Ref Rencs Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. 2001. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles. Burlington, VT:University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Families. Aldridge JE, Meyer A, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA. 2005. Alterations in central nervous system serotonergic and dopaminergic syn- aptic activity in adulthood after prenatal or neonatal chlor- pyrifos exposure. Environ Health Perspect 113:1027–1031. Baddeley A. 2003. Working memory: looking back and forward. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(10):829–839. Baddeley AD, Logie RH. 1999. Working memory: the multi- component model. In: Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance AND Executive Control (Miyake A, Shah P, eds) New York:Cambridge University press, 28–61. Barr DB, Barr JR, Maggio VL, Whitehead RD Jr, Sadowski MA, Whyatt RM, et al. 2002. A multi-analyte method for the quantification of contemporary pesticides in human serum and plasma using high resolution mass spectrom- etry. J Chromatog B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sciences 778:99–111. Berkowitz GS, Obel J, Deych E, Lapinski R, Godbold J, Liu Z, et al. 2003. Exposure to indoor pesticides during pregnancy in a multiethnic, urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 111:79–84. Berkowitz GC, Wetmur JG, Birman-Deych E, Obel J, Lapinski RH, Godbold JH, et al. 2004. In utero pesticide exposure, mater- nal paraoxinase activity, and head circumference. Environ Health Perspect 112:388–391. Blair C. 2006. How similar are fluid cognition and general intel- ligence? A developmental neuroscience perspective on fluid cognition as an aspect of human cognitive ability. Behav Brain Science 29:109–125. Bradman A, Barr DB, Claus Henn BG, Drumheller T, Curry C, Eskenazi B. 2003. Measurement of pesticides and other toxicants in amnionic fluid as a potential biomarker of pre- natal exposure: a validation study. Environ Health Perspect 113:1802–1807. Brown L, Sherbenou RJ, Johnson SK. 1997. Test of Nonverbal Intelligence: A Language-Free Measure of Cognitive Ability. 3rd ed. Austin, TX:PRO-ED, Inc. Caldwell BM, Bradley RH. 1979. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Little Rock:University of Arkansas Press. Chiodo LM, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL. 2004. Neurodevelop- mental effects of postnatal lead exposure at very low levels. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26:359–371. Cowan N. 1999. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control (Miyake A, Shah P, eds). New York:Cambridge University Press, 62–101. Davidson R, MacKinnon J. 1981. Several tests for model specification in the presence of alternative hypotheses. Econometrica 49:781–793. Engel SM, Berkowitz GS, Barr DB, Teitelbaum SL, Siskind J, Meisel SL, et al. 2007. Prenatal organophosphate metabo- lite and organochlorine levels and performance on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in a multi- ethnic pregnancy cohort. Am J Epidemiol 165:1397–1404. Eskenazi B, Marks AR, Bradman A, Harley K, Barr DB, Johnson C, et al. 2007. Organophosphate pesticide expo- sure and neurodevelopment in young Mexican-American children. Environ Health Perspect 115:792–798. Guilarte TR, Toscano CD, McGlothan JL, Weaver SA. 2003. Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecu- lar deficits induced by developmental lead exposure. Ann Neurol 53:50–56. Hecht SA, Burgess SR, Torgesen RK, Wagner RK, Rashotte CA. 2000. Explaining social class differences in growth of reading skills from beginning kindergarten through fourth- grade: the role of phonological awareness, rate of access and print knowledge. Read Writ Interdisciplin J 12:99–127. Houwelingen JC. 2001. Shrinkage and penalized likelihood as methods to improve predictive accuracy. Stat Neerl 55(1):17–34. Jusko TA, Henderson CR, Lanphear BP, Cory-Slechta DA, Parsons PJ, Canfield RL. 2008. Blood lead concentrations < 10 μg/dL and child intelligence at 6 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 116:243–248. Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. 2002. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental dis- abilities. Environ Health Perspect 110:721–728. Levin ED, Addy N, Baruah A, Elias A, Cannelle CN, Seidler FJ, et al. 2002. Prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure in rats causes persistent behavioral alternations. Neurotoxicol Teratol 24:733–741. Little RJA. 1992. Regression with missing X’s: a review. J Am Stat Assoc 87:1227–1237. Lu C, Toepel K, Irish R, Fenske RA, Barr DB, Bravo R. 2006. Organic diets significantly lower children’s dietary expo- sure to organophosphate pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 114:260–263. MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Hoffman JM, West SG, Sheets V. 2002. