Hum Ecol (2010) 38:675–690 679 Fig. 2 Map of study communities in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China It is noteworthy that the non-labor-migrant households are not a homogenous group, and include households whose members are mainly engaged in agricultural produc- tion, as well as those which have at least one member working in local manufacturing enterprises or other non- farm industries. Thus, the survey households can be further divided into three subgroups: 179 labor-migrant house- holds, 76 local off-farm work households, and 90 farming Table 1 General characteristics of study communities Study villages Bailin (Beibei) Banliao (Wansheng) Dacao (Kaixian) Tuanjie (Qianjiang) Number of households 843 819 728 647 Population 2,320 3,080 3,016 2,328 680 900 800 500 Notes: (1) 1 mu=0.165 acres; (2) The exchange rate for US dollar to RMB was approximately 1:6.8 at the time of the survey (2008). Source: Filed data collected from administration committees of study communities. Number of labor migrants Per capita annual income (RMB) Farmland size (mu) Forested land size (mu) 4,000 2,500 3,200 2,200 2,215 2,482 1,298 1,982 2,770 7,590 2,258 5,900