Clougherty reproductive rights) may offer important clues toward understanding root causes of exposure and susceptibility differences (Phillips 2008). Conclusions Studies suggest that health responses to air pollution may differ between women and men and between girls and boys. It remains unclear, however, whether observed modification is a result of sex-linked biological differences (e.g., hormonal complement, body size) or gender differences in activity patterns, coexposures, or exposure measurement accuracy. Most modifi- cation likely consists of some combination of these two factors (exposure patterns and bio- logical response); disentangling these effects is challenging yet necessary toward fully under- standing the relevant pathways for differential air pollution effects on health. 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