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods 7:83–104. Marks AR, Harley K, Bradman A, Kogut K, Barr DB, Johnson C, et al. 2010. Organophosphate pesticide exposure and atten- tion in young Mexican-American children: the CHAMACOS Study. Environ Health Perspect 118:1768–1774. Perera FP, Illman SM, Kinney PL, Whyatt RM, Kelvin EA, Shepard P, et al. 2002. The challenge of preventing envi- ronmentally related disease in young children: community- based research in New York City. Environ Health Perspect 110:197–204. Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, Kinney P, Camann D, Barr D, et al. 2003. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect 111:201–205. Qiao D, Seidler FJ, Tate CA, Cousins MM, Slotkin TA. 2003. Fetal chlorpyrifos exposure: adverse effects on brain cell development and cholinergic biomarkers emerge post- natally and continue into adolescence and adulthood. Environ Health Perspect 111:536–544. R Development Core Team. 2009. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna:R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Rauh VA, Garfinkel R, Perera FP, Andrews H, Barr D, Whitehead D, et al. 2006. Impact of prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure on neurodevelopment in the first three years of life among inner-city children. Pediatrics 118:e1845–e1859. Rauh VA, Whyatt RM, Garfinkel R, Andrews H, Hoepner L, Reyes A, et al. 2004. Developmental effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and material hard- ship among inner-city children. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26:373–385. Richardson DB, Ciampi A. 2003. Effects of exposure measure- ment error when an exposure variable is constrained by a lower limit. Am J Epidemiol 57(4):355–363. Neurodevelopment and chlorpyrifos Richardson RJ. 1995. Assessment of the neurotoxic poten- tial of chlorpyrifos relative to other organophosphorus compounds: a critical review of the literature. J Toxicol Environ Health 44:135–165. Rothenberg SJ, Rothenberg JC. 2005. Testing the dose-re- sponse specification in epidemiology: public health and policy consequences for lead. Environ Health Perspect 113:1190–1195. Slotkin TA. 2004. Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmen- tal tobacco smoke, organophosphates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 198:132–151. Slotkin TA. 2005. Developmental neurotoxicity of organo- phosphates: a case study of chlorpyrifos. In: Toxicity of Organophosphates and Carbamate Pesticides (Gupta RC, ed). San Diego:Academic Press, 293–314. Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. 2005. The alterations in CNS serotoner- gic mechanisms caused by neonatal chlorpyrifos expo- sure are permanent. Dev Brain Res 158:115–119. Smith EE, Jonides J. 1997. Working memory: a view from neuro- imaging. Cogn Psychol 33:5–42. Sobel ME. 1982. Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociol Methodol 13:290–312. Tibshirani R. 1996. Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 58(1):267–288. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Chlorpyrifos Revised Risk Assessment and Agreement with Registrants. Washington, DC:U.S. EPA. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2002. Chlorpyrifos End-Use Products Cancellation Order. Washington, DC:U.S. EPA. Vallar G, Pagano C. 2002. Neuropsychological impairments of verbal short-term memory. In: Handbook of Memory Disorders (Baddeley AD, Kopelman MD, Wilson BA, eds). Chichester, UK:Wiley, 249–270. Wechsler D. 2003. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 4th ed. San Antonio, TX:Psychological Corporation. Whyatt RM, Barr DB, Camann DE, Kinney PL, Barr JR, Andrews HF, et al. 2003. Contemporary-use pesticides in personal air samples during pregnancy and blood samples at delivery among urban minority mothers and newborns. Environ Health Perspect 111:749–756. Whyatt RM, Camann D, Perera FP, Rauh VA, Tang D, Kinney PL, et al. 2005. Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 206:246–254. Whyatt RM, Camann DE, Kinney PL, Reyes A, Ramirez J, Dietrich J, et al. 2002. Residential pesticide use during pregnancy among a cohort of urban minority women, Environ Health Perspect 110:507–514. Whyatt RM, Garfinkel R, Hoepner LA, Holmes D, Borjas M, Perera FP, et al. 2007. Within and between home variability in indoor-air insecticide levels during pregnancy among an inner-city cohort from New York City, Environ Health Perspect 115:383–390. Whyatt RM, Rauh VA, Barr DB, Camann DE, Andrews HF, Garfinkel R, et al. 2004. Prenatal insecticide exposure and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environ Health Perspect 112:1125–1132. Young JG, Eskenazi B, Gladstone EA, Bradman A, Pedersen L, Johnson C, et al. 2005. Association between in utero organophosphate exposure and abnormal reflexes in neo- nates. Neurotoxicology 26:199–209. Zhao P, Yu B. 2006. On model selection consistency of Lasso. J Machine Learn Res 7:2541–2563. Environmental Health Perspectives • volume 119 | number 8 | August 2011 1201