Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9 201 Reference Interventions Study characteristics Duration Outcome Comments Reference Interventions Study characteristics Duration Outcome Comments Knapp et al. 2007 [32] Cognitive behavioural therapy versus counseling Castells et al. Mandizol, 2007 [33] dexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, buproprion and placebo 4. Opioids cessation reviews Amato et al. 2004 [34] Farré et al. 2002 [35] Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments versus pharmacological treatments Methadone, buprenorphine, placebo Randomised trials Cocaine dependent patients (DSM classification) Adults Randomised trials Cocaine dependent patients (DSM classification)Adults RCTs RCT Methadone maintenance at least 12 weeks Various measures of retention or illicit drug use Table 1. Cont. 4–6 months 1–6 months Maintained in the programme—did not drop out Maintained in the programme—did not drop out Mostly of 6 months or more Studies 13–40 weeks, mostly 6 months or more Number opioid free at end of treatment Freedom from illicit drug use Intervention 157/289 (54%) Abstinence with Placebo 130/281 (46%) 177/344 (51%) 158/296 (53%) Abstinence with Intervention Placebo Psych + Pharm Pharm only Opioid free at about Opioid free at 6 months: 37/89 about 6 months: (42%) 24/95 (25%) Methadone: 481/1,004 (52%) Buprenorphine: 164/275 (40%) Placebo: 65/131 (50%)