Strak et al. PNC and EC or absorbance; the correlations correlations between several PM charac - Associations between air pollution and between PNC and PM10 or PM2.5 remained. teristics were sufficiently low to investigate FENO. Single-pollutant models. We observed O3 showed a strong negative correlation their independent associations with health significant associations with a range of pol- with several PM characteristics. Overall, the end points. lutants including PNC, NOx, absorbance, Table 3. Two-pollutant models of associations between air pollution exposure and percentage changes (postexposure – preexposure) in FENO immediately after exposure (all sites). Adjustment pollutant IQR PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5–10 PNC Absa EC(F) EC(C) OC(F) OC(C) Fe(tot) Fe(sol) Cu(tot) Cu(sol) Ni(tot) Ni(sol) PM10 13.50 0.09 0.68 –1.00 –0.02 –1.27** –1.35** 0.40 0.28 0.22 0.73 0.09 0.93 0.23 0.58 0.07 PM2.5 11.54 –1.43 0.17 –0.86 –0.02 –2.43** –2.64** 0.10 0.57 0.38 –0.03 0.15 1.03 0.44 0.73 0.12 PM2.5–10 8.23 1.02 0.41 0.10 –0.02 –1.17** –1.23** 0.41 0.28 0.22 0.99 0.09 0.80 0.23 0.63 0.08 PNC 32,906 11.28** 11.26** 11.30** 11.24** 11.80** 11.44** 11.28** 11.57** 11.07** 11.17** 11.56** 11.23** 11.30** 11.06** 11.30** Absa 3.49 10.74** 8.76** 10.68** –0.55 2.41 –13.81 11.51** 4.45** 3.42* 12.39** 2.90 11.21** 3.95** 7.07** 2.37 EC(F) 4.35 12.75** 10.61** 12.58** –0.21 18.26 2.92* 11.80** 4.87** 4.19** 15.33** 3.36* 13.09** 4.32** 8.84** 2.88 EC(C) 0.40 –0.41 0.07 –0.46 –0.11 –1.91** –1.70** 0.12 0.42 0.18 –0.03 0.08 0.88 0.38 0.45 0.07 OC(F) 1.82 –2.81 –2.48 –2.91 –1.92 –4.58* –4.23* –2.90 –1.10 –1.04 –2.44 –2.38 –2.31 –2.05 –1.72 –1.24 OC(C) 0.79 –0.79 –0.53 –0.88 0.28 –1.42 –1.58 –0.38 0.33 0.12 –0.48 –0.02 –0.18 0.25 –0.03 –0.13 Fe(tot) 895.10 –0.10 0.02 –0.15 –0.01 –0.24** –0.26** 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.03 0.08 0.01 Fe(sol) 32.09 0.18 0.25 0.15 –0.66 –0.68 –0.62 0.22 1.21 0.41 0.23 0.40 0.39 1.39 0.42 0.25 Cu(tot) 57.96 –0.18 –0.08 –0.17 –0.02 –0.29** –0.30** –0.12 0.05 0.02 –0.24 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.00 Cu(sol) 8.65 –0.05 –0.04 –0.05 –0.04 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 0.04 –0.01 –0.04 –0.07 –0.04 0.00 –0.02 –0.02 Ni(tot) 3.53 –0.71 –0.33 –0.83 –0.02 –1.11** –1.25** –0.37 0.21 0.05 –0.67 –0.01 –0.18 0.11 0.05 –0.01 Ni(sol) 1.82 1.05 1.15 1.00 –0.79 –0.06 –0.08 1.14 1.71 1.43 1.12 1.18 1.32 1.59 1.38 1.34 V(tot) 2.04 –0.38 –0.12 –0.47 –0.11 –1.45* –1.55** –0.09 0.33 0.18 –0.27 0.07 0.15 0.21 0.25 –0.06 V(sol) 1.94 2.65 2.70 2.62 2.22 2.44 2.38 2.74 2.73 3.15 2.71 2.86 2.78 2.95 2.82 2.79 Endo 0.19 –0.07 –0.07 –0.07 –0.01 –0.05 –0.05 –0.07 –0.08* –0.07 –0.07 –0.07 –0.07 –0.08 –0.07 –0.06 NO3–a 5.19 –2.12 –2.21 –2.08 0.46 –1.68 –1.59 –2.09 –2.09 –2.31 –2.06 –2.09 –2.09 –2.11 –2.12 –2.03 SO42–a 2.99 –1.99 –2.02 –1.97 –0.44 –1.54 –1.43 –2.09 –2.05 –2.15 –2.09 –2.12 –2.14 –2.15 –2.23 –2.04 OPAA 19.08 –0.16 –0.12 –0.16 –0.03 –0.38** –0.37** –0.15 0.08 –0.04 –0.13 –0.02 –0.07 0.02 –0.06 0.00 OPGSH 15.53 –0.12 –0.03 –0.17 –0.02 –0.31** –0.27** –0.07 0.10 –0.03 –0.06 0.00 0.01 0.04 –0.01 0.00 OPTOTAL 38.71 –0.20 –0.09 –0.22 –0.03 –0.45** –0.40** –0.17 0.11 –0.04 –0.14 –0.01 –0.04 0.04 –0.04 0.00 O 9.74 –2.16 –2.72 –1.64 1.56 10.61** 9.52** –2.12 –2.90 –1.61 –2.16 –1.09 –2.96 –2.06 –2.47 –0.90 3 NO2 10.54 6.87 6.98 6.81 –7.40 4.42 4.12 6.54 7.94* 6.53 6.49 6.46 6.71 6.87 6.62 6.28 NOx 28.05 5.31 5.49 5.18 –5.77 2.00 1.52 5.49 5.95* 4.65 5.00 4.87 5.58 6.23 5.15 4.19 Abbreviations: Abs, absorbance; C, coarse PM fraction; Endo, endotoxin; F, fine PM fraction; sol, water-soluble metal extraction; tot, total. Values in light blue boxes indicate rS > 0.7. Values in each row represent effect estimates for the pollutants in two-pollutant models; values in dark blue boxes forming a diagonal are effect estimates in a single-pollutant model. All models were adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, season, pollen counts, respiratory infection, and adjustment pollutant. Estimates are percentage increases above population-average baseline expressed per IQR of outdoor-sites (N = 170), except for all models including OP (N = 153) and all models including EC(C), OC(C), and trace metals (N = 166). aMeasured in PM2.5. *p < 0.10. **p < 0.05. Table 4. Two-pollutant models of associations between air pollution exposure and percentage changes (postexposure – preexposure) in FVC immediately after exposure (all sites). Adjustment pollutant IQR PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5–10 PNC Absa EC(F) EC(C) OC(F) OC(C) Fe(tot) Fe(sol) Cu(tot) Cu(sol) Ni(tot) Ni(sol) PM10 13.50 0.02 –0.34* 0.70** 0.03 0.20** 0.18** –0.16 –0.02 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.04 0.00 –0.05 0.05 PM2.5 11.54 0.90** 0.08 0.60** 0.11 0.50** 0.47** 0.15 0.00 0.17 0.57* 0.09 0.47 0.07 0.11 0.16* PM2.5–10 8.23 –0.64** –0.21* 0.01 0.03 0.14* 0.12 –0.20* –0.03 0.03 –0.13 0.01 –0.06 –0.01 –0.10 0.04 PNC 32,906 –1.26** –1.26** –1.26** –1.19** –1.47** –1.47** –1.34** –1.26** –1.19** –1.27** –1.31** –1.27** –1.25** –1.22** –1.01* Absa 3.49 –1.37** –1.39** –1.11* 0.27 –0.10 –1.10 –1.84** –0.45 –0.10 –1.38** –0.19 –1.15* –0.32 –0.83* 0.10 EC(F) 4.35 –1.36** –1.46** –1.06 0.31 1.12 –0.10 –1.56** –0.43 –0.09 –1.41* –0.17 –1.11* –0.28 –0.89* 0.12 EC(C) 0.40 0.24 –0.04 0.32* 0.07 0.37** 0.28** 0.04 –0.02 0.08 0.30 0.05 0.32 0.04 0.03 0.09* OC(F) 1.82 0.61 0.50 0.67* 0.55* 0.79** 0.73** 0.55 0.50 0.52 0.63 0.67* 0.67 0.73 0.51 0.67** OC(C) 0.79 –0.24 –0.32 –0.18 –0.05 0.00 –0.01 –0.24 –0.12 –0.04 –0.17 –0.06 –0.18 –0.16 –0.27 0.10 Fe(tot) 895.10 –0.02 –0.03* 0.02 0.00 0.03** 0.03* –0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 –0.01 0.00 –0.01 0.01 Fe(sol) 32.09 0.00 –0.06 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.10 –0.08 –0.18 0.06 0.01 0.04 –0.01 –0.14 –0.03 0.15 Cu(tot) 57.96 –0.01 –0.04 0.02 0.01 0.04* 0.03* –0.05 –0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 –0.01 0.01 Cu(sol) 8.65 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 –0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 Ni(tot) 3.53 0.10 –0.02 0.18 0.05 0.18** 0.17* 0.01 –0.01 0.09 0.16 0.04 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.09* Ni(sol) 1.82 –0.98** –1.02** –0.95** –0.62* –0.83** –0.83** –1.01** –0.98** –0.83** –0.99** –0.86** –1.02** –0.95** –1.01** –0.77** V(tot) 2.04 –0.24 –0.29** –0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 –0.21* –0.10 –0.02 –0.24 –0.03 –0.19 –0.06 –0.21* 0.14 V(sol) 1.94 –0.56 –0.59 –0.55 –0.53 –0.52 –0.52 –0.55 –0.52 –0.53 –0.55 –0.53 –0.55 –0.54 –0.56 –0.07 Endo 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 NO3–a 5.19 –0.06 –0.08 –0.05 –0.35 –0.08 –0.08 –0.04 –0.07 –0.04 –0.04 –0.05 –0.04 –0.07 –0.01 –0.09 SO42–a 2.99 –0.10 –0.09 –0.10 –0.28 –0.15 –0.15 –0.07 –0.13 –0.11 –0.08 –0.10 –0.08 –0.10 –0.05 –0.20 OPAA 19.08 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.05** 0.05** 0.02 0.00 0.03** 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.02 OPGSH 15.53 0.00 –0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 –0.03 –0.01 0.03** 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 OPTOTAL 38.71 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.01 0.05** 0.04* –0.01 –0.01 0.03** 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 O 9.74 2.58** 2.53** 2.24** 0.07 1.08 1.01 2.32** 0.80** 0.43 2.20** 0.49 1.68** 0.70* 1.38** 0.07 3 NO2 10.54 –2.19** –2.27** –2.13** –1.26 –2.31** –2.30** –2.22** –2.25** –1.81** –2.13** –1.93** –2.11** –1.99** –2.05** –1.50** NOx 28.05 –1.50** –1.63** –1.40** –0.06 –1.64** –1.61** –1.86** –1.27** –0.92 –1.44** –1.22** –1.53** –1.52** –1.38** –0.63 Abbreviations: Abs, absorbance; C, coarse PM fraction; Endo, endotoxin; F, fine PM fraction; sol, water-soluble metal extraction; tot, total. Values in light blue boxes indicate rS > 0.7. Values in each row represent effect estimates for the pollutants in two-pollutant models; values in dark blue boxes forming a diagonal are effect estimates in a single-pollutant model. All models were adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, season, pollen counts, respiratory infection, and adjustment pollutant. Estimates are percentage increases above population-average baseline expressed per IQR of outdoor-sites (N = 170), except for all models including OP (N = 153) and all models including EC(C), OC(C), and trace metals (N = 166). aMeasured in PM2.5. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05. 1186 120 | number 8 | August 2012 • Environmental Health Perspectives ovlume