Hahne S, Gray SJ, et al. 2002. W135 meningococcal disease in England and Wales associated with Hajj 2000 and 2001. Lancet, 359:582–83. Harrison LH, Dwyer DM, et al. 1999. Risk of meningococcal infection in college students. JAMA, 281:1906–10. Harrison LH, Pass MA, et al. 2001. Invasive meningococcal disease in adolescents and young adults. JAMA, 286:694–9. Jodar L, Feavers IM, et al. 2002. Development of vaccines against meningococcal disease. Lancet, 359:1499–508. Keyserling H, Papa T, et al. 2005. Safety, immunogenicity, and immune memory of a novel meningococcal (groups A, C, Y, and W-135) polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MCV-4) in healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 159:907–13. MacDonald NE, Halperin SA, et al. 1998. Induction of immunologic memory by conjugated vs plain meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 280:1685–9. Maiden MC, Stuart JM. 2002. Carriage of serogroup C meningococci 1 year after meningococcal C conjugate polysaccharide vaccination. Lancet, 359:1829–31. MMWR. 2000. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 49(RR07):1–10. MMWR. 2001a. Exposure to patients with meningococcal disease on aircrafts – United States, 1999–2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50:485–9. MMWR. 2001b. Public health dispatch: update: assessment of risk for meningococcal disease associated with the Hajj 2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50:221–2. MMWR. 2006. Update: Guillain-Barre syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine – United States, June 2005–September 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55:1120–4. MMWR. 2007. Notice to readers: recommendation from the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) for use of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) in children aged 2–10 years at increased risk for invasive meningococcal disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56:1265–6. MMWR. 2008. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria meningitidis – Minnesota and North Dakota, 2007–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 57:173–5. Neal KR, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, et al. 2000. Changing carriage rate of Neis- seria meningitidis among university students during the ﬁrst week of term: cross sectional study. BMJ, 320:846–9. O’Hallahan J, Lennon D, et al. 2004. The strategy to control New Zealand’s epidemic of group B meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23(12 Suppl):S293–8. Pichichero M, Casey J, et al. 2005. Comparative trial of the safety and immuno- genicity of quadrivalent (A, C, Y, W-135) meningococcal polysaccharide- diphtheria conjugate vaccine versus quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine in two- to ten-year-old children. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24:57–62. Tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for meningococcal disease Pichichero M, Papa T, et al. 2006. Immune memory in children previously vaccinated with an experimental quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 25:995–1000. Pollard AJ. 2004. Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease and vaccine efﬁcacy. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23(12 Suppl):S274–9. Pollard AJ, Frasch C. 2001. Development of natural immunity to Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine, 19:1327–46. Ramsay ME, Andrews N, et al. 2001. Efﬁcacy of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in teenagers and toddlers in England. Lancet, 357:195–6. Ramsay ME, Andrews NJ, et al. 2003. Herd immunity from meningococ- cal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England: database analysis. BMJ, 326:365–6. Rennels M, King J Jr, et al. 2004. Dosage escalation, safety and immu- nogenicity study of four dosages of a tetravalent meninogococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine in infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 23:429–35. Rosenstein N, Levine O, et al. 1998. Efﬁcacy of meningococcal vaccine and barriers to vaccination. JAMA, 279:435–9. Rosenstein NE, Perkins BA, et al. 2001. Meningococcal disease. N Engl J Med, 344:1378–88. Scott RD, Meltzer MJ, et al. 2002. Vaccinating ﬁrst-year college students living in dormitories for meningococcal disease. Am J Prev Med, 23:98–105. Shepard CW, Ortega-Sanchez IR, et al. 2005. Cost-effectiveness of con- jugate meningococcal vaccination strategies in the United States. Pediatrics, 115:1220–32. Snape MD, Kelly DF, et al. 2005. Lack of serum bactericidal activity in preschool children two years after a single dose of serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 24:128–31. Trotter CL, Andrews NJ, et al. 2004. Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction. Lancet, 364:365–7. van Deuren M, Brandtzaeg P, et al. 2000. Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management. Clin Microbiol Rev, 13:144–66. Yazdankhah SP, Kriz P, et al. 2004. Distribution of serogroups and genotypes among disease-associated and carried isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from the Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway. J Clin Microbiol, 42:5146–53. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2008:4(4) 745