nine participants completed all measurements, the summarized mental health measures all improved, strongly suggesting a positive beneﬁt resulting from the practice of TC. Jin [11, 12] reported that the practice of TC can result in less general mood disturbance with feelings of increased vigour and decreased tension, anger, fatigue, confusion, state anxiety, and depression. Moreover, it has been reported that group programmes such as TC may counter social isolation and support positive mental health status [53]. In addition, practicing TC in a group settings can encourage the development of social support by practitioners forming friendships outside of the class and a sharing of similar problems [54]. Therefore, the increasing evidence supports that TC may be an appropriate candidate for integrative stress management options and related research for health adults. 5.4. Elderly. A number of authors have reported improved measures of psychological variables in elderly individuals who participate in TC. It has been reported that, in comparison with the low impact exercise control group, TC practicing group can achieve the increase of nighttime sleep duration combined with the decrease of daytime drowsiness by a 24-week TC practice program in elderly individuals [5]. Li et al. [2, 3] examined the eﬀectiveness of a TC exercise program on enhancing elderly individuals’ psychological well-being. A control group continued their daily routine activities while an intervention group participated in a TC class. Psychological well-being measures were assessed at baseline, three months, and after six months of Tai Chi training. Using repeated measures data analysis by latent growth curve modeling methodology, the results indicated that individuals who participated in the TC program showed higher levels of health perceptions, life satisfaction, positive aﬀect, and psychological well-being. Additionally, lower lev- els of depression, negative aﬀect, and psychological distress were also reported. This longitudinal study suggests that