Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 1680 The self-reported mean price per cigarette ($USD for year 2006) was lower for all price minimizing behaviors studied compared to full tax/price cigarettes at last purchase (Table 2), validating these measures as being cost-saving behaviors. This pattern was observed among all four countries. Table 2. Mean price per cigarette for various price/tax avoidance behaviors, stratified by country. Purchasing Behavior at Baseline Last Purchase Location: Full Tax Source Low/untaxed Source Tobacco Type: Premium Discount Purchase by Carton: No Yes Any Use: No Yes CA $0.30 (0.063) $0.12 (0.067) $0.32 (0.060) $0.25 (0.071) $0.30 (0.064) $0.23 (0.090) $0.33 (0.048) $0.26 (0.071) Average Cost Per Cigarette Mean (Standard Deviation) US UK $0.18 (0.065) $0.13 (0.053) $0.19 (0.055) $0.14 (0.065) $0.20 (0.061) $0.14 (0.049) $0.21 (0.053) $0.15 (0.056) $0.46 (0.057) $0.22 (0.084) $0.45 (0.118) $0.43 (0.065) $0.46 (0.053) $0.34 (0.113) $0.50 (0.049) $0.41 (0.096) AU $0.31 (0.040) $0.19 (0.113) $0.32 (0.044) $0.28 (0.044) $0.21 (0.39) $0.28 (0.051) $0.33 (0.034) $0.28 (0.038) Varying Use: 0 sources $0.33 $0.21 $0.50 $0.33 (0.048) (0.053) (0.049) (0.034) 1 source $0.28 $0.17 $0.44 $0.29 (0.051) (0.053) (0.048) (0.027) 2+ sources $0.20 $0.13 $0.30 $0.27 (0.081) (0.051) (0.124) (0.053) Average cost per cigarette is based on self-reported price at last purchase after adjusting for inflation and currency (excludes RYO tobacco). Prices are given in US dollars for the year 2006. Analysis of price per cigarette is only completed among values which are within three standard deviations of the mean (range: $0.00 to $0.69).