Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med (2008) 1:137–141 References 1. Svensson HO, Andersson GB, Hagstad A, Jansson PO. The relationship of low-back pain to pregnancy and gynecologic factors. Spine 1990;15:371–5. 2. Fast A, Shapiro D, Ducommun EJ, Friedmann LW, Bouklas T, Floman Y. Low back pain in pregnancy. Spine 1987;12:368–71. 3. Mogren IM, Pohjanen AI. Low back pain and pelvic pain during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors. Spine 2005;30(8):983– 91. 4. O¨ stgaard HC, Andersson GB, Karlsson K. Prevalence of back pain in pregnancy. Spine 1991;16:549–52. 5. Stapleton DB, MacLennan AH, Kristiansson P. The prevalence of recalled low back pain during and after pregnancy: a south Australian population study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;42(5):482–5. 6. O¨ stgaard HC, Andersson GB. Previous back pain and risk of developing back pain in a future pregnancy. Spine 1991;16:432–6. 7. Mens JMA, Vleeming A, Stoeckart R, Stam HJ, Snijders CJ. Understanding peripartum pelvic pain. Implications of a patient survey. Spine 1996;21(11):1363–70. 8. Mogren IM. Previous physical activity decreases the risk of low back pain and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Scand J Public Health 2005;33(4):300–6. 9. Orvieto R, Achiron A, Ben-Rafael Z, Gelernter I, Achiron R. Low back pain of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994; 73(3):209–14. 10. Kristiansson P, Sva¨rdsudd K, von Schoultz B. Back pain during pregnancy. Spine 1996;6:702–9. 11. Berg G, Hammar M, Moller-Neilsen J, Linden U, Thorblad J. Low back pain during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:71–5. 12. Nore´n L, O¨ stgaard S, Neilsen T, O¨ stgaard HC. Reduction of sick leave for lumbar back and posterior pelvic pain in pregnancy. Spine 1997;22(18):2157–60. 13. Sandler SE. The management of low back pain in pregnancy. Manual Ther 1996;1:178–85. 14. Botsford DJ, Esses SI, Oglivie-Harris DJ. In vivo indurnal vari- ation in intervertebral volume and morphology. Spine 1994;19:935–40. 15. Rodacki CL, Fowler NE, Rodacki AL, Birch K. Stature loss and recovery in pregnant women with and without low back pain. Arch Phys Med and Rehab 2003;84(4):507–12. 16. Dumas GA, Reid JG, Wolfe LA, Grifﬁn MP, McGrath MJ. Exercise, posture, and back pain during pregnancy, Part 1. Exercise and back pain. Clin Biomech 1995;10(2):104–9. 17. MacLennan AH, Nicolson R, Green RC, Bath M. Serum relaxin and pelvic pain of pregnancy. Lancet 1986;ii:243–5. 18. Albert H, Godskesen M, Westergaard JG, Chard T, Gunn L. Circulating levels of relaxin are normal in pregnant women with pelvic pain. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;74:19–22. 19. Hansen A, Jensen DV, Larsen E, Wilken-Jensen C, Pedersen LK. Relaxin is not related to symptom-giving pelvic girdle relaxation in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:245–9. 20. Fast A, Weiss L, Parich S, Hertz G. Night backache in pregnancy- hypothetical pathophysiological mechanisms. Am J Phys Med Rehab 1989;68:227–9. 21. Damen L, Buyruk HM, Gu¨ler-Uysal F, et al. Pelvic pain during pregnancy is associated with asymmetric laxity of the sacroiliac joints. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:1019–24. 22. Mens JMA, Vleeming A, Snijders CJ, Stam HJ, Ginai AZ. The active straight leg raising test and mobility of pelvic joints. Eur Spine J 1999;8:468–73. 141 23. Mens JMA, Vleeming A, Snijders CJ, Ronchetti I, Ginai AZ, Stam HJ. Responsiveness of outcome measurements in rehabili- tation of patients with posterior pelvic pain since pregnancy. Spine 2002;27:1110–5. 24. Van De Pol G, De Leeuw JRJ, Van Brummen HJ, Bruinse HW, Heintz APM, et al. The pregnancy mobility index: a mobility scale during and after pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85(6):647–56. 25. Albert H, Godskesen M, Westergaard J. Evaluation of clinical tests used in classiﬁcation procedures in pregnancy-related pelvic joint pain. Eur Spine J 2000;9:161–6. 26. Timins J. Pregnancy and medical radiation: part I. J Women’s Imaging 2002;4(1):31–2. 27. Doll R, Wakeford R. Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irra- diation. Br J Radiol 1997;70:130–9. 28. Hellawell GO, Cowan NC, Holt SJ, Mutch SJ. A radiation per- spective for treating loin pain in pregnancy by double-pigtail stents. BJU Int 2002;90(9):801–8. 29. Garshasbi A, Faghih Zadeh S. The effect of exercise on the intensity of low back pain in pregnant women. Spine 2005;30(8):983–91. 30. Granath AB, Hellgren MSE, Gunnarsson RK. Water aerobics reduces sick leave due to low back pain during pregnancy. JOGNN 2006;35(4):465–71. 31. Kihlstrand M, Stenman B, Nilsson S, Axelesson D. Water-gym- nastics reduced the intensity of back/low back pain in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999;7:180–5. 32. O¨ stgaard HC, Zetherstro¨m G, Roos-Hansson E. Regression of back and posterior pelvic pain after pregnancy. Spine 1997;22(24):2945–50. 33. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA 1998;280:1569–75. 34. Wang SM, DeZinno P, Fermo L, William K, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Bravemen F, Kain ZN. Complementary and alternative medicine for low-back pain in pregnancy: a cross-sectional sur- vey. J Alt Comp Medicine 2005;11(3):459–64. 35. Mens JMA, Damen L, Snijders CJ, Stam HJ. The mechanical effect of a pelvic belt in patients with pregnancy-related pelvic pain. Clin Biomech 2006;21(2):122–7. 36. Biering-Sorensen F. A prospective study of low back pain in a general population. I. Occurrence, recurrence and aetiology. Scand J Rehabil Med 1983;15:71–79. 37. Sabatowski R, Radbruch L, Grond S, Go¨ hring UJ. Treatment of severe low back pain with opiods during pregnancy in a patient with incomplete tetraplegia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44(3):348–50. 38. Mogren IM. BMI, pain and hyper-mobility are determinants of long-term outcome for women with low back pain and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Eur Spine J 2006;15(7):1093–102. 39. Nore´n L, O¨ stgaard S, Johansson G, O¨ stgaard HC. Lumbar back and posterior pelvic pain during pregnancy: a 3-year follow-up. Eur Spine J 2002;11:267–71. 40. Breen TW, Ransil BJ, Groves PA, Oriol NE. Factors associated with back pain after childbirth. Anesthesiology 1994;81:29–34. 41. Biering-Sorensen F. Low back trouble in a general population of 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-year-old men and women. Study design, representativeness and basic results. Dan Med Bull 1982;29:289– 99.