88 P. Westermark in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:4245–9. 17. Westermark P, Wernstedt C, O’Brien TD, Hayden DW, Johnson KH. Islet amyloid in type 2 human diabetes mellitus and adult diabetic cats contains a novel putative polypeptide hormone. Am J Path. 1987;127:414–17. 18. Cooper GJ, Willis AC, Clark A, Turner RC, Sim RB, Reid KBM. Puriﬁcation and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:8628–32. 19. Cooper GJS, Day AJ, Willis AC, Roberts AN, Reid KBM, Leighton B. Amylin and the amylin gene: structure, function and relationship to islet amyloid and to diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1989;1014:247–58. 20. Westermark P, Wilander E, Westermark GT, Johnson KH. Islet amyloid polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the islet B cells of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and nondi- abetic individuals. Diabetologia. 1987;30:887–92. 21. Johnson KH, O’Brien TD, Hayden DW, Jordan K, Ghobrial HKG, Mahoney WC, et al. Immunolocalization of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in pancreatic beta cells by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) and protein A-gold techniques. Am J Path. 1988;130:1–8. 22. Lukinius A, Wilander E, Westermark GT, Engström U, Westermark P. Co-localization of islet amyloid polypeptide and insulin in the B cell secretory granules of the human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia. 1989;32:240–4. 23. Westermark GT, Christmanson L, Terenghi G, Permert J, Betsholtz C, Larsson J, et al. Islet amyloid polypeptide: dem- onstration of mRNA in human pancreatic islets by in situ hybridization in islets with and without amyloid deposits. Diabetologia. 1993;36:323–8. 24. Westermark P. Fine structure of islets of Langerhans in insular amyloidosis. Virchows Arch A. 1973;359:1–18. 25. Westermark P, Andersson A, Westermark GT. Islet amyloid polypeptide, islet amyloid and diabetes mellitus. Physiol Rev. 2011. In press. 26. Betsholtz C, Christmanson L, Engström U, Rorsman F, Svensson V, Johnson KH, et al. Sequence divergence in a speciﬁc region of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) explains differences in islet amyloid formation between species. FEBS Lett. 1989;251:261–4. 27. Nishi M, Chan SJ, Nagamatsu S, Bell GI, Steiner DF. Conservation of the sequence of islet amyloid poly- peptide in ﬁve mammals is consistent with its putative role as an islet hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86: 5738–42. 28. Fan L, Westermark G, Chan SJ, Steiner DF. Altered gene structure and tissue expression on islet amyloid polypeptide in the chicken. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8:713–21. 29. Westermark GT, Falkmer S, Steiner DF, Chan SJ, Engström U, Westermark P. Islet amyloid polypeptide is expressed in the pancreatic islet parenchyma of the teleostean ﬁsh, Myoxocephalus (Cottus) scorpius. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 2002;133:119–25. 30. Martínez-Álvarez RM, Volkoff H, Munoz Cueto JA, Delgado MJ. Molecular characterization of calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP) related peptides (CGRP, amylin, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin-2/intermedin) in gold- ﬁsh (Carassius auratus): Cloning and distribution. Peptides. 2008;29:1534–43. 31. Howard CFJ. Longitudinal studies on the development of diabetes in individual Macaca nigra. Diabetologia. 1986;29: 301–6. 32. de Koning EJP, Bodkin NL, Hansen BC, Clark A. Diabetes mellitus in Macaca mulatta monkeys is characterized by islet amyloidosis and reduction in beta-cell population. Diabeto- logia. 1993;36:378–84. 33. Johnson KH, Stevens JB. Light and electron microscopic studies of islet amyloid in diabetic cats. Diabetes. 1973;22: 81–90. 34. Johnson KH, Hayden DW, O’Brien TD, Westermark P. Spontaneous diabetes-islet amyloid complex in adult cats. Am J Path. 1986;125:416–19. 35. Johnson KH, Wernstedt C, O’Brien TD, Westermark P. Amyloid in the pancreatic islets of the cougar (Felis concolor) is derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Comp Biochem Physiol. 1991;98B:115–19. 36. Betsholtz C, Christmanson L, Engström U, Rorsman F, Jordan K, O’Brien TD, et al. Structure of cat islet amyloid polypeptide and identiﬁcation of amino acid residues of potential signiﬁcance for islet amyloid formation. Diabetes. 1990;39:118–22. 37. Westermark P, Engström U, Johnson KH, Westermark GT, Betsholtz C. Islet amyloid polypeptide: pinpointing amino acid residues linked to amyloid ﬁbril formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:5036–40. 38. Opazo JC, Soto-Gamboa M, Bozinovic F. Blood glucose concentration in caviomorph rodents. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2004;137:57–64. 39. Nishi M, Steiner DF. Cloning of complementary DNAs encoding islet amyloid polypeptide, insulin, and glucagon precursors from a new world rodent, the degu, Octodon degus. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4:1192–8. 40. Hellman U, Wernstedt C, Westermark P, O’Brien TD, Rathbun WB, Johnson KH. Amino acid sequence from degu islet amyloid-derived insulin shows unique sequence characteristics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;169: 571–7. 41. Westermark P. On the nature of the amyloid in human islets of Langerhans. Histochemistry. 1974;38:27–33. 42. Dische FE, Wernstedt C, Westermark GT, Westermark P, Pepys MB, Rennie JA, et al. Insulin as an amyloid-ﬁbril protein at sites of repeated insulin injections in a diabetic patient. Diabetologia. 1988;31:158–61. 43. Yumlu S, Barany R, Eriksson M, Röcken C. Localized insulin-derived amyloidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus: a case report. Hum Path. 2009;40:1655–60. 44. Howie AJ, Owen-Casey MP. Discrepancies between descrip- tions and illustrations of colours in Congo red-stained amy- loid, and explanation of discrepant colours. Amyloid. 2010; 17:109–17. 45. Westermark P, Eizirik DL, Pipeleers DG, Hellerström C, Andersson A. Rapid deposition of amyloid in human islets transplanted into nude mice. Diabetologia. 1995;38:543–9. 46. Paulsson JF, Andersson A, Westermark P, Westermark GT. Intracellular amyloid-like deposits contain unprocessed pro islet amyloid polypeptide (proIAPP) in beta-cells of transgenic mice overexpressing human IAPP and transplanted human islets. Diabetologia. 2006;49:1237–46. 47. Westermark P. Amyloid and polypeptide hormones: what is their inter-relationship? Amyloid. 1994;1:47–60. 48. Jarrett JT, Lansbury PT. Seeding ‘one-dimensional crystal- lization’ of amyloid: a pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease and scrapie? Cell. 1993;73:1055–8. 49. Goldschmidt L, Teng PK, Riek R, Eisenberg D. Identifying the amylome, proteins capable of forming amyloid-like ﬁbrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:3487–92. 50. Westermark P, Engström U, Westermark GT, Johnson KH, Permerth J, Betsholtz C. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and pro-IAPP immunoreactivity in human islets of Langerhans. Diab Res Clin Pract. 1989;7:219–26.