Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6 705 Figure 1) [40]). Given that drivers living in peripheral regions are more dependent on their cars for daily trips [41], they are susceptible to using remote starters more often. However, more research is needed to understand why some people have a greater propensity to use a remote car starter, because the significant differences were not very strong (c index: 0.62), indicating the potential contribution of other types of factors like driver differences in the trip chaining behaviour related, for instance, to children care or other family chores [42], social factors, attitudes and beliefs [43,44]), such as the belief on the contribution of anthropogenic causes to climate change in the last fifty years. The availability of remote car starters also seems to incite motorists to develop and maintain the easier habit to warm up their vehicles with a remote starter by idling the engine instead of adopting less polluting strategies, such as dressing appropriately. Such studies would help policy maker’s better target education campaigns supporting behaviour modification programs. Consequently, in Canada and other similar Nordic regions (ex. USA or Northern Europe), it would be appropriate to implement long-term comprehensive national programs to reduce all types of light vehicles idling, including actions against the use of remote car starters, to reduce pollutant and GHG emissions at the source. It is indeed likely that remote car starters are also used in summer to cool down cars by the now widely available air-conditioners, thus increasing their contribution to air pollution. Such programs could simultaneously merge feasible adaptation and mitigation measures of the “no-regrets” type (which are measures with climatic and non-climatic benefits), including both voluntary and regulatory tools, to deal effectively with environmental problems. These risks management measures could include: (1) specific and periodic monitoring of the idling phenomenon; (2) legislative and regulatory framework updates, including sunset dates to phase out remote starters (for users, vehicle builders and installation shops); (3) dynamic technological improvement of new vehicles (ex. devices that automatically cut off an engine after 10 seconds of immobilization while on park or with braking, already available in hybrid vehicles [45]); (4) simultaneous actions such as public education, incentive or regulatory campaigns aimed at individual and collective behaviours, taking cultural differences into account and based on results of health behaviour research; and, (5) evaluation and monitoring of all of these approaches. Our results, however, show that even with good intentions and voluntary incentive programs, behavioural change remains difficult. Emphasis on the elimination of remote car starters and accelerated introduction of automatic shut-off devices are likely to be more effective in our opinion, given the only marginal impact of even well-publicized smog advisories in Canada [35]. This population survey on beliefs and current behaviours about climate change presents some limitations, however. As mentioned earlier, it did not intend to measure the impact of using remote car starters on the levels of air pollutants (including several greenhouse gases) associated with idling motor of vehicles, nor the impact of related pollutants on human health. This has limited the scope of questioning on the specific topic of use of remote car starters, its determinants and impacts. Furthermore, for financial and operational reasons, only the household was random sampled. It is possible that respondents interviewed by the polling firm were most inclined to participate to the study, that if they were be randomly chosen among all the persons composed an household, even though the