Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 4210 and research assistants collected the data. They distributed a flyer and letters across the two universities to recruit women employees. The flyer and the letter explained the purpose of the study, and invited women who were non-smokers or had not smoked for the prior year to volunteer for the study. After this flyer distribution, the researcher distributed survey packets to 302 adult female employees. The survey packet included a cover letter, a demographic data sheet and two questionnaires along with a return envelope. As described in the cover letter, investigators were available by phone and email to answer questions and provide clarification about the study during the interval of data collection. The recruited women were informed that study participation was voluntary and responses would be anonymous. Of those who were given surveys, 211 women returned the questionnaires to yield a response rate of 69.9%. Of those, 209 surveys were fully complete and subsequently used for data analysis. Although this sample is not representative of the female Jordanian population at large, knowledge and attitudes towards SHS exposure were hypothesized to be higher in this group than in women with lesser educational backgrounds [11]. 2.3. Instruments The SHS data was collected using two questionnaires: Household Secondhand Smoke Exposure Questionnaire: This measured SHS exposure sites (home, work, elsewhere). The questionnaire was adapted from surveys by Wipflie [12] and Glasgow et al. [13] and translated into Arabic. The questionnaire had four sections: (1) general information and demographic characteristics; (2) smoking behavior; (3) exposure to SHS; (4) attitudes towards the SHS control policies which consists of five questions with responses on a 4-point scale (1 = disagree; 2 = somewhat disagree; 3 = somewhat agree; 4 = agree). Cumulated scores were summed up at a range of from 9 to 45, with higher scores indicating a better behavior to avoid SHS level. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventive Efforts to Avoid SHS Exposure Scale: This questionnaire covered three domains: (1) knowledge of the adverse effects associated with SHS exposure; (2) attitudes and personal feelings toward SHS exposure; (3) avoidance or preventive efforts undertaken by the women when exposed to SHS in their immediate environment. The questionnaire consists of two subscales. First, the Knowledge and Attitude Subscale developed by Kurtz et al. [14] that includes 6 items asking women about their knowledge and six items measures the participants attitudes toward SHS exposure. The subscale is in the form of 5-point Likert-type response scale (1 = strongly agree; 2 = agree; 3 = undecided; 4 = disagree; 5 = strongly disagree). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of this scale was 0.79. Second, the Avoidance of SHS Exposure Subscale that was developed by Martinelli [15]. This subscale included nineteen items that assessed the participants’ efforts to prevent SHS exposure. This subscale is in the form of 4-point Likert-type response scale (1 = almost always true; 2 = usually true, 3 = usually not true; 4 = almost never true). Cumulative scores were summed and yielded a range of 19–76 with higher scores indicating a greater avoidance of SHS. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of this scale was 0.82. Two bilingual qualified faculty members at the University of Science and Technology in Jordan translated each scale into Arabic. Both translators are native Arabic speakers who had previous experience in conducting tobacco survey research. Only the Arabic versions were used in this study.