The therapeutic effect of PEMF on reproduction Kumar S et al. effect is derived from the antioxidant role of the electro- magnetic field of the applied pulsed field. The pulsed field contains a set of frequencies that may provide accumulative benefits. The biomarkers that were adopted in this study are indicative of such processes. A schematic representation of such a process is shown in Figure 9. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a 2.45-GHz exposure causes apoptosis during spermiogenesis or sperm maturation, and sperm caspase-3 activity seems to affect the physiology of reproduction. Several other parameters are affected by electromagnetic field exposure. All of these studies reveal that oxidative stress is a major mechanism affecting health, and microwave fields cause chronic stress via ROS over- production. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy provides significant protection by controlling ROS production. 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