Levin et al. Table 1 | Continued Authors and Focal topic year Seymour et al. (2007) Knutson et al. (2008a) Knutson et al. (2008b) Breiter et al. (2001) Fukui et al. (2005) Paulus and Frank (2006) Risky decision- making in a ﬁnancial context Decision- making in a buying and selling context Risky decision- making in a ﬁnancial context Expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses Risk anticipation during Iowa Gambling Task Comparison of high versus low probability prospects Time of measurement Before decision-making (prediction error phase) Before decision-making (anticipation of choice phase) Before decision-making (anticipation of choice phase) Before decision-making (expectancy phase) Before decision-making (anticipation of choice phase) Before decision-making (from onset of the presentation of the options until the subject had made a response) Frontiers in Neuroscience | Decision Neuroscience February 2012 | Volume 6 | Article 15 | 6 Conditions Active regions identiﬁed Sample size Result Gains (rewards) Anterior striatum Losses Gains (buying versus selling at low prices) Buying and selling of preferred products Losses (selling product) Gains (high-risk shift versus low-risk shift) Gains versus losses Gains (good spinner) Losses (bad spinner) Gains (risky response minus safe responses) Losses (high probability prospects) versus gains (low probability prospects) Posterior striatum Medial prefrontal cortex Nucleus accumbens Insula Anterior insula Caudate Nucleus accumbens Medial prefrontal cortex Caudate Putamen Inferior frontal gyrus Precentral gyrus Posterior cingulate Lingual gyrus Frontal lobe Amygdala Nucleus accumbens Sublenticular extended amygdala Hypothalamus Frontal lobe Amygdala Nucleus accumbens Sublenticular extended amygdala Medial frontal gyrus Precuneus Cingulate gyrus Insula Middle frontal gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Precuneus Superior parietal lobule Insula Thalamus Postcentral gyrus Inferior parietal lobule Middle frontal gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Precentral gyrus Caudate 20 24 15 12 14 16 Neuropsychology of risky gains/losses Study supports separate structures because differ- ent regions were activated for gains versus losses Study supports separate structures because differ- ent regions were activated for gains versus losses Study supports separate structures because differ- ent regions were activated for gains versus losses Study does not sup- port separate structures because same key regions were activated for both gains and losses Study does not make claims about separate structures because the medial frontal cortex was the region of focus Study does not sup- port separate structures because same regions were activated for both gains and losses (Continued)