326 T. J. Webb & E. S. Poloczanska Meeting report. Frontiers of marine science management, and ecosystem models which have the capacity to link physics, biology and societal goals can provide unique insight for managers [15]. 4. TO CONCLUDE Our oceans cover 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface and provide a suite of ecosystem services that are essential to human societies, economies and well-being but are increasingly under threat. Understanding marine systems, and in particular predicting how they will respond to environmental change, demands cooperation across disci- plines. Marine scientists, with already shared vocabulary, and some history of collaboration (e.g. shared cruises), are well placed to pioneer partnerships across the natural and physical sciences. The Frontiers of Marine Science meeting not only encouraged the participants to think more broadly across disciplines, but hopefully fostered new collaborations and new thinking both within and between the two countries and across disciplines. T.J.W. is a Royal Society Research Fellow. Thanks are due to Ruth Cooper, the Royal Society and Fiona Leves, Australian Academy of Science. 1 Hicks, C. C., Fitzsimmons, C. & Polunin, N. V. C. 2010 Interdisciplinarity in the environmental sciences: barriers and frontiers. Environ. Conserv. 37, 464 – 477. (doi:10. 1017/S0376892910000822) 2 Riebesell, U. et al. 2007 Enhanced biological carbon con- sumption in a high CO2 ocean. Nature 450, 545 – 548. (doi:10.1038/nature06267) 3 Wilson, R. W., Millero, F. J., Taylor, J. R., Walsh, P. J., Christensen, V., Jennings, S. & Grosell, M. 2009 Contri- bution of ﬁsh to the marine inorganic carbon cycle. Science 323, 359 – 362. (doi:10.1126/science.1157972) 4 Halpern, B. S. et al. 2008 A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319, 948 – 952. (doi:10. 1126/science.1149345) 5 Hoegh-Guldberg, O. & Bruno, J. F. 2010 The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328, 1523 – 1528. (doi:10.1126/science.1189930) 6 Harley, C. D. G., Hughes, A. R., Hultgren, K. M., Miner, B. G., Sorte, C. J. B., Thornber, C. S., Rodriguez, L. F., Tomanek, L. & Williams, S. L. 2006 The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecol. Lett. 9, 228 – 241. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005. 00871.x) 7 Hsieh, C.-H., Reiss, C. S., Hewitt, R. P. & Sugihara, G. 2008 Spatial analysis shows that ﬁshing enhances the climatic sensitivity of marine ﬁshes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 65, 947 – 961. (doi:10.1139/F08-017) 8 Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A. & Kleypas, J. A. 2009 Ocean acidiﬁcation: the other CO2 problem. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 169 – 192. (doi:10.1146/ annurev.marine.010908.163834) 9 Poloczanska, E. S. et al. 2007 Climate change and Australian marine life. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 45, 407 – 478. 10 Beaumont, N. J., Austen, M. C., Mangi, S. C. & Town- send, M. 2008 Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 56, 386 – 396. (doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.013) 11 Kerr, J. T., Kharouba, H. M. & Currie, D. J. 2008 The macroecological contribution to global change solutions. Science 316, 1581 – 1584. (doi:10.1126/science.1133267) 12 Jennings, S. & Blanchard, J. L. 2004 Fish abundance with no ﬁshing: predictions based on macroecological theory. J. Anim. Ecol. 73, 632 – 642. (doi:10.1111/j. 0021-8790.2004.00839.x) 13 Richardson, A. J. & Poloczanska, E. S. 2008 Ocean science: over-looked and under threat. Science 320, 1294 – 1295. (doi:10.1126/science.1156129) 14 Webb, T. J., Vanden Berghe, E. & O’Dor, R. 2001 Biodiversity’s big wet secret: the global distribution of marine biological records reveals chronic under- exploration of the deep pelagic ocean. PLoS ONE 5, e10223. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010223) 15 Branch, T. A., Watson, R., Fulton, E. A., Jennings, S., McGilliard, C. R., Pablico, G. T., Ricard, D. & Tracey, S. R. 2010 The trophic ﬁngerprint of marine ﬁsheries. Nature 468, 431 – 435. (doi:10.1038/ nature09528) Biol. Lett. (2011)