1032 4. Brugha TS, Cragg D (1990) The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82:77–81 5. Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG (2006) The handbook of posttraumatic growth: research and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah 6. Cantril H (1965) The pattern of human concerns. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick 7. Carmil D, Breznitz S (1991) Personal trauma and world view: are extremely stressful experiences related to political attitudes, religious beliefs, and future orientation? J Trauma Stress 4:393–405 8. Chen YY, Koenig HG (2006) Traumatic stress and religion: is there a relationship? A review of empirical ﬁndings. J Relig Health 45:371–381 9. Danbolt LJ, Stifoss-Hanssen H (2007) [Memorial services after major accidents] [Article in Norwegian, English abstract]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 127:157–160 10. Davidson JR, Connor KM, Lee LC (2005) Beliefs in karma and reincarnation among survivors of violent trauma: a community survey. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol 40:120–125 11. Drescher KD, Foy DW (1995) Spirituality and trauma treatment: suggestions for including spirituality as a coping resource. NCP Clin Q 5:4–5 12. Edlund MJ, Harris KM, Koenig HG, Han X, Sullivan G, Mattox R, Tang L (2009) Religiosity and decreased risk of substance use disorders: is the effect mediated by social support or mental health status? Soc Psychiat Epidemiol (Published online ahead of print Aug 28, 2009) 13. Falsetti SA, Resick PA, Davis JL (2003) Changes in religious beliefs following trauma. J Trauma Stress 16:391–398 14. Fontana A, Rosenheck R (2004) Trauma, change in strength of religious faith, and mental health service use among veterans treated for PTSD. J Nerv Ment Dis 192:579–584 15. Gallup International. Religiosity around the World VoP 05 Press release. http://www.voice-of-the-people.net/. Accessed 3 Sep 2009 16. Gartner J, Larson DB, Allen GD (1991) Religious commitment and mental health: a review of the empirical literature. J Psychol Theol 19:6–25 17. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF (1979) A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 9:139–145 18. Hackney CH, Sanders GS (2003) Religiosity and mental health: a meta-analysis of recent studies. J Sci Stud Relig 42:43–55 19. Halman L, Draulans V (2006) How secular is Europe? Br J Sociol 57:263–288 20. Harrison MO, Koenig HG, Hays JC, Eme-Akwari AG, Pargament KI (2001) The epidemiology of religious coping: a review of recent literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 13:86–93 21. Heir T, Piatigorsky A, Weisaeth L (2009) Longitudinal changes in recalled perceived life threat after a natural disaster. Br J Psychiatry 194:510–514 22. Heir T, Sandvik L, Weisaeth L (2009) Hallmarks of posttraumatic stress: symptom z scores in a tsunami-affected tourist population. Psychopathology 42:157–164 23. Heir T, Weisaeth L (2008) Acute disaster exposure and mental health complaints of Norwegian tsunami survivors six months post disaster. Psychiatry 71:266–276 123 Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2011) 46:1027–1032 24. Hill PC, Pargament KI (2003) Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: implications for physical and mental health research. Am Psychol 58:64–74 25. Hussain A, Weisaeth L, Heir T (2009) Nonresponse to a popu- lation-based postdisaster postal questionnaire study. J Trauma Stress 22:324–328 26. Idler EL, Musick M, Ellison CG, George LK, Ory M, Pargament KI, Powell LH, Underwood L, Williams D (2001) Measuring multiple dimensions of religion and spirituality for health research: conceptual background and ﬁndings from the 1998 general social survey. GSS topical report no. 33, July 2001 27. Koenig HG, Larson DB (2001) Religion and mental health: evidence for an association. Int Rev Psychiatry 13:67–78 28. Linley PA, Joseph S (2004) Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review. J Trauma Stress 17:11–21 29. Matthews DA, McCullough ME, Larson DB, Koenig HG, Swyers JP, Milano MG (1998) Religious commitment and health status: a review of the research and implications for family medicine. Arch Fam Med 7:118–124 30. Niaz U (2006) Role of faith and resilience in recovery from psychotrauma. Pak J Med Sci 22:204–207 31. Overcash WS, Calhoun LG, Cann A, Tedeschi RG (1996) Coping with crises: an examination of the impact of traumatic events on religious beliefs. J Genet Psychol 157:455–464 32. Pargament KI (1997) The psychology of religion and coping: theory, research, practice. Guilford Press, New York 33. Pargament KI, Ensing KF, Olsen H, Reilly B, van Haitsma K, Warren R (1990) God help me: (I): Religious coping efforts as predictors of the outcomes to signiﬁcant negative life events. Am J Commun Psychol 18:798–824 34. Park CL (2005) Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. J Soc Issues 61:707–729 35. Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox L, Collins RL, Marshall GN, Elliott MN, Zhou AJ, Kanouse DE, Morrison JL, Berry SH (2001) A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. N Engl J Med 345:1507–1512 36. Schwartzberg SS, Janoff-Bulman R (1991) Grief and the search for meaning: exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved col- lege students. J Soc Clin Psychol 10:270–288 37. Shaw A, Joseph S, Linley PA (2005) Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: a systematic review. Ment Health Relig Cult 8:1–11 38. Torbjørnsen T, Stifoss-Hanssen H, Abrahamsen AF, Hannisdal E (2000) Cancer and religiosity—a follow up of patients with Hodgkin’s disease [Article in Norwegian, English abstract]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 120:346–348 39. Weiss DS (2004) The impact of event scale–revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM (eds) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD, 2nd edn. Guilford, New York 40. Wilson JP, Moran TA (1998) Psychological trauma: posttrau- matic stress disorder and spirituality. J Psychol Theol 26:168–178 41. Zuckerman DM, Kasl SV, Ostfeld AM (1984) Psychosocial pre- dictors of mortality among the elderly poor: the role of religion, well-being, and social contacts. Am J Epidemiol 119:410–423